^ &8I (^nuW ^mmxii pitetg SAGE BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF xS9X Al/J.M^^ ENGINEERING ^^^^'^Jil/ u.i/Q^9^ Cornell University Library QE 681.G78 '■ The Jurassic rocks of Britain.Pub. by or I 3 1924 003 858 333 Date Due Mm Npj W~£k iV^iJiL Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003858333 j -,-f^j-j -i-j-4-j-i- i_.j=j=== t-T^"' £/^i'-.. Sketch Map lb slvmr^ qireas occupiro England ANP Wales. By^JB. Wcod»TtrA. 1533 The £royvn colnar induMtieS^ tJie areas otfif nfurJi 6fi£. Lias is e^cp<:scd. I Tlie StLppOrig Tnark^ tJw , arects over- yvtiich tJi£'^ — ' ^ 1 LiDi^ nuxy Gcctxnd: be- , Tieazh neiTOT sirata.. JuDD"»C? Ll*« UtH CartyhLane DoBTORS (S>H*WS3S60.1 &z. MEMOmS OP TBE GEOLOGICAL SLEYEI OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE JURASSIC ROCKS or BRITAIN. VOL. III. THE LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES (YORKSHIRE EXCEPTED). BY HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.G.S. PUBLISHED BT OEEEE OF THE L0ED8 COMMISSIOWEBS OP HER MAJESTY S TEEAStTIir. LONDON: PRINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYEE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PBINTEES TO THE (JUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYEE AND SPOTTISWOODE, BAST HARDING Street, Fleet Steeet, E.C. ; or JOHN MBNZIES & Co., 12, Hahovbe Steeet, BDlSBirEOE ; and 90, West Nile Street, GtLasoow ; or HODGES, PIGGIS, & Co., Limited, 104, Geapion Street, Dueliit. 1893. Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence. Ill PREFACE. In pursuance of the sclieme for completing the Memoirs of the Geological Survey by the publication of stratigniphical mono- graphs of the different geological furmations of the British Isles, the task of describing the Jurassic system south of the Humber was entrusted to Mr, H. B. Woodward. The present volume, coming after the two by Mr. Fox-Strangways issued last year, forms the third volume of the Jurassic Monograph, and is the first instalment of Mr. Woodward's work. It is devoted to a detailed account of the Lias. Following out the general plan adopted for these Memoirs, Mr. Woodward has endeavoured to summarise our knowledge of the different subdivisions of the Li^s, with especial reference to their stratigraphical variations and their economic products. He has availed himself not only of the information gathered by the officers of the Survey, but of the voluminous Liassic literature which has be^n publislied in this country, so as to present a com- pendium of what is at present known regarding the subject. In tracing the labours of those who preceded the detailed mapping of the-Survey, we miiy note with some interest that an original sketch-survey, on the one-inch Ordnance mnps, wns made by William Lonsdale between 1827 and 1836 over a great partof the area described in the present volume. This early jjioneer in British Geology, following the outlines first given by William Smith, and proceeding from near Bath across the Cotteswold dis- trict made his way by a series of oblique traverses through the Midland Counties to the Humber. H. E. Strickland also mapped portions of the Lias and New Eed Sandstone on the borders of Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire between the years 1834 and 1837. Shortly afterwards De la Beche in the early days of the Geological Survey, pushed his way from Cornwall and Devon into Somerset and Dorset, and before the year 1839 had begun the official mapping of the Jurassic rocks. This work was carried on by H. W. Bristow, and partly by W. T. Aveline, in Dorset, Wilts, and Somerset, and by Ramsay in Gloucestershire, followed afterwards by E. Hull, H. H, Howell, H. Bauerman, R. Trench, T. R. Polwhele, and A. H. Green, by B 70889. 750.— 8/93. Wt. 23920. a 2 IV whom the mapping was extended into the Midland Counties. A little later J. W. Judd, in prolonging the work through North- amptonshire and Eutlandshire, introduced into it the practice of following out definite palseontological zones, without which the systematic correlation of the fossiliferous formations cannot be satisfactorily undertaken. The northward extension of the mapping of the Jurassic for- mations was subsequently caj'ried out chiefly by W. H. Holloway and W. A. E. Ussher, with the co-operation of W. H. Dalton, A. C. G. Cameron, and A. J. Jukes-Browne. The survey of these rocks north of the Humber was made mainly by C. Fox- Strangways, C. Reidj and G. Barrow. The present volume has been prepared entirely by Mr. Wood- ward. His training in the field-work of the Survey had made him intimately acquainted with the Jurassic rocks, for between the years 1867 and 1874 he was engaged under Mr. Bristow, the late Director for England and Wales, in re-surveying the Secondary formations in the South-west of England and the South of Wales. As the system of publishing sheet-memoirs in elucidation of the maps of the Survey did not come into operation until after 1856, no Memoirs have yet been issued dealing with the Secondary formations of Dorset, and of Western and Southern Somerset, excepting De la Beche's general Memoir " On the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset," which appeared in 1839, and his classic essay "On the Formation of the Eocks of South Wales and South- Western England," which was published in the first volume of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey in 1846. Hence for a large region in the south-west of the country, em- bracing many of , the districts where the Jurassic rocks are typically developed, there were no official descriptions available for the preparation of a general monograph. Mr. Woodward has thus been compelled to re-visit the ground, to study the best sections, and to trace the gradual stratigraphical changes of the several formations from district to district. The following chap- ters will consequently be found to contain much new material. All the sections, except where otherwise stated, are original, and the author has likewise, wherever possible, verified the descriptions of other observers quoted by him. A large number of fossils have been collected by him, and these have been named by Messrs. Sharman and Newton, the Palaeontologists of the Survey. Reference will be found in the text to the sources of informa- tion made use of in the preparation of this volume. No geologist who follows in their footsteps can withhold his tribute of admiration for the labours of Strickland, Thomas Wright, Charles Moore, E. B. Tawney, and Professor R, Tate. Besides the work of these writers, assistance has been obtained from the published papers of Messrs. W. D. Oarr, W. D. Crick, and E. Wilson. In the field, while working on the Liassic part of his subject, Mr. Wood- ward has been further personally aided by Mr. Alfred Gillett of Street, the Rev. H. H. Winwood of Bath, Mr. T. Beesley and Mr. E. A. Walford of Banbury, the Rev. P. B. Brodie of Row- ington, Mr. T. J. Slatter of Evesham, Mr. R. F. Tomes of South Littleton, and Mr. Beeby Thompson of Northampton, to all of whom the thanks of the Geological Survey are due. With regard to the illustrations in the present volume. Dr. Henry Woodward has been good enough to supply a number of engravings of fossils from the official guides to the Department of Geology in the British Museum, and other cliches have been taken from the wood-cuts of Liassic fossils in my Text-book and Class-book of Geology. The sources of the several figures are acknowledged in the List of Illustrations. Aeoh. Geikie, Director-General. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, S.W. 12th June 1893. vn TABLE OF CONTENTS. PaGI! Preface, by the DiaEcxoii-txENJiUAL - - - - - iii CHAPTER I. Introbuction .-.-.-.. 1 The term Jurassic — ^Extent of the Jurassic Rocks in Britain — Relations of the Rocks to the Formations ahove and below - 1 Progress of knowledge concerning the Jurassic Rocks^Re- searohes of William Smith - - - - - 1 Table showing the Subdivisions of the Jurassic Rocks accord- ing to William Smith . . - . . 5 Subdivisions of the Jurassic Rocks - - • -6 Table showing the principal Subdivisions of the Jurassic Rocks from Dorsetshire to Lincolnshire - - 8 Sequence of rooks and Passage-beds — Planes of demarcation - 7 Lateral changes in Formations — Stratigraphical and Palffionto- logical Subdivisions - - - - - - 10 Sections of the Strata • - - 1 2 Fauna and Flora - - - . . . 13 Preservation of Fossils - - - - - - 16 Characteristic Fossils — Fossil-beds — Zones - - - 17 CHAPTER II. The Lias .... . . 21 General Account of the Strata - - - 21 Organic Remains - - - - - - 24 Zones ... . - - 25 Formation of the Rocks - - - - 27 Microscopic Structure - - - - - - 32 Subdivisions of the Lias - - - - 33 Table showing the principal Zones in the Liassic Rocks - 34 Lower Lias : — General Description - - - - - 35 Zones - - . - - - 36 Organic Remains - . - - 37 Characteristic Fossils - - - - - - 45 CHAPTER III. Lower Lias — (cmdinued) : — Local Details: — Dorsetshire coast .... - - 54 Inland sections, Dorsetshire and Devonshire to Membury and Chard - - 72 Vale of Taunton to II minster - - . . .74 Vale of Ilchester and the Polden Hills - - - - 76 Shepton Mallet, Wells, and Uphill - - - - 85 West Somerset ... . . . - 91 Mendip Hills ■, 97 CHAPTER IV. Lower Lias — (contin/ued) : — Local Details: — Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire - - - .Hi) VUl CHAPTER V. Page LowBK Lias — (continue^ : — Local Details: — Harptree and Chewton Mendip - - - " ' ^|^ Kadstock and Panlton .... i^o Vale ofWrington |^^ Bath and Keynsham ..-.-- |^^ Chew Magna and Bristol to Purton Passage - - - j^o Fretherne, Westbnry.on-Severn, and Stroud . - - 139 GrlouceBter and Oheltenham ... - - 141 Tewkesbury to Pershore .... - 144 CHAPTER VI. Lower Lias — {continued). Local Details: — Evesham to Stratford-ou-Avon, the Vale of Moreton, Chipping Norton, and Oharlbury - . - - - 150 Kineton, Harbury, Fenny Compton, and Banbury - - 159 Rugby 162 "Wigston and Market Harborough - . - .166 Barrow-on-Soar and Melton Mowbray - •• - 168 Bamstone and the Vale of Belvoir - - - - 171 Lincoln .---.--- 175 Frodingham and North Lincolnshire . . - . 177 Needwood Forest .--.--- 180 Shropshire and Cheshire .-..-- 180 Cumberland ..... - 183 CHAPTER VIL Middle Lias: — (xENEBAL DeSCBIPTIOIC ...... 185 Zones ...--... 186 Organic Remains -.....- 189 Characteristic Fossils - . - - 191 Local Details : — Dorsetshire ....... 195 Somersetshire ...... 202 Grloucestershire . ... 213 CHAPTER VIII. Middle Lias — (continued) : — Local Details: — Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire, and Warwickshire - - 220 Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, and Lincolnshire ... 231 Shropshire ....... 243 CHAPTER IX. Upper Lias: — General Description .... . 245 Zones . - - ... 246 Organic Remains ■ - . . . 247 Characteristic Fossils ...... 248 Local Details : — Dorsetshire .-.--.. 254 Somersetshire .-.-... 256 Gloucestershire ----... 264 Oxfordshire -.---.. 268 IX CHAPTMi X. Page 271 Ul'PKK Ll\S —{cOrltUlwd} : — Northamptonshire --.... Northamptonshire (continued), Rutlandshire, and Leicester- shire .... . . 280 Lincolnshire . . .... 284 CHAPTER XI. Economic Geology: — Lime and Cement - . ■ . - 288 Artificial Stone - ... - 290 Table of Analyses of Limes and Cements - 291 Table of Analyses of Limestones . - 292 Building Stones ..... - 293 Local Names of Stone-beds - 295 Road Metal - - . - - 296 Marble - . . . . - 297 Miscellaneous usee of Fossils - 297 Brick and 'file Clays - 297 Sands ...... - 299 Phosphates ..... 299 Lignite and Bituminous Shales - - 300 Iron-ores -.-.-•. - 300 Table showing the composition of Liassic Iron.ores - 305 Table showing the production of Iron.ore during the last ten years - . . . . 306 Ochre • . . - . . - 307 Miscellaneous Minerals - . . - ■ - 307 CHAPTER XII. Economic Geology — {continued). Agriculture, Springs, and Water Supply. Physical Features ...... - 309 Drift Deposits ..... - 309 Soils - - . . . . - 311 Terraces of Cultivation . . - . . - 313 Distribution of Population . . • . - 314 Water.bearing Strata . - - . . - 315 Reservoirs . - . . . . - 317 Springs - . . . . - - 317 Petrifying Spiings . - . . - . 320 Chalybeate Springs . - . . . - 320 Sulphuretted Springs . . - . - • 321 Saline Springs ... - - - 321 APPENDIX. Cataloguk of Fossils tbom the Liassic Rocks or Bngla SI) AND Wales ....... . 327 Index 379 K 70859. ILLUSTEATIONS. Page Fig. 1. Diagrammatic Section to show the chief variations in the Liaesic Strata from Dorsetshire to Yorkshire - - 23 ,, 2. Ichthyosaurus communis, Oonyb., and Coprolite, Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide to Department of Geology, British Museum, Part II., p. 34, 1890) - - - 37 „ 3. Plesiosawrus doUchodvrus, Oonyb., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Dep. Geo!., Brit. Mus., Part II., p. 49) 37 „ 4. Skull of Ichthyosav/rus commvums, Oonyb., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Dep., Geol., Brit. Mas., Part II., p. 82) - - - - - . . 38 ,, h. Skull of lehthyosoMTus latifrons, Konig, Lower Lias, Barrow-on-Soar. (Guide Dep. Geol., Brit. Mus,, Part II. p. 33) 38 ,, 6. Teeth of IchihyosoMrus platyocUm, Oonyb., and I. corrir- mnmis, Oonyb., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Dep. Geol., Brit. Mus., Part II., p. 35) - - - 39 , , 7. Cervical vertebra of Plesiosav/rus Mdwki/nsi, Owen, Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Dep. Geol., Brit. Mus., Part II., p. 48) - - - - - 39 DapecLius pholidoiiis, Ag., Lower Lias, Lyme- Regis. (Guide Coll. Fossil Fishes, Brit. Mus., p. 29, 1888) - 40 PhoUdopTuyrus Bechei, Ag., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Sir A. Geikie, Class Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 304) - 40 Teeth of Aorodus AnningicB, Ag., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Coll. Fossil Fishes, Brit. Mus., p. 9) - 41 Dorsal spine of Syhodus, Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. (Guide Coll. Fossil Fishes, Brit. Mus., p. 9) - - 41 Ammonites plcmorhis, Sow., Lower Lias. (Geikie, Text- Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 790) - - - -44 ATrvmonites angulatus,- Schloth., Lower Lias. (After Wright) - - - ... 44 Awfrnonites Buchlandi, Sow., Lower Lias. (After Wright) 44 Ammonites ohtusvs. Sow., Lower Lias. (Geikie, Text Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p, 790) . - - -44 .immoTiiies OiBj/noiMS, Qnenst., Lower Lias. (After Wright) 44 Ammonites raricostatus, Ziet., Lower Lias. (After Wright) 47 Ammonites armatus. Sow., Lower Lias. (After Wright) - 47 Amm,onites Jamesoni, Sow., Lower Lias. (Geikie, Texb Book of Geology, Ed, 2, p. 791) - . .47 Ammionites hrevispina, Sow., Lower Lias. (Geikie Text Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 791) . . .4,7 Ammonites heterogenes, T. & B., Lower Lias. (After Wright) ---.... 47 Belemnites clcuvatus, Blainv., Lower Lias. (After Phillips) 47 AmmMvites striatum, Rein, Lower Lias. (G«ikie Class- BookofGeology, Ed.2, p. 303) . .! .43 Amm,onites Eenleyi, Sow., Lower Lias. (After Wright) - 48 Ammonites Davcei, Sow., Lower Lias. (Geikie. Text-Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 791) - . ' . .43 Anvmonites capricornus, Schloth., Lower Lias (After Wright) ". . 48 Phwrotomaria anglioa, Sow., Lower and Middle Lias (After Groldfuss) - - - . . 1 49 Lvma g%g 9. J» 10. »> 11. >> 12. s> 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. '» 20. }i 21. >» 22. 23. 24. 25. »> 26. »» 27. )J 28. )» 29. XI Page Fig. 30. Oorcimm iisieri, Sow., Lower Lias. (After Goldfuss) - 50 ,, 31. PUcatula spi/nosa, Sow., Lower and Middle Lias, (Geikie, Class-Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 302) - - -50 ,, 32, MocHola minima, Sow., Rhsetic lieds and Lower Lias. (Mug. Tract. Geol.) - . - . .50 ,, 33. Plev/romya crocombeia, Moore, Ehsetic Beds and Lower Lias.' (Mns. Pract. Geol.) - - . - 50 ,, 34. J.wMZa oj/i/wipes, Y. & B., Lower and Middle Lias. (Mus. Pract. Geol.) - - - - - -50 ,, 35. GrypTioea arcudta, Lam. (G. incurva, Sow.), Lower Lias. (Mus. Pract. Geol.) - - - - -50 „ 36. S'pvriferina Waleotti, 'Sow., Lower and Middle Lias. (After Davidson) - - - - . - 51 ,, 37. Bhynchonella vcuriabilis, Schloth., Lowerand Middle Lias. (After Davidson) - ... 61 ,, 38. Scaph&us ancylochelis, 'H.. "Woodw., Lower Lias. (Geikie, Olass-Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 304) - - - 51 ,, 39. Pentacrinus hasaltiformis , Miller, Lower and Middle Lias._ (Geikie, Text-Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 774) - 51 ,, 40, Extracrirmsbria/refus, Miller. Lower Lias. (Geikie, Text- Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 774) - - - 51 ,, 41. Section of the Cliffs from Pinhay Bay, near Lyme Regis, to Bridport Harbour - - - . 52, 53 ,, 42. The Landslip at Dowlands, between Lyme Eegis and Ax- mouth. (From a drawing by Sir A. Geikie, 1886, Class-Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 51) - - - 56 „ 43. Section from Pennard Hill to Beacon Hill, Mendip Hills. (H. B. W., Geol. B., Somerset, p. 46) - - - 90 ,, 44. Generalized Section of the Cliffs from near Stolford to Blue Anchor, near Watohet, Somersetshire - - 95 ,, 45. Section of the Cliffs at Sutton, Southerndown, and Dun- raven, Glamorganshire . . - . . loi „ 46. Section near the Witches Point, Dunraven, Glamorgan- shire. (After De la Beohe ; Geikie, Text-Book of Geology, p. 591) - - - - 106 ,, 47. Section near Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire. (De la Beche, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i., p. 271) - - 108 ,, 48. Section of Lower Lias, east of Dunraven Castle, Glamor- " ganshu'e .---... 117 „ 49. Section from Lavernock to Penarth, Glamorganshire - 120 ,, 50. Section at Phyllis Hill, Pa,ulton, Somersetshire - . 131 ,, 51. Section a.t Oroome D'Abitot near Pershore, 'Worcester- shire - - - - - . - 146 ,, 52. Quarry at Newbbld, Rugby. (From a Photograph lent by J. D. Paul) - ~ - - - ' - -164 ,, 53. Diagi-ammatic Section across the Vale of Belvoir. (A.. J. Jukes-Brownej Geol. S.W. Lincolnshii-e, p. 10) - 173 „ 54. AmmumUes ma/rga/ritatus, Mont., Middle Lias. (After d'Oroigny) - - - - - -189 ,, 55. Ammonites spinatus, Brug., Middle Lias. (After Wright) 189 „ 56. Modiola scalprum, Sow. Lower and Middle Lias. (After Sowerby) - - - - - - 190 ,, 57. Gryphma eymhium; Lam., Middle Lias. (Geikie, Text- Book of Geology, Ed. 2, p. 776) - - .190 „ 58. Oardvwm truncatvm, Sow., Middle Lias. (Mus. Pract. Geol.) - - - - - - -190 „ 59. Belemnitee paasillosus, Schloth., Lower and Middle Lias. (After John Phillips) - - - - -190 „ 60. Pecten cequivalvis, Sow., Middle Lias._ (After Goldfuss) - 190 ,, 61. Bhynchonella tetrahedra, Sow., Middle Lias. (After Davidson) ----.. 191 ,, 62. Ter ebratulapimetata,So'w., Middle Lia.s. (After Davidson) 192 xu Page Fig. 63. Serinda, ietnujomi, DumI., Middle Lias. (Muy. Pract. Geol.) 192 ,, H-L. Ophioderma Egertoni, Bvod., Kiddle Lia,s. (After Wright) 192 ,, 65. Ophioderma Milleri, Phil., Middle Lias. (A.fter Wright) 192 „ 66. Section from Ilchester to Pen Hill, Yeovil - - 206 ,, 67. Section across the Cotteswold Hills from Wotton TJnder- edge to Symonds Hall Hill, Gloucestershire. (Sir A. 0. Kamsay, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., p. 9j - - - - - - - 214 ,, 68. Section across the Vtile of Wiuchcomb, Gloucestershire. (E. Hull, Geol Cheltenham, p. 99) - _ - - 218 ,, 69. Section between Key thorpe and Hallaton, Leicestershire. (J. W. Judd, Ueol. Eutland, p. 73) - - - 235 ,, 70. Ammonites serpentinus, Rein., tipper Lias (after d'Or- bigny) - ..... 249 ,, 71. Amm,onUes comuoopia, Y. & B., Upper Lias. (After d'Orbigny) - . - - - - 249 ,, 72. Ammonites fibnlatus, Sow., Upper Lias. (Mus. Pract, Geol.) 249 ,, 73. .4 TOmoraifes commMTO!*, Sow., Upper Lias. (After Wright) 249 ,, 74. Am/monites bifrons, Brug., Upper Lias. (After Wright) - 249 „ 75. Ammotdtes elegans, Y. & B., Upper Lias. (After Wright) 249 „ 76. Ammonites heterophylhts, Sow., Upper Lias. (Geikie, Text-Book of Geology, p. 793) - . - .251 ,, 77. ^mmom'tes /MreK«is, Ziet., Midford Sands. (Geikie, Text- Book of Geology, p. 793) - - - - 251 „ 78. Belemnites tvhula/fis, Y. & B., Upper Lias. (After Phillips) 251 ,, 79. Belemnites VoUzu, Phil., Upper Lias. (After Phillips) - 251 „ 80. 2raoceraTOMsd!'M6iMs, Sow., Upper Lias. (Mus. Pract. Geol.) 251 ,, 81. Amberleya camitanea, Goldf., Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite. (After Morris and Lycett) ... 251 ,, 82. Pogidojiomj/uiBronm, Voltz., Upper Lias. (After Goldfuss) 251 ,, 83. ie<2a ov-Mm, Sow., Upper Lias. (Mus. Pract. Geol.) - 251 ,, 84. Section across the Polden Hills and Glastonbury Tor. (H.B.W.,Qeo]. England and Wales, Ed. 2, p. 260) - 263 ,, 86. Section of Brent Knoll, Somersetshire, (H. B. W., Geol. East Somerset, p. 116) - . . . - 263 ,, 86. Section at Wotton Underedge. (H. W. Bristow, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i., p. 275 ; Geol. East Somerset, p. 114) . 264 ,, 87. Section across Oxentou Hill, near Winchcomb, Gloucester- shire. (E. Hull, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 77) - . 266 , , 88. Section in a quany south of Thenford, Northamptonshire. (A. H. Green, Geol. Banbury, p. 8) - - - 274 ,, 89. Section at Brickyard, near Gay ton Wharf, Blisworth, Northamptonshire ..... 277 MAP. Sketch Map to show the arens occupied by the Lias in England and Wales ..... Frontispiece. THE LIAS OS ENGLAND AND WALES (YORKSHIRE EXCEPTED). CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. The term Jurassic — Extent of the Jurassic Rocks in Britain — Relations of the Rocks to the Formations above and below. The foundations of Geological Science are associated more closely with the Jurassic Rocks of this country, than with any other series of strata. Familiarly known as the Lias and Oolites, the main subdivisions of tliese rocks had been determined and their life-history to a large extent ascertained, long before the name Jurassic came to be generally applied. To the Jura mountains on the borders of France and Switzerland, where the " Jura limestone " has been known from time immemorial, we owe the name, which was introduced by Von Humboldt. As early as 1795 he employed the term " Jura limestone " in a limited geological sense, while in 1823 he used the more comprehensive names " Jurassique" and " Jura formation."* W. D. Conybeare had in 1813 recognized the identity of the Jura limestone with the Oolitic formations in Englandf ; but not till after the publication of Oppel's great work on the " Juraformation " (1856-58), was the term Jurassic generally adopted in this country. The Jurassic rocks come to the surface over a large tract of Britain, In England they extend from the cliffs between Axmouth and Swanage, on the coasts of Devonshire and Dorset- shire, through the Midland counties, to the cliffs and moorlands of East Yorkshire. Outlying portions of the rocks occur in West Somerset, in Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire,in Worcestershire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and also in Cumberland; while small inlying masses appear at the surface in Sussex. lu the far north of * Alex, de Humboldt, Essai geognostique sur le gisement des Koches, 1823, pp. 269, 275. (Euglish translation, pp. 36, 359.) t He based his correlations on tho descriptions of Giovanni Arduino (1759) ; Kep. Brit. Assoc, for 1832, p. 388. '' JS 70859. A ^ LIAS or EKGLAND AND WALES : Scotland we find remnants of the strata along the borders of tiie Moray Firth, near Cromarty, and in Sutherlandshire ; and again in Mull and Skye and other of the Avestern islands and adjoining tracts of the mainland. In Ireland tnere are reoresentatives of the Lower Jurassic rocks near Belfast. The Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire form the subject of a separate section of this Memoir ; those of Scotland and Ireland will like- wise be described separately, so that the ti-acts to which attention is now directed, include (1) tlie main outcrop of the English Jurassic rocks from the Dorset coast to the low cliffs of Whitton, on the southern Humber shore, together with the underground extent of the strata ; and (2) the outlying masses that occur in the north and west of England and in South Wales. The main mass of the Jurassic strata thus traverses the central portions of England in a northerly and north-easterly direction. Including both Lias and Oolites, this great system is made up of many alternations of sand, clay, and hmestone, with every inter- mediate variety of these materials ; a system whose maximum thickness may be estimated at from 4,500 to 5,000 feet. Inclined gently towards the east and south-east, and having suffered considerable denudation, the harder and more porous beds outcrop in escarpments that face westwards or north-westwards, and the resultant features are a series of stonebrash hills and clay vales. Amor:g the more prominent ridges are the Ootteswolds, that rise In places a little over 1,000 feet. Edge Hill, and " The Cliff "which supports the cnthedral of Lincoln. To these physical features especial attention will be given in the sequel. The Jurassic rocks being based on the red marls and sandstones of the Trias, the downward limit of the system was easily recoo-nized by the early geologists; it was marked off by the " Red ground " of the vale of Taunton, the Severn valley, and the central plain of England. The upward limit of the series was by no means so clearly discerned. The dip brings on newer and newer strata in an easterly direction, and the Jurassic formations are in some places covered conformably by Cretaceous rocks. Nevertheless ovei considerable areas the lowest Cretaceous strata are wantincr, and higher portions of that system stretch irregularly over the worn surfaces of the Jurassic rocks, concealing many of their sub- divisions. How far the Jurassic rocks extend below ground in the south and east of Ergland is of course a matter of speculation. The highest member of the system appears at the surface in one part of Sussex, and other portions of the Oolitic series have been found at various depths in the same county, in Kent, and beneath the London area. Further references will be made to this subject. Progress of hnov}ledge concerning the Jurassic Rocks Researches of William Smith. That the Jurassic Eocks of England early received a large amount of attention is not surprising. Tiie strata furnish our HISTORY OF KNOWLEDGE. 3 most valuable freestones, as well as many other economic pro- ducts, and the numerous excavations naturally attracted notice. Moreover the strata themselves are often exceedingly rich in organic remains. These were noticed by Leland in his celebrated Itinerary (begun about 1538),* and later on they excited tl^ curiosity of the Naturalists of the seventeenth century. The growth of our knowledge was, however, dependent chiefly on the economic products, for the building-stones have been employed, since Roman and Saxon times, in the construction of city-walls, bridges, castles, abbeys, cathedrals, churches, and humbler edifices. Various rocks, including both Lias and Oolites were used by the Romans in their tesselated pavements.f Prom these early times, in fact ever since the beds were quarried for freestone, road-stone, or lime-burning, many local names came into use, such as the Barnack Rag, Cheltenham freestone, Taynton stone, Doulting stone. Ham Hill stofie, Ohilmark stone, &c. As some of the beds, worked so long ago, became exhausted, or as different landholders ascertained that stone could be obtained on their grounds, so quarries were opened in other localities, and gradually a knowledge must have been acquired of the "run " or " lie " of the principal beds. The same remarks would apply to the chief deposits of tile-earth, brick-earth, and pottery clay. While much information must thus have been gained by those engaged in the practical work of quarrying and brick-making, and by those who selected the stone for building-purposes ; yet it was long before any systematic attention could be given to the subject, or the results of observations could be generally known. After the introduction of printing, and when maps had attained a fair degree of accuracy, the attention of the learned became more and more drawn to the subject. In the seventeenth century the general superficial distribution of the rocks was so manifest, that proposals were made to indicate their limits on maps, and to Dr. Martin Lister (1684) we owe the first practical suggestion for a geological survey.f The attention of the earlier Naturalists was devoted chiefly to the origin of the " Extraneous Fossils," " Petrifactions," or Organic Remains found in the various strata ; but they were often perplexed to decide wiiether these " formed stones " were " naturally produced by some extraordinary plastic virtue, latent in the earth, in quari-ies where they are found, or whether they rather owe their form and figure to the shells of the fishes they represent,"§ Many illustrations of these fossils were published in the works of Rob ert Plot (1677), Martin Lister (1678), * Itinerary, Ed. by T. Hearne, vol. viii. p. 2 (Oxford, 1710-12) ; A. C. Ramsay, Passages in the History of Geology (part 2), 1849, p. 15. t J. Buokman and C. H. Newmarch, Illustrations of the Hemains of Roman Art, p. 49. t See Phil. Trans., vol. xiv. p. 739 ; and Fittou, Notes on the Progress of Beology in England, reprinted from the Phil. Mag. (1832-33), 1833. § Plot, Natural History of Oxfordshire, p. 111. See also Phillips, Geology of Oxford, pp. 2, &o. A 2 4 LIAS or ENGLAND AND AVALES : Edward Lhwyd (1699), the Rev. John Morton (1712), John Hill (1748), and John Walcott (1779). Lister compared the foesil with the recent species, and Dr. John Woodward (1729) clearly recognized that there are " digg'd up, out of the earth, great numbers of shells that differ nol. in any respect, from those that the Land, salt and fresh Water dolh yield us."* The true nature of Fossils, and the general use of that term, is largely owing to the work of James Parkinson of Hoxton (1804).! That certain strata occur in a regular order was noticed as early as 1719 by John Strachey, and he was evidently aware that above the Coal-measures in Somersetshire the following strata occurred in upward succession : — Red earth, Lyas, Freestone.J Other writers, like John Hill (1748), and Emanuel Mendes Da Costa (1757), gave accounts of the various rocks and of the uses to which they were put. Little progress, however, seems to have been made with regard to a knowledge of the sequence of strata for a number of years, the next important account of the rocks being given in 1760 by the Rev. John Michell, who "explains most clearly the arrangement of the strata in England.''§ A manuscript Table of Strata by Michell, bearing the date 1788, was subsequently published, and therein the succession beneath the rocks now grouped as Cretaceous, was stated to comprise the "Northampton lime, and Portland lime, lying in several strata," and then the "Lyas strata." Below, the divisions of the New Red Sandstone and Coal-strata were marked. Nevertheless, as observed by Sedgwick, no part of the Woodwardian Collection at Cambridge was stratigraphically arranged by Michell, although he was Woodwardian Professor from 1762 to 1770, The signifi- cance of the sequence of rocks and fossils was not yet discerned. It was William Smith who, after researches extending over 20 years, first carried out the undertaking to make a geological map of England and Wales. Projected about the year 1794, the work -was completed before 1812, and published in 1815, the scale adopted being 5 miles to an inch. It must not be forgotten that, between 1794 and 1813, the Board of Agriculture published a number of Reports containing much local geological information ; and, as Conybeare remarked, to this Board " must undoubtedly be ascribed the honour of having produced the earliest geological maps of any part of England." When the strata came to be traced on the ground and depicted -on a map, the necessity for more precise teruis arose. Various freestones that had come into the market under different local names such as the Bath stone, the Minchinhampton stone, and the Taynton stone, proved t'j be on the same horizon, and the term Great or Bath Oolite was applied to them ; so also the Cheltenham • freestone, the Doulting stone, and the Ham Hill stone proved to * An Attempt towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England. Tome I., part li., p. 6. f Organic Eemains of a former World, vol. i. p. 34. j Phil. Trans., vol. xxx. p. 968 ; xxxi., 395. (Papers reprinted in 1727.) § Phil. Trans., vol. li , p. 566 ; Fitton, op. cit., p. 14 ; and J. Farey, Phil. Mag. vol. xxxvi. 1810, p. 103. ■VVORK OF WILLIAM SMITH. be on the same general horizon, and the term Inferior Oolite came to be applied. To William Smith we are mainly indebted for the first clear definitions of our strata. He determined the sequence of the Jurassic rocks in the M'est and south-west of England, and pointed out their relations to the soils and physical features. His most important generalization was that the different strata are characterized by fossils more or less peculiar to them, thus establishing the fact that strata can be identified by their organic remains. Moreover he pointed out that many of the rocks had been in succession the bed of the sea, and that the fossils were remains of animals that had lived and died at or near the places where they are now embedded.*. Hence the prominent names of many of our rocks were taken from the south-western and western parts cf England, either from terms in local use or from localities where the beds were exposed. It may be useful therefore to give the following Table showing the names successively adopted by William Smith : — t Table SHOWING the Subdivisions or the Jurassic Eooks ACCORDING to WiLLIAM SmITH.J 1799. 1812. 1815-16. Namrs now adopted. Purbeck Stone Purbeck Beds. Portland Eock Portland Stone. Sand Portland Sand. Oaktree Clay Kimeridge Clay. Coral Eag and Piso- lite : Sand j Oorallian Beds. Clay Dark Blue Shale Clunch Clay and Shale Oxford Clay. Kelloway's Stone Kellaways Rock Sand and Stone Combrash Combrash Combrash. Clay Forest Marble Bock Sand and Sandstone Forest Marble j Forest Marble. Forest Marble Clay over Upper Oolite Bradford Clay. Freestone Great Oolite Rock Upper Oolite Great Oolite. Blue Clay, Yellow^ Clay.Fuller'sEarth, ( Fullei's Earth and Fullers Earth and Bastard ditto and C Rock. Fullers Earth Rock. Sundries. J Freestone Under Oolite Under Oolite Inferior Oolite. Sand Sand Midford Sand. Upper Lias. Marlstone Middle Lias. Marl Blue Blue Marl Blue Marl Bine Lias Blue Lias Blue Lias Lower Lias. White Lias White Lias White Lias ^EhieticBeds. Marl stone, Indiso and Black Marls. E«d-ground. Red Marl and Bed Marl New Red Marl, &c. Gypsum. It will be seen by refereiice to this Table that the chief divisions have been confirmed by later observation. The Purbeck Stone was, however, associated by Smith with the Kentish Kag, &c., while the Upper Lias was omitted, doubtless because it is very inconspicuously developed in Somersetshire. The Alum Shale (Upper Lias) of Yorkshire was grouped by him with the Oxford Clay. * See Memoirs of William Smith, by John Phillips, p. 141 j see also Fitton, op. eit., pp. 29, &c. f Memoirs of W. Smith, by John Phillips, pp. 30, 146. See also Table by Buckland (1818) in W. Phillips' Outline of the Geology of England and Wales; and Table by Sedgwick (1821) in A Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Geology. J See also Table given by C. Fox-Strangways, Jurassic Eocks of Yorkshire, vol. i. p. 20. 6 LIAS OV ENGLAND AND WALES: An ^jLcellent description of the Oolitic strata of parts of Gloucestershire, Somersetshire and Wiltshire, accompanied by- plates or many of the fossils, was published in 1813 by the Eev. Josepli Townsend, vicar of Pewsey. The tftle of this work* unfortunately obscured its character, for the geological facts were based largely on Information furnished by William Smith, and it thus contains the earliest record of his more important observations. The prominent or characteristic fossils of the Golitss, down to the Fuller's Earth Rock, were subsequently figured by William Smith in his " Strata Identified by Organic Remains, ''of which, only four parts were published (1816-1819).' Ill the meanwhile, Sowerby's Mineral Oonchology, of which the first volume was published jn.l812. gave a new impetus to the collection and study of fossils; and several enthusiastic geologists about this time entered the field, among whom may be mentioned Thomas Webster, WiUiam Backlind, W. D. Oonybeare, Adam Sedgwick, followed by W. H. Fitton, H. T. De la Beche, R. I. Murchison, William Lonsdale, and John Phillips. William Phillips had in 1818 published '• A Section of Facts from the best authorities, arranged so as to form an Outline of the Geology of England and Wales " (accompanied by a Table of Strata by Buckland) ; and he was joined in 1822 by Conybeare in the preparation of a. second edition of this celebrated work, which became the "scientific bible" of many a zealous worker.f Conybeare was mainly responsible for the Jurassic, as well as other portions of this new edition, and having adopted the group- ing of William Smith for the Jurassic rocks, " their provincial names have become classic throughout Europe."J In those days, however, the term Oolites or Oolitic Series was employed as a general term to include both Lias and Oolites. It is unnecessary iiere to give a full account of the further progress of Jurassic geology in this country; nor could justice be done to the subject without reference to the work of geologists on the Continent.§ A list of works on the Jurassic geology of Britain, will be given in the final volume of this Memoir, and particular acknowledgment will also be made, in due course, of the labours of the many geolo^sts who have contributed to our knowledge of the Liassic and Oolitic strata of this country. Subdivisions of the Jurassic rocks. The subdivisions of the Jurassic rocks, established by William 'Smith, were based mainly on his observations in Somersetshire and- Wiltshire. They are stratigraphical divisions, composed sometime* of thick strata comparatively uniform in lithological character, at " The Character of Moses established for veracity as an Historian, recording E-^ents from the Creation to the Deluge. 2 vols. 4to. London. 1813-l81.'i. t Geikie's Life of Murchison, toI. i. p. 1?,6. % Murchison, Address to Gsol. Soc., 1833, Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. ii. p. 44? ; and^ Sedgwick, Address, li<30, Ibid., -lol. i. p. 200. . § See also C. Fox Strangways, Jurassic Eocks of Yorkshire, vol. i. p. 7. SUBDIVISIONS or JUKASSrc ROCKS other times of beds varying greatly in their component materials, but yet united by some conimon character. Their order of super- position was clearly proved, and their organic contents were shown ^o be more or less distinctive. It is important to bear these tacts in mind, for all "formations" or stratigraphical divisions muat, as far as possible, be regulated on these principles. I The progress of knowledge has, however, shown that, when traced across the country from the south-west to the north-east, many of Smith's divisions, and especially the sandy and calcareous strata of the Oolites, exhibit marked changes in character, llence it has been necessary to adopt distinct stratigraphical subdivisions for some of the formations in the midland and north-eastern, counties. In no case can these divisions be taken as of equal or| a,pproximately equal value in point of duration or physical history : they are made essentially for convenience, and it must be remem- bered that all are subject, often to a considerable extent, to variation in thickness. The Jurassic system (Juraformation) of Germany was separated into three divisions In 1837 by Leopold Von Buch ; but the several Stages have been somewhat differently grouped by geologists, more especially with regard to the Middle and Upper Jaransic divisions. The classification given in the Table on page 8, is that liiost commonly ndonted. , Sequence of rocks and Passage-heds — Planes of demarcation. I— Tlie Jurasslo rocks represent for the most part marine accumu- lations that were nowhere deposited in very deep water, nor at a very great distance from the old lands to whose waste the detrital materials are due. Tiie finer and more tranquilly deposited materials, like the clays, are more persistent than the current- bedded oolitic and sandy accumlatlons that were deposited in shallower water.* j In certain formations, or subdivisions, only particular conditions of the sea-bed are presented to our view ; with others we find evidences of the deposits of deeper and shallower water. In few cases are there preserved among Jurassic rocks the marginal accumulations that fringed the Palaeozoic lands, and In no instances do we find any abysmal deposits. Estuarine ciiaracters appear in some of the. beds, and these as a rule are shown in the character of the organic remains and in the nore abrupt changes in the sediments : impure coal-seams arc found, carbonaceous sliales and sandstones become more prominently developed, variegated clays occur, and the limestones are less conspiououf. More especially do these characters prevail, at certain horizons, as we trace the beds northwards, but at the top of the series, the Purbeck beds of the south of England exhibit some entirely freshwater accumu- lations, as well as actual evidences of land-surfaces. i That there was a continuous sequence of deposits In the British area throughout the Jurassic period, is shown by evidence obtained * See Hull, Quart. Journ. Geo). Soc. vol. xvi. p. 72. LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : M w 02 o o pi] 3 Wr-i IS .-3 a P5 -a 5 ^ OO a 3 o OJ OJ ^ O t! P K H O CO O P CC Hi o ;?; Hi ro -a Q ^ fh a 3 OT-I •bid .Ja-a - 9 — b a H -j<0 o a cj « « ■- P o O °'3 _ to Gj ■g CI IB ^ 0) <^ ^^ ti S3 o « IS a t- t- -u &• o o ^- &< OfqOP a .a o -a g a J3 .9 •" Hi )-! cu 3 OJ p^ o s s 4 »° OS § za 3^a M S3;SS 5-3 S 1 m n o H h) n -«) EH o ^ o hi ^ a H5 P5 1-5 13 ■a o rASSAGE-BKDS. 9 in different localities ; so that notwithstanding the physical changes indicated by the successive deposits of deeper and shallower water, yel some portions of the area v\ere receiving sedimentary deposits during the period. The evidences of transition will be pointed out in the chapters dealing with the Lias and Oolites ; they arc seen in Passage-beds thatsliow the gradual passage of one formation of particular litho- logical character into another of dissimilar nature, or the alternation of beds at the summit of one formation with tiiose of a type characterizing the succeeding deposit. The classification of these Passage-beds, which serve to unite formations accumuiateil under varying sedimentary conditions, has led to much debate of an unprofitable character. While, as Sedgwick remarited,* these evidences of conformity indicate " the perfect development of the series," yet we find abundant evidence of the more ample, or it may be said the more eventful, development of a formation at one locality than another. This may be mnrked by rich fossil-beds, as well as by a greater thickness of deposits, due to more rapid deposition of sediment. Hence it happens that some localities, originally chosen to designate formations, are not always the best that could have been selected ; but it is obvious, that when the meaning of a term is well understood, no advantage can result from a change. In certain localities, therefore, it is not possible to fix precise lines of demarcation between subdivisions ; this is the case with the Upper Lias Clay and Midford Sands, the Great Oolite and Forest Marble, as well as other formations. Again in many localities the junctions of formations may be well-marked ; as is often the case where the Lower Lias rests on the White Lias (Rhaetic), the Upper Lias clay on the Marlstone, or the Fuller's Earth clay on the Inferior Oolite. The completeness of the Jurassic record is interrupted in many instances by local erosion and by unconformable overlap ; but there is no evidence of great discordance between the stratifica- tion of the unconformable strata, such as would indicate very considerable local disturbances. Nowhere in Britain do we find any evidence of contemporaneous volcanic activity ; and only in Yorkshire, the north-east of Ireland, and along the western side of Scotland, are the beds affected by the subsequent intrusion of eruptive rocks. Evidences of local erosion are shown by the presence of pebbles of previously formed Jurassic rocks. Among tiie current-bedded oolites the occurrence may be noted of fragments of strata formed not Ion" previously, or of portions even of the same subdivision. Thus we find rolled pieces of oolite in some of the l)eds of the Inferior Oolite. Again we find rolled pieces of cement-stone or ironstone at the base of the Inferior Oolite ,- and in this case the pebbles have been formed from a distinct formation, the higher * Ann. Phil 1820, vol. xxvii. p. 350. 10 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : portions of which have been subjected to local erosion. Occa- sionally there may be found smnll and more or less rolled nodules of impure and sometimes slightly phosphatic limestone, the for- mation of which may have been contemporaneous. (Seep. 72.) Pauses in deposition may be indicated by accumulations of different genera and species of organic remains, by phosphatic nodules and phosphatize'd fossils, and by burrows of Annelides and Lithodomi; The evidence of marine borers, however, cannbt be taken to prove any great lapse of time. In some cases calcareous strata must have been consolidated vapidly, for we find Annelide- borings and Litliodomi in successive layers of oolite that belong to the same subdivision. Abrupt changes in the character of sedimentary accumulations may occasionally indicate a break, but such evidence cannot be relied upon. We find throughout the Jurassic series frequent alternations of clays with sandstones or limestones ; changes that afford no evidence of any break in the sequence of events, but which may be attributed to variations in the currents bringing sediment. Even when such sedimentary changes are accompanied by changes in the character of the fossilsj we have to consider to what extent the nature of the sea-bottom has influenced the forms of life. Marked differences in the sue- : cessive assemblages of fossils, and a knowledge that elsewhere other fossiliferous strata are developed, afford (in the absence of distinct unconformity) the means by which local breaks of importance may be inferred. In a great series of strata that exhibits consiilerable sediinentarv changes, it is natural to find many local gajjs due to paucity of sediment or to contemporaneous erosion. On account of these local unconformities and overlaps, different classifications of the strata may be made in different localities. There is evidence in some places of unconformity between the minor subdivisions of one formation such as the Lower Lias, the Inferior Oolite, or the Portland Beds. Thu= there may be a break in the midst of a formation, while locally it may shade upwards and downwards into the Overlying and underlying formations. Lateral Changes in Formations — Stratigraphical and PnlcEontological Subdivisions. Having considered the vertical changes in the strata we may briefly allude to the lateral changes. In some ciises, formations like the Inferior Oolite, the Great Oolite, and Forest Marble undergo considerable modifications as the beds' are traced from place to place ; so that ultimately one subdivision, like the Fullers E?irth or Forest Marble, may become replaced or absorbed by another stratigraphical division. In other cases the division may taper away, not having been deposited further, or it may have been denuded. These changes in the thickness, jithological character, and extent of the larger Jurassic division^, are lout exaggerations of what takes places in- the minor divisions. A formation may be CORRELATION OF STRATA. ]1 persistent over large areas, and its subdivisions may be very inconstant. Such is the case with the Inferior Oolite and the Corallian rocks. Sections recorded in different parts of the same quarry vary, as do the records talcen at different times. The Jurassic rocks thus exhibit certain phases of the sea- bottom or of sedimentation, that endured for longer or shorter periods, the conditions changing more or less irregularly and at intervals over the area vi^e have under consideration. The sub- divisions of the rocks indicate the domination of certain physical conditions over a particular area, and vi^e have to consider the probability of certain sedimentary conditions (or formations) enduring much longer in one area than in another. We may, for instance, have passage-beds on somewhat different horizons;, for a formation, such as the Corallian, may merge upwards and down- wards into the rocks above p.nd below, gradually, and yet when traced for some distance, so irregularly that different planes of division (in point of actual age) may be taken in different localities. This is evidently the case with certain divisions of the Jurassic rocks, so that precise correlation is not possible.* To some extent palsepntology comes to our aid, although for several reasons we cannot depend upon it for fixing the limits of strati- graphical subdivisions. Each main division of the rocks has been found to yield an assemblage of organic remains more or less characteristic, some species being (so far as is known) peculiar, others especially abundant. Hence wlien the stratigraphical succession of the main rock-divisions has been established in one area, and thciir fossils have been determined, we have the means of identifying distant or isolated masses of rock' by their organic remains, a feet of especial importance in reference to strata penetrated in deep borings, or thrown out of their normal position by- faults or other disturbances. The entire series of rocks being locally so intimately linked together, it is natural that the series of organic remains should also be connected ; and this is really the case, for most of the genera and some of the species range through many formations, each species indeed, so far as we know, having a varied geological and geographical range. These organic remains are for con- venience grouped into "zones," or assemblages characterized by a genus or species of wide-spread occurrence ; but the limits of these zones are not to be rigidly defined, for as Professor Judd has remarked, '"' the transition from one fauna to another appears to have been in almost every instance a gradual one, the several species disappearing individually, and not in groups."t It must be remembered that palseontological divisions are useful only when fossils are to be obtained, whereas in a large number of exposures the rocks yield few or no fossils, or perhaps none indicating a special horizon, JMoreover, while we find that * See also remarks by Prof. Judd, Geol. Rutland, pp. 50, &c. t Geol. Rutland, p. 57. 12 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : cerlaiii kinds of rock are characterized by forms of life suited to the sedimentary conditions they represent, yet the range of some species and the incoming of new ones may be quite inde- pendent of sedimentary changes. In short, the paleeontological changes frequently do not coincide with the lithologicai changes. The difficulties in classification and correlation therefore appear great, but they are only so because it is sought to make divisions where none exist in Nature. Neither by lithologicai characters nor by fossils can we fix persistent planes of demarcation in a conformable series of strata, but both are of service in helping to fix and correlate those artificial divisions which it is necessary to adopt for the purpose of tabulating our knowledge. It is important to determine the physical structure of eacii district; to represent on maps the superficial area occupied by each group of rocks, and to show their relation to the form of the ground. Hence the subdivisions of each geological system must be mainly stratigraphical ; such divisions are permanent in the area to which they refer, although distinct divisions may be necessary in the same system in other areas. Purely palasonto- logical divisions must always be more or less vague and indefinite so far as their limitations are concerned, but the artificial division of the strata into zones irrespective of the main rock-divisions is of essential service in correlating the strata of different areas. To these zones further reference will he made. The position of a barren grouf) of rocks can be usually ascer- tained by working out its relations to beds above and below, in which beds some distinctive fossils may be obtained ; or the strata themselves may in themselves present a sequence of rocks of distinctive character, such as would determine their correlation with other formations, exhibiting a similar repetition. The sands of the Middle Lias and the Midford Sands cannot always be distinguished, nor the Lower and Upper Lias clays, nor certain beds in the Inferior Oolite and Great Oolite. Many other illustrations might be given ; but when we work out the stratigraphical relations and find a sequence of Marlstone, Upper Lias clay, and Midford Sands; or of Fullers Earth, Great Oolite and Forest Marble, the position of the doubtful strata can be determined. Sections of the Strata. In many instances the published records of early date furnish our only information of the sti'ata of certain localities. In future times this is likely to be more and more the case, for the number, of open sections every year decreases. This is a fact although a melancholy one for geologists. Kailways have indirectly been the cause. It arises partly on account of the introduction of hard road-metal to districts and villages which in former years depended entirely on such local stone as was to be found. The " Mendip granite" (as the Oarboniferors Limestone is commercially mis- called), the Hartshill stone, tlie Charnwood Forest and Mount Sorrel rocks, and the Glee Hill Dhu stone, are responsible for the JUKASSIC FAUNA AND FLORA. 13 closing of many quarries in Jurassic areas. In places toOj the slag from iron-furnaoes is employed as road-metal. Again, at the larger brickyards like those near Peterborough, where machinery is extensively used, bricks of better quality and cheaper in pi ice, can be made than is the case at many a smill out-of-the-way brickyard. Consequently many of the latter have been abandoned, and more are likely to be. Moreover, owing to social changes, comparatively little building is carried on in the villages, com- pared with what took place in times gone by. There are notes of many open sections, mentioned in John Woodward's " Natural History of the Fossils of England," and in old topographical works, that show their abundance in regions where sections would now be a boon ; but it is probably only within the last 30 years, and particularly within the last 15 years, that so many pits and quarries have been closed. The railways themselves have given some compensation in the numerous cuttings, but the rnaioriiy of these are soon obscured. Deep borings have added to and are continually increasing our knowledge, but they do not afford those happy hunting grounds for fossils, which many a stone-quarry and brickyard have fur- nished. It must be remembered, however, that many localities regarded as very fossiliferoas, owe their celebrity to the energy of local collectors. Fauna and Flora. The organic remains, studied in connexion with the sedimentary characters of the rocks, give a clue to the physical conditions that characterized the successive periods. The fauna and flora of the Jurassic system is, on the whole, rich and varied, especially when contrasted with the preceding and comparatively barren New Red Rocks; and a study of the Lias and Oolites takes us to some of the most famous localities for fossils. The west of England appears to be the district most favoured by collectors, and places such as Lyme Regis, Weymouth and Swanage, Yeovil, Chippenham, Stonesfield and Cheltenham, have attained a greater fame than other fossiliferous regions further north in the area to which attention is now directed. A general consideration of the fauna bears striking testimony to the imperfection of the Geological Record, especially as regards the preservation of terrestial forms of life. Mammals, of which the earliest traces in the shape of Microlestes, are recorded from the Rhsetic Beds, have been detected in the Jurassic series in the Stonesfield Slate and in the Purbeck Beds. These include Marsupials and Insectivores. Cetacean vertebrae have been doubtfully recorded from the Kimeridge Clay. No traces of Birds have been found in any of the Jurassic Rocks of this country * The Dinosaurian Reptiles, of which the * Abroad, the Archaopteryx of Solenhoten and the Laopteryx (?) of Wyoming, occur in Upper Jurassic Strata. 14 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Cetiosaurus and Iguanodon are exainples, are considered to have been dwellers on the land ; and in the Purbeck Beds we find Macellodus, the earliest Jurassic representative of the Lizards. Insects of all kinds have been found plentifully at certain horizons, in the Lower and Upper Lias, in the Stonesfield Slate, and in the Purbeck Beds. Land and Freshwater Mollusca occur in some divisions of tiie Oolites, and more especially in the Purbeck Beds ; their occurrence in the Lias, according to Mr. E. Wilson, requires confirmation. Remains of land organisms are thus but scantily preserved, and the vertebrate- remains are extremely rare even in those estuarine or fresh- water, accumulations where we might expect to find them more commonly. There is, however, ground for hoping that they may be found eventually at localities and horizons other than those in which their remains have at present been discovered. Indeed, since these remarks were written, the first British Cretaceous Mammal has been discovered, in the Wadhurst Claj', near Hastings.* Insects, occurring as they sometimes do in purely marine deposits, weie probably in such cases blown out to sea, or floated into the sea by rivers. Drift-wood and lignite occur at various horizons. Among the pl.int-remains, those of Gycads and Conifers are the more abimdant forms. Ferns are not .often preserved : many species oris:inally described as ferns are now known to be Cycads. Dr. J. H. Balfour speaks of the .lurassic period as the reign of Gymnosperras. The first definite traces of Cycadem are recorded ; none of the forms obtained are very large, but the Conifera present arborescent types of the first magnitude.f Monocotyledons are occasionally preserved. Of the marine or partially marine forms of. life many Reptiles, and especially the Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus are characteristic (see Figs. 2-6, pp. 37-39). Recent researches tend to show that the former genus had a more extended caudal fin than is usually represented in figures.^ Other Reptiles, more or Jess aquatic in their habits, are the Pterodactyls Dimorphodon and Rham^ phocephalus ; the Crocodilians Teleosaurus, Dacosaurus, and Steneosaurus ; and the Ohelonia. No Snakes are known. The larger Saurians are more abundantly preserved in the Lias lime- stones and clays, and in the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays. The Fishes are well represented and include the Selachians, Hybodus, Acrodus, Strophodus, Aster acanthus, and Squaloraja ; and Ganoids, such as Dapedius, Pholidophorus, Leptolepis, Lepidotus, and Mesodon {Pycnodus). (See Figs. 8-11, pp. 40, 41.) They occur in various strata, but more especially in the lime- .stones, including the oolitic beds, and in the shales. Of Mollusca we find the first traces in this country o£ Ammonites and Belemnites. They occur more or less abundantly * A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891, p. 585. t Count de Saporta, Geol. Mag., 1872, p. 274. j Lydekker, Natural Science, 1892, p.. 514. JUKASSIO FAUNA AND FLORA. 15 in the clays and earthy limestones, and in the sandy strata, but rarely iii the false-bedded oolitic rooks. The Nautilus is also found. . The Gasteropods and Lamellibranchs comprise mostly genera now living. The Gasteropods include Natica, Pleurotomaria, Trochus, Turbo, Chemnitzia, Cerithium, Nerita, Actceonina, Littorina, Turritella, Patella, and the extinct Alaria, Bourguetia, Amberleija and Nerinaa : they are most abundant in the lime- stone?. The Lamellibranchs include Area, Astarte, Avicula, Ceromya, Cypricardia, Exogyra, Gervillia, Goniomya, Gresslya, GryphcBa, Hinnites, Inoceramus, Lima, Modiola, Monotis, Myacites, Ostrea, Pecten, Perna, Pholadomya, Thracia, Trigonia, and Unieardium. In several instance the colour-markinp;s of MoUusca and Brachiopoda have been preserved. This has been noticed in species of Natiea, JSferita, Cyprina, Hinnites, Pecten, Terehratula, and Waldhdmia* The occurrence has been noted of a "pearl-like body " on a specimen, of Gryphaa, derived probably from the Oxford Clay, but found in the Glacial Drift of Muswell Hill, Hornsey.f Species of Ostrea and Gryphaa often constitute conspicuous bands and sometimes thick beds. Thus in the Lower Lias the basement-beds are frequently crowded with specimens of Ostrea liassica, and at a higher horizon on the Glamorganshire coast, and especially at Fretherne in Gloucestershire, there are bands crowded with Gryphcea arcuata. It is interesting to note that similar bands occur as far north as Raaray and Broadford in Skye. In the Inferior Oolite of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham and Stroud, there is the Gryphite Grit, largely made up of specimens of Gryphcea sublobata. Varieties of Ostrea acuminata and O. Sowerbyi foim a thick band in the Fullers Earth iiear Weymouth. 0. Soiverbyi is abundant in the Forest Marble, and O. subrugulosa in the Great Oolite clays. Gryphcea bilobata is characteristic of the Kejlaways Rock, and large forms of Gryphcea dilatata are prevalent at the top of the Oxford Clay. Ostrea deltoidea forms bands in the iron-ore of Westbury in Wiltshire at the top of the Corallian rofcks, and also at the base of the Kimeridge Clay. In the Lower Portland Beds at Swindon there is a marked layer largely made up oi Exogyra bruntrutana, and in the Purbeok Beds of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire there is the remarkable Cinder Bed, formed mainly of Ostrea distorta. Some of the species of Lamellibranchs have a wide range : among these may be mentioned, Lima duplicata, L. pectiniformis, Avicula inceqtiivalvis, Pecten demissus, P, lens, fee. Brachiopoda are eJJceedingly abundant in the calcareous strata, and like the oysters tiiere are species that occur gregariously, and * Lycett Ann. Nat. Hist,, 1850, p. 423 ; J. T. Blake, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi., p. 201 ; G. F. Whidborne, lUd., vol. xxxix., p. 499; E. "Wilson, Geol. Mag.7 1891, p. 4i)8. t Morris, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol, viii., plate 4, fig. 16. 16 LIAS OF Ki\ GLAND AND WALES: characterize different horizons. Some PalseozoJc forms like Spiri- ferina and LeptcBna liave lingered on to Liassic times, while some new genera like Thecidium make their appearance. Most abundant are species of Rhynchonella, Terebratula, and Wald- heimia. Polyzoa are found abundantly in some of the calcareous strata. Crustacea are well represented, although the larger forms are not particularly abundant. The chief groups had appeared previous to Jurassic times. The Macroura include Eryon and Glyphea. Isopods are occasionally preserved, while Ostracods have been found in abundance at certain horizons. Of the Insects, tliough the remains that have been obtained indicate a great number and variety of forms, they are mosdy frag- mentary, consisting of wings and elytra. Annelides, represented by Serpula, Ditrupa, and other genera are not uncommon. Echinodermata are plentifully preserved in the limesstones, and more especially in the oolitic beds. The Crinoids include Pentacrinus, Extracrinus, and Apiocrinus. The Star-fishes are represented by Ophioderma, found in calcareo-arenaceous strata. The Echinoids include Acrosalenia, Cidaris, Hemicidaris, Echino- h7-issus, Clypeus, and many other genera. Corals are plentiful at particular horizons, in the calcareous strata. In the Lias they occur abundantly at but few localities. In the Oolites we find occasional Coral-banks of somewhat limited extent, but little or no evidence of particular reefs. The more abundant genera include Evnomia, Isastrcea, Montlivaltia, Siylina, Tliamnastroia, and Thecosmilia. Hydrozoa arc represented by a form allied to Solenopora. Sponges are rare ; a few marine and one freshwater species have been recorded. Numerous Foraminifera have been obtained, mostly from particular beds and localities. Preservation of Fossils. While organic remains are as a rule more varied and abundant in the limestones, the fossils are not always so well preserved as in the clays. In the limestones the shells of the Mollusca, and frequently the Corals, may be replaced by structureless calcite. Occasionally as in the Portland " Roach," the shells have been entirely rciTioved, and we have moulds and interior casts remaining. In the clajs the fossils are usually well preserved, and sometimes when the outer layers of Molluscan shells have disappeared they exhibit their inner nacreous layers. Such iridescent fossils are to been seen in theLias of Watchet and other places, and in the Kimeridge Clay of Brill and Market Rasen. In the sandy strata we find comparatively few fossils ; and as noticed by Mr. Clement Eeid,* loamy sandsappear to be very poor preservers of fossils. This is notably the case with the micaceous sandy loams of the Middle Lias. The fossils in many cases * Pliocene Deposits of Britain, p. 132. ClIAKAGTERISTXC FOSSILS. 17 have been destroyed by tlte influence of carbonated waters, whose action may be oreater wlien tlie percolation is slow. Belemnites, Pectene, and Oysters frequently remain when other calcareous organisms have perished ; but the shells of these fossils are formed of calcite, and, as pointed out by Dr. Sorby,* they are more stable than shells formed of aragonite. Limestones formed of broken or comminuted shells, such as the Ham Hill Stone (Inferior Oolite) and the Forest Marble, consist largely of fragments of Pecten and Ostrea. In many brickyards the fossils are most abundant in the deeper part of the working, and sometimes they appear only in such situations. This is irrespective of any special horizons, and is no doubt due to the fact that specimens from the i)igher exposed strata have been obliterated by meteoric agencies. This loss is sometimes occasioned by the decomposition of iron-pyrites and the formation of selenite from the calcareous matter of the fossils.i" Belemnites, however, are m.ore frequently preserved near the surface than some other forms. In pyritic clays the shells of Ammonites and other fossils are sometimes entirely replaced by pyrites. Many of the fossils found in clays are much compressed, and uncrushed forms must be sought in the septaria and other nodules that may occur in the formation. The varying thickness of clay- beds in some localities may be due to unequal compression of the strata. Characteristic Fossils — Fossil-beds — Zones. The fossil contents of eacif formation vary as might be expected in different localities, even on tlie same approximate horizon. Fossils are more or less sporadic in their mode of occurrence. Beds are comparatively barren^ or rich in fossils within short distances. In one area Cepi)alopoda prevail, in another Lamelli- branchs, in a third Brachiopoda, in a fourth Corals, and so on. On this account it is impossible to give lists of the characteristic and abundant fossils of any formation that are of more than general value; some species being common in one or more areas and rare in others. This is the case with the species of Cardinia and Hippopodium in the Lias, with the Ammonites and Brachiopods of the Inferior Oolite, &c.j and it is natural, especially with gre- garious forms or those dependent on certain conditions of sea-bed, &c. Thus we find many fossil-beds at various horizons ; some characterised by one species, others by two or more species of the same genus, or by several genera. It appears best to designate these beds by the generic as well as tlie specific name of the prominent fossil, although this plan has not always been adopted. In the Inferior Oolite certain species are prevalent at various horizons, such as Clypeus Phtii, Tere- * Address to Geol. Soc, 1879 ; V. Cornish and P. F. Kendall, Geo). Mag., 1888, p. 6C. f See Duncan, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. sxii. p. 12. B 70859, B 18 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : brcdula glohata, T. Jimbria, and Rhynchonella cynocephala. These beds have been variously named the " Clypeus grit," the " Globata bed," the " Fimbria stage," and the *' Cynocephala stage." These fossil-beds, although local, often occur at definite stratigraphical horizons. In other instances we have Saurian, Fish, and Insect Beds ; beds vvhich may b» expected' to occur on various horizons. It is noteworthy that where formations attain a great thickness, they are less fossiliferous than where they are thin. Such is the case with certain beds in the Lower Lias near Eadstock when compared with the equivalent beds elsewhere, and with the Inferior Oolite of Dorset when compared with the thick series near Chel- tenham. Such variations indicate a paucity of sediment in certain areas. Similar results are met with in certain fossil-beds that occur at the base of formations, when some lapse of time no doubt occurred without any particular addition of sediment. The Brad- ford Clay fossil-bed, and the " Tratisition Bed " on top of the Middle Lias may be cited as instances. In such situations derived and phosphatised fossils sometimes occur ; and at other limes the leading fossils of a formation may be found locally in fossil- beds, as is the case in the Inferior Oolite of Dorsetshire. The general succession in the life-forms as we ascend the geological scale is manifest, and it is convenient to separate successive assemblages of fossils under the name of " Zones." It is found that while many species are restricted according to the nature of the sea-bed, others have an extended range, occur- ring far and wide over the marine area within which the European Jurassic strata were deposited. The extent of this area probably varied from time to time during the Jurassic period, but during some portions of it there was connexion with strata now found in North Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia, North and South America, and the Polar Regions. The full consideration of these matters must however be postponed for the final volume. It may, however, be mentioned that some common European Jurassic species, or closely allied forms, have been found in all the areas above mentioned. The significant fact is that many specific forms occur over wide areas, and in the same relative order of succession, thus indicating the "practical synchronism" of the deposits in which they are entombed. Allowance must of course be made for time occupied in migration, but the results of modern research tend to show that the accumulations formed during such intervals, are small compared with the deposits that were contemporaneous. Among the forms that extend over wide areas in Jurassic times, species of Ammonites^ are the most important, and next to them may be ranked the Brachiopods, some of the species of which appear to have freely migrated without reference to sedimentary conditions. Belemnites also are of importance, but the species are difficult to distinguish. Zones may thus be defined as pAlaeontological horizons. They are assemblages of fossils that occur in a more or less definite sequence, and mark stages in the life-history of the rocks. They JURASSIC ZONES, 19 are, in the case of the Jurassic rocks, usually distinguished by the name of a prominent fossil, and Ammonites where possible are selected as indices, because their vertical range is usually more restricted than that of other characteristic fossils, different species are found in succession, and many of them occur over wide areas. Thus we have the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi in the Lower Lias ; the zone of A. Parkinsoni in the Inferior Oolite, &c. In this definition of a zone it must be borne in mind that no one of the species enumerated as belonging to the assemblage, may be confined within the limits assigned to the zone. Even the index-species may range, though less commonly above and below it, and may be absent locally from the zone it is taken to represent. Thus while a zone is a zoological division, and signifies, as Professor Tate has remarked,* rather an assemblage of species than the range of an Ammonite; yet the assemblage will be found to vary in different areas, as many of the forms tliat occur will have been restricted by the sedimentary conditions. The identification of a zone must primarily depend upon the occurrence of the index-species, and of wide-spread forms that may accompany it, or of slightly different but representative species. The stratigraphical sequence of the assemblages found in different areas is again of the greatest importance in identifying zones and in determining correlation. The rocks too in places are barren of organic remains, so that the absence of zonal species and their accompaniments affords no necessary proof of unconformity. In cases where the index-species is rare or unknown, other species have locally been taken to mark zones, but on general grounds this course is not to be recommended. It is important to distinguish between fossil-beds that contain a marked abundance of one or more species, and zones ; for zones may include one or more fossil-beds, such as those to which atten- tion has previously been drawn. As noted in the account of the Lias, observations made on a large exposed surface of a formation show the variable character of the fossils preserved, whereas in a cliff or cutting we can seldom explore any great superficial extent of strata ; our observations are usually confined within a few inches, or at most a few feet. Thus one observer may find a species only within certain limits, whereas another may obtain evidence to fix the range quite differently. Many fossils are thus preserved at different horizons, and while in one place species mjiy have a restricted vertical range, elsewhere the range may be much greater. In most cases the limits assigned to species are based on negative evidence, and sub- divisions based on the ascertained local range of any particular species may have but little value. Zones therefore are not always to be identified from the occurrence of any one specimen, * Quart. Joura, Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 300. See also Duncan, Snpp. to Brit. Foss. Corals, Part iv., No. 1, pp. 2 to 4; Judd. Geol. Rutland, pp. 48, &c., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv. p. 704; and H.B,W., Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol, xii. p. 295. B 2 20 LIAS OF .ENGLAND AND WALES: though a single characteristic species may furnish a reliable clue to the general horizon. . . Where precise divisional planes are taken between zones, it is wheie some more or less marked iithological change takes place ; but such divisions have at most but a bcal value. Where ditferent zones occur in a series of clays thai present no prominent Iithological distinction, as is the case with the zones belonging to the Lower and Middle Lias Clays, the Upper Lias, the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays, ohly approximate boundary-lines can be affixed. Nevertheless the sequence of different assemblages can be followed better in the great deposits of clay and in the limestones of more or less detrital and sedimentary origin, than in the false-bedded oolites and sandy strata where the beds are im- persistent and the tbssils less frequently and less perfectly pre- served. It will be generally admitted that zones, occurring as tliey do irrespective of sedimentary conditions, and comprising a number ol species with varying ideographical and geological ranges, have no exact limitations ; and thus the requirements of the geologist can- not always be reconciled with the demands of those who would subdivide our strata purely on palseontological evidence. The great value of zones is in marking the sequence of organic remains, and in furnishing material for correlating, in a broad way, strata that are far apart. Moreover these palseontological divisions furnish convenient horizons for those engaged in working out the biological history of species. Comparisons between the British Jurassic strata and those met with on the Continent and elsewhere will be left for the final volume.* It will be found that distinct stratigraphical divisions must be made in different areas, while the main palseontological horizons will be found to correspond in a remarkable degree over wide areas. Among the numerous zones it has been sought to establish, many have but a local importance, losing their individu- ality among the strata over more extended tracts. Such minor zones or " sub-zones " are sometimes useful, but there is practically no end to the number that might be made. * See Table by C. Fox-Strangways, Jurassic Bocks of Yorkshire, vol. i. p. 21. as •21 CHAPTER ir. THE LIAS. General Account op the Strata. The term « Lyas " was employed in a geological sense as early 1719 by John Strachey, who then gave a brief account of the strata above the Coal-measures in Somersetshh-e.* Indeed it has been thought that the name Lyas or (as we now spell' it) Lias, originated as the name of the Somersetshire quarrymen for the argillaceous limestone-beds that form the lower part of the Liassic formation ;t beds that during many centuries have been quarried for building-stone and lime-burning. It is quite possible the word is n corruption of layers or liers, and it is noteworthy that the term "Lias" is in use by quarrymen for somewhat similar bands of limestone that occur in Purbeck Beds, Great Oolite and other formations. It has however been suggested that the name may be of Norman extraction, and derived from the French Liais.X William Smith in 1799 grouped the strata as follows : — § Blue Marl = Upper (in part). Middle, and Lower Lias clays. Blue Lias = Lower Lias limestones. White Lias = Rhsetic Beds (top part). He took his classification from the country near Bath, where the Marlstone is not prominently developed, and at first some confusion arose in the grouping of that division with respect to ilie Upper Lias, a confusion that existed when Conybeare in 1822 arranged the strata in the following order : — 1| Upper marles = f ^^V^^r (in part). Middle, and Lower Lias Stony or true Uas beds = { ^Mte^Lfas ' ^°'^"' ^'''' "'"^'*°"^^- I ™..., rv,o,i»o / Black Shales 1- Rhsetic Beds. Lower marles - -{ Grey Marls J To John Phillips we owe our present grouping of the strata into Upper, Middle and Lower Lias ; divisions which he estab- lished in 1829 from a study of the Yorkshire Lias, and which have been found applicable to other portions of the coiintry.T[ Hence the strata have come to be grouped as follows : — Upper Lias - Chiefly Clay. M'ddl T ■ fMarlstone and Ironstone (Rock Bed). "\_ Micaceous sands and clays. Lower Lias - -s t • ' . it ^Limestones and clays. * Phil. Trans., vol. xxx. p. 968. f De la Beche, Report oa the Geology of Cornwall, &e., p. 41. j Applied to a hard freestone (Bret, leach, a stone ; Gael, leac, flat stone). § Memoirs of W. Smith, by J. Phillips, p. 146. II Conybeare and W. Phillips, Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales, p. 261. ^ Geology of Yorkshire," Part I. 22 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES We have thus a great group of strata that lie above the White Lias and its equivalents (belonging to the Rh^tic Beds), and below the oolitic limestones and associated strata of the Inferior Oolite Series. In mass it is an argillaceous series, consisting of bluish-grey shales, clays, and marls, with layers of argillaceous limestone and nodular masses of limestone (cement-stones and septaria), with thick beds of sand and calcareous sandstone, ferruginous eafthy and sometimes oolitic ironstone and limestone (marlstone). The Lias attains a thickness of about 900. feet in Dorsetshire, decreasing to about 280 feet at Bath, and becoming more attenuated under Oxford. It expands again to 1,360 feet in Nortii Gloucestershire, 760 feet at Northampton, 800 feet in Rutlatid, and about 950 feet in parts of Lincolnshire. In Gloucestershire we find a complete and unbroken series, and, with the exception perhaps of the Upper Lias, the same is the case in Dorsetshire ; but in parts of other counties the sequence is to some extent interrupted, there being symptoms of a break between the Upper Lias Clay and overlying Oolite strata. On the whole the general characters of the becls are fairly persistent, although in places where the Lias fringes the Palaeozoic rocks, some striking modifi.cation8 are met with, and the strata become much attenuated. The rock-beds of the Middle Lias are the most variable in the series. The relations of the Lias to the Rhsetic Beds below and to the Inferior Oolite Series above will be discussed further on. It may however be stated that the Lias and Rhaetic strata are usually conformable, and over large areas the Lias and Inferior Oolite exhibit evidence of such gradual passage that no hard line of division can be fixed, and consequently opinions vary on the question of jjrouping particular layers. These passage-beds between the Lias and Inferior Oolite, known as Midford Sands, form a convenient stratigraphical division that is of local importance ; but it may be freely admitted that from a palseonto- logical point of view these Sands include portions of both Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite, the equivalents of which elsewhere may more definitely be separated. The general character of the changes met with in the Liassic formation are shown in the accompanying diagram. The vertical scale being so much in excess of the horizontal, an unnatural appearance of disturbance is ]iroduced in the vicinity of Bath where the beds are much redufced in thickness. The object of the diagram is to picture the main changes that the strata undergo ; and it will be seen that the irregular development of the Lower Lias limestones, and the pfersistent nature of the junction between Middle and Upper Lias, are the more striking features. (See Fig. 1.) With regard to the former extent of the Lias, we have evidence of the margin of the old sea at certain points on the M ndips and in Glamorganshire, but it is probable that these land-areas were ' only islets. We know not how far the Lias extended over 23 CO CO « "'I'J 1^ 'I t II '2 '^ C3 Ci 03 IB 1° ^ §3 » oQ ^j 'g in V d u J^ ID fcT GO ^ ■ If "5 to s. s 02 "I L ry -^ 4 & ^, 5 ft « s« •ra " t:. (D F^ ■MM «S B ll-a ft c3 -^3 0,r^ .03 fl'qm -i.dw *, tflll u 24 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: what is now Devon and Cornwall. In West Somerset, where ihe Lias approaches the Devonian rocks near Watchet and Porlock, it does not present conglomeratic conditions. Its relations witli the old rocks where in contact, suggest faulting, and that the Quantock and Foreland ranges formed no part of the land-area in Liassic times.* In Monmouthshire the Lias presents its ordinary characters, dipping away somewhat abruptly from the present margin of Old Bed Sandstone : so that formerly it may have stretched much further west. We have no indication there of marginal deposits. The Severn valley and the plain stretching towards Chester must have been covered by Lias continuous witii that of the rest of England. Referring to the Jurassic rocks of Cumberland, both Mr. J. G. Goodcliild and Mr. J. E. Marr have remarked that there is no reason why these and newer Mesozoic rocks should not at one time have extended over the area now known as the Lake Districif In the south-east of England we know tliat the Lias does not extend beneath London, nor lias it been found in any deep borings between the metropolis and Harwich. It occurs beneath Peter- borough and Oxford, and must terminate underground towards the south-east, somewhere between the sites of those cities and Harwich, Ware, London and Richmond. We can form no idea of its extent umler Hampshire and Sussex, although the evidence at our command suggests that in parts of the south-east of England the Lias is banked up against an old coast-line of the Palaeozoic rocks, and is overlapped by the Oolitic Series. Organic Remains. The Lias as a whole is rich in organic remains, and these for the most part are well preserved. The large Saurians dominated, and hence the period has been designated the Age of Reptiles or Saurozoic Epoch. Chief among these are the Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus (see Figs. 2-7, p. 37), and Dimorphodon (Ptero- dactyl). Some tiny examples of Ichthyosau7~iis have been found within the pelvis of parent forms, leading to the conclusion that the animal was viviparous.J The Fishes include many genera, such as Acrodus, Dapedius, Eugnathus, Hyhodus, Leptolepis, Pachycormus, and Pholidophorus. (See Figs. 8-11, pp. 40, 41.) Most abundant, and geologically speaking most important, are the MoUusca. In this country we find the first evidence of Am- monites and Belemnites, and of other genera such as Alaria, AmberUya, Nerita, Exogyra, Gresslya, Goniomya, Homomya, Hippopodium, Opis, and Trigonia. The more abundant Gastero- pods are Cerithium, Pleurotomaria, Trochus, and Turbo. Car- * See also De la Beche, Mem. Greol. Survey, vol. i. pp. 250, &c. ; and Ussher, Proc. Somerset Arch. Soc, vol. xxxv. section 4, on Geol. map of West Somerset. t Trans. Cumberland Assoc, No. xiii. p. 95; and Geol. Mag. 1889, p. 154. j J. Chaning Fearce, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xvii. p. 44 ; Seelcv, Kep. Brit, Assoc. for 1880, p. 69. ORGANIC REMAINS. 25 dinia, found also in the Rhaetic Beds, is especially characteristic of the Lias.