16189 QeF\N|A|vI QF^A|v1[vl/\f^ 5;,S.Sheldom D.C.Heath&lCo. THE GIFT OF ^....d.....J^M..-r.4:i>. A.±3.ci.^.'¥... y...zUU0..s. o,nell University Library 3 1924 031 242 591 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031242591 Short German GtRAMmar FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. BY E. S. ^HELDON, TUTOR IN GERMAN IN HAKVAKD UNIVERSITY. BOSTON: D. C. HEATH & COMPANY. 1891. Vopyrigm, Bt E. S. Sheldon, 1879. PEEFACE. In the preparation of this Grammar it has heen my otject to make as short a statement of principles as is consistent with perfect plainness. While intending to omit nothing essential, I have endeavored to gain space and make the stu- dent's work easier by short and clear statement, and by omit- ting many details which really give little or no assistance in reading German. The ability to read German is, in my opinion, of far more importance than the ability to speak it, though when an extended course in German can be given, attention should of course also be paid to the spoken lan- guage. It is believed that this book can be used with ad- vantage by all students who are sufficiently advanced not to be troubled by the common grammatical terms, though it was originally planned only for college students. I have throughout avoided useless technicalities of language. The illustrative examples and also the exercises have been purposely made to contain simple and common words which occur often in ordinary prose. The exercises can of course easily be increased by the teacher, if more are desired. The rules for the order of words are given as occasion arises, and illustrated in the exercises, and a brief summary is given later for convenience of reference. It is hoped that this subject has thus been made easier for the student. IV PKEFACE. The German constructions which differ so slightly from English as not to occasion difficulty in reading have received less attention ; in my opinion these can be best learned by practice in reading and in translating into German. Such practice in translation into German might profitably follow the study of the grammar ; but reading German need not be so long delayed. I feel sure that the best results come from beginning to read early, and beginning as soon as possible practice in reading at sight, which is of course made easier by some knowledge of the methods of derivation of words. This gives, too, a kind of training which the study of a language ought to give. The grammars I have consulted most are Whitney's, Ahn's, and Otto's, in English, and Heyse's in German. I have also made frequent reference to Sanders's large lexicon, and to his SBortertitc^ ber J^aufstf^tuicrigfctten in t)er beutfc^en ©prac^e. In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to the professors of the German department, and others who have given me encouragement and assistance! I am under especial obliga- tions to Dr. Emerton, now connected with the department of History in this University, from whom I have received many valuable suggestions. Harvard University, July, 1879. TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE NUMBERS REFER TO SECTIONS. ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION 1-7 DECLENSION 8 ARTICLES 9 NOUNS 10-17 Rules for Gendek 10 Strong and Weak Declensions 11-15 Irregular Nouns 16 Proper Names 17 Exercises 1, 2. ADJECTIVES 18-28 Inflection, Exercises 3, 4 18-23 Comparison 24-28 PRONOUNS 29-48 Personal 29-32 Possessive 33-35 Demonstrative 36-38 Interrogative 39-41 Relative, and Position op Verb in Relative Clauses . 42-46 Other Pronouns 46-48 Exercises 5, 6. NUMERALS 49-52 Exercise 7. VERBS 53-95 Methods of Conjugation 53-56 Auxiliaries Joficjt, fctn, tOtrtCIt 57-60 Weak Verbs, and Position of Participles and Infini- tives 61-64 Exercises 8, 9. VI CONTENTS. Strong Verbs 65-67 Exercises 10, 11. Passive Voice 68-73 Exercises 12, 13. Infinitive and Participle 74-76 Impersonal Verbs 77-78 Exercises 14, 15. MODAL AUXILIARIES 80-87 Conditional Sentences ; Order op Words after ttcnit . 86, 87 Exercises 16, 17. INSEPARABLE AND SEPARABLE PREFIXES 88-95 Inseparable Prefixes 88 89 Separable Prefixes ; Order in Dependent Clauses . . 90-95 Exercises 18, 19. ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 96-102 Exercises 20, 21. CONJUNCTIONS 103-106 Exercises 22, 23. ADDITIONAL USES OE NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND VERBS 107-122 Expressions of Quantity 107 Uses op the Cases 108-116 Exercises 24, 25. Uses op the Moods and Tenses 116-122 Exercises 26, 27. SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR ORDER OF WORDS . . 123-126 COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION OF NOUNS, ADJEC- TIVES, AND VERBS 127-130 CORRESPONDENCES OF CONSONANTS IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH 131 LIST OF STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS, VOCABU- LARIES, AND INDEX pp. 77-103 GERMAN GRAMMAR. Alphabet and Pronnnciation. 1. Gbem^jst is usually printed with the following letters ; — German Roman German Roman Name. Efiuivalents. Name. Equivalents. 91 a ah a SB n en n as i hay h a oh e t tsay c sp <• pay P 2) b day d Q q koo q @ e ay (in day) e iR r ere (in lUre) r ^ f ef f @ fs es s @ S my g % t tay t # I> hah L U u 00 u 3 i ee i SB b fou (ia/oumi} V 3 i yot J SB to vay w S f hah k X f ix X fi r el 1 ?) H ipsilon y SB m em m S i tset z 2. The letters f, I (if), I, m, tt, ^^ ^^t Xi ^^^ pronounced as in English. None of the letters are silent, except sometimes 1^ (but see 5). a is pronounced like a in father, Vienna, never like a in hand : as Stamc, name ; Sanb, land. i like b in English, but when final likej?; as SSett, JecZ; ©taub dust ; fRa\x\>, prey ; fl6, off. 2 GERMAN GRAMMAR. ( before a, 0, U, or a consonant, is like h, before other letters like ts: as SafuS, case; copi'ren, copy; Seiitiier, hundred- weight; Sitro'ne, lemon. b like d in English, but when final like t : as Sing, thing ; |)unt, dog ; t»ilt», wiM. J)t is like t, as tobt, dead; tiibtcn, kill. e is like a in /afe, when short like e in mei / as gebcn, g^iVe; g is like '^a^,jest) ; ei^'talt, ice-cold (from Si^, ice, and fait, cold) ; GERMAN GRAMMAR. 5 ^ufffpiel, comedy (from i\L% pleasure, and ©jjtef, jsZay) ; au^'ge'^cn, go out (from au3, out, and ge^en, go). But the inseparable prefixes 6e, tm|l, eitf, er, fle, tier, jcr, are never accented, and in compound particles the accent is usually on the last member : as Oebet', prayer (from 6eten, pray) ; tjcr* fprei^'en, promise (from fprec^cn, speak) ; t>at;in', thither (from ta, there, and ^in, hence) ; rcomit', wherewith (from too, where, and mit, with). These rules for accent of course do not apply to foreign words, which often accent the last syllable. Words in ct also accent the last syllable : as jtinberei', childishness (from .ttnb, child). Verbs in =ircn (=ieren) accent the i : as fpajic'ren, walk. Scben'tig, liv- ing, accents the second syllable. 7. Capitai, Letters. Every noun or word used as such must begin with a capital, also the personal pronoun ©ic, you, and the possessive '^[)x, your. Adjectives of nationality do not begin with a capital: as englifi^, English; frangoftfc^, French; bcutfd), German. Declension. 8. There are in German four cases, — nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative, — two numbers, and three genders. Those words which in the singular have different endings for the dif- ferent genders (i. e. adjectives and words similarly declined) have in the plural the same form for all three genders. Articles. 9. The articles are declined as follows : — ber, the. etn, a, an. SINGULAK. PLUKAL. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. AU Genders. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. tcr bte bag bie ein cine etn G. beg ber beg ber eineg einer eineg D. bent ber bent bett einem einet einem A. ben bie bag bie efncn eine etn 6 GERMAN GRAMMAR. a. In the accusative neuter and the dative of all genders, there often occur contractions with prepositions : am (an beni, at the) ; im (in tern, in the); »om (»on bent, of the) ; jum (5U bcm, to the); bcim (bci bem, at the) ; awi (an ba^, to the); oiifg (auf ba«, upon the); mi (in bo«, into the); jitr (ju ber, to i/ie) : as im lX)iaitx, in the theatre. h. The definite article is often used where the Enghsh has a possessive pronoun, when the meaning is clear : as mit bcm SSruber, with my {your, his, her) brother/ and often where we have no corresponding word, as hefore names of seasons, months, and days of the week : as ber '33Jai, May; am greitag, on Friday. Xoons. 10. E.ULES FOR Gender, a. Masculine are derivative nouns in ling and et (denoting the agent) : as gfembltng, stranger (from fremb, strange) ; ^in'Dex, finder (from ftnbcn,^W(^). Most nouns formed without ending by simple change of vowel, and most nouns in el, ct, en (except infinitives used as nouns) are masculine: as Spruc^, saying (from ft)red)Crt, .t/ieBi) ; giiigcl, wtos' (from fliegen, /y ) ; SRegen, rain ; Stiitx, pointer (from itiitn, point). b. Feminine are all abstract nouns formed with the suffixes ei, Beit, fcit, f^nft, Ultg, nouns formed from masculines hy add- ing in, and all abstract nouns formed from adjectives hy adding e: as ?iittcr, ©arteit, gii^e, ^ci{)xt, ©ii^nc, ©itc^er. The dative plural adds n to the nominative plural unless this already ends in it, when it is like the other plural cases. a. Nouns adding cr in the plural are almost all neuter, none are feminine. The most important masculines are: ®ott, God; 3Jlann, maw; 3BaIb, /oresf ; Qitx^, spirit ; dlani, edge ; £)vt, place (pl. Ccrtcr and Drte). 