* Many of the MoUusca date from the Trias and some from earlier periods: there are few genera of Gasteropods or Lamellibranchs peculiar to the Lias, but among the former, CryptoRiiia may be mentioned. Brachiopoda are abundant •, we find the last representatives of the Palaeozoic forms of Lepteena, and Spiriferina ; while Tere- bratella, Zellania, &c. appear for the first time. Crustacea of the genera Eryon, JEger, Glyphea, &c. are found, and some species are not uncommon. Of the Arachnida, one doubtful example of an aquatic Spider has been recorded. Insects, or remains of them, are plentiful at certain horizons. None of the forms are very distinct from those now in existence. They include Orthoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Rhynchota (Hemiptera) ; and they indicate a temperate climate. Crinoids such as Pentacrinus and Extracrinus are locally abundant. In some cases the stems of Extracrinus exceed 50 feet in length. Some forms of Echini such as Cidaris and Hempedina, and of the Coral Montlivaltia, are plentiful in places : but as a rule Echini, Polyzoa, and Corals are rare. Many Fora- minifera have been recorded. Lignite is met with here and there, and some plant-remains belonging to the genera Pdchyphyllum {Araucarites), Otozamites, &c., have been found. On the whole the Oycadaceae appear to have been more abundantly preserved than other plant-remains. Zones. A study of the fossil contents of the Lias has led palaeontologists to make certain divisions or '* zones," based upon the succession of the organic remains. That certain groups of fossils characterize successive stages in the Lias was pointed out by Louis Hun ton in 1836. His obser- vations applied to Yorkshire, where he was followed by W. C Williamson and others.t In the south of England the sequence was noted in 1839 by De la Beche,J in 1840 by Strickland,§ and in 1842 by James Buckman.|| It was not, however, until after 1856, when Oppel published his " Juraformation," that any systematic attempt was made to define and follow out these sub- divisions in our country. The work of Oppel was based on that of Quenstedt, yet he not only amplified our knowledge of the con- tinental strata, but showed that the main palaeontological divisions were applicable to this country. His work has been followed up by that of Thomas WrightlT and many others. * See also E. Tate, Geol. Mag. 1871, p. 5. t See C. ITox-Strangways, Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire, p. IG. i Report on the Geology of Cornwall, &c., p. 227. § Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii. p. 315 ; Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 552. II Moxon's Geologist, p. 16 ; Geol. Chart of the Cotteswold Hills, 1843 ; Murohi- son's Geol. Cheltenham, Ed. 2. pp. 41, &c. W 1 CO St ," Oi a Vi -s 1 a a cS ^ 7i $ S OQ 3 3 ^ .u « 1 ■=s § Jr 1 « § l^ o R? ■S, '^' '^ '^ ^ '^ '^ ji_. 5» '^ '<) a o «. S g o a> § 1^ s 3 -a ^^^""'i^^^^'^^^ •a a o 3 35 LOWEE LIAS. General Desobiption. The Lower Lias consists in its lower portion of layers of blue and grey limestone, more or less argillaceous. These layers occur sometimes in even and sometimes in irregular bands often nodular and interrupted, and they alternate with blue and brown marls, clays, and shales ; the whole presenting, as Oonybeare remarked, a " riband-like appearance." These beds, as a rule, rest conformably on the Rhaetio Beds; and where the White Lias or upper portion of the Rhsetic Beds is prominently developed, as in the south-west of England, there is usually a marked contrast in the colour and texture of the strata belonging to these two divisions. The higher portion of the Lower Lias consists of blue, more or less micaceous clays, shales, and marls, with occasional septaria, nodules and bands of earthy and shelly limestone, and sandy layers. There is no rigid plane of demarcation between them and the mass of limestones beneath, while the clays pass upwards into the lower beds of the Middle Lias, with no lithological break or divisional-line. The dark shaly beds are occasionally bituminous. The limestone-beds naturally form the higher grounds, rising in escarpments, while the clays occupy low-lying tracts that merge into those formed by the lower beds of the Middle Lias. Local modifications of the Lower Lias occur on the borders of the Mendip Hills near Shepton Mallet, on Broadfield Down, and at Sutton and Southerndown in Glamorgansbire, where the lime- stones, usually pale in colour, become granular in texture and more or less conglomeratic, while the clayey partings are absent or very meagrely represented. Peculiar siliceous varieties of the Lias occur near Chewton Mendip and East Harptree ; while in the Kadstock area the Lower Lias is much attenuated. Such changes are natural enough, for they are noticeable in the neigh- bourhood of those Palaeozoic rocks which formed land-areas during the deposition of the strata. The total thickness of the Lower Lias varies from about 485 feet in Dorsetshire to about 960 feet in Gloucestershire, 465 feet in Northamptonshire, and about 700 feet in Lincolnshire ; but it is much less near Bath, C 2 36 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : These beds have been subdivided into Zones which may be conveniently grouped as follows : — Chief Liihological Chaeacteks. Ammonites cupricomus. A. Jamesoni A. oxynotus A. BucUandi A. planorbis Ammonites capricornus and A. Henley i. A. Ibex A. Jamesoni A. armatus A. raricostatics A. oxynotus A. obtusus A. semicostatus and A. Turneri.* A, Buchlandi A. angulatus A. planorbis Olays -witb reddish-coloured ironstone nodules. "I iJark clays and pyritic shales, with > occasional sandy beds, and ironstone J nodules. I Dark clays and shale.s, -with much iron- J pyrites. )Blue argillaceous limestones and clajS — mainly clay or marl in some localities and with ironstone at Frodingham. "* Even-bedded limestones and shales, pale marly limestones and fissile marls. These are the broad general divisions that may be traced across the country, and throughout it the chief zones have been identified, though in many localities, owing to the absence of sections, particular zones have not at present been distinguished. Nowhere in the Lower Lias is there any marked band of rock that can be traced persistently for any great distance. Generally speaking the lithological characters assigned to the zones are fairly persistent, but there is no sufficiently definite association of beds of particular lithological character, such as would enable us to fix horizons independently of organic remains. Some of the " Insect limestones " in Warwickshire, and adjoining parts of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, present characters that enable us to identify the division to which they belong, and it will be seen that the great masses of limestone, wherever they occur, belong to the lower part of the Lower Lias : but the great developments of limestone, belonging to the zones of Am. angu- latus and A. BucMandi, such as we see at Lyme Regis, near Bridgend, at Harbury and Kugby, are more or less local, passing elsewhere into clays with occasional bands of limestone. Higher up the dark pyritic shales are suggestive of beds belonging to the zones of Am. oxynotus or A. armatus, &c,, while clays with ochreous nodules are suggestive of the zones of A. Jamesoni and A. capricornus. This argillaceous division is for the most part well developed, excepting in the neighbourhood of Eadstoct ia Somersetshire, where some of the subdivisions are represented by single bands of limestone. * Wright considered the zones of A. Turneri and A. semicostatus as the upper part of the zone of ^. Buchlandi. Lias Ammonites, Palseontograph. Soc, pp. 284, LOWER LIAS SAUEIANS. 37 38 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: LowEK Lias Saubians. Fig. 4. Skull of Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb.,'Lyme Regis. Fig. 6. Skull of Ichthyosaurus latifrons, Konig., Barrow-on-Soar, -J nat. size. LOWER LIAS SAURIANS. 39 A. B. Teeth of Ichthyosaurus {Temnodontosaurus} platyodon, Conyb., Lyme Regis, c. Tooth oi Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb., Lyme Regis. Fig. 7. T^T^^ Cervical vertebra of Plesiosaurus Hawkinsi, Owen, Lyme Regis. 40 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : The Lower Lias of Lyme Eegis, Street near Glastonbury, and Barrow-on-Soar, is noted for its Saurian remains, probably because the beds have been extensively quarried or otherwise opened up at these localities. Many species of Ichthyosaurus and Plesi- osaurus have been obtained; some of the forms of Plesiosaurus being now known under the generic names of Eretmosaurus and Thaumatosaurus (see Figs. 2-7, pp. 37-39). The remains of Pterodactyl are now included under one species known as Dimorphodon macronyx. Lower Lias Fishes. Fig. 8. Dapedius phoUdotus, Ag., Lyme Regie. Fig. 9. Pholidophorus Bechei, Ag., Lyme Regis. A great many Fishes have been obtained, principally from the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis, but some also from Barrow-on- Soar :ind other localities. Among these we may note Acrodus Anningia and A. nobilis (teeth of which are known familiarly as "Leeches," see Fig. 10), Dapedius (Fig. 8), Chondrosteus, LOWEE LIAS FOSSILS. 41 Eugnaihus, Hyhodus reticulatus (see Fig. 11), Pholidophorus Bechei (Fig. 9), &c. ^ o j, f Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Teeth of Acrodus AnningiiB, Ag., Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. Dorsal Spine of Hybodus, Lower Lias, Lyme Regis. Coprolites of both Fishes and Saurians have been obtained.* The larger coprolites of Saurians contain fish-scales, bones of small Saurians, and occasionally water-worn pebbles. f -Among the Crustacea we find Scapheus (Fig. 38), a genus confined to the Lias, and Eryon which appears in this country for the first time. Foraminifera seem to be more abundant than in other divisions of the Lias. Among the Mollusca Ammonites and Belemnites appear, for they are not known in the Khsetio Beds of this country. Gaster- opods are represented by many genera, including Amberleya {Eucyclus), Cerithium, Chemnitzia,Crypt(Bnia, Pitonnillus, Pleuro- tomaria, Trochiis, Turbo, &c. Dentalium also occurs. With regard to the distribution of the fossils of the Lower Liasj it will be found that the local abundance of certain genera and * See Buckland, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 223. f Dr. Ruest of Freiburg has -obtained Eadiolarians in Coprolites from the Lias for Khsetio Beds?] of Gloucester. . Falaeontographica, vol. xxxi. 1885. See also I/ydekker, Cat. Foss. Keptilia Brit. Mus., Part 2, p. 114 ; and T. Hawkins, Great Sea Dragons, 1840. 42 LIAS OK ENGLAND AND WALES : species, renders it impossible to give a list of the common and characteristic fossils that would apply to all localities. Some of the Ammonites are widely distributed (geographically) as A. planorbis, (Fig. 12), A. Johnstoni, A. angulatus (Fig. 13), A. semicostatus, A. oxynutu.i (Fig. 16), A. armatus (Fig. 18), A. Henleyi (Fig. 24), A. capricornus (Fig. 26), &c. The most common fossils are Gryphcea arcuata (incurva) known as "Devil's toe-nails" (Fig. 35), Lima gigantea (Fig. 28), Ostrea liassica and Pentacrinus basaltiformis (Fig. 39) in the lower beds ; while Phuromya costata, Inoceramus ventricosus and Belemnites (of many species) are abundant in the upper beds. Other species such as Cardinia Listeri (l*ig. 30), C. ovalis, Hippo- podium ponderosum (called the horse's or ass's foot bv the country people. Fig. 29,) and Montlivaltia Victorice are locally very abun- dant : but H. ponderosum occurs in the zone of A. angulatus in Yorkshire, much lower than it has been found elsewhere in England.* Lima pectinoides and Unicardium cardioides occur at various horizons, and so also do Rhynchonella cahicosta and R. variabilis (Fig. 37), but the latter species is referred to by Messrs. Tate and Blake as " a refuge for the uncertain forms obtained in the Lias." R. plicatissima seems to be the prevalent form in the lower beds in Yorkshire,! and both this species and R. calcicosta have been recorded by many geologists under the general name of R. variabilis. The great abundance of Ostrea liassica at the base of the Lower Lias, has given rise to the name Ostrea-beds, and it is sometimes accompanied by " Ostrea it regularis," which assumes various forms according to the organism to v?hich it frequently attached itself. The prevalence of large forms of Lima gigantea in the higher beds of limestone, has led to the term " ima-bed€," generally synonymous with the zones of A. Bucklundi and A. angulatus. Again Spiriferina Walcotti (Fig. 36) is locally abun- dant near Iladstock, and we have the term " Spirifer Bank ;" so also there are the Cardinia-h^As and Hippopodium-heds of the western midland counties, which do not, like the Ostrea- and LJma-heda, mark very definite stratigraphical horizons. The Saurian beds. Insect and Crustacean beds, and Foraminifera zone may occur at different horizons, although locally applied to some particular bed, as will be noted in the sequel. Saurian remains are mainly found in the lower beds, comprising the limestones of the zones of Ammonites planorbis and A. Bucklandi. At Lyme Regis they are found mainly in the zone of A. Bucklandi, but also in some of the overlying clays; at Street, Ourry Rivell, Langport, and in parts of Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire in the zone of A. planorbis; while in Yorkshire such remains are more abundant in the Upper Lias. Belemnites (" thunderbolts ") are rare in the limestones, indeed they are not known in the lower portion of the zone of Ammonites * We have the record only of Hippopodium (cast) from Lower Lias limestone at Queen Camel. t The Yorkshire Lias, p. 421. LOWER LIAS FOSSILS, 43 planorbis, but they are common enough in the clay-series, as in the Belemnite Beds of Golden Cap. Hooklets of Belemnites have been found by Dr. Hinde in the zone of A. angvlatus at Street ; while no other portions of Belemnite have at present been found at that locality. (See p. 81.) The term Belemnite Beds was applied in Gloucestershire by Prof. Tate to the zones of A, raricostatus, A. oxynotus, and A. obtusus ; although, according to his own lists, Belemnites are more abundant in the beds grouped by him in the zone of A. Jamesoni* and this appears to be the case generally. Dumortier has grouped the beds from the zone of A. Jamesoni to that of J., marffaritatus inclusixe, under the " zone of Belemnites clavdtus/' thus including portions of our Lower and Middle Lias.f Small examples of Gryphaa arcuata (incurva) occur sparingly , in the zone of A. planorbis, but the larger forms are most characteristic of the higher portions of the Blue Lias series, where they often occur in clusters at different horizons. At Fretherne in Gloucestershire particularly fine specimens are abundant. The form, of this species is liable to variation, and in the higher beds of the Lower Lias, as at Cheltenham, we meet with the variety known as G. obliquata ; but G. cymbium also occurs. In a large series of specimens from one locality, many varieties may be noticed, and the intimate connexion of the several species may be adrfiitted. These varieties were studied and illustrated by the late John Jones of Gloucester.^ On coast-sections where we have an opportunity of studying the beds in section and in plan, as they are exposed in cliffs and in ledges or platforms on the foreshore, it is instructive to observe the distribution of the fossils. Such is the case on the Glamorganshire coast between Dunraven and Aberthaw, where the Lower Lias is continuously exposed for several miles in cliffs and in pavements. There we may notice how the organic remains occur in groups or colonies, abundant now and again at varfous levels. We can picture the evidence obtained in a quarry, where a Pentacrinite-heA, a Gryphaa-hei, and a Lima-hed might be noted in succession ; but here on the foreshore we may observe groups of these fossils, sometimes in clusters, at other times intermingled, and at many different horizons, while the same bed appears quite unfossiliferous over the greater portion of its exposure. Such evidence warns us not to place too great reliance on the persis- tency of fossil-beds, and it explains why organic remains abundant at a certain locality at one time, have become rare later on, when the beds have been extensively worked. In this instance a number of fossil-beds are united in one or two zones (A. angu- latus and A. Bucklandi). The evidence that may be obtained in places, suggests that fossils may sometimes be distributed in groups or clusters by currents that left no mark on the finer sediments. * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soo., vol. xxiii. p. 306 ; vol. xxvi. p. 398. f Etudes pal. Depots Jurassiques du Bassin du Eh6ne, Part III. p. 10. X Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. Hi., series of plates issued separately in 4to. 44 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : LowEE Lias Cephalopoda. Fig. 13. Fig. 16. u'!'f. ;f .<^ PiG. 12. Ammonites planorbis. Sow. f . „ 13. ,, angulatus, Schloth. 14. 15. 16. Bucklandi, Sow. J. obtusus, Sow. i. oxynottiiS, Quenst. LOWER LIAS FOSSILS. 45 The more abundant and characteristic fossils of the several zones in the Lower Lias . may be grouped as follows, and we may look to the prevalence of the index-species to mark the particular zone : — Zone of Ammonites planoebis (Fig. 12). Ammonites Johnstoni. Avicula cygnipes (Fig. 34). Lima gigantea (small examples) (Fig. 28). Modiola minima (Fig. 32). Ostrea liassica. multicostata. Pecten polJux. Pleuromya crowcombeia^'' (Fig. 33). Gidaris Edwardsi. Hemipedina (several sp.). Zones of Ammonites angulatus (Fig. 13), A. Bucklandi, (Pig. 14), A. SEMicosTATUS, and A. Tueneri. Ammonites bisulcatus. Bonnardi. Oharmassei. Oonybearei. rotiformis. sauzeanus. Belemnites acutus, infundibulum. Nautilus striatus. Cryptasnia rotellaeformis. Pleurotomaria anglica (Fig. 27). Avicula inaequivalvis (sinemuriensis). Oardinia concinna. Listen (Fig. 30). var ovalis. Gryphspa arcuata (incurva) (Fig, 35). Lima gigantea (large specimens from 3 to 10 in. across) (Fig. 28). Hermanni. punctata. Modiola hillana. Myoconcha psilonoti. Pecten calvus. lunularis (liasinus). textorius. Pholadomya ambigua. glabra. Pinna Hartmanni. Pleuromya crassa. Unicardium cardioides. Rhynchonella calcicosta. Spiriferina Walcotti (Fig. 36). Pentacrinus basaltiformis (Fig. 39). tuberculatus. * This species, as observed ty Messrs. Sharinan and Newton, seems almost identical with forms noted as Pleuromya crassa. (See also List of Fossils at end of volume.^ 46 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Zoues of Ammonites obtusus (Fig. 15), A. oxxnotus (Fig. 16), and A. barioostaxus (Fig. 17). A. bifer. A. Birchii. A. Bonnardi. A. Brookei. A. guibalianus. A. planicosta (Dudressieri).* A. sauzeanus. A. stellaris. Beleinnites acutus. elongatus. Pleurotomaria anglica. Avicula insequivalvis. Oardiaia Listeri (Fig. 30). var hybrida. Gryphaea obliquata. Hippopodium ponderoaum (Fig. '29). Waldheimia numismalis. Extracrinus briareus (Fig. 40). Pentacrinus basaltiformis (Fig. 39). scalar] s. Montlivaltia rugosa. Zones of Ammonites aematus (Fig. 18), A. Jamesoni (Fig. 19), and A. lBEX.t Ammonites brevispina (Fig. 20). Maugenesti. planicosta. subplanicosta. Valdani. trivialis. Belemnites clavatus (Fig. 22). elongatus. Oryptsenia expansa. Area Stricklandi. Gryphsea obliquata. Hippopodium ponderosum (Fig. 29). Inoceramus (Orenatula) ventricosus. Led a Galathea. Zieteni. Pinna folium. Plicatula spinosa (Fig. 31). Ehynchonella rimosa. variabilis (Fig. 37). Spiriferina veiTucosa. Waldheimia numismalis. Pentacrinus scalaris. * Ammonites planicosta has occaBionallj been taken to mark a zone : the species extends up into the zone of A . Jamesoni. f Lists of fossils from the zone of " A. Janutoni" published by Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, toI. xxvi. p. 400, and by T. Beesley, from Tenny Comptoa. (gee p. 160), include species from other zones. LOWEK LIAS CEPHALOPODA. 47 Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 1 7. Ammonites raricostatus, Ziet. f . ,, 13. „ armatus, Sow. J. „ 19. „ Jdmesoni, Sow. f „ 20. „ brevispina. Sow. f „ 21. ,, towo5'e«es, Y. and B. J „ 22. Belemnites clavatus, Blainv. J. LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : LowEK Lias Cephalopoda. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. Fig. 25, F"iG. 26. Fig. 23. Ammonites jtriatus. Rein. J >> 24, „ Henleyi, Sow. ^. " 25, „ Davasi, Sov.'. i " 26, „ capricomus, Schlolh. J. LOWEU LIAS FOSSILS. i9 Zones of Ammonites Henleyi (Fig. 24), and A. CAPRICOENUS (Fig. '26). Ammomtes Bechei. Davcei (Fig. 25). fimbriatus. lataecosta. Losoombei. -rz — striatus (Fig. 23). Belemnites apicicurvatus. clavatus (Fig. 22). elongatus. T^ — longissimus. " " - ■ penicillatus. Pleurotomaria anglica (Fig. 27). Area Stricklandi. Goniomya hybrida. Hippopodium ponderosum (smooth form) (Fig. 29). Inoceramus ventricosus. Leda graphica. Macrodon hettangiensis. Modiola scalprum (Fig. 56, p. 190.) Pholadomya ambigua. Pleuromya costata (unioides). Unicardium cardioides. Montlivaltia Vietorise. Lower Lias Mollusca. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 27. Pleurotomaria anglica. Sow. §. Lower and Middle Lias. ,, 28. Lima gigantea, Sow. J. E 7U859. 50 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALKS : Lower Lias Molltjsca. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 3.5, Fig. 34. Fig. 29. Hippopodium ponderosum, Sow. J. Lower and Middle Lias. „ 30. Cardinia Listeri, Sow. (nat. size). ,, 31. Plicatula spinosa. Sow. (nat. size). Lower and Middle Lias, „ 32. Modiola minima. Sow. 1 J. Rhsetic Beds and Lower Lias. „ 33. Pleurom.yacrowcombeia,Moore{na,t.size). Rhsstic Beds and Lower Lias. ,, 34. Avicula cygnipes, Y. & B. f . Lower and Middle Lias. ,, 35. Gryphcea arcuata, Lam. (G. incurva, Sow.) |. LOWEK LIAS FOSSILS. 51 Fig. 36. Fig. 37, Fig. 38. Fig, 39. Fig. 40. Fig, 36. Spiriferina Walcotti, Sow. (nat. size). Lower and Middle Lias. „ 37. Rhynchonella variabilis, Schloth. (nat. size). Lower and Middle Lias. „ 38. Scapheus ancylochelis, H. Woodw. „ 39. Pentacrinus hasaltiformis. Miller, Lower and Middle Lias. . „ 40. Exfracrinus briareus. Miller. i> 2 LIAS OF KNGLAND AND WALKS : 5ft»ts«a s d o so g 5~ JS A iK t^ § 5 M -ta "t^ (C 5 o g ^ t o o g H-3 ^ «5 4^ 01 W c 1-1 •iS o ^ o o3 OC 00 ^ •e* r^ ^ o 'll ft? "3 o ^ CQ S "ei Stj .o ^^ '-g tS ^ ^ ci3 6 »; s 1*^ Cq 3 =3 r -2 << QQ CD S !>. -=) t» ^ 1 s Hn ss -* < -g s 5 s i" « o 02 V^ ■^ o -ta g c « SQ w ^ i Q ^(jOf^Mi DOHSETSHIKE CLIFFS. 53 *3 a oi a 8S g •SVyl J8A101 p^ illfg Is iP a ™ " _. o ft oa H m _ rtf^a 54 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ; CHAPTEIl III. LOWER LIAS. Local Details. Dorsetshire Coast. In no other part of the country can the Lias, as a whole, be BO well seen as on the coast between Axmouth and Bridport. The connection with the Keuper Marls, through the Ehsetic Beds, can be studied near Culverhole Point and Oharton Bay ; while eastwards the several divisions can be traced in sequence until, near Bridport, we reach the Midford Sands ihat form the passage-beds between the Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite. From the base of the Lower Lias to the base of the Upper Lias all the beds can be examined and measured in detail, their continuity being only interrupted here and there by faults, the amount of whose displacement can be estimated with no great difficulty. Landslips, indeed, have masked the beds in many places, but not so as to interfere with the complete exposure of the series at one point or another. (See Fig. 42, p. 56.) With the Upper Lias the case is different. It is to be seen and its thickness can be estimated, but it is shown in an inaccessible portion of the cliffs below Thorncombe Beacon, and only its basement-bed can there be reached. The highest point along this coast is Golden Cap, which rises to 619 feet, and owes its name to the sands of Upper Greensand age that form its summit ; for these are " gilded " on a sunny day, and appear in marked contrast with the dark Liassic clays beneath. This is without doubt the grandest of the Lias cliffs in Dorsetshire. Its outlines are very varied, the precipices and slopes being scarred by deep channels and chines, separated by irregular peaks of Lias clay; while the thick bands of calcareous sandstone, known as the "Three Tiers," which constitute the base of the Middle Lias, form great buttresses along the lower portions of the cliffs. Thorncombe Beacon, which rises to a height of 509 feet, presents the best view of tlie Middle and Upper Lias ; while Black Yen (about 400 feet), and the adjoining cliffs near Lyme Kegis, afford the best sections of the Lower Lia= CSee Fig. 41.) Notwithstanding the faults, which, having downthrows on the east, tend to carry the beds below the level sooner than would otherwise have been the case, there are opportunities of measuring the larger divisions at different points Com- paring results it will be found that the measurements of the LOWER LIAS : LYME KEGIS. 55 subdivisions differ to the extent of from 5 to 15 feet in various places. This may be due to original variations in the thickness of the strata, but it may also to some extent be attributed to a difference in pressure, the strata in some places being over- laid by thick and heavy accumulations, while in others they are at or near the surface. The earliest geological descriptions of this coast-line were by De la Beche, who noted the leading lithological divisions in the strata and their organic remains, and gave an excellent pictorial diagram of the cliff-sections.* Many years afterwards the Lower Lias beds were examined and described in detail by Dr. Wright, and subsequently the subdivisions of the Middle and Upper Lias were investigated very carefully by Mr. E. C. H. Day, who was assisted largely by Mr. R. Etheridge. These observers have furnished the greater part of our knowledge concerning the distribution of the organic remains, but to Dr. Wright especially we owe the adoption of that system of grouping the beds into Zones, which had been so ably marked out by Oppei. The help of local workers is however of the utmost importance to those who can spend but a few weeks in a district, and much of our knowledge of the horizons of fossils is due to the labours of the fossil- collectors, and especially to Samuel Clark and Robert Hunter of Charmouth. Dc la Beche, in his account of the Lias, adopted the nomen- clature of William Smith and Conybeare, so that his main divisions do not correspond with those now adopted, as will be seen from the accompanying table : — MoDEBiv Grouping. Ft. Upper Lias 70 Upper Lias Marls ... - Middle Lias 345 {„, T . y Lower Lias 485 Blue Lias - - - J White Lias - - -] - . - . , r Black Shales - > Rhastic Beds. Lower Lias Marls "■[ Grey Marls - - -J The full thickness of the Lias is thus about 900 feet, and it is desirable to describe the beds as far as possible in detail, as nowhere else in our area have we such a connected series of expo8ures.t * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. pp. 40-47, and Plate VIII. ; vol. ii. pp. 21-30, and Plate III. ; and Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset (Geol. Survey), 1839, pp. 222-235. t My first acquaintance with the sections was made m 1873-74, when engaged, m conjunction with Mr. Clement Eeid, in re-surveying portions of the district. In 1884 I examined the coast-section in detail, and constructed a horizontal section to show the relations of the several subdivisions. This was published in a condensed fcrm in 1886. See Report on Coast-erosion, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1885, p. 424 ; Geology of England and Wales, Edit 2, 1887, p. 252 ; and account of excursion to Lyme Regis., Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xi. p. xxvi. (Reprinted). 50 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : 6 60 I (^ g •3" .s- LOWEB LIAS : LYMR KEGIS. 57 The Lower Lias is exposed in the cliffs between Culverhole Point and Seatown, near Golden Cap, where the strata admit of the following divisions : — Zones. Ft, 4. " Green Ammonite Beds." "1 . . Bluish-grey clays - \Q^ J ammonites capricornu»di.nA A. Henleyi. 3. " Belemnite Beds." ■1(^. Ihex),* A. Jamesoni, and A. Pale grey maris 80 J armatus. 2. "Black Marl." \A. raricostatuSj A. oxynotus, and A. Dark shales - - 195/ obtusus. 1. " Blue Lias " f^- sf^^ioostatus and A. Turneri, A. Limestones and shales - 106 1 Bucklandi, A. angulatus, and A. L planorbis. 485 1. " Blue Lias y — This division comprises alternating bands of limestone and clay or marl, to wliich, as elsewhere, the term " Blue Lias " is confined. The beds appear to the east of Culverhole Point, and probably extend higher up in the cliffs about as far west as Dowlands, but they are much tumbled and obscured by landslips. Proceeding eastwards, gentle undulations bring the strata to a higher level in Charton Bay, where the underlying White Lias and the beds down to the base of the Rhsetic series may be observed. It is not until Pinhay (or Pinney) Bay is reached that the beds are seen to advantage. A ravine and watercourse here coincide with a fault, that throws down the Lias limestones some 40 feet on the west (see Fig. 41), a dislocation depicted by De la Beche. On the east, the lowest beds of the Lias are seen resting on the White Lias, and in marked contrast as to colour. Now the upward succession can be traced, and each band of limestone can be examined. Before studying the beds in detail, it is however a good plan to obtain a general view of the cliffs from a boat at a short distance from the .shore. In this way it will be seen that about 16 feet above the main mass of lime- stones, and separated from them by clays or shales, there is a conspicuous band o£ hard grey marl known as the Table Ledo-e. This band, increasing slightly in thickness, can be traced along these west cliffs as far as the Lime and Cement Works, beyond which the beds are concealed by the Esplanade ; but it re-appears in the Church Cliffs, descending to the beach at the foot of Black Ven, where its easterly dip carries it out of sight. (See Fig. 4L) This band is taken as the top of the Blue Lias series. Paxtly owing to the curvature of the coast, the beds in the West Cliff present a gentle synclinal followed by an anticlinal struc- ture. Moreover below the Esplanade the beds sink again, so that the Cobb is based on the surface of the main mass of stone- beds, which appear on the foreshore, and here the ledges stand out in graceful curves that mark the synclinal structure. Some of the ledges that occurred here, as elsewhere, have been broken up ♦ This species has not been recognized in this district. 68 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : and removed by the hand of man, and among them portions of the " Table-rock " were formerly exposed near the eastern jetty.* Dr. Wright has spoken of Table Ledge as the same as the Broad Ledge, but the latter is certainly at a lower horizon, and is probably the " Grey Ledge " that forms the top of the main mass of Stone-beds. Broad Ledge is the name applied to a platform of rocks exposed at low tide at some distance from the eastern jetty, south-east of the Church Cliffs. At the base of these cliffs, the artificial removal of the ledges has largely aided the natural destruction of the cliffs, and the foreshore being full of muddy holes, affords a very treaclierous route for the traveller. The thickness of the main mass of stone-beds, may be reckoned at 70 feet on the eastern side of Pinhay Bay, but detailed measure- ments made at different points on the coast to Black Ven, indicate that the thickness increases to 80 or 85 feet. Taking the beds up to the Table Ledge we have a full thickness of about 105 feet. It will be noticed from a general view of the beds that they may roughly be grouped as follows : — Ft. In. E. Shales capped by the Hard Marl or Table Ledge 19 D. Limestones and clays (in about equal proportion) 24 . C. Limestones with thin clay divisions - - - 23 B. Limestones and clays (in about equal proportion) - 17 A. Limestones with thin clay divisions - - - 22 Owing to the dip of the beds, the lower two divisions are exposed only in the cliffs immediately east of Pinhay Bay. Thev do not reappear further on in the West Cliffs, nor do they rise again in the Church Cliffs. The lowest zone in the Lias must thus be looked for as we pass eastwards from Pinhay Bay. Here, and indeed all along the coast to near Black Ven, the cliffs are mostly vertical, and they are more or less dangerous to those who walk along the beach, on account of the crumbling of the cliffs and the loose fragments of rock that occasionally fall. Attention must also be paid to the state of the tide, as the beds are otherwise inaccessible. At the base of the Lower Lias there are thin laminated shales or paper-shales, that are frequently present at this horizon. Where exposed on the foreshore during spring-tides, the beds are seen to be crowded with spines of Echinoderms, whose tests also are sometimes preserved. Among the species Dr. Wright re- cognized Cidaris Edwardsi, Pseudodiadema lobatum, Hemipedina Bechei, and H. Bowerbanki.' A similar bed occurs in the same position at Church Lawfoid, near Rugby. The limestones above, yield Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima, Area Lycetti, Gervillia, and Pleuromya crowcomheia. Some of these species I obtained in the beds above the White Lias at Charton Bay. Ammonites planorbis and A. Johnstoni have been found at Pinhay Bay, but as the beds are not worked for economic * See G. Roberts, History and Antiquities of the Borongh of Lyme Reds and Charmonth, 1834, pp. 214, &c. n j -s, LOWER LIAS : LYME REGIS. 59 purposes on this particular part of the coast, specimens are rarely- obtained: they may however be found in the quarries at Uplyme. There is no evidence whereby the zone of Ammonites planorbis can be definitely marked off from the zones succeeding.* Gryphaa arcuata (incurvd) and Lima gigantea, which are charac- teristic of the " Bucklandi-beds," occur about 7 feet above the White Lias, but the forms found so low down are usually much smaller than those met with above. The lower division (A) must however include all the beds representing the zone of Ammonites planorbis. Continuing eastwards we traverse ledges formed by the suc- cessive bands of limestone. Gryphma arcuata, and Lima gigantea become more abundant. Some layers are crowded with Rhyn- chonella calcicosta (R. variabilis of Wright), and in others we find shoals of Pentacrinites. Here and there Ammonites angulatus may be observed. Further on we come to the cliffs where the stone is extensively worked for the Lime and Cement Works, and much of it (about 120 tons a week) is shipped away in the raw state. The stone is collected from the tumbled masses on the beach, and when these have been removed the stone in the cliffs is blasted. Each layer has its distinctive name, known to the workmen, and these names are recorded in the accompanying detailed section. The beds here are practically the same as those seen in the Church Cliffs, and the same names are applied to them. In the Church Cliffs the beds are somewhat disturbed by small faults. The beds belong mainly to the zone of Ammonites Buchlandi, b\ifc include the upper portion of the zone of A. angulatus, tlie lower portion of which has been previously traversed. The suc- cession of the zones is as well-marked as could be expected, albeit there is no reason to point to any particular layer to indicate a separating plane. A. angulatus and A> Buchlandi occur together at this local ity.f In these beds we may obtain fine specimens of Lima gigantea and A mmonites Charmassei; the latter, as remarked by Dr. Wright, is ribbed in youth, but quite smooth in old age. It occurs as high up as the " Best Bed." Large specimens of A. Buchlandi are common, and Nautilus striatus and Fentaxrinus basaltiformis may usually be found. Spiriferina pinguis has also been recorded, and I have obtained Ammonites bisulcatus and Rhynchonella calcicosta at Oharton Bay. Ammonites semicostatus occurs near the top of the stone-beds at Lyme Regis, as well as in the Hard Marl or Table Ledge above ; beds which have been grouped by Dr. Wright in the zone of Ammonites Turneri. The type of this latter species was obtained from the Drift of Norfolk, and named after Dawson Turner, of Yarmouth. Some doubt has been expressed whether * Dr. Wright, Quart. Joiirn. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. pp. 396, 397, considered that the Am. planorbis beds were represented by the White Lias, a mistake that arose from certain beds in the Lower Lias being locally termed " White Lias " by tho qnarry- men. t See also R. P. Tomes, Quart. .Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiv. p. 179. 60 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALKS : the species has actually been obtained at Lyme Kegis ; but Dr. Wright records it from the Hard Marl, and from the underlying clays and shales down to the " Grey Ledge/' and £ have obtained specimens from the foreshore. A. Bonnardi is recognized by Messrs. Sharman and Newton from this locality, and this is a form closely approaching A. Turneri. Specimens of both species of Ammonites are frequently partly enveloped or replaced by iron-pyrites ; and most of them have been found on the beach or among the fallen blocks near the northern end of the Church Cliffs. Specimens thus mineralized would not have come from the Hard Marl, but might occur in any of the shaly strata. A block of limestone purchased from Mrs. DoUin, of Lyme Kegis, contains A. Bonnardi and A. Turneri ? Dr. Wright records A. Bonnardi from the beds (above mentioned) which he groups in the zone of A. Turneri; but I have not found it in situ. It occurs also higher up in the series. Mr. Day, indeed, con- sidered that A. Brookei was the local equivalent of A. Turneri, forms regarded by Dr. Wright as v^ry closely allied ; but A. Brookei occurs in a higher horizon, in the zone of A. obtusus. Under these circumstances it will be best to regard the upper portion of this Blue Lias series rather as the zone of Ammonites semicostatus than of A. Turneri, for the former species is found often in abundance on the same approximate horizon in other parts of England and has more generally been adopted as the zonal Ammonite.* The Blue Lias series of Lyme Regis thus includes the zones of Ammonites planorbis, A. angulatus, A. Bucklandi, and A. semi- costatus \, an arrangement that fits in well with other parts of England, as it includes the main mass of the Lower Lias lime- stones, where these are well-developed. The Hard Marl, and the West Kock, an iron-stained cement- stone that occurs in West Cliff at a higher level in the clays above, are said to make a superfine cement when mixed together. The following is a detailed account of the Blue Lias series of Lyme Eegis, with the local names applied to the beds by the workmen : — f Division E. with 2 beds of marl and lime- stone: about 19 feet. Representing zone of Ft. In. Hard Marl or Table Ledge. (" Indu- rated Marl," of De la Beche.) Grey marl. Ammonites semicostatus [A. Turneri], Avicnla, incequivalvis, Rhynchonella calcicosta (= vari- abilis of Wright) - - . - 3 6 ^uucoi I Saurian Bed. Shale. {Ichthyosaurus com- Ammonites ' I ^r.*^' ^; P^'^tyodon, Am. semicostatus, Rh. semicostatus. „ oalczcosta-] - - - . - 12 Seen in Church I Sp"t Ledge or Fish Bed. Shaly limestone, Cliffs, West hreakmg into pencil-hke slabs. lAm.Thirneri, Cliff and semicostatus] - . . .04 Pinhay Bay J ^"^ ^^^ ®'**'^ ^^'^ limestone-nodules - - 3 8 * Ussher, Geology of Lincoln (Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 83) p 16 t A detailed section was published by Dr. Wright, Quart! jouiii. Geol. Soc, vol XVI. pp. 401, &c. The species included in square brackets are Sven on his authority, but it is not posnible to correlate all the particular beds he enumerates, with those above noted. LOWER LIAS : LYME KEGIS. 61 Division D. with about 9 beds of lime- stone : about 24 feet. Representing the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi (in part). Seen in Church Cliff, West Cliff, and Pinhay Bay. ?'r. In. 3 6 3 Division C. with about 26 bands of limestone : about 23 feet. Representing the zone of Ammonites (in part) and the upper portion of the zone of A. angulatus. Seen in Church Cliff, West Cliff, and Pinhay Bay. Grey Ledge.* Grey earthy limestone with' fticoidal markings. Am. Bucklandi, Lima gigantea [Lima antiquata, Rh. calcicosta,'] Shale. {_Plesiosaums rostratus^ - - Glass Bottle. Irregular grey limestone." Large Am. Bucklandi on under surface. [Lima gigantea, L. antiquata, Rh. calcicosta^ Shale ...... Top or 1st Quick Ledge, Even band of grey limestone - - . | Marly shale ... . j Venty Bed. Even band of grey limestone, j marly at base . - . .J Shale and marl with occasional nodules of lime, stone ...... Best Bed. Very even bed of limestone. Large LAma gigantea. Am. Charmassei Shale \ . Second Bed. Very even bed of limestone. Nautilus, Pentacrinus - - - - Dark shales . . . . .'~\ Rattle. Impersistent limestone passing into | marl - - - . - . y Dark shales with a few impersistent layers of | limestone ... .J Middle or 2nd Quick Ledge. Even band of) grey limestone : well marked in cUff, and one I of the highest beds that comes to the shore in \ ledges near Devonshire Point. Pentacrinus f Shale (impersistent) - . ■ - { Gumption. Thin band of grey limestone -J Grrey marl and shale with " beef " (fibrous car- bonate of lime), pyritic layers, and occasional nodules of limestone .... ''Under or 3rd Quick Ledge. Grey shelly limestone. Nautilus, Ostrea ... Shale with thin seams of " beef" Top Tape. Grey shelly limestone with lignite. Am. Bucklandi, Pentacrinus, Scapheus ancy- lochelis (Fig. 38, p. 51) described by Dr. H. Woodward from " Tape Ledge " Shale with lignite .... Under or 2nd Tape. Grey limestone. Gryphaa" arcuata abundant. Am. Bucklandi Top Copper. Dark limestone with iron.pyrites Dark shale. Ctry. arcuata, Rhynch. calcicosta - Mongrel. Irregular grey limestone. Rh. calci- costa abundant .... Shale and shaly marl with impersistent mottled limestone. Skull. Gry. arcuata Specketty Bed. Grey limestone, Rh. calci- costa - - - - - Dark shales. G. arcuata ... Upper White Bed. Limestone, G. arcuata, Lima - - - . . Skulls. Layers of irregular and impersistent limestone and clay. Ammonites - . ^ G 6 Iron Ledge, Grey limestone. Rh. calcicosta. This is the lowest bed work in the cliff west of Lyme Regis Dark shale ..... Under Copper. Grey limestone with " mun- dic " (iron.pyrites) ... 5 9 9 8 1 3 5 1 6 3 6 3 3 ^46 * The " Grey Ledge " was misplaced in Dr. Wright's section. 62 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Division B. with about 10 bands of lime- stone : 17 feet. Representing the zone of Ammonites angulatus (in part). Seen in Pinhay Bay. Division A. witli about 26 bands of lime- stone: 22 to 24 feet. Representing the zone of Ammonites planorbis and perhaps a part of that of A. angulatus. Seen in Pinhay Bay. Bhsetic Beds. Dark shales and grey limestones, very little hard roclc - - - - ' T • '~i Under White Bed. Sparry limestone. LtOTa] gigantea, G. areuata • - - r Skulls. Limestones with very irregular sur- l faces, and very little shale. Large Lima I gigantea. These are the lowest beds seen in Church Cliff Dark shales . - - - - Limestones and shales with Pig's Dirt or Soft Bed, and Brick Ledge. These are the y lowest beds worked on the foreshore below 1 West Cliff and Church ClifE - - J Shale with bands and nodules of limestone. G. areuata - . . - - Grey limestone - - _ - >Dark shale and shaly marl with two thin bands of limestone . - . - - Dark shales with five bands of even and irregular limestone . . . - - Grey shelly limestone . - - - Shale Shales with five beds of even-bedded limestone. Lima gigantea abundant . . - Shales with five irregular bands of limestone. Pholadomya, Ammonites ... Compact limestone with marly base, weathering white, and forming a conspicuous ledge near Pinney Bay . . - ■ - Shale - - - - - -_ Limestone with large Ostrea, G. areuata, Lima~ Shales with 3 bands of limestone Limestone with Modiola, Ostrea liassica, G. j areuata - - - - - J Shale with 4 bands of limestone, Ostrea, &c. Shale and 4 bands of shelly limestone, Ostreal liassica ■ - - - - I Irregular bed of liniestone,disturbed in places, the f lower part ferruginous and shelly. Ostrea liassica J Brown laminated shales with thin films of lime- stone ..---. White Lias. Ft. In. 2 9 3 6 3 5 9 6 9 5 3 1 1 6 3 3 3 1 3 1 6 > 6 2 3 6 1 2. Black Marl. — The dark shales that overlie the '•' Table Ledge " are locnlly known as the " Black Marl," and the appear- ance of these beds "well accounts for the name of Slack Ven. In this cliff the entire division can be studied. The summit of the hiU is capped by Chert gravel. Upper Greensand, and Gault. The base of the Gault is marked by a thin pebbly layer or grit, but the formation itself, as remarked by the Rev. W. Downes, is pervious to such an extent that springs are thrown out by the Lias clay beneath.* It is well moreover to bear in mind that the fossils of the Gault and Lower Lias are sometimes commingled on the slopes. ♦ Quart. Jonrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xli. p. 23. - LOWER lias: CHAUMODTH. 6o The Lias of Black Ven is exposed in three terraces that form the lower portions of the cliff beneath the Cretaceous rocks. The uppermost of these is formed for the most part of pale grey marls, known as the "Belemnite Beds (to be described further on). The terraces below are formed by the much darker shales, clays, and marls, which will now be noted in detail. Near the top of the lowest terrace there is a prominent band of nodular limestone or cement-stone inclined towards the Char- mouth valley and terminating in the low clifE near the Coast Guard Station. It is slightly faidted at one point under Black Ven with a downthrow of 5 or 10 feet on the west. (See Fig. 41, p. 53.) It is not however shown in the cliffs east of Char- mouth, as a more important fault traversing the valley, throws down the beds about 50 feet on the east. This fault was noticed by Mr. Day. The band of cement-stones or " Firestone Nodules "* is known as the Birchii Bed," from the occurrence of Ammonites Birehii. The specimens are known to collectors as the " Tortoise Ammonites," and also as " White Ammonites " from the white calc-spar that often fills the chambers of the shells. In the same nodules many small and juvenile Ammonites occur. The band was most accessible in the western part of Black Ven towards the Church Cliflts ; it sometimes includes two layers of cement-stone nodules. Specimens of limestone, crowded with small ammonites (^A. obtusus, A. planicosta, and A. Smithi) occur at a higher horizon beneath the Pentacrinite Bed ; these are often to be picked up on the beach, and they present resemblances to the famous Ammonite Marble of Marston Magna, which is on the same geological horizon. Nodular limestone with Ammonites semico status is said to occur in the shales beneatli the " Birchii Bed " ; and this is not inconsis- tent with evidence obtained elsewhere, where this species ranges above the strata allotted to it as a zone. Fine specimens of Ammonites obtusus occur here and there in the clays and nodular limestones between the Table Ledge and the Coin Stone Bed ; this division was regarded by Dr. Wright as the zone oi A. obtusvs ; here also, and more especially in the shaly marls above the Birchii Bed, occurs A. Brookei. Specimens enveloped in iron-pyrites are not uncommon. A, Bonnardi has also been recorded from this series. Above tlie shaly marl with A. B7-ookei, there are two layers known as the " Two Cement Beds," which are seen in the lower part of the middle clay-terrace of Black Ven ; and the higher band, which is tiie more conspicuous one, re-appears in the lower part of the cliff east of Charmouth. Tumbled masses of these beds have been used foi- paving-stone or pitching. Not far below the Coin Stone Bed is the layer known as the Pentacrinite Bed, which has yielded many fine specimens of * I have been informed that some of the nodules were formerly used for fires, as fire-balls. t)4 LIAS OV ENGLAND AND WALES; Extracrinus briareus, mostly coated or replaced by iron- pyrites. (See p. 70.) The Coin Stone Bed is the name applied to the upper portion of a band of large cement-stones, that forms two and sometimes three layers. They occur in the top of the middle clay-terrace of Black Ven, and form a noticeable band, about 40 feet beneath the pale-grey Belemnite Beds, in the cliffs of Stonebarrow to the east of Charmouth. A large cut and polished Septarian-limestone with Ammonites stellaris (now in the Museum at Jermyn Street), was obtained by Robert Hunter from one of these huge cement- stones. Dr. Wright observes that the nodules often contain very large specimens of A. obtusus and A. Br ooJcei, the veins of spar in the rock intersecting and distorting the fossils.* Immediately above these beds we enter the zone of Ammonites oxynotus, specimens of which are prevalent in the dark pyritic shales and clays about 10 feet above the Coin Stone Bed. The variety of this species known as A. lymensis, axiA A. densinodus likewise occur. Still higher in the same set of shales, A. armatus and A. raricostatus occur, but there is nothing to indicate any plane of demarcation between the zones. I obtained one specimen of A. raricostatus ixoia the beds on this horizon east of Charmouth, but it extends upwards into the Belemnite Beds above. These higher beds of shale are however more impregnated with iron-pyrites than is the case lower down, although this mineral is more or less abundant throughout the Black Marl Series. It was however from this upper portion that much pyrites was at one time obtained, during the winter months, for the manufacture of sulphuric acid; and there is a band in the shales known as the " Metal Bed." The series now under notice extends to the base of the upper terrace under Black Ven, where two or three bands of limestone occur at the junction with the Belemnite Beds. These bands were mostly obscured in Black Ven by talus (in 1884), but were shown in the cliffs of Stonebarrow on the east. The Black Marl thus includes the zones of Ammonites obtusus, A. oxynotus, and A. raricostatus, which here and elsewhere may 1)6 conveniently linked together. Here the beds yielding A. obtusus form by far the greater portion of the series, the zonal Ammonite (according to Dr. Wright) being found at various horizons between the Hard Marl and the Coin Stone Bed : but ihe associated species are not many. Dr. Wright records Am. Birchii, A. Brookei, A. stellaris, A. planicosta, A. sauzeanus, and A. semicostatus.'\ Some of the cement-stones near Charmouth have been em- ployed for making cement, and remains of a disused cement-mill still stand near the sea-shore. * Lias Ammonites (Palseontograph. Soc), p. 50. t Lias Ammonites, Pal. Soc, pp. .50, 51. LO>YEE LIAS : CHABMOUTH. 65 Section of the " Black Marl " beds of Black Ven ; Belemnite Beds. Grey earthy limestone . . . Micaceous and marly shale with nodules of limestone. Belemnites abundant. [Compressed metallic specimens of "{ Am. raricostatus, found by Mr. Day] - Hard grey limestone Dark shaly marl with A. armatus : la- eluding Metal Bed with much iron - pyrites - - - . Zone of Ammonites raricostatus about 15 ft. Zone of A. oxynotus about 15 ft. Ft. In. 9 Zone of A. obtusus about 170 ft. ;} 10 to 15 i . Dark shaly marl with A. oxynotus, found "I 10 feet above Coin Stone - - J Coin Stone Bed (Corn Stone Ledge of" Dr. Wright). Cement-stone bed, that forms a prominent band in Stonebarrow ClifE. Fish-remains . - . Dark shales with nodules of limestone - Ferruginous and marly cement-stone. I Large specimens of Am. stellaris in j nodules ; also A. Brookei [Wright] -J Dark shaly marls with Pentacrinite ] BeDj yielding Extracrinus briareus j I and, below, impersistent layers of lime- | stone (like Ammonite Marble) with J> many small Ammonites, A. obtusus, &c. Dark slightly micaceous and calcareous paper-shales with flattened Ammonites Band of irregular indurated marl Dark shaly marl and shale with nodules of limestone . - - . Upper Cement Bed. Hard iron- stained Cement-stone, an irregular and conspicuous band ... INodular and impersistent limestones with | Saurian remains - - - >■ Shaly marls - - - - J Thill band of limestone - - - 1 Marls - - - - -/ Lower Cement Bed. Hard irregularl iron-stained marly limestone or cement- I stone : seen near base of cliff East of 1 Charmouth. This, and the bed a few j feet above, aie known as the " Two I Cement Beds" - - -J Shaly marls, yielding fine specimens oflnQ Ammonites Brookei - . ' - J Firestone Nodules or Birchii Bed. 1 Hard irregular and nodular limestone i or Cement-stone, with "beef" above! and below. It forms one or two beds ( with iron-stained joints. Am. Birchii and clusters of small Ammonites -J Dark Shales with band of thin shaly limestone, and occasional nodules of lijnestone ■ ■ " ■. Lenticular band of grey limestone, with' "beef" - . . - Dark shales, with thin band of limestone in places - - • . ■Interrupted band of limestone with | " beef." J 16 ;> 10 25 f,' 1 3 8 1 3 9 6 0. 1 0to40 1 6 10 > 15 E 70859. E 66 LIA^ OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Ft. In. Dark shales and paper-sliales, slightlyT calcareous and micaceous, with indu- | 25 rated bands and seams of " beef." f [Saurian remains] - -J Marly cement-stone bed. "] Marly shales with iron-jiyrites, and thin | nc n conspicuous layer in the West Cliff f known as the Black Beab - -J Hard Marl or Table Ledge. 3, Belemjiite Beds. — This division, as before meniioned, occupies the higher portions of -the clay -cliffs at Black Ven, forming the third tecrace.. It a.ppears as a well-marked light- grey baud here, and again in Stonebarrow, where the easterly dip brings it nearer and nearer to the sea-level (see, Fig. 41, p. 53). It disappears^ however, abruptly, west of St. Gabriel's Water, Grolden Cap, owing to a fault with a do\yn throw of about 40 feet on the east. The mass of the beds is by no m.eans rich in fossils, for although Belemnites MilUri and B. compressus may be found dispersed through the lower, and central portions of the marls, few other fossils are to be seen. Now and again an Ammonite, poorly preserved, may be obtained, but I succeeded only in finding specimens of A. raricostatus and A. semirostatus, which thus range above the regions assigned as the'r appropriate zones. Lenticular masses of lignito, approaching jet in character, occur in places ; and I noticed one mass at a depth of 3 feet 6 inches below the Belemnite Stone under Golden Cap. The central portion of this division is formed by a band of harder pale grey marls, thicker and more conspicuous in some places than in others. To the upper portion of this series most interest attaches, for there occurs a band of dark shaly marls rich in fossils, covered by a thin layer of pale marly limestone, known as the " Belemnite Stone," and also very fossiliferous. Black Ven is not the most convenient place to examine, these beds, for the platform at their foot is exceedingly wet and boggy, springe ibeing thrown out at the jimciion with the denser clays and shales below- Good sections are exposed in some of the gullies in Stonebarrow Cliff and particularly to ~thc east of iBreakp^K Gully, and here their fossil treasures may most readily be obtained.* The finest exposures of the beds however are on the foreshore below Golden Cap, for the strata (which were thrown down by a fault a little further west), re-appear owing to a gentle anticlinal at the base o£ Golden Cap, and are usually well-exposed rather to the east of the loftiest portion of the cliffs, where s^ain there is evidence of slight faulting. The foreshore along which the beds are shown at low tide, is rather to the west of this exposure, and there a grand exhibition of Belemnites and other fossils is to * In his section, Trans. Geol. See. ser. 2. vol. i. Plate viii., De la Beche marked Stonebarrow Cliff as " Shorne Cliff," but the latter is the name applied to the western slope of Golden Cap. See also Report on the Geology of CornwaU, &c. p. 227. LOWER LIAS: GOLDEN CAP, 67 be seen, some in the Beleranite Stone, others in still gre^tter profusion in .different Ijiyers of the dark shaly marls beneath. The long pencil-like forms of B. longissimus are conspicuous, but difficult to extract, while B. elongatics, B. clavatus, and B. pollex are not uncommon. A large number of species have been identified, and these include also B. apicicurvatiis, B. Bucklandi, B. compressus, B. junceus, B. Millerij B. nitidus, B. penicillatus, B. striolatus, and B. vulgaris.* Among the Ammonites A. fimhrintus and A. striatus may be found in the Beleiiinite Stone. The dark shaly marl especially, yields a number of small pyritic Ammonites, which may be found in the Stonebarrow cliffs, and which are collected for sale at Black Ven. These are cut and polished for brooches, the species being Ammonites snb- planicosta, and A. planicosta (Dudressieri), Species of Amberleya {Eucyclus') also occur together with Waldheimm numismalisj Pentacrinus basaltiformis, &c. Mr. Day has given a general list of fossils 'from the Belemnite Beds, which he regarded as the commencement of the Micldle Lias. "He however admitted that there was no real line of. separation between the Lower and Middle Lias.f (See p. 33.) With regard to the palseontological horizons iik tliisi division", there can, be no doubt that the zones of Ammonites armatks, A. Ibex, and A. Jamesoni are represented : but we find no evidence here, and none elsewhere to separate these zones. At Fenny Compton^we find the same general aEsociktion of forms in beds grouped under the name " Jamesoni Beds " by Mr. Beesley, but this name was used mainly for convenience as the fossils of the zone of ^. armatus couXA not be separated. So far as I know the zone of A. Ibex is nowhere distinctly to be recognized in this country. Oppel doubtfully ineluded the region of Ammonites armatus in this set of beds, and it was recognized also by Dr. Wright. Fine specimens of A. armatus, with large spine!', have been obtained from the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis; but as they usually come from fallen blocks the precise horizon cannot always be 'Stated. They are mostly found at Black Ven, and some, at any rate, come from beds grouped with the zone oi A. raricostatus. Oppel also recognized the zone of A. Jamesoni, with A. brevU spina, Waldheimia numismalis, &c., evidently in the dark shaly beds below the Belemnite Stone; and this zone was also placed in the Belemnite Beds by Dr. Wright, who records A. Jamesoni (Vom " Charmoutb." I obtained no examples either of this species, or of A. Ibex from Doi'setshire, Oppel considered that the zone of A, Ibex containing A. Loscombei and.^. Henleyi occurred below his " Davmi^heXi," but this assemblage belongs rather to a higher stage, being a part of the Green Ammonite Beds, to be. shortly described. I am not aware ih&t A.. Ibex \\z% evev been obtained in Dorsetshire. Dr. Wright mentions that he had seen no example of the species from the district, and while refraining * J. Phillips, Monograph on Bel3muites (PalaeOntogr.aph. Soc). f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. p. 290 ; see also GeoEaud Nat. Hist. Eeper- tory, vol. i. p. 193. E 2 Zones of Ammonites Ibex, A. Jamesoni, and A. armatus. about 80 feet. 68 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: from a precise indication of the zone, he states that he recognized several fossils belonging to it, " as, for example, A. Valdani nn.d A. Maugenesti, in greyish-coloured clay beneath a bed with A. DavceL"* From these remarks it may be inferred that the main litho- logical divisions, which we are able to make in the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire, do not correspond at all precisely with the ranges of the zonal species of Ammonites: an inference, the truth of which is confirmed by a study of the Lias in other parts of tlie country. "We have in fact, on the Doreetshire coast, as elsewhere, an inosculation of the zones which prevents our marking rigid limits for them. The following are the details of the Belemnite Beds : — Ft. In, ''Belemnite Stone. Hard pale-grey uneven marly limestone - - 6 to 8 Dark shaly marls with much iron-pyrites, and pyritic fossils ; with nodules and impersistent masses of hard grey limestone, within two feet of the Belemnite Stone - - - 6 Pale grey marls - - - - - 35 Hard marly limestone and hard pale and dark grey marls, forming ledges in the guUies of Stonebarrow ClifP over which springs fall. Thickness variable - - - - 6 ! Grey ahaly and micaceous marls - - 30 I Marly limestones and shales - - - 1 LShales 10 Grey earthy limestone (top of Black Marl series). 4. Green Ammonite Beds. — Above the Belemnite Beds comes a series of bluish-grey micaceous marly clays, with occasional indurated bands, nodules of hard grey limestone, and ferruginous layers, altogether about 105 feet thick. Towards the lower part of the series the limestone-nodules are most abundant and frequently contain specimens of Ammonites latacosta, Sow. These when cut and polisiied are sold under the name of " Grreen Ammonites " because the spar filling the chambers is often of a green, colour. The same Ammonite is abundant in the marly beds, but usually in a fragmentary state. Hence the name " Green Ammonite Beds," adopted by Mr. Day, and which may be used as a general term for the marls between the Belemnite Stone and the Three Tiers.f Traces of these beds first appear in Black Ven, although on account of the slips and the difficulty of getting at the strata, they cannot be well examined. Proceeding eastwards they occur above the Belemnite Beds in Stonebarrow Cliff, and although traces of the Tiers are found in places, showing that the entire thickness of the beds is represented, only the lower portion is there well exposed. The beds however are clearly shown beneath the Three Tiers in Golden Cap. Commencing east of St. Gabriel's Water, they are exposed along the base of the cliffs, above the Belemnite Beds (which appear here and there), as far as * Lias Ammonites, pp. 83-89. t B»y, Qaart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. p. 278. LOWER LIAS : SEATOAVX. 69 the Coast-guard station at Seatown, where about 70 feet of the beds, including the upper portion, may be seen. These beds do not appear east of Seatown, being let down on that side of the valley, below the sea-level, by a fault (noticed by Mr. Day), which has a downthrow of from ] 90 to 200 feet. Under the coast- guard station the beds are much disturbed and even contorted, features partly due to the fault and partly to landslips. Oppel grouped part of this series as the " Davoi-bett," charac- terized by Ammonites Davai, A. capricornus. A, fimhriatus, and A. Henleyi. Dr. Wright, who has also spokeii of the beds as the zone of A. Daveei, included them in the zone of A. Henleyi, but unfortunately extended the zone above the Three Tiers, as high as the Starfish-bed, whereby he included a series of marls that are characterized by A. margaritatus* Ammonites latacosta is unquestionably the most characteristic fossil, and this species curiously enough has been regarded by Dr. Wright as the middle-age condition of A. Henleyi ; while Oppel speaks of it as a Capricorn- Ammonite,t and mentions his finding 25 specimens of A. capricornus at Oharmouth. Some specimens of A. latcBcosta which I have collected, are regarded by Mr. E. T. Newton as very near to A. capricornus, and that species has been recorded from the Dorsetshire coast by Mr, Etheridge, as well as by Oppel as mentioned above. There is therefore good reason to classify the beds with the zones of A. Heiileyi , mid A. capricornus, although the "Henleyi Ammonites " appear in the upper part of the preceding division. Among the species which I. have collected are A. Bechei, A. Henleyi, A. striatus, A. Daveei, and A. Loscombei, forms which are also characteristic of the same horizon at Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire. A. Loscombei appears to be most abundant in the upper part of the Green Ammonite Beds,t but specimens occur in the same block with A.-latcBcosta. The details of the Green Ammonite Beds are as follows : — Three Tiers (base of Middle Lias). Ft. Iw. Sandy and ferruginous clay - - - j Bluish-grey micaceous marly clay with ironstone »■ 1 2 nodules and iron-stained limestone-nodules -J Micaceous flaggy bed, sandy calcareous and Zones of ferruginous ; seen on the east side of Golden Ammonites Cap - - - - - -10 capricornus and-^ Bluish-efrey micaceous marly clay - - 20 A. henleyi. Ferruginous band. Ammonites Loscombei " I 18 about 105 feet. Bluish-grey micaceous marly clay - - J Occasional bands of indurated marl or limestone "i Bluish-grey marly clays with nodules of hard I 54 q grey limestone and ferruginous bands. [ Ammonites latcscosta, A. striatus, Inoceramus. J The above thicknesses are estimates taken from measurements at difEerent places, where the thickness varies a good deal : indeed on the eastern side : of Golden Cap a thickness of 126 feet was measured, from the base of the lowe»t lier to the top of tbe Belemnite Stone. * Wright, Lias Ammonites, pp. 89, 420. f Juraformation, pp. 155, 157. j See also Day, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. p. 291. 70 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Concerning the Sauiians for which Lyme Regis is noted most of the remains have been found in the Blue Lias series ot the We-t Cliff and of the Church Cliffs, and in the overlying dark Bhaies and cement-stones of Black Ven. The species are thus for the most iiart preserved at higher liorizons than is the case with "the noted locality of Street- in Somersetshire. Eemains of Icli- thyosaurus (see Figs. 2, 4, and Q, pp. 37-39) from the Blue Lias, are found generally in layers between the stone-beds, and a line specimen of jPfe«o«aM™« was obtained from these beds (zone of Am. BiLchlandi) by Mr. Day.* Although for at least 100 years the fossils of Lyme Regis and its neighbourhood have been collected for sale, it was not until 1811 that Mary Anning, the most noted of the early fossil- collectors, obtained the first specimen oi Ichthyosaurus which was brought into scientific notice. This was originally described by Sir Everard Home, and in 1819 he gave the name Proteo-saurus ; but in the previous year Koenig had applied the name Ichthyo- saurus, arid that name, largely owing to the labours of Conybeare, became known and adopted. In 1821 the same collector obtained remains of. another Saurian, "described by Conybeare under the name Plesiosaurus (see Figs. 3 and 7, pp. 37, 39) ; and in 1828 she procured (for the first time in this country) the Pterodactyl, of which the species described by Buckland is now known as Dimorphodon macronyx. Another noteworthy form is the Scelidosaurus Harrisoni, a Dinosaur obtained from Charmoutli by James Harrison. This vlike many of the other fine Saurians, was obtained piece-meal and at intervals. Many species of Fishes have been obtained from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, and to a large extent througli the; personal exertions of the Earl of Enniskillen and Sir Philip Egerton. Little ^however, is known of the special horizons of these fossils, although many, such as ^chmodus, Chondrosieus, Dapedius, Lepidotus, and Pachycormus are assigned to the zone of Ammonites obtusus. Other genera such as Acrodus, Hybodus, and Pholidophorus , together with Dapedius have been obtained from the stone-beds below.t (See Figs. 8-11, pp. 40, 41.) Tlie Coprolites originally described by Buckland were found in the same set of beds. (See Fig. 2, p. 37.) There are few records of any vertebrate remains from the Belemnite Beds and higher stages of the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire. Among Crustacea there are species of Eryon, JEger, Glyphea, and Scapheus. No Insects are known from the locality. Of Echinoderms, certain forms have been noticed in the lowest beds, while portions of Pentacrinus are found more or less plentifully 5 -at Various horizons. The most striking form is the " Briatean "Encrinite" Extracrinus briareus (Fig. 40, p. 51), which beihg * Geol. Mag. 1864, p. 47. "" — ■f See lists by Egerton in De la Beche's Report, p. 225 ; Wright, Lias Ammonites (Palaeontograph. Soc), p. 61. LQWER LIAS: DORSETSHIRE FOSSILS. 71 often found associated with lignite, was thought by Buckland to have attached itself in lirge groups to mas.-es of floating wood.* Of the Molluscii, attention has been drawn to the prevalent forms, but it may be meAtioned tliat many of t'le spvcies figured by Sowerby were obtained from Lyme Regis and tiie neiglibour-- hood. Among these weie A. Beehci (named altei D.- ia Beche), A. Birchii (after Col. Birch, a great frdqucnler of Ljme'i, A. Brookei (after H. J. Brooke), A. Dacm (afier Sir H. Daw), A. Henlei/i (after H. H. Henley: the Lortl of tlie Manor), and A. Loscomhei (after C. W. Loscombe), together wiili A. fimlriatus, A. latcBcosta, A. stellaris, and A. striatus. Among the Belemnites it may be mentioned thu Belemnosepia {Geoteuthis) was described by Buckland in 18:i6. Ten. years previously he had obtained specimens exhibiting remnants of fossil ink, samples of which were submitted lo Sir Fniiicis Chantrey, who had a drawing prepared with the material. f The sepia was pronounced to be of excellent quality. Kemaiiii of XiphoteutliiS' have also been obtained, and Prof. Huxley haj described two species of Belemnites — B. clongatus and B. paxillosus — with the ink-bags preserved. The latter species was obtained from the zone of Ammonites obtusus.X Gasteropoda are by no means abundant at Lyme Eogis, but they are more plentiful east of Cliarmouth. No Polyzoa have been recorded, and Corals are extremely rare Some lew pla;nt-re'mains have been found; these belong to the genera Pachyphyllum {Araucarites) and Otozamites {Otopteris). In the hall of the Museum of Practical Geology, there is exhil)ited a trunk of Pachyphytlujii. {Araucarites) peregrinum, nearly 13 feet in length : and preserved in the roek with it is a specimen of Ammonites armatus. -- Lyell figured, from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, a specimen of lignite that contained the impression of an Amnioniie.§ Two examples of Cycadean stems have also been recorded from the "Lias "of Lyme Regis, under the names of Yatesiu gracilis and Mantellia {Cycadeoidea) pygmxBa,\\ , The conclusions to be drawn from the bels seen in the cliffs of Lyme Regis and Charmouth are that we find in upward succession, beds yielding Ammonites -planorhis, A. angulatus, A. Bucklandi, A. semicostatus and A. Turneri, A. obtusus, A, oxynotus, A. raricostatus, A. armatus, A. Henleyi, and A capri- cornus, (represented chiefly by A. latacosta). We find a blending of the zones oi A. angulatus sinA' A. Bucklandi, oi A. semicos- tatus and A. obtusus, of A. raricostatus and A. armatus. Following the beds across country we find the same general succession maintiiined, and similar evidences of the association of zonal species which link the strata intimately together, without * Bridgewater Treatise, 1836, p. 437. — t Bridgewater Treatise, 1836,-p. 305-;-^?roe. Greol., Soe. vol. i. p. 97. X Monograph on the Belemnitidee (Geol. Survey), 1864. .'■ § Elements of Geology, 1838, p. 399. II Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xxvi., pp. 689, 703. 72 LIAS Oi" ENGLAND AND WALES: interfering with the sequence of the species. Inland we have _ to depend on comparatively limited sections, sometimes revealing evidence of a single zone, in other cases of a blending of two zone.«. It must be remembered however that to obtain good specimens in situ is often a difGcult task: the best examples, whether from brickyards or quarries, being most frequently obtained from workmen or from tlie spoil-heaps, so that ihe precise position of each fossil cannot always be determined. Inland sections, Dnrsetsliire and Devonshire to Membury and Chard. Proceeding inland from the Doraetshire coast, the Lower Lias limestones may be traced at Uplyme and Axminster, and thence by Membury to the higher part of the YartVnlley near Buckland St. Mary ; but their outcrop is much obscured by the overstepping of the Upper Greensand and Chalk, which form the dominant features in this area. The quarries at Upl\me are situated a short distance norih-west of the church ; and in the one known as Fowler's quarry, about 25 feet of Lower Lias limestone and clay may be seen resting on the White Lias. In this neighbourhood, also near Axminster, and again near Street in Somersetshire, there is sometimes a difficulty in readily determining the junction between the Lower Lias and White Lias. Among the Lower Lias limestones there are beds of pale marly limestone and compact limestone that much resemble beds of White Lias, and locally the term " White Lias " is applied by the quarrymen to them, while the name "White Rock " is given to the true White Lias. To ttiis fact we may attribute Dr. Wrio-ht's grouping of the White Lias in the zone of Anymo- nites planorhis, a grouping that was strongly opposed by Charles Moore,* and has been shown by .subsequent observations to have been based on a mistaken identification of the beds. It will be noticed however at Uplyme, as well as at Pinhay Bay,. that the White Lias, which yields Modiola minima, Ostrea liassica, Cardium rhmticum, and Pecten valoniensis, contains here and there througliout its mass, nodules or pebbles of compact limestone, that stand out conspicuously on the weathered surfaces. These included portions of limestone are sumetimes more compact than the matrix, but in no case do they differ from beds represented in the White Lias. They ajtpear to be due to some contemporaneous destruction of the beds, antl when I accompanied Sir A. Geikieto the Dorsetshire coast in 1885, he suggested that the calcareous mud may, during the accumulation of the strata, have been from time to time exposed to the sun's rays, so that films of mud might iave curled-4.i]i, and thts>^, if subsequently rolled by an incoming tide, would be shaped into the lumps which form so conspicuous * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvJi. p. 483 ; Wright, Ibid., vol. xvi. p. 396 ; and Lias Ammonites (Pal. Soc), p. 21 ; also H. B. W., Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xi. p. XXX. LOWER LIAS : AXMINSTEB. 73 a feature in these beds. As alreadj" noticed (p. 9), evidences of contemporaneous erosion are not uncommon in other stratt?, in the Inferior Oolite, &c. At Uplyme the White Lias is directly overlnid by about 10 inches of brown laminated marly clay as at Pinhay Bay ; above comes a band of saudy limestone, and then blue and pale grey limestones and clays, the lower portion of which represents the zone of Ammonites planorbis. This species has been met with, together with A. Johnstoni, and slabs covered with Ostrea liassica are noticeable. Spines of Cidaris and Hemipedina were observed by Dr. Wright.* Gryph(2a arcuata occurs within a few feet of the White Lias, and we find also Avicula, Modiola, and Wuldkeimia perforata. Lima gigttnten, appears in the higher beds, which no doubt represent portions of the zone Qi Am. angulatus. The Lower Lias limestones are well shown near Axminster, in quarries by the London and South-Western Railway north of Wey- croft. The beds have been worked for a long period, and their fossils early attracted the attention of Buckland, who was born at Axminster in 1784. He has given a description of the beds with the local qnarrymen's names ; and it is noteworthy that the terms Burr (or Bur), Anvil, Size, and Firestone are employed at this locality, and also at Uplyme. The names are applied without respect to relative horizon, but to the character and uses of the beds. The Burrs furnish good building-stone, so do the Anvils^ which form " a bed of irregular anvil-shaped blocks." The Firestone, is a "white building-stone, used also for forming the arch-work of lime pits." The Red Size (described as " white lias inclining to grey ") is used for paving and building.f At Greatwood, north-west of Weycroft, the term Firestone is applied to a cherty limestone, and here, as well as in a quarry north-west of Longlea, Mr. C. Reid found thin beds of sandstone intercalated among the thick-bedded earthy limestones. Near Buckland St. Mary he noticed that the Lower Lias occasionally contains lenticular masses of impure lignite, such as are seen near Oharmouth, We have no records near Axminster of the full thickness ot the Blue Lias series, but the quarries do not show more than 15 or 20 feet of stone-beds. Judging from the evidence obtain-; able, there is reason for believing that the stone-beds of Lym^ Regis rapidly diminish in thickness towards the north ; a large part of the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi being represented by clays with subordinate bands of stone, near Axminster and along the eastern borders of the vale of Taunton, as we know to be the case further north along the Polden Hills. Modiola minima occurs in the bottom beds of rubbly limestone above the " White Rock ' ' (White Lias) at Tolhay ; there the beds above consist of dark blue clays and shales with interrupted layers of limestone, whose * Lias Ammonites (Palajontograph. Soc), P- 21 ; see also Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 397. . t Buckland, Trans. Geol. Soc, Ser. 2. vol. i., p. 98 ; Beliqaise Diluvianse, Ed. 2, 1824, p. 242. 74 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : separation in some places apijcara to be due to the effects of, clisturbanoe. Mr. Reid observed that near Siirte and at Ohapple- croft the Sun Bed on top of the " White Eock," exhibited an eroded surface with borings of Mollusca. Remains of Otozamites have been obtained from the Lower Lias near Membury and Axminster. Again, proceeding inland from the Dorsets'iire coast, we find the Lower Lias clays developed over a considerable area in the. higher part of the Char valley — a tract known as the Vale of Marshwood. An occasional brickyard aflfijrds some clue to the character of the sub-stratii, but there are few sections and no marked- features to guide us in fixing the boundary between the Lower and Middle Lias. It should, moreover, be borne in mind that on the coast there are several faults, while the Oolitic district .to the east is very much dislocated. So that no doubt many dis- turbances affect the clayey beds in the Vale of Marshwood, although we have no evidence, such as would be furnished by the interruption and displacement of hard strata or recognizable bands of stone, to indicate the position of faults. Further north, near Axminster and White Staunton, where the limestones out-, crop, the Lower Lias is shown to be much faulted and broken ; some of these disturbances affect also the Cretaceous strata, while others appear only to have influenced the older b3ds. The Lower Lias clays occur over much of the country east of Weycroft, near Hawkchurch and Chard junction in tlie Axe Valley, and in the valley by Chardstook and Wanibrook — the limestones being brought up iri one or two j)!aces by faults.* North-east of Chard the clays are again exposed, but in this area, as in so many others, we have no sections to indicate the palseonto- logical horizons, and to help in fixing the boundary-line with the Middle Lias. Mr. C. Keid ascertained that nt the Ship Inn, near the reservoir at Chard, a well was sunk 22 feet to black shale, which burnt, and had a very offensive smell. Doubtless it was this shale, which miny years ago led to a fruitless trial far coal, when about 3,000/. was uselessly expended. Mr. Reid was informed tliat a shaft was sunk 100 feet, and a boring was carried to a further depth of 300 feet in the " Lias," but no particulars Jar^ known.t The reservoir is based on a platform of limestone, but this may be only a band in the Lower Lias clays. Vale of Taunton to Ilminster. In the escarpment bordering the Vale of Taunton, the Lower Lias_ reappears from beneath the covering of Cretaceous rocks, and is not again so concealed throughout its course. The lower portion of the Blue Lias series is exposed in many places along this escarpment ; and quarries have been noted by * See De la Beche, Report on the Geology of Cornwall, &n., p. 290. t De la Beche, Report, p. 615 ; Geol. East Somerset (Geol. Survey), p. 48. ■ LOWER lias: cuery rivell. 75 Mr. Ussher north of Holmin Clavil, near Feltham, Hayne, and on Pickeridge Hill. The stone has been long quarried south of Thurlbeer where blue limestones (Thurlbeei- Stone) and shales have been opened up to a depth pf 16 feet. Eesting on the White Lias, here and at Behnont, are two thin layers of limestone, known as the " Hat and Cap." (See p. 78.) An excellent section of the Lower Lias and Rbsetlc Beds was exposed in the railway-cutting at Hatch Beauchamp. The beds are faulted, and the Lower Lias limestones and clays are bent into an anticlinal in one portion of the cutting. Charles Moore assigned a thickness of about 60 feet to these beds, but the con- fusion into which the higher beds are throwh renders this estimate doubtful. From the abundance of Ostrea liassica throughout the series, it is evident that. the beds belong to the zone of Ammonites planorbis. Moore notes this fossil, also O. intusstriata (in the bottom-bed), and Monotis {Avicula) decussata{l = M.faUax) in a bed of blue marl, about 10 feet above the White Lias, while Pholadomya amhigua occurred some w:iy up, and Pecten pollux at the top of the series.* Other quarrica exposing 20 to 25 feet of the lowest beds of the Lias and the White Lias, may be seen near Beer Crocombe, Curry Mallet, Fivehead and Curry Eivell. The Lias beds exposed in all these quarries, belong to the zone of Ammonites planorbis, which includes at its b.ase the Saurian zone of Mr. Moore, and the Ostrea-beds.f Limestones and blue clays were observed by Mr. Ussher on Barrington and Abbey Hills and near Curland ; and these beds probably belong to the zone oi Am. Bucklandi. A quarrj^ at Curry Rivell showed the following section : — Ft. In. T T • rEven beds of blue limestone and slaty marls Lower Lias. J ^^ shales - - - - - 10 .ione otAm. -\ -y^rhitish marly limestones and clays with planorots. ^ Modiola minima and Ostrea liassica 6 f Sun bed, with irrefjjular corrugated surface, I in places penetrated by small perfora- Rhsetic Beds. ■{ tions refilled with limestone of similar [ character - - - - - (i ' |_White Lias limestone, Modiola minirna - 10 The perforations in the Sun bed (fiist noticed by Messrs. Bristow and Etheridge), were probably the burrows of Annelides in the soft calcareous mud of the Ehsetic period, and therefore, contem- poraneous with the sedijxient now consolidated. J The clays of the Lower Lias extend northwards from the neigh- ^4)Ourhood of Qhard, over Ashill and Neroche , Forests, south' of ■VHatch Beauchamp, and thence towards Ilminster, Isle Abbots, aiid , Hambridge, north of Puckington. The beds are covered here aijd . : * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 469. f See Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii. pp. 485, 490. • J J. H. Blake and H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. 1872, p. 196 ; Memoir on the - Geology of Bast Somerset, &c. p. 73. See also Vertical Sections, No. 5, Sheet ^47, by H. W. Bristow & B. Etheridge. 76 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : there by patches of gravel, or of clierty detritus from the Green- sand hills. At Broadway, north-west of Ilminster, a well (accord- ing to Mr. Keid) was sunk 90 feet in clay, and at Ashill the " Lower Lias marls " were proved to a depth of 80 feet. A cutting by the railway east of Horton near Ilminster, showed the following section : — Ft. In. Gravel . . - - about 4 Stiffi blue clay with nodular and septarian Lower Lias - • limestones ; Belemnites and Oardinia 12 to 15 L Sandy limestones - - - about 4 The evidence for marking out zones in the Lias in this area is thus extremely meagre. As indicative of the zone of Ammonites capricornus, it may be mentioned that in the Bath Museum there is a specimen of A. Davcpi from the neighbourhood of Ilminster. A,t Hambridge Mills, a boring made in 1873, was carried to a depth of a little over 300 feet, as follows : — Ft. In. fDark blue clay - - - - 121 1 I Blue lias rock - - - - 11 I^°^«''I^i*' H Clay and two bands'of rock - - 4 9 1 Clay - - - - 21 10 [ Clay and rock, alternating - - - 119 2 309 Vale of llchester and the Polden Hills. Passing on to the Vale of llchester and the Polden Hills, we still find the main limestones to belong to the zone of Ammonites planorhis. (See Fig. 66, p. 206, and Fig. 84, p. 263.) The general divisions are as follows : — Feet. f 4. Blue and brown clays - about 200 I 3. Clays with bands of limestone - „ 80 I 2. Even-bedded grey argillaceous and I compact blue limestones and Lower Lias ->^ shales, aad fissile or "slaty" marls - - - - 20 to 40 . Rubbly white or pale grey earthy limestones and marls (locally) ; resting on the White Lias - 6 to 10 The lower beds (1) contain Ostrea liassica and Modiola minima, and are seen in some road-cuttings near Somerton, and near Walton windmill, Street. They form passage-beds between the White Lias and Lower Lias, rendering it in some places perplexing to fix a line of demarcation.* In the even-bedded limestones (2), v>'hich are largely quarried, Ostrea liassica is abun- dant (in the lower beds), and Pleuromya crowcombeia, small speci- mens of Lima gigantea, and Ammonites planorbis, may generally be found. Saurian remains also occur. Some of the more compact * See Geology of East Somerset, &c., pp. 103, &e. LOWER LIAS : KEINTON MANDEFIELD. n bands of blue lias resemble the Sun bed or Jew stone* that occurs on the top of the White Lias. The stone-beds are mainly confined to the area of the river Yeo, and west of the Fosse Way. Numerous quarries indicate their presence in the outliers north of Langport, uear Long Sutton, Somerton, Kingsdon, Charlton A.dam, King Weston, and KeintoR Mandefield.f Among the more important are the quarries at Highbrooksj between Long Sutton and Kingsdon, and those at King Weston. There we find even-bedded, and persistent bands of limestone (4 or 5 inches thick) arid clays. Slabs of stone 6 X 10 feet in size are obtained, for paving-purposes ; blocks are shaped for building-material ; and some beds are used for road- melal. Perhaps the best sections are exposed near Keinton Mandefield, and the following account of the Stipstone quarry (named after the field in which it is situated) gives the names in local use ; — Ft. In. Posts Limestones and clays (used for road-metal) . . - . Thin yellow. Limestone in three beds - Shale . . . . . Thick ■vellgw. Limestones with Am- monites planorhis - ... Shale .... Thin corner or Corn stone. Lime- stone with Lima gigantea Shale . . - . . Thick corner. Limestone Thick white. Shelly limestone Thin white. Limestone - Cream. Limestone (poor bed) - Lower Lias. Red liver. Shelly limestone Zone of •{ Thin black. Limestone (used for out- Am. planorhis. door paving) Thick black. Limestone (used for out- door paving) - r - - Thin cover. Limestone (used for paving) Thick cover. Limestone (used for paving) - - - - Clog. Limestone (used for building) Blub paviour. Limestone (used for paving) - - - - 5 Heath stone. Limestone with Ichthyo- saurus (used for curbs) - - - 5 Thin firestonb. Limestone (used for curbs) - - - - - 3 Thick Firestone. Grey limestone (used for curbs) - - - 1 2 (About 6 feet down to White Lias, with no good stone.) The " Thin Comer " and beds below, are all used for making lime for building and agricultural purposes. Many of the limestones are used for building- purposes, and some for troughs, steps, &c. The beds are often spoken of as " sizes," and they lie very close together with but thin partings of shale. Immediately north of Queen Camel, a fault has upraised the White Lias, together with the overlying limestones of the Lower * This is sometimes spelt Dew stone ; see remarks on Dhu stone, p. 296. t A section at Pisbury, east of Langport, was noted by Moore, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii. p. 91 ; see also Wright, Ibid., vol. xvi. p. 391 ; Dawkins, Ibid., vol. XX. p. 4(04, and Geo!. Mag., 1864, p. 258. 