13. ber ©picgel, mirror •. ber Sag, day. ber ^opf, head. N. ber ©picgcl ber 3:ag ber ^opf G. beg ©picgclg beg lagea beg ^opfeg D. bem ©piegcl bent lage (aS, of Europe, but son 3)ari4, of Paris. Names of persons may be used after the article without be- ing declined, or may take a genitive ending i (eni after a sibilant), as they always do when the governing word follows : as bc^ '^einCi of Heine ; ©chiller's SBctte, Schiller's Works ; Wlai, iDIttren^, Max's. Feminines in e add cn8 in the genitive : as SWarie, Wlaxitni, or bcr 2)farif, and sometimes have tt or en in the dative and accu- sative: as Wlmim, E^arlotten. a. If a title without the article precedes a proper name, only the latter is declined: as Sonig §eintt^'« Scroti, King Henry's thrmie; if the article precedes, the title is declined and the proper name left undeclined : as bcr ©ieg \>ti SonigS •^einricft, the victory of King Hemry. But ^nr, Mr., is always declined: as $errn SWuUer'* fjrcunb, Mr, Mailer's friend. EZEBCISE 1. 1. Die Sage ftnb im ©ominer tang. 2. Die ©d^wejler beg ^inbeS ijl in bcm ®artcn. 3. Die lod^ter be3 ®rafen :^ot ein Suc^. 4. Der GEllMAN GRAMMAR. 11 Mnait ^at cin Suc^ in bcr $anb. 5. 3Dic ^aufcr in ber ©tabt l^abcn gro^e (large) genficr. 6. 55cr SBatec giclbt tern .Rinbc cincn J^ut. EXERCISE 2. 1. The child has a flower. 2. The boy's hands are large (grof). 3. The father tsf the boys is in the garden of the count. 4. The daughters of the woman are in the house. 5. The wives of the soldiers are in the town. 6. The boy has a book in his hand, and he gives it to the sister of the soldier. 7. The days are short (turj) in winter, and long in summer. 8. The mother gives her children flowers. Adjectives. 18. They are only inflected when used attributively with a noun expressed or understood, and when used substantively. When standing in the predicate without a noun they are not inflected : as |te ifl f(^on, she is beautiful. An adjective may also be used in its uninflected form as an adverb : as bag i)at tv gut gct^an, that he has done weU. 19. When the adjective is not preceded by another limiting word, its endings are as follows {of. the definite article) : — SINGULAK, PLUKAL. Mass. Fim. NeiiH. All Genders. N. cr e ts c G. c3 er c3 er D. em er cm en A. en c e« e Example : gut, good. N". guter gutc gutes guh G. gutea guter ■guteS guter D. gutem guter gutem guten A. guten gute %utti gute 12 GERMAN GRAMMAR. s a. In the genitive singular en is usually substituted for C8 if the following noun genitive ends in g ; as gutcn SBein^, of good wine. The stem vowel is never modified in the plural. b. Adjectives in c, cl, en, er, usually drop the c of the last syllable when an ending is added : thns from ebel, noble, come ebler, ebk, ebW, etc. e. The neuter ending cS in the nominative and accusative singular is sometimes dropped, but not usually in prose : as liei Sinb, dear child. d. ^nij, high, loses c when declined: as ^ojer, ^o^e, ^O^e^, etc. Decline in full : [(potter STag, fine day ; grower ©artcn, large garden ; fteine Jointer, little daughter ; wti^t ^anb, white hand ; xotijii S8u4, red book ; and the German for pretty little flower (^iitfc^, tlein, 33Iiimc, fern., pi. =n). 20. WTien the adjective is preceded by a limiting declined word other than another adjective, it ends in ett in all cases of both numbers, except in five places in the singular ; namely, the three nominatives, and the feminine and neuter accusatives. After bcr, and words similarly declined (the most important are : biefcr, this ; Jeiicr, that ; wclc^er, which ; alter, all ; {etier, every ; fotc^er, such; manc^cr, many: all declined like gutcr, 19), these five cases end in t ; after ein, and words similarly declined (tein, no, and the possessive pronouns mein, m.y ; bcin, thy; [ein, his, its; i^r, her; unfcr, our; eucr, your; V)x, their; 3^r, your), they take the, same ending as if no limiting word preceded (19). a. After words meaning some, such, many, few, the adjective usually has e, and not en, in the nominative and accusative pl-nral, though otherwise declined as after "bet; as eimge.giope ©tcibte, som£ large tovms; side mci^tige giirjlcn, many mighty princes. ., SINGULAR. SINGULAR. PLURAL. After ber, bicfer, etc. After ein , lein, eto. In all cases. N. e c c er e a en G. en en en en en en en D. en en en en en en en A. en e e en e ti en GERMAN GRAMMAR. 13 Examples: bcr gute, the good. N. ber gute bie gute bas gute bie gutctt G. beS gutcn ber guten beg guteu ber guten D. bent guten ber guten bcm gutcn ben gutcn A. ben guten bie gute boS gute bie gutcn ein gutcr, a good (in the plural with a possessive pronoun). N. fin guter cine gute ein gute^ meine guten ■ G. eincS guten ciner guten eineg guten meiner gutcn D. cinem guten ciner gutcn cinem guten meinen gutcn A. eincn gutcn cine gute ein guteS meine guten Note. The reason why after eir.f fein, and the possessives the adjective takes other endings than e and en, is that these words have in those cases no ending of declen- sion, as ber, bicfer, etc., have. The student will observe that en is the ending of the adjective after a limiting word in the great majority of cases : if it belongs to a masculine noun, the ending is en, except in one case, the nominative singular; if to a feminine or neuter, it is en except in two cases, the nominative and accusative singular. Decline the examples at the end of 19 with ber, biefer, ein, fein before them, and also the German for : his large house ; her little son ; their little daughter ; your (3^0 little book. EZEBCISS 3. 