3 9 9 6 1 4 6 2 7 7 3 6 4 6 5 3 5 7 7§ LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Lias..; and the. beds are largely worked all along the ridge known as Camel Hill. Here the mass of tiie stone-beds belongs to the zone of Ammonites planorbis. An interesting section was exposed along the Great Western raihyay, and this was described in great detail by Charles Moore. The higher beds are now much obscured, but they include the zones of Ammonites angulatns, and A. Bucklandij and probably portions of overlying beds. We find here, as elsewhere along the exposed tracts of Lias north of Lyme Kegis, that the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi is for the most part, represented by clay with comparatively few bands of limestone. Moore's account of the Queen Camel section may be summarized as follows : — Ft. In. 'Thick beds of marl, with bands of limestone 60 - Alternations of marl and limestone; the marl preponderating - - - 48 6 Zones of Am. BucHandi auu.a. angulatus. Blue clay with Ammonites angulatus 4 ^AJiternations of limestone and clay - 5 2 "Limestone with Am. planorbis and Gryphcea arcuata - . . 4 Alternations of limestone and marl or clay, yielding ..... 97 Am. Johnstoni., planorbis. Nautilus. Astaifte. Cardinia. Gryphsea arcuata. Lima duplicata. Hermanni. Modiola minima. Monotis (Avicula). Myacites. Ostrea liassica. roulticostata (arietis). Pecten sublsevis. Zone of J Am. planorbis."^ Unicardium cardioides. Pentacrinites. Echini. Ostracoda. Foraminifera. Saurian and Ostiea Beds. Alternations of , limestone (" firestone," &c.) and marl . 5 5 Am. .planorbis. Modiola minima. ; Monotis (Avicula). Lima. Ostrea liassica. Cidaris Edwardsi. Insect and Crustacean Beds. Alteriiations of more or less laminated marl and lime- stone* - - . . . 4 9 Lepidotus. Modiola minima. , Eryon wilmootensis. Insects. Rhsetic Beds. White Lias, 225 ~2_ * One band, here and elsewhere in the district to the west, is called the "Hat ami Cap," because the stone flakes off when quarried, in the form of a hat or cap. LOWER LIAS : POLDEN HILLS. ,79 " Moore's measurements thus give a thickness of 107 ft. 6 in. for .the basement-beds of the L-ower Lias, yielding Ammomtes plan- orhis: a thickness elsewhere equalled at Rugby and near Carlisle. The evidence in this district, if not quite satisfactory, shows that these beds at any rate increase greatly in thickness from their main outcrop on the west and north-west. It is interesting moreover to note the occurrence of the Insect and Crustacean Beds, which so closely x-esemble those of Wilmcote and other parts of Wa^wickL^hire and adjoining tracts. Some o£ the bands of limestone (16 to 18 feet above the White Lias) are much jointed, so as to shatter when struck with the hammer, like certain beds in the Lower Lias, of Aberthaw ; similar beds are seen along the Polden Hills. Among the fossils collected at Queen Camel by Mr. J. Rhodes, were Hippopodium (cast), Pholadomya, Bhynchonella, and Wald- heimia perforata. The occurrence of Hippopodium at so low an horizon in this part of the country is noteworthy. Approaching the Mendip Hills we find the general line of outcrop much modified. In the Poiden Hills the strike is W.N.W., and the beds outcrop towards the south. (See Fig. 84, p. 263.) Northwards they occupy a synclinal at Grlastonbury, Meare, and below Brent Knoll, rising aj^ain near the Mendip Hills, although not without evidence of "faulting. In 1860 Dr. Wright published a section of Mr. Cree's quarry at Street, observing that he had compared it with the sections afforded by the quarries of Messrs. Seymour, Underwood, and Talbot in the same parish, and found that the variations in all these sections were so inconsiderable, that any one might be said to represent the others, both as regards the sequence of the beds and the fossils they contain. That this i^ the case may be seen by comparing the section noted by Dr. Wright vyitlr that noted by myself 25 years later : — Mr. Cree's Quarry, Street. Dr. T. Wright, I860.' Ft. In. Mr. Joseph Seymour's Quarry, ■ Overleigh, Street, 1885. Total depth, about W leet. Ft. In. Thin grey limestone, much jointed. Brown clay - , - 1. Light-coloured marly clay. ToT 20 Bed.. Saurian bones. Ammonites planorbis - - - - 2. Light-coloured limestone, A. plan- 3 PaIe-i)luiBh. limestone. Yellow orbis . . . - 9 Bed, occasionally used for road- metal and paving Laminated shaly c;ay 8 .3. Yellowish laminated shale, Ich- 3 thyosaurus intermedins, A. plan- , orbis, Lima punctata, IsastrtBa f^latimieandroidea) 3 i. Light-coloured slialy limestone, A. Limestone. Top Eock " planorbis - - - - 4 Shale - - - - ^0 9 5. Hard grey limestone. Biiiidinr C Stone. . A. planorbis, Lima Limestone .... J punctata, L. gigantea - 1 6. Dark-grey shale, A. planorbis. spines of Cidaris - 7. DaA-grey limestone, Cobh-size 3 Hard blue limestone. Goes size. BuiLDiifa - STOKE. Spines of used for building - Oil Cidaris, bones of Iclithyosaurus tenuirostris - . - 6 • Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.-vol..xvi. p.JSO; Wright, Lias Ammonites (Palaeontograph Soc), ' D 16 • and T. Mellard Eeade, Proo. Liverpool Geol. Soc, vol. iii. p. 99. See also Section at Pym Ouan-y Street, by Messrs. Bristow and Btheridge, where the local names of beds, agreeing in the main with those above noted, are given. Vertical Sections, Sheet 47, No. 2 ; and Section of Cree's Quairy, Street, by E. F. Tomes, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xixiv., p. 183. 80 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Mr. Cree's Quarry, Street. Dr. T. Wriglit, 1860. Mr. Joseph Seymour's Quarry, Overleigh, Street, 1885. Total depth, about 20 feet. Ft. In. 8. Dark laminated shale, Osirea liassica . - . . 9. Dark-grey limestone, Five-inch BuiLDiXG-STONE. O. Uassica 10. Dark shale. O. liassica 11. Dark-grey limestone. Six-in"CH BviLDisa ■ Stone. Cardinia crassiuscula, Lima punctata^ 0. 12. Dark shale . - - - 13. Hard greyish limestone, consisting of two four-inch beds. White Stohe. Best paving-bed. Fos- sils rare ; 0. Uassica^ Modiola minima - - ., - 14. Hard dark marl. Saueian Bed. Jaws of Saurians and Fishes. Ichthyosa/uvus intermedius, Plesiosaurus Hawhinsi - 15. Fine-grained greyish limestone. Ceeam Bed. Fine-grained paving- stone. Ostrea, Modiola - 16. Brownish limestone. Bed lives. Paving-stone. Few fossils 17. Dark-coloured limestone. Black SfoNE. Used for large paving- slabs, some of them 10 ft. by 5 ft. Modiola minima^ Ostrea lias- sicat Myacites (Pleuromua), RhynchoneUa calcicosta (varia- bilis) . - - _ 18. Dark-blue shale, Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima - - - 19. Hard greyish limestone. Six-inch Btjildikg-stone. Modiola mi- nima, Ostrea liassica 20. Soft bluish shale 21. Greyish -blue limestone. FouE- INCH Bdilding-stone. Fossils as in No. 19 - 22. Dark-grey laminated shale. Ich- thyosaurus intermedius, J. tenuirostrui - - _ 23. Hard blue limestone. Blue Cloo, or ONE-rooT Bdildins-stone, used for steps. Ostrea, Modiola, Rhynchonella - - . 24. Grey laminated shale. Saurians abun^lant. Ichthyosaurus inter- medius, I, tenuirostris, PhoU- dophorus - - - - 23. Greyish limestone. Gket Clos. A valuable building-stone, used for steps, troughs, &c. Modiola - minima - - - - 26. Dark shale .... 27. Thin-beddfid limestone. Thkee- INCH Blde Bed. Fish-remains, M. 7ninima, Otozamites {Otop- teris acuniinatus 28. Thick blue limestone 29. Hard fine-grained limestone. Fiee- SIONE .... 30. Hard grey fine-grained limestone. Plei nfiaurus JBtheridgei (= P. Ha fkinsi) (in Museum of Prac- tical Geology) - - . - 31. Hard gi'ey limestone, forming the bottom bed. Fieestone Bottom Bed. Plesiosaurus Hawkinsi • 4, 5 3 6 6 8 9 3 i 4 2 6 2 4 4 1 1 2 3 5 4 1 Marly shale . - Blue limestone. Buscn Back Shale . . . . . Blue limestone. Clat Bat Limestone. "Whit or White Stone EiD Dark shale . - . - Limestone, ferruginous. Thick whit or white . . - - Do do. Thin whit . Limestone. Clift, used for floor- ings. [This passes into Shale, Cream Shale i[i Mr. Z. Sey- mour's Quarry.] Irregular limestone. Ceeam [A bed of clay Ceeam Shell Clax intervenes in Mr. Seymour's Pit.] Irregular Limestone. Eed livee do. Black stone 20 Do. Shale Limestone, solid and sound. Six- inch Bed, used for curbs . Shale - , . . . Limestone. Livet, or Libeeis Shale. [This is a shaly limestone. Blue Cloo Shale in Mr. Z. Seymour's QuarryJ Limestone. Blue Cloo, used for steps, buildings, &c.', sometimes xised for columns, and chimney- pieces, takes a good pohsh. Shale. Ichthyosaurus communis. [This is a limestone Geet Clog Shell, in Mr. Z. Seymour's Quarry. ] Limestone. GEEr Cloo, building- stone. Limestone. Top Blue [This occurs in two Sizes, 6 in., known as Thin Blue, iu Mr. Z. Seymour's Quariy.] Limestone. Thick Blue, used for paving. Limestone. Fiee Bed, used for paving. Shale Limestone. Bottom Blue, used for paving. Limestone. Bottom Fiee - [A bed of shale 5 in. New Found Out Rid., intervenes in Mr. Z. Seymour's Quarry.] Limestone. New Pound Out, used for paving. [Fish, Cyoads, Rain drops.]* 1X6 i 7 3 6 3 6 3 4 3 e 6 4 3 11 6 3 i 6 2 5 7 4 18 ' Noticed by T.Mellard Reade. LOWER LIAS : POLDEN HILLS. 81 At Mr. Zachaiiah Seymour's Quarry at Street, the thickness of the beds measured, was 17 feet 11 inches from the Yellow Stone to the New Found Out, the depth of the quarry bein^ about 19 feet. The details of the beds are almost identical with those noted above. From this quarry a specimen of Blue Clog, polished, was presented to the Museum of Practical Geolcgy, by Mr. Seymour. The New Found Out is here 8 inches in thickness. At Street many fine examples of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaiirus have been obtained, and Thomas Hawkins, who resided at Sharpham Park, was furnished with much of the material for his illustrated -work on (he " Great Sea Dragon?." That the beds have proved sb rich in Saurian-remains, is no doubt partly due to the exteinsiv» woikings for stone, but it is partly due to the energy of local observers. In addition to the species mentioned, Plesiosaurus ( Thauma- tosaurus) megacephalus and P. macrocephalus have been obtained in the neighbourhood;* and a few years ago Mr. Alfred Gillett, of Overleigb, procured a very perfect specimen of Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, now in the British Museum, and lately described and figured.t Mr. Gillett has also obtained a number of Fish-remains, including species of Amblyurus, Dapedius, Leptolepis, and Pho- lidophorus. Among other fossils T obtained specimens of Area, Astarte, , Cardinia, Cardium, Gryphaa arcuafa (small), Lima, Pleuramya, Waldheimia, and Thecosmilia. With regard to Corals, both Heterastrcea (Isastrcea) latimaan- droidea (= /. Murchisoni of Wright) and H, ySeptastraa) Haimei have been recorded ; the occurrence of the latter species has been considered erroneous J but Dr. Wright states that he extracted it from the clay at Street, in situ.^ Evidence of the Zone o? Ammonites any ulatusha^heen obtained in the northern portion of the village of Street. Excavations lately made (1891) at Mead's Batch, have opened up beds of clay with bands of limestone, from which the following fossils have been obtained by Mr. Gillett and Dr, G. J. Hinde :: — Ammonites angulatus, A. Johnstoni, booklets of Belemnitcs, Qryphaa arcuatu (skiall), Greaslya, galathea, Unicardium eardioides, Rhynchonella caicicosta, and Waldheimia perforata. The Lower Lias limestones, and the Rhaetic Beds have been well exposed in the cutting of the Great Western railway ab Duuball, near Puriton, and in the adjoining Cement and Lime Works belonging to Messrs. John Board & Co. The quany' shows the following beds : — * Ses Haxley, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. S91. t E. Lydekker, Geol. Mag., 1891, p. 289. j Tomes, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv. p. 183; Hinde, Ibid., vol. xliv. p. 224; and Duncan, Ibid., vol. xxiii. p. 18; Supp. Fobs. Corals, Pal. Soc, Part iv. p. 5. § Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. iv. p. 147. E 70859. F 82 LIAS OF KNGLAND AND WALES : :} "Rubble and clay ... Top Lias. Limestone Shale _ - - Second Lias. Limestone - Shale . , - - - I r Limestone Two FivE-iNCHBS < Shale L Limestone Shale - ■ . . ■ Six-inch. Limestone used for building; it cuts out well, but will not stand the weather - - - Shale House Paviour. Limestone DuNCH Pavioub. Limestone Shale Sandstone. Hard limestone Lower Lias ■■( Second Lias. Limestone - Shales .... Clogs. Two beds of limestone Shales with Modiola minima - - - Little Paviours. Three bands of lime- stone and shales (ground up for making cement) Bottom Lias. Shelly limestone mth PUnromya crowcombeia - . - Burning Scale. Fissile limestone-shale - Cement.. Dark fissile shaly marl - Black Scale. Bine shaly or earthy lime- stone (put with Cement shales, for making cement, otherwise the material will not set) - - " . ' ] Grey and yellow earthy limestone, appearing I to merge into the bed below. Ostrea [_ liassica, &c. . . . . „, .. T. J r Dew Rocks. Compact limestones. (Top of RhsetioBeds.j white Lias.) . . . - Ft. In. 10 10. 1 9 9 6 4 5 1 6 1 1 1 7 3 5 3 9 1 3 9 1 8 4 A section at Puriton, showing about 30 feet of the Lower Lias \\ itli Ammonites planorbis, &c., was recorded by Messrs. Bristow and Etheridge.* The higher beds consist of clays with bands of limestone, so that we have evidence, confirmed by the new railway- cnttings between Bridgwater and Edington, that the zones of Ammonites angulatus and A.Bucklandi are not represented by anv great mass of limestones in this neighbourhood. This was to ' be inferred from the clayey character of the northern slopes of the Polden Bills, and of the island of Lias that appears in the moors at Meare, where we find clay with only occasional bands •of limestone. In a quarry at Bawdrip, adjoining the new railway to Edinston, the lower beds of the Lower Lias were exposed to a depth of 20 feet. Thej"^ consist of thick layers of argillaceous lime- stone and slaty marl, on the horizon of the limestones worked at Dunball. In the railway-cuttings near by, and onwards to Oossington, we find a considerable development of the higher blue shales and *^Tertical Sections (Geol. Survey'^, Sheet 46 No. 1. LO^V■EE LIAS : POLDKN HILLS. 83 clays, with bands of marly Hmestone, and sometimes hard and compact beds, even-bedded or nodular, that represent mainly the zone of Ammonites Buchlandi. Near King's Farm these beds were seen to dip in a northerly direction, and to be faulted in three places. Beyond, in the direction of Cossington, .the beds are bent into an undulating synclinal fold, and thence outcrop for some distance with regularity, dipping in a southerly direction at an angle of about 15 degrees. In this great series, which may be estimated at 160 fest thick, there is a band of lime- stone to about every 4 feet of clay, and these beds may be traced on, until they are underlain by 20 feet of the lower limestones belonging to the zone of Ammonites pJanorbis. Very few fossils appear, in the beds, but Ostrea liassica ranges about 50 feet above the basal limestones I have been informed by Mr. Henry Oorder, of Bridgwater, that some large Ammonites were obtained, also Nautilus, large specimens of Lima gigantea, some with Ostrea attached to them, Gryphcea arcuata, and Rhynchonella calcicosta. Mr. J. F. M. Clarke (the Kesident Engineer), who kindly accompanied me along the railway, obtained bones of Ichthyosaurus, Ooprolites, small specimens of Cypricardia, Lima tuherculata, and Pecten suttonensis {P. Pollux).* In the lower limestones, Mr. Corder has noted a bed, about 6 feet above the White Lias, crowded with Pleuromya crowcomheia, as at Dunball. Kemains of Plesiosaurus were found east of Cos- sington. Here also Ammonites planorbis occurs in a,bundance, and some remains of Otozamites were obtained by Mr. Clarke. The beds are faulted at many places along the railway, but the southerly dip, before mentioned, helps to bring up the Ehaetic Beds near Cossington. They are well shown in cuttings by the railway-station. The junction-beds were as follows : — Lower Lias • i Clays with two or three massive beds of argillaceous limestone Clays and thin stone-beds - LPale laminated calcareous shales 'White Lias, four beds of pale and compaotl limestone, with clay partings; yielding ! Pleuromya, Cardium rhceticum, Lima praecursor. - - - - The lowest bed resembles Cotham mar- Ft. In. 9 6 i> 4 9 Di, i- -a A J 1*'^ i'' texture. , KhEetic Ueds <; Bluish-grey and yellow shaly clay with "race" - - - - - 4 6 Bed of hard banded limestone - - 1 1 Dark blue aud black paper-shales rusty at top, with thin liinestone-layers and nodules of limestone, exposed to depth of - - 16 ; The uppermost clayey division of the Lower Lias, occurs over the flat meadow-land bordering the Marlstone escarpment, at Long Load, Martock, Ilchester, Mudford, Marston Magna, and * Identified by G. Sharman. See account of railway-cuttings, with diagram- section, by J. F. M. Clarke, Proo. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, 1891, vol. vii. p. 127.. F 2 84 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Rlmpton. North of Came] Hill, the clays occupy the surface at Sparkford, North and South . Barrow, Babcary, Wheathill, and East Lydford, whence they extend around Hornblotton in the country north-east of the river Brue, to the foot of Pennard Hill. (See Figs. 43, p. 90, and 84, p. 263.) The clays are worked here and there for brickraaking, &c., as at Butleigh, and near North Barrow, and they have been exposed in some of the railway-cuttings. The beds contain occasional bands of limestonCj as at Stone, near Hornblotton. These stone-beds sometimes furnish a limited - supply of water. Thus on South wood Common, near Evercreech, a well, sunk 10 feet in sandy shale and marl, found watef; while at a short distance to the north-west by the high road, a well was sunk 60 feet deep, and yielded little or no water. One of the most interesting fossil-beds in the Lower Lias clays in this area, i? the famous Ammonite-marble of Marston. Magna north-east of Yeovil. Various accounts have been published of the discovery of masses of this stone, which consists almost entirely of small Ammonites whose white pearly layer is well' preserved. Tbey comprise A. obtusus and A. planicosta. Like a bed, previously noticed, at Lyme Regis, it belongs to the zone of Ammonites obtusus, sometimes locally termed the zone of A. planicosta. According to Maton the stone was discovered in 1778 in the opening of a marl-pit;* but a specimen of it, in the British Museum, was in the original collection of Sir Hans Sloane, who died in 1753. I am informed by Mr. Alfi'ed Gillett, that a large and apparently nodular ma,ss of this stone was obtained at Marston, when a well was sunk about the year 1815; and this -mass, weighing a ton or more, supplied many of the specimens know-n from this locality. On inquiry I ascertained that a well had been sunk near the church, to a depth of about 70 feet, and that the stone had been obtained there, thaiigh at what depth was not known. Sowerby observe'd that it was found " in moderate masses, occasionally , big enough to form tolerable sized sideboards."t Being polished in the neighbourhood of Yeovil, some confusion has arisen on the application of the term " Yeovil Marble ;" a term given by some to the Forest Marble of Long Burton, and by others to the Marston Marble.J A specimen of Ammonites Dudressieri (an old form of A, plani- costa), has been obtained by Mr. Gillett in a limestone-nodule from the Lower Lias clay of Northover, near Glastonbury. Evidence of the zone of Ammonites oxynotus was to be found in the banks of the Brue above Hornblotton Mill, where beds of stiff blue and bluiah-grey clay are exposed hiere and there beneath the valley-gravel. In 1868 I collected a number of small ♦ W. G. Maton, Observations on the Western Counties, vol. ii. p. 2i. t Sowerby, Mineral Conohology, vol. i. p. 167, and Tab. 73, and 406. The A. Smithi, Sow., is regarded by Wright as a young form of A. obtusus. J J. Townsend, Character of Moses, pp. 105, 275. LOWER LIAS : SHEPTON MALLET. 85 AmmoDites many of them pyritic, includinff A. oxynotus, A. Birehn, and A. trivialis. - . •' Lower down the bed of the stream, bnnds of stone occur here and there in the clays, giving rise to ledges that form small cascades along the com-,^e of the stream. The brickyard south-west of Hornblotton Mill, showed about 12 feet of blue shaly clay passing up into grey and brown clay, with a layer of septarian nodules. Here I obtained Ammonites semicostatus, and Avicitla. Fromthe biuish-grev marly and slightly micaceous shale, thrown up durmg a well-sinking west of Sutton near Alhampton, I obtained a number of small pyritic fossils, including Ammonites Birehn, A. Simpsoni (not previously recorded from tlie south of England), Gryphma, Avicula, and Pecten. It is interesting to learn that in 1729 J. Woodward noted that Ammonites occu°red in vast numbers in a marl-pit at this locality.* Blue clay weathering brown on top, with impersistent bands of earthy limestone, containing much iron-pyrites, and numerous small Ammonites, including A. oxynotus, Belemnites, Rhynchonelld, &c., was exposed in cuttings near* the Evercreech station, and near Pnestleigh. But I obtained no fossils in the excavations north of Evercreecli station, at the Somerset Pipe, Tile, and Brick' Works, where grey slightly micaceous clavs with a layer of cement stones, were exposed. Shepton Mallet, Wells, and Uphill. Proceeding towards the Mendip Hills, there is evidence on the ' north of Pennard Hill of a greater development of limestone in the zone ol' Ammonites Bucklandi, than has been noticed else- where in Somersetshire on the south side of Mendip. There is also some attenuation in the beds below. In the railway-cutting west of Pylle station, there may be seen abDut 10 feet of blue shaly clays, containing Rhynchonella calcicosta, Pecten, and Rhyncholites. The clay rests on a band of limestone with large specimens of Lima gi.gantea, B.ia.A on alternating beds of grey earthy limestone and dark shale-=. At the quarry belonging to the Somerset Lime and Cement Company, lower beds are shown as follows : — "Marly limestones and clay - . . ] , Grey limestones and clays or shales with | , Lower Lias -< Ammonites Bucklandi . - ^32 feet. Limestones, about 15 bands, with thin part- [ . ings of shale - - - .J The beds of bluish and yellowish clay and limestone present a riband-like appearance, the stone being iron-stained on the joint- faces. Pyrites occurs here and there in thin layers. Fossils are scarce^ but large specimens of Lima gigantca, Gryphcea arcuata, Ostrea irregularis, and bones of Ichthyosaurus are to be found. The stone is burnt for the preparation of lime and selenitic cement. * Nat. Hist. Foss. England, vol. i, Part 2, pp. 26, 27. 8g HAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: In a quarry north of Street, near Pylle, the same beds have been exposed, yielding Pholadomya, and other fossils. Lima pectinoides also occurs in this neighbourhood. These beds belong to the zone of Ammonites Buchlandi ; and it is likely that they are faulted on the south, owing to the nearness of the Middle Lias on Pennard Hill. Northwards, at Beard Hill and around Pilton, the beds are clearly faulted, mostly in an east and west directiorij roughly parallel with the folds in the older rocks of the Mendip Hills. Fractures and disturbances have in places modified the particular relations of the Lias to the Mendip range. Near Shepton Mallet and Wells, the Lower Lias extends ou to the older rocks of Mendip ; and judging by the outliers of Harptree Hill and Ashwick, it evidently crossed the plateau in places, if it did not. entirely envelope that region. Westwards at Wedmore the beds dip away from the Mendips. West of Pilton a quarry showed blue limestones and clay with Ammonites planorhis and A. angulatiis, capped bv white rubbly and marly limestones and clay. These pale limestones were shown also in a quarry north of Westholme House, and in the Great Western railway-cutting west of Shepton Mallet (p. 87). A section on the Somerset and Dorset (Midland) railway, east of Oannards Grave, and south of Shepton Mallet, showed the following section ■ s o Lower ^ Lias. =1- s^' o ■5S s 2 1,5 o i'S N Cm ^ -S C •it (U o o ' 1 4 ^ a, Dark bluish-grey mottled limestone (full of jBelemnites), pale marly beds, earthy and iron-shot limestone and elay - about ^ Thin stone and clay. i <( Blue clay with bands of grey earthy lime- stone, yielding small pyritic Ammonites, A. oicynotus, A. bifer, Belemnites, Avicula, Gryphasa arcuata, lAma, Pecten, Rhyn- chonella variabilis, Pentacrinus, &c. about Hard blue sandy limestone, weathering yellow: Ammonites Conybearei Massive even-bedded limestones (8 or 9 beds): Nautilus, Gryphcea arcuata Thin irregular limestones and blue shaly clays, in riband-like beds— the stone-beds I stained yellow in places. 1 Buchlandi, Lima gigantea (large) Hard marly limestone - . . Grey marly clays with indurated band: I Modiola minima - - . . Ft. In. 6 ■< u (Mottled somewhat earthy limestone, like"" I Sun -bed in places Rhsetic / White J Hard compact limestone Beds. 1 Lias. ] White Lias limestones and bluish marly I shales, with beds of creamy and bluish | (_ limestone : Modiola minima, Ostrea liassicaj 23 6 1 3 6 * See also Geol. East Somerset, &c., p. 101. LOWER LIAS: SHEPTON MALLET. 87 At Shepton Mallet a fine section of Lower Lias and Rhaetic iiecls was exposed in the cutting west of the Great Western railway-station. This was described by Charles Moore, and the section was afterwards measured by Messrs. W. A. E. TJssher 1 * :, u ^^' ^"'^ myself,* while a number of fossils were col- -pt / ' ""^^ identified by Mr. Etherldo-e. The beds shown may be summarized as follow°s ; the species wjthin square brackets are given on the authority of Charles Zone of Ft. In. Hard blue and grey limestones mostly uneven, with alternate bands of blue and brown clay. Ammonites Bucklandi, A. . . Gonyhearei,A.angulatus,[_Nautilusstriatus, Ammonites <{ Chemnitzia nodulosum], Pleurotomaria, Car- Buckkmdi. dinia, Grypheea arcuata, Lima gigantea, L. antiquata, Pecten, Pholadomya prima, Unicardium cardioides, Terebratula, [Spi- ^ riferina Walcotti], Pentacrinus - about 12 Zone of J Pale rubbly limestones and clays - -111 Am. angulatus. \ Pale bluish-grey limestone. A. a: -gcey limestone. A. angulatus 4 THard and soft blue and grey limestones, separated by bands of dark blue clay. Zone o± I Ammonites planorbis, [A. Jolnstoni], Car- Am. planonbis. ^ dinia, Lima gigantea, [L. tuberoulata], I Ostrea liassica, [0. intusstriata], Pecten [_ PoUuiB, Rhynchonella calcicosta - about 5 White Lias. A.mong other fossils collected, were Hemipedina, Modiola minima, Ostrea multicostata, and Cryptania rotellceformis. As Moore has pointed out, the beds yield some of the forms characteristic of the Sutton and Southerndown Beds in South Wales ; but we have no indications in this section of the peculiar lithologlcal characters seen in the Lias of Downside, Shepton Mallet, although the upper beds in this railway-cutting become rather more sandy and more closely-bedded than the lower, as do some of the upper beds of limestone in the section (previously noted) east of Oannard's Grave. It is noticeable, however, that many Gasteropoda occur, especially in the Zone of A. Bucklandi ; among these, Moore recognized Cerithium nodulosum, and species of Turritella, Littorina, Pleurotomaria, &c. In the same beds a number of Foraminifera and Ostracoda were found. The limestone-beds seen near Cannard's Grave, are exposed also near the Midland railway-station at Shepton Mallet, where a quarry showed about 22 feet of blue and grey limestones, separated by thin shales. The stone, which is burnt for lime, yields Lima gigantea^^ Gryphaa arcuata, and fine specimens of Ammonites Bucklandi, 2 feet in diameter. The full thickness of the Lower Lias stone-beds is upwards of 50 feet. Still further north, we come to the area of the "Lias Con- glomerate," although actual conglomerate is the exception. The beds consist of sandy, granular, and shelly limestones, some of * Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheet 46, No. 15. t Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. pp. .'505-510. See aUo Wright, Lias Ammonites (Palaeontogr. Soc), p. 12. 88 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: them, .identical in character with the white beds at Siittoi^ in Glamorganshire, as pointed out by De la Beche.* In both casea the beds rest directly on the Carboniferous Limestone (see Fig. 43, p. 90), and therefore it can hardly lie questioned that their characters are due to the same causes. They are in fact granular beds of limestone of detrital origir), derived largely from the destruction of the Carboniferous Limestone. In some cases, moreover, on tlie Fosse road, north of Shepton Mallet, and again in Glamorganshire, as I know from personal experience, it ia very difficult on a first inspection, to distinguish the thick beds of Lower Lias where the clay-divisions are absent, from the Car- boniferous Limestone — a fact pointed ont by Do la Beche. These beds have been exposed to a depth of 20 feet in the road- cutting leading from Shepton Mallet Church towards Downside, and south of the Midland railway ; and also in a quarry by the side of the viaduct that crosses the road. No marked divisions occur in the series, which comprises thin beds of limestone with ferruginous specks, passing down into massive beds of hard pale- grey, buflf, and white sandy and granular limestone with but little clay, and with chips of chert. There is an impersistent bed of con- glomerate 6 inches thick (seen in the quarry), and it is composed mostly of chert, with some pebbles of Carboniferous Limestone. A few quartz pebbles occur, and they are also occasionally to be seen in the ordinary beds of Lower Lias, exposed at Shepton Mallet: no doubt they are derived from the conglomeratic beds in the Old Red Sandstone of Mendip. ' 'The.Iowest beds consist of a shelly rock witii casts oi Modiola, Ostrea liassica, O. multicostata (arietis), and Lithodomus. These soft shelly beds were exposed also at Bowlish, where Lima occurred abundantly. Many other species have been recorded from these rocks. In the' Museum at Jermyn Street there are specimens of Pecten Pollux (or suttonensis), Lima tuberculata, L. punctata, L^ duplicata, Hinnites, and Pecten insignis, which were collected by- Mr. Alfred Gillett. Moore has published a more considerable list,t but there has been much difference of opinion about the precise identification of some of the fossils, and the same diffi^ culty occurs with respect to the Sutton and Southerndown specie^.. Quite recently, the Eev. JH. H. Winwood has obtained specimens^ of Ammonites Johnstoni and Lima gigantea: an interesting dis- covery, as the Ammonite has not previously been recorded from the white granular limestone of Shepton Mallet. The evidence, as in South Wales, is in favour of the beds belonging for the most part to the zone of Ammonites plancfrtns,- but including in this locality portions also of higher zones. The road between Bowlish and Windsor Hill has been exi- cavated where tlie railway crosses it, and hero beds of Lias lime- * Mem. Geo]. Survey, vol. i. p. 276. Buckland and Conybeare, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p 303. f Quart. Journ. Geo'. Soc, toI. xxiii. p. 509. - LOWER LIAS : WELLS. - 89 Stone of the ordinary type have been exposed. At AVindsor Hill the cutting at the entrance of the tunnel, shows the Lias faulted against the Carboniferous Limestone. From this locality Moore obtained many fossils indicating the zones of Am. angulatus and A. Bucklandi, and including many species found in ihe conglo- meratic Lias of South Wales. To the north-west, the con- glomeratic beds of Lias extend by Chilcot to East and West Horrington. The higher division of the Lower Lias, noticed in the railway- cutting by Cannard's Grave, is worked to the east for tlie manii- facture of red bricks, drain-pipes, and tiles. It consists of blue slightly calcareous clay, weathering brownish-yellow, and contains occasional layers of cement-stone. Northwards, clnyey beds extend along the base of tlie Inferior Oolite series, -at Doulting and Oh'elynch.: but we have no evidence at present to say whether Middle and Upper Lias are to any extent represented at those localities. Near Bodden, it is possible that some of the higher stages-' of "the' Lower Lias may be present in the form of lime- stone,' as we find to be tiio case near Rudstock ; but palseonto- logicai evidence is wanting. Beds i (if conglomeratic LifiS limestone were exposed in a swallet-hole" by the Seven Acres Spring on the south side ot Beacon Hill.- Tlie limestone, which is pale grey and "very tough, contains tiny pebbles of qnaitz, scattei'ed tlirougli the mass of the rock, and clustered together here .nnd there abundantly.- The surface-boundary of the Lias and Old Red Sandstone here corresponds roughly with the underground boundar}'- of Lower Limestojies Shales and Oki Red Sandstone, the Shales being con- cealed locally by the Lias. Hence it is that S wallet Holes occur in this tract where the Lias is banked up against the Old Red Sandstone. Through the kindness of Sir li. H. Paget, I had the opportunity of breaking up some large blocks of this Lias lime- stone, but no fossils rewarded the labour. The stcme was formerly- quarried by Beacon Hill Farm. (See Fig. 43.) The Lower Lias limestones have been quarried north-east of Wallcombe near Wells, while in a lane-cutting near East Milton, a section showed the sequence of beds, down to the White Lias, &c. Attention was first directed to this exposure by the Rev. P. B. Brodie.* The beds were as follows : — Ft. In. f Bluish-grey argillaceoua limestones, irregular. Zones ot , ^^^ separated by beds of blue and brown Ammonites J ^j 'hma gic/antea - - - - 26 Bucklandi and \ ^^^^ ^^^ compact light grey limestones with A. angulatus. \^ thin shaly partings . - .-70 ' '' f Hard marly limestones and slaty marls ■ -27 I Hard smooth-jointed bluish-grey limestones. Zone ot . J becoming marly in places, separated by shaly A. planorbis. \ bed with Modiola minima - - -110 l_Marly bed with M. minima - - - 5 •r., .• T, J r Compact bluish-grey limestone (Jew Stone) - 10 BhaeticBeds. {^hiteLias. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, toI. xiii. p. 93 ; see Vertical Sections, Geol. Sutvey, Sheet 46, No. 14. 90 L- MAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: fe 3 S ID *r^ s 4^ in I n o CO u gg h O g Or--; ca 1-1 -d OS •k^ fe-* •'S r* s s «^ iA a-. O s CO •2 B ■s ■ ■I" «M '^ as ^■ II ei« o^s St-Q u LOWER LIAS : UPHILL. 91 Here the junction with the White Lias is not so clearly defined as it is in the railway-cutting west of Shepton Mallet: but it is noteworthy that the Lias limestones present their ordinary characters, in proximity to the Mendip range. The Lower Lias limestones are well shown in places south-west of Wedmore, near Heath House, where the beds resemble those near Shapwick and Ashcot on the Polden Hills, and the lower beds at East Milton : they contain Ammonites planorhis and Ostrea liassica. The Lower Lias is exposed in the railway-cutting near Uphill, where it is faulted abruptly against the Carboniferous Limestone. The fault, which is a reversed one, was depicted in sections drawn by the Rev. D. Williams,* William Sanders, and others.t Beneath the Lias, the Kheetic Beds and Keuper Marls are exposed, faulted in several places. The Lias presents its ordinary characters, as follows : — Fr. In. Zone of ^BMnoni^es/ Alternate beds of light-coloured limestone Bucklandi, &c. \ and shale, with Lima gigantea - - 10 {Dark grey laminated shales and thin bands of limestone, with ^mmoni^es ^ZanorJis - 14 Dark shales and bands of limestone with Ostrea liassica - - - - 7 4 KV, +• R fl f Alternations of limestone and marl, with iinaeno eeas. <^ q liassica, and Modiola minima - 12 It is noticeable here, that the White Lias becomes more marly in character, so that the limestones, as at Penarlh, are subordinate ; moreover there is no great development of Lower Lias limestones, the beds belonging to the zone oi Am. Bucklandi being represented, as on the Polden Hills, mainly by clay. West Somerset. The Blue Lias series is well exposed in the cliffs of West Somerset, between Sturt Point and Blue Anchor. The eastern part of this coast-line is far from accessible, and has not attracted much notice from geologists ; but all along, many instructive sections are to be seen, while the numerous faults and the effects of denudation form interesting subjects for study. (See Fig. 44. j Probably the earliest reference to the Lias in this area was made by Leonard Horner,^ and long subsequently it was noticed * Trans. Geol. See, ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 562 ; Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iv. p. 294 ; and Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. i. p. 48. „ „ ^ , , r, , t Geol East Somerset, Plate III. p. 24; and H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag 1870, p. 239; Geol. Eng. and Wales, Ed. 2, p. 14; H. W. Bristow and B. EtSridge, Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheet 46, No. 3 ; Wright. Quart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. xvi. p. 383, and Lias Ammonites ( Palaeontogr. Soc.) p. 11 ; Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc, vol. xvi. p. 445 ; and W. J. Sollas, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. vi. p. 385. J Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. lii. p. 367. 92 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : by De la Beche, and some of the sections have been described by W. Boyd Dawkins, H. W. Bristow, and E. Etberidge.* During the years 1871-3, Mr. J. 11. Blake was engaged, in a re-survey of the Secondary tracts in West Somerset, and he tlien revised the boundaries of the Lower Lias, and marked with great care the exposures of beds on the foreshore and the numerous faults that affect them. The strata that are shown, include the zones of Ammonites plpiorbis, A. angidatus, A. Bucklandi, and A. sanicostatus (or A. Turneri). No representatives of any beds as high as tbe zone of ^. oxynotus, are known to occur in the area. As on the opposite coast of Ghimorgansliire, the beds, which consist of a series of limestones and shales or clays, are by no means rich in fossils, though here and there layers occur that abound in organic remains, or these may be met with in patches or shoals in otherwise unfossiliferous rock. Owing to the extent of coast-line, ihe inaccessibility of certain portions, and the numerous faults and undulations, it is difBcult to determine the limits of the several divisions, and to measui'e with accuracy the thickness of the beds. Here and there the Rhsetic Beds or Xew Eed Marls form the mass of the cliffs. We find in the lowest division (zone of ^. planorhis) that lime- stones are not so prominently developed as at Street and at Lavernock, but these beds are surmounted, as at Lavernock, by a grey marl division that may be grouped vi;ith the zone of Ammonites anjulatus. Still higher we come to the main mass of blue limestones, which here, as at Dunraven and eastwards on the G-lamprganshire coast, belongs to the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi, Above these beds there is again a considerable thickness of grey marls with subordinate bands of argillaceous limestone. These represent the zone of Ammonites semicostatus, and may perhaps include portions of still higher beds, for west of Kilve I obtained a specimen, doubtfully referred by Messrs. Sharman and Newton to A. densinodus. The following is the general succession of the strata seen along the coast of West Somerset : — is- '^ § ■=" .2 o 'I 93 O .J?s Dark grey shaly marls with thick hands of argillaceous limestone, and , near the base, a conspicuous band of paper- shales. Seen in cliffs above the cave east of Kilve Pill, by Kilve Farm and westwards to Quantockshead ; also near Donniford Kiln, by the Bathing Cove at Watchet, and to the east of Blue Anchor. Large Ammonites, A. semicostatus, A. Tarneri, Cardiniti, Pentacrinus. Ft. In. Ft. In. >40 to about 45 * Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheet 47, No. 6 ; Etheridge, Proc. Cotteswi Club, vol. vi. p. 35; Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol xx. p. 397. LOWER LIAS : WATCHET. 93 Ft, In, Ft. In. !>20 to 25 0, a SI 4. Alternations of grey limestones, some- ~| times in thin bands, with shales and ' shaly marls, but merging into a more prominent mass of blue limestones \vith thin shaly marls. Seen in the cliffs at Sturt ? ; also west of Little Stoke, by cave east of Kilve Pill; at base of cliffs, by gangway near Kilve Farm, and thence to Quan- tockshead. 3. Alternate bands of thin blue and yellow (iron-stftined) limestones, 25 or more in number, with blue and sometimes brown marly shales. The limestones being jointed and standing out irregularly, present a zig-zag appear- ance amongst the clays. On the whole there is a larger proportion of clay or shale, especially towards the )>About 40 lower part. Seen in cliffs to the west of Little Stoke; at the base of Quantockshead ; upper part of St. Audries. Portions of this division are faulted against the Keuper Marls at the Bathing Cove, Watchet. These stone-beds yield Ammonites BucUandi, Nautilus, Pleurotomaria, Gryphaa arcuata, Lima gigantea, Rhynchonella calcicosta, Pentacrinus. ^ ^ f 2. Dark grey shale and grey marl witl* o_e J only occasional bands of limestone. g |^<^ Seen at several points at base of cliffs ^ § J between Little Stoke and Kilve PiU ; i • (_ St. Audries. Ammonites dngulatus, J ., f 1. Slaty marls, dark shales, and bands of limestone. Ammonites planorbis, A. Johnstoni, Ostrea lias- sica, Pullastra arenieola ? (with shell), Mddiola minima. These beds rest on the White Lias )-20 '0 Series, and may be seen at the top of the Cliff, I east of Little Stoke, at St. Audries, to the | west of Watchet, and near Blue Anchor, J J 1 I ;>30 to 35 S s J N a. RhsBtic /White Lias, consisting of grey shaly marls, limestone- Beds. "1. shales, and beds of compact limestone - about 8 Along this coast the Lower Lias is first exposed in a low cliff, that rises to a height of 20 or 30 feer, at Sturt Point east of Benhole Farm, and to tlie west of Stolford, Here we find blue shaly noarls and hard jointed limestones, which probably belong to divisions 4 and 5 ; but the only fossil I obtained was a dbubtfiS specimen oi Ammonites semicostatus. The limestone-bands form ledges along the foreshore, stretching in various directions according to the lie of the strata, which are repeatedly faulted. Some of these bands are much veined with calc-spar, owing no doubt to the effects of disturbance and fracture. Old lime-kilns (mostly deserted) are to be seen here and there near the margin of the clifEs, the stone being occasionally burrit for building-lime. 34 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : To the east of Little Stoke, the New Red Marl appears at the surface not far inland, owinc; to faults. Hence along the coast westwards to Blue Anchor we find the cliffs changing abruptly from Lias or'Rhsetic Beds to Eed Marls. Here and there we find large stacks of Lower Lias limestones and shales, which in some instances have broken away and slipped from faulted masses in the cliffs. A fine section of Lower Lias and Rhsetic Beds is exposed immediately east of Little Stoke gap, and these beds are faulted further east against the Lower Lias, traces of the black Rhsetic shales being squeezed in along the fault-plane. The lowest beds of the Lias here consist of limestones, thin limestone-shales, and dark shales. From Little Stoke to Kilve the beds exhibit many undula- tions and faults, with downthrows on the east, so that lower and lower beds are presented to view as we pass westwards, and we come to grey shales with flattened specimens of Ammonites angulatus, belonging to division No. 2. A cave has been excavated in the beds at one point, and to the east of this, there is a fault with apparently a considerable downthrow on the w^est. Ammonites and other fossils are occasionally to be seen on the platforms of rock on the foreshore west of the cavern,-but the specimens are too firmly imbedded to be hammered out. West of Kilve and below East Quautockshead, there occur the finest of the Lias cliffs on this coast, the limestones are well-shown but they are not very accessible, for an occasional bluff or head- land impedes the progress of the pedestrian. Still further west- ward a fault brings these Lias limestones and dark shales abruptly against the Red Marls. Thence towards St. Audries we can trace the upward succession, in highly inclined strata, from the Red Marls with bands of hard limestone, through the Rhsetic Beds to the Lower Lias. (See Fig. 44.) The Lower Lias Limestones at St. Audries consist of jointed yellow limestones and shales, resting on a thick series of grey shaly marls with occasional bands of limestone (30 or 35 feet thick), and these again repose on beds of limestone and laminated lime- stone-shales with Ammonites planorbis, Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima, &c. Slabs covered with, specimens of Pullastra, having the shell preserved, have been obtained from shales near the base of the Lias at St. Audries, and again by the gangway west of Watchet and near Blue Anchor. A detailed section of the Lower Lias at St. Audries, showing about 40 feet of these strata, has been recorded by Messrs. Bristow and Etheridge.* The western portion of the cliffs is not clearly * Vertical Sections, Geol. Surv., Sheet 47, No. 6. See also Wrighr, Lias Ammonites (Palseontograph. Soc), p. 12. 95 o 1 I t :§ 1 ^ !. ts U S !« IS f« «J s ^ « Si ^^ ■- n^ ^• G •M ■* "TS S, 6 5§, ^ 1 O S 1 ^ el o I I QQ 4 rj: ■s 'fe. ^ pO 52 ^ <3> •o* r-* ■Kb vs «J o V w. SQ •3" -^ 1 « o N ;s 'G g 3 I I'll V 1^ g o .s V. o m •Sid (. IP S!5 i» ■** «ci V. t5 oa ^ i 96 LIAS or EJS GLAND AND WALES.' shown. The beds may possibly be faulted with a downthrow on the west. Proceeding towards Watohel, we lose the clifls for a short space, and pass along a beach formed largely of Lias stones, which are collected here and at St. Audries, and conveyed by donkeys to Donniford kiln. On the foreshore Ammonites Turneri occurs in shaly limestone, and in the low cliflfs succeeding, we find shal^' marls with thick beds of argillaceous limestone (belonging to Division 5). ^ These beds are capped by gravel, which towards the east forms the whole of the low cliff, giving it a reddish-brown appearance. The stones are chiefly Devonian, Lias being rare if not absent. ' Continuing towards the Bathing Oove, we find shaly marls and paper-shales much jointed, with occasional thick bands of lime- ctone, exposed in the cliffs and on the foreshore, but faulted in places. Large Ammonites suggestive of A. stellaris occur, but in the cliffs at the Bathing Cove, apparently on a higher horizon, we find A. Turneri in beds of grey marl and shale with occasional limestone, shown to a thickness of 25 feet. These beds are faulted to the nOrth against grey limestones arid shaly marls with Gryphma arcuata, strata which are themselves faulted again further north against the Keuper Marls. Whether in this district there are any marly and clayey beds above the zone of Ammonites semicostatus is not clear, for the beds are so repeatedly faulted ; further palseontological evidence is much tQ:'be desired. West of Watchet the Lower Lias limestones With Ammonites Buchlandi, have been quarried near Saxon House, and here the beds incline seawards, being however faulted against the Red Marls, &c. which form, for the time being, a protecting face of cliff. As soon as the Red Marls are denuded the Lias will rapidly break away. Between Watchet and Blue Anchor the beds are again much faulted and disturbed. About midway there is a gap in the cliffs, on either side of which the Lower Lias is exposed. On the eastern side we find division ] : thin fissile shaly limestones breaking up into rhom- boidal masses by jointing. Here the stone from the beach is hauled up an inclined plane to a lime-kiln. Iridescent Ammonites occur here, including A. planorbis and A. Jolinstoni. Dr. Wright has observed that these shales yielded the original specimens o^ Ammonites planorbis and A. Johnstoni, figured by Sowerby in his " Mineral Conchology." The nacreous layer of the shells is-beautifuUy preserved.* On the west side of this gap we pass a small mass of the lower Ehsetic beds and Keuper Marls, faulted against Lower Lias. These beds consist of alternations of grey earthy limestone and shale, and here some plant-remains were obtained from the Lias by Mr. S. Gr. Perceval. The beds are much slipped and probably * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 384 ; and Lias Ammonites (Falseontogr. Soc), p. 12. LOWER LtAS : MENDIP HILLS. 9.7 also faulted : for they include portions of division 5, because among the wreck of marly beds we find A. Turneri and A. stellarisl Slill further to the west we find the famous Rhsetic section of Blue Anchorj with the basement-beds (1) of the Lower Lias on top. It is noteworthy that in this district, where the Rhsetic Beds and Lower Lias l)order the older (Devonian) rocks, they do not exhibit the conglomeratic conditions shown in some other places. It seems probable that the beds are faulted against the Devonian Kocks, near Selworthy, where the dip of the Lower Lias, &c. has been noted as from 15° to 23°, by Mr. J. H. Blake; at any rate we have no evidence pointing to a Liassic sea-margin anywhere in West Somerset. Mendip Hills, It has been shown that in some places, the lower beds of the Lower Lias border the Mendip Hills and fringe its slopes, and that on its summit there are patches of Lower Lias in placed. There can be no doubt, therefore, that some portions of the Mendip area were above water, either as a promontory connected with the Glamorganshire area, or as islets in the Liassic seas. It is difficult to estimate the amount of sediment accumulated on its surface, for the Liassic beds, where preserved, are not of great thickness, and show as a rule only the lower zone of Ammonites planorhis. Near Frome, however, in Vallls, Nunney, and other ravines, we jBnd an exceeding variable series of deposits resting on the Car- boniferous Limestone and older rocks. lis some places the Inferior Oolite rests directly on the Carboniferous Limestone ; in others we find intervening beds of Ehsetio age. Lower Lias and Middle Lias, The surface of the Carboniferous Limestone as pointed out by De la Beche,* and others, is in many places planed off in a remarkably even manner, so that horizontal beds of Dolomitic Conglomerate (Trias), Lias, and newer deposits, rest on an even surface o£ the highly inclined Carboniferous Limestone. The surface of these older strata is not uniformly level over extensive areas ; it would appear rather that, in addition to occasional islets, or other inequalities, there were various platforms upon which divisions of Liaa and newer strata were accumulated in a more or less attenuated form. In some cases these deposits were removed before succeeding accumulations were laid down : so that the platform or terrace may have been formed at an earlier stage than that of the deposits now resting on it. The varying positions occupied by these Secondary . strata on the flanks and higher grounds of the Mendips, are likewise in part due, to marginal de- posits being laid down at different relative levels, and in part to subsequent faulting or irregular elevation. * Mem. Geol. purvey, vol. i. pp. 269, 287, &c. K 70859. 98 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Joints In the Carboniferous Limestone are infilled with various materials, for the superincumbent strata have tumbled or befen washed into fissures, and we see the " broken beds " above, as m the case of Purbeck Beds where they oveflie fissures in the Portland rocks. Veins of Liassic material in the Carboniferous Limestone, have been noticed by Moore in several localities on the Mendip Hills, in the Bristol area, and in South Wales. Some of the veins traverse the rock in a direction east and west, and they are intersected by others from north to south. The veins are from a few inches to 6 feet wide, and they are accompanied by Heavy Spar, Galena, and Blende. The most remarkable dis- covery was made at the Charter House Lead Mine, south of Blagdon, where at a depth of 270 feet from the surface, a number of fossils were obtained, including Land-shells of the genera Valvata, Vertigo, Proserpina, and Helix, and over- 50 species of Brachiopoda and Mollusca; as well as Foraminifera, Fish-remains, &;c.* The age of many species is doubtful, for Moore subsequently obtained Planorhis inendipensis, Involutina liassica, and other forms in the lead-mining districts of the North of England ; t while the abundant remains of Acrodus and Hybodus are susTgestive of Rhaetio accumulations. It must be remembered that the remains of Microlestes, found m a tissure near Frome, occurred in association with in-fillings of Oolitic as well as Carboniferous age.J With regard to these veins, Moore was of opinion that " In general they are of Liassic age; but the mineralogical and palseontological variety they present, show that they were not formed contemporaneously. Probably they were for a long time open to the Liassic seas, and must in many instances have received their contents very gradually ; a Liassic fauna not only inhabited the ocean above, but lived within the Carboniferous Limestone walls of the open fissures, and the remains of Gasteropoda' and other organisms may still be seen attached thereto."|| It is possible, that there were open fissures on the sea-coast in Liassic times, as we see, at. the present day in the Carboniferous Limestone near Sutton, in South Wales, but the admixture of fossila suggests tjia,t in-fillings may have taken place at various periods, in some cases perhaps subsequent to the Jurassic epoch. In some of their features, these Liassic veins resemble the chasms and ' pipes ' in the Kentish Rag of Maidstone, where in-fillings of fossiliferoup brickearth occur. § . . * Quart, journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ixiii. pp. 454, 481-495 ; vol. ixxvii. pp. 67, &o. : Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1864, Sections, p. 59 ; Geol. Mag., 1864, p. 235. t Rep. Brit. Assoc, for iSB9. p. 369. j Oweuj Quart. Journ. Geol. Sdc, vol. xvi. p. 492. II Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xiiii. pp. 455, 488. § See Foster and TopIey,/6W., vol. X3i. p. 454 ; and Tbpley.lGeol. Weald (Geol. Surv^-), p.-179^. - — 99 OHAPTEE IV. LOWER LIAS— (continued) Local Details. Glamorffanshire and Monmouthshire. In Glamorgansliire the Lower Lias borders the southern side of, the great coal-field of South Wales ; and' to the west of Cardiff, the Old Red Sandstone, . Lower Limestone Shales, and Carboniferous Linaestone, have been denuded so, as to form a^ plain that is comparatively level when coniipared with the bold hills of the Coal-region on the north. The Lias rests in places directly on these older rocks, and chiefly on the Carboniferous Limestone. In this district, as on the Mendip Hills, the Dolomitic Conglomerate had previously stretched in irregular masses over the Carboniferous Limestone, &o., so that the overlapping presents irregular modifications, the Lias resting here and there directly on the Dolomitic Conglomerate without the intervention of the Rhsetic Beds.* The peculiar characters of the basement-beds of the Lower Lias, where they rest on the Carboniferous Limestone, at Southern- down and Dunraven near Bridgend, and at other localities in Glamorganshire, were pointed out many years ago by De la Beche ; he noticed that the liitiestones became more or less conglomeratic, and were associated with a whitish limestone known as Sutton Stone.t Since the recognition of the Rhsetio Beds in this country (1860-61), there has, however, been, much discussion on the age of the " Lias conglomerate " of South Wales, and on the question whether the RhsBtic Beds are or are not represented in it. In 1:^63 Mr. R. F. Tomes "claipaed for the basementibeds a date corre- sponding to the Rhaetio age," On account of the presence of Plicatula intusstriata ;% hut this view proved to be based on an insecure foundation,; for the species occurs . sometiiaes- abundantly in the Lower Lias. In 1866 E. B. Tawney expressed his opinion that, the whole of the Conglomerate ■ series was Rhaetic in agfrj§ he divided the beds as follows : — ■ 2. Sputhemdown Series (about 50 feet thick at Southerndown and about 12 feet at Dunraven). ■ ,,. ,: ,1. Sutton Series (about 40 feet thick). - ■ • '■ The ordinary beds of Lower Lias, overlying the Southerndown Series; were grouped by him in the zone of .immoBJfts JBacAtoBrfJ. . , Tiwney's conclusions'were shortly afterwards contested by Charles Moore, || H. 'W, B3?istow,f and Prof. Rdph Tate,** who maintained that the beds were -* See-also De la Beche, Mem. Geol, Survey, vol. i.-pp.240, 252, 274. ..f Mem..6eol.;StirTe3», voL fc pp/269,,&c.,; Geol. QhsesTver, Ed, 2,, pp. 482, &c. JProo. Cottesw. Club, vol.,iii.:pp. 191, 202. I,- ■:. 1:; § Qdart Journ. Geol; Solo. vol. xxli. p."69. II 76!^., vol. xxiii. p. 611 ; and Proe. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, 1865. f /■Jtii, vol. xiiii. p. 199 ; see also pp. 202, 208. »• Ibid., p. 307. o 2 100 ;LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Lower Lias ; while Prof. P. M. Duncan* adopted a sort of compromise hj employing the term Infra-Lias, which includes both White Lias (Rhsetio Beds) and the zones of A. planorhis and A. angulatus. Bristow, who maintained that th6 beds belonged to the Lower Lias, disputed the sequence pointed out by Tawney, urging that there was but one series, by whatever name it may be called ; the Southerndown Series being merely the easterly prolongation and the representative of the Sutton Stone, and the total thickness being from 35 to 37 feet. He admitted, however, that as the Sutton Stone reposes on the upturned edges of the Carboniferous Limestone, and fills up irregularities and undulations in that rock, the thickness is some- what variable in difFerent places. Subsequently Tawney abandoned his view on the Rhgetic age of the deposits, and for a time the question apfieared to be settled. In 1884, however, Mr. Tomes expressed his conviction that the conglomerate-bed at Stormy Down near Bridgend "is the true representative of the Sutton Stone of Sutton, and West of the 'Guinea' bed of Binton and Grafton in War- wickshire, and of the White Lias of that county and the West of England ";t a view taken also by Mr. W. C. Lucy,t who had accompanied Mr. Tomes on a visit to the South Wales district. At the same time Mr. Etheridge, who had previously considered that the Sutton Stone and white conglomerate might be of Rhsetic age, observed that their precise position was still an open question.§ No doubt some difficulty is experiencedj in making out the precise relations of the white Sutton Stone and conglomerate, to the ordinary Lower Lias of this area. This arises in part from the cliffs being to a great extent inaccessible, while portions of the coast can only be visited for a short time when the tides are at their lowest ; and we have to scramble over ragged rocks. More- over the strata themselves are subject to variations, and are shifted in three or four places by faults, in situations where it is- difficult to estimate the precise amount of the displacement. By measuring the strata in detail at several points, I was enabled in time to make out the sequence, and to satisfy myself that while the white Sutton stone and conglomerate (with occasional bluish modifications) form the base of the series, both at Sutton and Dunraven, these beds pass up insensibly into the blue and grey conglomeratic (Southerndown) beds, which are overlaid by the ordinary beds of the Lower Lias. The sequence, therefore, that was pointed out by Tawney is correct, although the Sutton Beds merge upwards into the Southerndown Series without any definite plane of demarcation. (See Fig. 45.) The total thickness of the conglomeratic series, where it could be definitely measured, varies from 50 to 80 feet, but it increases still more in its western development between Sutton and Southerndown. The whole of these beds may be regarded as the basement- beds of the Lower Lias, representing the Ostrea-beds and other portions of the zone of Ammonites planorbis, and including perhaps portions of the zone of A. angulatus. They are overlaid conformably by limestones and shales exhibiting the ordinary characters of Lower Lias, and belonging partly to the zone of A. angulatus, but mainly to that of A. Buchlandi. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii. p. 89 ; vol. xxiii. p. 15 ; vol. xlii. pp. 101, 113, 139 ; and Supp. to Fossil Corals, Palaeontogr. Soc. f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl. pp. 353, 359 j see also vol. xxxviii. p. 411. t Proc. Cottesw. Club,ToI. viii. p. aS4. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl. p. 875 ; see also Proc. Cardiff Kat. Soc, vol. iii. pp. 89-62. 101 'If* Vi IB /,'i fl.S 2 s Si a s s u ss as =0 1 ^ a to '^ 1 s 1 1 ^ o w * ?i; a s - torS mS ;3 OTH;g fa S ® a" 6f" o <3 ^^ & -g IS o <** , CO s a 0n o ^ ■S o ;3 ■^ CO oi p^ s 102 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : The Sutton Stone has been extensively quarried near Sutton, more especially between Sutton and Sealawn, on both sides of the road, and again on the slopes facing the Black flocks near Pant-y- Slade. The principal working In 1887, was immediately south of Tusker Cottage, and the section was as follows : — Ft. In. f Hard grey and white shelly limestones, with ) occasional pebbles of. Carboniferous Lime- stone, and near the base a band of tolerably I compact blue limestone - • - 6 6 Sutton Series. -^ Massive bed of white more or less tufaceous stone of variable character, with fibrous structure here and there, and much jointed and broken up in places. (Sutton Stone proper) - - - -70 or 80 The more abundant fossils are Ostrea multicostata, Plicatula in- tusstriata, Pecten suttonensis (or PoUux\ and Cardinia suttonensis ; but these are not very common, and the shells are frequently dis- solved away leaving the rock in a cavernous condition. I also obtained Gryphoea, Hinnites, Lima hettangiensis, Ostrea arietis, Astrocmnia gibbosa, and lignite. Galena has been observed in several places in the Sutton Stone and overlying conglomeratic Beds. De la Beche observes that it occurs not only in the mass of the stone, but in joints of jet-like plants, and in cavities left by the dissolution of shells. He remarks also, that in some localities the stone is dolomitic : a specimen having been obtained at "Pare, two miles north-west of Bridgend."* Passing along the coast west of the Black Rocks near Sutton, we come upon the Sutton Beds, resting directly on the Car- boniferous Limestone ; and the general dip of the newer beds being in a south-easterly direction, the stone, which at Sutton rises to an elevation of 200 feet, gradually descends to 50 feet and less above sea-level. On the coast here (west of Pant-y-Slade), the beds consist of white shelly conglomeratic and tufaceous stone, containing Ostrea, Corals, &c. ; they are variable in character, being in places coarsely conglomeratic; they show honey-combed weathering, and they rest irregularly on the Carboniferous Limestone. The basement- bed is generally the more conglomeratic, containing often large boulders of Carboniferous Limestone in a creamy limestone-matrix ; but beds with no pebbles often lie in places directly on the older rock. The conglomeratic series contains curious sparry veins, sometimes tinged with a greenish colour. . Corals derived from the Carboniferous Limestone, as well as fragments of chert and limestone also occur. The connection between the white Sutton Beds and overlying bluish-grey conglomeratic limestones of the Southerndown Series, may be traced in the ravine known as fatit-y-Slade, that descends * Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i. pp. 272, 273 ; see also Bristow, Quart. Jonrn. Geol. See, vol. xxiii. p. 199 ; and Catalogue of Bock Specimens in the Museum of Practical Geology, Ed. 3, p. 123. ji ;. LOWER LIAS: SUTTON. 103 to the coast from a point north-west of the farm-buildings of West. (See Fig. 45.) Forming the higher ground here, and exposed in three scarps at successively lower levels along the borders of the ravine, there may be seen a series of blue flaggy compact and crystalline limestones, more or less conglomeratic or brecciated, and containing angular fragments of Carboniferous Limestone and chert. Some of the beds indeed are not unlike Carboniferous Limestone in texture,* and intercalated with them are thin shaly beds. The sequence in these upper beds is not sufficiently clear for detailed measuremcHts, and it is quite possible there may. be some repetition by faults. It is, however, probable that we have here a thickness of 70 or 80 feet (if not more) of conglomeratic Lias above the Sutton Beds ; a view that coincides with the evidence obtained elsewhere along the coast, that the conglomeratic series thickens towards the west, and this agrees with the observations of Charles Moore, f The lowest beds seen here in the coast-section, merge down- wards into the white Sutton-stone Series, as seen in the following section of the cliff east of the Pant-y-Slade ravine : — Ft. In. Southerndown f Bluish brecciated cherty limestones with Series (base). L veins of calc-spar - - - 6 6 "Pale brecciated limestone with fibrous struc- ture - - - - - 3 Bluish-grey and pale brecciated limestones - 3 Compact bluish limestone more or less con- glomeratic, passing into white tufaceous and shelly limestone, with fibrous struc- <5 ++ « ■ J tvxt. : Pecten suttonensis - - -90 suCTon series. < rj,^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^-^^ tufaceous hmestone with I fibrous structure, and with conglomeratic bands here and there - 10 to 12 Massive beds of pale brecciated limestone, passing down into conglomerate of irregular thickness : Pecten suttonensis, [_ Ostrea multicostata. Corals - - 5 to 16 Carboniferous Limestone. It may be questioned whether the top 6 feet of strata, here included with the Sutton Series, should he so grouped; the evidence obtained at Witches Point favours the view adopted, bnt the question is of no importance. We have, however, near Sutton, a thickness of from 25 to 40 feet of strata that may be assigned to the Sutton Series, for their thickness increases east- wards in places according to the irregularities on the surface of the Carboniferous Limestone. There can be no question of the intimate connection between the Sutton and Southerndown Series ; and the higher beds of blue conglomeratic limestone seen here, are similar to those seen above the white Sutton Beds on the southern side of Witches Point, where the thickness of the Southerndown Series is much reduced. The higher beds in the Pant-y-Slade ravine have not proved to, be fossiliferous, so that we are not in a position to state whether the greater thickness of the conglomeratic beds is due solely to an * See also De la Beche, Mem. Geol. Surv., toI. i. p. 272. ■f Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. pp. 526, 531 ; Tomes, Ibid., vol. xl. p..357. 104 LIAS OJF ENGLAND AND AVALES : expansion of tlie Southerdown Series, or (as seems probable) to the formation as we proceed westwards, of conglomeratic beds at higher stages in the Lower Lias. Passing eastwards along the coast, over the irregular surface of the Carboniferous Limestone, we find the pale Sutton Beds banked up against the older rock (see Fig. 45), and at the base of the first cave they occupy a large hollow eroded in that rock, and descend to the beach-level. Here the Sutton Beds are 40 feet or more in thickness, and it may be noted that the lowest bed of conglomerate is very coarse, and of a bluish colour, similar to the basement-bed on the further side of Witches Point. Beyond this first cave, the Carboniferous Limestone again rises, and we may readily follow the pale Sutton Beds, which appear in marked contrast with the dark bluish-grey Carboniferous rock beneath. Boih groups have an easterly dip, and the strati- fication ill places is fairly conformable, but further east the Carboniferous Limestone rolls over abruptly in the same direction, and the discordance between it and the overlying strata is great. The Sutton Beds appear now as massive strata assuming a brown aspect where weathered, and the lower layers are very irregular in thickness. We can fix no divisional line between theiu and ihe overlying Southerndown Beds, for the cliffs, which rise to a height of nearly 150 feet, are for the most part perpen- dicular. The Sutton Beds however gradually descend to the sea- level by the large " Fairy Cave."* To the east of this, their pro- longation on the foreshore is terminated by a fault; but they are again upraised, for a space, a little further on by another fault, ^being seen only in ledges on the foreshore. Thence they do not reappear until we come to the cliffs on either side of the Witches Point at Dunraven, as observed by Tawney and others. From the Fairy Cavern eastwards, we can again note the upward succession of the beds from the base of the Sutton Series into the lower portion of the Southerndown Beds, but the cliffs above are inaccessible. Here we find on top of the Carboniferous Limestone, a thickness of 25 feet of pale conglomeratic limestones, alternating with pale limestones like the Sutton Stone. These, as at Sutton, are surmounted by grey and bluish-grey limestones (4 feet 6 inches thick), which form a connecting link with the conglomeratic limestones of the Southerndown Series above. In these the limestones become streaked with indurated shaly bands, which present a wavy appearance. Here the highest bed we can reach is about 50 feet above the Carboniferous Limestone ; it is a limestone with prominent fucoidal markings, but bands of this nature occur at various horizons in the Southerndown Series, and also in the ordinary beds of Lias above. Passing by the faulted tract to the east, where three great buttresses of rock with perpendicular faces are presented to view, we come to what may be termed the main section of Southern- * See Sections by Tomes, Quai't. Journ. Qeol. Soo., vol. xl. p. 357 ; and Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold Club., vol. viii. Section D., p. 254. XOAVER LIAS : SOUTHERNDOWN. 105 down, for the beds may be traced eastwards continuously, past Southerndown beach to the cliff by the fault west of Dunraven Castle. That in this division of tlie cliffs the sequence is clear, may be proved by detailed measurements of the beds at either end of the beach ; and by observing the continuity of a thick and prominent band of limestones (with little shale), that occurs near the upper part of the Southerndown cliff and appears again on the Dunraven side of the little bay. (See Fig. 45.) In the entire section, about 180 feet of ordinary Lower Lias limestones and shales have been exposed, and of these beds about 100 feet are shown in the Southerndown cliff. These beds rest on a series of hard and more massive beds of bluish conglomeratic limestone and shale (Southerndown Series) that form tlie base of the cliffs ; and, as the strata undulate, the sequence can be traced upwards from the lowest bed exposed on the foreshore at the western end of the bluff, and again further eastwards, where the ledges and platforms of rock stretch out seawards for some distance. Unfortunately in these exposures we do not find evidence of the white Sutton Stone and conglomerate anywhere along the base of the cliffs or foreshore. Bristow's section was evidently taken from this portion of the cliffs, and consequently it did not show the Sutton Stone that underlies the Southerndown Beds. He notes the occurrence of an irregular layer of black chert, in addition to the derived fragments of this rock ; and Conybeare noted that specimens of Gryphaa, coated with chalcedony, were to be found in the Lias of this area.* In order to make clear the sequence we must carry our investigations further eastwards beyond the Witches Point. The section of the beds at Southerndown, traced westwards from the fault seen in the cliffs east of Southerndown beach, and near Dunraven Castle, is as follows: — Ft. In. Limestones and shales (mostly inaccessible). Unicardium cardioides and GrypJieea areuata in lower beds - - About lOO Thick and prominent mass of irregular lime- stones and ms^rly clays . - - Alternate bands of earthy, compact, and shelly limestone, and dark shale : yielding Ammonites Bucklandi, Grypheea areuata, Ostrea, Unicardium, lignite 'Hard grey and conglomeratic limestones with thin shaly beds. Gaateropods abundant in different layers of limestone. Cerithium, Littorina, G. areuata . . - Hard grey hmestones, conglomeratic, and with obscure shaly layers. Ammonites, lignite . . - - - Hard blue and grey limestones, with occa- sional conglomeratic beds, cherty lime- stone, and indurated shale Hard blue limestone, with chert fragments ; Grasteropods - - - . " Hard blue conglomeratic limestones, with indurated shaly bands. Seen to depth of 13 Zone of Ammomites BueMandi, 6fc. Southerndown Beds. 10 65 5 6 4 3 24 3 1 * Conybeare and Phillips, Geol. Bng. and Wales, p. 20S ; eee alto J. J. Conybeare, , An». Phil., 1822, p. 336. 1^0^ LIAS OF englajfD AND WALES : t^ •* 53 c3 s s s 03 3 a o O a o 60 a o o LOWEE LIAS : DUNRAVEN. 109 ' It will be noted that beneath the ordinary limestones of the liOwer Lias, we come to, first, a series of hard and more or leas conglomeratic limestones that yield Lima gigantea, L. tuberculata, and other fossils. These are from 12 to 14 feet thick. They rest on a series of bluish-grey and pale grey limestones, more massive in appearance, that pass down gradually into the white conglomerate. In the upper part of this lower series, which is mainly bluish in colour, we may note the horizontal change of a compact blue lime- stone into pale-grey stone of the character, of Sutton Stone, showing that the test of colour is one not to be entirely depended upon. This moreover is shown by the fact that the lowest bed of conglomerate, beneath the white Sutton Stone and conglomerate, is here and there decidedly blue. Moreover, some of the compact blue limestones yielding Pecten suttonensis, present characters resembling the highest beds noted in the section at Pant-y-Slade, beds which there and elsewhere along the coast, form a sort of passage from the white Sutton Stone upwards into the blue con- glomeratic Southerndown Beds. It is clear that wherever the base of the conglomeratic series is exposed, we find the white Sutton Stone and conglomerate (of varying thickness) resting on the Carboniferous Limestone. No attempt is made to correlate particular beds in the Southern- down Series of Dunraven with those under Southerndown, because of the blending of these divisions, and the absence of any definitely marked lithological or palseontological horizons. Undoubtedly the pale creamy and white colour of the Sutton Stone and conglomerate, has led to the supposition that the beds represent the White Lias. In texture however the Sutton Stone difiers very much from that rock. It should moreover be noted, that at Penarth the White Lias is represented mainly by grey shaly marls, 12 feet or more in thickness, and does not exhibit a mass of compact white limestones such as we find in Somersetshire; Again at the Stormy Cement Works, between Bridgend and Pyle, the White Lias is but feebly developed, and its probable represen- tative is overlaid by a thin bed of conglomerate that occurs at the base of the Lower Lias. In other localities in this district, as observed by Bristow, the Bhsetio Beds are exhibited in close proximity to the conglomeratic Lias. Bearing in mind the fact that in places the Rhastic Beds merge almost imperceptibly into the Lower Lias, it would perhaps be wrong to state dogmatically that no portions of the White Lias are represented in the con- glomeratic Lias of South Wales ; but we have no evidence that this, is the case. No specimens of Cardium rhceticum, or Lima ■precursor have been obtained, but the fossils that do occur include species elsewhere obtained from the basement-beds of the Lower Lias. Modifications of the Lower Lias have been noticed elsewhere on Broadfield Down and near Shepton Mallet, where the strata rest in similar situations on the Carboniferous Limestone. The beds and the fossils found near Shepton Mallet are so like those 110- LIAS "OF ENGLAND AND WALES: of the Sutton Stone that they could not be distinguished.* This is remarkable, as there is no evidence of any original 6ontinuity^' over the intervening area between beds of this character. 'The ' identity is due to the similar origin of the strata, both being largely due to the direct destruction of the Carboniferous Lime- stone, thus originating as shore-deposits of calcareous mud with which angular detritus was occasionally mixed. la other cases where the Lower Lias rests directly on the Carboniferous Lime- stone, and at the same time presents its ordinary characters, we may infer that the beds Avere probably laid down on submarine shelves or platfonns of the older rock. The appearance of the beds in the clifts of Sutton and Sbutberndown, changes much, according as the layers' comewithin the influence of the sea,t also where they are much weathered or present joints or fault-faces. Where the Southemdown Beds have been long exposed ia the cliffs^ they present often a wavy or crinkly appearance which is not exhibited on freshly cut faces ; the fact being that softer shaly or marly partings are eroded, aid - the irregularities of the limestone bands are made more manifest. The Southerndown Beds are more divided in some places than in others by partings of shale. The surfaces of bed« just uncovered by the sea, present a smooth appearance, and are blue or bluish- grey in colour, while further od, the platforms, long exposed to the action of the sea, have become brown, rough, and honeycombed. Many beds above and below the chief Gryphsea-bed under Southerndown are " fucoidal " at the base, and also here and there on the surface. There is no definite horizon of Gryphasas, nor of Fticoidal beds, nor even of Gasteropods. Concerning the organic remains, fossils as a I'ule are not abimdant, and those that are present in the conglomeratic beds of Lias, are difficult to extract, owing to the hardened nature of the rdeks. In the lower portions of the Sutton Stone and con- glomerate, and especially in the conglomerate exposed, above the Catboniferous Limestone, on the coast near the Black Rocks and Pant-y-Slade, Corals are not uncommon. Some are identical with ibrms found in the Alpine Trias. The most .abundant species is JElysastrcea Fischeri, which, according to Mr. Tomes, appears, "in some places in great masses, the corallites of .which, either . more or less closely packed, or in disjointed branches, penetrate the stone through and through." J Many other species^ of Corals have been ' obtained, and although in Mr. Tomes's opinion many of them ". must be assigned to a period antecedent to that at which thpse beds were ibrmed,"§ yet the lithological characters of the rocks, and the absence of clayey sediments, suggest that conditions favourable for coral-growth may haTe * See also Moore, Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc, vol. viii. 1877', p. 56. fThat the induration of the beds is not to any extent due to the action of sea- water, may. be judgediom the faQf thai. where the; ordinary beds of tlieXiaspaes doiwn.to th^sea-leyel, they do not exhibit any. marked differences. % Quait. Joum. Qeol. Sdc, vol. xl. pr 868. § Ibid., p. 354, and remarks by Prof. Bonney, p. 875. LOWER lias: SUTTON AND SOUTHEKNDOWN FOSSILS. Ill 68tifeted at the time. It is therefore possible that the peculiar character of the Sutton Stone may have been due in part to the waste of coral-beds : the calcareous mud being mixed with the debris of coralsi Higher up in the series, where clay-beds come in, we lose the coral-fauna. The Southemdown Beds on the coast contain but few corals, and the two species recorded, are the same as species found in the Sutton Beds.* '^The development of coral-life seems to have been local, so that we cannot attempt definite correlations, based on the occurrence of the many species, with beds in other parts of this country, for nowhere else in the basement»beds of the Lower Lias have these organic remains been found in such abundance. Only one species ( Thecosmilia ruffosa) has been recorded from both White Lias and Sutton Stone. THb evidence of the Amtnoniteais important. Moore indeed included^, arigulatus in his list of Sutton Stone fossils, but in his section of the strata he^notes the occurrence of this species on top of this stone — -at least 1 8 feet 3 inches from its base ;t and it is necessary to bear in mind the varying thickness of the beds where they rest in the hollows of the Carboniferous Lime- stone. Of the two species recorded from the Sutton Series by Tawney, the one named A. suitanen.ns (a form which, according tb Prof. Tatet, is allied to A. Johnstoni) was found about 20 feet above the base of the series, both at Dunraven and at the Sutton quarries ; while the fragment named A, dunravenensis was found about 30 feet above the base of the Sutton Series at Dunraven. We have therefore no actual record of the discovery of an Ammonite In the main mass of the Sutton Stone itself In many places, however, Ammonites planorbis, which characterizes the lowest zone of the Lias, is not found • In the bottom-beds ; and these have In places been separated und«r the name of Ostrea Beds, being conspicuous for the prevalence of Ostrea Kassica, The above-mentioned Ammonites, however, evidently occur in the beds which shade off from the white Sutton Stone and conglomerate into the bluish grey Southemdown series, and thus confirm the view that the Sutton and Southemdown Beds constitute one palseontological series. The bed with Gasteropods, that occurs, at the base o£ the ordinary beds of Lias at Dunraven, may correspond with that marked as the top of the Southprndown Beds under Southern - down. There are, however, at least three distinct bands of lime- stone in the Southemdown -Series that yield.. :G-p;steropods. The more prominent bed, about 1 foot thick, occurs about 18 inches befow the highest conglomeratic bed- (top of Southemdown Series) under Southemdown. It is a greyish limestone containing conglomeratic seams, and is well seen in ledges on the foreshore, becoming darker and rougher, in appeaifaiice awa,y from the cliffs. It has been planed oflE at somewhat different levels and' ■ *'See Duncan, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii. p. 15. •J- Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. pp. 526, 530 ; see also notes by Sir W. V, Guise, Proc. Cottesw. Club, vol. iv. p. 109 ; and Ihii,, p. 84. ■': X Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, toI. xxiii. p. 309. 112 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : inclinations. Tawney noted a bed witli a great number of large specimens of Chemnitzia, about 16 feet from the top of the beds which he grouped with the Southerndown Series : his description well applies to the bed above noted, and as he remarks, it is not possible to extract specimens, owing to the toughness of the limestone.* Pecten suttonensis of Tawney, which is one of the most abundant fossils in the Sutton Stone, was regarded by Moore as the Pecten Pollux of d'Orbigny, while Tate considered it to be the same as P. valoniensis, Defrance. It is a somewhat variable form. It occurs in the beds at Shepton Mallet and also in the peculiar cherty modifications of the Lower Lias at Harptree Hill. At the last- named locality this species occurs together with Ostrea multi- costata and Cardinia suttonensis, two of the most abundant Sutton Stone fossils, and in the same beds at Harptree there occur Ammonites planorbis and A. Johnstoni {torus), furnishing strong corroborative evidence that the Sutton Stone should be included in the zone of Ammonites planorbis.'^ A. Johnstoni has lately been found in beds like the Sutton Stone, at Shepton Mallet. (See p. 88.) From the published lists of fossils it is diflScult to decide what were the precise horizons of all the species. Thus Tawney has given lists from the Sutton and Southerndown Series at various localities ; Prof Tate has given a list of fossils from the Sutton Stone, with a revision of Tawney's species; and Moore has done likewise, although his revisions differ in several respects from those of Prof. Tate. Moore has also given lists from the conglomeratic Lias above the Sutton Stone at Southerndown, and lists from Brocastle, &c4 So much difBerence of opinion exists on the identification of some species^ that it is best only to give those about which no doubt has been expressed. The following fossils have been recorded from the Sutton Stone : — ^Ammonites (see p. 111). § Pecten suttonensis. Neritopsis. exigua. §Plicatula intusstriata. Patella. lAstrocoenia (Stylastrjea) gib- §Pleurotomaria. bosa. Trochus. reptans. § Cardinia suttonensis. Cyathocoenia incrustans. §Gryplieea. §Elysastr8ea Fischeri. §Hinnites. Montlivaltia. §Iiinia liettangiensis. Rhabdophyllia recondita. § tuberculata. Thecosmilia mirabilis. Ostrea irregularis. rugosa. § multicostata. suttonensis. * Quart. Journ. Geol. See., vol. xxii. pp. 75, 76. f Geol. East Somerset (Geol. Surrey), p. 108. See also Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 492. W. W. Stoddart noted the occurrence of Sutton Stone fossils in the Zone of Ammonites planorbis of the neighbourhood of Bristol,, but unfortunately he included the White Lias in that zone. Quart. Joiirn. Geol., Soo., ♦ol. xxiv. p. 203. ; J Tawney, Ibid., vol. xxii. p. 79 ; Tate, Ibid., vol. xxiii. p. 309 ; Moore, IbicT, pp. 530, &c. § Specimens so marked have been obtained by myself, and identified by Messrs, Sharman and Newton. LOWER lias: bkooastle. 113 The following species have been recorded from the Southern- down Series : — Ammonites angulatus. Belemnites acutus. Cerithium nodulosum. Littorina (?) clathrata. Cardinia. Gryphaea arcuata. Lima duplicata. Lima gigantea. tuberculata. Ostrea liassica. ' raultioostata (arietia). Pecten suttonensis. Plicatula intusstriata. Echini spines. At Brocastle again, there is a rich Coral fauna, containing in fact more species than have been found in the Sutton Stone, although a certain number are common to the two deposits. From this localitj Moore obtained a very rich collection of fossils, but, as he remarks, most of these proved to be new, and therefore they aiford but little evidence for correlating the beds with other zones in this country. However, the presence of Gryphcea arcuata, Lima gigantea, Ostrea liassica, together with several species of Cardinia, recorded by Moore, suggest an early stage of the Lower Lias, and agree generally with his grouping of the beds in the zone of Ammonites angulatus, a position also assigned lo them on the evidence of the Corals.* Mr. Tomes has . expressed the opinion that the Brocastle bed has been to some extent re-assorted, and this is not improbable if. undoubted evidence of the reconstruction of beds is met with in the Lower Lias of the Eadstock district. Among the Corals (whicli have been worked out mainly by Prof. Duncan) are species of Astrocania (Stgla- strcBo), Isastraa, Montlivaltia, Thecosmilia, &c. The old quarry of Brocastle, from which Moore obtained his Liassic fossils and to which reference has been made by several geologists, is situated on the road from Corntown to Oowbridge, east of the buildings known as Longland, on the north side of tlie road, and a short distance (about | of a mile) west of Brocastle.J The quarry is practically diisused, and the conglomeratic beds of Lias are mostly obscured. It is however possible to trace these beds abutting irregularly against the Carboniferous Limestone, aa: represented by Moore. The older rock is a dark blue crystalline and compact limestone, containing Spirifers and Encrinites. The Lias beds comprise greyish-brown granular limestones, and con- glomeratic layers having a matrix of pale and compact limestone. Cherty masses here and there occur in the weathered soil on top of the Carboniferous Limestone. West of Longland, about 8 feet of coarse pale grey granular and brecciated limestones have been opened up by the roadside, and at the lime-kiln to the south, beds of conglomeratic Lias abut against the Carboniferous Limestone. The Lias near Cowbridge was said by Buckland to be oolitic,§ but I have not obtained any * Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 521; Duncan, Ibid., p. 17. See also Rev. H. H. Winwood, Proe. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, vol. vi. p. 218. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo., vol. xl. p. 357. X Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo., vol. xxiii. p. 521. § Murchison, Trans. Geol. Soc, Ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 362. E 70859. H 114 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : specimens showing this structure ; he evidently referred to iron- shot beds, such as occur in Somersetshire near the Mendip Hills. (See p. 127.) Near Langan, the conglomeratic beds of Lias spread over a large area and are based upon the sands and shales of the Rhsetic Series, as pointed out by Bristow.* According to Moore a sinking at Langan Lead-mine proved the following beds : — I Ft. In. Dense limestones with thin intervening beds of marl, "] regularly bedded but finely conglomeratic - ' L 150 Sutton Stone - - - - - - f Unstratifled conglomerates [? base of Sutton Series] -J This great thickness of strata may be compared with that in the ravine of Pant-y-Slade, previously mentioned (p. 100). At St. Mary Hill Common, on the south side, west of Tyrmynnyd, the Sutton Stone has been worked. According to Bristow the beds are shghtly conglomeratic, containing frag- ments of black chert, small pebbles of white -quartz, and specks of galena. The following species were obtained : — Carilinia suttonensis. Lima. Modiola. Ostrea liassica. Pinna. Pecten suttonensis. Lower Lias. Zone of Ammonites planorbis. Rhaetic The following section was exhibited at the Cement-works on Stormy Down : — Ft. In. Brown clay. Hard compact blue limestones and shales, with Unicardium, &c. - - - - - 3 6 Even beds of shaly limestone and shales - - 2 ■^ Dark blue shaly limestones, with near base, beds of blue limestone and shale containing Ostrea liassica and Modiola minima ... about 18 Conglomeratic Bed : pale grey and bluish brecciated and shelly limestone ... about 10 ''Limestone-shales - • - - - 8 Hard compact limestone (like Sun. bed) - - 10 Shaly parting. Hard compact and rather shaly limestone - - 8 Bids. *\ Black shales with thin bands of limestone, Pecten valoniensis - - - - - 1 I Grey and greenish marls with hard nodules (formerly L used for cement) seen to depth of - - 3 6 Bristow, who regarded the conglomerate as the attenuated representative of the Sutton Series, noted its thickness as 2 feet, and described the bed as a "hard, siliceous, and shelly blue conglomerate."f Mr. Tomes describes tlie bed as from 2 to 3 feet thick, and as in all respects like the " Guinea-bed " of Binton in Warwickshire, a bed which he regards as the equivalent of the White Lias.§ It may be remarked, however, that a conglomeratic * Quart. Journ. Geol. Sec, vol. xxiii. p. 204. t Jbid., p. 533 ; Tawney, Ibid., vol. ixii. p. 74. See also Tomes, Ibid., vol. xl. p. 361. t Ibid., Tol. xxiii. p. 204. § Ibid., vol. xl. pp. 858, 359 ; see also Lucy, Proo. Cotte»wold Clab, vol. viii. p. 256. LOWER LIAS: DUNEAVEN. 115 band, BUggesting a local change in conditions, should be grouped rather with the overlying than with the underlying beds, and hence we need not hesitnte to place it and the Sutton Stone also in the Lower Lias, Moreover the "Guinea-bed" (as mentioned p. 151). appears to be a remanie bed, containing Lower Lias as well as Ehsetic fossils, and therefore of the age of the later remains. From the Lower Lias here, I obtained Ostrea irregularis, and poor specimens, identified somewhat doubtfully with Ammonites Johnstoni and Pholadomya glabra. Moore recorded Am. plan- orbis, Lima gigantea, L. tuberculata, Ostrea multicostata (arietis), and Pecten Pollux {suttonensis)* These fossils compare well with the beds at Sutton and Southeindown. Blue Lias Lime (for building-purposes, &c.) is now made from the shaly limestones of the Lower Lias ; and Carboniferous Lime- stone is brought for the preparation of " white lime " (for agricultural purposes). The ordinary beds of Lower Lias above the Southerndown Series at Dunraven, have yielded the following species : — +Aminonites angulatus. t Bucklandi. t Conybearei. ■f laqueolus ? semicostatua. Belemnites acutus. Oerithium. ■fTurritella (cast). ■fGryphsea arcuata. Lima duplicata. gigantea. Hermanni. t Ostrea multicostata (arietis). f Pholadomya ambigua. t glabra. fUnicardium cardioidea. Rhynchonella calcicosta. Pentacrinus tuberculatus. From Dunraven onwards to Aberthaw, the coast is bounded by cliffs exhibiting the blue and brown argillaceous limestones, shales, and marls that overlie the conglomeratic Lias of Southern- down. On the east side of the Dunraven headland, the con- glomeratic beds dip away beneath the beach, being repeated for a short distance by the oblique fault (before mentioned, p. 107), and by another fault a little further on : beyond which they are not again seen along the coast-sections. These cliffs exhibit, perhaps, the finest exposure of the Lower Lias Limestones In this country. We have not the complete sequence of Lias visible at Lyme Regis; but here in South Wales the zones of Ammonites angulatus and A. Bucklandi (taken together) are much more fully and continuously exposed. It is true that 14 miles of cliffs, showing the same set of beds, dislocated here and there by faults, seem a little monotonous ; and as fossils are neither very varied nor very abundant, we cannot wonder that the cliffs for the greater part of the distance are but little visited by the geologist. The beds must attain a thickness of quite 200 feet, and for great part of the way the limestones stand out also in ledges and platforms along the foreshore, so that our progress along these natural pavements is a very happy one, * Quart. Joarn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 520. t Species obtained by myself, and identified by Messrs. Sbarman and Newton : some of theee and other species are recorded by Moore. H 2 116 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: excepting where it is diversified by faults that modify the strike of the ledges, or by heaps of boulder- shingle that lie here and there on the surfaces of the platforms. The following general sequence is shown: the upper beds being more jointed and open, springs are thrown out at their junction with the bluer beds : — TYellowish argillaceous limestones ; about 55 bands, on the J c \ whole thicker than the beds below and with less clay — the . ot I limestones here and there exhibiting rhomboidal jointing;* Ammonites < giujsij.grey limestones ; about 80 comparatively thin and on nucnanai, ^^^ whole irregular bands, alternating with thin clays, shales, (_ or marls. Southerndown Series, &c. The lower division attains a thickness of about 80 feet esti- mated from the top of the conglomeratic series ; and in the first cliff beyond the angle formed by the Dunraven headlaud, the lower beds are shown to a height of about 70 feet, and the upper occupy about 50 feet above. The cliffs between ihe gullies of Owm-mawr and Cwm-bach, rise to a height of 200 feet, so that the limestone-oerles here exceeds that thickness, though not perhaps to any great extent. We do not however notice any beds in the cliffs as far as Aberthaw, that indicate any other divisions of the Lower Lias, and judging by the fossils, the beds belong to the zones of Ammonites angulatus, A. Bucklandi, and A. semicostatus, and mainly to that of A. Bucklandi. On the whole the beds are tolerably flat, but with a general inclination (interrupted by a gentle anticlinal) towards Nash Point. Approaching this point, a thick mass of limestones appears on the top of the yellow beds in the cliffs, forming a conspicuous band as at Southerndown, and this caps the buttress of Nash. Point. Here, then, the cliff is formed of a thick mass of lime- stones, resting on tolerably thick beds of limestone, bluish and yellowish, and these again on bluish limestones, on the whole even-bedded with here and there crinkly layers and thin partings of shale. The limestones form thick ledges and pavements of rock, varying in direction with the inclination of the beds, and the changes produced here and there by faults. Grj/phaa arcuata, Lima gigantea, and Ostrea, occur, often in clusters, together with Pentacrinus, small Ammonites and occasionally lignite. (See p. 43.) Pholadomga appears not uncommon in the higher jointed beds, fallen masses of which lie on the beach. The cliffs below the Nash lighthouses, show the thick mass of limestones towards the upper portion of the cliffs, and this is let down to lower levels here and there by faults which thus counteract the influence of the dip. In one instance, not far from Dunraven, a small fault, which displaced the upper beds 2 or 3 feet, was lost towards the base of the cliff, the layers of limestone being just * These beds are very similar in character to the Black Limestone locally known as " Aberdo Limestone," in the upper part of the Carboniferous Limestone of Flintshire. A. Strahan, Geol. Ehyl (Mem. Geol. Surv., Sheet 79, N.W.), pp. 15, 16. LOWER LIAS : ABERJHAW. 117 separated, then simply bent, and finally no appearance of dia- turbance was visible: (See Fig 48.) I have seen similar faults in the Purbeck Beds near Swanage. They appear to be due to irregular compression of the beds, and not to the effects of landslips. Fig. 48. Section of Lower Lias, east of Dunraven Castle, Glamorgan- shire. Immediately east and west c£ St. Donat's Point, the beds are somewhat faulted and tumbled. There is however no great displacement, and the ledges display Gryphaa arcuata, Lima gigantea, Ammonites Bucklandi, and lignite. From the higher beds I obtained Am. Conybearei. There is a considerable accu- mulation of coarse boulder- shingle here, and large blocks are taken away for building- purposes, and occasionally to be burnt for lime. Some of the beds exhibit fucoidal markings. The beds south of Llantwit-Major are much jointed ; in fact the beds showing rhomboidal jointing come down to the beach, and the blocks are worked off by the sea in huge masses. These are readily broken up and rounded, so that the ledges of rock are in many places irregularly covered by accumulations of boulder- shingle. From Llantwit to Stout Point the beds are tolerably level and unbroken — the highest part of the cliffs being 146 feet. There is a slight seaward dip, and this continues towards Sum- merhouse Point, and has produced cliffs that overhang in places. A short distance east of the Camp, the cliff ends, the last beds seen here being 8 or 10 feet of jointed limestones and clays. From a short distance east of Summerhouse Point to the east of the River Daw, at East Aberthaw, there are no cliffs, the coast being bordered by Alluvial flats, hillocks of Blown Sand and a high beach of .boulder-shingle. It is this shingle, composed of rolled limestone derived from the cliffs further west, that has furnished and still furnishes the celebrated Aberthaw lime. All the " lime " shipped, goes away in the form of pebbles (3 or 4 inches in diameter), and those are reckoned the best that are taken between high- and low-water mark, where washed by the sea. The trade has of late years considerably declined, in fact, since the introduction of railways, the lime from places inland has come more and more into use : but I was informed that 50 or 60 years ago (1827-1837) there were sometimes twenty vessels in the " Port," that had come to take away the stone for lime. 118 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: It is curioua tliat the stones gathered from the higher part of. the beach where they are sun-dried, are said ta be not so good for hydraulic lime ; but they are burnt for local purposes at the Lime- kiln near Ocean House, West Abertliaw, where " lump lime " and " ground lime " are prepared. East of the River Daw, by Pleasant harbour, the platforms of rock contain Gryphaa arcuata, and Lima gigantea. The cliffs for some distance show hard blue limestones in tolerably thick beds, dipping gently eastwards, and yielding the same fossils together with Ammonites. At Bridgend the limestones of the Lower Lias have been extensively quarried for building-stone and for Blue Lias limo, which has been put on the market under the name of " Aberthaw lime." The railway-cutting also shows fine sections of the beds, and these were described in detail by Charles Moore, who recorded an alternation of 476 beds of limestone and marl. The lower portion of the series is worl^ed iu the quarry, but we do not see the base of the Lias ; blue earthy limestones were the lowest beds to be seen, and they are overlaid by compact and earthy bluish- grey and yellowish limestones. '. Altogether upwards of 76 beds of limestone were exposed in the quarry, for the most part in thick beds with comparatively little clay. The fossils which I obtained, included Gryphaa arcuata (and broad varieties), Ostrea irregularis, Lima gigantea (large specimens), Pholadomya ambigua, Homomya, Unicardium cardioides, and Pleurotomaria. By the entrance to the quarry from the railway, the Lias contains len- ticular nodules of chert or siliceous limestone, in which Dr. Hinde (to whom I sent specimens) found rod-like sponge-spicules. Ammonites Bucklandi occurred here, and I obtained also a large specimen of Cerithium nodulosum at the base of the railway- cutting.* Moore published a list of the fossils obtained by him, including Ammonites angulatus, A. Conybearei, and (in the higher beds) A. semicostatus and A. sauzeanus:f He also noted a number o£ Gasteropoda. The beds correspond with those seen in the cliffs between Dunraven and Aberthaw, and, like them, include portions of the zone of A. angulatus, the^zono of A. Bucklandi, and that of A. semicostatus. Turning to the borders of the Bristol Channel and the Severny- we find several tracts of Lias. These show that the main portion of the estuary must have been originally excavated through the Lower Lias, the now isolated tracts of which may, in com- paratively recent geological times, have been connected with the main mass of Lias at Gloucester, and with the portions preserved at Abertliaw on the north and at Watchet on the south of the Bristol Channel. In these areas we have seldom preserved any beds newer than the zone of Ammonites semicostatus, excepting in such a locality as Brent Knoll. * The fossils -were named by Messrs. Sharman and Ne-wton. t Quart. Jsurn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii., pp. 613-517. LOWER LIAS : PESARTH 119 At Penarth there is some difficulty in fixing the precise boundary between the Lower Lias strata and the Rhsetic Beds, but where Nature has made no marked line of demarcation, it is perhaps needless for us to be concerned about the matter. The Grey Marls that occur above the Black Shales represent the White Lias of other localities, and, in fact, we find some layers of White Lias in this division at Penarth, together with a band that reminds us of the Gotham Stone. The fossils include species of Ostrea, Modiola, Pleuropkorus, &c., for the most part poorly preserved, as the fossils usually are in this portion of the Rhaatic Series. On top of these marls there is a bed of dark-grey and brown paper-shales, from one to two feet thick, that forms what may be termed the debateable ground between the Rhsetic Beds and the Lias. I should prefer to group it with the Lias, because a similar bed is found in many localities on top of the White Lias, and in situations where it clearly belongs to the Lower Lias. At Penarth itself we cannot decide the matter, for the fossils Ostrea liassica and Modiola minima, are common to the Rhsetic Beds and Lower Lias. Resting on those thin and debateable shales, we find a series of even-bedded argillaceous limestones and clays, yielding the Ostrea and Modiola in abundance, especially the former, so that they con- stitute the " Ostrea-beds " of some authorities — here 12 or 15 feet thick. They contain also Pleuromya crowcombeia. These merge up- * wards into similar beds that contain many specimens ot Ammonites planoriis, together with A. Belcheri, A. Johnstoni, and small examples of Lima gigantea, so that the mass of the Lias above the Rhsetic Beds, for 35 or 40 feet, belongs to the zone of Ammonites planoriis. These beds cap the headland of Penarth, and are well shown at Lavernock Point where they dip sea^vard (see Fig. 49.) ; but rounding this headland towards the west, we find the limestones paving the foreshore (where they exhibit their fossil treasures) and dipping westwards for a space, when they again rise, forming, in fact, a gentle synclinal. The trough of this is filled with a series of grey marls, not unlike those of the Rhaetic Beds, and I was at first much puzzled with them when examining sections on the new railway near Lavernock, and a cutting by the docks north-west of Barry Island. These marls and marly clays, with indurated bands, about 40 feet thick, are overlaid Ijy 25 feet of limestones and clays. Unfortunately the upper part of the cliff west of Lavernock is not very accessible, and, as no fossils rewarded my labours, I could only infer that these marls and overlying limestones belong to the zones of Am- monites angulatus and A. BucJdandi — zones which are, to some extent, represented at Penarth Headland, and in quarries east of the Penarth dock railway-station ; and are so well developed further westwards along the Glamorganshire coast. On the Watchet coast also, the zone of Am. angulatus appears to be represented mainly by grey shale and marl. (See p. 93.) 120 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALKS: Em IS P5 ;i ^ J J I •S „■ -^ 1 s '^ <«} at 7 Two thick beds of limestone, separated by grey shaly clay, with G. arcuata •] About 30 layers of grey and brown argil- laceous limestone, with thin clay-part- ings, G. arcuata, Lima gigantea, L. punctata - - - - 18 I Thin even beds of fissile sandy limestone I and shale (4 or 5 layers), Ostrea lias- \_ sica, Modiola minima (Corn grit) - 3 Rhffitic Beds. White Lias. * These are alno noticed by Lonsdale, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2 , vol. iii. p. 246. t Proe. Brisiol Mat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 186. J Proe. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 170. See also R. Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. >Soc., vol. xxxi. p. 495. LowerJ Lias > Zones of Ammonites Bucklandi j and L A. planorbis. LOWER LIAS : EADSTOCK. 129 The layers of Corn grit are used for paving ; the Umestones above are said to make the best lime in the district. Tawney obtained a specimen o^ Ammoniteii planorbis at this quarry, probably from the lower beds. The Lower Lias was well exposed in cuttings along the Midland Railway between Eadstock and Wellow. South-east of" Shoscomb the Sun bed was seen at the base of the Lias, The limestones of the Lower Lias, which are rather disturbed in places, are rich in fossils. The Spirifer-bank, as was pointed out to me by Moore, occurs in the upper part of the Limestone Series capped by blue clay, which is the Foraminifera-zone. Towards Wellow, cuttings in blue clay have been made, and this is apparently unfossiliferous. Bands of earthy limestone occur here and there in the clay, which is micaceous, and in part of Middle Lias age. Upper Lias was identified in places by Moore, and the beds are capped by Inferior Oolite. At Stoney Littleton the following section was to be seen : — Ft. In. 'Clay, with Spiriferina Walcotti and S. rostrata, Rhynchonella variabilis, Belemnites, Ammonites Maugenesti, A. raricostatus, A. semicostatus ? Fossils in many cases phosphatized - - 1 I ower-^ Thick limestone, with many specimens of GryphtBa y ■ ' arcaata at top. Amm. Bucklandi - -2 0- Rubbly Umestone and clay. lAma gigantea, Ostrea 5 Stone with clay-partings. L. gigantea - .JO Thinner beds of limestone and brown shale (Corn . L g"t) 2 0- •p J i- White Lias (ferruginous stains on joints). I also obtained Lima hettangiensis, L. succincta, Pholadomya glabra, and Unicardium cardioides. Near Stoney Littleton large blocks of sandy iron-shot limestone were found imbedded in the blue clay at the base of the railway- cutting. They yielded Pecten lunularis (Jiasinus), Ammonites Ibex, A. Maugenesti, and numerous Belemnites : thus indicating the zone of Am. Jamesoni. Proceeding north of Radstock towards the Clan Down coal- works, there are sevei-al quarries, which however are not much worked at present, and it is difficult to note the sequence of the beds down to the White Lias. The sections have been recorded in detail by Tawney* and Prof. Tate.f Ammonites Jamesoni. A. Henleyi, and other species occur in the upper beds ; lower down A. suhplanicosta has been met with. I obtained Ammonites Ibex, A. Maugenesti^ A, raricostatus, A. semicostatus, A. Valdani, Pleurotomaria, Gryphaa, Lima Hermanni, Pholadomya ambigua^ Rhynchonella variabilis, Spiriferina Walcotti, and Terebratula punctata: species indentified by Messrs, Sharman and Newton. ^ Further on at Bowldish, a quarry north of Welton, and imme- diately south-west of the cross-ioads between Clan Down and Paulton, showed the following section, which I visited in company with the Rev. H. H. Winwood : — * Proc. Bristol Nat. Sec, ser. 2, vol. i. pp. 172-177. t Quart. Joum. Geol. See, vol. xxxi. pp. 495, 497, 500, &c. E 70859. T 130 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ; Ft. In. Zone of G-rey limestone, with,. ij-onr?hot, grains, r. t ,vi ■■■ .■.* [Noticed by Tawney, who recorded froin Zioneoi ^ j^ A. armatus, A. raricostatus (probably A. armatus. | derived), Terebratula punctata,- Rhyncho- \^- nella variabilis, &o.] - . - ^v Sir i Clays with a bed of nodular limestone [.4. ,'^' raricostatus], Nautilus [Belemnites penicil- ■-< latiis,Gry'pkaacy'rnbium'\,8piriferinaWal- -if I cotti, Nuliiporites ? - . - . 2 r .. ,,-{ Zone of ,\ Interrupted bed of limestone — ^large Am,- , A. bbtusus ? J monite. Clay,' Spirifer-bank, with S. Waleotti vevy ,' •: . '" ■ abundant; Chryphiea arcuatd, Ammonites • ^' -f'f bisuleaius, lA. ^ueklandi, A- raricostatus, Zonep.of. A. sauzeanus, T. punctata, R. variabilis'], r .A. Bucklandi i PJiosphatic concretions and phosphatized ' , and ', fossils - - - - ^ ^ A. planorbis. I Limestones, with phosphatic concretions .L, near top. [A. sauzeanns], A. BucMandi, ■■ ■ \ Lima gigantea, Gryphma arcnata, Ostrea L liassica, &c. - , - - - 4 Rhsetid Beds. White Lias, ' ' ' The spepjes iaclude.d in brackets, were,j-ecoriled bj' Tawney.* In addition to those mentioned, I obtained Ammonite.i Jamesoni, Pholadomyaambigua, a.n.(i Pecten Pollux. ., i Jklunger qu,arry, SQuth-e.ast' of Paulton, is situated south of the Goal-works (on .the Lias),vand between the two rqads. It has, however, long ,been disused,, and only a few of the upper beds were exposed to view in 1&86, when I visited the locality under the guidance of the Rev. H. H. Winwood. The section was first described by Moore,t who obtained many fossils, while additional species have been recorded by TawneyJ and Tate.§ These in- clude Ammonites Henleyi, A. Jamesoni, A. lateecosta, A. fimbria- tus, A. Ibex, A. Maugetiesii, A. Valdani, A. raricostatu.si A. Turneri, A. Johristoni, Belemnites (several species), fee. I obtained ■ Ammonites 'riitescens (a Middle Lias form), and Lima succincta, ,from the upper beds, which no doubt represent the Middle Lika. A sandy bed with Spiriferina Walcotti, Gryphaa arcuata, and Belemnites, occurred at the base, resting on the White Lias. Another section in this neighbourhood, " about one mile south- east of Paulton," was noted in 1867 by Bristow and myself; it showed the following beds || : — * Fp. In, "Soil and rubble of limestone and clay, with Ammo- ■'■<"' nites, Belemnites, and Rhynchonella • aboat 4 6 • . Iiimes'iione, nodular at base - - - - 1 Lower J Nodular and clayey beds, with Belemnites, GrypluSa jQwer; i>oauiar anu ciayey iieus, wiiu neiemmies, Kjrypnaia Lias. Y arcuata, Pholadomya, Pleurotomaria, Waldheimia nnmismalis - - - - - 1 Limestones, with Belemnites, Grypheea arcuata, and Spiriferina Walcotti - - - 3 6 «S^}miteLias; X ■4- * Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. pp. 172-175. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 474. _ t- Erao. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 178 : and specimens in the Bristol Museum. § Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxi. p. 500. II See also Vertical Sections, Geol. Survey, Sheet 46, No. 13. LOWEE LIAS : PALLTOK. 131' A brickyard to the north of Hunger quarry, showed abojit 10 feet of blue and brown clays, with nodules of argillaceous iron- stone ahd septaria, resting on 8 feet of dark blue clay; beds regai:ded-by Tawney as Uppei' Lias. [See p. 210.) Phyllis Bill quarry is .situated a little noi'th-west of Hunger c[uarry. On the road between Pa,ult0n and Hidsomer iforton. It showed the following seciibri in 1886.* (-See Fig. 50) :— ' Lower Lias. B. L D. Irregular shelly limestones, with JBe/emMVe«, and Rhynclionella - n . - , , C. Dark bluish afld'pale grey dlayj with nodules of limestone, phosphatic concretions, &Ci - Pale grey earthy littiestohes, with Gryphcea ar4:uata at the base - Clay and sandy marl, sandy at base, with phosphatic nodules, •G. arcuata, Pecten lunularis, ilarge Pleurotomaria, Spiriferina Waleop.i, and Lignite (Dicot-yledflnous) : ' - Ft.Ii*.' Ft. InV L .G td 2 ■ . .06. ' 4 to 8 ■ to 1- : .6 to 2. - 4 HhsBtio r Sun bed (with Gryphcsa arcuata in crevices) ''!Beds. tWhJteLias - ' ' ;V ' ■'.^' ; .""' ,, Fig. 50.,. Seetion at Phyllis. Hill, iPauUon , Somersetshire.^: b. Lower Lias. a, White Lias (Rhsstic Beds). Among the species I obtained' were Ai scipionidnus, A. semicos- tatus, A. Jamesorii, A. Msulcatiis, A. bfevispind,Crypt(Bnia solarimdes, Homomyay Cardinia, O-strea, Pecten lunularis, Lima acuticosta, Waldheimia Waterheusei, W. niitnismalis, W, cermita, and Rhyncho- ;?eZZ« rmosa.^ •Thessftissils were named Ijy Messrs. Sharman and Newton. T'awney recorded A. Bucklandi, A. snuzeaniis, A. raricostatus, Terebratula punctata, from bed A., which he. groups with the zone o£^. Bucklandi; from bed B., he noted A. oMusus and^. oxynotus^ ; from bed G., A. rarico^fafas (phosphatized), A. planicosta, A.' oa.-j/noiMs "?;. and from bed D., Waldheimia numis- malis and Pholadomya ambigua.'X From a quarry;north-west of Paulton church,! obtained a large Nautilus from limestones yielding Spiriferina Waltotti, Pleuromya, Ostrea irregularis. Gri/pTuBa arcuata, Lima giga,rifea, and contain- ing quartz pebbles. The following -section at Oamerton was noted by Moore i — . .^ ^ , .- . . !, Ft. In.. •' Middle Lias? Irregular l^eds of maristone - . ' ^iiiod^AMhs&\vith Anmoiiites raricostaiy,s ■ -■ Brownish clay ' '- — - Blue limestone-with ¥i^-se^es,- Apty^kas, and ,- r • J Ammonites semioostatus - . , . ^°^^'^''-^'*^''^ Foraininiferazone. Blue clay - Spirifer Bank, indurated marl, with many specimens of Spiriferina Walcotti - Limestones and clays (Lima series) Ehffitic Beds. White Lias - i. . . • See also section by Bristow, of a quarry N.W. of Welton. Geo!. E. Somerset, &c., p. 97. t Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 179. I 2 :2 ,0. '2 8 0. 6 4 10 8 132 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : It was from this neighbourhood that a specimen of the Spiri- ferina was first figured by John Walcott.* Moore notes the occurrence of Ammonites Bucklandi, A. Conybearei, A. angulatus,. A, Turneri, &c. The old pit is situated about \ mile N.N.E. of the church, and having long been disused when I visited it in 1885j in company with Mr. Martin F. Woodward, we had great difficulty in finding the Spirifer bank. In the lowest beds of hard grey shelly limestone, Belemnites and Rhynchonella variabilis were met with ; and above, there were 5 or 6 feet of clay and sandy shales (with lumps of Carboniferous Limestone and occasional quartz pebbles), in the lower part of which S. Walcotti and Gryphaa arcuata were found. Pholadomya ambigua and Ammonites bisulcatus also occurred. A somewhat similar section lo that at Camerton, was exposed at Medyeat near Timsbury ; there the Foraminifera zone (stiff blue clay, 7 ft. 6 in. thick), was exposed above the Spirifer-bed, the former being grouped by Prof. Tate in the zone of A. oxynotus. This classification must be regarded as approximate, for at Camerton Moore found A. semicostatus in the bed above the- Foraminifera Zone.f (See p. 131.) The following section in a quarry below Timsbury was noted by Tawneyt : — Ft. Ins^ r Brownish-grey clay, &c. - - - 1 6 Zone of J Greenish-grey limestone. Ammonites obtusus, A. obtusus, &c. I A. planicosta, Avicula iniequivalvis. Fish- L scales .... 05 Laminated brown clay - - - 2 © Stiff blue clay, sandy at base, and with phos- phatic concretions. Ammonites sauzeanws, Nautilus, Belemnites penicillatus, GrypJuea arcuata, Pecten calous, Spiriferina Walcotti, Terebratula punctata, and lignite - - 6 Thick grey limestone. Ammonites sauzeanus, J ■B„„i-7„^M ■^- rotiformis, Gryphcea arcuata, Lima ji.t jjucKianaii , i • . t tt • tit i tj * J < succmcta, Li. Uermanm, iUiynchonella varia- bilis, S. Walcotti, and var. Miinsteri, S. rostrata, Terebratula punctata, Waldheimia cornuta ... 26 Brown clay. G. arcuata, Lima Hermanni - 1 Pale grey limestones and shales, with Lima suceincta, L. gigantea, L. Hermanni, Pinna, Unicardium cardioides, Pleurmnya - - 4 8 (_Grey limestones, with partings of clay 1 8 Rhsetic Beds - White Lias . - - . .40 Tawney observed that he had not obtained Ammonites angulatus ai^where in the district. Prof. Tate, however, grouped the lower beds of Lias at Medyeat with that zone, and Moore has recorded the species from Camerton. * Description and Figures of Petrifactions found in the Quarries, Gravel Pits, &c. near Bath. 8vo. London, 1779. t See Moore, Proo. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., p. 154, and Quart. Journ. Geo). Soe., vol. xxiii. p. 47] ; Tawney, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 3, vol. i. p. 185 ; Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ixxi. pp. 496, 497, and 501. J Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 182. Zones of and A. planorbis. LOWER LIAS : BEOADFIELD DOWN. 433 Vale of Wnngton. The Lower Lias limestones are exposed here and there at Chewton Mendip, Stone Easton, near Hinton Blewet, Burledge Hill, and near Stowey and Glutton* ; but in this area the beds have not yielded the same number of organic remains that have been noticed further east. The quarries are not deep, seldom exposing more than 8 or 10 feet of limestones. Westwards, the Lower Lias extends on to the Carboniferous Limestone of Broadfield Down, overlapping the Rhsetic Beds in .places. As remarked by De la Beche, in places the Lias becomes conglomeratic and partakes of the nature of the Sutton Stone of Glamorganshire.! The beds here were re-surveyed by Mr. Ussher. Moore noted the section as follows : — Ft. Ins. Stone beds - - - - - . -10 4 Ragstone and rubbly beds - « , - 7 8 Conglomerates . 18 He observed that "the abundance of Modiola minima and other remains shows clearly that this deposit belongs to the Yf hite Lins ; but its texture is so precisely like the Sutton stone that it might readily be mistaken for that rock. Like the Sutton stone it is very durable, and may be raised in blocks o£ many tons weight. .At the base of the quarry there are thick conglomerates with Ostrea intusstriata^ the thicknesses of which are unknown, and in which galena is found, as at Sutton. A Thecosmilia in casts is rather plentiful at this place."f During a visit to the district in 1888 in company with Mr. C. Eeid, we saw a freestone quarry at Downside. It showed from 18 to 20 feet of massive-bedded sparry lime-rock, evidently of detrital origin, and reminding me of the Doulting stone (Inferior Oolite). In both cases the rock may have been derived from the Carboniferous Limestone. The Downside rock may be described as a bastard freestone. The joints are smooth, and some beds are very shelly. Gasteropods, Modiola, Cardinia, and Ostrea were observed, but all poorly preserved. The weathering of the rock i6 cavernous, and on top there was about 1 foot of brown soil. The rock is somewhat porous in texture, but troughs, cornices, and building-stones are obtained from it. There can be little doubt that the beds are of the age of the Sutton Stone. Bath and Keynsham. The limestones, which represent so much of the Lower Lias around Eadstock, become more restricted to the lower zones as we approach Bath and Keynsham. In the valleys east of Bath we have few sections of the strata, but the Blue Lias series is * A section of the Lower Lias at Glutton is given by Messrs. Bristow and Etheridge in Vertical Sections, Sheet 46, No. 16. t Be la Beohe, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 276. See also Tawney, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii. p. 79. J Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 50i. 134 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: well exposed at Weston, Twerton (Twiverton), Saltford and Keynsham. ■ The lowest beds are seen in the cutting of the Midland Eailway west of Weston Station, where we find hard blue and grey lime- stones with shaly partings, 'containing Ostrea liassica, and reattStig on the White Lias.- At the adjoining lime-work?, nearer the rall- '^Wdy-Statiori, and on the south side of the railway, we find 'h?*}!^!- beds belonging to the zones o( A. an ffulatm, nvid A. Bu'chlandi. The beds comprise hard blue and brown limestoYies and blue sandy shkles, v/'ith A. Buckla?idf, GryphcBa drduata, Lima giganted (small forms), L. Hermanni, Ostrea liassica, 0, irregularis, and Pecten lunularis. At these litne-works the Blue Lias is burnt into brown lime, for building-purposes ; and Carboniferous Limestone is burnt into whit^ lime, for agricultural purposes. Other quarries are situated to the north of the railway, and show the upper gart of^the stone-beds witf" .3 feet of brown and grey clay on top; and from these Moore obtained many fossils.* He has recorded, in addition to the species before mentioned, Ammonifes angulatus, A. Gonyhearei, and A. Turneri, Nautilus lineatus, NAnterrnedius,Pleiirotom^ridangliea (and a number of ■other Grasteropoda), Cardinia Listeri, Plialadomya amhigua, Plicatyla intussfriaia, Umicurdium cardio;ides, Pecten PbliuXf P. sublcevis, Avicula in^quivdlpis, Spirif&rina Walcotti, Rhyn- choiiella calcicosta, together with^ some remains of Saurians, Fishes, &o. I have obtained -also Ehynchonella plicatissima, Terebratula punctata, and Pholadomya glabra. The full- thickness of the. Blue Lias series at Weston appears to be 56 feet.t ; r On the^opposite side of the.valley at Pennyquick near Twerton, the Blue Lias beds have been largely worked for road-stone -afld for lime-burning. At one quarry i\\^ btds, are shown to a idepth of 16 feptyiand consist of blue, and grey limestones, some irregular and nodular, with partings: of clay and shale. The beds belong to the zone of Ammonites Biicklandi, and yield that fossil together with Gryphma arcuata, Peptei), lunularis, Pholadomya glabra, Rhynchonella calcicosta, Pentacrintfs basaltiformis , &c. Morris records Nautilus ilineatus, fjinfO. gigantea, . aXid Plkufotomaria angHca,% » A fine section showing aboyt 50 feet of the Blue Lias series down to the White Lias, was exposed in a cutting of the Great Western Railway west of Saltford, and has been recorded by Messrs. Bristow and Etheridge.§ North of Keynsham Station there is a quarry showing lime- stones with Ammonites angulatus, A. rotiformis, A. semicostatus ? GryphcBa arcuata (abundf^nt), Pleuromya costata, ' Cardinia, Ostrea irregularis, and Rhynchonella plicatissima (abundant). * Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 497 ; see also Proc. Cotleswold Club, vol. iv. p. 84. t Lonsdale, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. % vol. iii. p. 24.3. t Geol. Mag., 1868, p. 234. §. Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), ;Slieet 46, No. 9; see also sections by W. Sanders, Quart. Journ. Geol. See, vol. xvi. p. 399, Wright, Lias Ammonites, p. 36, and Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 113. LO.WEB LIAS : KETNSHAM AND BATH. 135, South-eastli of Keynshanij the Lower Lias has been extensively- quarried for building-stone and lime-burning. The stone-beds have been expbeed to a depth of about 20 feet; the upper pare shows thin and even-bedded limestones and clays, the' lower beds cymprise limestones divided by thin shaly ^.nd sandy partings. The -fossils here found were NautilH&i Ammonites .BucMandi, QrypJtCBa arpuata, Lima gigantea , (small)j and Ostrea liassica;-, the beds: representing the zones of A. Bucklandi (lower part) and A. planorMs. Many Gasteropods and other fossils have been obtained by Moore. In the uppermost portion of the zone of A. Buqklandi, he nQ^i.ced a thin band of indurated niarl with Plantiremaius and Fishes {Hyhodus, Acrodus, Lepidotus, &c.) and Avicula incBquivalvis* ii The enormous ^uipipnites found in, the limestones, of the Lower Lias at Keynshamj h^ivp given rise to. the same romantic legends Respecting the n^iraculous powers of St. Keyna, as have prevailed concerning St. Hild^ at Wbilby.f Ammonites Bwcklandi 1 ft. 9^in. in diameter has been obtained, and near Saltford A.„Cdny- defzrei having a, diameter of 1 ft. 6 in. Large examples qi A.Bu'ch- Idndi are occasionally found without the inner whorls ; and such was the case with the specimen originally obtained by Buckland, Abhoj thrusting bis head through it, rode home, dubbed by his ft'iendJB ihe'Ammon Knight.%. Extracrinus briareus has also been recorded from Keynsham,. :; * At Keynsham Hams, borings of Mollusca ? and marks of eroMon are stated by Bristow to occur in the top of the Sun bed.§ The general characters of the Lias at Bath may be inferred fi'om the following section, furnished by a fruitless trial for coal, which was made at Batheaston, and abandoned in 1812 :— 1| Ft. In. • Upper Lia^P - ' ' ^^ellow clay - i , - .. . r *^^ ■ Blue marl with bands of stone j ' Blue rock - - ■ Marl ' - ' Stone •. - - , . - Blije marl . . - !_Rock' -' ' - ^Bliie marl-*ith'bkiitis of sttwie Marl and stone . Hard rock and .blue stone " ' ';"'_ '■ ' (Stone [Sun bed?] -, ''' '^ ' r White lias rock ■ -' , -' • V, . v..v:i /.. .- ... I Bluem^l"*"-'^ - ''' Rhaetie Beds., . -, - 36 < 3^ Siahe, clay, and u-ojigb vblue I marl , .] - -. . : I Black marl - - - ' .' ' LLight bltiemarl - • Red M^rjs - - 30 Red ground' - - - - Dolomitic Conglomerate 24 Mill-stpne. . - aind Middle Lias j- . -104 ^^ Lower Lias - - 142 8 Ft. In. .8 ,0, 54 10 12 1 "0 , 1 6 24 3 65 ' J> 41 () 35 5 ■^ 10' 6 '6 3 10 () 2: 30. 24 337 3 * Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 503. t Buckland and Conybearej Trans. Geol. Sbc.., ser. 2, vol. i. p. 302. ' J Sowerby, Mineral Concfiology, vol. ii. p. 6^. § Vertical Sections, Sheet 46, No. 12. II From document presented to the Geological Society by Mr. Meade, Hon Mem., Feb. 2, 1810. This record differs slightly frora that giyeu by Conybeare and •Pldllips, Outlines of Geol. Efiglaiid and Wales, p. 262. See also l(Ioore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 458. 136 * LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES! The boring extended to a depth of '68 feet beneath this. The grouping of the divisions of the Lias is given with considerable hesitation ; it is doubtful if Upper Lias be present. We have, however, evidence to show that the thickness of the Blue Lias limestones, which in this neighbourhood include the zones of Ammonites planorbis, A. angulatus, and A. Bucklandi, attain a thickness of 76 feet. This thickness becomes reduced at Twerton to 66 feet,* as proved in a boring at the coal-pit ; and It is much about the same thickness at Bath.| Of the clayey beds of the Lower Lias, near Bath, we have few sections and but little palffiontological information. A brickyard south of the Great Western Railway and east of Twerton station, showed about 15 feet o£ brown and blue mottled marly clay with ochreous nodules, and bands of fissile sandy and calcareous stone ; and these beds overlie stiff blue clay with Belemnites. At the Bath waterworks, situated in the valley east of Swains- wick, Moore obtained Hippopodium ponderosum, a fossil exceed- ingly rare In the district to the south, but abundant at certain horizons near Cheltenham, and further north. Lonsdale estimated the total thickness of the Blue clay and. marl (above the Blue Lias limestones) at Bath at 200 feet ; j and this argillaceous series Includes the beds up to the Midford Sands at the base of the Inferior Oolite. Chew Magna and Bristol to Purton Passage. The Lower Lias forms a broad platform north of Chew Magna on which lies the Inferior Oolite of Dundry. The higher beds of the Lias in this area are so rarely exposed that but little is known about them. The Lower Lias may be abottt 350 feet thick § Ammonites Turneri has been obtained from the Lower Lias at the Keservolr at Barrow Gurney. Northwards at Oastle Farm, on the Bedminster Eoad, the limestones have been quarried In places. We find brown clays and limestones, resting on dark blue clays, with bands of yellow (iron-stained) limestone, near the top of which Mr. E. Wilson has obtained some Gasteropods. The fossils Include Ammonites angulatus. Nautilus, Pleurotomaria, Lima gigantea, L. Mermanni, &c. showing that here the zone of A. angulatus Is represented. Bristow noted a quarry west of the high road at Upper Knowle, south-east of Bristol, where the lower beds with Lima gigantea, and Ostrea liassica, were shown|] ; and Moore recorded * De Eance, Kep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, p. 132. t See section by Moore, at Kingsmead Street, Bath. In the account given, too great a thickness is assigned to the White Lias. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxiii. p. 496. X Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol, iii. p. 243. . § See section hy W. W. Stoddart, Wright, Lias Ammonites (Falseont. Soc), p. 143. il Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheet 46, No. 4. LOWER LIAS: BRISTOL. ] 37 a section of the lowest beds of tlie Lower Lias at Bedmiuster Down.* His section is as follows : — Ft. Ins. 'Limestones and clays - - - - 6 2 Laminated stone with Ammonites planorbis and Insects - - - - .07 Zone of , Limestones and marls, with Ostracoda - 4 5 Am. planorbis.^ Limestone with Lima ^j^am^ea, h.tuberculata, Ostrea multicostata - - - -07 Limestones and marls with Ostrea liassica ; [_ Insect and Crustacea bed at base - - 4 Rhaetic Beds - White Lias. Lima gigantea, as remarked by Prof. Tate, here seems more prevalent in the lower stages of the Lias than it is further south,t but as a rule we find only small specimens. We have no evidence of any mass of limestones representing the zone of Ammonites BucMandi far to the west of Keynsham. Passing to the north of the Avon we find outlying masses of Lower Lias and Rhsetic Beds ; and the Lower Lias overlaps on to the Carboniferous Limestone west of Horfield and Alveston, showing that promontories or islands of the older rocks stood out in the Liassic seas. The Bristol Coal-field itself was no doubt covered at one lime by the higher beds of the Lower Lias. W. W. Stoddart has described the beds at Ashley Down, Montpelier, and Gotham. At the first-named locality, the zone of Ammonites Turneri, consisting of shales 2 feet 3 inches in thickness, is exposed. The zone of A. BucMandi, which is just reached at the Ashley Down Quarry, is passed through at the Montpelier Quarry. This zone consists of limestones and shales, about 22 feet in thickness. The zone of A. planorbis beneath, is worked at the Montpelier Quarry and at Gotham. It consists of shaly beds and limestones ; and at Cotham the While Lias is reaohed.f Avicula cygnipes is found at Montpelier; and this fossil seems most abundant in the lowest beds of the Lias in this area, at Aust, &c. Ammonites Johnstoni occurs at Cotham. The basement-beds of the Lower Lias have been opened up at Horfield, near Stoke Gifford and Alveston. From Horfield, Bristow obtained A. planorbis, Ostrea liassica, spines of Cidaris, &c, ; also, in higher beds, remains of Gi/rolepis, Pholidophorus, and Ammonites laqueolus (tortilis).^ A. angulatus has also been found at Horfield. In some portions of the Bristol area, the Lower Lias appears to rest directly on a bed resembling the Landscape or Cotham Marble, and Bristow then took this rock as the upper limit of the Bhsetic formation. At Cotham about 2 feet of the White Lias * Quart. Joum. Geol. See, vol. xxiii. p. 500; see also E.Wilson, Ibid.,\ol. xlvii. p. 545. f Ibid., vol. xxxi. p. 496. j Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv. p. 199. See also C. O. G. Napier, Ibid., p. 204. § A section at Horfield, showing about 28 feet of Lower Lias, is given by Bristow in Vertical Sections, Sheet 46, No. 2. An analysis of Lias limestone from Stapleton, near Bristol, was published by A. Voelcker, Joum. Bath and W. of Eng. Soc, ser. 2. vol. vi. p. 225. f38 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: may be seen above the Marble ; but elsewhere in the area, dis- tinctive beds of White Lias are not always to be found, and it is possible there is some overlap of the White Lias.* Near Bath, the Landscape Marble occurs at the base of the White Lias ; but beds of similar texture .occur at other horizons in that division. At Aust Cliff we find thin beds of the Lower Lias, mostly inaccessiblej'capping the Rhtetic Beds.f It is rfmarkabJe that here the uppermost band of the Khielic Beds, is a stone that resembles Ithe Gotham Marble in texture, and judging by the section at Garden Gliff, it is on the.hoirizon of th^ ibTowo^WTbed of that locality. It rests on bluish-grey marls and marly lii^e- stones, 8 ft. 6 in. thick, that represent; the White Lias, as do similar beds at Penarth and other places. The £!stheria-h^d of Qarden Cliff, is an irrefgular limestone that occurs near the base of the marly beds of White Lias; and. it . exhibits arborescent, markings. "; The Lower Lias consists of even-bedded limestones arid clays; with Lima giganieq., and at the base thin shaly m,9,rl with, Os.tr6a liassica, Plenromya, and Avicula cygnvpes. These beds bfelong. to the zone of Aminonite%planorbis, and Dr. Wright thought; ,th0 zone of A.angulatus was also represented at this locality. , - ,.. , West of Londonderry, to the north of Keyngham, , we find about 25 feet of limestones and clays with Ammonifes JBucklandi, overlying thinner beds of limestone and brown clay. Among the fossils found were A. angulatus, A. Johnstoni, A. semicostalUs ? Cardinia, Gryphaa arcnata, Lima gigantea (large and small), Pholadomya glabra, Pleuromya costata, Unicardium, pardioi^fis, Rhynchonella, and. Waldheimia perforata, ;The species were identified by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. ,, . In the cutting of the 'Midland Railway near Willsbridge, the Lias and Ehsstic iBeds are faulted -against the>Petinant Grit. The section shows 25 beds of Lower Lias limestone, with inter- vening layers of marl, containing Lima gigantea. Nautilus, Am- monites Bucklandi, A. planorbis, Sacl A curious nodule termed a "Peg-top" by. the workmen, was obtained by Major Bonus, E.E.,j'froip the; Lower Lias in this railway-cutting, and is now .id the Museum at jerrayn Street. Northwards, the Lower Lias forms a broa-d vale from Doyntdn by Pncklechurch to Hawkesbury and Wotton-under-Edge, This is essentially a clayey tract with few sections, probably because the Lias limestones are feebly developed, as is the case in the vale of Gloucester further north. The Lower Lias and the Rhsetic Beds here rest in places directly on the Carboniferous Limestone, which comes to the • surface at the "Grammar Rock," north-west of Lansdown, at the "Wick Rocks," and again to the west of Codrington. Court. * H. B. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol.xlvii. p. 549; Geol. Mag., 1892, p. 333. t See section by Bristow and Etheridge, Vertical Sections, Sheet 46, No.. 6. j See Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 498. lOWBK lias: pcrton passage.. :J89 Clays with bands of cherty limestone were noted by Weaver at Inglestone (Ingatestone) Oomnioi) between Wickwap and Hawkesbury Upton ; and there Ammonites^ GryphcBU, Lima, afld Osfrea were obtained.* , , : 'j At Tites Poiat, Purton (or Pyrton) Passage, tbere w^re formerly some igood exposures of: the Lower' Lias lii3jestpn,es allernating with clays and marls. The b^ds were rich in fossils and attracted attention at a very early date, for they are mentioned by J. Woodjvard in 1706.t The fossU-beds were exposed jjp ledges at ebb-tide along the Severn shore; and the beds abutted against the Silurian rocks, for Weaver J mentions (1819) that' the aotual. contact of the oldei' rocks with the Lias was observable " at low water, at the landing place immediately under the Passage-house.'' Twenty years, later, the Lias, was; no longer Tisible, for as pointed out by Murchisop,§ the prpcess of encou- raging the mud of the Severn to aecumiilate upon lines of pile^nd osier, effectually buried the Liassic ledges beneath a slimy sediment, The limestone appears to have occurred in impersistent, and more or less nodular masses, and among the fossils recorded, are Ammonites Bucklandi, Nautilus, Belemnites, Pleurotomarija anglica, Gryphaa^ Lima, Pentacrinus, &c., representing in t^e main the zone of Am. Bucklandi. Probably beds, both, at lovifer _and higher horizons were eKposed, ior Hippopodium pon/dejcosum has been mentioned ; a form that usually occurs at a higher stage in the neighbourhood of Cheltenham. The Rev. P. B. Brodie, who has giyen some account of the bedsjjl obtained among o(.her fossils a specimsen of Involutina Ifpissica, a Foraminifer, in J^orm like a Nummulite.'^ : A little way inland there was a sectioq exposing bliiish-^rey shales and nodular grey limestones frpm which I obtained Ammonites 'angulatus. A, Bucklandi, Gryphcea arciiata, and Lima gigantea. , ,, , Fretherne, Westbury-on- Severn, and Stroud. For some distanfee between Purton Passage and Tewkesbury, the Sjevern : takes a winding course that rpughly follows the 8tJ;ike of the Lower Lias, ! At Hock Crib, Fretherne, the Lower Lias is exposed in the low cliffs bordering the river. The beds are a little disturbed, as they undulate and are slightly displaced at one point. The section was described in 1853 by the Eev. P. B. Brodife,** aiid in more detail, in 1883, by Mr. W. C. Lucy.jt The beds comprise about 40 feet of clays or shales with iboiit 10 bands of limestone ; the latter forming ledges and platfortov.' on * Trans. Geal. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 350. t Nat. Hist., Foss, England, vol. i. part 2, p. 80 ; vol.' ii. pp. 8, 26. j Trans. Geol. Sdc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 330. § Silurian System, p. 450. ., , II Free. Cotteswold Club, vol. i. p. 24,3, and Geologist, vol. i. p. ^2 ; see also J. Jones, Proo. Cotteswold Club, vol. iii. p. 134. , , V T. B. Jones, Geol. Mag. 1864, p. 293. ** Proo. Cotteswold Club, vol. i. p. 241. tt Ibid., vol. viii. p. 131. 140 XIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: the foreshorej and protruding some way in places beneath the Alluvial mud of the Severn. It was observed by George Cumberland in 1822, that " We can walk at low-water on the blue lias of Fretherne, to the extent of half a mile, as on an extensive level floor,. and there see enormous ammonites under our feet, some exceeding four feet in diameter."* The beds are no longer exposed to this extent, but, as at Llantwit in Glamorganshire, we can observe the clusters of fossils here and there on the Liassic pavements : Pecten textorius, Avicula cygnipes, Lima gigantea, and Pentaci-inus occurring abundantly in portions of the rock, which elsewhere appear unfossiliferous. The most noteworthy fossils of Fretheme are the Gryph<2as i^G. arcuata). They occur in profusion here and there in the shales and limestones, and I have nowhere seen finer examples. They may be found at all horizons in the cliff'-seotion, but are most abundant in the lower beds, and especially in a band of shale, above which I obtained a small example of Ammonites angulatus. The beds belong to the zones of A. angulatus and A. Bucklandi, and perhaps include higher stages, for Mr. Lucy records A. semicostatus, and I obtained a specimen of A. obtusus. Judging by these fossils the thickness of the zone of A. Bucklandi is not above 20 feet. It is noteworthy, however, that A. Bucklandi and A. semicostatus occur together about mid-way up in the beds exposed ; and Mr. Lucy notes A. Conybearei together with A, Johnstoni, Avicula cygnipes, etc., in a band near the base of the cliffs. Many other fossils have been recorded by Messrs. Brodie and Lucy, mchxArngthe Involutina,2AaQ Discinababeana {Orbicula Townshendi), spines of Cidaris, vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus, &c.t In an account of the Geology of Awre, published in 1 830, the Rev. 0. P. Wilton,t at that time curate of the parish, records many fossils from the Blue Lias. These include Ammonites Bucklandi (3 feet in diameter), Lima gigantea, Avicula, Gryphma arcuata, Pentacrinites, &c., together with bones of Saurians ; a group that indicates the zone of Ammonites Bucklandi. The basement-beds of the Lower Lias (zone of Ammonites planorbis) are shown in Garden Cliff, to the south of Westbury- on-Severn ; and according to E. Witchell the beds have been opened up at EImore.§ At Garden Cliff the section of the beds is as foUowsll : — Ft. In. r Tumbled beds of grey earthy limestone and I clay, with Ostrea liassica, &c. Lower Lias -< Compact blue and grey limestone, with O. j liassica, Modiola minima, &c. - - 2 l_ Brown marly shales - - 1 8 to 2 T., , • n 1 i Smooth slaty limestone (Monotis Bed) with Rh^ticBeds-j Monotis decussata - . - - - 6 * Trans. Geol. See. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 370. t The list given in Hull's Geol. Cheltenham, p. 16, is wrongly stated to be from the " Bone Bed," and the occurrence of some of the species mentioned is exceedingly douhtful. I Quart. Journ. Sc. Lit. and Arts, N.S., 1830, p. 69. A shell {Leda) discovered by E. Ryder of Awre is here named Byderia. § Geology of Stroud, pp. 8, 9. See also Proc. Cotteswold Cluh, vol. iv. p. 56. II See also Bristow and Etheridge, Vertical Sections (Geol. Survey), Sheet 46, No. 7. LOWER LIAS : GLOUCESTER. 141 The Brown marly shales above the Monotis-hed are probably- equivalent to similar shales that occur at the junction of the Lower Lias and Ehsetic Beds at Penarth. (See p. 119.) In the vale that extends eastward by Frocester and Stonehouse, we find for the most part a clay-flat, but according to E. Witchell, the zone of Am. Bucklandi is represented near Eastington and Whitminster by clays, with bands of limestone that form low ridges.* Dark shales with bands of limestone are exposed in the banks of the Ship Canal north of Hardwicke, and again between Kea and Syms Bridges, north of Quedgley, where the beds are bent into a gentle synclinal. At Hardwicke, according to Dr. Wright, we meet with the zone of A. Turneri (or A. semico status). Higher beds of clay have been opened up in some of the brick- yards between Stonehonse and Stroud, and exposed in the railway- cuttings. Ammonites oxynotus has been found at Stonehouae, and pyritic ammonites, including A. densinodus and A. suhplanicosta, belonging to the zone of A. armatus, have been found at Standish. Near the Gas-works at Stroud, clays representing the zones of A. Ibex and A. Henleyi have been noted by E. Witchell ; and Mr. Lucy informed me that the zone of A. Henleyi had been proved at Brookthrop (Brookthorpe). Gloucester and Cheltenham. In the neighourhood of Gloucester, the lowest beds of the Lias have been well exposed in the railway-cutting at Lassington. The section is as followsf : — Ft. In. ' Clays and shales, with three bands of nodular blue-hearted limestone : Ammcyniies John- stoni ... - about 30 Band of bluish-earthy limestone with A. planorbis - - - - - 4 Marly shales and 'limestones: Pleuromya Lower Lias croweombeia - - about 7 (Zone of J Three bands of blue argillaceous limestone Am. planorbis). j and shale, with Ostrea Uassica and Modiola I minima in bottom bed - - - 1 4 Papery shales - - - - 3 Hard compact grey limestone, with blue shelly layer and conglomeratic fragments. Monotis decussata. Fish.remains. Otnzamites gracilis - - .04 Rhsetic Beds - Dark shaly marls, etc. (faulted against the Keuper Marls). The basement-bed, here grouped with the Lower Lias, has in many respects a Ehsetic aspect, the matrix being like Gotham Marble in texture. It indicates however some change in con- ditions, like the bottom bed of Lias noticed at Stormy Down near Bridgend, and the " Guinea Bed " of Warwickshire. It appears * Geol. Stroud, p. 16. ■f See also W. C. Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. viii. p. 22.5. M2. LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES \ to be a remanie hed^ and therefore to be grouped more j appro- priately with the Lower Lias than the Ehsetic Beds, suggesting slight unconformable overlap of the Lias.- (See'p.:l5l.); , .^ ' .' Nearer Gloucester, a, cuttingc in the same railway, not far from the main road, showed .higher beds, comprising clays,. with here and there a. band of limestone, jielA'mg' Gri/phcea arcuata, Rfiyii- clionella calcicosta, and bones of Ichthyosaurus. In the Ship Canal east of Hempstead, blue and grey marly shales are exposed,.- while at the brickyard and adjoining gas- works on the south, bine micaceous clay with, Gryphaa -.orcuata has. beerf exposed to a deplli of 25rfeet,i In the old brickyard near Llanthony Priory,. Gloucester, G. arcwata and varieties', were obtainedfby Jolin Jones,* iqgether with Ammanif.es f>\ms^^^ng, the zo'ae.oi.A, obtusus. Mr. Lucy records the finding of A.stelh/ris by the canal at Hempstead wharf, and also at .*Over, so . that Gloucester appears to be situated on the zone of A. obtusus. More:' over.the. evidence; goes so prove that the series, upwards from the zone of A. planorbis, contains no important mass of limestones. A boring'for water, made in 1883, at Westgate Street, Glour ceaterj proved; the. following beds, which were vjrecorded by Mrr Lucyt:— , >.'. ■/ Ti IICKNESS. Depth ■ ' ' Ft. In. Ft. In Made ground and gravel 16 16 ^ Hard and soft blue aiid grey olay 154 170 Very hard stone 5 0. 175. Clay - - '■- 2 177 Stone - ■ - - 1 6 178- 6 Clay and shale, vath shells and II,'' ,f * " pyrites ... 48' 6' 2^7 'b Stone with Ammonites, Pecten, and GrypJuea arcuata 3 227 3 Blue clay with Gryphad, &c. " - 36; 9 264 ^ "Shaly .clay with Astarte, Ceri. thiunij Avicula inaquivnlvis, GryphcBa "-> 24 288 Lower Lias - < Clay with Ammonites semi- coslatus 6: 294- -0 'Grey clay . - 12 P. .. 306 .,p ' Grey stone ... 2, 2 ■ "308 '2 Hard clay - 3 10 312 Clay with Ammonites, Avicula, GryphtBa, and Lima - ' 4. 6 316 6 Clay' with Am. semicostatus. Gryphma - - - 12 6 329 Clay - - ■ - 8' 337 Clay with Cerithium, Pleuromya 3 -0 340 Hard clay with Toritatella or Pylindrites - - - 10 6 350 e .. At Badgworth we find clays with nodular; limestones, yielding Ammonites, bisuhat^, Gryphcea, &o. ; and Dr. Wright not^a thiS ooeurrtenoe of bedsfrepresenting ;the. zone of- .^. ,>Z'2«rfe)e^i -*-Proc. Cotteswold Glub, vol. iii.. Supplement 4to. t 76t'd.,yol. viii. p. 213. J Lias'Amwonites (Pal. Soc), p. 47. : LOWER LIAS : CHELTENHAM. I 143 sIqj^I balidis ot rvubblyilinaestone occur in the clays at UptoRr St. Leonar(Js.* At the Oheltenhain gas-works, no.rth-west of the Great Western raywayrstation, a deep exoavatinn was made in 1887, in blue marly clay^: Here -Mr, E. Wethergd. obtained roanyspeoimens Ql':GryphcBn, ohliqua,ta, . G, ,cymhiur)t, and varieties -not , to' rb,e distinguished from G. arcuata, also small specimens of Hipr ■popodium yponderosum, Ammonites guibalianuSi and A. Green- ouffhi. , 1. Dr. Wright remaiked that;^. «fr?n«fM«,9.nd.^. oxynotus, occur together at Cheltenham. We find a somewhat siinilai- asseniblage ^tsHiUsvtMQretoD, near Rugby. A list of fossils, indicating feeds belonging to. the zones o^ A. oxynotic^ ia A. Hei\leyi, has befitn given^iifrom -the blue calcareous clay in the, rail wayTcutting of Denbury Hill, Cheltenhamt ; but the list requires revision, , ^ . At Hucklccote brickyard , south-west of Brockwortb, we find about lOrfeeti of bluish-grey and;/:brovn marly clay with small jiodules of earthy limestone. .From.thesp beds I obtained Ammo- nites&tfiatu^, A. scipionianuSf lAi- iValdani,, Belem^iit^s] 'r.compressU$, -B- .i(>i^igissimus,. Chemnitzick, Ii^qQeramm, &c. The -species were .identi6,ed by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. \ Dr. Wright notes that, in an excavation made at Marie HiU, nprth 'of Gbeltenhim, for ,bri/2jte,arth,' the following section was obtainedj ; — (Ft. In. Ft. Is. f Gryphsea-bed, ferruginous .clay with I G, obliquata - - - 3 to 4 I Coral-band, clay with Montlivaltia rugosa 1 J Hippopo,ii;U)m-bed, dark, clay with Hip- _ T • J vop'odiiim ponderosum and Cardinia Lower Lias -^ -^^j^^. . ^ . . . . s to 10 Ammonite-bed, dark clay with pyritic fossils, Ammonites subplauicosta, A. 'deri' sihod'us, A. rarieostatus, A.nodotianus; ■■ L &". At Cleeve, near Cheltenham, the same beds were formerly worked for brickearth; and Efr,, Wright mentions tliat there the finest specimens of : Cardinia Listen, Hippopodium ponderosum, -Plewrotomarda.anglica and Ammonites raricostatus were obtained. The Rev. T. W. Norwood (now of Wrenbury) informed me he ihad obtained Ammonites, Jamesoni from excavation'' at the Old tKoyal Wells and New Ladies' College at Cheltenham. At the Hucklecote brickyard i-oUed specimens of this species, &c., occur in the gravel on top of the clay. I. Again at Cranham Pottery about 12 or 15 feet of blue mieaceiOus clay, containing a few ferruginous nodules, has been .exposed. There I -obtained specimens of Ammonites . striatus axiA A. Jamesonil Flower-pots, pans,' draiij-pipes, jugs, &a. , are .manufactured at this pottery, which dates back to, the time o£ •Queen ElizsLbeth, if not earlier. * Hull, Geol. Cheltenham (Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 44), p. 15. - . ".. t Ibid., p. 17. ' ■ j Lias Ammonites, p. 55. 144 LIAS OP EXGLAND AND WALES; Beds on much the same horizon, together with higher strata, occur at Pilford, near Leck'nainpton, where the brickyard showed blue and brown loamy clays, with a band of ironstone nodules, yielding Ammonites, Avicula incBquivalvis, Pecten CBquivalvis;. Pholadomya, and Pleuromya. These beds rest on blue pyritic and micaceous sandy clays, with iridescent fossils. Prof. Tate records from this locality. Ammonites armatus, A. Jamesoni, A. Valdani, A. Ibex, A. Henlei/i, Belemnites clavatus, Inoceramus ventricosus, Waldheimia numismalis, &c.* ; the fauna resembling that from Aston Magna, and including the zones of ^. Jamesoni and A. Henleyi. From the brickyard east of Cheltenham, I obtained Ammonites Jamesoni, A. Loscombei, A. striatus, A. Valdani, Belemnites, and Inoceramus ventricosus ; fossils that indicate portions of the same zones as occur at Pilfcrd. Ammonites striatus (near to A. Henleyi) has been found abun- dantly in pits near Charlton Kings, as mentioned by Murchison, who originally figured the species under the name of ^. cheltiensis. It occurs also in the brickyard north-east of Shackels Pike, and near Hewlets.t In this neigbourfiood rugose forms of Hippopo- dium ponderosum have been found, together with A. Henleyi or A^ striatus. Prof. Hull notes the occurrence of ferruginous concretionary nodules, so characteristic of the upper beds of the Lower Lias, in brickyards at Hewlets Hill and in the lane leading from Heartly Hill to Charlton Kings.J Tewkesbury to Pershore. The basement-beds of the Lower Lias have been exposed in quarries in the neighbourhood of Tewkesbury, where the lime- stones are more prominently developed than further south in the Vale of Gloucester. Here we come into the region of the " Insect Limestones " of the Rev. P. B. Brodie,§ a term applied to certain bands of lime- stone that occur at or near the base of the Lower Lias or the top of the Rhsetic Beds, on the holders of Gloucestershire, Worcester- shire, .-md Warwickshire. The characteristic beds, which are now best shown between Evesham and Wilmcote, are banded limestones that split up more or less readily along the planes of stratification, and frequently display remains of Insects (chiefly Coleoptera), and Crustacea belonging to the genus Eryon, &c. These beds clearly occur in the Lower Lias (zone of Ammonites planorbis), and usually above * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvi. p. 396. f Murchison, Geology of Cheltenham, 1834, pp. 19, 20; Strickland, Trans. GeoU Soc, ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 552, and Memoirs, p. 139 ; Brodie and Buckman, Quart, ^oum. Geol. Soc, vol. i. p. 220 ; Tate, Ibid., vol. xxxi. p. 508. X Geol, Cheltenham (Geol. Survey), p. 18. § Proc Geol. Soc, vol.iv. 1842, p. 15 ; Fossil Insects, pp. 56, &c. j and Geologist, vol. i. p. 375. XOWEK LIAS : TiiWKESBUJJY. 145 one or more bands oF limestone {Ostrea-heds) that yield many specimens of Ostrea liassica. The term " Insect Limestone " has however been applied indiscriminately, to beds that have yielded remains of Insects, and some of the beds evidently belong to the Rhaetic series. Among the localitiesj where these Insect Limestones have been noted by Mr. Brodie, and by W. R. Binfield, Strickland, and others, are Hasfield, Wainlode Cliff, Apperley (the Grey hill), Forthampton, and Strensham ; but the quarries are now mostly abandoned. As no good section of the beds at Strensham is now exposed, it will be best to record that given liy Buckman, Strickland, and Brodie.* It was one of the quarries opened near the escarp- ment, about two miles from Deftbrd Station, and 4 or 5 miles north of Tewkesbury : — Soil and clay .... Chance Rub. White limestone - Clay, with Ammonites planorbis Double, Nurf. Two, bands of limestone with clay-parting. Saurian remains Bluish clay - , - - - . - King's Nurf. Rough argillaceous limestone with Ostrea liassic(i (Ostrea Bed) - Black clay - Queen's Nurf. Rough argillaceous lime- stone - - - - - Blue clay . - - - - Hard blue limestone with Modiola minima Paving Stone, 3 in. divided by clay 1 in. with O. liassica and M. minima Black shale, with Fish-scales, Cidaris, and bivalves - . - . . Brick Bed. Square blocks of hard stone, used for walls i Shale ..... [Bottom Beds Insect Limestone, gene- I rally blue, and very hard fine-grained, J fissile limestone - ' "S Blue shale - - - - - ) Soft light blue limestone, with casts of ^rca, I Cardium, Sec. . - . . Lower Lias Ft. In. 4 4 2 6 3 3 3 3 3 6 4 6 Rhaetic Beds ' 4 17 8 The term Bottom Bed is applied to the lowest bed of economic value. When we compare this section with the beds of Wilmcote and other places north-east of Evesham, we cannot doubt that the Insect Limestones are on different horizons. Here at Strensham, and also at Coomb Hill and Wainlode, the Insect Limestone comes beneath the Ostrea-heds, and so far as can be judged from the succession of the strata, subject as they are to local modifi- * Marchison, Geol. Cheltenham, ncwed. by J. Buckman and H. E; Strickland, p. 49 ; Brodie, History of Fossil Insects, p. 70. E 70859. : K 146. LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : cations, the bands at these localities belong rather to the Rhsetic Beds than to the Lower Lias. The Monotis-be6 of Garden ClifF appears to be on the same stratigraphical horizon. Under these circumstances it is not desirable to adopt the name " Strensham Series," which was proposed by Prof. Judd for the " Fish and Insect Limestones " that occur at tlie base of the Lower Lias.* Nor did he include in the series the overlying beds witli Ammonites planorbis and A. Johnstoni, which form an essential part pf the basement-beds of the Lower Lias at Stren- sham, Wilmcote, and other places. Were we, indeed, to employ the term " Strensham Series," we should include only a few bands of limestone, in some places of Lower Lias, in others of Ehastic age. The section of the upper part of Wainlode Cliff, described by Strickland and the Rev. P. B. Brodie, is as followsf : — Ft. f Top beds (concealed). I Dark clay . . . . - 3 Lower Lias -•{ Blue limestone with Ostrea Uassica and ■> I Modiola minima - - - - L Yellow Shale - - - Oft. 6 in. to 1 r Insect Limestone. Grey and brown lami- Rhaetic Beds - ■< nated limestone - - . - L Marly cJay - - - - -6 The westerly extension of the Lias is marked by the small outlier on the summit of Berrow Hill, two miles south-east of Keys-End Hill, the southern end of the Malvern range. Here only the basement-beds of the Lower Lias are found, above the Rhastic Beds, and they have been quarried for lirae-burning. Remains of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus have been obtained from the quarries at Woolridge east of Hartpury, on Brockridge Common, Hill Ciroome, east of Boughton, and on DefEord Common. On this account the strata were called the " Saurian In. East. Fig. 51. Section at Croome D'Ahitot, near Pershore, Worcestershire. West. c. Drift. Eeddish-browD sandy clay with pebbles of quartz, &c. 6. Grey marly clay, ■with thin bands of limestone (disturbed) Tj t ■ a. Limestones and shales. |- Lower Uas. Depth of section, about 8 feet. * Geol. Rutland, &c. (Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 64), p. 58. t Strickland, Proo. Geol. Soc, vol. iv. p. 18 ; Murchison, Geol. Cheltenham, ed. 2, p. 48 ; Brodie, Fossil Insects, p. 57 ; Wright, Lias Ammonites, p. 18. Ft. In, 5 5 4 1 7 8 IXJWER LIAS : WORCESTKKSHIKE. 147 Beds " by J. Buckman and Strickland. Among other fossils are F'ish-rema,\ns, Dapedius orbis. Crustaceans of the gevLXXs Eryon, and Plant-remains, such as Otozamites. Specimens of Ammonites Johnstoni are known to the quarrymen as " clock-faces," and this species is more common than A. planorUs, Pleuromya crowcombeia is also found in places. . The best section that I saw, during my examination of this part of the country, was at a lime-kiln north of Oroome D'Abitot. It was as follows (see Y'ls. 51):- ^ Brown soil, and contorted rubble of limestone (Grey clay with thin bands of limestone Blue limestone with Ostrea liassica and Modiola - - - - Clay with band of bluish-grey limestone r Hard blue and rather compact limestone PVi ^^ Ti A J Shaly clay - - - - lUiSBtio iieas--^ pg^jg gj,gy gg^jjjjy umestone " Bottom Bed," L with Gardium rhsticum - - - 4 The limestones above the Bottom Bed are used for building- and paving- purposes ; the Bottom Bed and the "rubbish" are burnt for lime. Comparing this section with that at Strensliam, we find a general correspondence in the lower beds. The strata ac the time of my visit were exposed along a quarry -face extending East and West. The soil was a reddish-brOwn sandy clay with quartz and other pebbles, and the top limestone-bands were nipped up and broken along the successive folds, as if by Glacial agency. The soil was evidently in part the relics of a Drift accu- mulation. The disturbances are similar to those seen in a quarry near Littleton, Evesham, and probably like the contorted beds (of Eihsetic limestone) noted by Strickland in the railway-cutting at Dunhampstead. Strickland published, in 1840, accounts of the railway-cuttings between Ashchurch and Diinhampstead, and as early as 1834 he had mapped out the boundary of the Lower Lias in Worcester- shire.* His observations led him to the conclusion that there were at least five well-marked successions in thfe MoUuscan fauna of the Liasi in the district extending from the Worcestershire borders to Cheltenham, ranging through a thickness of .five or six hundred feet, and unaccompanied by any change* in the mineral cha,racter of the deposit.f Higher beds of Lower Lias belonging to the zones oi Ammonites Mgulatus and A. Bucklandi stretch across the country from Down Hatherly towards Stoke Orchard. At Piff's Elm, Boddington, limestones were formerly quarried, and there Lima gigantea and Gdrdinia ovalis were met with.l The region from Cheltenham northwards along the borders of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, is especially rich in species df Cardinia, and ' it appears liketviBe to have been the favoured * Nat. Hist, of Worcestershire, by Dr. C. Hastings, 1834. t Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii. p. 314 ; Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. vi. p. 551 ; Memoirs, p. 137. J Brodie, Geologist, vol. i. p. 375. K 2 148 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: home oi' Hippopodium. pond&rosum. Numerous specimens of Car- dinia Listen have been found at Down Hatherley, Defford, and Eokington, and H. ponderosum is recorded from the neighbourhood of Brisdon and Great Comberton. The fossils . obtained by Strickland at Bredon, indicate the zones of A. semicostatus and A. ohtusus, for he records A. Turneri, A. Broekei, A. Birchii, A. ohtusus, and A. planicosta, also Bhyncholites, and fine examples of Pleurotomaria. Beds with A. obtusus have also been opened up on the west bank of the river Isbome, near Toddington, and at the reservoir near Childs Wickham. A brickyard between Defford and Besford, north of the main roadj showed about 15 feet of blue calcareous shale with small nodules of limestone and selenite. Here under the guidance of Mr. T. J. Slatter, I obtained Ammonites semicostatus (near the base), ActcBonina, Amberleya, Ceriihium. Turritella Dunkeri, Pitonnillus,. Avicida, Astarte, Cardinia Listeri and var. hybrida, Giypltaa cymbium, Rhynchonella, Acrosalenia, and spines of Echinoderms. These species were identified by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. Strickland discovered remains of Aptychi at Defford.* At Drake's Broughton, north-west of Pershore, a large number of fossils have been obtained by Mr. T. J. Slatter, of Evesham.t The precise locality is a brick- and tile- yard west of Pigeon House, where there was exposed about 10 feet of grey shaly clay, with small limestone-nodules and larger red ironstone-nodules. The assemblage of fossils is an interesting one ; it appears to represent the zone o£ Ammonites oxynotus, although it includes species that elsewhere occur both at higher and lower levels. Among the fossils recorded are the following ; — X Ammonites Birchii. Loscombei. nodotianus. X oxynotus. Simpsoni. X Slatteri. X Belemnites acutus. X Cardinia hybrida. crassissima. X Hippopodium ponderosum. Leda Zieteni. X Rhynchonella variabilis. | A number of Gasteropods, including species of Cerithium, ActcEonina, &c., also Dentalium, have been found at this locality. Of the species marked x , examples were found during a visit I paid to the pit under the guidance of Mr. Slatter: they were named by Messrs. Sharman and Nevrton. At the Atlas Works by Pershore Station, bricks are made, and the section showed a few feet of blue shaly and slightly calcareous clay, with occasional nodules of argillaceous limestone and ironstone. The beds are probably on a somewhat higher horizon than those exposed at Drake's Broughton ; but fossils are * Quart. Jburn. Geol. Soc, vol. i. p. 232, and Memoirs, p. 181. t Wright, Lias Ammonites, p. 375. : LOWER LIAS: DUMBLETON. 149 not plentiful. I obtained Ammonites Jamesoni, Belemnites, Gry- phcBa cymbivm, G, arcuata, and Hippopodium ponderosum. Near Didcot Farm, north of Dumbleton Hill, a brickyard showed blue and brown marly clays, with many hard reddish ironstone-norlules and grey cement-nodules, layers of shelly lime- stone and thin shaly limestone. Among the fossils obtained were Ammonites striatus, A. r.npricornus, Inoceramus ventricosus, Modiola scalprum, Pecten, Pholadomya ambigua, Pleuromya costata, and Unicardium cardioides* The beds represent the highest stage of the Lower Lias (zone of Am. capricornus). * See also Wright, Proc. Cottesvfold Club, vol. iil. p. 153. 150 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: CHAPTER VI. LOWER LlAS—icontimied). Local Details. Evesham to Stratford-on-Avon, the Vale of Moreton, Chipping Norton, aud Charlbury, In the neighbourhood of Evesham the basement-beds of the Lo"wer Lias occur near the surface at Hasler Hill, to the W.S.W. of the town, where stone was formerly quarried. A boring for coal by Hasler Farm, proved 75 feet of Lower Lias and Rhaetic Beds, before the New Red Marl was reached.* In the country north-east of Evesham, from South Littleton to Wilmcote, we find many sections of the basement-beds, which consist mainly of even beds of blue limestone and marl or dark shale. The shallow quarries now open near South Littleton and Oleeve Prior, to which I was conducted by Mr. R. F. Tomes, show only the bands of limestone (to a depth of 8 or 10 feet) that are used locally for building- and paving-purposes : we do not see the junction with the Rhsetic Beds. At South Littleton the surface- beds were nipped up in a series of sharp folds as at Croome D'Abitot (p. 146). At Cleeve Prior we find slabs (8 by 5 feet) with many speci- mens of Ostrea liassica, like the " Firestone " of Binton. Among other fossils are bones of Ichthyosaurus, also Lima, Fleuromya, species of Echini, &c. Banded limestone (Insect Limestone) yieldihg Ammonites Johnstoni was exposed in the Nibble quarry, east of Oleeve Prior.t The thickness of the limestone-beds (zone of Am. planorbis) in this area is about 20 feet, for Strickland notes 34 feet of strata (including 14 feet of clay on top) down to the Firestone, at Bickmarsh, east of Oleeve Prior. J Sections, no longer well exposed, at Bidford, Binton, and Temple Grafton, have been described by Mr- R. F. Tomes and others. That at Binton is most important as it showed the connexion with the Rhsetic Beds : the following account of it ia by Mr. Tomes ; — §- * Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, p. 88. t See Tomes, Geol. Mag. 1888, p. 212. J Memoirs, p. cc. § Quart. Joorn. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 394, xxxiv. p. 182 ; Wright, Lias Am- monites, p. 19 ; and Brodie, Proc. Warwickshire Field Club, 1868. LOWER LIAS : BINTON. 151 o n Ft, In. I'aving-bedSj finely laminated stone and shale, Ammonites Johnstoni, Insects, Eryon barrovensis, Pholidophorus Stricklandi • - - - • -160 Grieslgy [or Grizzle] bed, composed of comminuted shells {Lima and Ostrea liassica), fish-scales, saurian bones, Cidaris, Pentacrinus, A. Johnstoni - - - Blue Stone. Saurian remains rare. Insects - - Stone (unfossiliferous) - - Grave-stone bed. Saurian remains, Otozamites acuminatus, Eryon barrovensis - - - - - Shale Pendles, hard crystalline stone. Ostrea liassica abundant Firestone, hard crystalline and shelly stone. A. Johnstoni, Placunopsis alpina, Ostrea liassica abundant, Modiola minima, Pholadomya, Otozamites obtusus, &c. - - Stone, impersistent - - - - - Bottom blue stone, impersistent. Monotis deoussata [or fallax?~\ Shale Guinea-bed, hard and crystalline, so called because the stones, if dry, ring when struck. Avicula oygnipes (longicostaia), Monotis decussata [?], Cardinia,0. liassica, O. intusstriata, Placunopsis alpina, Axinus, Sargodon tomi- cus, Hemipedina Tomesi, Thecosmilia Terquemi, &c. - 1 Greenish-grey clay - - -- - -80 Maums or 'white lumps,' in all respects like the Estheria- bed of Westbury-on-Severn - - - - 8 .Clay of a greenish colour. Particular interest is attached to the " Guinea Bed, " which was grouped, by Mr. Tomes, with the Khsetic Beds. I was unable to see it anywhere in situ, but there are two slabs in the Warwick Museum. One of these, a grey earthy and fossiliferous limestone with fissile cap, yielding Hemipedina Tomesi, was from Binton ; and the other a grey shelly limestone, 2 to 2| inches thick, and covered with Ostrea liassica, was from Wilmcote. Both specimens presented a Liassio rather than a Khaetic appearance. The fossils however that are recorded by Mr. Tomes from this bed at Binton, indicate an association of Rhsetic and Lower Lias fossils ; and as he tells me that the bed is sometimes conglomeratic, it seems likely that the fossils may be to some extent remanie. A study of the Rhaetic Beds leads to the conclusion that we are not far from a local margin of the deposit. There is a development of sandy beds, the black shales are very thin in places, and near Church Lawford they are absent ; again, the White Lias north of Harbury is somewhat sandy, it shows current-bedding and ripple- marks, and is itself occasionally nodular, like the beds at Pinhay Bay near Lyme Regia. It is not improbable therefore that there was some irregular overlap of the Rhsetic Bed?, accompanied by re-construction of some layers, during the changing conditions that ushered in the Lower Lias, {See p. 141.) The occurrence in the Guinea Bed of Bintoti, of Avicula cygnipes and Hemipedina Tomesi is strongly indicative of Lower Lias ; moreover Dr. Wright records Lima punctata from the same bed. The Monotis he identifies as M. fallax. Fleuromya crowcombeia 152 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : (noted by Wright) occurs in both llhaetic Beds and Lower Lias. Of other species, Sargodon tomicus appears to be the only exclusively Rhtetic fossil: nowhere else have we any record of its occurrence above the Black (Avicula-contorta) shales. Hence, regarding some of the fossils as " derived " specimens, the evidence favours the view that the Guinea Bed, at this locality, is the base of the Lower Lias, a position assigned to it by Wright, and also by Phillips.* ' A section at Temple Grafton showed the higher beds of the zone of Ammonites planorbis, with Insect-limestones and Ostroa- beds below.t The Lower Lias has been extensively quarried between AVilm- cote and Newnham, to the north-west ot Stratford-upon-Avon. The beds exposed, in 1889, in a quarry north-west of Gipsey (or Stone) Hall, Wilmcote, were as follows :— Ft. 1 10 1 In. 6 Soil, with flints, &c. - - . . ( Grey and blue clay - - - Rusty clay .... Clay and limestone-shale - - . - 5 Top Blocks. Pale earthy limestone ■ - - Mafly shale - - - - r - 3 Bottom Block.s. Pale blue-heatted earthy and banded limestone. Ammonites Johnstoni - 8 Marly shales with impersistent layer of limestone. lAma gigantea. Beds used for lime - - 2 6 Fine Ooubse. Thin greyish-brown earthy limestone 2 Marly shale - - - - - -13 Lower Lias.. Whites. Hard blue-hearted limestone. Used for Zone of J wall-stone and building-purposes - - - 5 Am. \ Marly shale. Saurian remains - - - 1 4 planorbis. Ribs or Bottom Rock. Hard blue-hearted banded limestone, used for building-purposes - .04 Blue and brown marly shales ; the upper part more calcareous, and used for cement-making - .70 Marly limestone, hard blue limestones, and com- minuted shelly layers. Cement Dirt; Lignite, Fish-remains - - - - - 1 6 Cement Beds. Thick Bock. Blue earthy lime- stones (2 beds) with Plant-remains - - - 1 7 Pendles. Limestone-shales, used for Lump lime - 6 6 Firestone. Ostrea-bed. Hard blue shelly limestone, with Osiren Ziossica. Used for Lump lime- - 3 Earthy limestone and shale. The higher beds of marly shale and leathery limestone-shale are discarded. The Top and Bottom Blocks are of no use for building, as they do not stand the weather. At Wilmcote the layers on the whole are even-bedded. The banded beds are usually Insect Limestones, and they yield Ammonites planorbis, A. Johnstoni, Glyphea Heeri, Eryon barro- vensis, and E. wilmcotensis. Pholidophorus Strichlandi is also recorded, and I obtained a specimen of Ammonites rotiformis i and the bone of a Plesiosaurus. * Geol. Oxford, p. 112. f Tomes, Quart, Joutn, Geo]. Soc, vol. xxxiv. p. 184. libWEK TJAS: STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 153 Acconling to Dr. Wright, the Fii-eston« consists of 3 beds, 1 ft. 2 in. thick, below which were 1 ft. of hard dark slaty shale, and then "the Guinea-bed," which he describes as a hard shelly limestone I inch thick ; this rests on the Ehsetic Beds.