1. S)cr arme .^art ifl ticf 6etrii6t, bcnn fein gutcr SBater ifl feftr tranl. 2. Sttugcr griebric^ unb feiner flcinen ©c^roc^ct ift ««iemanb in bem grogcn Simmer. 3. Dicfc armcn Hcinen ^inbcr finb fc|r mijbc. 4. Diefer alte Saner ifl ein c^rlicfeer mam. 5. 3cnc6 junge SOTabd^en 6at ein l^ubfd^cg ®e(tc^t. 6. Side guten 9}Jenfd)ett finb flliicffid^. EXEBCISE 4. (Words in brackets are to be omitted.) 1. His little daughter is in the beautiful garden of the old merchant. 2. She has a new picture-book in her right hand, and 14 GEKMAN GKAMMAK. white and red flowers in her left. 3. These poor children have no pretty pictures. 4. Her sister has blue eyes, and my brothers have black eyes. 5. The ass has long ears. 6. This ugly bird has large wings, and its beak is very long. 7. Your (tise 3^v) blue cups are very fragile, and the white [ones] are too small. 8. He gives the hungry children bread. 21. 9)Jan(^, foI(^, and wel(| (without any ending) may be used before ein or a declined adjective, which is then like gutcr (19) : as folc^ ein SRann, or cin folder ^(inn, such a man; niit mand) tapferem SJIann, or mit manc^em tapfercn SJlonii, with many a brave man. So a\i (otic) before a pronominal word or bcr : as atl bicfe Seutc, all these people. 22. 3Sict, much, and toenig, Mule, may be declined like gut, or left unvaried, unless a limiting word precedes (but ein wenig, a little ; not ein weniger). If they are undeclined, a follow- ing adjective is declined like guter (19) : as »icl Seinbe, or »iele Seinbc, many foes ; bic siekn ©orgcn, the many cares; sict guter .Safe, much good cheese. They can be used substantively, like much, many, little, few, in English, and may govern a parti- tive genitive : as sieic bicfer 33itc6er, many of these boohs. Their comparatives, nte^r and trtenigcr, are usually not declined : as mi%v SBein, mare wine ; lueniger ^aufer, fewer houses. ®enug, enough, is indeclinable ; it may either precede or follow the noun, as in English : as genug Srob, or S3rob genug, enough bread ; bid genug, thick enough. 23. After the indeclinable words etnxtS, som,ething ; tDOS, what, something, mdjti, nothing, the adjective is treated as a substantive in apposition ; it is declined like guteS (19)) a^nd is usually written with a capital letter: as ettuag ®ro§eg, something great; nicbtS ©elteneS, nothing strange. Stwag before a noun means some, and as an adverb somewhat, rather : as ttmaS ©alj, some salt; etmai long, rather long. GERMAN GRAMMAR. 15 Comparison. 24. The following examples show the formation of the com- parative and superlative : — f(^6n, beautiful fc^Sncr ber fcbon|le lang, long langer ber langjlc turj, short lurjer ber fiirjelle buntel, dark tuntler bev bunfeljlc ^artnadig, obstinate l^artnacfiger ber tjavtnadifliic The vowel is often but not always modified in the comparative and superlative. No simple rule can be given. Examples for comparison which modify the vowel when possi- ble : lang, long; jung, young; alt, old; rcii^, rich; fiig, sweet; axm,poor ; l)axt,hard; talt,cold; ^avf, strong. Without modifica- tion: taut, foM<^; ^xo%glad; xa^6^, quick ; \to{^, j)roud. The comparative of the adverb is like that of the adjective ; the superlative is am (9 a) with the superlative of the adjective : thus, gut, well, Ijeflfer, am beften ; ^od^, high, Ijii^cr, am :^od)(ten. Phrases with auf and the superlative also occur: as auf^ bc|te, excellently. 25. Comparatives and superlatives are declined according to the rules already given (19, 20) : as fc^iinerer, fdjijneve, ter fd)Oii(te, bie fd^onfte; but the undeclined form of the superlative is not used, except atlcrltc6(t, very pretty (not prettiest), and some superlatives used as adverbs : as mcijl, mostly ; t)ijc^(l, exceedingly. For the English superlative without the article in the predicate is generally substituted a phrase with an, at, and the article, contracted to am ; that is, the same form as the superlative of the adverb : as im ©ommer finb bie SEagc am langjten, in summer the days are longest. a. The superlative is sometimes strengthened by prefixing aHer, of all; as ber aUerfi^on jle, the very most beauti/id. 16 GERiMAN GEAMMAK. 