* The section which I have noted, was not exposed to a depth sufficient to show the beds beneath the Firestone ; but a specimen of pale limestone with Estheria (in the Warwick Museum), was obtained at a depth of 4 feet below the Firestone. The details evidently vary a good deal, and it is by no means clear that the local names applied by the quarrymen, can be tlepended upon for correlation of particular beds in the different quarries ; nor is it clear that the " Guinea-bed " is always on the same horizon, for in the section at Wilmcote the bed so-called, may represent the top band of the Rhaetic Beds. Outliers of Lower Lias occur south-west of Wootton Wawen, and south of Morton Bagot, near Henley-in-Arden. The Rev. P. B. Brodie has noticed Insect Limestone at Brown's Wood and Stooper's Wood, and mentions that the " Firestones " and "Guinea- bed " were formerly worked in the district. An outlier more distant, between 10 and 11 miles from the main mass, occurs north of Knowle and south-west of Hampton- in-Arden. Attention was first called to this by Dr. Lloyd of Leamington. The stone was worked by means of shafts at Waterfield Farm and on Copt Heath. f Mr. Brodie has found Insect Limestones, and mentions that the Firestones and Guinea- bed were obtained from the old workings. No beds higher than the zone of Ammonites planorbis have been found, and Mr. Brodie notes this species, together with Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima, Lima punctata, spines of Cidaris, Fish-scales, and bones of Ichthyosaurus. % The higher beds of the Lower Lias near Evesham, consist mostly of clay, with occasional bands of limestone ; and these include the zones of Ammonites angulatus, A. Bucklandi, and A. semicostatus. Mr. T. J. Slatter informed me that the zone of A. angulatus was exposed in cuttings of the Midland railway, between Evesham and Hampton (Bengeworth station). Cardinia ovalis was abun- dant in places, and C. hybrida has' also been found at Bengeworth. At a clay-pit (long since closed) east of Ohadbury Farm, to the nortli of Evesham, the same beds were exposed. Fine specimens of Cardinia ovalis and Isastrcea Tomesi were obtained by Mr. Slatter. Mr. R. F. Tomes states that at Welford Hill near Stratford-on- Avon, Isastrma and " Septastraa " were associated with Ammon- ites angulatus and Cardinia ovalis ; and that A. angulatus occurs upwards, through the clays yielding A. semicostatus, to the top of • Quart. .Tourn. Greol. Soc., vol. xvi. p. 386 ; see also Brodie, Proc. Warwickshire Field Club, 1868 ; and Phillips, Geol. Oxford, pp. 105, 109. f Strickland, Memoirs, p. 117. X Warwickshire Nat. Hist, and Arch. Soc. 39th Ann. Report, 1875 ; Quart. .Tourn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxi. p. 159. 154 LTAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : the zone in which A. planicosta and Hippopodium punderosum appear.* This is certainly an unusual range for A. angulatus. , Bengeworth brickyard at Evesham showed a fine section of about 25 feet of dark shaly and ferruginous clay, covered with gravel, &c. Here may be found Ammonites Charmassei, A. semicostatus, Pleurotomaria anglica, Avicula incequivalvis, Cardinia Listeri var. hybrida, GryphcBa arcuata, Ostrea liassica, Lucina limbata, Extracrinus, &c. The species were identified by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. Eastwards, at Bretforton, the Lias was penetrated to a depth of 300 feet in search of coal. (See p. 300.) At Sheekill's brickyard, Pebworth, we find about 8 feet of blue shaly clay, with small and large irregular nodules of argillaceous limestone, capped by brown clayey soil with Drift pebbles. The beds here are regarded, by Messrs. Tomes and Slatter, as the local zone of Ammonites sauzeanus, for that species is common : but it may be remarked that the forms approach closely to A. bisv.1- catus. Among other fossils are ^. semicostatus, Gryphma, Mytilus, and Montlivaltia. Along the railway towards Shipston-on-Stour we find occasional cuttings in blue clay. That by the high road between the town and Chipping Campden, yielded ^»i?no?iite« semicostatus, Gfyphaa arcuata, and Pecten. The clay contains much selenite, and occasional bands and small nodules of limestone. Honeybourne brickyard, near the railway-station, showed about 10 feet of l)lue shaly and slightly calcareous clay, with rusty bands, and irregular nodules of limestone and ferruginous concretions. The clay was contorted in places, probably by Glacial action, as is the case with beds exposed at the surface north of this region. The fossils found here include : — Ammonites bisulcatus. Brookei. f densinodiis. f raricostatus. Tumeri. Hippopodium ponderosum. GiypliiEa. Lima. Mytilus. fMontlivaltia rugosa. The beds belong to the same horizon as those exposed at Marie Hill, Cheltenham. (Seep. 143.) Fine specimens of PZewro- tomaria were obtained by Mr. J. "Windoes from this locality. Ammonites raricostatus has been recorded from the neighbourhood of Ilminglon, and Hippopodium ponderosum from Todenham. The cutting on the Great W'estern Railway at Aston Magna, revealed Lower Lias clay and shale containing Ammonites qrma- tus, Belemnites, Pleurotomaria anglica, Leda, Plicatula spinosa, Spiriferina verrucosa, Waldheimia numismalis, and other fossils, forming an assemblage that may be parallelled with that obtained from the zones of 'Ammonites Jamesoni, &c., by Mr. Beesley at Fenny Oompton. The beds at Aston Magna were described by * Quart. Jouin. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv. p. 179 ; see also Moore, Ibid., vol. xxiii. p. 511. t Given on the authority of Mr. R. F. Tomes : the other species were named by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. J.OWER LIAS: CHIPPING CAMPDEN. 155 Mr, G. E. Gavey in 1853;* subsequently many fossila were obtained by Mr. T. J. Slatter, and tlie species have been recorded by Prof. K. Tate.f They include the following : — Ammonites armatus. fimbriatus. raricostatus (coll. J. Jones). Belemnites clavatus. compressus. , umbilicatus. Actsaonina marginata. Cerithium camertonense. Slatteri. Chemnitzia Blainvillei. (?) liassica. Exelissa (Kilvertia) numismalis. Trochus Thetis. Turbo admirandus. — r— cyolostoma (?). Anatina numismalis,. Area Strickland!. • — — numismalis. Astarte amalthei. Gervillia laevis. Gryphaaa cymbium- Hippopodium ponderosum. Leda (acuminata) Zieteni. complanata. subovalisr Lima scabrieula. Limea aouticosta. Modiola numismalis. Nucula cordata. Plicatula spinosa. Venus (Ceromya) bombax. Rhynchonella variabilis, var. bidens. : furcillata. Spiriferina verrucosa. Waldheimia indentata. -: — - numismalis. Pentacrimis basaltiformis. Ditrupa etalensis. Serpula plicatilis. ■ sigljpentagona. A full and intieresting account of the railway-cuttings at the Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Campden, was published also in 1853 by Mr, Gavey.J . The hill above Mickleton Tunnel rises to an elevation of 490 feet, and is formed of Lower Lias and Middle Lias shales and clays, overlaid by Marlstone and Drift. ITie Drift proved to be 76 feet thick, and consisted of loamy sand and gravel, and red clay with blocks of Marlstone. Beds of Lias shale upwards of 80 feet thick were exposed. The upper portions contained nodules and slabs of ironstone, and thin beds of sandstone, and these yielded a number of Echino- dermata, including Uraster Gaveyi, Tropidaster pectinatus, and Ophiodemia, together with Ammonites and other fossils. The general list published by Mr. Gavey shows that Middle and Lower Lias were exposed :, and the b^d? correspond with those opened up- in the railway-cutting, near. Chipping Norton. The fossils just mentioned probably belong to the Middle Lias (zone of Ammonites margaritqtus'). The lower portions of the clays belong to the zone of A. capricornus (or A^ Henleyi), and probably to lower- beds, as indicated by the presence of A. plani- costa, &c. Prof. Hull mentions the occurrence 'of Hippopodium ponderosum. Layers of crushed oysters were noticed by Mr. Gavey, also plant-remains and large pieces of carbonized wood. Of this lignite, he remarks that " one piece was about 7 feet long, and more than 1 foot wide, but, being in a crushed state, it was only 1^ inch thick; it Was converted into jet. .Other pieces were of a dark brown colour, impregnated with iron-pyrites." A deep boring made at Mickleton • Wood, near Chipping Campden, for Mr. S, G. Hamilton, of Kiftsgate Court, has proved * Quart; Journ. Geol. Soc.'vol. ix. pp. 35, 36. t Ibid., vol. xxvi. pp. 396-399. j Quart. .Journ.' Geol. Soc; vol. ix.pp. 29-3*; see also E. Hull, Geol. Chelten- ham, p. 17; and Decad* III., -Geol. Survey. [ 156 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ; a greater thickness of Lower Lias than is known elsewhere in this country. The boring, which was comrnenced in the Middle Lias, was carried through the Lower Lias, and Rhaetic Beds, into the'Keuper Marls. It was originally undertaken with the object of finding water, and when no supply was obtained, Mr. Hamilton resolved to continue the boring as a scientific enterprise ; but it was abandoned soon after the Keuper Marls were reached. The work was carried out by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutciiff (1890-921 and the following are the particulars of the strata passed through : — Section at Mickleton, Gloucestbrshike. [Old Dug Well, 45 feet ; the rest bored, diameter.] Cores 8 inches to 2 inches in Middle Lias. 280 feet. Lower Lias. 961 feet. Thickness. Ft. In. < Marlstone : ferruginous earthy lime- stone, with Ga/rdmm, Modiola scalprum, and Pmna (Beds not noted : portion of old dug well) - - Hard bluish-green rock Loamy sand and stone Hard sand, with bands of stone Blue shale and clay - - . Blue stone - - - - Brown rocky sand - - - Hard blue marly clay, with nodular limestone, and iridescent shells : Ammomtes fimbriates, Oardium truncatum, Modiola scalprum, and Crustacean 'Hard blue marly clay, with occasional nodules of limestone, and irides- cent shells : Ammonites capri- comus, and Pleuromya costata Hard blue clay, with bands of stone - Hard blue clay and shells : Ammonites, Amberleya, Grypt 1262 Brown and grey clays, and black shales, with Avieula contorta, i^uuo IsodontaEwaMi,PectenvaloniensiB? 74 feet""' '^ Gyrolepis Alberti, and Saurichthys ' acuminattts - - - 33 1285 Grey and blue marls, with layer of sandstone at 1307, and under it a thin vein of brown plastic clay - 30 1315 ' Green and red marls, in hard and soft bands - - - - 16 1330 Bed marl with band of red sandstone at top ; and trace of gypsum near bottom 12 1342 Specimens of the strata and fossils were forwarded to the Museum at Jermyn Street, by Mr. Hamilton, and also by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, to whom I am indebted for the above record. The fossils were named by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. In addition to the species mentioned, some others were sent without records of depths : they include Area Stricklandi, Cypri- cardia intermedia, and Pecten Thiollieri, probably from the base of the Middle Lias. A specimen of Ammonites planorbis was stated to come from a depth of 850 feet. The actual junction of Lower and Middle Lias cannot be determined within about 20 feet, and the record now given differs from that published in several newspapers by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, as a number of fossils have since been examined, which enable the junction to be determined within nearer limits, and to rec^uce the former estimate of the thickness of the Lower Lias. The total thickness of the Lias in this neighbourhood may be reckoned at 1,360 feet, as the Upper Lias clay has been estimated at 120 feet by Mr. Hamilton. ' Nowhere else in this country has so great a thickness of the strata been ascertained, for even in York- shire the measured sections of the Lias show a full thickness of under 1,100 feet. At Cherrington, in siielly limestone belonging to the zone of Ammonites capricornus, numbers of the large Coral, Montlivaltia Victories, were found by Messrs. Tomes and Slatter. One other locality is known where they occurred in equal prolusion, and that is the water-works at Grimsbury, Banbury, where Mr. Beesley informed me they were even more abundant than at Cherrington. A large collection of fossils was obtained by the Rev. S. Lucas, from the cutting on the Banbury and Cheltenham Eailway at Mangersbiiry, near Oddington. The zone of Ammonites Henhyi and other beds were exposed, but the horizons of the fossils recorded are not indicated.* A well sunk at Bliss's Factory, Chipping Norton, proved 500 feet of Lias, chiefly clay belonging to the Lower Lias and lower part of the Middle Lias. The sinking was abandoned, as no water was obtained.f * Greologist, vol. v. p. 127. t Ihid., p. 128 ; and Kev. J. Clutterbnck, Journ. R. Agric. Soc, vol. i. p. 282. 158 LTAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : During tbe construction of the railway-tunnel at Chipping Norton, many fine fossils were obtained by Mr. James Windoes of that town, from the zones of Ammonites capricornus and A. margaritatus. Among those obtained from the zone of A. capri- cornus, were the following : — Ammonites capricornus. Davoei. ' Henleyf. £mbriatus. Belemnites elongotus. vulgaris. Amberleya imbricata. Avieula insequivalvis. Cypricardi^ intermedia. Goniomya hybrida. Gresslya. Hippopodium ponderosum (smooth var.). Inoceramus ventricosus. 'Modiola scalprum. Pletirpmya co^tata. Pholadomya ambigua. . The specimens of Cypricardia intermedia (a form that ap- proaches very near to C. cucullata) were exceptionally well preserved, the finer and larger specimens coming from the zone of A. margaritatus. In a long list of fossils from the Lias of this locality, Mr. Beesley* has not separated the species procured from the two zones, because the fossils were mainly collected from the material brought up fiom the shafts, or carried out at the mouths of the tunnel. Mr. Windoes obtained a portion of Ammonites Henleyi belonging to a specimen 18 inches in diameter. The observations of Mr. F. A. Bather furnish evidence of the zone of Ammonites capricornus near Fawler.j At this locality blue clay with hard nodules and a few septaria was proved, by a boring, to a depth of 120 feet. In the upper part of this clay A. margaritatus was found, and slightly below, A. capricornus. Beds with Amm. capricornus, Sac. were proved in a boring at Burford Signett, at depths of from 270 to 300 feet from the surface. The total thickness of the Lower Lias proved to be about 450 feet, and that of the Middle Lias nearly 100 feet ; the thickness of the former being less than one half of that at Chipping Campden. Limestones are not very prominently de- veloped at the base of the formation, for the record of the boring gives clay with occasional, bands of limestone to near the bottom of the Lias.| , The cutting of the Great Western Railway near Charlbury, yielded Ammonites planicosta and Pleurotomaria anglica,;^ while at Ascott-under-Wychwood " the skeleton of an Ichthyosaurus was found." Here, according to Prof Hull, the beds " consist of * Proc. Warwickshire Keld Club, 1876, p. 30; Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v. pp. 181-184 ; see also Wright, Lias Ammonites, Palaeontograph. Soc, p. 433. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, yol. xlii. p. 144. j See Etheridge, Pop. Sc. Review, set. 2, vol. iii. p. 290 ,- and De Kance, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1878. Details of the Burford boring will be given in a subsequent volume on the Oolitic rocks. . , § W. S. Horton, Geologist, vol. iii. p. 251. ' LOWER LIAS : HAKBUKY. 159 bluish shales, weathering grey and brown, with small nodules of earthy limestone and iron-concretions."* Kineton, Harbury, Fenny Compton, and Banbury, Turning again to the beds in Warwickshire, we find the Lower Lias limestones exposed In the railway-cuttings between Stratford- on-ATon and Eatington. The beds, as remarlied by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, are much disturbed in places, but near the station north of Upper Eatington " the Lima and other beds are exposed in a cutting about 60 feet deep, consisting of the usual series of bands of limestone divided by shales." The beds dip in an easterly direction. At Kineton the railway-cuttin The overlying clays have been worked for briok-mdking, between Bruntingthorpe, and Shearsby, at Kibworih Hirrcourt, Husbands Bosworth, Market Harborough, Little Bowden, Neville Holt, and Medbourn. Shell}' limestone-bands are occasionally met with in the clays, bands that are of a similar character to the Banbury Marble. One of the-se bands at Husbands Bosworth yielded BelemriiteSj Cardinia, Gryphcea, Lir.ia, aiiA Pecten ; yiut tiie specimens wei'e not good enough for specific identification. Prof. Judd has also described bands of like chaVacter that were exposed at Staunton Wyville. They yielded Cavdinia attenuata aaA-Chybrida, and many other shell.*, mclaCiing Rfilemnites clavatus, Hippopodium ponderosum, Gryphaa obliquata, Littorina imbricataj Pe^tacrinus^ &c. He remarks that these, bands of limestone are; ; sufl&cient to produce, by their greater relative Jiardpess and. power of resisting denudation, a well-marked feature wherever the country is sufficiently free from Drift. Thus the ridge on which the village, of Thorpe Langton is built, owes its exiBtence'"^ to . the presence of limestone-bands of the zone of Ammonites. Jamesoni. A deep ditch south of the village afforded an admirable exposure of these beds in the year 1867, find yielded Ammonites Valdani, Belemnites elongatus, Plicatula .spinpsa , Pecten fsquivalvis, Modiola, Ostrea, and Pentac.rinus (very ,abundant).{, Prof. Judd. mentions that the clays in the Neville-Holt brick- .yard, are dark blue and pyritousj with a few septaria and ferru- ginous nodnles ; they yielded .Ammonites capricomus, A. Jim- hriatus, and Nucula. At Little Bowden brickyard, beds of grey micaceous shale and fbluei'clay have been opened up to a depth of ,25 feet, beneath, Middl;e,.Lias'8hale». These lower beds belong to the zone of^. cnpi}i(iornv,s^- *,Eep. Leicester. Lit. and Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 120 ; see also Gedl. Mar. 1884^ .P-415. ■ ' f ' Qtiilter, Geol. Mag.- 1886, p. 60 ; Midland Nat.,'vol. It. p. 265. J, Geology of Rutland (Mem. Geol. Snrvey, Sheet 64), pp. 62, 6.3. 168 LIAS OF ENGLAND ANB WALES : The following fossils occur : — Ammonites capricornus. Belemnites clavatus. Amberleya imbricata. Cardita multicostata. Inoceramus ventricoaus. Leda. Pecten. Modiola scalpnim. hillana. Plicatula spinosa. Pentacrinus basaltiformis. Lignite (partially converted into jet) The above list includes the species obtained by Prof. Judd and those subsequently collected by Mr. Beeby Thompson and myself. At Cranhoe brickyard (also described by Prof. Judd) we have an exposure of light-blue stratified clays, with layers of concentric balls of ironstone which fall to pieces on exposure to the air. These nodules contain numerous but imperfectly preserved fossils ; the species collected were as follows : — Ammonites Henleyi. Belemnites. Avicula insequivalvis. Cardium truncatum. Cucullaea. Inoceramus ventricosus. Leda complanata. Lima pectinoides. Pecten lunularis. sequivalvis. Pentacrinus. The beds here, as noted by Prof. Judd, are near the junction of Middle and Lower Lias ; possibly portions of the Middle Lias are represented.* Barrow- on- Soar and Melton Mowbray. The lowest beds of the Lower Lias near Leicester, consist of beds of banded and fissile argillaceous limestone, alternating with shaly clay ; beds which resemble the Insect Limestones in the Lower Lias of Wilmcote and other places.f They also yield remains of Saurians, Fishes and Crustaceans, including Ichthyo- saurus communis, I. intermedius, I. tenuirostris, Plesiosaurus jnacrocephalus, Belonorhynchus acutus, Oxygnathus JEgertmii, Dapedius dorsalis, Eugnathus serrulatus, Pholidophorus Hastingsice P. Stricklandi, and Eryon barrovensis. From Barrow-on-Soar there was obtained a specimen oi Ichthyosaurus with traces of the skin or dermal covering.J Among other fossils there are found Ammonites planorbis, A. Johnstoni, Nautilus striatus, Gryphaa arcuata, Lima gigantea, and Rhynchonella calcicosta. -A fiue Neuropterous Insect, named Palaotermes Ellisiijhj Dr. H. Wood- ward has lately been found in the same strata by Mr. Montagu Browne ; and in this specimen the wings are clouded with spots of colour. § The thickness of the beds is from 30 to 40 feet. These lower beds have been noticed by Prof. Judd in railway-cuttings at Sysonby and Kirby Bellars, and by Mr. Strangways in * Geology of Eutland, &c., pp. 62, 63. f Brodie, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. ii. p. 139 ; W. J. Harrison, Sketch of the Geology of Leicestershire, &c., 1877, p. 37 ; M. Browne, Vertebrate Animals of Leicester and Eutland, 1889, pp. 173, &o. J Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. ii., Plate 10 ; "W. Davies, Geol. Mag., 1864 p. 248. See also Moore, Proc. Somerset Arch. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 179. § Geol. Mag. 1892, p. 193. ;LOWEB lias: BARBOW-ON-SOAE. 169 the cutting .near Rotherby, north-east of Brooksby railway- etation. The principal sections are those in the quarries near Barrow-on- Soar, where the beds shown are as follows : — Ft. In. Ft. In. 'Blue and brown clay and pyritic shale, with Ammonites catenatus - -50tol50 Thin layer of stone. Idma gigantea, GryphiBa'] Lower Lias. arcuata - - - - -1-150 Zones of Grey and blue shaly clay - - - J Ammonites J Limestone " Roof Bed," known also as Ratnmell angulatus ] or Rummels, with Am. planorbis and Lima and A. gigantea - - - - - 1 planorbis. Shale - - - - - -40 Six or seven even " floors " of limestone and clay - 10 Shale 7 Limestone " White Hurls " - - - 1 A few more " floors " are worked in places, sometimes in the open and ■sometimes by shafts and drifts carried beneath the Roof Bed. The depth from 'the Rammell to the White Stone (top of Rhsetic Beds) is said to be 29 feet, and the thickness of the stone-beds that are worked is from 21 to 25 feet, including shales. Some of the bands have been employed for paving and other purposes, but much of the stone is very shaly and after expostu-e it flakes up. It is mainly worked for the Blue Lias Lime and Cement, manufactured by John Ellis and Company. The beds shown belong mostly to the zone of Ammonites plan- orbis, but the top clays and shales, which in places attain a thickness of about 80 feet, have been designated by Mr. Quilter the zone or sub-zone of Ammonites catenatus* This Ammonite is locally found in some abundance ; it was however regarded by Prof. Juddf as a variety of A. angulatus, and is no doubt an intermediate form, sufficiently pronounced however to be worthy of local distinction. Mr. Quilter regards the form as intermediate between A. planorbis and A. angulatus. A. catenatus is recorded by Mr. J. D. PaulJ from beds near Scraptoft and Thurnby, and it has been found with A. Johnstoni at the Spinney Hills, Leicester. Beds belonging to the zone of A. angulatus have been observed near Sileby by Mr. Quilter, and also in the railway-cutting on the Uppingham road, near Leicester. A boring near Evington proved 186 feet of Lower Lias, including the beds from the base up to the zone of A. Bueklandi.^ At Crown Hill, north-west of Evington, nearly 50 feet of limestones and clays belonging to the zone of A. Bucklandi have been opened up. Mr. Quilter records A. Charmassei and other fossils from this locality. || In an easterly direction the bed^ are represented mainly by blue clays, with numerous scattered specimens of Gryphcea * Geol. Mag. 1886, pp. 59, 64. " t Geol. Rutland, p. 59. J Trans. Leicester Lit. and Phil. See, ser. 2, Part I., p. 23. § J. D. Paul, Ibid., 1883-4, p. 83. il Eeport Leicester Lit. & Phil. Soc. for 1883, p. 52. 170 LIAS OF ENGLAND- AiSTD WALES: arcuata, &c. Beds of this nature, noted by Prof. .Tudd; were reached in a deep well in Stapleford Park.* Blue pyritic clays with occasional bands of limestone, yielding Ammonites semicostatuS, &c. were opened up in cuttings near .Thurnby, and Ingersby or Scraptoft tunnel, east of Leicester.t Still higher beds of pyritic shale with nodules of limestone, bands of shelly limestone, and ferruginous concretions, belonging to the zone of. A. oxynotus were exposed by the tunnel between Grimston and Old Dalby, and in a brickyard between Houghton- on-the-Hill and Billesdon.J At the potteries at Loseby and in the railway-cuttings near Loseby station, clays and shales with sepiaria and nodules of iron- stone were exposed to a diepth of about 25 feet. Towards the middle of the section at the potteries, there was a layer of grey sandy rock. The following fossils were obtained by Prof. Judd : — Cardinia. Gryphffia cymbium. obliquata. Hippopqdium ponderosum, large nigose variety. . Lima Hertaanni, Modiola scalprum. Arcomya elongata. Pholadomya ambigua. Pentacrinus. SaTirisin vertebrse. Ammonites armatms, abundant. gagateus (Coynarti). Loscombei, sometimes very large, and the specimens covered with Ostrea, Serpula, &c. Nautilus truncatus. Belemnites acutus. Avicula. The beds were grouped by Prof. Judd in the zone of A. arma- tus.^ The occurrence of A. Loscombei is however suggestive of higher beds ; and Mr. Strangways is of opinion that they include beds belonging to the zone of Jl. capricornus. Beds belonging to the zones of Ammonites armatus, A. Jamesoni, and A. Ibex have been noted in the railway-cuttings near Freeby and Saxby, and again near Little and Great Dalby. They con- ^sist of sandy clay and pyriious shaieV, with septaria, feiTuginous • nodules, and occasionally thin bands of impure limestone, and pieces of jet. Beds of this character were shown in a cutting of the Bourn and Saxby railway, east of Saxby, where they were apparently faulted against the' Marlstone. Specimens indicating the zones of A, Jamesoni and A. capri- cornus were obtained by Prof Judd from openings in the Lower Lias clays of Stapleford Park : he enumerates the following:— Ammonites brevispina, rare. capricornus, rare. Jamesoni. latascosta, abundant. normanianus, rare. — . — trivialis. Belemnites clavatus. r. elegans. Trochus. Cypricardia cucullata. ,r Gryphsea cymbium. Limea acuticosta. Lima Hermann!. Plicatula spinosa. <■ Unicardium cardioides. * Judd, Geol. Rutland, p'. 59. t J. D. Paul, Rep. Leicester Lit. & Phil. Soo. for 18§3, p. 50. X Quilter, Geol. Mag. 1886, p. 60. § Geol. Rutland, p. 61. ;. LOW EK LIAS : BAENSTONE. lifl Ammonites Jamesoni- Q.\\d Mippoppdmm ponderosum were ob- tained at Gre^t, Dalby by Prpf. Judd ; and from -Little Dalby he , obtained A. Maugenesti, J^licatula spinosa, und Monilivaltia rugosa, forms which recall the beds at Fenny Compton. Fine specimens of ^. armatus were. also obtained at Little Dalby. As remarked by Professor Judd, the highest beds of the Lower Lias consist of dark blue clays, with much pyrites and many .septaria, the latter acquirinj^ a red colour and concentric structnre by weatheriTig, and frequently containing thin laminae of Specular Iron. These beds abound with specimens of Amriionites capri- cornus, and c^lso contain, but more ravely, I'e7itacriniis robustus and some other fossils. They are exposed in the railivay-cutting at Galley Hill, near Whissendine.* Barnstone and the Vale of Belvoir. North-east of Leicester the Lower Lias spreads over a con- siderable tract of country, an' undulating drift-covered district known as the Wolds, on which are situated the villages of Walton- on-the-Wolds, Old'Dalby-on-the-WoIds, Wimeswold, and Stanton- on-the-Wolds. Limestones have been quarried for lime-burning, &c., north of Hotouion the Normanton and Stanford Hills; between Normanton- upon-Soar and- Rempstone, at Cortlingstock, East Leake 'H1M$, near Widmerpool, Kinoulton, Owthorpe, and Cropwell Bishop. The beds at Hoton are much like those of Barrow-on-Soar, and similar organic remains (Saurians, Fishes,fand Crustaceans) have been found there and at Oortlingstoek.t A deep boring mad^ at Owthorpe, penetrated the basement- beds of the Lower Lias ;{ a well sunk at the G.N. and L. & N.W. Kailway-station at Melton Mowbray, proved a tbicknes? of 230 feet of Lower Lias, beneath a covering of lirift 38 /eet thick; and a boring at Scalford Road, near Melton Mowbray, proved 212 feet of Lower Lias (clay with thin bands of lime- stone), overlaid by 149 feet of Drift.§ (See p. 315.) The lowest beds of the Lias were exposed in the railway-cuttiiig near Barnstone, where the junction with' the Rhjetic Beds was noted by Mr. E. Wilson as follows : — 11 Ft. U. , |- . fThin-bedded blue limestones and brown Lower W.S. I clays, wi^^ Ammonites ■' fianoKhis, j; ■r^'^ u •■' 1 Blewomyacostata, Ostrea liasdca, ajid- ,,..'-, pimorms. ^ Modiola minima - - - about 10 ' 'O r White r .Rhaetic J j^j J Cbmpact donaretionary bed of limestone .- 0_ 1 3 ^ to 7 Beds I g- 1^ Earthy, shales with nodules of limestone. * Geol. Rutland, pp. 60, 61. f See Horizontal Section, Geol. Survey, Sheet -48, and Eiplanatibn'tiy H. 'H. -Howell ; and Jukes,. in Potter's History of Gharnwood Forest, Appendix, p. 4. % B. Wilson, Midland Nat., vol. vi. p. 198, and Jukes-Browne, Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. (150,- ' § De Eance, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1883, p. 153. II Quart. Joum.,.firepl. Soc., ,yol, ysxviji, p.. 453; Jukes-Browne, Geol." S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 19! Lower Lias Zone of <^ Am. planorbis. 172 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND •WALES ! The compact bed of limestone was included in the Lower liias by Mr. Wilson, but it is probably equivalent to a band, of similar character and position at Coddington, which I regard as the top of the Rhaetic Beds.* At the Lime-works at Barnstone the following section was shown • — Ft. In. Contorted clayey soil and drift - - « - 2 Tale argillaoeous limestones. Two Skeeeies, and clay - '2 Racy clay - - - - - -24 Two or three beds of limestone. First and Second Urrs, thick and thin beds nsed for paving floors - 1 8 Grey shale - - - - - -26 Best stone. Nine-inch bed, paie and banded earthy limestone - - - - - -09 Shale .... .11 Two or three beds of limestone. Rummels -14 Shale ... .-17 Limestones. Eighteen-inch bed. top and bottom, wavy-banded and pyritic limestone (like bed at Glen Parva) - - - - - - -16 Shale - 1 6 Grey argillaceous limestone. Bottom Floor. (Water) 8 Shelly layers occur in the shales, and there are obscure Bivalves (Pullastra ?), small Inoceramus ?, Ostrea liassica, Spines of Echini, and remains of Plesiosaurus and Ichthyosaurus. Northwards, the limestones have been worked at Granby, East Cotham Hill, near Long Bennington, and Coddington. Ammonites planorbis, Cardinia, &c. have been met with at Granby and Cotham ; and species of MontUvaltia at Balderton.f The total thickness of the basement-beds of the Lower Lias (zone of A. planorbis) is about 30 feet. According to Mr. Jukes- Browne, the zones vi Ammonites angu- latus and A. Buchlandi consist of dark blue clays with occasional bands of septaria and thin limestone. The fossils, which are sometimes pyritic, include Ammonites, Nautilus, Gryphcea arcu- ata, Lima gigantea, &c. The beds are seldom exposed, but they have been opened up in brickyards near Bottesford, and in other places near Redmile ;% and probably also in Kinoulton brickyard to the south-west. The zone of Ammonites semicostatus is represented partly by a band of ferruginous limestone and ironstone, containing Ammonites semicostatus, Cardinia gigantea, C. Listeri, Gryphaa arcuata, and other fossils. As remarked by Prof. Judd, the bed makes a con- spicuous feature In the Vale of Belvoir, and exhibits mineralogical "characters, which have caused it to be mistaken for the Rock-bed of the Marlstone. (See Fig. 53.) * Geol. Mag. 1874, p. 480. t See also Jukes-Browne, Geol. S.W.Xincolnshire, (Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 70), p. 24. % Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, pp. 28, 29. See also Fig. 1, p. 10. LOWER lias: vale of belvoie. 173 e^o u'S « u ^ 25 d ^ t-3 3 tnl^ ■a CO -a 13 c c3 a IS CO "3 fc" b3^ 03 "^ CNi-h' 02 02 ■to MIDDLE LIAS : GLASTONBURY. 207 At Ttent, north-east of Yeovil, iheMaristone is about 15 inches thick. A quarry north-west of Trent Barrow, exposed tough brown and grey sparry limestone, with nodules of pale compact limestone, and oolitic grain?. Here, as in other places, the l)ase- ment-beds of the Upper Lias are shown above the Marlstone. Further on, at Coneygore Hill, Sandford Orcas, the Eock-bed is stated to be 4 feet tliick, in a section noted by Moore, and near Sutton Montis to be 6 feet, as observed by Bristow. It has been traced through Oompton Pauncefoot, but no sections have been noticed near Oastle Gary. The descrij)tion of the beds in a section at Scale Hill, near Batcombe, by De la Beche, Is probably a general one, as the Marlstone, although present, does not appear to comprise a mass of strata 21 feet thick, as stated by him.* A rock-specimen of Marlstone, micaceous and '.sandy limestone with Belemnites, Rhynchonella, and Terebratula, was obtained at West- combe, west of Batcombe.f Of the lower beds we have little information, beyond the fact that there is a development of micaceous sandy shales and sands, in the country extending from Trent, near Yeovil, through South and North Cadbury to Batcombe. In the valley south of Batcombe, there are brown micaceous and marly sands, with Ammonites very poorly preserved. Probably the Lower Lias is not exposed so near the Oolitic escarpment as represented on the Geological Survey map ; but north of Batcombe the Middle Lias has not been sbowii on the map until we reach the neighbourhood of Bath. In the intermediate area it may be partly overlapped by Inferior Oohte and Midford Sands. North of West'Pennard Church, the lower beds of the Middle Lias are exposed in a lane-cutting, and the beds have also been exposed by the stream near East Pennard Ohuicli. The Rock- bed has been opened up beneath the Upper Lias to the east of West Pennard. The general section is as follows (see Fig. 43, p. 90):- Ft. In. Hard blue and brown ferruginous oolitic, and in places compact, Marlstone, with, near the top, irregular nodules of grey efirthy limestone - - 1 3 Micaceous sands with Belemnites, and ochreous, clayey beds, with thin alter- Middle Lias. -^ nate layers or sand. Thick-bedded yellow micaceous and fissile rock-sands, with ochreous galls, and occasional large concretionary masses of bluish sandy limestone - - 40 feet or more. Bluish-grey and yellow sandy micaceous shales. The lower beds, consisting of blue and brown clay with " race," and micaceous sandy shales with ferruginous concretions and occasional indurated bands, have been opened up in brickyards to the north of Glastonbury, where red bricks, tiles, drain-pipes, * Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i., p. 280. ■f Cataiogne of Rock Specimens, &o 23. 208 LIAS OF ENGLANtf AND WALES : flower-pots, and ornamental bricks are manufactured. A thick- ness of upwards of 40 feet of these beds is shown, but no fossils were to be had. They are probably on the same horizon as the beds yielding Am. margaritatus at Brent Knoll. Above these beds there is a development of micaceous sands with indurated masses of sandy limestone, and blue septarian limestone, overlaid by micaceous sandy clay. These beds are to be seen at Chalice Hill and in a deep-lane leading from it ; and they occur also on Wearyall Hill, which rises to a height of about 190 feet. The well-bedded nature of the sands, is similar to that of the beds exposed in the road-cutting north of South Petherton. Springs are thrown out at the base of the Sands. The uppermost micaceous sandy clays yield Belemnites and Ammonites, and they are overlaid by the Rock-bed, blue iron-sbot and oolitic limestone, from 1 to 2 feet thick.* The Rock-bed here and at Pennard, yields Ammonites spinatus, A. margaritatus, Belemnites, Lima, Pecten cequivalvis, Rhyn- choneUa acuta, R. tetrahedra, &c. Glastonbury Tor is based on a platform of Upper Lias, beneath which, and to the norch of the hill, the Marlstone Rock-bed was formerly quarried in two or three places. The general section of the Middle Lias of Glastonbury is as follows (see Fig. 84, p. 263) :— J Rock-bed ... Micaceous sandy clays - Micaceous sands with indurated beds Lias. j Micaceous shales (_ Clay (to sea-level) Ft. In. Ft. In. - 1 Oto 2 10 60 140 20 Brent Knoll, which is similarly constructed, exhibits beneath the Knoll (formed of Midford Sands), a platform of Upper Lias based on Middle Lias. (See Fig. 85, p. 263.) A well dug to a depth of 15 or 20 feet at the foot of the hill, near Brent Knoll railway-station, proved blue micaceous shale, which y\c\diedi Ammonites margaritatus, A. Loscombei, Belemnites, Avicula, and fragments of lignite.f The higher beds are not well exposed, but they form a comparatively steep scarp, surmounted by the Upper Lias. The Rock-bed is probably thin. Approaching the Mendip Hills we find evidence of irregular overlap of the divisions of the Lias and Lower Oolites, and some of the beds, where present, are too thin to be represented on the Geological Survey map. Between Batcombe and the Mendip Hills, near Doulting, we have no records of the Middle Lias, although the formation may be present in an attenuated form. In the vales of Nunney, Whatley, and Vallis near Frome, we find sometimes Khsetic Beds, sometimes Lias, and also Inferior Oolite, resting directly on the Carboniferous Limestone, and pre- * The thickness of "about 15 feet" assigned to the Marlstone -rock by Dr. Wright, is far too great. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xvi. p. 34 ; see also Day, Froc. Cotteswold Club, vol. iii. p. 121 ; and H. B. W., Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xi. p. cciii. ■J- H. B. W., Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, vol. vi. p. 12.5. MIDDLE Ll.VS : MlCXDIl' HILLS. 209 senting in places conglomeratic characters. Little would be known of the fossils of these beds, but for the researches of Charles Moore : nevertlieless the testimony of the organic remains, which are sometimes obtained from fissures that may liave received infillings at difBerent periods, must necessarily be received with caution. (See p. 97.) The following section at Whntley was noted by Moore : — Clay and debris of Inferior Oolite. m-jji T- f Grey laminated marl - Middle Lias [ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ fossilifero Carboniferous Limestone. Ft. In. 1 2 10 He stated that " the fossiliferous marl at Whatley is in great part composed of dismembered Pentacrinites, but the same tliin deposit has yielded 64 species of organic remains ; of these the most varied arc the Braciiiopoda, of which there are present tiie genera Argiope, Crania, LeptcBiia, Rhynchonella, Spiriferina, Suessia, Terebratula, Terebratulina, and Thecideum."* Moore remarked that occasionally tiie fossiiiferous marl is converted into a thin indurated limestone, difficult to separate from the older rock on which it rests. The method of occurrence of this fossiiiferous bed and its organic remains, were compared by Moore with a similar accu- mulation at Fontaine-etoiip3-Four in Normandy, described by M. Deslongchanips, as of Middle Lias age. Upper Lias beds also occur in that country under similar conditions. (See p. 229.) Moore observed that " within two miles of Whatley, the Middle Lias i« again present under very peculiar conditions at the hamlet of Holwell. On the Carboniferous Limestone at this place, and extending as far as Craumore, are deposits of conglomerate of Middle Lias age, almost undistinguishable lithologically from the older rocks. . . ■ Not only does the Middle Lias conglomerate frinere the ancient coast-line at this point, but it has been carried down for great depths into the viens and fissures of the limestone, the infillings in one of the quarries occupying nearly a third the length of the section, one of the Liassic veins being fifteen feet in breadth. From the side of this, about fifty feet from the surface, was extracted a block but a few inches square, containing fourteen species of gasteropoda of Middle Lias age, and all of them new to this country .'.'t The lists given by Moore, from these localities of Whatley and Holwell, contain forms found elsewhere in Lower, Middle, and Upper Lias. (See p. 98.) Moore has recorded the presence of tiie Middle Lias ( Vlarlstone) at Mells, resting directly upon the Coal-measures. It was pene- trated in sinking a shaft, and found to be 9 feet in thickness. It * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 155 ; and ij^uart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. pp. 477-480. f proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 157 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii., pp. 482, &c. B 70859. 210 LIAS OV ENGLANr) AND WALES:' contained Ammonites spinatus, Belemnites paxillosus, Pholadomya ambigua, and Montlivaltia.' From blue marl at the same locality Moore obtained Ophioderma Egertoni* , In the neighbourhood of Rad.-tock and Camerton, there are beds of iron-shot limestone (with nodules), which yield Gryphcea i cymbium, Terebratula punctata, Waldheimia quadrifida var. cornuta, Rhynchonella rimosa, &c., and have been described as Middle Lias. The Ammoniies howevpr, which include A. armatus, A. Jamesoni, &c., tend to show that the beds belong to the hiaher portion of the Lower Lias, according to the grouping adopted in this Memoir-. No traces of A. margaritatus and A. spinatus have been found in these beds; but it is possible that here and there a layer of stone may be found of Middle Lias age, as in the section near Branch Huisb, south-east of Eadstock, described by E. B. Tawney. There the top layer of; stone yields Cardinia concinna.'f Among the beds of the Lower Lias there is, in this area, evidence of reconstruction at different horizons, so that, as Moore has pointed out,, we have presented to us conditions somewhat "abnormal," when compared with their "typical" development as uninterrupted deposits elsewhere. In his opinion the Mendip Hills, although subject to oscillations of level, formed a barrier to the incursion of the deeper-sea deposits which were taking place to the south. J There may also be evidence of reconstruction during the Middle Lias. The "nodules" so frequently met with in the limestones, are sonietimcs slightly phosphatic, and appear in many cases to be rolled masses of previously formed Lias limestone. ,^ There is evidence of a considerable thickness of " Blue marl" between the Lower Lias limestones and the Inferior Oolite, north of Eadstock and east of Paulton. A coal-boring sunk through, the Inferior Oolite on the hill east of Paulton, proved 120 feet of "Blue marl." It is highly probable that Lower, Middle, and Upper Lias are represented in this group. The evidence tends to show that the Marlstone as a Eock-bed is of inconstant occur- rence in this area north of the Mendip Hills, as it is in other localities ; and it is likely that the main mass of the " Blue marl " is of Middle Lias age. (See p. 127.) Further north we have evidence of blue micaceous marl, beneath a bed of "marlstone," at Dundas, where the Upper Lias clay is very thin. The section opposite Dundas, given by Moore, is a remarkable one, and is unfortunately now obscured: the beds recorded by him are as followB§ :: — * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., p. 150; QUart. Journ.' Geol. Soc., voLxxiii. p. 481. ■f Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i., p. 186 ; see also De la Beche, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 280. t Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiu. pp. 4.54, 474, &c ; and Proc Somerset Arch., and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 161. § Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 153. Ft. In. 20 2 1 3 MIDDLE LIAS : BATH. 2ll [Midford Sands.] Inferior Oolite sands-' , -• ■-. r Grey clay . - [Upper Lias.] < Upper Lias stone with Ammonites bi/rons '■'' *' L (Walcotti), A. serpentinus, &o. '- " - Blue'iclay - - - . ■' Brownish marlstone with A. oapricomus (maeulatus), Unicardium cardioides, Lingula Beani [P] abundant, Crustacea and Saurian teeth - ' - - - 10 [Middle Lias 1 ( ^^^^ micaceous marl with nodules of iron- '■ I . stone - - - - 20 The occurrence of A. capricornus in the " brownish marlstone," together with the Lingula, is remarkable. Nevertheless much of the so-called " Marlstone " which is of an iron-shot character in the Kadstock area, occupies a different horizon from the Rock-bed at llminster; and fossils of distinct stages are foimd sometimes together in a remanie condition. Itiseems reasonable to conclude that this "marlstone" of Dundas is likewise a remani^ bed ; and that it occurs at the base of the Upper Lias. In the neighbourhood of Bath there are few sections in the strata between: the Lower Lias limestones (Blue Lias) and the Midford Sands. Londsdale describes the beds filling this interval, as consisting of "Blue clay and marl; which are tough in the lower part of the deposit, but thinly laminated and micaceous in the upper. Irregular beds of stone are interstratified with them." He estimates the thickness at 200 feet, and an old boring at Batheaston proved a thickness there of 170 feet. (See p. 135.) Along the Midland Railway between Bath and Oombe Down, blue micaceous clay was exposed in several cuttings. It contains occasional bands of earthy limestone, but does not appear to be fossiliferous. It is capped by a bed of nodular iron-shot limestone that may represent the Marlstone, while above are three beds of limestone, the, highest of which has yielded Upper Lias fossils. These hard bands in the Upper Lias sometimes resemble the Rock-bed of the Marlstone, and were evidently included with it by Lonsdale, in his section (at Box) of the strata overlying the blue clay and marl -before mentioned. Indeed he remarks that " Interposed between the lias and inferior oolite are several beds of sandy marl, to which Mr. Smith gave the name of marlstone. They effect a gradnal passage from the lias into the inferior oolite."* The fact is the Upper Lias is very thin in places, and we have little more than the basement-beds, overlaid by clays of no great thickness, that merge upwards into the Midford Sands. Thus, on the Geological Survey map near Bath, where the original survey and grouping of the divisions were undertaken primarily under Lonsdale's guidance, the Upper Lias has in some places been included with the Middle Lias, and in other places both these divisions have been included in the Lower Lias ; partly no doubt on account of the sleep slopes, and the little space (on the one-inch map) to show the divisions ; and partly because rock- * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol, iii. pp. 243, 247. 2 212 LIAS OV ENGLAND AND WALES: beds, being rarely shown, it was difficult to mark any division in the blue clays that overlie the Blue Lias limesiones.* The following appears to be the general section of the strata, as illustrated by sections at Box (noted by Lonsdale), Devonshire Buildings, Bath (noted by tlie Rev. H. H. Winwood), and by the deep boring at Batheaston : — Ft. In. Ft. In. Midford Sands. Micaceous yeUow sand. f Ferruginous sandy and oolitic lime- "1 I stone with nodules. Ammonites J •^ serpentinus, A. communis. &c. - ^3 Pale grey earthy limestones and | clays .. - - -J 'Marlstone (? persistent) Micaceous yellow sand and clay, with indurated layers r - - .Blue micaceous clays with occasional 1 i x irn n r stone beds - - - -.h^"'** ^^ ^ 1 Blue lias limestones. Upper Lias. Middle Lias and Lower Lias. 6 to 4 6 1 3 The stone-beds at the junction of Middle and Upper Lias were observed by Lonsdale at Batheaston, and in the descent from High Barrow Hill to Pennyquick Bottom, near Twerton ; and by William Smith at Bathampton. Moore likewise noticed the beds at Kelston Beechen Cliff, and other places in the neighbourhood of Batb.t North of the Great Western Railway, in the lane leading from Box to Hill House, blue and brown micaceous and marly clays were exposed in a road-cutting ; oehreous nodules occurred in the upper part, but no fossils were to be seen. Hill House is situated on Inferior Oolite (with Rhynchonella spinosa, &c.). The principal section exposed in this region, is that at Oak's Lane, Upton Cheney, near Bitton, which was noted by Moore : — Ft. In. TT !• T ■ s / About 12 beds with numerous specimens of uppe Xjia . -(^ Ammonites serpentinus . . - Marlstone? ----- Grey and reddish-brown marls with nodules and bands of ironstone, and occasional layers with Pecten ... Blue-hearted stone - - . . Shelly marlstone - - . . Grey marls .... Blue micaceous stone ... Moore records from the beds below the Upper Lias, Belemtiites, ■Gryphaa gigantea, &c , and Ammonites capricornus (maculatus). The precise horizon of the Ammonite is not indicated, but the occurrence is noteworthy in connexion vdth the record lie gives of this species from the "marlstone" of Dundas, p. 211. J The evidence of Middle Lias, and more especially of the Marlstone in the neighbourhood of Bath, is therefore by no means ■fio satisfactory as one could wish. Moreover at Dundry we fail * See De la Beche, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i., p. 275. t Proo. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 126. t Ibid., vol. xiii. p. 152. Middle and I Lower? Lias, » 155 ft. Sin. 12 1 144 5 7 4 8 1 4 MIDDLE LIAS : "WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE, 213 to get evidence, and Mr, Etheridse has stated there are no traces whatever of the Middle Lias or Marlstone * Moore remarks that "On the top of Bltton Hill, the Upper Lias is composed of several ferruginous-looking beds of stone, with what appears to be a single bed of the Middle Lias marlstone immediately beneath."t Gloucestersh ire. Following the main escarpment north of Upton Cheney, we find the outcrop of the Middle Lias passing through Dyrham, Codington, Old Sodbury, and Hawkesbury, but there are no records of sections along this tract. Further north the Marlstone is well developed, a,nd the Middle Lias forms a platform at Hilsley and Alderley, at Wotton- under-Edge, North Nibley, Stinchcombe, and Durslev. CSee Fig. 67.) ^ ^ A brickyard situated near the Chapel norlii of Wotton-under- Edge, showed about 30 feet of very micaceous bluish-grey and brown sandy shales. These are slightly calcareous and are indurated here ami there. Pyritic nodules occur, but no organic remains were to be seen. Red bricks and drain-pipes are manufactured here, but stronger clay (Lower Lias) is brought from Bradley Green for the making of the pipes. The total thickness of the Middle Lias at Wotton-under-Edge was estimated by Bristow at 200 feet. (See Fig. 86, p. 264.) The following section in the road from Nibley Church to Nibley Green, was recorded by Bristow : — Middle Lias. Ft. In "Brown rock (Marlstone) - 12 to 14 Clay - 15 6 Ferruginous sandstone with Belemnites 1 Bluish sandy clay 6 Iron-band (fossils) 1 Yellowish sand with iron balls - 27 2 Iron-band (fossils) 6 Thick-bedded sandstone - 2 Sand with iron-bands 5 Iron-band ... 8 ^Sand - - . - 33 Tiie Marlstone has been quarried at Stancombe Park. Explora- tions for iron-ore have been made, near Southend Farm, south- east of North Nibley, and near Stinchcombe, but the beds are not sufficiently rich to repay the cost of working. (See p. 303.) * Wright, Quart. Journ. Geol. See, vol. xvi. p. 22. f Proc, Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 127. 214 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: I as t23 ^' ^ S IS S s •e 05 ■53 . a c- a to f1. i 00 -SJ 13 iSt^ CS r^- e . 02 '^ ■* f ■ EQ 13 03 '■-S^ O E>^ CQ 1 •1^ o ra o h w 'o"~' 3 5 S t3 P^ tC 3 •^MoacirH ,o !^ MIDDLE LIAS : STROUD. 215 The Marlstone has been quarried in several places near Gtinch- combe Fields, where it forms a broad platform. On tlie high- road leading towards Tails Hill, the large quarry on tiie south side, showed the following section : — Ft. In. Upper / Pale grey clay, with nodules of pale mottled Lias. 1 bluish-grey earthy limestone - - 1 6 fHard ferruginous sandy limestone, blue- Middle I hearted in places : ^vith Belemnites, Am- Lias <^ monites, large Gryphtea, Terebratula punc- (Marlstone). j tata, Rhynchonella acuta, andB. tetrahedra \_ (in clusters) - - - - 16 Avicula, Cardinia crassissima, and Pecten cp.quivalvis are recorded by Moore. The beds are much shattered and broken up where not covered by Upper Lias. The stone is quarried for road-metal, and for building walls, &c At Newnham (or " Newent ") quarry south-west of 0:im, the Marlstone is 20 feet thick, according to Moore. From this rock many Urchins, including Eodiadema, were found by Mr. Beeby Thompson and Mr. W. D. Oriiji<. Tliey found that tlie "Tran- sition bed " (with Ammonites acutus) was represented, though not £0 clearly as in Northamptonsl)ire.* In the escarpment south-enst of Frocester llie Marlstone, according to Moore, is reduced lo 2 feet in thickness, while the total thickness of the Middle Lias has been estimated at 150 feet.t Near Stroud the Marlstone Eock-bed is not so well developed as at Stinchcombe, for it is represented by a group of micaceous sandy clays, thai contain inconstant beds of hard calcareous sandstone of variable thickness, and nodular and iron-shot marl- stone. These beds have been exposed at Dudbridge Mills, in an adjoining brickyard in the valley towards Nailsworih, and also in the railway-cutting by Rooksmoor Mill, Woodchester, where about 12 feet of ferruginous sandstone, overlaid by iron-shot rock with Belemnites, was exposed. The following section at Dudbridge Mills, is by E. Witchell:— J Ft. In. River gravel - - - - - 2 10. Ijight brown calcareous sandstone, with Ammonites spinatus, Belemnites pascillo- sus, Avicula inmquivalvis, Gryphtea cym- bium, Pecten cequivalvis, and Unicardium cardioides ■ - - - 3 9. Light brown or grey shaly clay - - 8 8. Dark brown ferruginous rock (marlstone), with A. margaritatus, B. paocillosus, •{ U. cardioides, &c. - - - I 7. Brown marly shale - - - 8 6. Light brown soft sandstone, blue in the centre, with nodules and shelly layers, Pentacrinns, &c. - - - 3 6. Blue and brown ferruginous sandy clay - 3 6 4. Dark blue clay - - - -04, 3. Ferruginous nodules - - - 6 2. Light blue sandy olay, partly consoli- dated - - - - - 3 1 ; Dark brown or bluish shaly day - 3 , ^ • Thompson, Hep. Brit. Assoc, for 1891, p. 350. I W'ricrht, Quart. Jouni. Geol. Soc, vol. xii. p. 303. X Gcol. Stroud, p. 17. Middle Lias. Lower Lias. 216 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: In the shales No. 7, I ohtained small specimens of A. margafitatus and Belemnites vulgaris. I'he lower beds (1 and 2) were regarded by Witchell as belonging to the zone of A. Henleyi; and specimens of Pholadomya ambigua, Unicardium cardioides, and Pleuromya costata, which occur in the pit, and apparently come from this horizon, are much like specimens from the same zone on the north of Dumbleton. The Marlstone has been observed by Witchell at Eock Mill, and further north, in the valley between Stroud and Painswick. Northwards along the borders of the Ootteswold Hills there are few sections in the Middle Liiis ; the Marlstone forms a small terrace near the. foot of the hills, hut the beds are best shown in the outliers of Churchdown, Oxenton, Dunibleton, and Bredon. There are no good sections on Robin's Wood Hill. At Church- down the Marlstone has been, in former years, largely quarried for road-metal ^nd oiher purposes. The beds have been described by Murchison and others,* but the best account is that by Dr. F. Smith;', of Churchdown. He describes the beds below the Upper Lias as follows : — Ft. In. fYellow marly sands, with ferruginous con- -j^.j,, I cretions, and nodules yielding Ostracpda 6 0to6 8 miaaie , Rock-bed ; impure olue limestone weathering ^^'" brown, ferruginous, graduating into thin- L bedded marlstone - - - 10 The yellow marly sands fire grouped with the zone of Ammo- nites spinatus. They contain this and other Ammonites, Gri/' pheea cymbium, fcc. The Marlstone-rock is marked as the zone of Ammonites mar- garitatus, though no doubt it is equivalent to beds elsewhere included in the horizon of ^. spinatus. At Ilminster and Yeovil A. spinatus and A. margaritatus occur together. Here at Churchdown Dr. Smithe has found A. Engelhardti (found also at Ilminkter, &c.), Pecten (squivalvis, Cardium truncatum, Rhyn- chonella acuta, R. tetrahedra, &c.t At Alderton and Dumbleton the thickness of the Marlstone is about 14 feet, but the beds are not now fully exposed ; and further references to them will be given in the account of the Upper Xiias at those localities. Fossils similar to those recorded from Churchdown have been obtainerl.J I obtained Ammonites nitescens, A. spinatus, Belemnites breviformis, Modiola scalprum, Pecten, and Pleuromya costata: these fossils were named by Messrs. Sharnian and Newton. (See p. 267.) There are no good sections of the Middle Lias in the escarp- ment near Cheltenham, although the beds are occasionally exposed in ravines and deep lanes. Northwards by Gretton, and again to * A section showing 14 feet of Marlstone, was given by MurcbisoD, Silurian System, p. 18; Geol. Cheltenham, 1834, p. 27 ; Ibid., Ed. 2, by Buckman and Strickland, p. 38. •}■ Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. vi., 1876, p. 349. J Murchison, (Jeol. Cheltenham, Edit. 2, by Buckman and Strickland, p. 40; P. Smithe and W. C. Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. i. p. 207. SIIDDLE WAS : CHIPPING CAMPDEN. 217 the south of Winchcomb (see Fig. 68), the beds have been seen, and some fossils have been obtained ;* but the outcrop is largely concealed by detritus from tiie hills above. On Burrell Hill, east of Buckiand, and near Chipping Campden, the beds were formerly worked, but most of the quarries are now obscured. The outcrop is, however, shown by a bold escnrpment. The Marlstone has been quarried in places north-west of Ashton-under-Hill, where the following section was to be seen : — Ft. 2 In. Soil, brown loam, &c. . . - Pale grey, flaggy and sandy limestones, shelly in places ; Belemnites, Pleuromya, Bhyn- chonella tetrahedra - - - 2 Rubbly bed of calcareous sandstone having the appearance of " Broken Beds ;" Belem- Middle Lias nites - - - - -16 (Marlstone, «^ Hard grey and brown limestone with Pecten &c.) 5 o to M er' MIDDLE LIAS : STOW-ON-tHE-WOLD. 219 near Stroud, the section noted by Prof. Hull, between Mangers- bnry and Oddington, .being as follows* : — , . , Ft. In. Upper Lias ■'■. . - ~. . . . - 25 C ["Band of ironstone - - - - 6 Middle J Four bfeds of calcareous sandstone with part- Lias. I ings of clay and shale, - - - IS L Sand and sandy shale . . - about 25 The band of ironstone was said to be filled with specimens of Ammonites annuialus [? A. Holandrei\ ; and, as remarked by Prof. Hull, it is very constant at the top of the Marlstone all over the neighbourhood. He noticed it at Daylesford, and south o£ Little Milton, and again at Dean near Chadlington, Probably it represents the " Transition Bed " of Northamptonshire. Towards Upper Slaughter the Middle Lias is much concealed by tumbled masses of Inferior Oolite. Further south, along the borders of the Windrufih valley, the beds are rarely exposed, and no sections have been recorded. In company with Mr. W. Topley, I saw traces of the Rock-bed, viith Rhi/iichonella tetrahedra, north of Dodd's Mill, near Eissington ; but in this area, judging frofti the evidence of the Burford boring (see pp. 158, 221), and the absence of quarries, the B.ock-bed is probably but a few feet in thickness ; while the lower sandy shales of the Middle Lias may not exceed 50 feet. Stiff clay with Ammonites margaritatus may occur below, as at Deddington. * Geol. Cheltenham, p. 20. 220 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : CHAPTEE VIH. MIDDLE HAS— {co7itinued'). Local Detail?, Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire, and Warwickshire. Pkoceeding along the Windrush valley into Oxfordshire we find an inlier of Middle Lias along the borders of the Taynton brook ; and this points to some undulations accompanied by faulting of the strata. Prof. Hull observes that in a quarry south of Daylesford, the Marlstone contains pebbles of slate and sandstone; at Tangley, north of Taynton, the higher beds of the Middle Lias are repre- sented by ferruginous sandstone with Belemnites, 10 to 20 feet thick; and at Milton Field, S.W. of Shipton-under-Wych- wood, there is about 24 feet of Marlstone, brown sandstone, and sandy shale, resting on clajs.* At Ascott-under-Wychwood, the upper beds of the Middle Lias were shown to a depth of 1 feet, South of Chadlington, to the west of Calsham Bridge, the Marlstone was proved by Mr. F. A. Bather to underlie 40 feet of Upper Lia-s. Prof. Hull remarks that at West End, near Chadlington, a bed of blue clay immediately underlies the Rock- bed ; while near Favvler it is underlaid by sands, with balls of concretionary iron-ore in the top bed. In the railway-cuttings between Fawler and Oharlbury the. Marlstone was nearly 10 feet thick.t In the valley of the Evenlode at Fawler, west of Stonesfield, the Marlstone has proved suflBciently rich in iron-ore to have been worked with profit. According to Prof. Hull, the average thickness of the bed is 6 feet, and it no doubt extends in a north- easterly direction to the neighbourhood of Adderbury and King's Sutton. Northwards " at Enstone the ore crops out in the valley, and as far as appearance is to be relied upon, there seems little difference between its qualities there and at the Evenlode valley."f Westwards of Ascott the beds although "highly ferruginous " in places, are for the most part sandy in character ; and even west of Charlbury the rock-bed is not so ferruginous as to the east, and its thickness is less. The sections at Favvler showed, beneath the Upper Lias, about 10 feet of oolitic ironstone, reddish-brown with greenish portions towards the base, with here and there clusters of Rhynchnnella tetrahedra and Terebratula punctata. Beneath the Marlstone, about 11 feet of sands, and then blue clay with Ammonites margaritatus in the upper part (as before mentioned, p. 158) were reached.§ * Hull, Geol. ChelteBham, pp. 20-23. ■f Geol. Woodstock, p. 10. J See Hull, Geol. Woodstock, pp. 10, 11. § F. A. Bather, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlii. p. 144 ; see also Hull, Geolo- gist, vol. iii. p. 304. MIDDLE LtAS : CIIirPING NORTON. 221 A boring at Burford Signett penetrated the Middle Lias, which appeared to be about 100 feet thick, (See p. 158.) The strata assigned to this formation, were mainly clays, the Rock -bed being no more than 3 ft. 6 in. thick. As the clays of the Middle Lias merge dowawards into those of Lower Lias, [the thickness given is approximate. Proceeding northwards the Maristone has been extensively quarried for building-stone at Chastleton, where it is 12 feet thick and forms " a bold promontory."* The details of the beds in this neighbourhood, were afforded by a well sunk at Kingham Hill (about 630 feet above ordnance datum) in 1880, by Mr. W. Taylor. They were as follows : — Ft. In. Made ground - - - - 2 Upper Lias - Clay - - - . . 47 o TransitionBedP-{g;Xtlyl?'^'':'°"°^^^^^^ " l Vo fSoft red rock - - - 3 3 Hard do. - - - - 16 Grey loamy sands - - - - 9 Middle Lias J ^"^^ ^^^ '"""'^ ' " ' - 15 "^ Clayey sand with concretionary masses of sandy limestone - - - 12 Sandy clay - - - - - 9 _Blue clay ... - 5 120 Ft. 10 In 11 5 6 2 4 to 4 6 During the construction of the tunnel of the Banbury and Cheltenham railway north of Chipping Norton, there were opened up good sections of the Middle Lias, and the beds were noted by Mr. Beesley as follows : — Upper Lias clay ..... r^°".^ "^^"T" I B'O^n sandy maristone . I mtes sp%natus J •' { fShale - - Middle } 7 ne of I Bluish-grey siliceous maristone ^^^^- I Ammonites ^ ^'■''^^^ ^ ^^^^ °^ Serpulse, Ditriyaa I margariiatus. \ gh""'"' '^'"^^^^"1 [_ ^Blue siliceous maristone - 2 6 Blue shales. From information given by Mr. J. A. Moseley, the resident engineer, Mr. Beesley ascertained that the beds roll over within the hill through which the tunnel was carried, so that in the middle, the lower band of " maristone " is above the roof, and the railway is excavated in the Capricor7ius-c\ajs below. Few fossils were procured from the Maristone. From the hard bands of Middle Lias below, which consist of micaceous and calcareous sandstone with pyritic concretions, and from the shales (which belong partly to the zone of A. marffari- tatus and partly to that of A. capricornus), many fossils were collected by Messrs. J. Windoes, E. A. Walford, T. J. Slatter, and * Hull, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 20. 222 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: T. Beesley. Especially fine specimens of Cypricardiaintermedia, Curdium truncatuiti, together with A. margaritaius, A. nitescens, Area Stricklandi, Gi-yphcBa gigantea, and Avieula inmquivalvis, < were procured from the hard ' bands.- It was* not possible to separate the specimens obtained from the- zones of A. marguri- tatus axidi A. capricornus, and Mr Beesley has given a joint list r^ of species obtained from them* (See p. 158.) ' The " Brown Rock," as the Marlstone Kock-bed is sometimes called, is perhaps nowhere better developed than in the country around Banbury.. It covers an extensive area to the north-west, forming a plateau that rises gradually from about 500 feet at Banbury to the escarpment of Edge Hill 710 feet high,, and this area is intersected by several deep valleys. The high roads are broad, with grassy margins, the hedger'ows are well timbered, while the ploughed fields display a rich brown soil. , As remarked by Mr. Beesley, the disintegration of its friable stone has pro- duced the rich red land, so well adapted for ■ wheat-growing, which Arthur Young has called the glory of Oxfordshire.! He adds that some of the beds yield nodules rich in phosphates, which doubtless contribute largely to the fertility of the soil. ■ The rock is usually worked -to a depth of from 5 to 14 feet. Its thickness at Banbury is estimated at 12 feet by Mr. Beesley, and it may be seen south-west of the town, north of Spring Cottage, where there is a deep excavation regarded as a natural cavern. The rock too has been quarried further north, and again near Drayton. Its thickness at Hornton must be about 30 feet, and at Swerford 20 feet. It is exposed at Great Tew, in road-cuttings at Broughton, west of Bloxham (see p. 269), and, i again east of Deddington. The Marlstone consists of more or less ferruginous and sandy limestone, the amount of sandy and calcareous matter being very variable. It is blue or greenish in colour where least exposed to the action of .the weather, but otherwise presents various shades of brown. It is separated by partings of sandy loam or clay. The ferruginous matter, often of a concretionary nature and some- times iron-shot, varies considerably in different places, so that while at Adderb'ury and Kings Sutton the rock has become sufficiently charged with iron-ore to yield from 18 to 34 per cent, of metal, at Hornton and Edge Hill the stone furnishes a tough earthy limestone employed for building and paving.. The greeiiish and brown varieties, often intermixed in edifices, form pleasing contrasts. Houses and walls in and around Banbury are largely constructed of the Marlstone, mostly of the brown rock wMdh in appearance reminds one of the carstone or " gingerbread " stone of Hunstanton. In some places concretionary nodules impart a con- glomeratic aspect to the stone. I am informed by Mr. E. A. Walford that a bed of this nature occurs at the base of the Rock- * Proc. Gepl. Assoc, vol. v. p. 181. ■f Pro*. Warwioksh. Field Club, 1872, p. 16; Young, - Agriculture. of-Oxfordshiie,— 1809, p. 5. MIDDLE LIAS : BANBURY. 223 bed at Hoolc (or Hog's) Norton, where the overlying portions of the Marlstone have recently been worked (east of the railway- station) for ironstone. (See p. 304.) The most abundant fossils in the Marlstone are Terebratula punctata and Rhi/nchonella tetrahedra, which occur in clusters at various horizons : but often the stone is free from fossils and to this absence Hornton owes much of the excellence of its stone. Waldheimia resupinata, W, Moorei, W. indentata, and W. per- forata are also found. Belemnites ara not uncommon, but Ammonites are very rare; so far as my experience goes, for I did not obtain a single spacimea of the characteristic A. spinatus, which Mr. Beesley says is not uncommon. Cardinia concinna, Pecten cequivalvis, P. lunularis, Modiola, Lima, Ostrea sportella, Pleuromya, and Pentacrinus, together with drift-wood and Saurian bones are also met with. Mr. Beesley states that Ammonites margaritdtus sometimes occurs. Altogether he obtained about 80 species of fossils from the beds.* Remains of Folyzoa ( Tubulipora inconstans and Stomatopord), and also of a Sponge {Leucandra Waif or di) have been discovered by Mr. E. A» Walford.t Portions of the Middle Lias according to Strickland, were well exhibited in a cutting in Steeple Aston parish (G.W. Railway). He mentions that " Two strata of stone are here exhibited, the upper about- 2, the lower 3 or 4 feet thick, separated by abed of bluish sandy clay. The lower bed consists of enormous roundish flattened concretions 10 or 12 feet in diameter, and exceedingly hard. - Many hundreds of tons of this rock have been removed by blasting, arid are now lying on the sides of therailway."f These beds are probably below the Marlstone, for Prof. Hull notes that the rock-bed at Lower Heyford is essentially an iron- ore, and rests on beds of sand^ with bauds of siliceous limestone, together about 20 feet thick. At- Steeple Aston the ore, as he remarks, has been smelted, and from the analysis, there appears to be little difference in its quality from that of the bed at Fa\vler.§ At Rousham also the Marlstone is highly ferruginous. ' Its thickness in this area is from 5 to 8 feet. The Marlstone has been extensively quarried about half a mile east of Adderbury church, to the south of the higli road ; and here the beds shown were as follows : — Ft. In. (Brown and dark bluish -grey clay with interrupted band of pale grey and pinkish earthy limestone ; Ammonites serpentinus, A. communis, Belmnites 4 6 fBrown and dark greenish Marlstone ^-fissile in ly,.,,, j places, with A. acutus, A. communis, A. }. ^ J annulatus, A. Eseri, Rhynchonella tetrahedra, CM 1?^ t I Terebratula punctata, &aa laige Belemiiitea in (Mar stone;. , ^^p -^^^^ ^j^ tetrahedra and Belemnites here [ and there lower down - - about 9 * Proc. Warwiokshire Field Club, 1872, p. 20. ■f Quart.Joiirn. Geol. See, vol. xliii. p. 632 ; and G. J. Hinde, Ann. JTatHist^- ser. 6, vol. iv., p. 352. , . J Strickland, Memoirs, p. 184., § Geol. Woodstock, pp. 9, 10. See also J. Phillips, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc, vol. xyi., p. 116, and Geol. Oxford, p. 115. Lias. 224 LIAS OF KNGLAND AND WALES : The bids are much shattered in places, and the joints, which present a series of miniature step-like faults, are filled with clay, derived from the Upper Lias. The Transitioa Bed (see p. 228) is not so distinctly shown as elsewhere in the neighbourhood, being probably welded on to the Marlstone as it is at Tilton in Leicester- shire. The railway-cutting north of the high road, showed the lower beds beneath about 9 feet of the Marlstone : — Ft. In. rS. Micaceous sandy and ferruginous beds - 7 6 I 2. Hard rock,with nodules of grey sandy rock at Middle J base. Large Belemnites, Pecten near to den- tatus, Modiola, Pleuromya, Rhynchonella, Saurian Bones {Ichthyosaurus) about 3 1. Yellowish and bluish sandy loam - - [4 0] This section was also noted by Mr. Beesley, who recorded Ammonites spinatus from the Jilarlstone, and A. margaritatus from the lower rock (= bed Wo. 2).* Large specimens of Pecten aquivalvis 7 or 8 inches across have been found in the Marlstone of Adderbury, and also near Ohacombe (Chalcombe). In a trial-pit in the park at Adderbury, the following beds were penetratedf : — f Ferruginous marlstone ... I Shale ivyf M/li I Grey shelly limestone - . . - T • J Badby, Newnham, W\N.W. of Stowe-nine-churches, and nearer Northampton at Rothersthorpe, and Milton Malsor (or Middleton). In a boring at the Kettering road, Northampton, the thickness of the stone-beds was proved to be 21 feet ;§ and of the under- lying Middle and Lower Lias clays, 546 feet. Similar beds were proved at the London and North-Western Railway-station at Northampton. At Kingsthorpe, 760 feet of Upper, Middle, and Lower Lias were proved. (See p. 278.) At Harrington Dale, near Orton, west of Kettering, the Marlstone was but 6 feet thick, the underlying Middle Lias clays about 112 feet, and Lower .Lias 500 feet; and between Kettering and Weekley a boring proved 1 8 feet of rock, beneath 44 feet of Upper Lias clay. With regard to the southerly and south-easterly extent of the Middle Lias we have but little evidence. The boring at Wytham, near Oxford, probably passed through beds of this age at depths of from 462 to about 500 feet : but the record is not sufficiently definite for precise statements. A boring at Stratton Audley in Buckinghamshire, commenced in the Cornbrash, was carried to a depth of 243 feet, finding water, probably in the Marlstone. || Far eastwards at Stony Stratford it was probably reached at a depth of 191 feet; there its thickness appears to be 5 feet 6 inches, and it rested on 18 feet of hard clay with occasional bands of rock, (See p. 277.) Over much of Northamptonshire, as in Oxfordshire, the boundary between Middle and Lower Lias (on the Geological • The Middle Lias of Northamptoushire, 1889. See also H. B. Woodwatd, BxplanatioB of Horizontal Section, Sheet 140, p. 7. f Conybeare, who was at one time Curate of Wardington, has given a good account of the physical features of this district. Geol. Eng. and WaJSB, 18S2, pp. 246, &c. . J H. B. Woodward, Explanation of Horizontal Section, Sheet 140, p. 7. § H. J Eunson, Quart. Journ. Geol. See, vol. xl. p. 484 ; Jooro. Northampton Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ii., p. 29, vol. iv. p. 57 ; and Thompson, Mid. Lias, Nortfaampt., p. 48. II Green, Oeol. Banbury, p. 23. MIDDLE LIAS : MAEKET HAEBOEOUGH. 231 Survey Map) has been generally taken on top of the stiff blue clays, that belong in part to the zone oF Ammonites margm-itatus. Thus near Welton Station, clays, yielding Ammonites margari- tatus, A. Engelhardti, and also Lower Lias species, have been dug in a brick-yard. (See pp. 166, 226.) " The exact boundary between the Lower Lias and the Marl- stone, north and east of Weedon [Beck], is uncertain, the ground being thickly covered with drift."* Outliers of Marlstone occur al; Bodington, Napton Hill, Upper Shuckburgh, Welton, Watford Gap, and Barby Hill.t Marlstone (hard calcareous sandy and ferruginous rock) has been quarried near Jirockhall and Whilton, and the rock has been exposed near Long Buckby and Watford. .The lower beds, consisting of sandy and ferruginous shales and clays, with hard concretions, have been opened up at Murcot, near Long Buckby, and at Winwick. As remarked by Mr. Aveline, inliers of Marl- stone may occur to the south-east, near Oottesbrook, in the valleys of the Stowe and Callender brooks, where some rock-beds were observed during the progress of the Geological Survey, but the beds occupy too small a space to be clearly represented on the map. J North-east of Elkington the Marlstone appears to be repre- sented by soft beds of sandstone an I sandy marl, while in the neighbourhood of Welford the beds are concealed by Drift. Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, and Lincolnshire. The poor development of the Marlstone (as a rock-bed) in parts of this region, was shown in cuttings o£ the railway between Northampton and Market Harborough, near Oxenden Magna, where according to Mr. Aveline the beds are represented by sandy shales and a few concretionary beds ; nevertheless the beds form a striking escarpment at East Farndon and the Holthorpe Hills, north of Sibbertoft. In the outlier at Gumley no bard beds were seen, soft ferruginous sand being observed beneath a covering of Drift. § The lower beds of the Middle Lias were shown in a brick- yard at Little Bowden, south of Market Harborough station : — Ft. In. M'rirll r ^I'S'^^ly micaceous and sandy shales,witb, at base, ' I . ■< ochreous nodules with Ammonites margaritatus ^*^' L and Gasteropoda - - - - 5 Lower /Grey shales passing down into blue ^ clay, with Lias., \ Ammonites cwpricornus • - - 55 * Aveline and Trench, Geol. part of Northamptonshire, p. 5. In this work, fossils from the Middle and Upper Lias are not separated. •f Kep. Kughy School Nat. Hist. Soc., for 1869, p. 27, and 1878, p. 44. J Geol. parts of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire, p. 6. § Aveline and Howell, Geol. of part of Leicestershire, p. 5. 232 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: The local attenuation of the Middle Lias in this area is borne out by the observations of Prof. Judd, who in describing the beds in Rutlandshire and bordering tracts,.reinfirks that while 150 feet thick in the northern part of that area, they are reduced to less than half that amount in the southern part.* The divisions observed by Prof. Judd in Eutlandshire and adjoining tracts, may be summarized as foUowsf : — 5. Marlstone Rock-Bed. — Limestone, more or lets ferruginous, and passing in places into a good ironstone. The rook is often crowded with fossils, its mass being made up of fragments of Crinoids, spines of Eohino- derms, Serpulae, and fragments of shells, while certain beds in it (locally- known to quarrymen as "jacks") consist of an agglomeration of shells of Rhynchonella tetrahedra and Terehratula punctata, usually filled with finely crystallized calcspar. Belemnites paxiUosus and B. elongatus are extremely abundant in the Rock-bed, and serve to distinguish it from the Northampton Sand, which often resembles it in mineralogical characters, but in which Belemnites are exceedingly rare. Ammonites are not abundant in the Rock- bed in this district, but at some points, as Edmondthorpe, Loddington and Horninghold, Ammonites communis, and A, annulatns occur in considerable numbers; A. spinatus, aud some varieties of ^. margaritatus, are also found in if, but mucli more rarely, in this district. Large specimens of Pecten cequivalvis, with the highly-characteristic P. dentatus, also Sinnites abjectus, and Avicula inieguivalvis, are among the most abundant forms in the Rock-bed. The Rock -bed is very variable both in thickness and mineralogical character ; it is finely developed in the neighbourhoods of Tilton-on-the-Hill and Somerby, near the former of which places, it is seen to measure 18 feet 6 inches in thickness ; towards the east and south, however, it attenuates very rapidly, ibeing only 8 or 9 feet" thick about Oakham, 2i feet at Alexton, 2 feet at Godeby and at Horninghold, and less than 1 foot between Keythorpe and Hallaton. Besides being greatly diminished in thickness, the bed sometimes loses its calcareous character and becomes sandy, in these cases often resemb- ling the other hard beds which occur lower in the Middle Lias. When the junction of the Upper Lias clay and the Rock-bed is seen, the latter often presents the appearance of having suffered erosion before the deposition of the tormer. Insignificant, however, as the Rock-bed often becomes, there is no certain evidence of its, actual disappearance within the area, but in places, its presence beiujg doubtful, it is indicated on the map by broken lines only. 4. Light blue clays, with bands of ironstone-balls of concentric structure, and usually very unfossiliferous. These beds are exposed in some brickyards about Oakham, at Langham, and at Market Harborough. At some places they contain beds of green and brown sand, as near Horninghold. 3. Beds of blue clay with septaria, the latter not unfrequently containing Specular Iron, and weathering to a red colour. They contain many of the fossils recorded from the preceding beds, but less abundantly. They are exposed in Bolton, Hallaton, and Cranhoe brickyards. . 2. Beds of blue, highly micaceous clay, with large septaxia crowded with fossils. There were two brickyards in these beds at Ouston, and between Whissendine and Pickwell. Ihe most abundant species in these beds are Ammonites margaritatus (the large typical form), Belemnites elongatus; Gryptcmia (Helicina) expansa, Avicula ineequivalvis, Hippopodium ponderosum, Modiola scalprum (very abundant), Cardium truncatum, Pleuromya costata, and Pentacrinus suhangularis, 1. Soft, yellowish-brown, sandy and micaceous ironstone, crowded with casts of shells, and alternating with light blue clays. These ferruginous bands vary very greatly in number and thickness, and are sometimes nodular. They * Geol. Kntland, p. 64. t Geol. Eutland, pp. 64-66. •jaiDDLE LIAS : NEVILLE HOLT. 233 are especially characterized by the abundance of several smaE varieties of Ammonites margaritatus and Gardium truncatum. They were exposed in the Melton and Oakham Canal between Edmondthorpe and Whissendine station, in the hUl east of Whissendine station, at Blaston, Loddington, and Deepdale. The clays of this division pass down into the Lower Lias clays with Ammonites capricornus, &c., and (as remarked by Prof. Judd) it is not always easy to separate them, so that their boundary on the map is represented by a broken line. Eeferring to the neighbourhood of Neville Holt, Prof. Judd says, " It may be considered by some as open to question whether, at this and some other points, the Marlstone Kock-bed has not been wholly removed by denudation before the deposition of the Upper Lias Clay. The more probable Opinion, and that which has been adopted by the Survey, is that the Marlstone Kock-bed is represented in a greatly attenuated and rudimentary condition by the nodular bands which occur at the top of the Middle Lias Series. Indeed, at some points there occurs a transition from the irregular and inconstant nodular bands, to a well defined Eock-bed presenting the characteristic features, both lithological and palseontological, of the highest member of the Middle Lias."* The thickness of the Rock-bed at Great Bowden is only 2 feet, according to Mr. H. E. Quilter. In this neighbourhood he notes that there is a clear line of demarcation between the Middle and Lower Lias. The Middle Lias clays contain ironstone-nodules, as in the section noticed at Little Bowden, and they are very unfossiliferous, while the Lower Lias clays below, contain nodules with Ammonites capricornus and other fossils.f In a brickyard near Sutton Basset, Prof. Judd noted the following section : — Soil and Boulder Clay .... Upper Lias Clay - . . . . fEock-bed of the Marlstone . - . 1 Brown clay, containing nodules of ironstone " Skerry," a thin band of ferruginous, micaceous Middle Lias. -^ rock, crowded with fossils - - - 6 ] Laminated, light-blue clay containing much mica ; I weathering brown near the joint-planes - 8 (_A thin band similar to the Skerry. Prof. Judd notes also that near Asjiley, on the road to Wilbarston, the Kock-bed of the Marlstone is clearly exposed, and is seen to consist of several beds of stone, sometimes o£ a decidedly calcareous character, and containing peculiar flattened nodules, f He states that at the foot of the Hill on which the NevillerHolt ironworks were opened, in a cutting made for the railway-incline, the basement-beda of the Upper Lias were underlaid by the Middle Lias series, as follows§ : — * Geol. RutJand, p. 75. ■f Rep. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc. for 1883-84, p. 87. j Geol. Rutland, p. 75. § Ibid., pp. 73-77. T. In. 3 o 4 3 234 LIAS OF EN&LAND AND WALES: Lower Lias. 'Irregular beds of micaceous and ferruginous sandy rock, full of casts of shells. These form two or three beds of stone, in places more or less calcareous. They do not, however, present the characteristic features of the Rock-bed, but are always of a more or less nodular character. They, contain Belemnites, usually grouped together in con- siderable numbers in certain parts of the rock; Middle Lias. ■^ and also a few rounded pebbles or concretions like those of the. Rock-bed. The species of fossils found in these bands were as follows : — Pecten lunularis (large, 6 inches in diameter). Avicula novemcostaj. Cardium truncatum. Leda complanata. Light-coloiu-ed clays containing bands of ironstone- nodules (of considerable thickness). 'The lowest beds seen at this point aie exposed in the brickyard below, and consist of blue, micaceous clay, containing flattened nodules of clay-ironstone with a few fossils : — Belemnites (fragments). Ammonites capricornus. Leda complanata. Cardium truncatum. Ostrea. Wood. On the south side of Slawston Hill the.Marlstone isscarcelj traceable. The Middle Lias here may be from 60 to 70 feet in thickness. At the north-west end of Slawston outlier, the Rock- bed of the Marlstone presents its usual characters, and consists of a hard calcareous rock containing Avicula novemcosta, Rhynchonella tetrahedra, and Terebratula punctata. Large masses of car- bonate of lime, crystallized in the forms known as " Dog-tooth spar " and " Nail-head Spar," are seen in the rock at this place. Below the Marlstone there were exposed in the railway-cutting, about 50 feet of blue shales with bands of ferruginous rock, and in the upper portion of the shales Ammonites mar^garitatus has been found.* Near the bridle-road leading from Keythorpe to Hallaton, and at the point where it crosses the brook, some old pits exhibited the following section, described by Prof. Judd : — r Laminated sha,les with traces of the " fish \ and insect beds " at the top - - 5 to 6 feet. "Rock-bed with usual characterSj containing numerous Belemnites, Ammonites annu- latus, Terebratula punctata, &c. As is often the case with this rock, it here Middle Lias. -^ contains numerous rounded pebbles or concretions - - - - 1 ft. seen. Light-blue clays passirjg down into clays with bands and nodules of ferruginous and micaceous rock. The irregular mode of recurrence of the diminutive repre- sentative of the Marlstone Kock-bed, is illustrated in the following sketch of a section seen at this point (Fig. 69). * J. Marriott, Rep. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc. for 1883-84, p. 80. Upper Lias. MIDDLE LIAS : KEYTHOKPB. 235 Fig. 69. Section between Eeythorpe and HallMoUj Leicestershire. (Prof. J. W. .TuDD.) Upper Lias -j Middle Lias a. Soil, &c. b. Fish and Insect limestones. c. Clays. J d. Marlstone Rook-bed. \e. Clays, &c. Along their outcrop from Deepdale to beyond Cranhoe, the lower beds of the Middle Lias series are almost wholly unknown, owing to the prevalence of Drift. A brickyard at Belton exposed the clays with Ammonites margaritatus, &c. At Godeby (as Prof. Judd remarks) the Marlstone Rock-bed can be seen in some ditches on the spurs above the village. The remarkable manner in which the stratum is here reduced to only a. foot or two in thickness, while it has at the same time, almost wholly lost its calcareous character and its hardness,, is very striking ; especially when we remember that the locality is only about four miles distant from that of Robin-a-Tiptoes, where the rock attaips, its maximum dimensions. But insignificant as the rock has become, it has still been able to resist denuding forces to a much greater extent than the clays above and below it, and consequently forms a well marked and very conspicuous escarpment.* Geol. Rutland, p. 72. 236 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: A trial-boring at Uppingham (1876) commenced near the top of the Upper Lias, was carried to a depth of 400 feet, mainly in clay, with only thin stone-beds here and there, but the record furnishes no clue whereby to distinguish the junction with the Middle Lias. The Middle Lias iias been well exposed in quarries to the west of Robin-a-Tiptoes, and again in the railway-cutting near Tilton station. In this district Prof. Judd noticed on top of the Marl- stone, a bed two feet thick, of " Laminated, ferruginous, sandy and marly clay, forming a gradation from the Upper Lias Olay to the iMiddle Lias Eock-bed."* This is the "Transition Bed" previously described, and it has been carefully examined by Messrs. E. Wilson and W. D. Crick in the Tilton railway- cutting.f There it consists o£ flaggy limestone with its charac- teristic Ammonites acutus, but is scarcely separable from the Marlstone. The section which I noted in the railway-cutting is as follows : — Soil and Drift sand. Ft. In. Upper Lias - Blue clay and shales. Transition Bed._ "Greenish and brownish marlstone, alter- nating in places with seams of crinoidal rock and presenting appearances of false- Middle Liaa. -^ bedding . - - - about 16 Micaceous sandstone and sandy shales, about 20 _Blue clays. Messrs. Wilson and Crick have published a list of fossils from the Marlstone of Tilton, including the Transition Bed, and this includes the following species of Ammonites : — A acutus, A. annulatus, A communis, A. margaritatus, A. ovatus, A. serpen- tinus, and A, spinatus. This shows the intimate connexion between Middle and Upper Lias, and corresponds with the evidence obtained at various points throughout the country from the Dorsetshire coast. • A large number of Gasteropods were obtained from the Transition Bed. The Middle Lias sandy shales have yielded Am. margaritatus, Cardium truncatum, &c. I obtained Ammonites acutus and A. communis from ihe upper part of the Marlstone, and these species are also recorded by Messrs. Wilson and Crick from beneath the Transition Bed. Belemnites paxillosus, B. elongatus, JPecten (Bquivalvis, P. dentatus, and P. lunularis occur also. Rhynchonella tetrahedra and Terehratula punctata are most abundant in the lower beds, where they occur in clusters. Trie lower beds of the Marlstone are less massive than the upper, and at the base there are three, more or less nodular, bands, of greenish sandy rock weathering brown, the ferruginous staining resembling the " box-structure " of the Northampton Ironstone. The beds are much more oxidized where they outcrop further north ; and to the west of the railway there, are old ironstone- * Geol. Butland, p. 68. t Geol. Mag. 1889, p. 296. MIDDLE LIAS : TILTON. 237 works. The digging of the ore has however becm abandoned during the last three or four years (1889). Probably the crinoidal beds contribute to the poorness of the ore, although in places they have become decalcified. No doubt the best ore occurs where the beds come to the surface, and probably they could not be worked to advantage beneath any great thickness of clay. Prof. Judd gives the total thickness of the Eock-bed as 18 ft. 6 in., a little in excess of my measurement at Tilton, but coinciding with that of Messrs. Wilson and Crick. At the east end of the village of Billesdon, two brickyards, one on either side of the old coach-road from Uppingham to Leicester, furnished a valuable section of the strata about 10 feet below the Rock-bed ; and this is described as follows by Prof. Judd :— fRock-bed. I Light-blue clays with bands of sandy Middle Lias -^ ironstone (few fossils) - - about 30 feet. J Dark-blue clay with septaria (numerous [_ fossils) - - - - 15 feet seen. The upper part of the series appears to be very destitute of fossils, with the exception of a few firagments of Belemuites. Towards its basej however, thg clay yields large flat septaria, some of which decompose by exposure to the air, and assume a reddish brown colour, papidly falling to pieces. These septaria yield numerous organfc remains. The blue clays at the base are some- times very micaceous, and the septaria contain in their fissures Specular iron. Zinc-blende and Pyrites. The following fossils were obtained by Prof. Judd : — Ammonites margaritatus (abundant). Belemnites paxillosus. Flicatula spinosa. Lima pectinoides. A brickyard at Rocart, south-west of Whissendine, noted by Prof. Judd, showed a good section of blue micaceous clays, yielding a fauna similar to that above mentioned. Cardium truncatum was especially abundant in the septaria.* At a brickyard between Somerby and Ouston, Prof. Judd noted the following section : — f SoU. Light-coloured clay only partially ex- posed. Band of ironstone - - - 6 inches. Blue, highly-micaceous, and pyritous Middle Lias -^ clay - - - - " - 3 to 4 feet. Blue, sandy, calcareous and highly- micaceous rock, crowded, in places, with fossils - - - - 2 faet. I Clay with bands of septaria - - 21 feet to L bottom of the pit. Peoten sequivalvis. Modiola scalprum. Goniomya. * Geol. Eutland, pp. 69, 70. I Judd, Ibid., p. 67. 238 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : This pit afforded a very interesting series of beautifully pre- served fossilSj which are enumerated in the following list : — Cardium truneatum. Hippopodium ponderosutri, Modiola scalprum (very abundant). Fholadomya decorata. ambigua. Pleuromya costata. Serpula. Pentacrinus. Ammonites margaritatus (very abundant; many of the speci- mens attaining a great size). normanianus. Belemnites elongatus. Cryptsenia expansa. Ostrea. Pecten sequivalvis. Avicula insequivalvis. From Piekwell to Whissendine the Marlstone is concealed by Drift, but further on it has been exposed by Ashwell station, and has been quarried in several places in the Vale of Catmos, near Langham and Oakham, where its thickness varies froiti 6 to 18 feet. The beds below the Rock -bed, consisting of shaly micaceous clays, with bands of sandy rock, have been worked for brickmaking near Oakham. A boring at Hambleton south-east of Oakham proved 15 feet of the Marlstone ; and a shaft sunk one mile west of Oakham proved the following beds : — * Drift Upper Lias - Middle / Rock-bed Lias 1 Sands Ft. 4 30 18 28 80 "Brown Rock," quarried near Braunston, S.W. of Oakham Station, has been used for old buildings and some modern buildings in Oakham ; the new houses however are now mostly constructed with red brick. The rock is also quarried near Laund Abbey. Northward from Ashwell the Rock-bed of the Marlstone forms a fine escarpment about the villages of Teigh, Edmondthorpe, and Wymondham. In cuttings of the Bourn and Saxby railway, noith-west of Wymondham the Marlstone was exposed to a depth of 6 or 7 feet beneath the Upper Lias. The rock consists of brown ferruginous sandy limestone with greenish cores : here and there it contains seams of good ironstone, but it is mostly of poor quality. Clusters of Rliynchonella tetrahedra occur, and Tere- hratula punctata and Belemnites may also be found. A number of small step-faults were shown, and these have a downthrow on the west. (See p. 281.) The Rock-bed is well developed at Hohvell, Scalford, Eastwell, Eaton, Woolsthorpe, Cay thorpe, and Leadenham, where it furnishes a valuable iron-ore, and attains in places a thickness of 30 feet. The Marlstone, as a rock-bed, thins rapidly- and entirely disappears at the north end of Welbourn ; moreover it does not set in again for a distance of some 12 or 13 miles to the northward. f * De Eaace, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1879, p. 161. f Jukes-Brojrne, Geol.' S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 33. :MIDDLB LIAS : GRANTHAM, 239 The lower beds of the 'Middle Lias in this area are from 8 to 120 feet thicfe. Near Holwell the Marlstone is underlaid by blue shaly clays which rest on about 4 feet of green and brown micaceous sands, and these again repose on blue clays with nodules of ironstone. There are several iron-works at Holwell, and from 12 to 14 feet of ironstone has been exposed, but there is no more than 10 feet of good ore, and this is reduced to 5 feet in places. Sandy beds occur at the base. When worked into the hill, the ironstone is said to become too hard and too limy to be used with profit, in fact it then needs to be blasted.' Orinoidal beds occur here and there in lenticular masses, as at Tilton. Belemnites are abundant near the base of the stone, also Rhynchonella tetrahedra, Terehratula punctata, and Pecten cequivalvis. On the high-ground south of Eastwell the Marlstone has been extensively worked. li; is a brown friable arid sandy ironstone, largely composed of tiny organic fragments that have been con- verted into irOn-ore ; it is oolitic in places, but otherwise much resembles the Norfolk Oarstone. Fissile sandy beds occur below the ironstone, and they were to be seen in a cutting by the incline ; while near its bass, the rock contains ochreous and phosphatic con- cretions, that give the bed a conglomeratic appearance. Below, about 20 feet of bluish-grey sandy and micaceous clays with indurated bands, were exposed.* At Woolsthorpe the beds that are worked, consist of about 8 feet of .brown, sandy ironstone, with hard greenish cores in places, but- very changeable in character. Ammonites spinatus, Aviciild incequwalvis, Terehratula punctata, and Rhynchonella tetrahedra occur. The beds for 5 or 6 feet, become more calcareous . below and in some places more nodular and sandy, and too poor to be used for smelting. The Marlstone rests on grey laminated shaly clays with ironstone-notlules and sandy layers, about 6 feet of which were exposed. At Woolsthorpe and Eastwell the profitable beds are roughly separated from the unprofitable, by a layer of hard ferruginous and sandy limestone, crowded with specimens of Rhynchonella and Terehratula. These fossils are by no means confined to this horizon, but they are conspicuously developed in this hard bed, which is much charged with green earthy nftatter. Near Grantham the Marlstone attains a thickness of about 27 feet, and the total thickness of the Middle Lias, judging by the observations of Mr. W. H. HoUoway, is about 150 feetf The beds immediately below the Marlstone were exposed in a brickyard in Barrowby Lane west of Grantham ; they comprise about 30 feet of grey and brown sandy and micaceous shales, with layers of sand, sandstone, and ferruginous limestone, the whole resting on a floor of Septaria. * See E. Wilson, The lias Marlstone of Leicestershire, Midland Naturalist, vol. viii. (reprinted), ■j" Jukes-Browne, Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 143. 240 LIAS OF ENGLANB AND WALES ! Lower beds were exposed in brickyards at Great Gonerby, where beneath the floor of septaria, grey shales with bands of ferruginous septaria, and a layer with phosphatic nodules, rested on dark blue shaly clay with scattered nodules of cement-stone and septaria ; these beds Cbeneath the floor of septaria) being upwards of 50 feet thick. The dark blue shaly clay has yielded the following fossils* : — Ammonites Engelhardti. margaritatus. nitescens. spinatus. Nautilus. Belemnites. Amberleya. Trochiis Acis P Palasoniso (Trochus) monoplicus. Pecten sequivalvis. lunularis P Goniomya hybrida. Gresslya Seebachi. Leda graphica. Pleuromya costata. TJnicardium cardioides. Ft. In. - 4 - 2 - 3 - 9 - 10 - 6 _20^ 3 The outcrop of the band with phosphatic nodules, has been represented on the Geological Survey map, at the places where it has been seen, from Gonerby northward to Lincoln, as it was the only horizon that could be traced. The clays below pass down into similar clays with A. capricornus, and in the absence of sections the boundary of Lower and Middle Lias is naturally doubtful. Ironstone is again worked at Caythorpe, between Grantham and Lincoln, where the following section of the beds was noted by Mr. W. H. Daltonf :— Soil and rubble ... f Inferior ironstone . - - 1,,. J ,, y . I Good ironstone ... 7t\ 1 i ^\ -s Limestone-band, slightly silicious (Majlstone). ] Good ironstone - . .- LSandstone impregnated with iron-ore . A boring made at this locality, after passing through the iron- stone, wan carried to a depth of nearly 300 feet for the most part in blue clay (Middle and Lower Lias). Further north the Marlstone degenerates and in places we altogether lose the Kock-bed. In Mr. Ussher's opinion the absence of the Marlstone between Welbourn and Lincoln is due to a horizontal passage into or replacement by clay, the one kind of sediment dovetailing into the other. Hard, more or less concre- tionary and ferruginous beds represent the last appearance of the Marlstone in this area, and they are evidently much like the thin beds noticed near Market Harborough. Near Wellingore there is a nodular bed with phosphatic concretions, and this together with layers of hard grey limestone with pyrites, and overlying shales (altogether 12 to 15 feet thick) represent the Marlstone, and have yielded the following fossilsj : — » Jukes- Browne, Geol. S. W. Lincolnshire, p. 36. t Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 40. j Ibid., pp. 37, 40-42. MIDDLE LIA.S: LINCOLN. 241 Peoten. Rhynchonella tbdinalis. tetrahedra. Waldheimia Waterhousei. Terebratula punctata. Ammonites communis Belemnites. Cardium truncatum. Hinnites. Lima punctata. Mr. W. H. HoUoway remarked that this nodular band showed oolitic structure in places, and he compared it with the nodular bed seen elsewhere at the base of the Marlstone. This suggestion is important for we find a nodular bed extending onwards towards Lincoln at about the same horizon. It seems probable that the nodule-bed at Gonerby may be on the same general horizon. (See list of fossils from clay beneath, p. 240.) Proceeding towards Lincoln we find the Middle Lias repre- sented by clays, with occasional indurated bands of micaceous limestone and cement-stone nodules. In the railway-cutting west of Coleby the following fossils were obtained by Mr. Ehodes* : — - Cardium truncatum. Goniomya hybrida. V. scripta. Pecten lunularis. Ammonites margaritatus Belemnites . Amberleya (Eucyclus) imbricata. Turbo cyclostoma. Cardita multicostata. G-asteropo'ds were numerous. The old brickyard west of Waddington showed about 15 ft. of micaceous shaly clay with cement-stones, and here A. mar- garitatus and Pecten aquivalvis were obtained by Mr. Ussher and myself. The brickyard south-east of Bracebridge showed the following section, in 1885 : — Ft. In. 'Bluish-grey and mottled clay with band of ferruginous cement-stones - - 7 6 Nodule-bed, consisting of clay and ferrugi- nous cement-stones, with phosphatic con- cretions - - - 10 Middle Lias { Shale with two bands of ferruginous cement- stone - - - - - 3 Grey micaceous shaly clay with scattered cement-atones, and small nodules of pale earthy limestone near top : A. margaritatus about 25 -f T . / Dark blue marl with nodules : A. capricornus, Lower Lias -j^ ^_ striatus, &c. - - - about 15 As before mentioned, Ammonites capricornus and less frequently A, striatus, occur in the clays and nodules, for about 10 feet upward from the floor of the pit. During a previous visit, Mr. Rhodes obtained, from another part of the pit, and about 3 feet from the base, a specimen of Ammonites margaritatus: but as remarked by Mr. Ussher, the clays which yield A. capricornus abundantly, are probably below the site at which the former species was obtained. Owing to the easterly dip of the beds and the irregular working of the clays, the section varies from time to time. * Geol. Lincoln, pp. 25, 26, &c. B 70859. rv X Gresslya donaciformis. X Pleuromya costata. Plicatula spinosa. X Unicardium eardioides. xWaldheimia perforata. 242 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Excepting in Yorkshire and (I may add) in Raasay, we have elsewhere no record of the occurrence of A. capricornus and A. margaritatus in the same stratum, but inasmuch as there is no recognizable plane of demarcation between the zones of these Ammonites, indicating any cessation in the continuity of deposit, it would not be very surprising to find the two species together, for the associated fossils indicate a blending of the zones. Indeed, in the list given by Mr. Ussher from the clays beneath the nodule bed, it has not been practicable to separate the species from the two zones. From the nodule-bed the following species were obtained* : X Ammonites margavitatus. Belemnites vulgaris. X Amberleya imbricata. Turbo. Avicula cygnipes. Ceromya petrieosa (liassica). The species thus marked X were obtained also from the clays below. The higher beds of the Middle Lias, that have been exposed at Kirk 'and Parry's pit to the north-east of Bracebridge, consist of shales with ferruginous septaria ; and about 6 feet above the " Nodule-bed " there was to be seen a band, described by Mr. Ussher as "Ferruginous rubble, suggesting a thin weathered representative of the Marlstone Rock-bed." This suggestion may account for the non-appearance of the rock-bed in places, as near Yeovil, where this thin layer is often so decomposed as to make no feature at the surface. Among the fossils from this pit, above and below the Nodule- bed, may be noted Ammonites nitescens, Lcda graphica, L. imbricata, Avicula cygnipes, A. incequivalvis, Area Strichlandi, Cardium truncatum, Hippopodium, Inoceramus, Ostrea irregularis, and Pecten lunularis, as well as some of the species noted from the nodule-bed at Bracebridge. The Nodule-bed has been traced by the race^course, north-west of Lincoln, where it consists of ironstone with phosphatic pebbles. Of the lower beds, we rarely find exposures along the foot of the escarpment, north of Lincoln, but a few fossils have been obtained from a brickyaird south-west of Hemswell. Between Willoughton and Willoughton Grange, traces of an ironstone-bed were observed by Mr. tJssher, and these he takes to be indications of the Pecten-bed, which is an important horizon further north. The Marlstone Rock-bed sets in north of Burton-by-Lincoln, and its narrow outcrop forms a foundation for a number of vil- lages. There are however few exposures, and these furnish evidence of but 3 or 4 feet of hard ferruginous sandy limestone, sometimes crowded with fossils. Ammonites communis, Belemnitei breviformis, Cardinia crassiuscula, Pecten aquivalvis, P. lunularis, Waldheimia perforata, Terebratuld punctata, and other fossils have been obtained at South Carlton, Ingham, and Fillingham. * Geol. Lincoln, p. 28. MIDDLE LIAS : PEKES. 243 In the northern part of Lincolnshire the succession of beds, grouped as Middle Lias by Mr. Ussher, is as follows : — * Rock Bed. Clay, with lines of nodules and septaria ... 6 feet. Pecten-heA ironstone. The fauna of the Pecten-hed, and of part at any rate of the overlying clay, is rather that of the higher portions of the Lower Lias elsewhere, than that of the beds with Ammonites margaritatus exposed south of Lincoln. At present no specimens of Ammonites margaritatus have been found in the clay below the Rock Bed, while A, capricornus has been found in nodules that occur within a few feet of it. Hence on palaeontdlogical grounds there is a remarkable attenuation of the zone of A. margaritatus. The Rock-bed is a grey and brown ferruginous limestone or ironstone, 7 to 10 feet thick. From the abundance of Rhynchonella tetrahedra it was named the Wignchonella-hed by the Rev. J. -E. Gross. It has been traced through Grayingham and Kirton Lindsey, and has been quarried in places between Kirton and Manton. The rock is here and there nodular, but nowhere rich enough in iron to be of value for smelting. Some fossils were obtained by Mr. Cross in the railway-cutting south of Santon Warren : these include Ammonites spinatus, A. communis, Belemnites paxillosus, Terebratula punctata, fec.f Northwards the Rock-bed has not been well exposed, except at Winteringham, where it was observed by Mr. C. Fox-Strangways. Beyond this village it disappears beneath the Alluvium of the Humber. Shropshire. The occurrence of Middle Lias, at Frees in Shropshire, v,ras made known by Murchison in 1834. He remarked that the Marlstone was to be seen " in quarries and by the sides of the roads, dipping to the north-north-east at low angles ;" and he recorded a number of fossils which clearly established the age of the strata.J ;> During my examination of the district I was much indebted to Mr. Henry Ikin of Frees, who pointed out ihe spots where exposures of the beds were to be seen ; and who had collected a series of fossils which he submitted to Messrs. Sharman and Newton for identification. It will be seen that not only the Lower Lias, wherever evidence was to be obtained, but also the Middle Lias, presents the same general characters as are met with along the main outcrop of the strata in the midland counties. The fossilifdrous beds of sandy Marlstone have been opened up in graves in the churchyard at Frees, and from these beds Mr, Ikin has obtained many of the fossils mentioned. Here the thickness of the stone-beds is from 8 to 10 feet, including at the base, * Geol. Lincoln, pp. 31, 32. I Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi. p. 124. J Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. ii., p. 115 ; and Silurian System, p. 23. Q 2 244 LXAS OF KNGLAND AND WALES more saody layers. Still lower beds are exposed in the road- cutting west of Frees church, and in old pits and slipped ground to the south. These comprise fissile, sandy, and micaceous beds, in places interbedded with micaceous loam, and passing down into more argillaceous strata (with nodules o£ earthy limestone) that throw ont springs. These beds have been exposed to a depth of 20 feet. They contain Belemnites and Ammonites margaritatus, the latter poorly preserved. At one spot on the hill south of Frees church, there was formerly a brickyard. The surface-beds were of a clayey nature, but there was no fossil evidence to prove their age, for being on slightly higher ground than the fossiliferous beds at Frees church, it is possible there may be traces of Upper Lias. The section showed 10 feet of fissile, slightly calcareous and micaceous loamy beds, with Belemnites, Pentacrinus, and small hard nodules ; and the strata passed downwards into clay. The following fossils from the Middle Lias of Frees, for the most part in the collection of Mr. Henry Ikin, were (with three exceptions) identified by Messrs. Sharman and Newton :-t- Hybcdus. *Ammonites Engelhardti. t+ margaritatus. t spinatus. Belemnites elongatus ? vulgaris ? Cerithium. Chemnitzia. Pitonnillus conious. Pleurotomaria helicinoides. Turbo aciculus. Dentalium. Area. Astarte. f Avicula novemeostEB. Cardium truncatum ? tGryphsea cymbium. t gigantea. Hinnites velatiis. Leda. Lima pectinoides. Macrodon intermedius; *Modiola scalprum. Ostrea. f Pecten sequivalvis. dentatus P lunularis ? *Pholadomya ambigua, J Simpsoni. Pleuromya costata. Plicatula spinosa. Unicardium cardioides ? ■fRhynehonella acuta. rimosa. variabilis r Terebratula punctata. Waldheimia quadriflda. resupinata ? JAnnelide tube. Pentacrinus gracilis. Eryon. * Identified by the Eev. T. W. Norwood, t Recorded also by Murchison. J Obtained by H.3. Woodward. 245 CHAPTER IX. UPPER LIAS. General Description. This formation consists for the most part of bluish-grey clay and shale, -with nodules of argillaceous limestone (cement-stones and septaria), and occasionally a good deal of selenite. The Base- ment Beds consist of pale earthy limestones and marls or clays, the bands of stone occurring sometimes in regular courses, but being often of an interrupted and nodular character ; while the nodules enclose remains of Fishes and other organic remains. These lower beds are usually opened up in quarries where the Marlstone is worked, and the junction is well-marked -throughout the district, from the Dorset coast, where the Marlstone and Upper Lias stone are represented in a band about 2 feet thick, through the Midland counties to Lincolnshire. Stratigraphically this'is one of the most definite boundaries in the series of Jurassic rocks, for lithologically, palseontologically, and in the sequence of strata there is rarely any difficulty in fixing the junction. The pale earthy limestones of these Basement-beds, resembling, as they often do in texture, beds of While Lias or of Great Oolite lime- stone, appear in marked contrast with the brown iron-shot or ferru- ginous Marlstone. In a few localities, however, where the Marl- stone is thin, or has become much decomposed near the surface, the boundary across country cannot be traced without considerable difficulty. Nevertheless there is no palseontological break between these formations. In Northamptonshire there is a thin layer known as the " Transition Bed," which by its fossils, links, the formations together ; and generally throughout the country, we find common to both Marlstone and Upper Lias, such forms as Ammonites annulatu.1, A. communis, A. crassus, A. Holandrei, A. serpentinus, &c.* There is no authentic record, however, of the occurrence of A. spinatus above the horizon of the Marlstone or Transition Bed. The thickness of the Upper Lias varies considerably in different parts of the country, and especially when we lake into account the sandy and clayey beds that belong to the zone of Ammonites jurensis. Excluding, for the sake of convenience, the sandy beds, and taking only the mass of clays, together with the Basement Beds, we find the thickness of the Upper Lias in Dorsetshire to be about 70 feet, in Gloucestershire 100 to 200 feet, in Oxfordshire 30 to 100 feet, in Northamptonshire 150 to 160 feet, in Rutland- * Day, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. p. 295 ; .Tudd, Geol. Rutland, p. 46 K. Wilson and W. D. Crick, Geol. Ma?., 1889, p. 341. 246 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : shire 176 feet, in South Lincolnshire 200 feet, near Lincoln itself 100 feet, and further north in that county the thickness diminishes to 70, and probably to as little as 25 feet. The clays that constit\ite the mass of the formation, shade up irregularly and gradually into the Sands at the base of the Inferior Oolite, from Dorsetshire to the Cotteswold Hills, so that here we have no definite stratigraphical division; but further north in Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire, there is usually a marked divisional plane between the Upper Lias clay and overl3'ing beds (Northampton Sands), accompanied herg.and there by the evidences of local erosion. The Upper Lias has been subdivided into several zones, but somewhat differently by various geologists,* and this is not to be wondered at considering that the so-called zonal species. Ammo- nites anmitatus, A. serpentinus (or falcifer), A. communis, and A. hifrons, occur together in the Basement Beds of the division. As a matter of general convenience, and having regard to the preva- lence of certain species at particular horizons and to the associated fossils, the zones have been arranged in descending order as follows : — Zones. r Sands and clays (Midford 1 ^ -^ • Passage Beds - Sands in part! and North- I ^^"^omtesjurenm L ampton Sands in part). J \ ^S- ii )• Clays (main massT r ' t This is probably the form recognized as A. radium by Day, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. p. 295. See also Judd, Geol. Eutland, pp. 82, &c. j F. Smithe' and W. C. Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. x. p. 206. X Ussher, Geol. Lincoln, p. 180. UPPER LIAS FOSSILS. 247 Locally the zones have been further subdivided, and these minor zones or sub-zones will be mentioned in due course. The fossils of the Upper Lias include species of IcJithyosaurus, Pelagosaurus, and Steneosaurus ; but Saurian remains are by no means so abundant in the area under consideration as they are in Yorkshire. More important are the remains of the Fishes, especially Leptolepis and Pachycormus. Otolites have also been obtained. Of Mollusca, Ammonites and Belemnites are plentiful thi'ough- out the formation, and species of Nautilus are not uncommon. The Gasteropods include Amberleya {Eucyclus), Cerithium, Euomphalus (?), Pleurotomaria, Troehus, Turbo, and Turritella. Dentalium is also found. Among the Lamellibranchs we find Astarte, Cucullcea, Gresslya, Inoceramus, Leda, Lima, Monotis, Nucula, Ostrea, Pecten, Pleuromya, Posidonomya, Thracia, and Trigonia. Brachiopoda are far less abundant than in the Middle Lias : the species include Discina, Leptana, Lingula, Rhynchonella, Waldheimia and Thecidium, Polyzoa are exceedingly rare. The Crustacea include Eryon, Palinurina, Penaus, and some Ostracods. The Insects can only be mentioned, as the names require revision, but they include the Dragon-fly, Libellula. Of Annelides, Ditrwpa and Serpula are fairly abundant. Echino- derms, v/ith the exception of Pentacrinus are rare, but they include Acrosalenia, Cidaris, and Hemipedina. Corals also are rare, but Thecocyathus and Trochocyathus have been recorded. A number of Foraminifera have been obtained.f Lignite is found, but no plant-remains of recognizable species have been recorded. In Yorkshire the lowest zone of the Upper Lias is known generally as that of Ammonites annulatus ; but it was grouped with the Middle Lias by Messrs. Tate and Blake, on account of its yielding more Middle Lias than Upper Lias species ; and among these they record A. margaritatus. As suggested by Mr. Walford (see p. 228) the Transition Bed of the country around Banbury, aic. may in point of age be equivalent to this zone, for it yields some of the same Gasteropods and other fossils. J Mr B. Thompson would also include in the same zone portions of the Leptmna-heAs described by Charles Moore. In this southern part of England there was evidently a paucity of sediment as compared with the Yorkshire deposits, at the junction of Middle and Upper Lias. At the bottom of the Upper Lias in the area from Somerset- shire to Lincolnshire, there occur at intervals certain shales and limestones known as the Fish and Insect Beds. Attention was first called to these beds in Gloucestershire by the Kev. P. B. Brodie, and they were subsequently recognized in Somersetshire * Yorkshire Lias, p. 17.1. f See W. D. Crick and C. D. Sherbom, Journ. Northamptonsh. Nat. Hist Soc, vol. vii. p. 67. J Fox-Strangways, Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire, vol. i., p. 126, 248 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: by Charles Moore. In places the shales are finely laminated, and known as Paper-shales ; but the beds from a fossiliferous point of view, as Fish and Insect Limestones, are not everywhere to b6 identified. As iu the case of the Insect Limestones at the base of the Lower Lias, the distinctive fossils are preserved locally, and the fact that in places they cannot be recognized is no proof of the absence of equivalent strata. They are indeed intimately associated with the beds grouped as the zone of Ammonites serpentinus, not only in the area under consideration, but also in Yorkshire, for in that county we find remains of Fishes preserved in greatest abundance and variety at the same horizon. Hence for all practical purposes the thin representatives of the zone of Ammonites annulatus, together with the Fish and Insect Lime- stones and other beds belonging to the zone oi Ammonites serpentinus, may be treated as one division forming, the Basement Beds of the Upper Lias. (See also p. 246.) At the same time it must be borne in mind that the occurrence of limestone-bands is subject to variation, and that the Basement Beds shade upwards into the overlying clays grouped as the zone of ^. communis. Taking the Basement Beds as a whole, they are very fossili- ferous, constituting Cephalopoda Beds as well as Fish and Insect Limestones. The following are the more abundant fossils* : — * For fossils of the Transition Bed, see p. 229. 249 Fig. 70. Uf PER Lias Cephalopoda. Fie. 71. Fig. 73. Fig. 74, Fig. 72. Fig. 75. Fig. 70. Ammonites aerpentimis, liein. j. „ 71. „ corraacopia, Y. and B. „ . 72. » - - fibulatng. Sow. ^.I Fig. 73. Ammonites communis, Sow. |. « 74. „ bifrons, Brug. f. - ,.'75i „ L Nucula Hammeri, &c. • • - 25 Mr. Thompson records also Ammonites Holandrei, A. serpen- tinus, Belemnites, Cerithium, Dentalium liassicujn, and Inoceramus dubius. Fossils are rare, and he considers tlie clay to belong to the " Unfossiliferous Beds."* A lesser thickness of the same beds is exposed in another brick- yard near Gayton wharf. The upper portion of the Upper Lias clay, beneath the Boulder Olay^: is, here seen to he very much, contorted : a feature produced by Glacial action (see Fig. 89). A boring at Gayton, was carried through about 8 feet of Drill and Upper Lias, 20 feet of Middle Lias roekrbeds, and 553 feet of other beds of Middle and Lower Lias.f The clays extend over a considerable area eastwards to Preston Deanery and Horton, and they have been worked for brick-making at Wooton. The Upper Lias clay is well shown in brickyards af Northarftp- ton ; in one known as the Vigo pit, on the southern side of the town, and in three pits near the Kingsthorpe Road on the northern outskirts of the town. The clays are exposed beneath a covering of the Basement-beds of the Northampton Sands, (ironstone, and ferruginous saildstone with nodules), 2 or 3 feet of which beds are exposed in places. Beneath, there is usually from 18 inches to 2 feet of grey shaly and ferruginous clay," which passes down into the ordinary blue clay with nodules of argillaceoils limestone. At Vigo brickyard we see about 30 feet-' of clay. The'fosals miet with at these localities include the following : — Ammonites bifi'ons. ^^^ — coHimuniSi — — crassus. exaratus. heterophyllus. Holandrei. ' — ; — lythensis. serpentinus. Nautilus ast^oides. Belemnites striolatus. — — ^ Voltzi, Cerithium. Area. Inoceramus dubius. Leda ovum. Pleuromya costata. According to Mr. B. Thompson they indicate beds on the horizon of his Lower and Middle Leda-ovum Beds. Lower down the Nen valley we find brickyards here and there, at Castle Ashby, north of the Midland railway-station, "Wellingborough, and between Wellingborough and Finedon (Lower Leda beds) ; west of Wellingborough, and E. of the L. and N.W. Railway Station (Upper Leda Beds) ; Higham Ferrers (Lower Leda Beds) ; and Irthlingborough.| ^ * Journ. Northampton Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iv. p. 215. t H. J. Eunson, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl. p. 484 ; and B. Thompson, Middle Lias of Northamptonshire, p. 45. X Paper in Journ. Northamptonshire Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. v. p. 62. - UPPER LIAS: KETTERING. 279 A well sunk at the Midland Station at Wellingborough, reached the Marlstone Kock=bed at a depth of 150 feet. Mr. Thompson remarks that '' The Lower Leda-ovum beds are nearly on a level with the river Nen for a good many rtiiles eastward of Northampton, showing that the dip of the beds, in a north-easterly direction, is about equal to the fall of the river." A short distance north-east of Thrapston, tlje Upper Lias is no ' longer visible, owing to coverings of Alluvium and Kiver Gravel, but Prof. Judd states that it forms the bed of the Nen. It has been reached in deep wells, and he has observed it in places, near the Mill at Wadenhoe, at Oundle (where it was reached in a deep excavation by the side of the railway), at Cotterstock, and between Fotheringiiay and Wansford.* The tract of country northwards by Great Brington, Oottes- brook, Thornby, Clipston, and Oxenden Magna, is largely covered by Drift, which rests on the Upper Lias clays, but the Basement- beds extend further west than is shown on the Geological Survey map, having been exposed in railway-cuttings near Long Bucky, Crick, and Watford. I again make use of Mr. Thompson's observations in recording the fossiliT ferous horizons. " The Lower and Middle Leda-beds have been exposed in the railway (North- ampton to Rugby) north of Great Brington ; and the UnfoBsiliferous Beds near Long Buckby, and agajn near Kelmarsh Station (Northampton and Market Harborough railway). Brickyards have been opened at Long Buckby (U. Leda-beds), north of Holdenby, at Spratton (L. Leda-bed6),'west of Greaton, north of Hazlebeeoh, Naseby, npar Oxenden Magna, and Arthingworth (Unfossiliferous Bedsj.f Eastwards, the Upper Lias is covered by a large outlying mass of Lower Oolites extending from Northampton to Rothwell and Kettering ; a mass disconnected further east by the valley of the Ise, a tributary of the Nen. Beds witli Leda tivilm have been worked in a brickyard north of Pitsford. The following section, to which I was conducted by Mi. Thompson, is shown at Moulton Brickyard : — Ft. In. Brown sandy soil. fYellow and brown sands, with films or layers f of ironstone - - - - 9 Northampton J Thin beds of ferruginous sandstone. Beds. I Ferruginous and calcareous sandstone (green- hearted) with rolled rhasses of argillaceous [_ limestone - - - - - 6 r Blue clay, sandy near top, with occasional Upper Lias - \ septaria, and an Oyster-bed (limestone), 13 L feet down - - ,- - - 15 At the base of the Northampton Beds there are rolled masses of argillaceous limestone containing Ammonites bifrons, derived from the Upper Lias, and bored. The Upper Lias yields Ammonites bifrons), A. elegans, A. lythensis, A. lympharum, Belemnites * Geol. Rutland, p 86. t See also Aveline and Howell, Geol. part of Leicestershire, p. 6. J Joarn. Korihamptonshire Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. v. p. 66. 280 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : levidensis ?, B. subaduncatus, Gr^slya donaciformis Trigonia northamptonensis, and other species previously meutioned from the Upper Leda-ovum Beds (p. 273). The species of Ostrea are identified by Mr. Thompson as 0. sandalina and O. falciformis. The junction between the clay and overlying Northampton Beds, as noted by Mr. Thompson, is sharply defined, and the two formations appear comformable. Nevertheless the presence of the rolled masses of limestone on top of the clay, is suggestive of some local break ; and if we regard the clay as belonging to the zone of A.jurensis as Mr. Thompson maintains, we must I think consider that the zone is only partially represented.* At Kettering brickyard we find the Upper Lias clay, yielding many fine crystals of selenite. The beds have yielded Ammonites hifrons, but represent the unfossiliferous type of the series. Several sections in the neighbourhood of Kettering are described by Mr. Thompson ; in brickyards on the road leading towards Geddington, and on the Barton road, where he has obtained many fossils indicating the Upper Leda-ovum beds. Similar beds have been opened up between Great Harrowden and Isham, and the Unfossiliferous Beds have been worked at Orton, near Kothwell. A boring in the Upper Lias between Kettering and Weekley -appears to have reached the Marlstone at a depth of 44 feet. The Oxenden Magna tunnel, on the London and North- Western Railway, leading from Market Harborough to Blisworth, passed through the Upper Lias clay, which is here thickly covered with Boulder Clay and other Drift. In the heaps of clay brought out from this cutting numerous Upper Lias fossils were collected by JProf. Judd, including the following : — t Ammonites serpentinus. I Ammonites communis. falcifer. J Holandrei. Northamptonshire (continued), Rutlandshire, and Leicestershire. Prof. Judd remarks that : " The great mass of Upper Lias in this area, which stretches from the north of Wymondham to south of Braybrook, and attains its greatest breadth between Tilton-on-the-Hill and Barrowden, is intersected by many winding valleys, which cut down deeply enough to expose the Middle Lias strata, sometimes forming inliers in the midst of the Upper Lias. On the other hand, the higher portions of the Upper Lias are capped by the beds of the Inferior Oolite, which form outliers, often of great size, scattered over the district of the Upper Lias. The valleys which breach the great escarpment of the Inferior Oolite, namely those of the rivers Gwash, Chater, and Welland, and their numerous tribu- taries, are cut down to the level of the Upper Lias, but the * See also remarks by W. D. Crick, and J. F. Blake, Proo. Geol. Assoc., vol. xii. pp. 188, 189. t Judd, Geol. Kutland, p. 81. • '■ UPPER LIAS : MABKET HAEBOEOUGH. 281 bottoms of these valleys being masked by superiicial detritus; its beds are seldom exposed in them. " A few small outliers of Upper Lias rising above the plateaux of the Marlstone Eock-bed also exist, as those of Great Bowden, Slawston, Staunton Mill, and Barleythorpe, and some of these are capped by beds of Inferior Oolite. " The Upper Lias also forms a series of inliers in the midst of the Lower Oolite plateaux. Some of these form the bottoms of the valleys of the rivers which cut through these strata, which, as we shall show, thin out rapidly to the eastward, so that the Upper Lias is reached at comparatively small depths. This is the case in the parts of the valleys of the Glen, the Wansford Brook, and the Welland. In other cases, as at Stanion, Oorby, and Helpstoiie brickyard, the Upper Lias is brought up by faults and exposed as inliers along the lines of certain small valleys."* Sections of the Basement-beds have been noticed by Prof. Judd, and the subdivisions appear to be persistent in the area The paper-shales and " Serpentinus Beds " have been noticed at Slawston Hill, between Hallaton and Keythorpe, at Barleythorpe near Oakham, and at Edmondthorpe. I have seen the paper- shales in a cutting north of Wymondham, on the Bourn and Saxby railway ; and a little further west about 12 feet of the shales, with a nodular band of Fish and Insect Limestone, were exposed. Crushed specimens of Ammonites serpentinus and A. communis occurred, but there was no evidence of the Transition Bed at the base of the Upper Lias. The beds rested on the Marlstone (see p. 238), and were covered in places by chalky Boulder Clay. At Great Bowden and Market Harborough there are two small outliers of Upper Lias. The only important sections here are in the Market Harborough brickyard, opposite to the railway-station, and in the adjoining railway-cutting. Here we have the following section described by Prof. Judd : — Soil 1ft. Boulder Clay - - - - 2 to 3 ft. _ p J f Laminated blue clay weathering to a Zone ot Amm.\ ^^jj^^ colour, with Ammonites com- communis. ^ munis and Belemnites compressus 1 to 4 ft. seen. 'Hard, brown, ferruginous band of im- pure ironstone - - - 9 in. Softer and more sandy bed full of, — Ammonites serpentinus. bifrons. communis. Basement Beds <| ^^a^^^s compressus, and other fossils - - - - 9 in. { Hard, very ferruginous bed • - 3 to 6 in. Light-blue, laminated clays - - 3 to 4 ft. A thin vein of sandstone (very incon- , - stant) .... about 1 ft. |_Light-blue, laminated clays - - 6 ft. Mi(I3le Lias - - Marlstone Rock-bed. * Judd, Geol. Rutland, pp. 80, 81. c3 P. P, 282 LTAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Here, as noticed by Prof. Judil, the Serpen tin us-b'eds are ferru- ginous and much resemble the Marlstone, with which, in the absence of fossil-evidence, they might be confounded. At the Market Harborough brickyard, the " Fish and Insect limestones " were not detected. In the cutting just north of Market Harborough station, the Serpentinus-beds were well exposed, and were seen to be crowded with the usual fossils.*^ Pyrites was said to be plentiful in most of the wells at Great Bowden.f ' ' Eecords of other sections in this neighbourhood are given by Prof. Judd. The Basement Beds of the Upper Lias were well exposed at Alexton, and a number of fossils were obtained. In the clays large masses of wood, converted into jet, are found. These, after being soaked in oil to prevent cracking, are used by the workmen and others for whetting razors. The limestone, which is hard and fissile, and of a blue colour weathering vvhite, occurring sometimes in continuous bands and at other times in nodules, is carried to Tugby, where it is burnt for lime. ,Pi'of. Judd remarks that the Serpentinus-bed, which in - many places- is ferruginous, is at Alexton only very slightly coloured with oxide of iron. Other sections showing the " Communis Beds " have been opened up near Neville Holt,, where Prof. Judd ohiamed: Fosidonom^a: Bronni ; also at Tugby brickyard, and in the rail way -cuttings?, near Manton, and between Oakham and Ashwell. The Unfossiliferous clays, which contain ironstone - nodules - (decomposed iron-pyrites), have been exposed in a brickyard- at Great Easton, in the cuttings and tunnel at Moi'cot (together with higher beds), in brickyards west of Oakham, and on Moor Hill, north of Hallaton. On Moor Hill the thickness of these clays must be 50 or 60 feet. At "West Lauud, near Tiiton, there is a brickyard showing blue shaly clay, with many small nodules and selenite, apparently belonging to the Unfossiliferous division of the Upper Lias. More interest attaches to the Leda-ovum Beds. They have been exposed in the brickyard at Stanion, where there is an in- lier of Upper Lias ; in brickyards between Rockingham and Cottingham, and at Gretton, Inliers also occur at Pipwell Abbey, Corby, &c. A number of fossils are also recorded by Messrs. E. Wilson and W. D. Crick, from the grey clays in the East Norton railway- cutting ; these include Ammonites bifrons, A. communis, A. crassus, Belemnites subtenuis, Nucula Hammeri, &c.f At a brickyard and tilery by Seaton railway -station, about 12 feet of grey or blue clay with small nodules of argillaceous limestone, covered by about 5 feet of brown Alluvial loam, were exposed: the clay yielded the following fossils some of which * Geol. Rutland, p. 87. t J. Woodward, Nat. Hist. Foss. Bug., Part I., p. 18i. - j Geol. Mag., 1889, p. 298. UPPER lilAS: STAMFORD. 283 were noted by Mr. Thompson ;* and othel's, collected by myself, were identified by Messrs. Newton and Sharmaa : — Ammonites bifrons. : communis. cornucopiBB. heterophyllus. Holandrei. serpentinus. Belemnites compressus. Gasteropods. Leda ovum. Nucula Hammeri. Trigonia pulchella. Prof. Judd mentions that in Keythorpe Park, a pond, dug in the lower part oi the Upper Lias Clays, exhibited the richly fossiliierous bands, crowded with small Ammonites, &e,, which characterize that part of the series (see Fig. 69, p. 235). He collected there the following fossils : — f Amimonites cqmmunis. (Very Ammonites bifrons. abundant.) Belemnites compressus. annulatus. (Very abundant.) Leda ovum. • Holandrei. Inoceramus dubius. The clays, and their junction with the N orthampton Sands, were shown in brickyards at Uppingham ; exposures were also to be seen in the railway^cuttings and brickyard near Manton. Pilton brickyard, situated south of the railway, S.W. of North Luffenham, showed about 12 feet of blue clay overlaid by 6 feet of brown clay. Ferruginous nodules and septaria ocbur, and iron-pyrites and large crystals of selenite abound. Belemnites are more abundant towards the top of the beds. Ammonites bifrons, Leda o«M»i, and other fossils occur in the clays and in npdules. The great Stamford and Helpstone fault also brings up the Upper Lias along the valley of the Wansford Btook, as pointed out by Prof. Judd. The beds were exposed at Thornbaugh, and a well was sunk tliere for upwards of 70 feet in blue clay without reaching the bottom of it. Prof. Judd states that at Helpstone brickyard, north-west of Peterborough, there was an interesting exposure of the Upper Lias clay in a small inlier, which has been produced in conse- quence of the removal by denudation of the upper part of a small anticlinal, into which the beds are here bent. The beds consist of blue pyritous clays with much selenite, and are the highest of the series ; they yield, — Ammouites bifrons. Abundant. | Belemnites compressus. serpentinus. Rare. | Leda ovum. At Stamford the Upper Lias clay forms the bed of the river ; in a deep excavation made at the gas-works Prof. Judd found Ammonites bifrons, Belemnites compressus, Leda ovum, &c. The same beds are met with in many wells in the southern part of Stamford, where the-/ Stamford and Helpstone fault has thrown the Upper Lias clay to a much higher level. The Upper Lias * Thompson, Journ. Northamptonsh. Nat. Hist. See, vol. iv. p. 16. t Geol. Rutland, pp. 83, 84. 284: LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: clay is dug at Lumby's Terra Ootta Works. A boring here is ' said to have passed through 140 feet of Upper Lias, and to have been carried to a depth of 500 feet in an attempt to find coal. The ornamental water of Burleigh Park rests on the Upper Lias Clay.* Lincolnshire. While in Rutlandshire and East Leicestershire the Upper Lias is exposed over a considerable area, extending to the neigbour- hood of Buckminster and Oroxton Kerrial; northwards through Lincolnshire, the outcrop is narrower and more regular along the foot of the steep Oolitic escarpment. Its thickness was proved to be 1 76 feet in a boring at Ham- bleton, S.iE. of Oakham ; and where sections have afforded evidence, the main divisions recognized further south have been followed. The Basement Beds have been exposed above the Marlstone at Soalford, where shales with flattened nodules (Fish and Insect limestones) have been observed, having a thickness of over 20 feet, in a brickyard. The usual fossils were obtained, such as Ammo- nites com.munis, A. serpentinus, Inoceramus dubius, and Posido- nomya Bronni. The beds were also exposed in the railway- cutting east of Scalford. South of Grantham the Upper Lias extends a long distance along the base of the valley of the Witham river to North Witham, and follows its tributaries westwards, connecting with the main outcrop near Skillingtoh, and thus isolating a large mass of the Lower Oolites. The Basement Beds were observed by Prof. Morris in excava- tions between Grantham and Little Ponton, by Mr. Dalton in the railway-cutting between Fulbeck and Leadenham, and by Mr. Ussher in a brickyard N.E. of Welbourn. A brickyard south of Grantham railway-station, showed about 40 feet of blue clay and shale with septaria and selenite ; with debris of sand and ironstone (Northampton Beds) on top. From this brickyard the following fossils were collected at different times by Messrs. R. Gibbs and J. Rhodes : — f Ammonites annulatus. bifrons. communis. • orassus. falcifer. ■ — — fibulatus. ■ ^ heterophyllus. Amm.onites serpentinus. Belemnites. Nautilus. Inoceramus dubius. Leda ovum. Posidonomya Bronni. Discina reflexa, &c. The beds were also exposed in a brickyard near Stoke Roch- ford. * Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 86. ■f Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, pp. 44, 130. UPPER LIAS: LINCOLN. 285 The Upper Lias clay (Leda-ovum beds) was exposed in a brickyard at Stonesby, east of Waltham-on-the-Wolds, where the section was noted as follows, by Mr. Jukes-Browne : — * ^T , Ft. In. Northampton Beds Red ferruginous sandstone - - - 12 rPale grey micaceous clay with ferruginous Upper Lias ' - -j concretions, passing down into dark blue L shaly clay with selenite and iron-pyrites - 19 The same beds were cut through by the Great Northern railway south of Grantham, where they were described by Prof. Morris.t At Lincoln the Upper Lias is about 100 feet thick, and the beds no doubt extend underground throughout the eastern part of Lincolnshire. The deep boring at Woodhall Spa, reached the Lias at a depth of 640 feet, according to Mr. Jukes-Browne's estimates.J To what distance the Lias extends beneath the Fenland area, we have no evidence to show, but we know that it dies out to the south-east before we reach Harwich. Beneath the Oolites at Peterborough, upwards of 300 feet of Lias (chiefly clay) was proved in a boring at the Great Northern Kailway works. New England. The Upper Lias is well shown in several brickyards in the escarpment north and south of Lincoln, and the beds have been .studied in much detail by Mr. W. JD. Carr and Mr. W. H. Dai ton. The principal sections are those on the south, known as Best's Brickyard, or tlie Cross Cliff Brickworks, at Biacebridge ; and on the north. Swan's Brickyard or the West Cliff Brickworks. § A complete section of the Upper Lias, showing about 100 feet of strata, has been exposed at Best's brickyard, and about 60 feet of the upper portion of the clays was shown at Swan's brickyard. In both cases the clays were surmounted by the Basement-beds of the Inferior Oolite, which at Swan's pit comprised the following strata : — Ft. In. ''^Limestone } Flaggy and comminuted shelly oolite - 2 Northampton \ Sandy beds and ironstone with small Beds. J scattered nodules, and nodular bed at base 4 The mass of the Upper Lias below, consisted of dark shaly clay, with rusty joints and ferruginous clays near the top, and at intervals lower down, there were layers of septaria and nodules of argillaceous limestone (cement-stone). Excepting in the higher beds, fossils are abundant, and we have no indication of the Uufossiliferous zone of Northamptonshire. Specimens of * Geol. S.W. LinoolnGhire, p. 44. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix. p. 324. J Geol. Lincoln, p. 208. § In 1889 these brickyards together with those belonging to the Bracebridge Brick Co. and the Lincoln Brick Co., were amalgamated nnder the Lincoln Eriek Co. 286 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Ammonites bifrons, A. communis, A. fibulatus, A. hete'rophyllus , A. serpentinus, together with Belemnites subtenuis, B. vulgaris, and Nautilus terebratus, may be obtained in abundance. The Upper Lias was subdivided as follows by Mr. Dal ton : — * Ft. In. Zone of ^mmo-/ Shales with ferruginous and calcareous no- nites bifrons. \ dules (cement-stones) - about 38 rShales with comminuted shells : yielding rj c A Ammonites communis, Gasteropods, &c., Zone of A. com- ! j -ii, ii at i rn ■ ■ i, j • < and with attop aJNucula-or Irigonia- bed, I with Nnaula HamToeri and Trigonia pul- [_ chella - - - ' -80 Zone of A. ser- r Shales with septaria and shelly beds yield- pentinus and! iafr A. heteri^hyllus, A. serpentines fBelem- A. hetero''] nifes subtenuis; and with Lucina-bed at phyllus. L top - - - - 40 to 45 r Shales with two or three bands of argillaceous 7nnpnf A a } limestone (Fish and Insect Limestones): , . ■ 'I Ammonites annulatus, A. communis, Inoce- L ramus dubius, - - about 8 The lowest beds (here grouped as the zone of A. annulatus"), are evidently equivalent to the Basement Beds of other localities; while, the mass of the higher strata evidently belongs to the beds elsewhere grouped as the zone of A. communis. The highest division has yielded but fev/ fossils, and it cannot therefore be compared with the beds which Mr. Beeby Thompson has grouped in the zone of A. jurensis. The nodular bed at the base of the Inferior Oolite series, is suggestive of a break, and compares well with the evidence we have throughout the country from the neighbourhood of Banbury northwards. Mr. Ussber indeed is disinclined to regai'd the junction as unconformable, but it appears most reasonable to conclude with Mr. Dalton, that there is evidence generally of transgressive overlap of the Inferior Oolite. The Basement Beds (clays and shaly limestones), were exposed in a brickyard north-east of Navenby station, and there Mr. Ussher procured a fragment of an Ammonite, identified as A. striatulus ? by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. Such an occurrence accords with the evidence obtained in Dorsetshire.f (See p. 255.) The higher beds of Upper Lias clay were seen near Ooleby. Northwards by Brattieby and HarpswellJ there are few exposures of Upper Lias; and onwards by Kirton Lindsey and Santon to Winteringham, the evidence shows that the thickness is considerably diminished. A shaft sunk at Appleby indicates about 70 feet of Upper Lias, and perhaps a similar thickness was passed through at Brigg, but other borings tend to show that the thickness may be much less, and according to Mr. Ussher little over 25 feet in places§ : an » Geol. Lincoln, p. 33. See also W. D. Carr, Geol. Mag. 1883, p. 164. t Geol. Lincoln, p. 180. X See Memoirs of W. Smith, p. 96. § Ussher, Geol. Lincoln, pp. 55, 56, 211. . '^ UTPEE LIAS : KIETON LINDSEY. 287 attenuation not inconsistent with the view of the overlap of the Inferioi" Oolite series. From the railway-cutting north of Kirton Lindsey, Am- monites communis, A. semicelatus, and other fossils were obtained. The clays have been worked for brick-making near Kirton railway-station. In a well at Roxby Grange, dark grey shales with A. serpentinus, were found beneath the Basement-beds of the Inferior Oolite : here again the evidence suggests unconformable overlap of the newer beds. From this region we pass into Yorkshire, and the beds in that region are described by Mr. Fox-Strangways. It is possible (as mentioned p. 244) that traces of Upper Lias may be preserved at Frees in Shropshire, but nowhere else in England or Wales have we any reason to suspect the presence of the formation in outliers far away from the main outcrop. 288 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : CHAPTER XI. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. lAme and Cement. The Lower Lias limestones have long been celebrated for their hydraulic cement and Blue Lias lime. Many of the layers or nodules of stone furnish naturally the ingredients required for " water-lime " or hydraulic cement, and they are known as cement-stones or cement-beds : thus the prjJ- ducfcs are spoken of as Natural cements, in distinction from the Artificial Portland cement, made often by mixing materials obtained from different strata and localities. Great part, however, of the cement made from the Lower Lias is pi'oduced by a mixture of a number of layers of stone and shale or clay ; a plan necessary on account of the limited quan- tities of the good cement-beds, and necessary also in order to ensure uniformity in the products. Not only are the layers different in character, but each individual layer is liable to varia- tion. Some of the best cement-beds are dark shaly limestones, others are nodular masses of argillaceous limestone. Layers that contain pyrites must be rejected. At the base of the Lower Lias generally throughout England, there are alternate bands of morp or less argillaceous limestone and shale or clay, but the quality of the strata and the thickness of the beds adapted for the preparation of lime and cement, vary considerably. In some localities the limestone-bands are com- paratively few, in other cases we have a mass of limestones and shales attaining a thickness of 200 feet. Beds on different strati- graphical horizons are worked in different localities, though in all cases, as regards the Lower Lias, they belong to the lower zones o? Ammonites planorbis, A. angulatus, and A. Bucklandi. So called " Blue Lias Lime " is made from strata of Inferior Oolite age at Kirton Lindsay, and from other formations ; but in such cases the use of this name for trade-purposes is unfortunate, although the lime produced may be of first-rate quality. True Blue Lias lime and cement are prepared from material obtained at Aberthaw, Bridgend, Stormy Cement Works near Bridgend, Lliswerry, Watchet, Dunball near Bridgwater, Lang- port, Lyme Regis, Pylle, Shepton Mallet, Weston near Bath, Wilmcote, Harbury, Stockton, Rugby, Barrow-on-Soar, Evington, Barnstone, Granby, Elton, Cotham, and Coddington ; and at some other localities mentioned previously. At several of these localities the lime has been long celebrated. J. Woodward, in 1729, speaks of Ammonites " Found in a L£ME AND CEMENT. 289 Quarry, the most famous in England, for Limestone ; it being ■very hard, and making excellent Lime, at Barrow in Leicester- shire."* Aberthaw, on the Glamorganshire coast, and Lyme Kegis have been for long particularly favoured localities for hydraulic lime, as the material can be readily shipped in the raw state. At Aber- thaw the limestone was taken away in the form of large beach- pebbles, and burnt at the localities where the lime was wanted. Smeaton ascertained that the Lias lime made a harder mortar under water than any other lime with which he was acquainted. When he built the Eddystone Lighthouse he sent round the Land's End to Aberthaw for limestone, whereas, as De la Beche has remarked, he could have procured equally good material from Lyme Eegis.t The character of the strata at the several localities has been already described, and it will be necessary here only to allude to the products. In some localities only lime is made, in others various kinds of hydraulic cement are also prepared. The lime obtained from the Lias is hydraulic in character : and it is stronger and also darker in colour (owing to the clay and iron), than the " fat lime " obtained from purer limestones. Thus Lias lime is sometimes spoken of as " Brown lime," in distinction from the " White lime " or " Marble lime," made from the rich Carboniferous or Devonian limestones. Owing to its strong and binding character, the Lias lime is not, as a rule, adapted for ■agricultural purposes, though it is sometimes put on light lands, the " Marble lime " being used for heavy soils. There are, however, in some localities, layers of Blue lias that contain a very large percentage of carbonate of lime, and that when calcined, furnish a good agricultural lime. Good hydraulic limestone should have not less than -16 percent, of clay. Lime is made from the limestone, which is burnt in masses as quarried, so that some of the coal-ash becomes commingled with it. The lime is supplied in the form of Lump lime and Ground lime. The Lump lime is used for mortar, being mixed (under a mill) with ashes, sand, pounded tile, brick-rubble, &c. It is also used for stucco, being mixed with clean sharp sand, in the proportion of J best lime and f sand. The Ground lime, which has already been ground in a mill, is used for con- crete foundations, and also for brick-work and stone-walling : it is especially valuable for reservoirs and water-works, for docks and sea-walls, tunnels, &c. For concrete 1 portion of lime to 6 or 8 of gravel is generally used. If ground so as to facilitate the slaking of every particle, and used imme- diately, the hydraulic limes produce a mortar which becomes much harder and far more durable than that of the rich limes. Blue Lias lime is now very often specified by Architects and Engineers for use in Mortar, as well as in •Concrete j because the Mortar made from rich limes is not suited for damp ^situations, and when very dry it becomes friable. Lump lime is made sometimes from limestone containing a larger percentage of lime than that used for the Ground lime ; the latter is made from beds richer in alumina, and soluble silica. The Cement is prepared from the limestone and clay. The stone is broken, usually by a stone-crusher, and ground by millstones. The powder is then mixed with clay, the proportions being weighed. The materials are mixed with water in mixing-boxes or pug-mills. The wet masses are taken out in lumps, and sometimes roughly shaped into the form of bricks, and dried over a heated floor. The material is then put into the kiln ; and afterwards * Nat. Hist. JFoss. England, vol. i. p. 26 t Report on the Geology of Cornwall, etc., p. 507. E 70839. 290 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: crushed, ground in a mill, and passed through fine sieves. ■ It is then ready to be put into barrels or sacks for delivery. In some instances "Portland cement" is manufactured irom specially selected Lias stone ; and this is said to set more quickly than the ordinary Blue Lias cement. Particular varieties are also supplied to the trade under the names of Roman, Bath, and Lias cements, some setting more rapidly than others, and possessing different degrees of tenacity. The essential constituents in cement are : — Lime 45 to 65 per cent., clay 20 to 30 per cent., and oxide of iron 3 to 14 per cent. In the preparation of the cement, it is necessary in some cases to add a certain amount of oxide of iron, when the stone and shale are deficient in it. The hydraulic powers of the cement are dependent on the amount of soluble sflica ; a double silicate of lime and alumina being formed during the preparation of the material. Selenitic cement is made in some places. This is formed from a mixture of calcined gypsum, sand, and hydraulic lime. It is used for mortar, plastering on lath-work, stucco and concrete.* Artificial Stone, The Blue Lias Cement is employed in the manufacture of some of the artificial paving-slabs, sints, and troughs. Thus chips of Mount Sorrel stone are embedded in " portland cement " and shaped in moulds. Afterwards, when solidified, they are steeped in a " silica solution," formed of silicate of soda, and in this the slabs remain immersed for seven or eight weeks. This is done at Barrow-on-Soar for the manufacture of Granolithic pave- ment. " Victoria Stone " is similarly made from Groby rock. At Rugby, concrete is formed with cement and chips from stone- quarries, and fashioned into window-sills, coping-stones, paving- slabs, &c. The silica solution is of great service in filling up all the interstitial spaces in the concrete. Refekences to Tables of Analyses. A. Analysis by Mr. John Spiller (1870). Communicated by Mr. Wm. Porter. B. Analysis by Mr. Henry T. Jones, F.I.C. (1888). Communicated by Mr. Wm. Porter. C. Analysis by Messrs^ Holland and Phillips (1883). Communicated by Messrs. John Davies and Company. D. P. Analyses by Mr. W. Harry Stanger (1888). Communicated by Messrs. Greaves, Bull, and Lakiii. E. Analysis by Mr. Charles Tookey (1858). F. Communicated by Messrs. Chas. Nelson and Company. G. H. Communicated by Mr. C. Hall. I. Communicated by Messrs. John Ellis and Sons. J. Analysis by Mr. J. Bernard Dyer, F.C.S. K. R. Communicated by Mr. H. Parry. L. Analysis by Mr. H. Faija, Communicated by the Somerset Lime and Cement Company. . M. Analysis published by Mr. H. Reid. N. Analysis by Mr. H. Faija (1885). ; Communicated to Mr. A. Strahan, by Messrs. John Davies and Company. O. Analysis published by Mr. H. Reid, Manufacture of Portland Cement, 1877, p. 66 ; see also R. Phillips, Ann. Phil. ser. 2, vol. viii., 1824, p. 72 ; and A. Voelckeri Journ. Bath and W. of Eng. Soc, ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 228. . , _._IL_Analysis pubUshed by Mr. H. Reid. * Spe also John Grant, Proo. Inst. C.E., vol. Ixii. p. 98 ; and Notes on Building Construction, Part III., ed. 2 (liivingtons), 1889, p. 14-5. 291 •— 1 fO .»> O CO to O o o •9niii . O to W 00 05 J> CO t- ? jC9sptni-ni-nopi3 ^ 1 '^ Cq CO 1 W O >-H rH 1 1 M 1 <^ 1 1 § ' ■— 1 T— 1 QO -^ CD 1— 1 Jf3 tC o «0 O OS Ol -^f (O OT o •smyi onoisnaBg h5 1 o ^ i 1 .H ' OS 01 1 1 1 1 U M 8 ^ ■stuiT; O^Oi.eo oJ>ocs^co 05 ' JBOg-no-jiouBg -« H ^ 1 1 1 g 1 M O r-t CO O 00 !> »H o •inaraao pnBpjoj w , U5 N -# i> «5 * - * 1 I - • 1 1 1 ^ 1^ 1 1 o iqSng; 1 "-H CO OS 1 oq 1 1 CM I II o o l-H to o o (M CO eo CO CO (M 00 o . •amji jCqSn^ cs 1 Oi 4 4 1 -^01 .-1 CD 1 1- 1 l« 1 o o M P Jr» lO CD OS M o o^ 1 ^ o 1 1 i . 1 ^ . . o g •9niii noi3[oo}g Ec( 1 OS 4l^ O I 1 1 OD 1 1 1 M U 1 1 o S o ^ OCOOOCO'yjfMOO'M.-i -^ (M O o •arai-X no}3ino}g p4 asOC0J>(Mi-HO(MQ000 i-H r— 1 -^ O 1 1 O 1 1 (X) OS ^ W-*(M-*Or-(CON.-IO i^ r-1 «) OS i OS SD CO CO N 00 o s U5 CO O CD lO 1-1 o •jnsniao ianqiBu Q O OD W ' -^ Oq 1 M 1^ 1 1 o 1-4 o o 1 -c6 o •jnauisQ i;jj3issi]i o 00 p-C CD Tf* i-i i-H 6 ^H 1 1 1 1 1 Q OS r-4 CO 2 >1 t-OSiOvft 4>COW"^ iO i-ioqo I 1:11 U 1 1 o <^ ' : 1— f ?< ■ O a ' • • a • • . ... ■« o. ^ •^naraao stSag oni^i <■ 1 § S 1 -^ J ^ "^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 lo R i El ,_*_, ,H 1 1 1 1 ) 1 ■ 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 H Liines and Cements. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( , , , , g I , o 13 •1 t residue ide - ic acid ;_acid - acid - Soda - Organic matter Sulphate of lime Manganese oxide i ■Alkalies, water an Carbonate of lime Water 1 . Insoluble Silica - Ferric ox Alumina Phosphor Sulphuric Carbonic Lime - Magnesia Potash - T 2 292 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : 09 O H m 1^ O o o o >o Tjf to ■* o o CO m 1:^ J> OS T'- ?" o •iaspnii-ui-no^jig; M o 00 o 05 INI o i-H o o r-l • — . — ' o in Ol o (N ■* o «o i-i o o Tf J> o •jCjnqacjj d* i r-H CD 1 • 1 I-I M I-H s o O 9 o o o o •paaSpug Ph' -s ■* « o r-4 ■"^ 1 -* s I-H o O o O o o o •jiBqjjaqy d to CO « Ac i CI 1 ' o o fH w; u? »0 o o -^ (M CO 6 t* *> •j£ia9AVSII1 (5 1 «D OS o 1 *o o> OS ff4 ' . • CO «3 o •siSag arai'j S 1 I-I . — * — . 1 1 « i «5 CO »o m t* o tn CO I-I lU OS o •jasjgraog 'an^j i4 -"^ 1 ffl ^ 1 i-H o 00 r-l o ^ i-r • 1 1 r 1 ' 1 ( n 1 I ( 0) r ( ■ 1 1 n o ■*j m w a 13 ' ' ' * 1 1 ' \ ■m O 01 a 03 m « •M o OB 1 V V 1 ^ a •^ i <§ 03 ^ ^ ' 2 1 ' 1 ca 1 1 o o 1 '^ g «p pc § fi m S a a Alu Silic s < 1 1 BUILDING STORES. 293 In addition to the names just mentioned, I am indebted to Messrs. John Board and Company, of Dunball ; to Mr. H. J. Harding, of the firm of Messrs. Greaves, Bull, and Lakin, of Wilmcote, Harbury, and Stockton ; to Messrs. Haycraft and Company, of Lyme Regis ; and to Messrs. Charles Nelson and Company, of Stockton, neai- Rugby. Referring to his analysis of the Stockton lime, Mr. C. Tookey remarks that the lime had probably been exposed to the air since burning, as shown by the amount of water and carbonic acid. He says that the sulphuric acid may, in some limes and cements, result from the iron-pyrites in the coal used for burn- ing ; but in this instance sulphuric acid was found to be present in two examples of the limestone from which the lime is produced. The Marlstone as well as the Lower Lias limestone, is occa- sionally burnt for lime for agricultural purposes. At Alexton, north-west of Rockingham, the basement-limestones of the Upper Lias are dug and sent to Tugby, where they are burmtj and they make an hydraulic lime said to be equal to that of Barrow-on-Soar.* Building Stones, The Lias nowhere yields any building-stones that have been extensively used far from the localities where such material can be quarried. In the stone-districts the houses are usually con- structed of the Lias limestones, and the older cottages have thatched roofs ; but over the greater part of the Lias area, bricks are the chief building-materials, and the towns like Gloucester,^ Evesham, Stratford-on-Avon, Northampton, Grantham and Lincoln, are constructed for the most part of brick, with red-tiled or slated roofs. The Lower Lias limestones are locally employed for building- purposes, but as a rule the stone is not very durable, and much of it shivers with the frost. " When taken from the sea- side, as near Lyme Eegis, where it has become impregnated with saline water, it is notoriously bad."t The flues of houses built o£ Lias limestone are usually constructed of brick. The most durable stone in the Lower Lias is that of Sutton, near Bridgend in Glamorganshire. This is a pale granular and crystalline limestone, altogether different in texture from the ordinary beds of the Lower Lias. It furnishes a freestone that is used for building, while the top beds are employed for walling. It was formerly used in the construction of some of the old Welsh castles, in Neath Abbey, &c. Beds somewhat similar to the Sutton Stone are quarried on the north side of Shepton Mallet. Again at Downside, near Wrington, there is a stone (referred to as Brockley Down Lime- stone) which presents some resemblances to the Doulting stone (Inferior Oolite), but by no means possesses so firm a texture. Analysis shows 4*8 per cent, of silica. J * Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 79. t De la Beche, Report, p. 488. j See Analysis by T. Ransome and B. Cooper, Mem. Gcol, Surrey, vol. ii. Part II p. 687. 294 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : The tougher and more crystalline limestones ;of the Blue Lias, furnish the better building-stones ; the banded and fissile and more earthy limestones being unsuitable. The best paving-stones are obtained from the lower portions of the limestone-series, usually the zone of Ammonites planorbis ; for these strata as a rule are more evenly-bedded than the lime- stones at higher stages. ' , At Street near Glastonbury and at King Weston and Keiriton Mandefield, good paving-stones (paviours) are obtained, slabs 12 feet square and even larger are sometimes raised. Some of, the beds at Keinton have been tried for lithographic stone. Curb stones and building-blocks are also procured, and slabs are employed for garden-fences, imparting however a dull aspect to the cottages, as' may be seen at Street, Queen Camels Marston, and other villages. Troughs, steps, and tomb-stones are also shaped from particular layers of stone. (See p. 77.) Stone-walls are a common feature in the district of the Lias limestones, and the enclosures as a rule are small. In the neighboarhood of Street, when the stone has, been worked out, the quarries are filled in with the " rubbish " (shale and broken limestone), and the ground is then planted with apple-trees. In such sheltered and well-drained situations, orchards are found to flourish. Building-blocks have been obtained at Saltford and- Keynsham, and the stone has been employed in some of the churches of the district, ,and in Great Western Railway works. Thus the railway- station at Keynsham is built of the Keynsham stone (Blue lias). Nevertheless, as remarked by Prof. Lloyd Morgan," wherever Lias has been used, there will you find the abundant signs of decay."* In Worcestershire and Warwitkshire the basement-beds of the Lower Lias yield good paving-stone, also stone that is employed for steps, and that has at times been polished for mantel-pieces, &c. Slabs from 1 to 8 inches thick, and 30 square feet in super- ficial area, are obtained. None of the beds aifbrd any durable building-stone, as the rock exfoliates under the influence of the weather. Bluish-grey and buff or pale-grey slabs are obtained at Wilm- cote: and these are useful for inside work in halls, &c., as the stone is smooth and even-grained. White house-paving-stone is obtained from a layer known as the " Whites," and when rubbed and cut into squares, it forms a very smooth floor : it has been used in the Houses of Parliament and in the New Law Courts. Eougher slabs, suitable for the floors o£ farmhouse kitchens and barns, have also been obtained in many localities : as at Hasler Hill near Evesham, Binton near Bidford, &c. It is stated that the Wilmcote Stone can be rubbed to a face ^sufficiently smooth to be used for lithographic purposes ; and, it was mentioned, by Strickland that "Experiments, partly ,suc- * Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 95. BUILDING STONES. 295 cessful, have been made to apply the Haslerstone to lithography. It is well adapted for the lithographic ink, but is not suited for crayons."* Some of the Lower Lias limestones at Queeia Camel, near Sparkford, have yielded thin stone-tiles that were used for roofing ; and beds near Burley Dam in Shropshire were" at one time quarried for similar purposes. (See p. 181.) The Marlstone Rock-bed in Somersetshire is used for rough building-purposes, but the beds as a rule are too thin in this region' to be of much service except as road-metal. The development of rock-beds is indeed uncertain. Here and there in Gloucestershire, as at Stinchcombe and Dursley, the stone-beds are quarried for rough building-purposes (walls, &c.). The beds are also locally used for building-stone in various parts of Northamptonshire and in Rutlandshire. The best of the Lias building-stones is that obtained ftom the Middle Lias of Edge Hill, known generally as the Hornton Stone. In this neighbourhood it is extensively quarried, and the green and brown varieties form a pleasing contrast in the buildings : the Catherine Wheel Inn, and the door- way of the Mechanics' Institute, at Banbury are good examples . of the material. This stone was used in most of the old churches and buildings of the district, and when well-selected it has proved a fairly durable , material. Much of the stone however does not appear fitted to withstand great weights, being apt to crack and thus to be more readily acted upon by the weather. As a rule the corner stones of the better class of buildings are formed of Oolitic freestone. Not only are blocks of the Hornton Stone obtained for building- purposes, but slabs are dressed for paving ; and stone-steps, sinks, and tomb-stones are made. Thin flaggy beds in the Marlstone at Ohacombe near Banbury have been employed as stone-tiles. .A dark stone from Byfield (probably Marlstone), was formerly worked and cut into squares for paving halls.f It is noticeable that the best building-stone in the Marlstone. occurs where the beds have no covering of Upper Lias clay. The fact that the brown weathered portions of the Marlstone are generally employed for building in preference to the green unweathered rock, has been commented upon by Mr. Beeby. Thompson. It is true that the brown rock is more easily worked ; , but the green rock not having undergone those chemical changes produced by atmospheric influences, he considers that the naturally seasoned rock is more likely to prove durable.t This ig likewise the case with many of the Oolitic freestones. Local Names of Stone-beds, In most Lias quarries the limestone-ba,nds have different names applied to them by the quarry men. Most of these are given froroi * Memoirs of H. E. StrioklaDd, p. 84. .. .[ t J. Morton, Nat. Hist. Northamptonshire, 1J05, pp. 108, 126. j Middle Lias of Northamptonshire, p. 67. ' £96 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : the thickness, colour or uses of the bed, or from some other locaf peculiarity, as at Rugby where we find the Knotty Eook, Big Jumbler, Oat Heads, &c. Other local names in use at Lyme Eegis, Street, &c., have been already noted. Dew Stone. — The term Dew or Jew Stone is most likely derived from the Celtic Dhu or Dubh, meaning black. Thus the Clee Hill basalt is known as Dhu stone, and it is CLuite likely that the name has been used by quarrymen for dark-coloured rocks in various parts of the country ; but it has to a great extent lost its original meaning, as the " Dew stone " in many places is a brown or buff limestone. Bastard Lias. — An inferior or decomposed stone. Burrs. — ^A term (meaning rough) that has heen applied to Blue lias stone, used' for building ; a,t Axminster (Buckland, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 99) ; and to other rocks, in the Purbeck strata, &c. Clocf (derived perhaps from the Celtic clog or clock, a stone) is applied to- certain hard limestones of the Lower Lias, employed for building. Firestone. — Applied to tough coarse-grained Lias limestones that are some- times used "for forming the arch-work of lime pits," Axminster (Buck- land, op. cit.) At Lyme Regis, some of the Firestone-nodules have been shaped into fire-balls. Pendle. — Applied to shaly limestone at Wilmeote ; the name is also used i.ox fissile beds in the Stonesfield Slate and Purbeck Beds. Sizes. — ^Applied to layers of Blue Lias limestone, in some cases to beds that are useftil for paving : the term usually has reference to the thickness of, the beds. Road Metal. In former days it was usual to mend the roads, wherever possible, from material obtained in each parish. Consequently there were far more quarries in the strata than is the case now-a- days, when materials are brought from a distance. (See p. 12.) The limestones of the Lower Lias, and the Marlstone, have yielded much road-metal, and the stone is still employed in many places. The Lower Lias limestone is not a good material, as it grinds readily to powder, forming in dry weather a thick white dust, and in wet weather sticky mud. Sandy and ferruginous limestones met with in Leicestershire and Lincolnshire have also been used for road-metal. The Marlstone in many places furnishes a more durable material, especially in the neighbourhood of Yeovil and Ilminster, in Somerset. There the Rock-bed, sometimes little more than a foot in thickness, is much in demand : for it is a tough and durable stone. Near Dursley, in Gloucestershire, and in the Midland counties, the Marlstone (both ironstone, and earthy limestone) is also used, but chiefly now-a-days for mending the by-roads. Sands of calcareous sandstone or of shelly limestone in the lower part of the Middle Lias have also been used for road- metal. These lower beds have thus been worked at Overthorpe, near Warkworth, and at Twyford lane, near Adderbury. MAEBLE : BEICK AND TILE CLATS. 297 Marble. Some of the denser limestones of the Lower Lias have been polished for local use as chimney-pieces, &c. In the Museum of Practical Geology there are polished specimens of Lias limestone from Eadstock and Shepton Mallet. The stone is still occasionally polished at Street (see p. 81), and it was formerly so used at Binton and Grafton in Warwickshire. Of ornamental stones the Marston Marble, or Ammonite Marble of Marston Magna near Yeovil, is familiar in Museums. As previously stated (p, 84), some large nodular masses of this limestone have been obtained, from which various small polished specimens, and slabs for tables have been prepared. The stone is now scarce, as no fresh material has been found for many years. Small masses of somewhat similar Ammonite Marble have been obtained from the neighbourhoods of Ilminster and Lyme Kegis. The Banbury Marble, which occurs in the upper part of the Lower Lias, at Banbury, is a shelly limestone, that has locally been used to a small extent for chimney-pieces. At Watford, N.E. of Daventry, a bed on a similar horizon, has been dug and polished for marble. (See also p. 167.) Miscellaneous uses of Fossils. Ammonites from the Lower Lias of Lyme Legis are cut and polished for sale. Some of the smaller specimens are mounted for brooches and other ornaments. Specimens from this locality are also sent to Whitby for sale. Among the curious uses to which fossils have been put, it may be mentioned that Gryphites have in Scotland been valued as Amulets, and to them have been attributed the virtues of curing pains in the joints.* In the parish of Awre, in Gloucestershire, the GrypJusa arcuata was used as a medicine for cattle; the fossils were beaten to a powder, which was mixed with whey, and the compound was then applied as a drench. f In the same county Belemnites were used to cure watery affections of the eyes of the horse ; in these cases the fossil was pulverized, and the powder was then blown into the eyes of the animal.J Brick and Tile Clays. The Lias Clays at various horizons are employed in the manu- facture of bricks, tiles, and drain-pipes ; and also in some places for flower-pots, chimney-pots, &ic. The articles manufactured are mostly red, but occasionally red and yellow t the colour depending on the composition of the clay, and on the temperature to which the articles have been subjected. The clays are variable, and therefore experiment alone can determine their fitness in different districts for brick- or tile- making. The presence of much carbonaceous matter is calculated to discolour the bricks, A small amount of calcareous matter is * Pennant, Toixr to Hebrides, p. 232. t Eev. C. P. Wilton, Quart. Joam. Sci. Lit, and Arts, ser. 2, 1830, p. 69. j J. Woodward, Nat. Hist. Tossils, England, 1729, Part I., p. 109. 298 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: desirable ; as lime is said to diminisli the contraction of the raw brick in drying, and it acta as a flux in burning, causing the grains ot' silica to fuse, and thus binding the particles of the - brick together* This calcareous matter must be in a finely divided state. , Some of the clays are too calcareous, more especially those that alternate with the limestones in the basement portions of the Lower Lias. Thus at the Rugby quarries, the clays and shales contain about 30 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and are therefore unsuitable for the manufacture of bricks ; but at Hill Moreton not lar ott the clays at a higher horizon, furnish a superior brick In other cases shells and small calcareous nodules or "ra'-e " the nre sence of which would be apt to «blow^' the bricks," render the clays unsuitable. Iron-pyntes again is objectionable, and must be removed from the clays. In many localities the Lower Lias clays, above the mass of the stone-beds, are employed for brick-making and other purposes. Ihus at Lyme Regis, bneks, tiles and pipes are manufactured and thjs IS the case at intervals throughout the country to Lincolnshire. Some of the best bricks are made at Hill Moreton near Rugby, Their red colour is said to become brighter after use and exposure in buildings. They keep out damp, and are often recommended in specifications for facing. ^ At Shepton Mallet remains of a Roman Potter's kiln were discovered iu 18C4,t and the material that had been used was probably the Lower Lias clay, which is used for brick-maliihg in the neighbourhood. ° The Lower Lias clay is used in potteries at Cranham near Painswick (see p. 143), and at Loseby, E.KE.of Leicestei' (see p. 170), and the Upper Lias clay was used at Fawler. Only the coarser kinds of earthenware are manufactured. Most of the Lower Lias clays are stiff and calcareo-argiliaceous or sbaly ; there are seldom any loamy beds, such as are naturally adapted for brick-making. Milder or loamy earths are to be found in the lower part of the Middle Lias, and such beds are worked south of Allington near Bridport, near Ilminster and Glastonbury, at Stroud, Banbury and other places. In the Upper Lias the clays are usually stiff, but in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire they are loamy in character. . These milder beds are worked for brick-making near Bridport and at Yeovil. The Upper Lias clays are most extensively worked for making bricks, tiles, and drain-pipes, from the neighbourhood of Banbury, through Northamptonshire to Lincolnshire. " Near Northampton, " Cimolia " of a dark lead colour was for- merly used for making tobacco-pipes. J At the present brickyards near Kingsthorpe, red bricks and tiles are manufactured, includ- * Notes on Jiuilding Construction, Part III.'(Rivingtons), p. 8G. t Eev. H. M. Soarth, Proc. Somerset Arch, "and Nat. Hi$t. Soc, vol. xiii. p. 1. tT,«t i' ^""d^^ri Nat. Hist. Foss. England, Part I., 1729, p. 4. Cimolia is a term tUat has been applied to fuller's earth. SANDS : PHOSPHATES. 