26. The following are irregular in comparison : — gut, good fceffcr i)er 6e|le uiel, miich me^r bcv meijle )^o6), high ^6|cr t)fr l)od)fle na^i near na^cr bcr iid(^jle grop, ^-reae grower ber gro^te 27. The following are defective (the forms used are always declined except when used as adverbs) : — bcr minbere, less ber mittlere, middle ber innere, interior ber au^cre, exterior ber o6ete, npper ber untere, lower ber Dorbere, fore bev ^intere, hiouier bet minbefle ber mittclfle (cf. SiWittet, middle) ber tnnerllE (cf. in, in) bcr dugerile (cf. aua, out) ber obcrjle (cf. uber, over) ber unterfte (cf. unlet, under) ber Dorberjlc (cf. ijor, be/ore) bet ^interjle (cf. ^intet, behind) bet erjie, ^rs< ber le^te, last a. The last two have also comparative forms : er|lcrer ('C, ^ei) former ; lejferei («e, 'ti), latter. 28. To the English more and mos< correspond me^r and am meijlen, but they are much less used than in English : as mct)r tytt ali lebeiifeig, more dead than alive. Pronouns. 29. The Personal Pronouns are declined as follows : — er, jte, tS, he, she, it i^,I bu, thou N. i(^ bu G. meiner beincr D. mtr btr A. mic^ t)i(^ N. »ir i^r G. unfer euer D. itnS euc^ A. una eu(^ er ffe ti fciner i:^rer feiner i^m i^r i^m itjn fie [lie ti For all Genders. ' i'&rer ifenen [lie GERMAN GRAMMAR. 17 a. In the genitive singular sometimes occur, especially in verse, the short forms mein, bein, fein. b. There is a reflexive pronoun (l(^, himself, herself, itself, themselves, in the third person for the dative and accusative of both numbers and all genders ; in the other persons the oblique cases are also used reflexively : as ic^ eriniiere mic^, / remember ; er erinnert fid), he remembers. c. The reflexive pronouns often have a reciprocal sense : as ttir fe^Ctt Ult^, we see each other. The same sense is expressed by einanber, one another. d. To any of these pronouns in any case can be added, for emphasis, the inde- clinable fclbjl or fetSer, myself, thyself, himself, etc. : as et ftlbp, he himself; (te felbjl, she herself. 30. In address to one or more persons, corresponding to the English you, is used the plural of the third person, written with a capital letter, ©ie, 3^rer, 30ncn, ©ie ; the verb is iu the third person plural. Similarly the reflexive |ic^ (written with a small letter) means also yourself, yourselves, in both dative and accu- sative : as ©ie freuen |i(^, you rejoice. The pronoun bu is familiar, used between members of the same family, or intimate friends, also in speaking to a child or to one's servant, and in solemn style where the English also uses thou. The ordinary pronoun of address is ©ic ; t)U is familiar in speaking to one person, i()r is familiar in speaking to more than one. 31. The personal pronouns of the third person are seldom used in the genitive or dative in reference to things ; the forms feiner, i^rcr,.2C., mean usually of him, her, etc. Instead a demonstrative is used: as tcffcn, of it; bcmfelbcn, to it. It referring to a noun masculine or feminine in German is translated by er or jie ; when a preposition precedes, generally by a compound of ba (there) and the preposition : as bamit, with it {therewith) ; baraiif, on it. 32. The neuter e§ ('§) is used like the English it, as the sub- ject of an impersonal verb: as eS regnet, it rains; or like the English there, when the subject is put after the verb : as, ti tuar einnial ein ^onig, there was once a king. In either case, if the 18 GERMAN GRAMMAR. predicate nominative, or subject after the verb, is plural, the verb is plural also; as «8 waren jwei 33riii)cr, it was two brothers; eS famen brci ©oltatcn, there came three soldiers. If in English the predicate nominative is a personal pronoun, it comes first in German : as ©ie |inl) (S, it is you. The English so after a verb is usually to be translated by eS j as ic^ bcnfc ti, I think so. 33. The Possessive Pronouns metn, fccin, fcin, i^r, unfer, eiter, i^r, S^x, are declined like eitt, and in the plural like guter (19), when used with a noun. If they are tised alone, with a noun understood, they are declined like adjectives in the singular also : as nic^t mcin $«t, fonfeern 3t)rer (not 3\)x), not my hat, but yours ; ti i^ metn beflcr, it is my best one ; tcr meine tfl feejjer, mine is better; biefer ^ut ifi metn, this hat is mine {ef. 18). 34. 3^^, ye^T; is simply i^r, their, spelt with a capital letter. It is the possessive corresponding to ®ie, you, and is distin- guished from kein, thy, and euer, your, as ®ie is from bu, and its plural i^r (30). 35. There are longer forms, bcr meintge, ber beinige, ber fetnige, ber i^rige, ber nnfrige, ber eurige, etc., in which the definite article is always necessary. They are never used with a noun (cf. Eng- lish mine, thine, etc.). They are of course declined like adjectives preceded by the definite article (20). 36. Demonstrative Pronouns. 5)er, that, when used with a noun is declined like the definite article ; it is the same word, but pronounced with emphasis : as ber 3Jiann, the man, or that man. "When used alone it is declined as follows : — N. ber bie bag bte 6. beffen (beg) beren (ber) bejfen (bef) beren (bcrcr) D. bem bet bem benen A. ben bie bas bie GKRMAN GRAMMAR. 