2,99 ing moulded, pressed and common bricks, pantiles, ridge-tiles, copings, flooring-, and oyen-squares. In other places as at Seaton, building-, well-, and floor-bricks, roof-, ridge-, floor-, and drain-tiles, garden- and chimney-pots are manufactured. Sands. The sandy beds of the Lias, with the exception of those belong- ing to the passage-beds (Midford Sands), are seldom employed for economic purposes. The Midford Sands will be referred, to in the volume dealing with the Inferior Oolite. In the upper part of the Middle Lias in certain areas there are sands with hard concretionary masses of calcareous sandstone. These beds are well shov/n on the Dorsetshire coast, but as a rule the sands are more or less loamy and calcareous, and are not adapted for any particular economic, p-arposes. A micaceous sandy loam obtained at Thrupp (Thorpe), about 2 miles N.E. of Daventry, was used for moulds by the Bell- Founders.* This no doubt was Middle Lias. Phosphates. No phosphatic deposits of economic value are known to occur in the Liassic rocks of this country. True Goprolites are found occasionally in the Lower Lias. The name was given by Buck]and,t in 1829, to nodules that represent the fossil fffices of Saurians and Fishes, many of which were obtained at Lyme Eegis. Phosphatic nodules and phosphatized fossils occur in the Lower Lias near Eadstock. A sample analyzed by W. W Stoddart, showed the following compositionf : — Calcic carbonate - - 23-11 „ sulphate - - 1 • 49 „ phosphate - 47-12 Iron peroxide - 0-88 Alumina - 12-16 Silica - 7-10 Moisture - - 8-14 Bituminous matter - trace. 100-00 Although the percentage of phosphate of lime is considerable, there are injurious ingredients in the silica, alumina, and carbonate " J. 'Wooavraid, Nat. Hist. Foss. Eng., Part I., p. 9. f Proc. Geol. Soe., vol. i. pp. 97, 143 ; Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 2^p. These Goprolites -were originally njuned " Bezoar-stones," from their ^jrt^rnal re-- semblance to the concretions in the gall-bladder of the Bezoar-goat, onoe so celebrated in medicine. (See p. 70.) "J E. B. Tawney, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 181. 300 LIAS OP ENGLAJiTD AND WALES: of lime. Moreover the deposit is not sufficiently rich in phos- phatic nodules to be of commercial value. Small phosphatic nodules have been noticed in the higher beds of the Lower Lias near Banbury, in the lower part of the Middle Lias in Lincolnshire, and in the Marlstone of Leicestershire. Lignite and Bituminous Shales. No beds of lignite o£ any economic importance occur in the Lias of the area under consideration. Small lenticular masses, sometimes presenting the characters of jet, have been found in the Lower Lias clays of Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, and Shropshire : impure lignite occurs occasionally at all horizons in the Lias. Prof. Judd notes the occurrence of jet in the Upper Lias, and mentions that at Alexton, masses of it, after being soaked in oil to prevent cracking, are used by the workmen for whetting razors. Lignite has also been found, in digging a well, at Thorpe Mandeville. Its occurrence in the dark and sometimes bituminous shales of the Lias has led to fruitless trials for coal. (See p. 150.) Thus in the Lower Lias, borings have been made near Axminster,* near Chard,t (400 feet) ; near Badgworth ; at Glastonbury (shaft sunk near George Inn, in 1792); at BretfortonJ (shaft sunk 300 feet, about the year 1831);. near Thrussington, N.E. of Leicester, at a place called Coal-pit Lees; at Huckerby (P), between Pilham and WiUoughton, E.N.E. of Gainsborough ;§ in several places between Whitchurch and Market Drayton (see p. 180) ; and near CarUsle (p. 1 83). In the Middle and Lower Lias a boring was made about the year 1833, near Billesdon Coplow, east of Leicester; it was carried to a depth of 600 feet.|| A boring was also made at Batheaston (p. 135). Borings have also been commenced in the Upper Lias at Neville Holt (100 feet), and near Stamford (SOOfeet).^ Other borings that penetrated the Lower Oolites, will be mentioned in the volume dealing with those formations. It has been stated that the paper-shales in the Upper Lias at Alderton Hill in Gloucestershire, are more or less bitminous, and "capable of distillation " ; no analysis, however, has been made. Dr. Smithe informs me that the Upper Lias shales at Churchdown Hill are also bituminous, but the amount of material locally present would be too small to be of economic value.** Iron-ores. The Jurassic rocks furnish the greater part of the iron-ore raised in this country, and of this the Lias yields a considerable portion. The occurrence of ore of economic value is local, and its concen- tration is evidently subsequent to the accumulation of the strata. * Conybeare and Phillips, Geol. Eng. and Wales, p. 264. f De la Beehe, Keport on Geol. Cornwall, &e., p. 5)5. See also p. 74 of this Memoir. % Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, p. 83. § Conybeare and Phillips, Geol. Eng. and Wales, p. 265. The spot referred to above as Huckerby, is giyen as " Thickerby seven miles east of Gainsborough." II Conybeare, Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 112 ; Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 62. T Judd, Ibid., pp. 104, 107. ** r. Smithe and W. C. Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. x. p. 204 and plate ; Smithe, Ibid., vol. iii. p. 45. See also B. Thompson, Journ. Northampton Nat. Hist. Soc, Tol. iii. p. 185. IRON-OEES. 301 In the area under consideraiion we find workable ores in the Lower Lias of Lincolnshire, and in the Middle Lias of Oxford- shire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire and Lincolnshire. The ores are usually obtained by open works at spots where tbe beds come to the surface, but in some cases the beds are worked in tunnels beneath a covering of other strata. In most cases the ore obtained is that known as Brown Haematite (hydrated peroxide of iron), and it consists mainly of those portions of the rock that have become weathered along the out- crop. The lowest beds exposed, and those otherwise procured from a depth, are usually grey or bluish grey, and they exhibit kernels of grey or green ironstone. In the grey unweathered rook, the ore is mostly in the form of carbonate of iron, while the green portions are probably coloured by silicate of iron, for, as Mr. A. B. Dick informs me, there is not a sufficient amount of phosphoric acid to produce any effect on the tint. Speaking of the Cleveland ore, Mr. Dick says " The green colour of the ore seems to be due to a silicate containing peroxide and protoxide of iron, but this could not be exactly determined because it was not found possible to dissolve out the carbonates without acting at the same time upon the silicate of iron."* The peroxidation of the ores, as pointed out by Mr. J. D. Kendallj has caused a general diminution in the volume of the strata, to the extent of about 12 per cent. This furnishes an explanation of the open joints and the increased porosity of the ore at the outcrop, at the same time the iron is as it were more concentrated, t Hence the weathered beds furnish the richer ironstone. The quality of the different layers of ironstone is exceedingly variable in all localities, some of the beds being much more calcareous than others, and the proportion of carbonate of lime is. as a rule greater in the strata, and they are much harder, the further they are followed from the outcrop. Thus where the beds outcrop along a steep escarpment the ore is not so rich, and the expense of working it would be greater, than in those areas where the beds occur over a wide belt at the surface. Particulars concerning the strata having been previously given, it will be necessary only to add a few notes on the characters and qualities of the beds of ironstone : further remarks on the structure and origin of the beds are deferred for publication in the volume dealing with Oolitic ironstones. The iron-ore of Frodingham, in Lincolnshire, was recognized in 1859, and soon afterwards it was worked. The bed occurs in the Lower Lias (zone of Ammonites semi- costatus). Its maximum thickness is stated to be 30 feet, and owing to its slight dip (towards the east), combined with the level nature of the ground, its outcrop occupies a wide stretch of country. The average workable thickness of iron-ore is about * Iron Ores of Great Britain, Part I. p. 96. t Trans. N. of Eng. Inst, of Mining Engineers, vol. xxxv. p. 147 : see also Iron Ores of Great Britain and Ireland, 1893. 302 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : 1 2 feet, for the quality of the beds is very variable, the bottom- layers of a grey or greenish colour being comparatively poor. > About 2,000 tons of ironstone were ra,is_ed.in 1859, ^n.d the amount increased in 1874 to 360,352 tons ; of late years the published statistics are merged with those of other Lincolnshire iron-works. (See Table, p. 306.)* '^ The richer, ore contains nearly 40 percent, of metallic iron, and the poorer shelly bands about 12 per cent. The first furnace at Frodingham was erected in 1864.t The following notes on the Frodingham ironstone were written by Mr. J. J. H. Teall, who examined the rock microscopically and chemically : — " The ironstone consists of oolitic grains of ferric oxide showing concentric structure ; and of grains, which appear to be pseudomorphs in ferric oxide, of rolled organic fragments. These occur in a matrix of caloite. " The replacement by. iron-compounds (? carbonate) appears to have taken place before cementation. If not, why was not the matrix also affected as it was in the case of the Clevelaiid ore ? " The residue comprises siliceous balls, quartz, and flakes of white mica." In reference to these notes, it may be interesting to quote the remarks of Mr. Allan B. Dick, on the Cleveland Ore. He says " Throughout the ore are diffused irregularly a multitude of small oolitic concretions, together with pieces of an earthy substance resembling the ore but lighter in colour. When a mass of this ore is digested in hydrochloric acid till all carbonates and soluble silicates are dissolved, there remains a residue having the form of the original mass of ore. It is extremely light, and falls to powder unless very carefully handled. It contains the oolitic concretions, or else skeletons of them, which dissolve completely in dilute caustic potash, showing them to be silica in a soluble stale: Under the microscope some of them are seen to have a central nucleus of dark colour and irregular shape, but none of them present any indication of organic structure or radiated crystalliza- tion."! Ironstone-nodules occur in the top beds of the Lower Lias, and in the lower beds of the Middle Lias; more especially in Gloucestershire, The Eev. P. B. Brodie mentions that ironstone was formerly worked at Robin's Wood Hill, near Gloucester. § It seems that the forging of iron was once carried on here to a considerable extent. The ore was dug out of the hill, and the works were probably continued as long as a suflScient supply of' wood could be found in the neighbourhood. II - * J. D. Kendall, Trans. N. of Eng. Inst, of Mining Engineers, vol. xxxv. p. -ftlssher, Geol. N. Lincolnshire, p. 22. ' — ^- Iron Qres of Great-Britain, Part-I., P.-96; - ' 8 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo., vol. ix. p. 31. . ,||: G. A. Williams, New Guide, to Cheltenham, p, 137. lEON-ORES. 303 Layers and globular concretions of ironstone were found by Mr. Gr. E. Gavey about the junction of the Lower and Middle Lias at Mickleton Tunnel, near Chipping Oampden ; and similar beds have been noticed to the north of Dumbleton Hill, and at Hewlets 'Hill, Charlton Kings and Leckhampton, near Cheltenham. These layers cannot be considered to be of economic value. They occur at the base of the partially pervious loamy clays of the Middle Lias, and may be due to the waters that have percolated from the upper ferruginous beds of the Middle. Lias. It is at the summit of the Middle Lias, in the Marlstone or Rock Bed, that we find the most valuable beds of iron-ore in certain localities, near Woodstock and Banbury, and between Market Harborough and Lincoln. Nowhere in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire does the Middle Lias yield any important layers of ironstone, though here and there a thin layer may be found to yield a good per-centage of iron-ore, and the stone as a rule is an iron-shot earthy limestone. Thus at Ilminster, the Marlstone was found on analysis to yield the following ingredients : — Carbonate of iron - - - 36 ■ 63 Carbonate of lime (with traces of carbo- nates of magnesia, manganese, &c.) - - 30 • 14 Sand and clay - . - 33-33. 100 • 00 The total quantity of iron present here amounts to 15 or 16 per cent. Another thin band of ironstone (1ft. Sins.) was noticed by Charles Moore in the Middle Lias at Upton Cheney near Bath. In this case analysis showed an average of 24 per cent, of metallic iron in the rook. Beneath the Marlstone near Stlnehcombe, there are ferruginous beds. There, shafts have been suiik, but without a' profitable result, the average yield of metallic iron being about 17 per cent.* Where the Marlstone furnishes a yaluablei ironstone it is often interbedded with fossiliferous layers ■ ("jacks ") crowded with Rhynchonella tetrahedra and with Terebratula punctata^ In many cases the fossils are filled with calc-spar, but in other cases the shell has been dissolved away and only casts in ironstone remain. At Fawler, Adderbury, and (recently) at Hook Norton in Oxfordshire, and at King's Sutton in- Northamptonshire, iiron^ores have been obtained from the Middle Lias. The iron-stone at Fawler near Stonesfield was discovered in 1859. It is usually spoken of as the Blenheim iron-ore, being situated not far distant from Blenheim Park, Woodstock. Prof. Hull remarks that " The appearance of the. rock at. the surface indicates its strongly ferruginous nature, but at some depth, where it has been protected from atmospheric influences, ^he ore is found to be of a deep green colour, and under the * Moore, Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii, pp. 129, 147, ISa. 304 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : lens beautifully oolitic."* The working of the ironstone was discontinued in 1887. Attempts were made as early as 1859 to introduce the Marl- stone of Adderbury and Kings Sutton as as iron-ore, but not till about ten years later did the attempts meet with success, when extensive excavations were made. Since then the iron-ore has been worked intermittently. Prof. Phillips remarked that, where most productive, the beds at Adderbury yield about 30,000 tons to the acre. The poorer stone which contains much carbonate of lime, was found useful in the furnaces as limestone, f Analysis of the samples of the better stone from Adderbury, gives from 18 to 24 per cent, of iron. The Kings Sutton stone is richer in iron, different samples according to Mr. Beesley, giving 18 "7, 25 "5, and 34 per cent, of iron; but the richer ores are sandy. About 1,000 tons were weekly sent from these two places.^ The ore has been obtained by open working, and since 1882, also by mining. It is a hydrated peroxide of iron, partly yellow and partly brown, the former being " oolitic " while the brown is not. Mr. J. D. Kendall states : " There is almost a complete absence of grey or greenish cores in the upper 8 feet of the bed, but they are abundant in the lower part, and some of them are very large, for which reason this part of the bed is not worked." § The quantity obtained at Fawler from 1859 to 1866, varied from 1,552 tons (in 1866) to 5,600 tons (in 1861). That obtained from Adderbury in 1859 was 3,410 tons, and in 1860 1,250 tons j from 1869 to 1881 the quantity varied from 1,233 tons (in 1879) to 56,536 tons (in 1872). Ironstone has been opened up at Steeple Aston, north-east of Woodstock ; and Mr. Howell has remarked that in the neigh- bourhood of Swaloliffe the Marlstone has been found to be a good ironstone from 6 to 9 feet thick, and that it may possibly be found worth working when the country to the west of Banbury is more opened up by railway. || This anticipation lias been realized, for recently the Marlstone has been worked for iron- ore at Hook Norton, to the east of the railway-station. North-east of Kings Sutton there appears to be no workable ironstone in Northamptonshire; the average thickness of the Marlstone Rock-bed is about 6 feet, and the rock is only service- able for local building-purposes or road-metal. A large amount of iron-ore has during the past 25 years been obtained from the Middle Lias of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire. The ore both in Leicester and in Kutland was worked in ancient times, for old slags have been met with hei'e and there. * Geol. Woodstock, p. 11. t Geol. Oxford, &c., p. 496. See also T. Beesley, Proc. Warwickshire Tield Club, 1872, pp. 17-19 ; Proo. Geol. Assoc, vol. iii. p. 198. X Beesley, op. cit. p. 19. § Kendall, Trans. N. Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. xxxv. pp. 123, 124. II Green, Geol. Banbury, p. 6. 305 E 70859. 306 LIAS OP ENGLAND A^D WALES: Fawler. — Analysis by Dr. J. Percy, of average sample. Hull, Geol. Wood- stock, p. 12 ; see also J. D. Kendall, Trans. N. of Eng. Inst. M ining Engineers, vol. xxxv. pp. 123, 124. Adderbury. — E. Wilson, The Lias Marlstone of Leicestershire, (Midland Naturalist, vol. viii. reprint), p. 18. Eastwell. — -Analysis given by E. Wilson, op. cit. Woolsthorpe. — Analysis by G. F. Do\vnar ; Jukes-Browne, Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 120. Holwell. — Analysis given by J. D. Kendall, op. cit. p. 122 ; see also Jukes- I Browne, Geol. S.W., Lincolnshire, p. 120 ; and Wilson, op. cit. Eaton. — Analysis furnished by T. IJaglish ; Jukes-Browne, Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 120. Caythorpe. — Analysis given by J. D. Kendall, op. cit. p. 120 ; see also Jukes- Browne, Geol. S.W. Lincolnshire, p. 120. Frodingham. — Analysis given by Messrs. Daglish and Howse, Trans. N. of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. xxiv. p. 23 j Ussher, Geol. N. Lincoln- shire, p. 22 ; Kendall, op. cit. pp. Ill, 112. In 1S81 two furnaces were erected at Asfordby, near Melton Mowbray ; but much of the iron-ore obtained in the district is sent away to be smelted. Mr. E. Wilson has calculated that where the available thickness of workable ore is 6 feet, the yield would be about 12,000 tons of ore, and 4,000 tons of metallic iron per acre.* The Middle Lias ii'onstone has been worked at Tilton-on-the- Hill, Holwell, Wartnaby, Long Clawson, Eastwell, Statbem, Eaton, and Harston, in Leicestershire ; at Woolsthorpe and Denton, south-west of Grantham, and at Oaythorpe and Leaden- iiam, between Grantham and Lincoln. In structure the rock is more or leas oolitic ; but some specimens show only organic fragments that have been replaced by iron-ore. Table showing the Production of Iron-Obe during the past ten years. No. of Tons of Average Value of Districts. Blast In Blast. Brown Per-eentage the Ore at Furnaces. Haematite. of Iron. the Works. Lincolnshire 1882 21 17 1,190,564 30-00 172,708 1883 20 17* 1,006,219 30-00 135,051 1884 21 16 1,260,470 30-00 150,592 1885 21 Ui 1,107,003 30-00 134,793 1886 21 13 1,118,534 30-00 138,642 1887 21 13i 1,227,882 30-00 139,407 1888 21 14 ' 1,300,914 30-00 146,353 1889 21 17i 1,462,408 33-00 182,801 1890 21 m 981,400 33-00 122,675 1891 21 1,138,092 33-00 142,142 1892 21 13 1,355,107 33-00 169,388 Leicestershire - 1882 — — 267,802 34-50 33,475 1883 2 2 294,825 34-00 37,100 1884 2 2 261,837 34-00 32,728 1885 2 2 310,529 34-00 38,815 1886 8 2 390,687 34-00 48,836 1887 3 2 372,773 34-00 46,592 1888 3 3 535,831 34-00 60,281 1889 3 3 582,858 34-00 58,286 1890 3 3 609,964 34-00 60,996 1891 3 3 646,125 34-00 72,689 1892 4 3 680,985 34-00 70,936 • B. Wilson, The Lias Marlstone of Leicestershire, 8vo. Birmingham (Midland Nat., vol. viii.). See also J. D. Kendall, op. cit., pp. 119, 121. MISCELLANEOUS MINERALS. 307 The statistics for Lincolnshire include works now, or formerly in operation, and lcno^vn as the Appleby, Caythorpe, Claxby, Crosby, trodingham, GleTie, Midland, Greetwell, Gunbouse, Normanby, Trent, Warren, and Woolstborpe works. They include therefore, the iron-ores obtained from the Neoeomian Beds, and the Northampton Sands (Dogger), as well as from the Lower and Middle Lias. The statistics for Leicestershire include the works at Eastwell, Eaton, Harston, Holwell, Waltham, and Waraatby ; and they include iron-ores from the Northampton Sands and Middle Lias. [See Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, prepared by Her Majesty's Inspectors of Mines.] Ochre., Ochre ba& from time to time been worked near East Harptree. It was obtained from the ferruginous arenaceous and cherty beds of the. Lower Lias and Ehaetio beds. The material was found in seams iietween tbe layers of stone, and in pockets associated with the cherty beds; and more profusely in clayey beds that underlie the main mass of stone, as well as from the Dolomitio Conglo- merate. (See p. 124.) De la Beclie has thus referred to the beds. "The upper or arenaceous beds have been so impregnated, with silica, that a kind pf arenaceous c1;iert is the result, some of the cementing matter being so highly charged with peroxide of irouj that upon decomposition of part of the_rpck, excellent yellow ochre is obtained by the ordinary washing and depositing pro- cesses."* Near the railway station at King's Sutton, there were (in 1887) works belonging to the " Anti-oxide and Colour Company," where pigments were manufactured. Material had been used from Adderbury, but the ochre from the Middle Lias proved to be too siliceous, and the ingredients were then obtained from the neighbourhood of Manchester. Miscellaneous Minerals, Of various minerals, some occur in a detrital form in the rocks, while others are due to chemical changes in the mass of the strata, or they occur in joints and crevices of the rock from the infiltration of waters holding various substances in solution. But little is at present known with regard to the minor mineral ingredients of the Liassic rooks. Mica is present in most of them. Galena has been found in small quantities in the Sutton Stone (Lower Lias, of Glamorganshire), where it is mostly in a detrital condition, being derived from the Carboniferous Limestone. Blende has also been noticed. (See pp. 98 and 102.) Manganese-ore has been detected in small quantities in the Lias of Frocester and Ilminster, and in the form of Rhodonite, it has been recorded from the Middle Lias of Churchdown and Gretton.t Belemnites also occasionally contain traces of this ore in their composition.! Specular Iron has been noted by Prof. Judd, in nodules of ironstone, from the Middle Lias. Of other iron-ores Earthy Carbonates of iron, lAmonite, and occasionally red Hamatite are found: but the more extensive bedS" of ironstone have already been mentioned. * Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 277. t F. Smithe, Proc. Cotteswold Club, vol. viii. p. 33. j J. S. Miller, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 46. U 2 308 LIAS. OF ENGLAND AND WALES^ Iron Pyrites and Marcasite (Rhombic Iron Pyrites) are found more especially in the Lias shales. They are most abundant in the shales of the Lower Lias. At Black Ven, near Lyme Regis, there .is a " Metal Bed," and material derived from this and other layers, was formerly collected during the winter months, for the preparation of copperas (sulphate of iron), sulphuric acid, and sulphur. Examples of Marcasite from Lyme Regis are sold to visitors as " Angel's "Wings." In the year 1 755, spontaneous combustion occurred in the bituminous shales of the Lower Lias at Oharmouth.* This took place among fallen masses of the strata, owing to the decomposition of pyrites. In 1890, similar cornbus- tion took place further east, and in the "Daily Graphic" of Feb. 19th, there appeared a pictui-e of the " eruption " of Golden Cap. Selenite occurs in the Lias clays, but most abundantly in the Upper Lias in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire. Calcite is found plentifully on the joint-faces of the limestones, in crevices of the rocks, and lining the interiors of Mollusca aud other fossils. Nail-head i?pafr, a peculiar form of crystalline carbonate of lime, is met with in the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire. This form presents the " cone-in-cone " structure ; the surfaces of the cones being fretted with irregular crystalline coats, due perhaps to a kind of " concretionary crystalliaation."f Seams of fibrous carbonate of lime, known as " Beef," also occur in the Lias clays. (See p. 277.) Small concretions of the same substance, are known as " Eace " ; and this often has a septarian structure. Barytes {Heavy Spar) occurs in the Cherty Lias of Harptree ; and it has been recorded from the Lower Lias near Gloucester.J (See p. 98.) Q»artz crystals and Chalcedony occur in the Lower Lias of Glamorgan- shire, and in the Cherty Lias of Harptree. * Buckland and De la Beche, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iy. p. 23. t See also G. A. J. Cole, Mineralogical Mag., vol. x. p. 136. j Conybeare and Phillips, Geol. England and Wales, p. 265. 309 CHAPTER XII. ECONOMIC GE01.0GY— (continued). AGRICtTLTITKl, SpEINGS, AND WaTER SuPPLY. Physical Features. The physical features being dependent on the nature and inclination of the rocks, we find the more prominent ridges or escarpments formed by the Lower Lias Limestones and by the Marl stone. The Lias in Dorsetshire is more or less masked by Ciiverings of Cretaceous rocks, but further north the Lower Lias forms a qiarked escarpment near Curry Kivell on the borders of the Vale of Taunton, and again in the Polden Hills. These are per- haps the most conspicuous features in the entire area, formed by the Lower Lias ; minor escarpments are formed in North Glou- cestershire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire. The more elevated tracts found in other places, as on the Leicestershire Wolds, are largely formed of Glacial Drift. The Marlstone and underlying sandy beds, form a marked escarpment between Ilminster and Yeovil, but onwards along the main Oolite escarpment, the Middle Lias is nowhere very promi- nent, except near Dursley and Stinchcombe, where it fdrms a platform beneath the main escarpment of the Cotteswold Hills, It reaches its highest elevation in the fine scarp of Edge Hill (710 feet), and in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire it stands out more or less prominently, rising to a height of 755 feet at Tilton-on-the-Hill, and forming a conspicuous hill in the Vale of Belvoir, crowned by Belvoir Castle. The main mass of Lias Clays, comprising the higher portions of the Lower Lias and the lower portions of the Middle Lias, forms a succession of vales. These include the vales of Marsh- wood, in Dorsetshire ; of Ilchester and Sedgemoor (in part), in Somersetshire ; of Glamorgan ; of Berkeley, Gloucester, Chelten- ham, Winchoonib, and Moretou, in Gloucestershire ; of Evesham, in Worcestershire and Gloucestershire ; of Shipston and of the " Eed Horse," in Warwickshire ; and of Catmos, Mowbray, and Belvoir, in Rutlandshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire. Further remarks on the character of the scenery and the causes influencing it, are reserved for a subsequent volume dealing with the Oolitic rocks. ■" Drift Deposits. In the south-western counties the Liassic rocks are compara- tively free from Drift, and it is not until we pass to the north and 310 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : north-east of Oxford, beyond Chipping Campden and Banbury, that the strata are much obscured. Thence through the counties of Warwick, Northampton, Rutland, Leicester, and Lincoln, the beds are largely concealed beneath coverings of Boulder Olay, Sand, and Gravel. The superficial accumulations that overlie the Lias in the south-western counties, are confined mainly to vallej^-gravels, such as border the river Char in Dorsetshire and the Axe in Devon- shire. Scattered gravels occur also in the Vale of Ilchester, in the Brue valley near Oastle Gary, along the Avon valley near Bath and Keynsham, and the Severn valley near Stroud and Gloucester. Further north there occur not only valley-gravels bordering the rivers, but, as before mentioned, extensive beds^of Glacial Drift. Beds of rolled oolite-gravel, and coarser accumulations with large blocks of Jurassic rocks and Cretaceous materials, occur here and there in the Vale of Moreton, near Bourton-on-the- W^ater, Aston Magna, and, Mickleton. In this neighbourhood we have remnants of valley-gra-vel and the most southerly traces of Glacial Drift, some of the accumulations noted having a thickness of 70 feet or more.* The beds, however, have not at present been mapped in detail. Strickland pointed out that fiie Vale 6f Shipston (Shipston-on- Stour) probably marked the western limit of the " Flinty Drift " (by which term he included the Boulder Clay or Northern I)rift).t In the Vale of Evesham and bordering tracts we find the Lower Lias curiously disturbed in places at the surface, the limestones and clays being nipped up in a series of sharp folds. Such features were exhibited at Crooiiie DAbitot and South Littleton. (See Fig. 51, p. 146.) ■ At Honeybourne the Lower Lias clay is contorted in places, and this we find to be the case here and there as we trace the Liassic beds onwards to Lincolnshire. Near Biisworth in North- amptonshire the Upper Lias clay is remarkably contorted beneath the Boulder Clay. (See Fig. 89, p. 277.) Near Eugby the superficial deposits include extensive beds of sand and gravel, 70 to 90 feet thick in places, with also Boulder Clay. Over large tracts there is a thin covering of sandy and loamy soil with qtfartzite pebbles; while near Church Lawford and at other localities there are Pleistocene valley gravels.$x In Leicestershire there are beds of Drift sand and gravel,: and Boulder Clay, that attain in places a thickness o£ 200 fee^.^ Further north, in Lincolnshire there are vai^ious Drift deposits, and these have been described in the several Geological Surrey Memoirs on that area. ♦ G. E. Gavey, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix. p. 29 ; W. G. Lucy, Proe. Cotteswold Club, vol. v. p. 71, and vol. vii. p. 50. t Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, p. 90. jT Explanation of Horizontal Section, sheet 140, p. 1 1 . § Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 141 ; Deeley, Quart. Journ. Gedl; Sod., vol. xlii. p. 43 AGRICULTURE. 311 Soils. The Liassic areas are almost entirely undei' cultivation :' the tracts formed of the stone-beds being mostly tinder tillage, and those formed of cl^y being mostly grass-lands. The Lower Ijias limestones furnish a brown loamy and brashy soil of variable depth and porosity, on which crops of corn and roots are grown. In Glamorganshire some of the limestone-tracts afford pasturage for sheep, but much of the' Lias country there yields wheat of fine qua,lity, also beanff, oats, barley, and turnips, •while samphire grows luxuriantly on the borders of the grey Lias cliffs.* The soil on the Middle Lias in the south of England is a rich brown friable loamy and clayey soil, and the districts covered by it are almost entirely agricultural. The land is marked by small enclosuresy as in the Vale of Marshwood and near Bridport, where rootsj corn, beansj grasses and vegetables are cultivated. The more sandy areas are marked by the occurrence of the brake-fern and by fir-trees, but inmost tracts oak and ash grow well in the hedgerows, and there are many fine elms as, well as beeches. Some of the hedge-rows, id Dorsetshire and again in Oxfordshire are very luxuriant, while the deep sandy lanes, or " hollow ways," excavated in the soft beds^ as between Colmers Hill andcLeaz-'- acre near Bridport, and at other localities in Dorsetshire are very picturesque. In Dorsetshire and South Somersetshire the Marlstone in many places is very thin, and it decomposes into a brown ferruginous loamy soil ; but iwhere the rock is thicker there is a good deal of rich arable land, as near Ilminster and South Petherton. The red ferruginous soils on the ironstone-rocks of the Middle Lias of Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Rutland- shire and Linciolii shire, are as a rule highly productive. The soil is often a deep sandy loam, which " works well," although apt to harden and' crack in summer. Rutland indeed owes its name to the ''red land" which extends over much of the vale of Oatmos, but part of it is due to the ferruginous beds of the Northampton Sands. Corn and roots are gliownf The richness of some of the red lands is attributed by Mr. B. Thompson' to the presence of pfhosphoric acid in the Marlstoiie.f (See also p. 222.) The deep red loam found near Barrowby and Great Gorlerby/ hear Glranlbam, is considered to furnish some of the most fertile tracts in Lincolnshire.J • ' ■ The Upper Lias furnishes a loamy' soil in Dorsetshire and South' Somerset § Northwards for some distance it exercises little * See Cohybeare and Phillips, Geol. Edglana aiid 'Wales, p. 277. ■' f ■ Middle -lii^s 'df (Northamptonshire, p. V / . J J. A. Clarke, Journ. E. Agric. Soc, vol. xii., p. 259. § For Analyses of soils from Montaoute, and Comhe Farm N.'W. of Sherborne, see A. Voelcker, Journ. Bath and W. of~-Eng, Soc-ser. 2j vol. vi. p. 262 ; and for Analysis of soil from South Petherton, see T. D. Aoland, Journ. K. Agrio. Soc, vol. xi. p. 720. 312 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : influence on the agricultural features, and along the Cotteswold Hills its presence is indicated by grassy slopes beneath the Midford Sands and Inferior Oolite, the soil being largely made up of a downwash of sands from the beds above. On the steep western slope of the Lincolnshire " Cliff," the soil over the Upper Lias clay is likewise rendered fertile by a downwash from the superincumbent strata. In the vales formed of Lias, and in the narrow valleys of Lias clay that intersect the Oolitic escarpments, we find most of the permanent pasture- and meadow-land. These tracts are divided by well-timbered hedge-rows, and almost everywhere the charac- teristic oak will flourish, while the elm and ash likewise abound. The fertility of particular tracts varies according to the nature of the clay, whether marly or loamy or very tenacious, the situation and elevation of the ground, and according to whether the soil is modified by a downwash of material from the adjoining uplands, or from scattered superficial deposits of gravel and sand. Where the bare clay comes to the surface, the soil is often stiff, cold and retentive, and requires much draining and manuring before it becomes productive. Much of the Lias clay is calcareous, but as a rule it is too deficient in lime to be employed for marling the land ; the Lower and Upper Lias clays are the stiffest, the more loamy clays being found in the Middle Lias at the base of the Marlstone. The Vale of Marshwood in Dorsetshire is a tract formed partly of somewhat cold and stiff Lower Lias clay, bordered by more fertile lighter lands of Middle and Upper Lias. It includes some excellent pasture-land, and yields a good soil for orchards ; hence the Dorset butter and cider are noted. Among the products of the Liassic and Alluvial pastures of Somersetshire, south of the Mendip Hills, may be mentioned the Cheddar Cheese ; and of the Vale of Berkeley the Gloucester Cheese ; while the famous Stilton cheeses are most largely pro- duced from stock fed on the pastures of the more or less Drift- covered tracts of Lias, near Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire. The Wolds of East Leicestershire, formed of Lias clay with mappings of Drift, furnish well-known sheep-walks ; and there is rich grazing-land near Market Harborough. Northwards in Lincolnshire the soil on the Lower Lias is a cold clayey loam, but its character is modified in many places by coverings of Drift. Wheat, beans and teazels are cultivated in places ; teazels more especially in the Vale of Ilchester. Hops were formerly grown in places, as at Bitton near Bath. Canon EUacombe mentions that in many parishes there are fields called Hop Gardens, but the cultivation ceased to pay when it was cheaper to buy hops grown on more favourable soils.* * Proo. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, vol. vi. p. 1S7. SOILS. 313 The neighbourhood of Evesham is especially noted for its market-gardens and orchards, a large amount of fruit and vege- tables being cultivated for the market. The development of trade here, is due partly to the soil and to the low and sheltered situation, and partly to the facility for trans- port of the material by rail. ' The sub-soil of this tract of country is chiefly Lower Lias clay, of a more or less calcareous nature, with coverings here and there of sand and gravel ; it is said to be better adapted than the New Red Marls for market-gardening, but the fertility requires to be maintained by manuring.* Much jam is made at Pershore, Evesham, and Toddington, north of Winchcomb. The fertility of the soil at Evesham, was early recognized, for the land was partly on this account chosen by the Monks who erected the Abbey. At one time there were vineyards here, and also in the Vale o£ Gloucester ; their former presence is indicated by Vineyard Farm, south of Charlton Kings, near Cheltenham, and in some of the field-names near Bath and Olaverton, There were vineyards also at Meare and Pamborough, near Glastonbury, f Another product of the Liassic clay-lands, is much of the Cider of , Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, and Worcester- shire ; for the Apple-tree likes a " stiff land inclined to clay," or a calcareous clayey soil with a dry subsoil. The trees grow well in some of the old limestone-quarries near Street, in Somersetshire (see p. 294), but some of the best localities in Somersetshire are along the borders of the junction between the Lower and Middle Lias, near Martock, Tintinhull, Queen Camel, and Cadbury.J There are also good orchards near Tewkesbury, and along the borders of the Ootteswold Hills. The vales of Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Evesham, Fenny Compton, Market Harborough, Melton Mowbray, and Belvoir, are among the more celebrated fox-hunting tracts. The clay lands of the Lias furnish remnants here and there of some of the Forests of ancient fame, but they are not so noted as some of those that formerly extended over the clays of the Oolitic Series. Portions of the old Forests of North Petherton, Neroohe, and Ashill, in Somerset ; of Rockingham ; of the Forest of Arden around Henley-in- Arden, and Hampden-in-Arden ; and of Dela- mere in Cheshire, extended over tracts of Lias. Terraces of Cultivation. Old terraces of cultivation, known as lynchets, or linchets, may be observed in many tracts, more espeeiaUy along the Middle Lias slopes. * See Memoirs of H. E. Strickland, p. 80. f Canon H. N. Ellacombe, Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, vol. yi. p. 137, vol. vii. p. 35. J For Analyses of soils from Street and Long Sutton, in Somerset, see Voelcker, Joum. Bath and W. of Eng. Soe., ser. 2, vol. vf, p. 263. 314 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Tliey may be seen near Bridport, on Brent Knoll, occasionally in the Obtteswold Hills, and some well-marked terraces' have been noticed at Shenington, and Alkerton, near Banbury, and at Burton DasSett. They occur also near Tilton-oii-the-hill. In' these districts the. terraces are found generaU|y on the micaceous sands and clays, below the Marlstone rock-bed. Mr. E. A. Walford has attributed the terraced hill-slopes' near Banbury to natiiral causes, partly to the slipping and sltdiiig out- wards of the saturated porous strata upon the tenacious clays, aided by pl^essure of the superincumbent Rock-bed^ and partly to the removal by chemical agency of calcareous matter from the beds.* I cannot accept this explanation. In all cases that I have noticed, these features terminate abruptly, and show no I'esemblances to the irregular terraces and broken ground due to IkhdsHps. The explanation that they are old terraces of cultiva- tion, is by far the most plausible one, and their occurrence on the slopes formed of the Middle Lias sandy clays, may be attri- buted to the fact that these tra.ct8 were found to be more fertile abd more readily cultivated than the probably wooded tracts on the Lias clays. "Over Ikrge areas of the Liassic "grass country," there is Evidence that much of it was originally '"plough land,"' from the iMge and furrow due to former agricultural operations. In some pBtrts of Leicestershire 'the old furrows are from one to three feet deep. Distribution of Population. The distribution- of towns and villages on the Lias, as on other formations, bears a close relation, to the means of obtaining a water-supply. In the tTactS' where the Lias is 'Comparatively free from Driftj we find that the settlements were origioally made near the escarp- ments, whether of the Lower Lias limestones or of the Marletotie. Springs issue from the base of the Lower Lias limestones and Wbit^ Lias, and a,gaih more copious springs flow from tlie base of the Middle Lias "Marlstone," or from the underlyihg sandy beds. - On the broad ' flhts of Lower and Middle Lias clay, the few villages are usually very small, excepting in places where- gravel occurs. Of the larger towns or cities placed for the most part on Lias, Bath is nearly surrounded by hills, that throw out many springs, and of course owes its development to its natural thermal waters. Gloucester is' situated on gravel overlying Lower Lias; and Chel- •fenham occupies a somewhat similar geological position, its growth being due to the mineral waters obtained by sinking to some little depth beneath the surface. Water-bearing^ Strata, On the Upper Lias clay, the villages usually draw their sup- plies of watef^ from springs thrown out on top of the clay, at its * Journ. Northamptonshire Nat. Hist. Soc, 18aO. WATER SUPPLY. 315 junction with the variable beds grouped, for the sake of con- enifence, with the Inferior Oolite Series, Accounts of these springs will be given in the Memoir dealing with the Oolites. Some of the beds of much-jointed paper-shale in the lower part of the tipper Lias of GloucestershirCj allow water to freely pass through them.* The Lower Lias.' limestones yield a variable supply of water, but although the strata! attain a thickness va,rying from 20 tO' nearly 200 feet, we have no records of any very copious supply being yielded. Constant supplies of water are obtained from the Lower Lias, in a ' well 129 feet deep, at Somerton; and at Twerton coal-pit near Bath, a spring in the' Lower Lias, at a depth of 72 feet, yielded 16,800 gallons of water per day. This water was saline.t (See p. 321.) A boring at Shepton Mallet carried to a depth- of 98 feet, found no water. Many of the springs that issue are very permanent, and in seasonsof long drouglit, they continue to yield a supply. Such is- the case on the- Glamorganshire coast near Southerndown. Owingy^however, to the alternation of clays with the limestones, percolation is slow, and no large bodies of water are likely to be stored up in the mass of the strata. A well sunk at Harbury, in Warwickshire, to a depth of 37 feet in the- Lower Lias limestones, -yielded 90 gallons of water per hour. Higher beds in the Lower Lias occasionally yield limited supplies of water. Thus at Saxby, near Melton Mowbray, a yield (rf about 5,000 gallons per day was met with in limestones that occur in the clays at a depth of 225 to 240 feet. The water rose to within 4 feet of the surface. The Marlstone and underlying sandy beds of the Middle Lias are usually water-bearing strata. In the south of England the sands beneath the thin reptesenta-' tive of the Marlstone are the chief holders of water, as at Glastonbury. The Marlstone, and the Basement-bedfe of the Upper Lias, yield supplies suitable for cottages as in the neighbour- hood of Yeovil; and sometimes a good supply has been obtained, a^' at- the Yeovil gaS-works, where the water rose to the surface.' i-InSo'iith Gloucestershire the Marlstone is poorly represented, but it becomes more important near Wotton-under-Edgfe. East'-) #si€s'Sgain it is variable in character. -'At ^igii'am Hill, near Chipping Norton, a well sunk throtigh 50 feet of- Upper Lias to a further depth of 50 feet (^ith' heading's)' in the Middle Lias, yielded about 1,000 gallons pet day a* the i tied of a very dry season. J Iff 'l^e" midland counties from the neighbourhood of Banbury ttt Glraiitliam, the Ma;rlstone is perhaps the most importaint source of water. Nevertheless, in some places the Eock-bed is too' thitf to hold' much water. A trial-boring at Castor, near Peterborottgh, carried to a depth of 286 feet, failed to find any large quantity of. water, t ■'"'■ ■- — li-i^ — -^ -■ * F. Smithe and W. C. Lucy, Proc. Cotteswold.Club, vol. x. pp. 202, 204. t De Bance, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, pp. 118, 141 ; Ibid, for 1883, p. 214. i J. Addy, Proc. Inst. C.E , vol. Ixxiv., p. 147. 316 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: A shaft sunk in 1836 at Kingsthorpe, near Northampton, penetrated the Middle Lias, which yielded about 864,000 gallons of water per day. No use was made of this water, for the sinking was earned (in search of coal) to a depth of 967 feet, and then encountered saline water, Mr. B. Thompson remarks (1888) that the salt water fills the old shaft to within 270 feet of the surface. Northampton was about 10 years later (1846) supplied by a well (near the Billing Road), sunk and bored 168 feet into the Marl- stone. About 500,000 gallons per day were at first obtained, and the water rose to within 60 feet of the surface. Later on a second well was sunk. In 1871 about 280,000 gallons of water were dailj'^ supplied ; but the total amount available was found steadily to decrease. Some temporary increase was obtained by means of headings, but many old wells were rendered dry, as the water-level was reduced, and in 1884 the water did not rise above the Marlstone rock-bed. As pointed out by Mr. B. Thompson, more water (from this and other wells in the neighbourhood) was pumped from the Marlstone than it received from natural sources. He proposed a scheme to supply the deficiency by means of dumb-wells constructed to take surplus waters from the Nen and tributaries. This scheme was not adopted.* A reservoir intended to hold 400 millions of gallons of water has now been constructed on the Upper Lias Clay in the valley between Ravensthorpe and Guilsborongh. The brooks in this valley form one of the tributaries of the Nen, and they derive their waters from the Northampton Sands. The dam is near to and nearly parallel with the road from Ravensthorpe to Teeton, so that the reservoir is sometimes spoken of as the Teeton reservoir, and sometimes as the Ravensthorpe reservoir. The Upper Lias clay was used in the construction of the dam. Mr. Beeby Thompson, to whom I am indebted for the above particulars, informs me (1891) that the reservoir has probably never received half the amount of water which it was constructed to hold. At the Midland railway-station at Wellingborough, a boring was carried through the Upper Lias to a depth of 150 feet, when the Kock-bed (Marlstone) was struck, and plenty of water was obtained.f Good water (used for brewing) was obtained from the Middle Lias (at a depth of 80 feet), one mile west of Oakham).t (See p. 238.) The water obtained from the Lower Lias limestones is as a rule much harder than that obtained from the Marlstone, and it is sometimes contaminated with sulphuretted hydrogen. This is also the case with wells that are sunk through the Middle Lias Into the clays at its base. In waters not subject to artificial pollution, the hardness, as might be expected, is usually less in the spring water than in the water obtained from wells, and it increases according to the depth of the well. The hardness is mostly of a " temporary " character, and can be removed by Clark's process. * B. Thompson, Middle Lias of Northamptonshire, pp. 78, 82, 84, 100, &c. ; and B. Latham, Trans. Soo. Eng., 1864, p. 244. t From notes made by H. W. Bristow. J De Ranee, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1879, p. 161. SPRINGS. 317 The waters obtained from the Middle Lias are especially liable to variation in quality as well as quantity, as the rock-beds which constitute the chief water-bearing strata possess very different characters in different places, passing from an earthy iron- shot limestone to a rich ironstone. These waters in many places are more or less chalybeate. The average temporary hardness of the Lias waters is stated to be about 20°; but in the "Report on the Domestic Water Supply of Great Britain," waters obtained from strata overlying the Upper Lias clay are included with the Lias waters.* Waters obtained by shallow wells in the Lias limestones are liable to contamination from artificial sources. With regard to the water-supply as affecting health, it has been ascertained by Mr. E. E. Berry that goitre occurs in villages (supplied with more or less ferruginous water), on the Middle Lias tracts firom the neighbourhood of Banbury through Gloucestershire and Somersetshire to near Sherborne in Dorset- shire. Reservoirs. Reservoirs to supply water for household purposes and to feed canals, have been constructed, on the Lower Idas near Chard, at Barrow Gumey, at the foot of Robin's "Wood Hill near Gloucester, at "Witcomb, at Child's Wickham, Hewlets near Cheltenham, Chattercutt near Cropredy, Bodington, Wormleigh- ton, Napton, north of Daventry (two), near Welford, and Denton ; on the Middle Idas at Ohilcombe Bottom, Swainswick (partly Upper Lias P), Dowdes- well near Cheltenham (Lower and Middle Lias), W. of Naseby, and Knipton j and on the Upper Idas at Monk's Wood, S. of Cold Ashton (partly Middle Lias p), and at Rarensthorpe. Small ornamental lakes have been made in many parks on each division of the Lias. Springs, While the general flow of the rain that falls on the Liassic and Oolitic hills is towards the south-east, along the dip-slope of the strata, yet notwithstanding this inclination, many springs issue along the escarpments at the base of the porous rocks. Such springs originally issued when the strata became siir-' charged with water, and the outflow of water over the clays would tend to form in them channels, which in course of time would be deepened. Eventually the more important of these springs^ draining large areas, would become of a permanent character, so that a system of underground water-courses exists. The porous strata being natural reservoirs for the rainfall, overflow springs are found to issue not merely from the base of the strata, but where the beds are at all tilted, and succeeded by impermeable strata, springs may issue from the upper part of the porous beds, and flow along in the direction of the dip-slope, over the succeeding clayey formation. Streams flowing across the outcrop of porous beds are known in places to lose much in bulk from percolation ; but such instances * Sixth Report of Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874, pp. 33, 79, 95, 117, 126. 318 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : are more usual among the Oolitic strata. Mr. 0. Reid obserred that east of Sarte (north of Axminster), where there are two.' streams, the main one entirely disappears, apparently into a fissure of the White Lias. About a mile and a half further north the other stream disappears in the same way. On the borders of the Mendip Hills north of Doulting, near Shepton Mallet, the waters that flow from the Old Eed Sand- stone of Beacon Hill, pass in places underground through swallet- holes in the Lias. The Lias there extends across the denuded out- crop of the Lower Limestone Shales, and is banked up against the Old Eed Sandstone at its junction with the Shales. Hence much water is conveyed underground through the Lias limestones, whicTi there contain little or no shale, and it passes downwards into the Carboniferous Limestone. In the same district, along the Oolitic escarpment near Doulting, streams thrown out by the Lias Olay at the base of the Inferior Oolite, pass down in swallet-holes into the Lias limestones. Observations with respect to the drought of 1884, recorded by Mr. Gr. J. Symons, show that at White Lackington, near Ilminster, " two perennial springs failed " ; at Banbury, the shallow wells and surface springs were dry ; at Bel voir Castle, there was a "remarkable disappearance of subsoil water," and at Doddington, near Lincoln, the springs were " very low."* Over consideisahle tracts of Lias clay, well-water is not obtain- able owing to4he depth to which it would be necessary to bore, and other circumstances, such as the presence of saline wateirs. Thus at Eugby, Gayton (near Blisworth), Kettering, , and Northampton, saline waters were met with after the Lias was . penetrated. In such cases springs from neighbouring hills are utilized, and the sjirface-waters from certain areas of gathering ground. are stoyed in reservoirs. This is the case at Gloucester, where springs thrown out by the- Lias and Oolites on ike flanks of Eobin's Wopd Hillj aod the surface drainage of 1,500 acres, are collected in a reservoir holding 62 million gallons.! , Ai well sunk at Gloucester penetrated the Lower Lias clays with.ljaiidsiQf limestone to. a depth of 350 feet and failed to find water,^, It is probable .that limited supplies of water- would have been. obtained ifrosa bedf at a further depth of about 50 feet ;. but the limestones at . the base of the Lower Lias are far less pro- minfafttly developed in this, part of the country than they are in many, other places.. Again at Chipping Norton a boring' was carried to . a depth of 500 feet, in the Lower Lias , clay and abandoned. § * DeEaBce, Bep. Brit. Assoc, for 1885, p. 392. ' i' f Sixth Report i i^ivers PoUvUion CommisBion, p. 348; De Eance, Kepott on the Circulation of UnBerground Waters, Brit. Assoc, for 1878, p. 404. t W. C. Lucy, Proo. Cottes-vrold Club, vol. viii. p. 213. § Rev. J. dutterbuek, Journ. R. Agric. Soc, scr. 2, vol. i. p. 282 ; and Geologist, vol. V. p. 1^8, See ^Iso Ti W. EannHelI, Report to the General Board of Health on Banbiiry, 1850. SPRINGS. 319 Banbury has been supplied with water from the river Oherwell at Grimsbury, about a mile above the town. The water contains 25 grains per gallon of '■■ solid impurity " ;* the total mineral salts, according to Mr. T. Beesley, being nearly 20 grains per gallon. In very dry seasons (as I am informed by Mr. E. A. Walford) there is hai-dly sufficient water to maintain the stream below the intake of the water-company. The town was formerly supplied by wells sunk, through the Marlstone, &c., to depths of from 10 to 150 feet. In this account we have omitted reference to water obtained from the Drift sands and gravels that in places overlie the Lias, In most cases such water is liable to pollution^ but if obtained from sands and gravels under Boulder Clay, the water may be good. An .abundant supply of hard water was thus obtained at Fleckney in Leicestershire, at a depth of 45 feet.f Some of the more prominent springs have, through their legendary virtues or associations, been designated Holy Wells, or named after some Saint; others have a local reputation from their constancy. At Glastonbury Abbey there is a Holy Well, known as St. Mary's Well. (See p. 320.) There is also a spring on Edmund HiU, known as St. Edmund's or Elder Well. This has been used to supply the town of Glastonbury; but I am informed iy Mr. T. C. Luff (1892), that since a shuck of an earthquake, some 15 or 20 years ago, the yield has been much smaller than it formerly was. At Southam there is a Holy Well, north-west of the town ; it rises in the Lower Lias limestones, and has been utilized as a source of supply to the town. South-east of Priors Marston, in Warwickshire, there is the Shutwell Spring that issues from the Marlstone. Thackson's Wellj south-west of Foston, in Lincolnshire, is a perennial spring that issues from the Lower Lias, near a line of fault. The underground waters in the Jurassic rocks all contain some mineral ingredients, and the surface-waters, the streams and rivers consequently convey similar materials in a much more diluted form. " ' Springs which come to the surface through argillaceous strata, must be of an artesian character, and must find egress through cracks in these otherwise impervious beds. In dry seasons it is noticeable how, deep the surface-cracks are, while at a considerable distance down, most elays are in hu indurated condition, as shown by cores from borings. Hence water from a considerable depth may rise through joints or faults in argillaceous strata. In this way only can we, account for the rising of waters, as at Bath, Cheltenham, or Sheairsbyj through the Lias clays, or at Purton through the Oxford Clay. During the dry season of 1886, I noticed huge cracks in the fields and also in the roads, on the Oxford.Ofey- near Witham Friary in Somerset ; and in some sections io£ the Lower Lias and other formations, where clays with bands of limestone occur, it —- ~^ — : — ; '- ~ ' ' 1 * Report of Bivers Pollution Commission, p. 50. t De Eanee, Beport, Brit. Assoc, for 1880, p. 106. 320 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : may be noticed that the limestone is watervTorn at some depth from the surface. I observed instances near Penarth. (See also p. 271.) _ The origin of the mineral matter in what may be called the Surface Springs, is readily understood, for, with the exception of atmospheric impurities, they derive their ingredients from the calcareous and ferruginous rocks through which they have percolated. These rocks and the original or secondary mineral matter they may contain, will usually account for the nature of the water. In some cases the dissolution of organic remains may have contributed saline and other materials. The origin of the saline waters will be discussed more particularly in the volume dealing with the Oolites, but it should be borne in mind that artificial manures aflFect some surface-waters, and that Epsom Salts may be introduced into certain Spas by other than natural agencies. Petrifying Springs, Springs of a " petrifying " nature, depositing carbonate of lime on objects placed within their influence, or forming accumula- tions of tufa, have been met with in a number of places along the outcrop of the Lias limestones. Such springs have been observed at Ford Farm, between 'Chilton and Stawell in Somerset (at the junction of Lower Lias and Rhsetic Beds) ; near Dursell, Shepton Mallet ; near Newton Mill, Newton St. Loe, Bath ; near Warkworth, IJ miles east of Banbury (Marlstone) ; at Morton Morrell, north- west of Kineton (Lower Lias limestones) ; at Halstead, by Tilton-on-the-hill (Marlstone) ; and near Whitton, in Lincolnshire. Prof. Judd mentions that at Halstead the " petrifying springs " have been made use of for the purpose of obtaining incrustations of objects like bird's nests, branching twigs, &c.* Chalybeate Springs. Chalybeate Springs, some of which have attained considerable notoriety as Spas, are abundant. Often known as Red Wells (Rodwell, &c.) they issue at various horizons, but appear to be most abundant in the sandy shales at the base of the Marlstone. Lower lAas, Capland Spa, between Ashill and Hatch Beauchamp, N.W. of Ilminster. Cheltenham : Cambray Spa, (Shallow well). Little Wolford Hall, S. of Shipston-on-Stour. Kings Newnham, near Church Lawford, W.N.W. of Rugby. Brentingby, E. of Melton Mowbray. Burton Lazars, S.E. of Melton Mowbray. Little Dalby, S.E. of Melton Mowbray. Kinoulton Spa, Nottinghamshire. (Sahne chalybeate well.) Middle Lias. Glastonbury : Chalice or Blood Well, a spring in the grounds of Tor House. (Yield above 1,000 gallons per hour. Water probably conveyed to supply Holy Well at St. Joseph's Chapel.) Batheaston Spa, north of Lamb Bridge, near Bath (tepid waters, saline- chalybeate, obtained partly from strata below the Middle Lias). (See p. 323.) • Geol. Rutland, p. 268, MINERAL WATERS. 32] Shipton-under-Wychwood. Lower or Nether Worton, S.W. of Deddingtou. St. Stephen's Well, on west side of Banbury. Astrqp Spa (Asthorpe, or East-thorpe), king's Sutton, east of Village • water brought in pipes from St. Rumbold's Well. A Saline Chalybeate spring, yielding about 28,000 gallons per day, and containing 51 grains ot mineral matter per gallon. Ilmington Spa, Warwickshire. Farnborough. near Burton Dassett : St. Botolph's Well Thenford, N.W. of Brackley. Bugbrook, W.S.W. of Northampton. Barby, N.W. of Daventry. Denton, S.W. of Grantham. Lincoln : Monkswell, S.E. of Monk's Abbey. (Spring.) Sulphuretted Springs. "■ Sulphur springs," giving ofE sulphuretted hydrogen, due to the decomposition of iron-pyrites, are met with here and there in the Liassic clays or shales. These springs are usually more or less saline. Among those noted are the Daviesville Spa, Burnham, Somerset (derived from a well 25 feet deep, through Alluvium and Lower Lias clay) ;* spring at Northbrook Farm, Shapwick, west of Glastonbury (Lower Lias) ; spring at Chilton-upon-Polden, near Edington, Somerset (Lower Lias and RhEetic Beds) j the "Black Well" at Queen Camel, north-east of Ilchester; spring at Bowld (or Bould) near Idbury north-west of Burford ; and a saline spring at Burton Lazars.f Saline Springs. Saline waters occur in most formations, sometimes breaking out. at the surface or being proved in shallow wells, but more often being tapped in deeper wells and borings. Such waters appear to be more oftea met with in the Lias, a fact to be expected, as the underlying New Red Strata so frequently contain rock-salt and gypsum. Lower Idas. Burnham, Somerset : Daviesville Spa (well 75 feet deep : through Alluvium and Lower Lias clay). Horton, W. of Ilminster. Sock Farm, between Yeovil and Ilchester. (Sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda, chloride of sodium, carbonate of soda, &c. ; 217 grains per gallon.) Alford Well, between Castle Gary and Lovington. (Chloride of sodium, &c.) Bath : Temp. 109° to 120°. (Sulphates of lime and soda, chlorides of sodium, magnesium, &c. 168 grains per gallon.) (See p. 322.) Twerton coal-pit, near Bath. (Chloride of sodium ; 78 grains per gallon.) Cherryrock Farm, N.E. of Wickwar (well 40 or 50 feet deep : sulphates of magnesia, soda, and lime, chloride of sodium, &c.). Coaley, S. of Gloucester (well-waters brackish). Eastington and Hardwicke, south of Gloucester. Gloucester: Swells, one 80 feet deep. (Chloride of sodium, &c.) (See p. 325.) * Notes on the Burnham or Daviesville Spas, by A. C. G. Cameron, Bridgwater Mercury, Jan. 28, 1891. t Burton Lazars derives its name in part from the Lazar house, or hospital for lepers, which formerly existed there. Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 270. B 70859. X 322 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES: Sandhurst, N. of Gloucester. Bayshill, Cheltenham, and south of Fidler's Green. Cheltenham: Montpellier Wells (Sulphate of soda, sulphate of maj^rnesia, chloride of sodium, &c.) ; Pittville Spa (Sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, &c.). (See p. 323.) Prestbury and Bishops Cleeve. Child's Wickham. Walton Cardiff, Tewkesbury : Walton Spa. Hampton Spa, Evesham. Wells lVto22feet. (Sulphates of lime, soda, and magnesia, carbonates of magnesia and lime, &c. ; 60 grains per gaUon). Evesham. (Saline wells.) Long Marston (Brine spring.) Fenny Compton. (Spring, 103 grains per gallon. Sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, &c.) Southam Holt, abut 2 miles S.E. of Southam. (Salt spring.) Willoughby Spa, S.E. of Rugby. (Well sunk 104 feet. Brine spring.) Shearsby, N.E. of LutCerworth. (Spring, containing chloride of sodium sulphate of soda, &c. 396 grains per gallon). (See p. 325,), Belvoir Spa, near Belvoir Castle. Burton Lazars (Chi. sodium.) Brentingby-cum-Wy£ordby, east of Melton Mowbray. Braeebridge, Lincoln. (Boring 320 feet.) Water containing 593 grains per gallon : 649 chloride of sodium ; 1 1 bromide of sodium ; 1 5 carbonate of soda ; 12 carbonate of lime ; &c.* Middle Lias. Dillington, N.E. of Ilminster. Churchill Mill, between Kingham and Churchill, near Chipping Norton. Clifton, east of Deddington. Deddington. (Sulphur saline.) Sutton Bog, N.E. of railway- station, King's Sutton. (Spring containing sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, &c. 199 grains per gallon.) Old Stratford, near Stony Stratford. Well, 110 feet in Marlstone ? (Sul- phate of lime, carbonate and chloride of sodium, &c. 77 grains per gallon.) •Gumley, N. W. of Market Harborough. (Saline chalybeate.) Grantham : Spittlegate. (50 grains of mineral matter per gallon.) Concerning tho Bath Waters, the Rev. J. Tovvnsend mentioned -that "By Hetlin Court, when the hot springs had failed to supply the usual quantity of water in a given time, the Corporation em- ployed Mr. William Smith to remedy the evil. He laid open the ground, detected the cause of failure, and restored the springs. At thai time I took notice of his operations, and at a great depth saw the springs issuing through the blue marl." " When the new building was constructed over the springs of the Cross Bath, I particularly noticed hot and cold springs issuing within the space of two or three lug of ground, in such a manner that the cold springs were obliged to be sepai-ated from the hot ones, and, not being suffered to issue on the spot, were separately conveyed into the river Avon," t The hot springs rose to the surface not more than 15 or 20 feet above the level of the river, William Smith considered it possible " that the Bath waters may be a compound from the lias, red ♦ De Ranoe, Eep. Brit. Assoc, for 1891, p. 803 ; and Proc. Yorksh. Geol. aud Polyt. See, vol. xii. p. 49. f Character of Moses, pp. 197, 313. MINERAL WATERS. 323 rock, coal-measures, and mountain limestone " ; * and this view is probably correct. Judging from their temperature, Prof. Prest- wich has calculated that the waters rise from a depth of about 3,500 feet ; t in this case they may be supported by the Lower Limestone Shales. It may be mentioned that in inking a pit in search of coal at Batheaston, warm saline chalybeate waters were encountered.^ The sinking was carried through JMiddle nnd Lower Lias, and the water from the Lias rock, together with that let up by boring the Ked rocks beneath, ascended to the surface. I am informed by Mr. W. Topley that, at the present time (1891), the flow from tlie adit of the old works amounts to about 57,000 gallons a day (40 gallons per minute). The temperature is 62°. Saline waters have been met witli in many localities around Cheltenham, as well as beneath the town. The Original Spa at Cheltenham " owes its discovery to a slow spring being observed to ooze from a strong thick bluish clay or mould, under the sandy surface of the soil, whicli, after spreading itself for a few yards, again disappeared, leaving much of Its salts behind ; flocks of pigeons being daily observed to resort hither to feed on these salts"; and it was "remarked, that when other springs were fast bound by the frost, this continued in a fluid state."§ Thus the water attracted attention about the year 1716. In 1718 the ground was railed in, and the water sold as a medicine. The water for many years was obtained from a well about six feet below the surface, and about 58 gallons were daily pumped up. In 1808 the well was enlarged to 12 feet deep and 6 feet wide. * The temperature of the Cheltenham water varies from 58° to 60°, and it contains the following ingredients : — Boyal Old Well. Pittville Spa. 1 1 Chloride of sodium 590-33 481-19 „ magnesium - Sulphate of soda Carbonate of soda - 8-00 94-94 115-82 20-15 magnesia „ lime - - - : 5-80 17-08 11-39 7-70 Bromide or iodide of sodium • 3-50 3-29 Silica ... ^ 2-75 2-77 Organic matter, &c. - 18-39 3-85 Grains per gallon 741-77 640-16 * See Memoirs of W. Smith, pp. 64, &c. f Geology, Chemical and. Physical, p. 166. J Memoirs of W. Smith, pp. 64, &o. ; C. Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, toI. xxiii. p. 496. § G. A. Williams, New Guide to Cheltenham, pp. 20-23, 66, 67. II The original or Boyal Old Wells are now closed. They were situated in Mout- pellier Street. The analyses given, were by Abel and Rowney ; see Prestwich, paper read before Ashmolean Soc, Oxford, 1876. A small quantity of potash salts in the Pittville water, is included with the chloride of sodium. X 2 324 LIxVS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : At the MoutpelHer Wells saline-chalydeate waters were found of somewhat different character in different sinkings. No less than 70 wells were ^unk ; in most of them chloride of sodium was found to preponderate, but in one case sulphate of magnesia was more abundant. Here the surface-strata comprised about 12 feet of soil and sand, and sinkings were carried to a further depth of 63 feet in the blue clay of the Lias. The water obtained at the greatest depth was more highly chalybeate, and contained a larger propor- tion of common salt. With regard to the Cheltenham waters, it was pointed out in 1834 by Murchison, that the most abundant saline ingredient, sea- salt, " is present in still larger quantities in those wells which occur near the western edge of the formation, where the Lias form* only a thin covering above the marls of the New Ked Sand- stone. At the new spa, near Tewkesbury, where formerly the mineral water at shallow depths below the surface was very slightly saline, it was recently found to be much more im. pregnated with salt when the sinking was carried to the depth of 90 feet. * * * Again, at Cheltenham, when experi- mental borings were made by Mx. Thompson, to the depth of 260 feet below the surface, the water of the lowest stratum of marl or clay was found to be more highly charged wiih the chloride of sodium, or common salt, and to contain less of the sulphates, than the existing wells, none of which have been sunk to a greater depth than 130 feet." He explains that " waters collected in the New Red Sandstone at higher levels than tiie surface of the Vale of Gloucester, would naturally ascend to their original level by any cracks or open veins which might present themselves in the overlying Lias. This salt water having to pass tlirough various strata of marl and clay, loaded with iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, it is presumed that during this passage certain chemical changes take place, which give to the waters their most valuable medicinal properties." * * * "In suggesting this explanation, we must not, however, overlook the fact, that fresh water is per- petually falling from the atmosphere upon the surface of the Lias clay, more or less percolating its uppermost strata."* The view suggested by Murchison, that the saline waters of Cheltenham rise from the New Red Sandstone series, is supported by Daubeny, who remarks " that during the jiassage of the water upwards through cracks and fissures in the Lias clays overlying, the iron pyrites, which is so abundant in that stratum, supplies it by its gradual decomposition with the sulphuric acid found amongst its ingredients. That sulphuretted hydrogen is generated in the vicinity of these springs, we are assured, not * Murchison, Geol. Cheltenham, 1834, pp. 33-35 ; Proc. Geol. Soe., vol. i. p. 390 ; and Silurian System, pp. 34-36. MINERAL WATERS. 325 only from the minute quantities of this gas observed in one or two of the Cheltenham an4 Leamington waters, but also from the strong impregnation of the spring of Willoughby in Warwickshire."* Thus, as Dr. Daubeny concludes, the sulphuric acid, acting upon the several chlorides, would form with their bases those earthy and alkaline sulphates on which their medicinal qualities chiefly depend ; whilst the free hydrochloric acid disengaged, attacking the calcareous rocks, would give rise to the production of the increased quantity of chloride of lime present in them. He adds that "there is a general impression that the aperient springs, which rise so abundantly from the lias, become weaker when long drawn upon, and it is only in this way that I can reconcile the extreme discrepancy between the analyses of the same spring, at periods not very remote one from the other." The following analyses of waters from two of the three spa- wells at Gloucester, were made by Mr. George Embrey (1889) ; they hove been communicated l)y Mr. C. E. Hawisins: — " Saline Water." " Sulphurous Water." Sodium chloride Calcium sulphate Calcium carbonate Magnesium sulphate - Magnesium carbonate Iron oxide - - - Bromine and Iodine Combined water and loss Grains per gallon. 1143-45 7-19 32-22 38-58 -01 Traces. 31-55 Grains per pallon. 464-31 34-00 21-33 3-23 Trace. 27-13 1253-00 550-00 Traces of Free and Albuminoid Ammonia were found. The third well is said to yield a strongly ferruginous water. The saline water obtained from a well at St. Clement's, Oxford, will be referred to more particularly in the volume dealing with the waters obtained from the Oolitic strata. The Shearsby Spa in Leicestershire originates from a spring about half mile from Shearsby, on the road to Bruntingthorpe. The water rises through the Lower Lias clays, and probably, like the Cheltenham waters, it derives its main ingredients from saliferous Triassic marls. The following analysis by Mr. E. Hayton Davis, has been published by Mr. J. D. Paul :— f * Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, pp. 13, 19. •f Trans. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc, ser. 2, Part III., p. 9. 326 LIAS OF ESGLAND AND WALES. Grains per Imperial gallon. Carbonate of iron' '- Traces. „ lime - 9 • 74.3 „ magnesia - G 246 „ , spda 5 • 581 Chloride of sodium - - - 246-532 Sulphate of soda - 128-989 Chloride of potassium - - Traces. Hydrosiilpliide of sodium •275 Iodine and bromine - Traces. 396 - 366 The otigin of these and other saline' waters will he more con- veniently tteated in connexion with tlie mineral waters of the Oolitic rocks. ' ' 32/ APPENDIX. CATALOGUE OF FOSSILS FROM THE LIASSIO HOCKS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. In preparing the accompanying List of Fossils from the Lias, the attempt has been made to include only the well-authenticated species. In studying the many published papers where lists of fossils are given, it will be noticed that the identification of species by different observers, varies a good deal. Thus in two lists of tjie more abundant fossils from the same locality, many names do not coincide, when there is every reason to believe that identical species are recorded. This arises in part from the fact that species are variable, and that gradations exist between them. Hence, one authority applies one specific name, and another authority a different specific name te the same fossil. Moreover the synonymy of British and Foreign Liassic fossils requires much attention; and this again is a source of the dupli- cation of names in different lists. Erroneous identifications have also to be guarded against in some of the published lists. The List now given will, it i& hoped, be found reliable so far as it goes, the species about which any doubts were felt having been omitted, or inserted with a query. The species in the Museum of Practical Geology, identified some of them by Mr. Etheridge, some by Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton, are included in the List. Many additional records from particular localities have been: made from the specimens collected by the writer during the progress of his work ; and these specimens, excepting some of the commoner forms, have been named by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. Much help has also been given by them, and also by Mr. H. A. Allen during the preparation of this List. Species recorded in the volumes of the Palseontographical Society, and others preserved in the British Museum of Natural History, in the Wood- wardian Museum at Cambridge, and in the University Museum at Oxford, have been noted. Among other Museums it maybe mentioned that ra ally Lias fossils are to be seen in the Museums at Taunton, Street near Glastoii- bury, Bath, Bristol, Cardiff, Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, Rugby (School), Northampton, and Leicester. Other specimens are preserved in the Dublin Museum of Science and Art. The fine collection of fossils made by Charles Moore is preserved in the Bath Museum; that of H. E. Strickland (in part), in the Woodwardian Museum; and those made by William Smith, Sowerby, Thomas Hawkins (in part), Sir P. Egerton, the Earl of Enniskillen, Davidson, Wright (in part), and others, are in the British Museum. Among private collections, especial mention should be made of those formed by the Rev. P. B. Brodie at Rowington, by Mr. T. J. Slatter at Evesham, Mr. R. F. Tomes at South Littleton, near Efesham, Mr. Thomas Beesley 828 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : and iVfr. E. A. Walford at Banbury, Mr. J. Windoes at Chipping Norton, Mr. Beeby Thompson and Mr. W. D. Crick at Northampton, and Mr. W. D. Carr at Lincoln. From most of these sources, and from published lists of the species, materials have been gathered. With regard to the perplexing matter of synonymy, much help has been obtained from the British Museum Catalogues of Fossil Vertebrata, ij Mr. R. Lydekker and Mr. A. Smith Woodward; and also from the Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata, by Messrs. A. S. Woodward and C. D. Sherborn ; and the Catalogue of British Jurassic Gasteropoda, by Messrs. W. H. Hudles- ton and E. Wilson. The last-named Catalogue was issued after the List of Fossils was in type : and it has not been possible to fully revise the nomen- clature of the Gasteropods. The List of Fossils from the Yorkshire Lias, prepared by Mr. Fox-Strang- ways, and published in the Memoir on the Jurassic Rocks of Yorkshire, has also proved of great service in regard to the synonymy of the Invertebrata. That Memoir (Vol. IL) contains a list of many of the works in which the fossils are figured and described. The Ammonites are indexed under the generic name Ammonites, because confusion must have arisen if any attempt had been made to employ the sub-generic names. These names indeed may be of service to the specialist who confines his attention to Ammonites, but they are of biological, rather than geological importance. Some of the names indeed have been changed again and again since this Memoir was commenced, and many of the species unfortunately are so split up that the multitude of names is simply bewilder- ing, and they become of little or no service to the stratigraphical geologist. In some cases the same specific name has been applied to mutations of different sub-genera of Ammonites: a course much to be deprecated, for it is likely that, if accepted as new species, the names will eventually be replaced by others. . An index to the sub-generic names of Ammonites is given. The Insects recorded from the Lias require revision ; many of the names given are on the authority of C. G. Giebel (Fauna der Vorwelt, 1856, Band 2, Abth. 1.). See also Scudder, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 31, 1886, and No. 71, 1891. For figures of British Liassic Fossils, the student may consult Sowerby'S "Mineral Conchology," the works of the Palaeontogiaphical Society, "The Yorkshire Lias " by Tate and Blake (1876), and Prestwich's Geology, Vol. ii. It should be specially noted that the present Catalogue does not enumerate the whole of the Liassic fossils of England and Wales ; the species from York- shire are given in the Memoir by Mr. Fox-Strangways (above referred to), and only those Yorkshire fossils that occur in the country to the south of the Humber are mentioned in the following lists. To obtain a full record of the Liassic fossils of England and Wales, it will be necessary, therefore, to com- bine the Catalogue given by Mr. Fox-Strangways with that contained in this volume. CATALOGUE OF FOSSILS. 329 References to Localitibs oiven in the AccoMrANxiNG List of Fossils. De. Devonshire. D. Dorsetshire. S. Somersetshire. G. Gloucestershire. Gl. Glamorganshire. 0. Oxfordshire. Wo. Worcestershire. Wk. Warwickshire. Nn. Le. E. Li. Y. Northamptonshire. Leicestershire. Rutlandshire. Lincolnshire. Yorkshire (the references are to the species noted from other counties that occur also in Yorkshire). The zonal grouping is arranged as follows: — I. Zone oi Ammonites planorbis. 3. Zones of A. angulatus, A. Buchlandi, A. Turneri, and A. semicostatus. 3. Zones of A,, obtusus, A. oxynotus, and A. raricostatus. 4. Zones of A. drmatus, A. Jamesoni, and A. Ibex. 5. Zones of A. Henleyi, and A. capricormis. 6. Zone'oi A.'margaritatus. 7. Zone of .4. spinatus. 8. " Transition Bed" of Northamptonshire, and Zone of A. annulatui. 9. Zone of A. serpentinus. 10. Zone oi A. communis. 11. Zone of A.jurensis (passage-beds between Lias and Inferior Oolite) X Passes up into Inferior Oolite or higher beds ; or occurs in the Rhastic Bedi below — (according to the column in which placed). 330 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Species, Lower. ■,- 1 B a S ■< u»iortieria. ( Marpoceras. X Bildoceras. G. . Le.T. S. Wk. T. D. to T. - Phylloceras. D. ■ fSem A. oxynoius. \ Amaltheus. Nn. Marpoceras. G. to T. - Harpoceras, D. to T. - Amaltheus. D.toT. - .^goceras. G. - Orammoceras. D. • /Tar. of A. angulatas \ Sigoceras. G. - Grammoceras. S.G.O.T.. (A. algoviamu, Oppel. I Harpoceras. D. to T. - Arietites. Le. . Harpoceras. Le. T. Arietites. D. to T. - C Includes^. Smithi,. X Sow., Arietites. Saugia, Amaltheus, 3.38, LIAS OF ENGLAND AND AVALES : 1 Lower, Middle. Upper. i 'A LOCAIITIEB. ■ Species, IS o 1 1 1 •-9 1 1 [ S 1 i 1 i 1 1 s i » B.EMAEKa. < 1 a" i B 1 1 1 i s 3 i 1 MOLLTISCA.—Cont. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 Cephalopoda— ooTit. Ammonites Orbisnyi, S. Buckm. 11 u xG.T. - Grammocerat. - — ovatus, Phil, see A, csecilia. oxynotus, Quenst, 3 4 1 D. to T. . (Amaltheus. I Oxynoticeras. pettos, Qaensfc. 4 1 D. to Y. . CA. GrenouiUouxi, \ d'Orb. t ^goceras. planicosta. Sow. 2 3 4 1 D. to Y. r '^goceras. A. Dudressieri, d'Orb. '.. A^ziph'us, Ziet. plauorbis. Sow. 1 1 D. to Y. - JEgoceras, Psilocerat, primordialis, Scliloth. 1 9 10 m u 0. to Y. . (A. ovatos, Y.&B, (. Rarpocems, priscus, S. Buokm. 11 u X S. DumortieHa. ■■ pseudoradiosa, Brauco 11 u X D. G. . Smttoriieria. quadratus, Haug. 11 u G. - Grarmnoceras, radians, Rein 10 11 u D. to E. - 'Marpoceras. Qrammocerat. (. DumortieHa. radiosus, Seeb. 11 u X G. Dumortieria, raquinianus, d'Orb., see A. crassus. rariccstatus, Ziet. 2 S 4 1 D. to Y. - Arietites. rotiformis, Sow. 2 3 1 D. S. GI. Y.?. (A. ohliquecosiatnt, Ziet. (. AneHtes. — r- Saemanni, Dum. 11 u G. - Grammoceras. — Sagittarius, Blake 3 1 ■Wo. Y. - JEgocsras. ■ salisburgensis, von Hauer. 3 1 Wo.- Phyllocerat. sauzeanus, d'Orb. 2 3 1 D. to Y. • Arietites. scipionianus, d'Orb. - 2 4 1 S. G. Le. Y. Arietites. semicelatus. Simps. - semicostatus, Y. & B. 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 I m u Nn.toY. . D. to Y. - Stephanocerat. (A. geometriau, Oppel. I Arietites. serpentinus. Rein, 7 8 9 10 m u D. to Y. - Marpoceras. serrodens, Quenst. - u u G. ( Pelecoceras. (. Hudlestonia. ■ Simpsoni, Bean 3 S.WO.Y. - Amaltheus. Slatteri, Wright 3 1 •Wo.- ^gocerat. Smithi, Sow. = young of A. obtusus. spinatus, Brug. 7 m D. toY. - Amaltheus. stellaris, Sow. - 2 3 1 D. G. Li. Y. ArieHte; CEPHALOPODA, 339 Lower. Middle. Upper. i 'A - T3 L0CA.LITIE9. Spboibs. 1 p. a 'a 1 s « 1 1 i a' g i J s 1 4 1 a ■a 1 a s a •i i B,em:abs:b. MoiLTTSCA— eo«<. 1 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n Cephalopoda— cont. Ammonites striatuln-costa- tus, Quenst. 11 u X 8. G. . Dumortieria. striatnlus. Sow. 8 10 11 m u D.H. G.T.- f Harpoceras. I GrOmmoceras, striatus, Bein, - i S 6 1 D. to T. - ^goceras. Bubarmatus, T. & B. • 8 10 m u Nn. Y. Stephanooeras. subcarinatus, T. & B. 9 10 u S. to Y. ■ PTvylloceras, subcoucavus, T. & B, - 10 u u G.Y. (A.toulbiensis.Y.&'B. \ HarpoceraSt sublineatus, Oppel, - 11 u G. - Jjytoceras. submuticus, Oppel. - i 1 D. - JEgoceras. -^ subplanatus, Oppel. - 9 10 11 u D. Nn. Li. - A. complanatus, d'Orb. Bubplanicosta, Oppel. i 6 1 D. G. Wk. Li. (A. carusensis, Wr. i non d'Orb. (. ^goceras. Bubquadratus, S. Buckm. 11 u X G. Grammoceras, Taylori, Sow. 3 i 1 S. to Y. . ^gocerat. toarcensis, d'Orb. 1 u X D. S. G. (A. thouaraensia. \ Grammoceras, torus, d'Orb., see A. Jobnstoni. rA. polsmorphut, ; Mgoeeras, Amal- L thens. trivialis. Simps. 3 i 1 D. to Y. . Tumeri, Sow. - 2 1 D. S. G. Gl. Y. Arietites, Valdani, d'Orb. i 1 D. to Y. - JEgoceras. 10 11 u D. G. 0. Y. JSarpoeeras, Saugia. Wiltshire', Wright - 6 1 D. - Amaltheus. Wrighti, S. Buckm. - 11 u X D. G. - Lytoceras, near to A. jurensis. zeteB, d'Orb. - 7 m S.G. Phylloceras. ziphus, Ziet., see A. planicosta. Aptychus - . ^ . 1 8 6 8 9 1 u D. G. Gl. Nn.Wk.Y. Y 2 340 LIAS OP ENGLAND AND WALES : INDEX TO SUB-GENERIC .NAMES OF AMMONITES. Amaltheus. Arietites. Catulloceras. Coeloceias. Dactjloceras. Dumortieria. Grammoceras. HammatoceTaa. Haipoceras. Haugia. Hildoceras. Hudlestonia. Lytoceras. Oxynoticeras. Pelecbceras. Phylloceias. Polyplectug. FBeudolioceias. Psilooeras. Schlotheimia. Stephanoceias. CEPHALOPODA. S41 Lower. Middle. Upper. 1 ■o 1 J L0C1.UTIES. Spbcieb. If 1^ 1 1 a o i E 1 t 1 IB 1 1 E < J 1 1 a < I ■i J Bbhabkb. MoiiuaoA— co»f. 1 2 3 i 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cephalopoda— Moore 3 7 8 9 1 m u D. to T. ligaturale, Tate 2 4 I m Le. Li. minor, Moore 10 u S. nodulosum, Moore 2 I S.G1. paludinare, Terq. 2 1 S.G1. — - pentacostse, Moore - 2 1 Gl. planicostatum, Moore 2 1 . Gl. GASTEROPODA. S46 Sfscies. MOHTTSOA— CO»f. Qasferopoda—cont, Cerithium ? planum, Moore porulo8um, Terq. pupa. Mart. P pyramidale, Moore qulnetteum, Piette raricostatum, Tate reticulatum, Desl. Semele, d'Orb.- Slatteri, Tate - spiratum, Moore aubflstulosum, Tate subliassicum, H. &, W, sublineatum, Moore trinodulosum. Mart. veiTuoosum, Terq. see also Cryptaulax and Tnrritella. ~ Chemnitzia abbreviata, Terq. acuta, Moore - Berthaudi, Duni. Blamvillei, Miinst. - — carusensis d'Orb. — citharella, Tate Collenoti, Terq. & Piette. — complicata, Tate corvaliana, d'Orb. — crassicosta, Tate » dunrarenensis, Moore foveolata, Tate f liassica, Quensfc. — f periniana, d'Orb. — polita, Mart. - — semiteota, Tate — - transversa, Blake Lower, Middle. TJpper. 10 10 LOCALITIBS. 10 Beuabes. Gl. Gl. S. 0. Nn. G.Gl. D. G. O. Nn. Le. S.Gl.Li.Y. D. G.Wk.Y. G1.Y. Le. Li. S. S. s. S. Gl. S. Gl. Gl. S. G. Le. Y. S. to Y. - D. S. G. Y. S. O. Le. Y. 'Wo. Wk. Y. S. D. Wk. Salop; S. Gl. O. Wk. Nn. Y. S. G. Li. - D. Nn. Le. S. Gl. S.-Wk.Y. - Nn.T. Nerincea Moore. liassica. Melauia. Cerithium. Turritella Terq. Sunkeri, Soalaria. f Ceritltiium sxtiUn' eatmn, Moore. L?*6 LIAS OF EXGLAND AND WALES ; lower. Middle. ■Ppper. i 3 1 1 LOOAIITIES. Sfscieb. 1 '•B 1 4 1 o a < .ri s O w a a a < 1 a 4 1 a s a i a 1 1 7 -4 Eemabks. MOILUSCA— COB*. 1 2 3 i 6 6 1 8 9 10 11 Gasteropoda— coni. Chemiiitzla trivia, Tate. - 2 1 Gl. ' imdnlata, Benz. i 7 8 1 m u D. to Y. . Turritella anomala, Moore. unioiugulata, Terq. - 7 1 m S.T. Toxmgi, Simps. i 1 Wfc.T. see also Cerithiam and Pseudomelania, Cirras Leachi, Sow. 10 u S. - Turbo Somesi, Moore non Stol. Crjrptsenia affinis, Tate - « 1 S. Bryoei, Tate - 1 D, compressa. Sow. 7 m G. consobrina, Tate 3 7 8 1 m u G. 0. Le. Nn.Li.,Y. expansa. Sow. - 2 3 4 6 6 7 1 m D. to T. . Fleuroiomarta, Seli- cina. hellciformis, Desl. 7 8 m u S. 0. N. Li. Pleurotomaria, rofcellaeformis. Dunk. • 2 3 5 6 7 8 1 m u D. to T. - Pleurotomaria. solarioides, Sow. 2 7 1 m S. Le. T. Cryptaulax scoljina, Desl. - Cylindrites eequalis, Wils. - 7 10 11 m u X D. S. N. - Le. Cerithium varicosum, Deal. Whitfleldi, Moore 4 7 8 1 ni u S. Wk. Nil, Actseonina. see also Actseonina. Delphinula reflexilabrum, d'Orb. S. - Liassic vein. Discuhelix aratus, Tate 4 6 7 1 ,133 D. G. T. - StraparollMS, bellulus, Tate - 4 6 1 m D.T. - — cornucopiae, Moore 2 1 Gl. Duukeri, Moore * 10 u S. semiolausus, Tate 2 1 G1.Y. sinister, d'Orb. 7 m D.S. StraparoUus. ■ striatus, Piette 2 S.Y. BtraparoUus. wrightianus, Tate 4 1 D.. JEmarginula, see llimula. Bucychis, see'Amberleya. Euompbalus ? njinutus, Schiibl. 8 9 10 u G. Nn.Y. - NaUcapilvla, m Nn. 3 I Le. Deslongohampsi, Moore. 2 1 GI. daplicattts. Sow. 10 u X Nn. Elizse, Moore - 2 1 Gl. epnlus, d'Orb. 7 m D.S. • fldia, d'Orb. - 7 m Le. . Amberleya. fleiicostatus, Moore • i 7 S 1 m n S. Nn. Wk. ? gradatus, Moore S. - Fissure in Carboni- ferous Limestone. , — holwellensis, Moore - s. . Kssure in Carbom- . ferous Limestone. inconatans, Tate 2 1 Gl. ■'— f langanensis, Moore - 2 1 Gl. limbatns, Schloth. » i 1 S. Wk. Pateonlso. lineatufi, Moore m D. S. Le. ! i 1 m S. Mariie, d'Orb. - '• m D. - Palseoniso. monoplicus, d'Orb. - m D. , 7 m X D. Nn. -^rrr.nodulatns, Moore m S.Nn. Wilson. 10 u Nn, : Pandion, Dum. 4, 8 1 u O. Wk. Nn. pethertonensis, Moore 7 8 m u S. Nn. Le. Pluto, Duni., • i 7 1 Wk. Nn. • — — pyramidalis, Buckm, - 7 m G. 2 4, 1 S. Wk. T, — — rotnlus, Stol. • 7 8 m u Nn. Le. 7 8 m u Nn. 7 10 m u S. Nn. — solltarius, Tate i 1 S. — Thetis, Munst.- i 7 8 1 m u S.toT. . Turbo heUcifomii, Quenit. GASTEROPODA- SSI Species. Lower. Middle. Upper. Locu,iriES. Beuaeks. MOLLUSCA— COB*. Oasteropoda—cont, Troclius tiarellus, Tate ? tritnonilis, d'Orb. se^ also Amberleya, Flenrotomoria, and Turbo. Turbo aciculns, Stol. admirandus, Tate bifurcatus, Moore brocastellensis, Moore bnllatus, Moore P constrictus, Moore crassistomns, Tate cryptaenioides, Tate cyclostoma, Benz. elegantisslmus, Moore Itys, d'Orb. • leo, d'Orb. latilabrus, Stol. liueatus, Moore lucilius, Dutn. - midas, d'Orb. - nodulo-carinatus, Moore. Orion, d'Orb. - Philemon, d'Orb. Piettei, Mart. - reticulatos, Moore rugiferus, Moore Butteri, Moore — socconensis, d'Orb. — solarium, Kette ^— P solidus, Moore subelegang, Munst. — f Theodori, Mart. — P tumidus, Moore 11 10 O.Li. S. Nn.Y. G. "Wo. Wk. S. Gl. S.O,Nu.Le. S. "WJc. G. S. G. to T. S. D. S. D. Le. T. D. S. O. Nn. T. O. Nn. Wk. D. S. G. GI. Gl. G1.Y. S. Le. S.Nn. S. G. GLWcLLY, S. - G. Gl. Li. Le. 8.G1. Ataphrus. Fissure .in Carboni- ferous Limestone. ( Pleurotomat^ cpatu- i latum, Moore.' (. T. coronatwsJSiKme. ( TrocTvm petherton- (. e»«.is, Moore (Tate).. = T. Bwtord, Tate. fissure in Carlxml-' ferous Limestone. 362 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: Bpeoies. Lower. Middle. Upper. Localities. ESUABEB. MoUMScx—conf. Gasteropoda — cont. Turbo varians, Moore 'Wilsoni, Tate - — see also Amberleya, Cirrus, Monodonta, and Trochus. Turritella crassilabrata, Terq. Deshajresea, Terq. Sunkeri, Terq. — Falsani, Dum. - . P Howsei, Moore Humberti, Mart. Juliana, Dum. semiomata, Terq. similis, Moore - tenuicostata, Portl. tricincta, Goldf . — trigemmatum, Wils. Zenkeni, Sunk, see also Matbilda. Bcaphopoda. Dentalium angulatum, Snckm, — elongatum, Milnst. • etalense, Terq. and Fiette. — giganteum, Phil. — liassicum, Moore — limatulum, Tate mimmum, Striokl. — tenue, Portl. - LamembrancMaia, (Pelecypoda.) Anatina numismalis, Tate 10 10 S. O. Nn. O.T. GI. S. Gl. Li. T. G. O. Wk. Nn. Li. T. Gl. S. - S.G1. 0. Nn. D.Li. S. Gl. - S.T. Le. - S. G. Gl. Y. Wk. S.G.Nn.T. G.T. S.G.Wk.T. S. Nn. T. 1. T. D. G. Wo. Wk.Li. G.Gl. G. Nn. le. T. Fissure in Carboni- ferous Limestone. Cerithium, 'Cerithium, (D. gracilis, Moore; 1 Z). eompresswmi ) d'Orb.; D. trigo- L naUs, Moore. JO. Portloeki, Tate. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 353 Species. Lower. Middle. I Upper. s a a s Localities. Eemabkb. MoLLUSCA— eo»<. ZameHibranchiata — cont. Anomia alpina, "Winkl. numismalis, Quenst. - Btriatula, Oppel see also Ostrea. Area elegans, Roem. elongata, Buekm. interrupta, Hoore liasina, Koem numismalis, Tate Stricklandi, Tate see also Macrodon. Arcomya conciima, Tate elongata, Eoem. longa, Buv. vetuita, Phil. - Astarte camertonensis, Moore. cingulata, Terq. depressa, Goldf . Simcani, Tawn. duplicata, Moore — fontis. Dam. - — lurida. Sow. obsoleta. Dunk. Oppeli, Moore - parallela, Moore rugata, Quenst. — !- striato-sulcata, Boem ^^ subcarinata, Miinst, — subtetragona, Goldf. Voltzi, Goldf. — see alio Cardita. Avioula Alfredi, Terq. £ 70859. 10 11 10 11 Li. Y. Wk. O. Nn. S.T. O.N. S. G. S. O. Nn. Nn. G. S. G. Wk.O. Nn. Li. O.T. G. to Y. D. ?.Y. D. Nn. Le. Y. D. S. G. Wk. Li. Gl. Wo. Y. Nn. O. GI. S. O.Nn. X G. Nn. S.G.Wk.O. Y. S.Y. S. Kn. Nn. O. Y. - S. to Y. Nn. O.Nn. O. Nn. Li. Gl. A. peilucida, Terq. Cuculltsa.. A. truncata, Buckinv_ Sangtiinolaria. . {; A, consobnna.Chav- & Dew. .?A. dentilabruvi, Eth . Isocardia. (A. amalthei, Quenst. J A. minima of some C authors. 354 LIAS OF JbJNGLAND AND WALES: Species. MohjjV-scx—conf, LawslHhranchiata — cont. Avicula calva, Sohloenb. - oygnipes, T. & B. Dunkeri, Terq. imbricata, Moore iusequivalvis. Sow. longiaxis, Buckm. nuda, Moore - papyria, Quenst. substriata, Zieten see also Mouotis. Oardi nia attenuata, Stutch. . concinno, Stutch. copides, de Uyok crassissima. Sow. craasiusoula. Sow. cuneata, Stutch. gigautea, Quenst. higens, Tawn. - Lisieri, Sow. - var. hybrida. Sow. var. ovalis, Stutch. ■ — rugulosa, Tate - Slatteri, WaUord suttonensis, Tawn Cardita consLmihs, Tate Heberti, Terq. - ^ — inulticostata, Phil. rhomboidalis, Tawn, tetragona, Terq. Cardium substriatulnm, d-Orb. truncatum, Sow. Ceromya bombax, Quenst. Lower. Middle. Upper. 10 10 10 11 Localities. S. Wk. Y. S. to T. - GI. S. Nn. X D. to Y. - G. S. D. O. to Y. G. to Y. S. G. Wk. O. Y. D. to Y. - Le. Li. D. to Y. - S. to Y. D. Nn. Li. D. Le. Li. Gl. D. to Y. D. G. to Y. S. to Y. S. Nn. Le. - S. Gl. S. Gl. Li. Y. D. to Y. - Gl. Gl. - N.Le.Y. - D. to Y. - S. to Y. - Bekaies. A. lonfficosfata.^tMtQh, A. noveinoostiBf\] Brown. A. sinemuriensiSf d'Orb. Horizon doubtful. {Pachyodon, C. lanceO' latay Stutch.. C.philea, d'Orb. C. ingens, Tawn. Isocardia, C. regnUria, Terq. C. Uasiana, Moore, Astarte Duneanl, Tawn. Protocarditm. Proiooardiim. Venus. -''" '■•' LAMELLIB RANCHIATA. 355 MOLHTSCA— C0»^ Lamellibranchiata—cont. Cep:omya gibbosa, Eth. petricosa. Simps. Carbis, see Leda. Corbula somersetiemis, Moore. Carimya, see Thracia. Crenatula, see Inoceramus. CucuUeea cancellat», Phil. - elongata, Sovr. - femiginea. Lye. Miinsteri, Ziet. oliviBtormis, Lye. ovum, Quenst. - transversa, Moore see also Maorodon. Cyprioardia cucuUata, Munst. intermedia, Moore - Winwoodi, Moore Cyprma, see Lucina. Exogyra Berthaudi, Diim. Tirguloides, Tate Gervillia acuminata, Tcrq. betacalcis, Quenst. crassa, Buckm. . Hagenovi, Dunk. fomicata. Lye. • iucurvB, Moore . . IsBvis, Buckm. - •— lanceolata. Sow. oblonga, Moore Goniomyaheteropleura, Afr hybrids, Munst. Gresslya abducta, Phil. - donaoiformis, Phfl. - galathea.Ag. - 5 6 10 10 2 I S 10 S. G. O. Li. Y. Isocardia Uassica^ Moore. X D. O. Nn. X D. X Li. S.toY. G. Li. S. B. to Y. - S. G. O. Li. Gl. p. Gl. GL Li. G. S.Y. G. S. G. "Wk. Li. X D. D. G. Nn. Le.Y. xG.toY. X Nn. Y. S.G.Li.Nn. Y. Very near to C. intent media, Moore. C. pelhicida, Moore. S. G. Y. ■G. rhmiifnfefa,- Quenst. Myaoites. PUur omya. z 2 S56 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES : Species. Lower. Middle. Tipper. Localities. Eemabes, MOILTTSCA— C0»<. LameUibraTichiata — coot. Gresslya intermedia. Simps. lunulata, Tate - punctata. Simps. Seebachi, Brauns. striata, Ag. Gryphsea areuata. Lam. cymbium. Lam. var. depressa, Phil. ' — ■ var. obliquata. Sow. gigantea, Sow. - HarpaJE Farkinsoni, Quenst. see also Flicatula. -Mettattgia, see Tancredia. Hinnites Davoei, Dum. - •— tuberculosus, Goldf. - tumidns, Ziet. - Hippopodium ovalis, Moore ponderosum. Sow. Homomya - Inoceramus cinctu 9, Miinst. dubius. Sow. - incurvatus, Tate pinnseformis, Sunk, - plicatus, Moore — substriatus, Miinst. - • tiltonensis, Wilson - I Tentricosus, Sow. Isocardiai see Astarte, Car* dinia, and Ceromya. Leda complanata, Goldf. - Galathea, d'Orb. — graphica, Tate - ] 2 4 6 i 6 8 9 10 1« 11 1 1 I m m G.LeiLi.T. ,""■•''■' Wk. Le. Li. Y. Wk.T. Li.T. Wk.Y. D. to Y. - (Ostrea (of some au- i thors). t G. inaurva, Sow. D.toY. - G. MaoCwllocM, Sow. S. Le. Y. G. Wk. Le. Y. D. to Li. S. o. D. X D. to Y.' S. S. to Y. G. O.Nn.Y.. S.toY. G. D.Y. B. velatus, Goldf. B. ferri, Eth., Myii- lus hipsoccmpne, Y, &B. G. to Y. Le. - D. to Y. - Crenatula. S. to Y. . - NuetUa, S.toY. (Z. Quenstedti, Tate< Ntieula itijleia, Quenst. G. "Wk. 0. Li.Y. L. longicottdttta. Simps. LAMKLLIBEANCHIATA. 357 .0 Lower. Middle. Upper. a 1 .3 ■a ft LOCALITIEB. Species. 1 p. S <1 1 i 1 a < 1 1 1 i 8 1 a < 1 1 1 a 1 § 1 4 1 ■§ a .2 a i 4 i 4 EiEMABKS. MonrscA.— co»i. 1 2 3 i 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lamellibranchiata— coat. Leda imbricato, Sharmnn & Newton. (MS.) 6 m LI. minor, Simps. - s 4 S 6 m G.Wk.toT. ovum. Sow. 10 u G. to T. - Mtcwla. Benevleri, Oppel 2 3 ■Wo-T. L. tetmistriata, Piette. suboralis, Goldf. 2 3 4 7 m u G. Wk. Nn. Y. (L, Sronni, Audler. < Nucula, Corhistmi- (. formis, Phil. Zieteni, Brauns. 3 4 9 6 TO G. Wo. Wk. LLT. CNucuta acuminata^ \ Goldf. (. N. imflata, Zlet. Lima amnifera, Whidb. - 11 u S. anguirta, Tawn. 2 Gl. Li. , compressa, ■Wright - G. - — cubiferens, Whidb. - den.sicosta, Quenst. - dentata, Terq. - Deslongchampsi, Stol. diinravenensis, Tawn. duplicata. Sow. 1 2 2 2 « 7 m m D. S. - - - Gl. Li. S. - Gl. - xS.Gl.G.Nn Horizon doubtful, i. plcmicosiaia, Terq. Horizon doubtful. ? L. gigantea. Sow. L.snbdnpUoata, Tawn. electra, d'Orb. - 11 u X G. euoharis, d'OrU 4 6 7 8 9 m u S. to T. galathea, d'Orb. 11 u G. gigantea. Sow. - 1 2 3 4 D.toT. Hermanni, Voltz 2 4 5 6 7 S m u D. to T. hettangiensis, Terq. - 1 2 4 7 ra D. to T. ' Omalinsi, Chap. & Dew. 7 m G. ornata, Lyo. - 11 u G. peotinoides. Sow. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 m u D. to Y. pianiooatata, Tawn. - 1 Gl. punctata. Sow. soabricula, Tate 1 2 4 6 7 m X D. to Y. S. G. Wk. strigillata, Laube. u u xG. suncinota, Sohloth. • 2 4 6 7 m D. to Y. - L. antiquaia. Sow. tuberoulata, Terq. - 1 2 7 m D. S. GL Li. Y. i. Terquemi.la.te. u n S. Nn. Y. Limea aouticcsta, Munst. 2 3 4 5 e 7 8 9 1 m u D. to Y. 358 LIAS OF ENGLAX6 AXD WALES: Species. M OLHTSOA— COM*. JJamelUbranehiata — cont. Limea cristata. Bum. Juliana, Bum. - Lithodomua ... Lucina bellona, d'Orb. ■ noTmalis, Tawn. ^ pumila, Munst. Maorodon Buckma'ni, Kich. -hettangiensis, Terq. - " intermedins. Simps. - . — pulohellus, Tate puUus, Terq. - , — - imdatus. Waif. Modiola Beesleyi, Tate compressa, Goldf. cuneata. Sow. - dorso-plicata, Moore - hillana. Sow. . hillanoidcs, Ohap. & Bew. imbricato-radiata, Tawn. laevis. Sow. minima. Sow. • -^ — numismalls, Oppel - sowerbyana, d'Orb. - ornata, Moore - oxynoti, Quenst. scalprum. Sow. subcancellata. But. - Monotis decussata, Miinst. fallax, PflUcker see also Avicula. Kyaoites, see also Gresslya and Pleuroinya, Lower. Middle. Upper. 10 Sis Localities. Kemakks. U O. O.Nn.Le.y. B. Gl. Li. Nn. X Nn. Gl. - B. to Nn. Y. G. to y. - S. G. O. Li. Y. X B. to Y. - G.Y. O.Nn.Y. . Nn. O.Nn. X G. X G. S. s. to y. Le. Y. • - Gl. . G. Le. Y. B. to Le. Y. G.toY. xG. S. Li. X S. to Y. S.O.toY. ■ S. Gl. Li. • ■Wk.T. • Cj/prma-: Vemis. Arcaelotigata,Q,-aenst. (■ Area Lycefti, Moore. i CuculkBa. ' (A. tvumismalis, Tate. ) Forth V. C. bUineata, Moore. Area, M. oxynoti, Quenst. Mytilus, M. ornata, Moore. Avicula, Avicula = Mottotls de- cussata of some anthorii. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA. 359 Spbcies. MOHUSCA— co»«. LameUibranchiata — cont. Myoconcha criissa. Sow. - — -(lecorata,Munst. oxynoti, Queust. psilonoti, Quenst. Myophoria, postera, Qnenst. Mytilns aviothensis. But. - see also Modiola. NuCula claviiormis. Sow. - cordata, Goldf . - Hammeri, Defr. jurecsis, Quenst. navis, Piette ungulella, Tate see also Leda. Opis carusensis, d'Orb. curvirostris, Moore - Deslongchampsi, Tate triangularis, Moore - Ostrea Groldfussi, Bronn - irreBularis, Miinst. - liassica, Strlckl. multlcostata. Mil nst. ■ sandalina, Goldf. semiplicata, Miinst. - .sportella, Dum. subauricularis, d'Orb. submarRaritacea, Brauns. see also Gryphsea and Plicatula. Pachyodon, see Cardinia. PanopcBa, see Arcomya. Pccten sequalis, Quenst. - : asquivalvis, Sow. Ekm^eks. ( iV. Maustiiannit Roem .. IN. subglobosa, Eoem. Horizon doubtful. socialis, O. Icevis, O. suUamellosa, Dunk. Terquemia arietis, Quenst. P. suUcBvis, Y. & B, 360 LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES: tr. Lower. Middle. Upper. 1 El .2 '3 3 LOOALIIIES. Specibs. 1 p. ! 1 t-3 1 j 1 1 •43 s s a i s g Hemakks. 1 a a •< a < 1 a 4 1 1 a 3 •43 O o tn BSUABES, ^ ^ < 1 i 4 1 1 1 I I 1 1 2 3 4. s 6 7 3 9 10 11 -' Ckustacea— core*. Macrowra—aont. Pengeus Sharpi, H. Woodw. 10 u Nn. Prseatya scubrosa, H. Wooilw. 1 1 S. Le. Pseudoplypliea grandis, vo» Meyer. 2 1 S. Soapheus ancyloohelis, H. Woodw. 2 1 D. Cirripedia. PoUicipes rhomboidalis, Moore. 2 1 S.Gl. Osiracoda, ' Bairdia dispersa, Blake - 3 4 3 1 u Wk.T. liassica, Brodie X 1 2 i 6 r> 3 9 1 u O.Wk. Nn.T. Cytheri, redoarensis, Blake 2 4, 1 Wk.T. Cythere juglandica, Jones ■ 10 u xNn. Moorei, Jones 1 8 9 10 1 u 0. Nn. T. mundula, Jones 2 I S. - Normania. translucens, Blake - 2 i 9 1 u ■Wk. Nn. T. * triangiilata, Blake 4 1 ■Wk.T. Cytherella aspera, Jones - 2 1 S. crepidula, Blake 5 6 1 m Nn.T. Moorea obesa, Jones S. Lias? - M. obtusa (misprint). tenuis, Jones - S. Lias ? Polycope cerasia, Blake - 2 i 6 1 •Wk. Nn. T. Inseota. Orthoptera. Akicera Frauenfeldi, Gieb. 1 1 . Lias. Heeri, Gieb. - 1 1 - BUtta CBrddie). Diastatomma Hasina, Striokl. 1 1 G. Wk. Wo. JEachna. JAbeUtttil Bopei, Brod. Gryllus Buoklandi, Brod. - 1 1 Wk. Heterophlebia Buekmani, Brod. 9 u G. . disiocdta:Sroi. 'Westwoodi, Hagen - 1 G. - LibeVhaa. LibeUula Brodiei, Buckm. 9 - 'vri deonpitata, Hagen - 9 u G. - ^schna. Locusta! 1 1 u G. G. INSECTA. 367 1 Lower. Middle. Upper. 1 i 3 p. Localities. Speoies. S .J 1 1 o i 4 1 t 1 1 ■a < 1 1 1 < a 1 1 i 1 Remaeks. 1 2 3 7 5 a 7 8 9 10 u ISSECTA— C0«<. PaliBodictyoptera. Ajuoroblattina Butleri, Soud. Lias. Blattina incompleta, Gieb. 1 1 G. liasina, Gleb. . 1 1 G. MesoblattinaBensoni, Scud. 9 u G. Blakei.Scud. - 9 u G. Geikiei, Scud. . 1 1 Wk. PteriRoblattina Curtisi, Scud. 9 u G. intermiita. Scud. 9 , u G. Shynchota. Belostomum liasinnm, Gieb. G. Cicada Murohisoni, Brod. - G. Cimei . G. Paobymerus ZuohoMi, Gieb. G. Ricania ... G. JHptera. Asilus ignotus, Brod. G. Tipula . « G. Neuroptera. Chaullodites minor, Blake G.T. Elcana Beyriohi, Gieb. 9 u G. Hagla deleta, Gieb. - Lias. • gracilis, Gieb. - G. . Chcmliodes. similis, Gieb. • . Lias. Hemerobius Higginsi, Brod. G. (Aust.). Orthophlebia communis, Westw, G. Wo. Wk. furcata, Gieb. - G. (Aust.) - Semerobius. intermedia, Gieb._ Wo.- Chmiliodes. ■ — ■ lata, Gieb. G. - Chmiliodes, ^T-^ liasina, Gieb. r. G. (Aust.). longisaima, Gieb. . Lias. parallela, Gieb. 'Wo.- ChattUodes. similis, Gieb. - Wk. ChatiUodes. Falseotermes EUisii, H. ■Woodw, Le. Sapba liasina, Gieb. Wo.- Ephemera (Brodie).. 368 LIAS OF ENGLAND ^ND WALES : 1 M w si Lower. Middle. Upper. i t 3 & Localities. SPECrES. 1 p. S 4 g 1 pq 1 o & o i '3 1 i i 1 B 1 4 1 a i 09 S 1 e a E.EMAEK8. Insecta— COKi. 1 s s * 5 6 7 8 9 10 n , Coleo^tera. Ancyloohira liasina, Gieb. - Wo. Buprestites bract oides, Blake. 9 G.T. ■ sp. - Le. Chrysomela Andraei, Gieb. G. liasina, Gieb. - G. Elater angulatus, Gieb. - ■ Cf- ^-^ Neptuni, Gieb. - Lias. Kedtenbacheri, Gieb. - 9 u G. soeius, Gieb. - G. vanus, Gieb. - G. vetostus, Brod. G. Gyrinus dubius, Gieb. 1 . Lia«. nafans, Brod. - •t i G. Harpalus Heeri, Gieb. G. • liasinus, Gieb. - G. (Aust.). SoHotbeimi, Gieb. - G. LaccopMIus aquaticus, Brod. G. Melolontha - - - Wo. Telepborus Haueri, Gieb. - G. Tcttigonia - G. Trogulus ^ G. Annelida. « Ditrupa oapitata, Phil. 2 4 7 m 'S. Le. T. - Serpula, Ditrypa. circinata, Tate - s 4 6 6 1 8 m u Wk. 0. Nn. y. 4 1 8 m u S. to Le. - S. strcmguUtta, Terq. (Moore). globiceps, Quenst. 2 Wk.T. — quinquesuloata, Miinet, 2 3 4 5 6 1 m G. Wk. Wo. Le.Y. S. sitbpmfagona, Tate. Galeolaria socialis, Goldf . - \ 2 4 1 m X S.Wk.T. SerpiOa. Serpula deplexa. Bean. 2 4 10 11 u X Nn. Y. - S.Jlaccida, Goldf. gordialis, Goldf. 9 u 0. limax, Goldf. - 2 4 6 7 9 1 m n X G.O.Wk. Y. ANNELI DA ECHINOD EKMATA. 3,09 Specibb. Lower. Middle. Upper. Localities. B/EMAEE3. AUHEIIDA— C0»<. Serpula Inmbricalis, Schl. plioatilis, Goldf . quinq.ueorist»ta, Miinst. segmentata, Dnm. subpentagona, Tate tetragona, Desl. tricristata, Goldf. triedra, Quenst, BCHIlfOrtEEMATA. Crinoidea. Cotylederma Extracrinvis briareus, MilL subangularis. Mill. Milleriorinus Hausmanni, Eoem. Pentaerinus basaltiformis. Mill. Goldfassl, M'Coy. gracilis, Charlesw. Jobnstoni, Aust, jurensis, Quenst. Isevis, Mill. Milleri, Aust. - psUonoti, Quenst. robustus, Wright scalaris, Goldf. tnberoulatus. Mill. JSchinoidea. Acrosalenia banburiensis Wright. minuta, Buckm. parva, Wright - Cidaris amalthei, Qusnst, - — Bumortieri, Wright Edwardsi, Wright ilminsterensis, Wright E r0859. i 5 9 1 1 1 1 m X D.G.Wk. Li. T. O.Nn. O. G. X O. Nn. Lb. G.O.Wk.Le O. D. G. Le. Li. T. D.G. Wk.Y O. Wk. Nn. D.S.G.Wk. T. G. G.T, D. X O. Nn, Le, Le. X Wk.T. Le. T. G. Le. S. to T. - D. S. G. Gl. Y. O. Nn. G.Wk. Wk. O.T. 0. D. to T. S. Plicatoarinus, Moore. E.fos$iUs, Blum-. f = P. pimctiferus,' Quenst. , A A 370 LIAS OF ENGLAl!a> AND WALES: i Lower. Middle. Upper. a 1 ■1 8 Localities. Species. i i 1 1 o 1 s 1 < 1 s 1 a < 1 1 o a < i aElIiBKa. 1 2 3 i 5- 6 7 8 9 10 11 EOHIKOBEEMATA— COM*. :Echiiioiclea—toiiK ' Diplodclaris Desori, "Wright 8 9 u *.S.Nii. Eocliaaema granulata, Duue. , 7 m Le. Hemipediiia Becliei, Brod. 1 D. -^ Bowerbaiiki, "Wriglit - 1 5 D.G. Ethei-idgei, Wright - 9 u S.G. Jardini, Wright 6 7 9 m u S.G. Toniesi. Wright 1 2 G. Wk. Le. T. Pseudodiadema lobatum, Wright. 1 D. Moorei, Wright 9 u S.G. Ehabdocidaris moraldiua, Cott. 6 7 m S.G. Ophivroidm. : Acroura Bi'odiei, Wright - 5 G. Ophiodenna Egertoni, Broderip. 6 m D.S. Gaveyi, Wright i 5 G. Wk. T. Milleri, Phil. 5 6 m G.T. teimihi-achiata, Porbes 6 m D. Ophiolepis Bamsayi, Wright. , 2 G. Astei*oidea. - Luidia Murchisoni, Wil- liamson, '- ■ S G.T. Plumaster ophiu]'oideg, Wright. . 2 S Li.T. Tropidaster pectinatui Porbes. 5 S. G. T. XJraster Gaveyi, Porbes ; - S G. Holothvroidea. Chirodota I.- - . 1 2 m n S. Nn. T. 1 ACTIKOZOA. Asti-occenla costata, Dui^o. - 2 Gl. - - atylastraa tine- .v murieniis, De From. dendroidea, Duno. j - .2 Gl. - Stylaatraa. favoidea. Dune. ] - 2 GJ. ACTINOZOA. 371 Species. , Lower. T1 i .a § 1 1 1 ■s a w O H5 S fi B ^ M < - 1 1 1 1 1 03 i j i .2 1 i i .2 _B B E.EMAEKS. 1 2 3 i 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 ACTIKOZOA— COM*. Theeosmilia Terquemi, Dune. 1 2 1 Gl. Vk. see also Montlivaltia. Trie.vsloseris Anningi, Tomes. 6 m D. Trochoeyathus primus, Edw. & Hairae. u S. sp. , 8 u G. SpoKeiDA. Cupiilospongia 1 m S. Grantia antiqua, Moore - 2 1 S.G1. Leucandra Walfordi, Hinde 1 m Nn. Neiirofungia mammillata, De From. 2 S. Platychonia Brodiei. Sollas 7 m S. FOBAJIINIPEEA. Comuspira infima, Strickl. 1 2 S 8 10 1 u G. Le. Nn. SpiriUina, Trocha m- mina. Cristellaria aoutaurioularis, Kchtel & Moll. 6 7 9 10 m u S. Nn. - — autiquata, d'Orb. 9 u 0. bacularis, Terq. 6 m Nn. ■ Bronni, Roem. 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 1 u S. 0. Nn. Y. Planularia, Vaginu- Una. costata, d'Orb. 2 6 9 1 u S.Nn. erepidtila, Fiohtel & 1 2 5 6 8 9 1 u xS. 0. Nn.Y. ' cultrata, Mont. 2 4 7 9 10 1 m u X S. 0. Nn. desperdita, Terq. 6 m Nn. — giBba, d'Orb. - 6 m Nn. gladius, Philippi 6 m Nn. operoula, Cr. & Sh. - 10 u Nn. pauperata, Jones & Parker. 1 2 7 9 1 m u S. 0. Nn. T. Planularia, protraota, Born. 6 10 m u Nn. ■'- recta, d'Orb. - rotulata, Lam. - 1 1 2 2 3 8 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 9 9 10 10 1 1 m m u u S.O.Wk.Nn. T. X S. to T. - CMargimiUna easii, ) Reuss (of Brady). ; C. rhomhoidia, ' ' K Czizek. , . (7. r«s*wa, Terq, J' " variaus, Born. - 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 1 m u 0. Nn. T. ? = C. Bromd. — see also Planularia. FOBAMINIFERA. 37^ •1 Lower. Middle. lower. i a a i a u £ LOCAlillES. Species. oS 1 "p. 1 91- '3 o 1-5 1 1 e (n j » p 1 1 a 1 RjSMAUKS. 1 a :a a < i a' 1 a < I 1 1^3 a 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 FOKAMINIPEEA— C0«<. Dentalina aculeata, d'Orb, 11 s. brevis, d'Orb. - 1 2 4 10 1 u Wk.]vrn.T. D. perlucida, Terq. bnrgundise, Terq. 3 S 9 1 u o.y. -_ . communis, d'Oi'b. 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 1 m u S.O.Nn.Wk. T. \J). toHa, Terq. , i Nodosaria. glandxilosa, Terq. 1 2 9 1 u S. 0. Y. - S.niiformis, d'Orb. (of Brady). guttifera, d'Orb. 2 9 u Nn. - — interraipta, d'Orb. 2 1 S. Lilli, Reuss 9 u Nn. mucronata, Neug. 6 m Nn. multioostata, Terq. - 6 m Xn. nodosa, d'Orb. - 1 4 1 Wk.Y. nummulina, Gumb. - 5 8 9 1 u O.Y. obliqua, Linn. - 2 4 7 9 1 m u S.Nn. obliquestriata, Reuss - 2 4 5 e 1 u S.O.Wk.Y. omata, Terq. - 9 u O. ovioula, d'Orb. - pauperata, d'Orb. 1 2 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 m u s. S. to Y. - f D. irregularis, Tarq.. 1 D. obscura, Terq. plebeia, Keuss - 7 9 m u S. quadrilatera, Terq. 4 1 Wk. striata, Terq. - 4 1 Wk. 10 u Nn. see also Marginulina. Plabellina rugosa, d'Orb. • 1 2 4 9 1 u S. to y. Frondicularia angulosa, • d'Orb. m 0. complanata, Defr. 1 2 9 1 u S.Y. delirata. Crick St, Sberb. 6 m Nn. intumescens. Bom. - 6 m Nd. rugosa, C. & S. - I 2 4 6 6 6 7 1 m m u Nn. S. to Y. - F, striatula, Reuss (of ■ Brady). Terquemi, d'Orb. 2 4 5 a 1 m Wk. Nn. Y. Glandulina laevigata, d'Orb. 6 m Nn. Involutina liassica, Jones - 2 1 S. G. Wo. Y. Nvmnrnlites. ' 3Y6 LIAS OP KXGLANl) AND WALLS : 4 Lower. Middle. Upper. i 1 1 LOOALITIEB. ' ■ Species. i 1 1 a 1 a 4 1 i 1 1 1 1 .00 B i 1 i ■«4 Seuabks. ] 2 3 4, 5 a 1 8 9 10 11 POEAmlSIEEEA— COM*. Lagena i Wk. Lmgulina carinata, d'Orb. 2 1 9 m u S. 1 2 3 i 6 6 7 8 9 m u S. to Y. Lituola cenomana.d'Orb. - 9 u S. Marginulina 12-costata, Terq. 4 Wk. glabra, d'Orb. - 6 7 10 m u X S. 0. Nn. insequistriata, Terq. - 2 7 9 m u S.Y. Planvlaria Bronni, Eoem. (ol Brady). interlineata, Terq. 4 Wk. - lata/Comuel 9 u Nn. lituus, d'Orb. - 2 S. picta, Terq. 1 2 3 9 u O.Y. DentaUna quadricoi' tata, Terq. prima, d'Orb. - 10 u Nn. var. acuta, Terq. - 4, Wk. • raphanus, Linn. 1 2 i G 7 9 m u X S. Nn. Y. see also Cristellaria and Planularia. Miliola 8 i Wk. Le. N odosaria badenensis,d'Orb. 9 u 0. . fascia, Linn. 2 S. hispida, d'Orb. 7 9 ni u s. 5 6 7 9 m u S.Nn.Y. - Glandulina. mutabilis, Terq. 6 m Na. nitida, d'Orb. - 1 4, 5 m O.Wk.Y. panoioosta, Eoem. 1 2 7 g Bl u S.Y. Qlanchdina. ' radioula, Linn. 2 4 6 7 9 m u S. Wk. Nn. Y. GlancUUina eoniea, Terq. raphanistrum, Linn. - 1 2 i 6 6 8 9 m u S. to Y. rapbanus, Linn. 1 2 4 S 6 7 9 m u S.toY. simoniana, Terq. 4 Wk. Nonionina - 1 Lb. Nubeoularia tibia, P. & J. . 9 10 n Nn.O. NummwHtes, see Involutina Ophtbalmidium birmens- dorfensis, Kiibler & ZwingU. u O. FORAMINIFERA. 377 Species. FOBAMIKIPEBA— C0»*. Ophthalmiclium nnljeculari- fonnis, Haeusler. . 'WaUorcli. Haeusler - Orbulina universa, d'Orb. - i?lanularia comucopise, Brady. ; — harpula, d'Orb. longa, Comnel reticulata, Comuel - — '- see also Cristellaria and Marginulina. Polymorphina compressa, d'Orb. fusiformis, Boem. lactCB, Walker & Jacob. nodosaria, Eeuas JMilvinulina caracoUa, Roem. elegans, d'Orb. SpirilUna, see Comuspira. Spiroculina infraoolithioa, Terq. Textularia - • " Trochammina incerta, d'Orb. see also Comuspira. Vaginulina oostalata, Eeuss gordialis, P. & J. laevigata, Eoem. legumen, Linn. striata, d'Orb. strigillata, Beuss. see also Cristellaria. VulTulina • ■ " Webbina irregularis, d'Orb. rugosa, d'Orb. - Lower. Middle. Upper. ■3 -g 10 XI 10 10 10 10 Localities. Remabeb. o. 0. Wk. T. S. s. o. s. ■ X O. Nil. S.T. S. G. Nn. Y. S.Nn. Wk.Y. Nn. Nn.T. Nn. Le. S. O. Nn. T. Nn. ■Wk. S. X S. Nn. Y. S. O. Nn. X Nn. S.Nn. u S. MarginuUna. i= Cristellaria major. Born. P. Uassica, Strickl, Ammodisctit. DenfaUna, 37g LIAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 1 ji Lower. 'Middle Upper. LOCAHTIES. ' Species. i ■ft 1 1 1 !i-s 1 1 a 1 I a a 'a. 1 1 1 a a g p Eemaeks. 1 S 4 a a < a i i 1 i i fe ■« 3 a PLANTS. 1 2 3 i 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gtmnospebm^. Conife^'CB. Brachyphyllum solitarium, Paohyphyllum peregrinum, Sternb. 2 S i: j 9 1 1 u ■Wk. D. G. Y. - 'AratiCaHtes j Strobi- Utes ; Pinites elan- gatus,'ti.&H.; Oti- pressus latifolius, . Buckm. Cycadeee. Cycadites cbncentrlcus, Bich. Lias (British Museum); reotangularis, Brauns. 1 D. Cycadeoideapygmaea, Lindl. & Hutt. 1 D. - Zamites, MantelUa. Otozamites aouminatus, L. &H. : I S. Wk. Otopteris ; Odontop- teris. gracilis, Phil. - 1 1 G. — — obtusTis, L, & H. 1 2 X De. D. S. G.Wk.Y. ' Odontopieris otop- tens, Gopp. yyPalee- ozainia Miicklandi, Brongn. ; P. Beohei, . Brongn. ptilozaraites Bergeri, Gopp. ? 1 D. - ( Cienopteris cycadetii < Brongn. ; Cycadop- (. teris. Leckenbyi, Bean 1 xD.Y. Tatesia gracilis, Carr. D. Cetpiogam;e (A00Tyl.ED0H8). Filices. Clathropteris iilatyphylla, Brongn. 1 G. Lomatopteria jurensis, Kurr. 1 1 Wk. MacrotsenicpteriB asple- nioides, Sttings. 1 D. - Teeniopteris. Pachypteris - 1 D. ^qmsetace EquisetitesBrodiei.BucltiD. 1 1 G. Wo. Characea. Chara liasslca, Moore S. . ' - C Horizon doubtful; < iissure in Carboni* C ferous Limestone, Alga. Chondrites boUensis, Ziet. Phymatoderma liassicnm, Sohloth. 9 1 u S.O. D . (Algaeite^,t- Sphara ■< coedtes graimlatm, (. Bronn. Pucoids ... 1 9 m u S. G. Nn. 879 INDEX. N.B. — ^Names of Persons (authors, observers, and iaformants) are in small capitals. Names of Fossils of ■which there are figures, or to which special reference is made, are in italics. Abbey Hill, 75. Abel, Sir F., 323. Aberdo Limestone, 116. Aberthaw, 115-118, 288, 289, 292. , Fossil-beds near, 43. Lime, 117, 118. ACLAND, T. D., 311. Acrodus Anningia, 41. Actinozoa, 370. Adderbury, 220, 222-224, 296, 303-307. Adderley, 180, 181. Addt, J., 315. Adnether Beds, 230. Agassiz, a., 31. Agriculture, 309, 311. Board of, 4. Aikton, 183, 184. Alderley, 213. Alderton, 216, 2C6, 267, 300. Alexton, 232, 282, 293. Alford Well, 321. Alhampton, 85. Alkerton, 314. Allen, H. A., 327. Allington, Bridport, 199, 201, 254, 255, 298. Allington Hall, Boring at, 174. Alyeston, 137. Alvington, 258. Amherleyd capitanea, 251. Ammonite Beds, 255. (See also under Cephalopoda.) Marble, 63, 65, 84, 297. Ammonite-zones, 26. (See also under Zones.) Ammonites, Economic uses of, 67, 297. , Large examples of, 87, 135, 140, 158, 163. , Nomenclature of, 327. , Pyritic, 60, 141, 143. , Range of, 188. , Sub-generic names of, 328, 340. , Successive species of, 27. Ammonites aalensis, 255. acutus, 228, 236. angulatus, 44, 169 ; Eange of, 153. annulatus, 229, 250. armatus, 47. bifrons, 249. Birchii, 63, 71. Ammonites brevispina, 47. Bechei, 71. Bonnardi, 60. Brookei, 60, 71. Bucklandi, 44. - capricornus, 48 ; ^. capricornus and A. margaritatus, 179, 188, 242, 243. Charmassei, 59. communis, 249. ■ complatiatus, 250, 271. cornucopia, 249. crassus, 250. Davoei, 48,' 69, 71. ■ Vudressieri, 84. elegans, 249, 250. falcifer, 252. fibulatus, 249, 250, 269, 270. Henleyi, 48, 71. heterogenes, 47. heterophyllus, 251. Holandrei, 229, 250, 269. Jamesoni, 47, 160. Johnstoni, 96. jurensis, 251. - latcecosta, 68. Loscombei, 69, 71. margaritatus, 189. obtusus, 44. oxynotus, 44. planicosta, 84. ptanorbis, 44, 96. radians, 199, 246, 254, 255, 271. raricostatus, 47. semicostatus, 60, 165 ; Ironstone of zone of, 172-177. serpentinvs, 249, 252. Smithi, 84. spinntus, 189. stellaris, 64. Strangwaysi, 252. striatuliis, 199, 255, 273, 286. striatus, 48. subplanatus, 250, 271. toarcensis, 255. Turneri, 59, 60. Wrighti, 273. Analyses of Ironstones, 303, 305. — '•— of Limes and Cements, 291, 293. — — ef Limestones, 137, 292. of Mineral Waters, 321-326. of Phosphatic Nodules, 299. of Soils, 311, 313. 380 Anderson, W. S., 31. Andoversford, 265. "Angel's Wings," 308. Annelida, 368. Annelide-borings, 10, 75. Anning, M., 70. Anticline, 57, 106, 164. Anvil-bed, 73. Apperley, 145. Apple Trees, 294, 312, 313. Appleby, 178, 286. Arborescent Markings, 30, 138. Arbury HiU, 276. Arden, Forest of, 153, 313. Akduino, G., 1. Arleseote, 227. Artesian Springs, 319, 323, 324. Arthingworth, 279. Artificial Stone, 290. Ascott-under-Wychwood, 158, 220. Asfordby, 306. Ash Magna, 180. Asbchurch, 147. Ashill, 320. Forest, 75, 313. Ashley, 233. Down, 137. Ashton-under-Hill, 217. Ash-well, Rutland, 238, 282. Somerset, 203, 257. Ashwick, 86. Asthorpe, 321. Aston Magna, 154, 217, 310. Aston-le-Wall, 228. Astrop Spa, 321. Atherstone, 258. Attenuation of Strata, 127. (See also under Marlstone.) Audlera, 181, 182. Aust Cliff, 138. AVELINE, W. T., 166, 231, 276, 279. Axicula cygnipes, 50. Avishay, 202. Avon Valley, Somerset, 310. Awre, 140, 297. Axe, River, 310. Axminster, 72-74, 296, 300, 318. Axmouth, 54. Aynho, 162, 224. Atton, Rev. W. A., 230. B. Babcary, 84. Babington, 123. Badby, 230, 276. Badgwortb, Gloucester, 142. , Somerset, 300. Bakek, G., 275. Miss, 275. Balderton, 172. Balfobb, Db. J. H., 14. Banbury, 23, 161, 162, 187, 222,226, 229, 268-270, 274, 295, 298, 300, 310, 314,315,317-319,321. Cross, 224. Marble, 161, 162, 297. Barby, 321. Hill, 231. Barkston, 174. Barleythorpe, 281. Barnstone, 171, 288, 291. Barrington Hill, 75. Baeeow, G., 250. Barrow, North and South, 84. Gurney, 136, 317. Barrow-on-Soar, 28, 168, 169, 288-291. Barrowby, 311. Lane, 239. Barrowden, 280. Barry Island, 119. Barytes, 98, 124, 308. Basement-beds of Lower Lias, 36, 100, 144, 175 ; of Upper Lias, 187, 245, 246, 252, 254, 271, 272, 286. Bassingham, 175, 176. Bastard Lias, 296. Batcombe, 207, 208, 261. Bath, 3, 138, 211, 212, 262, 310, 313, 314. , Divisions of Lias at, 133-136, 211. Bath Cement, 290. Waters, 319, 321-323. Bathampton, 212. Batheaston, 135, 211, 212, 262, 300. Spa, 320, 323. Bather, F. A., 158, 220. Bavaria, 230. Bawdrip, 82. Bayshill, 322. Beachley, 122. Beacon Hill, 89, 90, 318. Beaminster, 185, 201. Beard Hill, 86. Bedminster, 136, 137. Beeohen ClifE, 212. Beef, 61, 65, 66, 277, 308. Beer Crocombe, 75. Beeslet, T., 46, 67, 154, 157, 158, 160- 162, 221-229, 268-270, 274, 304, 319, 327. Belemnite Beds, 43, 57, 66. Stone, 66, 68. Belemnites, Abundance of, 161 ; Rarity of, 42. , Uses of, 297. Belemnites elavatus, 47, 67. longissimus, 67. paxillosus, 190. tubularis, 251. Voltzi, 251. Belemnosepia, 71. Bellevue, 184. Belton, 232, 235. Belvoir Castle, 173, 309, 318. Spa, 322. , Vale of, 171-173, 309, 313. Bengeworth, 153, 154. Benhole Farm, 93. Berkeley, Vale of, 309, 312. Berrow Hill, 146. Berry, E. E., 317 Besford, 148. Bezoar Stones, 299. Bickmarsh, 150. 381 Bidford, 150, 294. Billesdon, 170, 237. CoplOTT, 300. Bilton, New, 163, 165. Binegar, 123. BiNMBLD, W. B., 145. BiNNEY, E. W., 183. Binton, 150, 151, 294, 297. Birch, Col., 71. Birchii-Bed, 63, 65. Birds, Fbssil, 13, Bishops Cleeve, 322. Itchington, 159. Bitham Hill, 228. Bitton, 212, 312. Hill, 218. Bituminous Shales, 74, 181, 300, 308. "Black Marl," 57, 62, 65. Black Kecks, 102, 110. Black Ven, 53, 54, 57, 58, 62- 64, 66- 68, 308. Black Well, 321. Blake, Pbop. J. F., 27, 28, 33, 228, 247, 250, 255, 273, 280, 328. Blake, J. H., 75, 87, 92. Blaston, 233. Blende, 98, 237, 307. Blenheim Iron-ore, 303. Blisworth, 276-278, 310, 318. Blood Well, 320. Bloxham, 222, 268, 269. Blue Anchor, 91-97. Blue Clays near Kadstock, 126. Lias, 57, 60. Lime, 288. (See also Lime.) Blue Marl, 210. Board & Co., J., 81, 293. Bodden, 89. Boddington, 147. Bodington, 231, 317. Bonnet, PKor., T. G., 1 10. Bonus, Majoh, 138. Borings, Well-sinkings, &c. : — at AUington Hall, 1 74. at Appleby, 286. at A-vishay, 202. near Axminster, 300. near Badgworth, 300. at Batheaston, 135, 211, 800, 323. near BiUesdon Coplow, 300. at Bloxham, 268. at Bracebridge, 177, 332. at Bretforton, 154, 300. at Burford Signett, 158, 221, 269. near Carlisle, 300. at Castor, 315. at Caythorpe, 240. at Chard, 74, 300. at Cheltenham, 324. in Cheshire, 180, 181. at Chipping Norton, 157, 318. at Evercreech, 84. at Evington, 169. at Gayton, 278. — — at Glastonbury, 300. at Gloucester, 142, 318. at -Great Orton, 183. ■atjSsiji^kt.op^as.s^as,*. ; , Borings at Hambridge Mills, 76. — ' — at Hasler Farm, 150. at Hornton, 227. at Huckerby, 300. near Kettering, 230, 280. at Kingham Hill, 221, 268, 315. at Kingsthorpe, 230, 316. at Langan, 114. near Market Drayton, 300. at Melton Mowbray, 171. -■ — at Mickleton, 155. at Neville Holt, 300. at Northampton, 230. at Oakham, 238, 316. at Orton, 230. at Owthorpe, 171. at Peterborough, 285. at Eugby, 165. at St. Clements, Oxford, 269, 325. at Saxby, 315. at Shepton Mallet, 315. in Shropshire, 180. at Somerton, 315. at South Scarle, 175. at Stamford, 284, 300. at Stapleford Park, 170. at Stony Stratford, 230, 277. at Stratton Audley, 230. at Thornhaugh, 283. at Thrussington, 300. at Twerton, 136, 315. at Uppingham, 236, at Weekley, 230, 280. at Wellingborough, 279, 316. near Whitchurch, 300. at Wiggonby, 183. at Willoughby, Rugby, 322. at Woodhall Spa, 285. at Wytham, 230, 269. at Yeovil, 205, 259, 315. Borings of MoUusca, 10,74, 135, 200,356. Bothenhampton, 201, 255. Bottesford, 172. Boughton, 146. Bould, 321. Boulder Clay, 277, 278, 280, 281, 310. Boulder-shingle, 117. Bourton-on-the- Water, 368, 310. upon-Dunsmore, 160. Bowden, Great, 238, 281, 282. , Little, 167, 231. Bowld, 321. Bowldish, 129. Bowlish, 88. Box, 211, 212. Box-structure, 236. Boxtone Hill, 203, 258. Braoebridge, J 77, 241, 242, 285, 322. Brachiopoda, Jurassic, IS ; Liassic, 862. Brackley, 275. Bradley Green, 313. Branch Huish, 128, 210. Brattleby, 286. Braunston, Daventry, 166. , Oakham, 238. Braybrook, 280. Break between Upper Lias and Inferior Oolite, 286. 382 Breaks, Stratigrapbical, 10. Brecciated Beds, 103, 106, 107, 114, 125. Bredon, 148. Hill, 216, 268. Brent, East, 262. Knoll, 33, 79, 208, 261-263, 314. Brentingby, 320, 322. Bretforton, 154, 300. Briarean EDcrinite, 70. Brick Clays, 297. Bridgend, 118, 288, 292. Bridgwater, 82. Bridport, 54, 200, 202, 254, 298, 311, 314. Harbour, 52. Sands, 253. Brigg, 286. Brimscombe, 265. Brimsmoor Tree, 205, 258. Brine Springs, 181,321, 322. Brington, Great, 279. Bristol, 136-138. Channel, 118. Bjbistow, H. W., 75, 79, 82, 91, 92, 94, 99, 100, 102, 105, 109, 114, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136-138, 140, 201, 207, 213, 260, 264, 316. Broad Ledge, 58. Broadfield Down, 133. Broadway, 76. Broadwell, 268. Brocastle, 112, 113. Bkockbank, R. B.j 183. Brockhall, 231. Brockley Down Limestone, 293. Brockridge Common, 146. Brockworth, 143. Bbodbkip, W. J., 198. Bkodm, Eev. p. B., 28, 89, 139, 140, 144-147, 150, 153, 159, 160, 168, 247, 264, 266, 570, 271, 275, 302-304, 327. Broken Beds, 98, 217. Brooke, H. J., 7l. Brooksby, 169. Brookthrop, 141. Brougbton, 222, 226. on-Brant, 174, 176. Bkown, H. T., 31. Brown Lime, 134, 289. Kock, 185, 222, 238. " Brown Sands and Sandstone," 198. Brown's Wood. 153. Browne, M., 167, 168. Broxholme, 176. Brue, Eiver, 84, 85, 268, 310. Brumby, 177. Warren, 178. BriiBtingthorpe, 167, 825, Brympton, 258. BucH, L. von, 7. Buckinghamshire, 230; Upper Lias of, 276, 277. Bdckland, Ret. Peof. W.,.5., 6, 41, 71, 73, 88, 113, 122, 123, 127, 135, 168, 200, 296, 299, 308. ■■ • PucMandi-\>eis. (See under Ammo^ nites.) Buckland, Gloucestershire, 217. Buckland St. Mary, 72, 73. BucKMAN, Prop. J., 3, 25, 144-147, 216, 264-266. BCCKMAN, S. S., 246, 252-254, 258, 273. Buekminster, 284. Bugbrook, 275, 321. Building Stones, General Account of, 293 ; 77, 79, 80, 82, 222, 226, 227, 238, 258, 259. Burford, 268. Signett, 158, 221, 269. Burledge Hill, 133. Burleigh Park, 284. Barley Dam, 180, 181, 182, 295. Buriibam, 321. Burr-stone, 73, 296. Burrell Hill, 217. Burstock, 254. Burton Dassett, 288, 270, 314. Lazars, 320-322. by-Lincoln, 242. upon-Stather, 177. Butterley Heys, 181, 182. Byfield, 230, 246, 275, 295. 0. Cadbury, North and South, 207, 261, 313. Cadley Hill, 217. Calamine, 124. Cale-spar, 93, 308. Calcareous Springs, 320. Callender Brook, 231. Calsham Bridge, 220. Calrer Hall, 181. Calvin Wood, 181. Cam, 215. Camel Hill, 78, 84. Cameron, A. C. G., 277, 321. CamertoD, 131, 132, 210. Canal, Ship, Gloucester, 141, 142. Cannards Grave, 86, 87, 89. Capland Spa, 320. Carbonic acid in Sea- water, 31. Carboniferous Limestone, 88, 97-99, 108, 123. , Veins of Lias in, 98, ^09, 262. Cardiff, 99. Cardinia-heAs, 42, 147, 153. Cardinia Listeri, 50. Cardium truncatmn, 190. Carlisle, 183, 300. Carlton, South, 242. Cabr, W. D., 285, 286, 328. Caeruthers, W., 71. Castor, 315. Castle Ashbv, 278. Gary, 207, 260, 261, 310, 321; ~ Farm, 136. of Comfort, 124, 125. Castlethorpe, 276. CatmoB, Vale of, 238, 309, 311. ' Catthorpe, 165. Caves, 94, 95, 101, 104, 106, 222. • Caythorpe, 238, 240, 305, 306. 383 Cement, General Account cf, 288. Beds, 60, 64, 82, 117, 152. Stones, 245, 285. Works, 59, 81, 85, 114, 152, 159, 163, 169. Cephalopoda, Lower Lias, 44, 47, 48, 334. , Middle Lias, 189, 334. , Upper Lias, 256, .334. Beds, 248, 255-258, 260, 271, 272, 275. Gerithium-heAs, 272. Chacombe, 224, 230, 274, 295. Chadbury Farm, 153. Chadlington, 219, 220. Cbaffcombe, 202. Chalcedony, 105, 123, 308. Chalcombe. (See Chacombe.) Chalice Hill, 207. Well, 320. Chalkway, 202, 254. Chalybeate Springs, 320. Chantrey, Sik F., 71. Char, River, 310. Valley, 74. Characteristic Fossils, 17, 42, 45, 191, 248. Chard, 74, 75, 202, 300. Junction, 47. Ghardstock, 74. Charlbury, 158, 220. Charlton Adam, 77. Kings, 144, 265, 303, 313. Charmouth, 53, 63, 64, 67, 69, 71, 308. Charmouthian, 33. Charter House Lead Mine, 98. Charton Bay, 54, 57-59. Chastleton, 221. Chater, Eiver, 280. Chattercutt, 317. C/I166BG 312 Cheltenham', 143, 144,147,216,303,313, 314, 317. Waters, 319, 320, 322-325. , Vale of, 309. Chelynch, 89. Chemnitzia, 112. Chepstow, 122. Cherrington, 157. Cherryrock Farm, 321. CherweU, Eiver, 319. Valley, 269, 274. Chert, 105, 106, 113, 118, 125, 178, 307. Cherty Beds, 123-126. Cheshire, Lower Lias of, 180-183. I Chew Magna, 136. Stoke, 31. Chewton Mendip, 123, 133. Chilcombe, 317. Chilcot, 89. ; Childs Wickham, 148, 822. i Chilthome Domer, 204. | Chilton, 320, 321. , Chipping Campden, 154, 155,217,803,1 310. „„ ' Norton, 157, 158. 221, 268, 269. i Warden, 228, 276. Church Cliff, Lyme E«giB, 53, 58-63, 70. Church Lawford, 151, 162, 163, 165, 310. CKurchdown, 216, 265, 300, 307. Churchill, 322. Cider, 204, 312, 313. Cimolia, 298. Cirripedia, 366. Clan Down, 129. Clapton, 268. Clakk, S., 55. Clarke, J. A., 311. Clarke, J. F. M., 83. Claverton, 313. Clay-ironstone, 234. Clays, Blue, Colouring-matter of, 33. , Brick and Tile, 297. , Fossils in, 16. of the Lower Lias, 36. , Surface-cracks in, 319. Cleatham Grange, 179. Cleere, 143. Prior, 150. Cleminshaw, E., 165. Cliff, The, 2, 312. Clifton, Deddington, 322. , Kugby, 166. Climate of the Lias, 25. Clipston, 279. " Clock-faces," 147. Clog, 77, 80, 81, 296. Cloverly, 180, 181. Cluttebbuok, Kev. J.,. 157, 318. Glutton, 133. Coal, Fruitless trials for, 74, 135, 150, 180,181, 183,284,300. Coal-boring at Paulton, 210. Coal-measures, Lias on, 123. Coal-pit Lees, 300. Coaley, 321. Coast-line, 209. Coates, 176. Cobb, Lyme Regis, 57. Coddington, 172, 288. Cold Ashton, 317. Cole, Pkof. G. A. J., 308. Coleby, 178, 241, 286. Colesbome, 265. CoUingham, 175. ' Colmers Hill, 201, 311. Colouring'matterof rooks, 33. * Combe Down, 211. Farm, 311. Street Lane, 206. Combermere, 181'. Comberton, Great, 148. Communis-heds, 271, 272, 282. Compton, Nether and Over, 260. Compton Pauncefoot, 207. Wynyate, 269. Concrete, 289, 290. Concretions, 223. (See also Nodules.) Cone-in-oone Structure, 270, 272, 277, 308. Coneygore Hill, 207. Conglomerates, 30, 87-89, 09-115, 128, 132, 141, 151, 162, 186, 200, 201, 205, 209, 222, 2^34. '■ '' 384 Contortions in Lias, 69, 146, 147, 150, 154, 277, 278. CoNTBEj^EE, Key. J. J., 105. CONYBEAKE, KeV. W. D., 1, 4, 6,21, 35, 55, 70,88, 10.5, 122, 123, 127, 135, 227,230,300,308,311. Coomb Hill, 145. Cooper, B., 293. Copiolites, 37, 41, 70, 256, 271, 299. Copt Heath, 153. Coral-banks, 16. bed, 143. Corals, Jurassic, 16. . , Liassic, 25, 102, 110, 111, 113, 157, 161, 165, 267, 370. Corby, 291, 282. CORDER, H., 83. Corn-grit, 127-129. CoENiSET, v., 17. Cornstones, 29. Comtown, 113. Correlation of Strata, 11,20. Corringham, Great, 175. Cortlingstock, 171. Corton Deuham, 260. Cossington, 82, 83. Cotham, Bristol, 137. (Landscape) Marble, 30, 83, 119, 137, 138, 141. , Notts, 172, 288. Hill. East Notts, 172. Coton, 230. Cotterstock, 279. Cottesbrook, 231, 279. Cotteswold Hills, 2, 214, 216, 264-268, 309, 312-314. Cottingham, 282. Cowbridge, 113. Cranham Pottery, 143, 298. Cranboe, 168, 232, 235. Cranmore, 209. Creaton, 279. Cretaceous Rocks, Overlap of the, 2, 72, 74. Crick, W. D., 166, 215, 228, 236, 245, 247, 273, 280, 282, 328. Crick, Northamptonshire, 166, 279. Cricket St. Thomas, 254. Crickley Hill, 265. Crinoids of the Lias, 25, 369. Crinoidal Rock, 236, 237, 239, 269. Croecdilia, 380. Croome D'Abitot, 146, 147, 310. - Cropredy, 317. Cropwell Bishop, 171. Crosby Warren, 178. Cross, Bet. J. E., 177-179, 243. Cross, Ilminster, 203. Crown Hill, 169. Croxton Kerrial, 284. Crustacea, Jurassic, 16. , Liassic, 25, 171, 247, 256, 365. Crustacean-beds, 42, 78, 79, 137, 144, 168, 265. Cultivation Terraces, 313. Culverhole Point, 54, 57. CCMEICKLAND, G., 140. Cumberland Lias of, 24, 183- Curb-stone, 77, 294. Curland, 75. Current-bedding in Lias, 28, 151, 198. Curry Mallet, 75. Eivell, 75, 309. Cwm-bach, 116. mawr, 116. Cypricardia, 158, 222. D. Da. Costa, E. M., 4. Daolish, T., 306. Dalby, Great and Little, 170, 171, 320. , Old, 170. Dalton, W. H., 175, 176, 240, 284-286, Dapedius pholidotus, 40. Daubent, Db. C. G. B., 324, 325. Daventry, 166, 276. Datidson, Dr. T., 204, 327. DaVIES, J., AND Co., 290. Davibs, W., 168. Daviesville Spas. 321. Davis, E. H., 325. Z>awoet-hed, 67, 69. Davt, Sir H., 71. Daw, Eiver, 117, 118. Dawkins, Prop. W. B., 77, 92. DAT, E. C. H., 55, 60, 63, 65, 67-70, 195-200, 203, 208, 245, 246. Daylesford, 219, 220. Dean, 219. Deanshanger, 276. Deddington, 162, 222, 225, 322. Debley, E. M., 310. Deepdale, 233, 235. Defford, 145, 146, 148. De la Beche, Sir H. T., 6, 21, 24, 25, 28-30, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 71, 74, 88, 92, 97, 99, 102, 103, 106, 108, 123, 126, 133, 198, 200, 207, 210, 212, 289, 293, 300, 307, 308. Delamere Forest, 313. Denbury Hill, 143. Denton, 306, 317, 321. Denudation along valleys, 276. (See also Erosion.) , Planes of Marine, 97. Deposition, Pauses in, 10. De Eancb, C. E., 136, 158, 166, 171, 182, 238, 315, 316, 318, 319, 322. Derived Eossils, 152. (See al.so Ee- manie-beds.) Dbslongchamps, E., 209, 229, 256. " Devil's toe-nails," 42. Devon, Eiver, 173. Devonian Eocks, Relations of Lias to, 97. Devonshire, Lower Lias of, 54, 57, 72. Dew Stone, 77, 82, 204, 296. Dhu Stone, 296. Dick, A. B., 31, 301, 302. Didcot Farm, 149. Dillington, 322. ^ Dinbsauria, 13, 330. Dissolution of Shells, 17, 252. X>!«ra;ja, 221, 225. '_ 385 DlTTMAB, PkOP. W., 31. Divisional-planes, 7-12, 20. Dbdd's Mill, 219. Doddington, 318. Dodingtou, 213. Dog-tooth spar, 234. Dogger, Yorkshire, 273. Doggers, 185, 195, 189, 223. DoLLiN, Mrs., 60. Dolomitic Conglomerate, 99, 135. Limestone, 102. Donniford Kiln, 92, 95, 96. Donyatt, 202, 203, 257. Dorsetshire, Lower Lias of, 54, 57. — , Middle Lias of, 195. , Upper Lias of, 254. Cliffs, 23, 52, 54. , Zones in the Lias of, 26. Doulting, 89, 208, 261, 318. Stone, 133. Dowdeswell, 317. Dowlands Landslip, 56. Down Cliffs, 52, 197-199, 254. Hatherly, 147, 148. Lane, 203, 257. DowNAB, G. E., 306. DowNES, Eev. W., 62. Downside, Sheptou Mallet, 87, 88. , Wrington, 33, 133, 293. Doynton, 123, 138. Dragon-fly, 247. Drake's Broughton, 148. Draycote, 160. Drayton, 222. Drifts, General Account of, 309. (See also Glacial.) Drought, Affects of, on Springs, 315, 318, 319. Druidical Stones, 125. Dudbtidge Mills, 215. Due Stone, 77, 82, 204, 296. Dumh-wells, 316. Dumbleton, 149, 216, 266, 267, 308. Series, 267. DUMOKTIEB, E., 43, 165, 193, 246. Dunball, 81, 82, 288. Duncan, Pkop. P. M., 17, 19, 81, 100, 111, 113. Dundas, 210-212, 262. Dundry, 212, 262. Dunhampstead, 147. Dunraven, 43, 99-101, 104-109, 111, 115-117. Dursell, 320. Dursley, 213, 264, 295, 296, 309. Duston, 272. ! Dteb, J. B., 290. Dyrham, 213. i E. i Eagle^ 175. : Barn Hill, 257. ; Earthenware, 298. ' Earthquake, Effect of, on Water-Stipply, 819. ' u .JB 70859. Easington, 226. East End, 123. Leake Hills, 171. Eastington, 141, 321. Easton, Great, 282. Neston, 276. Eastwell, 174, 238, 239, 305, 306. Eastwood House, 123. Eatington, 159. Eaton, 238, 305, 306. Ebrington, 217, 268. Eehinodermata, Jurassic, 16. , Liassic, 25, S69. Eckington, 148. Economic Geology, 3^ 288. Edge Hill, 2, 222, 227, 270, 295, 309. Edington, 82. Edmondthorpe, 232, 233, 238, 281. Edmund Hill, 319. Edstaston, 181. Egar Hill, 123, 126. Egekton, Sib P. de M. G., 70, 327. Egekton, Eev. T., 180. Egeeton, Eev. W., 180. Elder Well, 319. Elevations, 309. Elkington, 231. Ellacombe, Canon H. N., 312, 313. Ellis, J., and Soxs, 290. Elmore, 140. Elton, 173, 288. Elysaslrcea, 110. Eraborrow, 123, 125. Embeey, G., 325. Enstone, 220. Enniskillett, Eabl or, 70, 327. Eodiadema, 215. Erosion, Contemporaneous, 73. , Local, 9, 273. of bands of limestone, 320. of Marlstone, 232, 233. of Upper Lias, 260. Eruptive Eocks, 126. Ertjon, 147, 151, 152, 168. Escarpments, 2, 227, 231, 235, 238, 284, 309. ESKEIGGE, E. A., 180. Estheria-h&i, 138, 151, 153. Estuarine Series, Upper, 276, 277.- Stiata, Characters of, 7. Ethebidge, E., 55, 69, 75, 79, 82, 87, 91, 92, 94, 100, 124, 133, 134, 138, 140,1,58, 199, 213,262, 327. EuNSON, H. J., 230, 272, 278. Evenlode Valley, 220, 268. Evercreech, 84, 85. Everdon, 276. Evesham, 144, 150, 153, 154, 293, 294, 313, 322. , Vale of, 309, 310, 313. Evingtori, 169, 288. Eydon, 276, Eype, 197, 198, 200. Exallagous Eorms, 27. Extracrinus, 25, 64, 65, 70, 135. briareus, b\. , Extraneous, Eossils, 3. B B 386 F. S'aua, H., 290. li"ivlse-l)edding, 7, 28. Farkt, J., 4. Farnborough, 321. Farndon, 276. , East, 231. Eat Lime, 289. Eauls Green, 182. Eaults in the Lias, 52, 53, 59, 63, 66, 69, 74, 75, 86, 92-97,- 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 115, 117, 182, 200, 201, 224, 238,281, 283, 319. Fault, Reversed, 91. Fauna, Changes in, 27. , Jurassic, 1 1 . Eawler, 158, 220, 268, 298, 303-306. Fawsley Park, 276. Features, Physical, .S09. Feltham, 75. Fenland, 285. Fenny Compton, 160, 313, 322. Ferruginous Band in Lower Lias, 175, 176 ; in Middle Lias, 242. Nodules, (See under Ironstone). Springs, 197, 198, 32:l. Fibrous Structure, 1 02, 103. Eidler's Green, 322. Fillingham, 242. Finedon, 278. Firestone, 73, 80, 150-153, 296. Nodules, 63, 65. Fish Beds, 18,28,60, 146, 228, 234, 235, 246, 247, 250, 255-258, 260, 265-267, 271,275, 281,282, 284, 2P6. Fishes, Jurassic, 14. of the Lias, 24, 331. of the Lower Lias, 40, 168, 171. of the Upper Lias, 256. Fissures, 98, 209, 262. FiTTON, Db. W. H., 3, 5, 6. Fivehead, 75. Flat, 183. Flcckney, 16', 319. Flinty Drift, 310. Fontaine-etoupe-Four, 209, 229. Eoraminifera, 166, 273, 374. Zone, 42, 129, 131, 1.32. Ford Abbey, 202. Farm, 320. Forests, 313. Formation of Liassic Strata, 27. Formations, 7, 10. , Lateral Changes in, 10. ■ , Planes of demarcation between, 9. Forthampton, 145. Fossil-beds, 15, 17, 42. Fossil-collecting, 72. Fossils, Clusters of, 116, 140. , Dissolution of, 16, 252. — — , Distribution of, 17, 19. , Early notions about,' 3. , Naming of, 327. , Preservation of, 16. Fossiliferous Beds, 127. Districts, 13. FosxEB, Dk. C. Lb N., 98, Foston, 174, 319. Fotheringhay, 279. Fox-Steangwavs, See Strangwats. Foxcote Farm, 217. Freeby, 170. Freestone, 293. Freestones, Early Use of, 3, 4. Fretherne, 139. Frith Farm, 1S2. Frooester, 141, 215, 265. FrodJDgham, 177. Iron-ore, 177-179, 301, 302, 305, 306. Frorae, 97, 208. Fruit-gardens, 313. Fucoidal Markings, 101, 110, 117. Falbeck, 284. G. Gainsborough, 300. Galena, 98, 102, 133, 307. Galley Hill, 171. Garden Cliff, 140. Gasteropods, 236, 272, 343. Gasteropod-beds, 111, 200. Gault of Lyme llegis, 62. Gayet, G. E., 155, 303, 310. Gayton, 277, 278, 318. Geddington, 280. Gkikie, Sir A., 6, 56, 72. Geoteuthis, 71, 256. GiBBS, R., 87, 124, 284. GlEBEL, C. G., 328. GiLLETT, A., 81, 84, 88, 125. Gipsey Hall, 152. Glacial Drift, General Account of, 309, 146, 147, 154, 155, 100, 163, 165, 166, 171, 175, 180, 183, 231, 238, 277-279, 281. Glamorganshire, Lower Lias of, 99. Glamorgan, Vale of, 309. Glastonbury, 23, 79, 84, 207, 208, 261, 263, 298, 300, 313, 315. Abbey, 319, 320. Spa, 320. Glauconite, 32. Glen Parva, 166. , River, 281. Gloucester, 142, 293, 308, 310, 314, 318. Spas, 321, 325. , Vale of, 141, 144, 309, 313. Gloucestershire, Lias of, 23. , Lower Lias of, 136, 141, 142, 150. , Middle Lias of, 213. , Upper Lias of, 264. Godcby, 232, 235. Goitre, 317. Gold Cliff, 122. Golden Cap, 52, 54, 66, 69, 196, 197. , " Eruption " of, 308. Gonerby, Great, 240, 241, 311. GOODCHILD, J. G., 24, 31. Grafton Regis, 276. , Temple, 150, 152, 297. Grammar Rook, 138. ^-387 Granby, 172, 288. Granolithic parement, 290. Grant, J., 290. Grantham, 23, 174, 239, 284, 285 293, 306, 311, 315, 322. Gravels, 310. Grayingham, 243. Great Comberton, 148. — — CorrJngham, 175. Orton, 183, 184. Te-w, 222, 269. Greatwood, 73. Gkeaves, Bull, and Lakin, Messrs., 159, 290, 293. Geben, Pkof. a. H., 161, 162, 187, 225, 230, 274, 275, 304. " Green Ammonite Beds " of Dorset, 57, 68, 69. Green Down Cottage, 123, 125. Green Iron-ore, 301, 305. Greens Norton, 276. Gretton, 216, 266, 282, 307. Grey Hill, 145. Ledge, 58, 60, 61. " Grey and Brown Sands," 198. Grimsbury, 157, 161, 319. Grimstone, 170. Ground Lime, 289. Gryphaa arcuata, 50. cymbium, 190. incurva, 50. , Uses of, 297. , Varieties of, 43. beds, 15, 43, 110, 140, 143. Gdise, Sir W. V., 111. Guinea-bed, 100, 114, 141, 151-153. Gumley, 231, 322. Gwash, River, 280. GymnoBperms, 14. ^ H. Haddington, 176. Hsematito, 301, 307. Hall, C, 290. HaUam's Wood, 173. Hallaton, 232-235, 281, 282. Halstead, 320. Halton, West, 178. Hambleton, 238, 284. Hambridge, 75, 76. Hamilton, S. G., 155-157, 268. Hampton, 153. Spa, 322. Hampton-in-Arden, 153, 313. Harbury, 151, 159, 160, 288, 291, 292, 315. Harby, 174. " Hard Marl," 58-60. Harding, H. J., 293. Hardness of water, 316, 317. Hardwicke, 141, 321. Harpswell, 286. Harptree, 86, 123-125, 307, 308. Harrington Dale, 230. Harbison, J., .70. Harrison, W'. J., 168. Harrowden, Great, 280. Harston, 173, 306. Hartpury, 146. Harwich, 285. Hasfield, 145. Hasler Hill, 150, 294, 295. Haslewell, 203. Hastings, Dr. C, 147. " Hat and Cap," 75, 78. Hatch Beauchamp, 75. Hawkchurch, 74. Hawkesbury, 138, 139, 213. Hawkins, C. E., 325. Hawkins, T., 41, 81, 327. HiYCRAET & Co., 293. Hayne, 75. Hazlebeech, 279. Heald, 182. Health and Water-supply, 317. Heapham, 175. Heartly Hill, 144. Heath House, 91. Heathgate, 181. Heavy Spar, 98, 124, 308. Heights, 309. Hellidon, 230, 274. Helpstone, 281, 283. Hempstead, 142. Hemswell, 242. Henley-in-Arden, 153, 313. " Henleyi " Ammonites, 69. Hewlets, 144, 303, 317. Heyford, Upper and Lower, 223, 269, 277. Hierlatz Beds, 230. High Barrow Hill, 212. Higham Ferrers, 278. Highbrooks, 77. Hill, J., 4. Hill Croome, 146. Hill House, 212. Hill Moreton, 165, 298. Hilsley, 213. HiNDB, Dr. G. J., 43, 8i, 118, 125, 223. Hinton Blewet, 133. Hippopodium, 79, 136, 144, 148, 154, 155, 170, 171, 179. beds, 42, 143. ponderoman, 42, 50. Hock Crib, 139. Hodnet, 182. Hog's Norton, 223. Holcombe, 123. Holdenby, 279. Holland, Miss, 266. Holland and Phillips, Messes., 290. HoLLOWAir, W. H., 175, 239, 241. Hollow Ways, 201, 311. Holmes, T. V., 183, 184. Holmin Clavil, 75. Holthorpe Hills, 231. Holwell, Leicestershire, 238, 239, 305, 306. , Somerset, 209. Holy Tree, 204, 258. Holy Wells, 319, 320. Home, Sib E., 70. BB 2 388 Honcjbourne, 154, 310. Houey-oombed Weathering, 102, 110. Hook Norton, 223, 268, 303, 304. Hops, 312. Horfield, 137. Hornblotton, 84. Horner, L., 91. Horninghold, 232. Hornstone, 124. Hornton, 222, 226. Lane, 227. Stone, 33, 222, 223, 295. Horrington, East and West, 89. HoRTOK, W. S., 158. Horton, Northants, 278. , Somerset, 76, 321. Hoton, 171. Houghtou-on-the-Hill, 170. Howell, H. H., 160, 166, 171, 180,217, 231, 268, 279, 304. HowsE, E., 306. Huckerby, 300. Hucklecote, 143. HUDLESTON, W. H., 209, 328. Hull, Prop. E., 7, 140, 143, 144, 155, 158, 1.59, 217-221, 223, 228, 265, 266, 268, 303, 306. Hiimber Shores, 177, 178, 243. Humboldt, A. voif, 1. Hunter, R., 55, 64, 196. HUNTON, L., 25. Huroot, 203, 204, 258. Husbands Bos worth, 167. Huxley, Bt. Hon'. T. H., 71, 81. .Hybodus, 41. Hydraulic Cement, 288. Lime, 121, 288. Ichthyosaurus, 14. , Discovery of, 70. , Viviparous nature of the, 24. communis, 37-39. latifrons, 38. platyodon, 39. Id'bury, 321. Ightfield, 180. Ikin, H., 181, 182, 243. Ilohester, 83, 206, 321. , Vale of, 76, 309, 310, 312. Ilmington, 154. Spa, 321. Hminster, 75, 76, 202, 203, 254, 255, 2.57, 260, 296-298, 303, 309, 311. Ingham, 242. Inoceramus dubius, 251. Ingatestone, 139. Ingersby Tunnel, 170. Inglestone, 139. Ingotton, 259. Ink-bags of Cephalopods, 71, 256, 267. Insects of the Lias, 25, 29, 328, 366. Insect Limestone, 18, 28,29; Applica- tion of term, 144-146. Insect Limestones of Lower Lias, 36, 42, 78, 79, 137, 150, 152, 153, 168, 175. of Upper Lias, 234, 235; 246- 248, 250, 266,-267, 271, 275, 281, 282, 284, 286. luvolutina, 139. Iridescent Fossils, 16, 96, 144. Iron, Specular, 171, 232,: 237, 307. Iron-ores, Generjil account of, 300 ; Pro- duction of, 302, 304, 306. , Blenheim, 220. — — , Frodingham, 177-179. Ironstone, J72, 213, 222, 223, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 239, 240. Bands, 175, 176, 242. Nodules, 36, 144, 148, 149, 155, 167, 170, 171; 176, 196, 212, 231-234, 239, 268, 282, 283, 302, 303. Iron-pyrites, 61, 64, 65, 85, 122, 159, 162, 167, 171, 196,'237, 240, 252, 265, 282, 283, 285, 298, 308, 321, 324. , Decomposition of, 17, 308. Iron-shot Beds, 32, 127,, 177, 185, 211. Iron-works, 307. Irthlinghorough, 278. Irvine, E., 31. Isborne, River, 148. Isham, 280. Isle Abbots, 75. Ivy Thorn, 263. J. Jacks, 232, 303. Jamesoni-\>eis, 67. Jet, 66, 155, 170, 180, 271, 27:2, 282, 300. • Jew Stone, 77, 296. (See also Dew Stone). Joints, 98, 319. (See also under Ehom- boidal). Jones, H. T., 290. Jones, J., 43, 139, 142, 155. Jones, Prof. T. R., 139. JuDD, Prof. J. W., 11, 19, 33,146, 167- 174, 188, 231, 237, 245, 246, 252,,255, 267, 271, 279, 280, 281-284, 293, 300, 307, 310, 320, 321. Jukes, J. B., 171, 180. Jukes-Browne, A. J., I7l, 172, 174, 238-240, 285, 306. Junction of Lower Lias and Rhsetic Beds, 137. of Lower and Middle Lias. (See under Lower Lias.) of Middle and Upper Lias. (See under Middle Lias.) of Upper Lias and Midford Sands, 22, 246. of Upper Lias and Northamj)ton Sands, 246, 279, 280, 286. Jurassic Fauna and Flora, 13. , Rocks, Area occupied by, 1. , Formation of the, 7, ip. , — . Geographical extent of, is. 389 Jurassic, Meaning of the tofm, 1. Kecks of the South-east ot.Ene- land, 2, 24. ■— . Sub-divisions of, 5, 6-8. — — System, Thickness of the, 2. Jurensis-'beds, 272, K. Keiuton Mandefield, 77, 294. Kelmarsh, 279. Kelston, 212. Kendall, J. D., 301, 302, 304, 306. Kendall, P. F., 17. Kent's Eough, 181. Kettering, 230, 279, 280, 318. Keuper Marls, 54, 92, 94-96, 156, 157, 165, 183. Keynsham, 133-135, 137, 138, 310. Stone, 294. Keythorpe, 232-235, 281, 283. Kibworth Harcourt, 167. Kilby, 167. Kilsby Tunnel, 166. Kilmersdon, 262. Kilve, 92-94, 95. Kinetou, 159, 320. King Weston, 77, 294. Kingbrook, 230. Kingham Hill, 221, 268, 315. Kings Newnham, 163, 320. Sutton, 220, 222, 225, 303, 304, 307, 321, 322. Kingsdon, 77. Kingsthorpe, 230, 298. Kingston, 257. Kingthorn, 276. Kinoulton, 171, 172. ' ' ; Spa, 320. Kirby BeUars, 168, ' Kirk Bampton, 184. Kirklinton Sandstone, 183. Kirtou Lindsey, 178, 179, 243, 286-288, 291,292. ' Knipton, 317. Knowle, 153. , Upper, 136. KOENIG, C, 70. L, Lake District, Former extent of Jurassic rocks in, 24. Lambrook, West, 204. I/amellibranchiata, 352. Laminated Beds, 195, 196, 198. Land Areas, Old, 7, 22, 24, 28, 97, 137, 209. Land Organisms, 14, 98. Landscape (Gotham) Marble, 30, 83, 119, 137, 138, 141. Landslips, 54, 56, 57, 69. Lanes, Deep sandy,, 201, 311. Langan, 114. "' Langham, 232, 238. Langport, 77, 288. Lappakeni, a. db, 33. Lassington, 141. Latham, B., 316. Laund Abbey, 238. , West, 282. Lavernook, 119-121. Lead-ore. (See Galena.) Leadenham, 238, 284, 306. Leake Hills, East, 171. Leazacre, 201, 311. , Leckhampton, 144, 265, 303. JLeda ovum, 251. Beds, 271-273, 282, 285. Lee, J. E., 121. " Leeches," Fossil, 40. . Le Grand and Sutchpf, Messrs., 156, 157. ^ Leicester, 23, 168-171. Leicestershire Iron-ore, 304-307. ■ , Lower Lias of, 166, l7l. , Middle Lias of, 231. , Upper Lias of, 280. Leland, J., 3. Lepidotus, 275. Leptsena Beds, 246, 247, 250, 255-258, 260, 265-267. Lewston Hill, 202. Lhwtd, E., 4. Lias, General Account of the, 21. and Oolites, Division between, 253, 273. "' ■ y Cement, 288-293. Clays, Origin of, 33. Copglomerate, 87-89, 99-115. , Former extent of the, 22. Lime, 288-293. , Contorted beds of, 66, 146, 147, 150, 154, 277, 278. Limestones, Microscopic Structure of, 32 ; Origin of, 27. , Meaning of term, 21 . , ,, , Organic Remains of the, 24, 357. , Physical features formed by the, 309. , Eelations of, to beds above and below, 22. , Stratigraphical changes, in the, 22. , Sub-divisions of the, 21, 33. , Thickness of the, 22, 157. , Underground extent of the, 24. . , Veins of, 98, 209, 262. , Water-supply from, 315. , ?ones,of the, 25, 34. . (See also under Lower, Middle, and Upper, Lias.) , Lightwood Green, 181. Lignite, 66, 73, 155, 180, 181, 189, 223, 247, 271, 282, 300. Lima gigantea, 49. beds, 42, 43, 131, 159. Lime, General Account of, 288. Works, 59, 81, 85, 87, 93, 1 15, 121,, , ; 134, 135, 152, 159, 160, 163, 169, 171, : 172, 282. 390 Limestone-pebbles, 117. Limestones and Shales, Alternations of, 29. , Analyses of, 292. , Attenuation of, 73, 215, 231-233, 235, 240. , DeTelopment of, 22, 36, 126. , Formation of, 27, 111, 133. , Superficial erosion of, 320. (See also Erosion.) Limonite, 307. Linchets, 313. Lincoln, 23, 240-242, 293, 321. Lincolnshire Iron-ore, 301-307. Limestone, 285. , Lower Lias of, 174-179. , Middle Lias of, 240-242. , Upper Lias of, 284, 285. Lingula, 262, 273. Lister, Dh. M., 3, 4. Liswery. (See L'liswerry.) Lithodomi, 10, 74, 135, 200, 256. Lithographic Stone, 294, 295. Lithological Characters of Jurassic Strata, 7, 10, 12. Divisions and Zones, 26, 68. Little Stoke, 93-95. Littleton, South, 147, 150, 310. Litton, 31. Lizards, Fossil, 14. Llanthony Priory, 142. Llantwit-Major, 117. Llhwyd. (See Lhwyd.) Lliswerry, 121, 288, 291, 292. Lloyd, Dk., 153. Local Names of Beds. (See Names.) Loddington, 232, 233. London Area, Jurassic rocks of, 2, 24. Londonderry, 138. Long Bennington, 172. Buckby, 231, 279. Clawson, 174, 306. Itchingtou, 160. Load, 83. Marston, 322. Sutton, 77, 313. Longland, 113. Lcnglea, 73. Longcroft, 205. Lonsdale, W., 6, 127, 128, 134, 136, 197, 211, 212. Loseby, 170, 298. Loyington, 321. ' Lower Lias, General Description of the, 35. and Middle Lias, Junction of, 33, 74, 162, 166, 177, 201, 202, 230, 231, .242. Lias and Ehsetic Beds, Junction of, 137. Clays, 36, 297. , Fossils of the, 86, 45. , Ironstone of, 301 . Lime and Cement, 288. Limestones, 36, 288, 293. — , Local Names of Beds, 60- 62, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 145, 151, 152, 169, 172,295. Lower Lias, Relations of, with Palaeozoic Socks, 133, 137. , Sandy beds in, 170, 176. , Shales at base of, 58, 73, 1 1 9, 141. , Succession of Life-forms in the, 147. , Thickness of the, 35, 156. , Zones of the, 36, 45. Lucas, Ekv. S., 157. ZKcina-bed, 286. Ltjct, W. C, 100, 104, 114, 139-142, 216,246,266,268,800,310, 315, 318. Luff, T. C, 319. Luffenham, North, 283. Lufton, 258. Lump Lime, 289. Lutterworth, 166. Lyas, 21. Lycbtt, Dr. J., 265. Lydbkkbr, E., 14, 41, 81, 328. Lydford, East, 84. Lydian Stone, 126. Lyem,, Sir C., 71. Lyme Eegis, 53, 57, 288-293, 296, 297, 308. , Ammonites from, 7 1 ; Fishes from, 70 ; Saurians from, 70. , Local Names of Stone-beds, 60-62. , Zones in the Lower Lias of, 71. Lynohets, 313. M. Malvern, 146. Mammals, Fossil, 13, 14. Mangersbury, 157, 219. Manganese-ore, 307. Manton, Lincolnshire, 243. , Rutland, 282, 283. Maps,.Early Geological, 3, 4. , Uses of Geological, 12. Marble, General Account of, 297 ; 63, 65, 84, 167, 294. Lime, 289. Marcasite, 308. Marchamley, 181, 182. Margaritatas-stonii, 195, 198, 201. Marginal Deposits, 7, 22, 24, 151. Marie Hill, 143. Market Drayton, 180, 300. Harborough, 167, 231, 232, 281, 282,312,313. Marlstone, 185, 202, 203, 232, 295. , Attenuation of the, 215, 231, 232, 233, 235, 240. , Beds resembling, 211, 262, 282. , Decomposition of, 205. as a Building-stone, 222, 295. , Water-supply of the, 315-317. Marr, J. E., 24,27. Marriott, J., 234. Marshfield, 262, Marshwood, VJle of, 74, 309, 811, 312. 391 Marston Magna, 83, 84, 294. Maible, 84, 297. Martook, 83, 313. Marton, 175. Maton, W. G., 84. Mead's Batch, 81. Meade, T., 135. Meare, 79, 92, 313. Medbourn, 167. Medyeat, 132. Mells, 209. Melton Mowbray, 171, 306, 312, 313. 315, 320. Mendip Hills, Lower Lias of the, 79, 85, 97, 123. , Middle Lias near the, 208. , Upper Lias near the, 261, 262. , Relations of the Lias to the, 85,86,89,91,97, 210. , Section of the, 90. Membury, 72, 74. Meon Hill, 217. Messingham, 177. Metal Bed, 64, 65, 308. Metamorphic action, 126. MlCHELL, Eev. J., 4. Mickleton, 217, 310. , Boring at, 155, 156. Tunnel, 155, 303. Microlestes, 98. Microscopic Structure of Lias limestones, 32 ; of Triassic limestones, 31. Middle Lias, General Account of, 185. and Lower Lias, Junction of, 33, 74, 162, 166, 177, 187, 188, 201, 202, 230, 231. and Upper Lias, Boundary of, 187, 188, 199,205,228, 245,254. Lias Building-stone, 222, 295. Clays, 298. , Fossils of the, 189, 191-194. , Lronstone of, 302-307. , Lithological changes in, 185. , Local Names of Beds, 2i!7. . Sands, 201, 299. , Thickness of, 187. . Zones in the, 186. Middleton,' 230, 275. Cheney, 225, 274. Midford Sands, 253, ■254, 261-263, 265. and Middle Lias Sands, 201. , Eelation of Upper Lias and, 22, 246. Midsomer Norton, 131. Miu-KK, J. S., 307. Millstone Grit, Lias on, 123. Milton, East, 89. Field, 220. . , Little, 219. Malsor, 230, 275. Minerals, 307. Mineral Waters, 319-326. Modiola minima, 50. scalvrum, 1 90. Mollusca, Borings of, 10, 74, 135, 200, 256. — — , Colour-markings on, 15. Mollusca, Dissolution of, 17, 252. , Jurassic, 14. , Land and Freshwater, 14, 98. , Liassic, 24, 334. Monk's Wood, 317. Monkswell, 321. Monmouthshire, Lias of, 24, 121. Monolis-bed, 121, 138, 140, 146. Montacutc, 205, 258, 311. Montlivallia, 165. Victoria, 157, 161. Montpelier, Bristol, 137. Montpellier Wells, 322-324. Moolham, 203, 257. Stone, 203. Moor Hill, 282. Moore, C, 72, 75, 77-79, 87-89, 91, 98, 99, 103, 110, 112-115, 118, 124, 127, 129-136, 138, 154, 168, 202-204, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 229, .247, 248, 255-258, 260, 262, 266, 303, 323, 327. Moroot, 282. Moreton Say, 181. Vale, 268, 309, 310, 313. Wood, 181. Morgan, Pkof. C. Llotd, 294. Morris, Prof. J., 284, 285. Mortar, 289, 290. Morton, G. H., 180. Morton, Rev. J., 4. 295. Morton Bagot, 153. Morrell, 320. Pinkeney, 276. MOSELET, J. A., 221. Moulding Sand, 299. Moulton, 279. Mowbray, Vale of, 309. Mudford, 83, 204, 259. Mundic, 61. Muuger Quarry, 130, 131. MuKCHisoN, Silt E. L, 6, 25, 113, 139, 144-146, 180, ISl, 216, 243, 244, 266, 324. Murcot, 231. Mdrray, J., 31-33. Museums, 327. Mutations, 27, 188, 252, 328. N Nail-head Spar, 234, 272, 277, 308. Nailsworth, 215, 265. Names, Local, of Strata, 60-62, 73, 77, 79, 80, 8S, 145, 151, 152, 169, 172, 227, 295 Napiek, G. 0. G., 137. Napton, 317. Hill, 160, 231. Naseby, 279, 317. Nash Point, 116. Natural Cement, 288. Navenby, 246, 286. Needwood Forest, 180. Nelson, C, & Co., 290, 293. Nen Valley, 277-279. 392 Neroche Forest, 75, 313. Netherbury, 254. Nethercote, 162. Keville Holt, 167, 233, 282, 300. New Cross, 204. England, 285. Eed Series, 54, 92, 94-96, 120, 135, 156, 157, 165, 183, 184, 321, 324. Newbold Grange, 163. Quarry, 163, 164. Kewent Quarrj-, 215, 264. Nbwmakch, C. H., 3. Newnham, Gloucestershire, 215, 264. , Northants, 230. , Warwickshire, 162. Eegis. (See King's Newnham.) Newport, Mon., 121,- 122; —. — Pagnel, 277. Newton, E. T., 45, 60, 69, 92, 112, 11.5, 118, 129, 131, 138, 143, 148, 154, 157, 162, 165, 197, 205, 216, 243, 244, 246, 258, 265, 273, 283, 286, 327. Newton St. Loe', 320. Nibble Quarry, 150. Nibley, 213. Green, 213. Nodules, 10, 29, 128, 138, 222, 233, 245, 255-257, 265, 267, 271, 279, 282, 285. , Cup-shaped, 177. , Formation of, 72. , Ferruginous. (See under Iron- stone.) , Phosphatic, (See Phosphatic.) . Nodule-beds, 240-243, 285, 286. Normandy, 209, 229. Normanton Hill, 171. upou-Soar, 171. Northampton, 272, 277-279, 293, 316, 318. , Lias of, 230. Sands, 253, 273, 276, 279, 280, 284, 285. — — , — : — , Junction of Upper Lias and, 246, 279, 280, 286. Northamptonshire, Lower Lias of, 166. , Middle Lias of, 220. , Upper Lias of, 271, 280. Northbrook Farm, 321. Northern Drift, 310. (See also under Glacial.) Northorpe, 178. Northover, 84. Norton, East, 282. , Ham HiU, 204, 258. Norwood, Hev. T. W., 143, 182, 244, Notting HiIL,218. Nbttinghams^ire, Lower Lias of, 171. Nucula-hed, 286. ' Nunney, 97, 208. 0. Oakham, 232, 238, 281, 282, 284, 316. Oak's Lane, 212, 262. Ochre, 124, 204, 224, 307. Ochreous Nodules, 212, 231, 239. (See also under Ironstone.), Odoombe, Lower, 268. Oddington, 167,219. : Old Dalby, 170, 171. ' Sodbury, 213. Old Eed Sandstone, 88, 89. Oldham, T. B., 166. ^Olney, 277. Oolite-gravel, 310. Oolitic Grains in Trias, 31 ; in Lias, 32, 178, 186, 207, 212, 239, 241, 260, 272. Ironstone, 302, 304, 306. Series, Use of term, 6. Ophioderma, 155, 192, 198, 210. O.PPEI,, Dk. a., 1, 25, 33, 55, 67, 69. Orchards, 204, 294, 312, 313. Organic Bemains, 3, 13. ' — r- Eemains of the Lias, 24, 327. - ■ Ornithosauria, 330. Orton, Great, 183, 184. I , Northants, 230, 280. Ostracoda, 265, 366. Ostrea irregularis, 42. liassica, 42. ' sportella, 205, 223. I Oiirea-beds, 15, 42, 75, 110, 111, 119, 145, 152, 279. Otolites, 247, 271. Ouudle, 279. Ouse "Valley, Great, 274. \ Onston, 232, 237. Over, 142. Overlap, 9. • . of Cretaceous Eocks, 2, 72, 74. of Inferior Oolite, 207, 208, 286;, 287. ■ Overleigh, 79, 263. Oyerthorpe, 296. OwKN, Sir E., 98. Owthorpe, 171. Oxendeu Magna, 231, 279, 280. Oxenton, 216, 266. Oxford, 230, 310, , Lias under, 269. Oxfordshire, Iron-ore, 303. , Lower Lias of,, 167, 159. . _ -, Middle Lias of, 220. , Upper Lias of, 268. Oyster-bed. (See Ostrea). P. Paget, SikE.H., 89. Painswick, 216, 265. Palseontological Divisions, 11. Palaeozoic Rocks, Eelations of thfe Lias to the, 22, 28, 29, 35, 97, 99, 104, 123. ,Pamborough, 813. .Pant-y-SIade, 101-103, 110. Paper-shales, 58, 248, 267, 271, 281. Pare, 102. Pakkinbon, J., 4. Parkt, H., 290. Passage-beds, 9, 22, 76, 253. Pasture-lauds, 311,312. Paul, J. D., 163, 169, 170, 325, Paulton, 126-131, 210. Paving-slabs, Artificial, 290, 393 Pa-ving-stones, 77-80,294. PkABCE, J.,C.,24. Pearls, Fossil, 15. Pebbles of CarbonifeToua Limestone, 186. of Limestone, 72, i62, 234. of Oolite, &o., 9. Pebworth, 154. Pecten (equivalvis, 190, 193. Pecten-bed, 178, 179, 242, 243. Peg-top Nodule, 138. Pelagosam-us, 256. Pen Hill, 206. Penarth, 119, 120, 319. Pendle, 296. Pennant, T., 297. Pennard Hill, 84-86, 90, 208, 261. Pennard, "West, 207. Pennyquick, 134, 212. Peutacrinite-beds, 43, 63, 65, 269. Pentacrinus basaltiformis, 51. Pekceval, S. G., 96. Peect, Dr. J., 306. Persbore, 148, 313. Peterborough, 285, 315. Petherton, North, 313. South, 204, 205, 258, 311. Petrifactions, 3. Petrifying Springs, 320. Phillips, Pkof. J., 3, 5, 6, 21, 33, 67, 134, 152, 153, 223, 262, 304. Phillips, B., 290. Phillips, W., 5, 21, 105, 123, 135, 300,. 308,311. , Pholidophorus Bechei, 40. Phosphates, General Account of, 299. Phosphatic Nodules, 10, 128, 129, 131, 210,222,239-242,311. Phosphatized Fossils, 127-129, 131. Phyllis Hill, 131. Physical Features, 309. Pickeridge Hill, 75. Picketty, 239. Pickwell,2S2, 238. Pifl's Elm, 147. Pigeon House, 148. Pigments, 307. Pilford, 144. Pilham, 300. Pillesdon Hill, 202. Pillon, Rutland, 283. , Somerset, 86. Pinhay Bay, 53, 57, 58, 60-62. Pinney Bay. (See Pinhay.) Pipwell Abbey, 282. Pisbuiy, 77. Pitchoomb, 265. Pitsford, 279. Pittvllle Spa, 322, 323. Planes of Demarcation, 7, — of Marine Denudation, 97. Plant-remains, Jurassic, 14. , Liassic, 25, 378. from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, 71. FUsiosaurus, Discovery of, 70. dolichodirus, 37. . _ , Hawkinsi, 39. Plewomya croweqmbeia, 50, 83. Plenromya, Species of; 45. Pleuroiomaria analieaj 49. bed, 186, 200. Plicatula intusstriata, 99. ' spinosa, 50. PLOT,R.y,3. Polden,Hills, 76, 79, 82, 263, 309 Polyzoa, 223, 365., Po,nton, Little, 284. Population, Distribution of, 314. Portland Cement, 288, 290. POETEE, W., 290. Poitrushj 126, Posidoncmya Bronni, 251. Potteries, 143, 170, 298. Potter's Kiln, Eoman, 298. Prees, 180-182, 243, 244, 287. Prestbury, 322. Preston, 205, 258. Capes, 230. Deanery, 278. , Little, 276. Pkestwich, Peop. J., 31, 269, 323, 328. Priestleigh, 85. Priors Marston, 319. . Proteo-saurus, 70. Pterodactyl, 70; Puckington, 75. Pucklechurch, 138. Pullastra, 93, 94. Puriton, 81, 82. Purton Passage, 139. Spa, 319. Pylle, 85, 288, 292. • Pym Quarry, 79. Pyrites. (See Iron Pyrites.) Pyritic Ammonites, 60, 141, 14J. Shales, 36, 167, 170. Pyrton Passage, 189. Q. Quantock Hills, Lias near the, 24, Quantockshead, 92-95. Quarries, Closing of, 12. Quarry-Gill, 183. Quartz crystals, 124, 308. Quedgley, 141. Queen Camel, 77-79, 294, 295, 313, 321. QUENBTBDT, F. A., 25, 33. QuiLTEE, H. E., 167, 169, 170, 233. B. Eaasay, 1S8, 242. Race, 298, 308. Eadiolarians, 41. Eadstp,ck,JJ!_6-1.29, piO, 262, 297, 299. , Raiiway-cnttings, East and West Junction, 159, 1^75. , 394 Kailway-cattiugg, Great Northern, 170, 176, 236, 241, 284, 285. , Great Western, 78, 82, 87, 91, 118, 134, 141, 154, 158-160, 220, 223 ; (Banbury and Cheltenham), 157, 221, 265, 268 ; (Chipping Norton and Ban- bury), 158, 268 ; (Shipston-ou-Stour), 154; (Chard Branch), 75, 76. , London and North-Western, 162, 166, 170, 231, 279, 280. , Manchester, Sheffield and Lincoln^ 287 , Midland, 134, 138, 153, 168, 170, 215 ; (Bourn and Saxby), 170, 238, 281; (Somerset and Dorset), 82, 83, 86, 89, 129, 211. Rain-drops, 80. Eammell, T. W., 318. Rammell, 169. Kamsat, Sir A. C, 3, 214. Eansomk, T., 293. Katley Grange, 227. Ravensthorpc, 316-318.. Reade, T. M., 79, 80. Reconstruction of Beds, 210, 211. (See also under Remanie.) Red Horse, Vale of, 227, 309. Red Land, 222. Soils, 311. Wells, 320. Redmile, 172-174. Reid, C, 16, 55, 73, 74, 133, 202, 318. Reid, H., 290. Reid, W. G., 31. « Eemanie-beds, 110, 113, 115, 127, 128, 151,210,211. Rempstone, 171. Renaed, a., 33. Reptiles, Age of, 24. (See also Saurians.) Reservoirs, 74, 136, 316, 317. Rh^tic Beds, 54, 55, 72, 73, 75, 82, 83, 86, 89-91, 93, 95, 99, 109, 114, 119- 121, 125, 126, 131, 135, 140, 141, 145-147, 151, 171, 184. and Lias Conglomerate, 99, 109, 114. , Relations of Lias and, 22, 35, 72, 76, 151, 153. In fissures, 98. Sands, 125. Rhodes, J., 79, 176, 205, 241, 258, 284. Rhodonite, 307. Rhomboidal-jointed Lias, 79, 96, 116, 117., Rhynchonella tetrahedra, 191, 232. variabilis, 42, 51. bed, 243. Rifts, 229. Rimpton, 84, 258, 260. Ripple-marks, 151. Rissington, 219, 268. Road-metal, 12, 296. ROBEKTS, G., 58. Robin-a-Tiptoes, 235, 236. Robin's Wood Hill, 216, 302, 317, 318. Rocart, 237. Rock Bed, 185, 232, 295. Rock Mill, 216, 265. Rocks, Local Names of. (See under Names.) Rockingham, 282, 313. Rodwell, 320. Roman Cement, 290. Kiln, 298. Romans, Stone employed by the, 3. Roofing-tiles, 295, 298, 299. Rooksmoor Mill, 215. Rotherby, 169. Rothersthorpe, 230. Rothwell, 279, 280. Rousham, 223. RowNET, Dk. T. H., 323. Roxby Grange, 287. RnEST, Da,. D., 41. Rugby, 23, 162-166, 288, 290, 291, 296, 298, 3ie, 318. Rummels, 169, 172. Rutlandshire, Lower Lias of, 171. , Middle Lias of, 231, 232. , Upper Lias of, 280. Rtder, R., 140. Uyderia, 142. s. St. Audries, 93-96. St. Botolph's Well, 321. St. Clements, Oxford, 269, 325. St. Donat's Point, 117. St. Edmund's Well, 319. St. Gabriel's Water, 52, 66, 68. St. Hilda, 135. St. Keyna, 135. St. Mary Hill Common, 114. St, Mary's Well, 319. St. Rumbold's Well, 321. St. Stephen's Well, 321. Saline Water, 165, 177,181, 269, 315, 318, 320-326. Saltford, 134,294. Sands, Economic uses of, 299. of the Middle Lias, 185. Sanders, W., 91, 134. Sandford Oroas, 207, 260. Sandhurst, 322. Sandstone, 224, 225, 231, 299. SandweU Park, 265. Santon, 286. Warren, 179, 243. Saporta, Count de, 14. Sarte, 318. Saurians of the Lias, 24, 37-40, 70, 81, 171, 330. Saurian-beds, 18, 42, 60, 75, 80, 146, 255-258j 260, 265, 267. Saurozoic Epoch, 24. Saxby, 170, 315. Saxon House, 96. Scale Hill, 207. Scalford, 238, 284. Scapheus ancylochelis, 51, 61. Scarle, South, 175. ScARTH, Rev. H. M., 298. 395 Scelidosaurus, 70. Scenery, 309. Scotter, 177. Scotterwood, 177. Soraptoft, 169. Tunnel, 170. SouBDER, S. H., 328. Scunthorpe, 178. Sea-lilies. (See Pentacrinus.) Sea-margins, Old, 7, 22, 24, 28. Sea-water, Action of, on rocks, 110, 293. , Carbonate of Lime' in, 31. Sealawu, 102. Seaton, 282, 298. Seatown, 52, 57, 69, 197. Sections of Strata, 12. Sediment, Paucity of, 247. Sedimentary origin of limestones, 27. Sedgemoor, 263, 309. Sedgwick, Eev. Prof. A., 4-6, 9, 183. Seelet, Proe. H. G., 24. Segregation of nodules, 29. Selenite, 154, 162, 245, 252, 272, 280, 282-285, 308. Selenite, ^Formation of, 17. Selenitic Cement, 85, 290. Selworthy, 97. Selwtn, a. E- C, 180. Sepia, Eossil, 71, 256, 267. Septaria, 237, 240, 245, 285. Sequence of Strata, 7, 9. Serpent (or "sarpent ") stone, 122. Serpentinus-heds, 271, 275, 281, 282. Serpula tetragona, 192. Severn Cliffs, 119, 122, 138-140. Valley, 118, 310. Sevington, 258. St. Mary, 203. Seymour, J., 79, 80. Setmoub, Z., 80, 81. Shackels Pike, 144. Shapwick, 321. Shaeman, G., 45, 60, 83, 92, 112, 115, 118. 129, 131, 138, 143, 148, 154, 157, 162, 165, 174, 197, 205, 216, 243, 244, 246, 258,-265, 283, 286, 327. Shearsby, 167. Spa, 319, 322, 325, 326. SheekiU's brickyard, 154. Shells, Dissolution of, 17, 252. Shenington, 269, 314. Shenlow Hill, 269. Shepton Beauchamp, 203, 258. Mallet, 33, 86-88, 288, 293, 297, 298, 315, 320. Shekeorn, C. D., 166, 247, 273, 328. Sherborne, Dorset, 311, 317. , Gloucestershire, 268. Ship Canal, Gloucester, 141, 142. Shipston-on-Stour, 154, 310, 320. , Vale of, 309, 310. Shipton Gorge, 201. Long I/ane, 201, 255. under- Wychwood, 220, 321. Shorne Cliff, 66. Shoscomb, 129. Shropshire, Lower Lias of, ISO. Shropshire, Middle Lias of, 243. , Upper Lias (?) in, 244. Shuckburgh, Upper, 231. Shute's Lane, 201. Shutwell Spring, 319. Sibbertoft, 231. Sileby, 169. Silverstone, 276. Sizes, 73, 296. Skerry, 233. Skillington, 284. Slags, Old, 304. Slatteb, T. J., 148, 153-155, 157, 221, 327. Slaughter, Upper, 219. Slawston, 281. Hill, 234. Slpanb, Sir H., 84. Smeaton, J., 261, 289. Smiles, S., 166. Smith, W., 4-7, 21, 55, 185, 211, 212, 286, 322, 323. Smithe, Eev. Dr. F., 216, 246, 265, 266, 268, 300, 337, 315. Snakes, Fossil, 14. Snake-stone, 261. Sock, 204. Farm, 321. Sodbury, Old, 213. Soils, Analyses of, 311, 313 j General account of, 311. SoLLAS, Prof. W. J,, 29, 81, 91, 121 Somerby, 232, 237. Somersetshire, Lower Liz^s of, 72. , Middle Lias of, 202. , Upper Lias of, 255. Somerset, West, 24, 91. Somerton, 77, 315, SoKBr, Dr. H. C, 17, 31, 32. Southam, 160, 319. Holt, 322. Southend Farm, 213. Southerndown, 315. Series, 99-115. Southwood Common, 84. SOWERBT, J. AKD J. De C, 6, 84, 96, 135, 327, 328. Sparkford, 84, 295. Specular Iron, 171, 232, 237, 307. Spider, Fossil, 25. Spiller, J., 290. Spinney Hills, 169. Spirifer-bed, 42, 127, 129, 131, 132. Spiriferina Walcotti, 42, 51, 127, 132. Sponges, 223, 374. Sponge-spioules, 118, 125. Spontaneous Combustion, 308. Spratton, 279. Springs, 208, 314-326. Spring Cottage, 222. Staffordshire, 180. Stairs, 182. Stamford, 283, 300. Staneombe, 264. Park, 213. Standish, 141. Stanford Hill, 171. SlAHQBE, W. H., 290. 396. Stanion, 281, 282. StauleyHill, 218, 266. ' Stanton Drew, 125. on-the- Wolds, 171. ' Stanwix Marls, 184. Stapleford Park, 170. Stapleton, 137. i Starfish Bed, 195-198. Stathern, 306. Staunton Mill, 281. Wyville, 167. StaTcrton, 276. Stawell, 320. Steeple Aston, 223, 269, 304. Stinehoombe, 213, 215, 295, 303, 309. Stocklinch Ottersey, 203, 258. Stockton, 160, 288, 291, 293. Stoddakt, W. W., 112, 136, 187, 262, 299. Stoke, West, 258. Gifford, 137. Goldington, 277. Orchard) 147. Rochford, 284. Stolford, 93, 95. Stoliczka, Dr. F., 230. Stone, near Hornblotton, 84. Easton, 133. Hall, 152. Stone-beds, Local Names of. (See under Names.) lilies. (See Pentacrinus.') tiles, 295. Stouebarrow Hill, 53, 64, 66, 68; 196. Stonehouse, 141. Stonesby, 285. Stonesfield, 303. Stoney Littleton, 129. Stony Stratford, 230, 277, 322. Stooper's Wood, 153. Stormy Down, 109, 114, 288. Stout Point, 117. Stow, 175, 176. Stow-on-the-Wold, 217, 219. Stowe Brook, 281. nine- Churches, 277. Stowey, 133. ; Stbachbt, J., 421. Stkahan, a., 116, 127, 290. SrnANGWATS, C. Fox, 5, 6, 20, 25, 33, 168, 170, 188, 243, 247, 272, 273, 287, 328. Stratford, Old, 322. on-Avon, 152, 153, 159, 293. Stratigraphical Divisions, 6, 10, 253. Stratton Audley, 230. Strawberry Bank, 255, 257. Streams, Underground flow of, 317. . Street, Glastonbury, 33, 79-81,263, 294, 296, 297. 813. , Pylle, 86. Strensham, 145, 146. Series, 146. Stretton-upon-Dunsmore, 160. SiBiCKLAND, H. E., 25, 28, 144-148, 150, 153, 216, 223, 266, 294, 295, 310, 313, 327. Stroud, 141, 215, 216, 268 298, 310. Stucco, 289, 290. Sturt Point, 91, 93. Stuttekd, S,, 227^ Sub-zones, 20. , Sulgrave, 276. Sulphur Springs, 321, 325. Sulphuretted hydrogen, 316, 321, 824. Summerhouse Point, 117. Sun Bed, 74, 77, 126, 135. — r^ Eising, 227. Superficial Deposits, 810. Sutton, Alhampton, 85. , S. Wales, 98. Series, 99-115. ' Stone, 33, 99, 293. , Beds resembling, 88, 133. Basset, 283. ' Bog, 322. Montis, 207, 260. Swainswick, 136, 817., Swalcliffe, 304. Swallet Holes, 89, 124, 818. Swerford, 222. Symond's Hall Hill, 214. Symondsbary, 201. Stmons, G. J., 318. Sysonby, 168. Syncline, 57, 79, 119, 141, 197. T. Table Ledge, 57-60, 62. Tails Hill, 215. Tangley, 220. Tate, Prof. E., 19,. 25, 27, 28,33, 43, 46, 99, 111, 112, 128-180, 132, 137, 144, 155, 160, 228, 247, 250, 255,273, : 328. Taunton, Vale of, 73, 74, 309. , Tawnet, E. B., 99, 100, 104, 106, 111, 112, 114, 127-133, 210, 299. Taynton, 220. Brook, 220. Tatlor, W., 221. Teali., J. J. H.,. 83, 124, 302. Teeton, 316. Teigh, 238. 2'emnodontosaurus, 39. Temperature of Springs, 320-323. Temple Grafton, 150, 152., 297. Terebratula punctata, 192, 282. Terra Gotta, 284. Terraces of Cultivation, 313. Terrigenous Mud, 33. Teudopsis, 256. Tew, Great, 222, 269. Tewkesbury, 144, 145, 313, 322, 324., < Thaokson's Well, 319. Thealby, 178. Thenford, 230, 274, 275, ,321. ^ Thermal Waters, 321-323. Thickerby, 300... 337 Thicknesses of Strata, Variations in, 17, 55. Thompson, B., 168, 186, 215, 228-230, 246, 247, 256, 266, 271-280, 283, 286, 295,300,311,316,328. Thornby, 279. Brook, 183. Thomcombe Beacon, 52, 54, 197-199, 254. Thornhaugh, 283. Thorpe, Daventry, 299. Langtoa, 167. Mandeville, 276, 300. in-the-FalloTTS, 176. on-the-Hill, 176. Thrapston, 279. "Three Tiers," 54, 68, 195-197. Thrupp, 299. Thrussington, 300. Thunderbolts, 42. Thurlbeer Stone, 75. Thurnby, 169, 170. Tiffieia, 276. Tile Clays, 297. Stones, 395. Tilton-on-the-Hill, 232, 236, 237, 280, 282, 306, 309, 314, 320. Timsbury, 126, 128, 132. Tintinhull, 204, 313. Tites Point, 139. Tobacco-pipes, 298. Toddington, 148, 313 Todenham, 154. Tolhay, 73. Tomb-stoncB, 294, 295. Tombs, E. F., 59, 79, 81, 99, 100, 103, 104, 110, 113, 114, 150-154, 157, 266, - 267, 327. TOOKET, C, 290, 293. •TOPLEY, W., 98, 219, 323. Torksey, 175. Tortoise Ammonites, 63. Tortwood Hill, 203, 257. Tove, River, 276. Towcester, 276. TowNSEND, Rev. J., 6, 84, 322. Transition Bed, General Account of, 228-230; 186, 215, 219, 224, 226, 236, 245-247, 257, 266, 271, 274, 275. Transitional Beds, 9. Tredegar Park, 121, 122. Tbbnch, R., 166, 231, 276, Trent, 33, 207, 260. Triassic Chert, 123, 126. limestones, 31. Rocks. (See under New Red Series.) Trigonia, 280, 283, 286. bed, 286. Tufa, 320. Tufaceous Stone, 102. Tugby, 282, 293. TUBNER, D., 59. Twerton, 134, 136, 212, 315, 321. Twyford Lane, 225, 296i Tynnynnyd, 114. Tysoe HUl, 269. U. Uley, 264. Unconformities, 9, 28«, 287. Underground flow of streams, 317. Unfossiliferous Beds, 271, 272, 276, 282. Uphill, 91. Uplyme, 59, 72, 73. Upper Knowle, 136. Upper Lias, General Account of, 245. . — ' , Fossils of the, 247. and Middle Lias; Junction of; 187, 188,205,228. and Midford Sands, 22, 246. and Northampton Sands, 246, 279, 280,' 286. , Thickness of, 245. , Zones of the, 246 . Uppingham, 236, 283. Upton Cheney, 212, 213, 262, 303. St. Leonard's, 143. UssHEK, W. A. E., 24, 74, 75, 87, 133, % 174-179, 240, 241-243, 246, 284, 286, 302, 306. V. Vales, 309-313. Vale of Behoir, 171-173. Catmos, 238. Gloucester, 141, 144. !- Ilchester, 76. Marshwood, 74. Moreton, 268. Red Horse, 227. Taunton, 73, 74. Winchcomb, 218. Wrington, 133. Valleys, Denudation of, 276. Valley-gravels, 310. Vallis, 91, 208. Veins of Liassic material, 98, 209, 262. Victoria Quarry, 163. Stone, 290. Vigo Pit, 278. Vineyards, 313. VoBLOKEB, Dk. a., 137, 290, 311, 313. Volcanic Action, 9, 126. w. Waddington, 176, 241. Wadenhoe, 279. Wainlode ClifF, 145. Walcom, J,,4, 132. Wales, South, 99. Waleobd, E. a., 161, 186, 198,200, 201 221-223, 227-230, 247, 255, 269, 27o' 274, 314, 319, 328. Walkek, J. F,, 255. Wallcombe, 89. 3.98 Waltham-on-the-Wolds, 285. Walton Spa, 322, 324. Walton-on-the-Wolds, 171. Wambrook, 74. Wansford, 279. Brook, 281, 283. "Wappenhara, 276. Wardington, 230, 276. Ware Cliffs, 53. Warkworth, 162, 224, 296, 820. Warnatby, 306. Warwickshire, Lower Lias of, 144, 150, 159, 166. , Middle Lias of, 220. , Upper Lias of, 270, 276. Watchet, 92-96, 288. Water-bearing strata, 314. Water-lime, 288. Water-supply, Belation of towns, &o., to, 314. Waterfield Farm, 153. Watford, 231, 279, 297. Gap, 231. Watton Hill, 52, 201. Wearyall Hill, 207. Weathering of Books, 102, 110, 133, 205. Weavkk, T., 123-125, 139. Webstf.k, T., 6. Wedmore, 86, 91. Weedon Beck, 231. Lois, 276. , Upper, 276. Weekley, 230, 280. Welbourn, 238, 240, 284. Welford, 231, 317. Hill, 153. Welland, Eiver, 280, 281. Wellingborough, 278, 279, 316. Wellingore, 240. WeUow, 129. Wells, Somerset, 86, 89. Wells. (See Borings.) , Yield of water in, 315. Welton,Northamptonshire, 166, 231, 276. , Somerset, 129, 131. Wem, 181. West Cliff, Bridport, 52. , Lyme Regis, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 70. West End, 220. West, Southerndown, 101, 103. West1)ury-on-Severn, 140. Westcombe, 207. Westhay Cliff, 52, 196. Westholme House, 86. Weston, Bath, 134, 288. , Northants, 276. Underwood, 277. Wethehed, E., 143. Weyeroft, 73, 74. Whatley, 208, 209, 262. Wheathill, 84. Whetting Material, 282, 300. Whilton, 231. Whissendine, 171, 232, 233, 237, 238. Whitchm'ch, 180, 300. White Ammonites, 63. Lackington, 258, 318. White Lias, 57, 59, 72, 91, 151. and Lower Lias, 112, 133. of South Wales, 109, 114, 119. Lime, 11,5, 134, 289. Rock, 72-74. Staunton, 74. Whitminster, 141. Whitton, 177, 178, 320. Wick Eocks, 138. Wickwar, 139, 321. Widmerpool, 171. Wiggonby, 183. Wigston Magna, 33, 166, 167. Wilbarston, 233. Williams, Eev. D., 91. Williams, G. A., 302, 323. Williamson, Pkof. W. C, 25. Willingham, 176. Willoughby Spa, 322, 325. Wharf, 166. Willoughton, 242, 300. Willsbridge, 138. Wilmcote, 144, 146, 152, 288, 294, 296. Wilson, E., 136, 137, 171, 172, 175, 228, 236, 239, 245, 282, 306, 328. Wilson, Kev. J. M., 165. Wilton, Eev. C. P., 140, 297. Wiltshire, Lias of, 211, 212. Wimeswold, 171. Winchcomb, 217, 266. , Vale of, 218, 309. WiNDOES, J., 154, 158, 221, 269, 328. Windrush Valley, 219, 220, 268. Windsor Hill, 88, 89. Winsham, 202, 254. Winteringham, 179, 243, 286. AViuwick, 231. V7INWOOD, Rev. H. H., 88, 113, 129, 130, 202, 212, 262. Witchell, E., 140, 141, 215, 216, 265. Witches Point, 101, 103-107. Witoomb, 317. Witham, North, 284. Eiver, 284. Friary, 319. Wolds of Leicestershire, 171, 309, 312. Wolford Hall, Little, 320. Wolliston, 180, 181. Woodchester, 215. Woodhall Spa, 285. Woophead, G. S., 81. Woodstock, 303. Woodstone, 124. Woodward, A. Smith, 14, 256, 328. Woodward, De. H., 61, 168, 256. WooDWAED, I)b. J., 4, 13, 85, 139, 177, 282, 289, 297-299. WooDWAJttD, M. F., 132. Woolridge, 146. Woolsthorpe, 174, 238, 239, 305, 306. Wooton, Northants, 278. Wootton Wawen, 153. Worcestershire, Lias of, 144. Wornjleighton, 317. Worton, Lower or Nether, 321. Wotton imder-Edge, 138, 213, 214, 264, 315. Wrenbury, 182. 399 Wright, Dk. T., 25, 33, 36, 55, 58-60, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81, 87, 91, 94, 96, 121, 128, 134, 138, 141-143, 146, 148-153, 158, 186, 18g, 196, 204, 208, 213, 215, 246, 264-266, 270. 327. Wrington, Vale of, 133. Wymondbam, 238, 280, 281. Wytham Boring, 230, 269. X. Xiphoteuthis, 71. Y. Yart Valley, 72. " Yellow Sands," 195, 198. Yeovil, 205 207, 255, 256, 258-260, 296, 298, 309, 315. Marble, 84. Marsh, 206. Stone, 259. Yorkshire, Lias of, 21, 23. YOTJNG, A., 222. Young, G., 31. Zine-hlende, 98, 237, 807. Zones, Palseontologioal, 11, 18, 26, 68, 71. and stratigraphical divisions, 253. of the Lias, 25, 34. Zones in the Lower Lias, 36, 57. in the Middle Lias, 186. in the Upper Lias, 246. Zone of Ammonites acutus, 186, 228. nngulatus, 36, 45, 57. aiinulatus, 18fi, 223, 246-248, 250, 271, 286. armalus, 36, 46, 57. bifrons, 246, 286. Bucklandi, 36, 45, 57. capricornus, 36, 49, 57. • catenatus, 169. communis, 246, 252, 271, 286. Davoei, 69. falcifer, 246. Henleyi, 36, 49, 57. heterophyllus, 286. Ibex, 36, 46, 57. Jamesoni, 36, 46, 5?, 160. jurensis, 246, 253, 272, 273. margaritatns, 186, 191. obtusus, 36, 46, 57. opalinus, 246, 253, 273. oxynotus, 36, 46, 57. planicosta, 46, 84. . planorbis, 36, 45, 57. raricostatus, 36, 46, 57. ■ sauzeamts, 154. — semicostatus, 36, 45, 57. serpenlinua, 246, 248, 250, 271, 286. spinatus, 186, 191, 193. striatulas, 246. Tumeri , 36, 45, 57. • Belemnites clavatvs, 43. Peclen cequivalvia, 193. — — (See also under Ammonites.) ►fAV ^ ^i ~&iL i'"-*!.'