19 a. In the genitive singular the shorter forms are rare. In the genitive plural berer is used of persons when limiting words fol- low: as berer, tie bort luaren, of those who were there. 37. ©iefer, this, and jcner, that, are declined like gutcr (19), liut the genitive singular never ends in «en. ©iefeg in the nomi- native and accusative neuter is often shortened to bieS (bicp). a. This, that, these, those, as subjects of a verb followed by a predicate nominative, are usually rendered in German by the neuter singular biefeS or bteg, this, and bag, that, and the verb agrees in number with the predicate noun : as ba3 |inb meine 33iid)er, those are my books. 38. ©erjenige, that, he, is generally used as the antecedent of a relative pronoun : bcriettige, Welc^er, he who. The first part is the definite article ; the second comes from jener, that. Both parts are declined : — N. berjenige biejenige baejenige bicjcnigen G. begjenigen bcrjenigen begjcnigcn bcrjenigen D. bcmjcnigeti bcrjenigen bcmjenigcn benjenigen A. benjenigen biejenige baSjenigc biejenigen a. £)erfel6e, the same, is similarly declined : bcrfelbc, biefelfie, ba^felBc, be(SfeI6en, k. The second part of the word is of course connected with fetbjt, one's self (29 d). 39. Interrogative Pronouns. ro e r, who. wai, what. N. wer wai G. wejifen (meg) weffcn (wep) D. went A. ipcn was 2Cer is used only of persons, was only of things. Neither can be used with a noun. For the cases of toaS with prepositions are 20 GERMAN GRAMMAR. substituted compounds with roo : as tpomit ? wherewith ? toorin ? wherein? (cf. 31). u. flSai sometimes has the meaning of etWad, something, some (23): as i^ ^orte toai, I heard smnelhing. 40. In wag fiir ctn, what sort of, what, only the article is declined ; fiir, in other uses a preposition with the accusative, here governs no case : as wai fiir cin ?Wann, what man. Before nouns of material ein is omitted : as wag fur 2Bein, what wine. 41. 2BeI(^er, what, which, is declined like bicfer. It is used either alone or with a noun : as roclc^e ^irc^e ? what {which) church ? njclc&e ? which one ? a. SBel^er sometimes has the meaning of eintset, some : as id^ ^aie Ktlijt, I have some. 42. Relative Pkonouns. The words commonly used when the antecedent is expressed are ber and roelc^er. ^cr is declined like the pronoun tcr without a noun (36), not like the definite article. SBelt^er is declined like the interrogative welder, but is not used in the genitive, where the forms of ber are substituted : as bcr SKann, bcffen SBatcr ©ie fenneii, the man whose father you know. The relative ber can be distinguished from the demon- strative ber, since the inflected part of the verb stands at the end of the sentence after all relative words : as ei roar einmat cin ^otiig, ber cine fi^one Jod^tcr t)atte, there was once a king who had a beautiful daughter ; but ber ^atte eine fc^onc loi^ter, he had a beautiful daughter, a. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted as in English : ber Srief, ben fit fdjretbt, th^ letter she is writing. 43. The Interrogative Pronouns tt)cr and mai can also be used as relative pronouns, but not when the antecedent is ex- pressed (but see 44). 2Dcr as a relative means he who, she who, whoever, only used of persons ; roa^, that tvhieh, what, whatever, GERMAN GRAMMAR. 21 only used of things : as tncv ti t^at leBt no(^, Ae who did it still lives ; was cr fogt ijt icafjr, wAa< Ae says is true. 44. But when the antecedent is a neuter pronoun, or a neuter adjective (especially a superlative) taken in a general sense, the relative pronoun is maS, not tag or mld)ti : as bas, WaS cr fagt, that which he says; aUei, wai ii) t)abc, all that r have; iaS ©c^Bnjie, maS it^ je gefe^en ^abc, the most beautiful thing I ever 45. If the antecedent is a personal pronoun, of the first or second person, and the relative pronoun is the subject of a verb, the personal pronoun is repeated after the relative, otherwise the verb must be in the third person : as bu, ber tu ni^t avfceiteii milifl, or bu, ber nic|t arbeiten luitl, thou that wilt not work : wiv, bie luir iS get^on ^ben, we who have done it. 46. Other Pronouns. Wan, one, they, people (cf. the 'French on), is only used in the nominative singular. It is often used when the English has the passive voice : as man fagt, they say, it is said. In the oblique cases cincr is used (see 50) : as wai eiiicni Qt^dUt, what pleases one. ^tmaxCo, some one; 9tiemanb, reo one; 3ebcrmann, every one, are only used in the singular ; they form the genitives 3enianbeg, Sflicmanbcg, 3ebermanng, the dative and accusative being like the nominative. a. 3emanb and SWicmonb can add cm or en in the dative, and en in the accusa- tive : as Semanbem, 9itemanben. 47. The most important of the other pronominal words, as aUcr, jebcr, manc^er, folcfcer, einigcr, tiiel, reenig, ttxoai, have already been mentioned under adjectives (20-23). .fcin, no, used as a pronoun is declined like guter (19) : as Reiner toon i^nen, none of them. 48. A neater pronoun is sometimes used of persons : as aHeS, every one. 22 GERMAN GRAMMAR. EXERCISE 5. 1. ©te ^afcctt niiit^ Slnbeteg ju tl)iirt. 2. (£r ging atlein, bcnn i)OS roar feitt gropte^ SScrgniigcn. 3. 3BaS l^aben ®ie ©c^oneg gefe^en ? 4. ©ag fttib Selber unto SBiefen. 5. S)ic oUeroberflen SBilber maren fo fletti, bag fie fleiner crf(^icnen aU tie Hcinfle SRofenfnofpe. 6. g3 war eininal ein reic^er 9JJonn, ber I;atte einen ^nec|t, bcr il)m fleigig unb reblid^ biente. EXERCISE 6. 1. What new [thing] has she seen ? (c/. Ex. 5, 3.) 2. Those are my friends, but not his. 3. Her aunt, who lives in Berlin, and whose brother you know, is very ill. 4. The books he gave her are in this room. 5. Which of these casks contains beer, and which wine ? 6. All that your brother's friend says is possible, but I, who was at home, saw nothing unusual. 7. There is no letter there for you. 8. I told him so, but he does not believe it. Numerals. 49. The Cardinal Numerals are as follows : — (Sin 1. 3t(^tje^n 18. 3wci 2. ^leunje^n 19. Dtci 3- Swansig 20. SBier 4. Sin unb smanjig, k. 21. Bitnf 5. ©reifig 30. ©cc^S 6. SSterjig 40. ©iefccn 7. gijnf3ig (or funfjig) 60 Slc^t 8. ©ec^jig 60 ««eun 9. ©iebjig (or jicknjig) 70 3e^n 10. mtm 80 eif 11. 9Jcunjig 90 Swiilf 12. .^unbcrt (not ctn|unbert) 100 ©retje'^it 13. 3t»ci^itnbert, jc. 200 33ier3c()n 14. SEaufenb (not eintaufenb) 1,000 giinfjel^n (or funfje^n) 15. 3njeitaufenb, u. 2,000 ®e^3e:^n (or ^edfSii'i^n) 16. ginciKiaion 1,000,000 ©iebje^n (or (lebenjef^n) 17. 3iBei aKiUioncn, jc. 2,000,000 GERMAN GRAMMAE. 23 50. ®tn, agreeing with a word expressed, is declined like the indefinite article, or a possessive pronoun in the same position. Preceded by a limiting word (usually ber) it is declined according to 20 : as ber eine, the one. When standing alone, used pronomi- nally it is declined like tiiefer or gutcr (19), hut cine^ in the neuter nominative and accusative is usually contracted to einS : as einer ber 9lrbeiter, one of the workmen ; \6) |alje cinS, / have one. In ciit unb jmanjig, ein uitb brei^ig, etc., tin is uninflected. 51. The other cardinal numbers are undeclined. But jiuei and brei may take the endings cr in the genitive and ttt in the dative to indicate the case more plainly : as jiueier gamilien, of two families. 52. The Ordinal Nukeeals are : — ber erflc ber fiinfte ber gmeite ber fcc^jie ber brittc ber (icfeeiitc ber oierte ber a^tc, and so on, adding t to the cardinal number and declining like other adjectives up to ber ncunjet)nte. From 20 on ft is added to the cardinal : as ber jmanjigjle, ber ciit unb aroanjigfle, ber breigigfte, ber ^unberfflf, etc. a. One wnd a half, tioo and a half, etc., may he translated by anbert()aI6, li; britt^alb, 2^; aierte^alb, 31, etc, ^al6 being added to the next highest ordinal. b. Dates. Examples : im Sa'Ire 1856, in 1856 ; am ©onnerS^ tag ben 3ten 3uli, 1879, on Thursday, July 3d, 1879 (cf 114). For the time of day the cardinal numerals are prefixed to 11 br, hour, which in this use is invariable : as um iieun U^r, at nine o'clock. Half past eight is t)atb neun ; a quarter past seven, cin SCitrtel auf ac^t; a quarter before one, brei 53iertel auf cing. 24 GERMAN GRAMMAR. EXEBCISE 7. (The numbers to be given in words.) 1. 47 ; 61 ; 98 ; 113 ; 257 ; 1344 ; 14,386 ; 352,476. 2. One of the painters comes daily at half past ten o'clock, and stays till one. 3. This library contains more than 300,000 volumes. 4. The capital of that country had in 1870 about 240,000 inhabitants. 5. Lessing died on the 15th [of] February, 1781. 6. I have only two of your chairs here. 7. He is only ten years old. Verbs. 53. German has the indicative, subjunctive, conditional, im- perative, and infinitive moods in both voices. The subjunctive is usually translated by our indicative or by the auxiliaries may, might, should, or would; the conditional by should or would. The indicative, imperative, and infinitive have the same tenses as in English, and the subjunctive has the same as the indicative. The conditional has but two, a present and a perfect. The English forms with do, and the progressive forms are not to be imitated in German: ic^ Iie6e is I love, do love, or am loving ; id) werbe l{t\itn, I shall love, or shall he loving; \6) ^abe gelicbt, 2 have loved, or have been loving. There is a present active participle Itebenb, loving, and a past participle geliebt, loved, which is passive when the verb is transi- tive, as in English. The simple forms of the verb are only the present and imper- fect indicative and subjunctive, tlie imperative, the present infin- itive, and the two participles mentioned, the present active and the past passive. All the other parts of the verb are formed by the aid of auxiliaries as in English. 54. There are two methods of conjugation, the Weak (also called Regular) and the Strong (also called Irregular). In weak verbs the imperfect indicative ends in it (or etc when dis- tinctness of pronunciation requires it) : as (iebte, from licben, love; GEKMAN GRAMMAR. 25 orBeitete, from artciten, work ; and the past participle ends in t (or et) : as geticbt, gearteitet. In strong verbs the imperfect indicative changes the stem vowel and adds no tense ending : as fpra^, from fprec^etl, speak ; tritg, from tragcn, bear; and the past participle ends in en: as gcfproc^en, gctragen. 3;t)un, do, has getljan. The past participle in both weak and strong verbs prefixes ge. For the exceptions see 75. 55. The present infinitive, the imperfect indicative, and the past participle are the principal parts of the verb ; as liebeit, Uebte, geliebt ; fprei^en, fprac^, gefpvod^en. 56. The only personal endings of verbs, whether weak or strong, are e, eft, ti, and ejt, and in eft and ti, t is usually dropped except when necessary for distinctness of pronunciation, and except in the subjunctive mood : as cr arfccitct, he works ; er liebt, he loves ; bit fommfl, thou earnest ; tu fc^Uepcfl, thoti shuttest. Auxiliaries of Tense and Voice. 57. Inflection of the Simple Tenses. 1. ^aben (§atte, geljaljt), have. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. IMPEKFECT. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. i(| ^abt ic^ tjatte ic^ t)a6c t(^ l)aiit tuiafl bu battefl bu I)a6ejl bu pttejl er ^&t er |attc er |aBe er ptte wir :^a6ctt luir fatten wtr ^alJcn tuir fatten i^r t)obt t^r ^ttet i^r t)a6et i^r pttet jle ^a6en lie ^tteit fJe t)a6ett fJe gotten IMPERATIVE. ^a6e (bu) ^dbt (i|r) PRESENT PARTICIPLE. ^a&enb 26 GERMAN GEAMMAR. 2. (£ein (war, gewefen), he. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PKESENT. IMPERFECT. PRESENT. IMPBRPECT. i(^ Bin bubiji erijl i(^ war id^ fei bu warji bu feie^ er war er fei \&i ware bu warefl er ware wir jinb i^r feib fie jinb wir waren Wir feien i|r warct i&r feiet jte waren jte feien IMPERATIVE. wir waren i^r maret fie maren fei (bu) feib (i^r) PRESENT PAKTICIPLB. feienb 3. SBerbcn (warb or wurbe, geworbcn and worbcn), become ; as auxiliary to be translated shall, will, be (59 b, c). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. ic6 werbe ic^ warb or wurbe ic^ werbe id) witrbe bu mirjl bu roarbft or mur= bejl bu werbejl bu wurbejl cr rotrb er warb or murbe er werbe er witrbe wir wcrben mir murben wir werben mir murben i:^r merbet i^r murbet t^r merbet i^r murbet fie werben jle wurben Jte merben jic witrben IMPEEATIVB. werbe (bu) wcrbet (itjr) PRESENT PARTICIPLE. werbent GERMAN GRAMMAR. 27 58. In these and all other verb^ the present subjunctive sup- plies the lacking persons of the imperative : as ge^eit Wtr, let us go ; ti fei, he it so ; and its third person plural, with the subject ®ie, you, following, is in sense a second person of the imperative, either singular or plural : as tommen ©Ic, come (to one or more persons). 59. Use op the Tense Auxiliaries, a. Per the tenses of completed action, corresponding to the English compound tenses with have (as / have seen, he has come), the auxiliaries are tjaben and fein, used with the past participle. Thus from t)atcn are formed the compound tenses ii^ i)ait gel)a6t, I have had ; id) ^attc ge^abt, / had had ; in the subjunctive id) ^a6e getjabt, id) ^Stte gcfeabt; and in the perfect infinitive ge^abt ^abcrt, to have had. From fein, with the auxiliary fein, not |abert, are formed id) bin gercefen, I have been; i6i roar gcioefcn, / had been ; in the subjunctive i(^ fei gemefen, t(^ ware geroefcn ; and in the perfect infinitive geroefen fein, to have been. From roerben come, in like manner, ti^ bin gcworben, I have become, etc. b. The present tenses of itjcrben with the present infinitive form the future indicative and subjunctive ; the imperfect subjunctive of tiierben, with the present infinitive, forms the present conditioifal. The compound forms of these tenses, the future perfect indica- tive and the perfect conditional, are formed by using the perfect infinitive instead of the present infinitive. Thus from l)abcn come : ic^ roetbe tjaben, I shall have; er roirb ^aben, he will have ; cr roerbe ^aben (subjunctive), he will have; ic^ rourte Ijaben, I should have; ic^ roerbe geftabt ^aben, I shall have had; id) roiirfcc gel)abt baben, I should have had. From fein come: id^ roerte fein, / shall be ; t(^ roiirbe fein, / should be ; ii$ rcerbc geroefen fein, / shall have been; ic^ witrbe geroefen fein, I should have been. From roerben come : i(^ rocrbe roerben, / shall become, etc. It will be noticed that the order of the infinitive and participle is the reverse of the English order. e. SBerbcn is also the auxiliary of the passive voice ; see 68. 28 GEEMAN GRAMMAR. 60. ^(ibttl is the auxiliary uSed to form the tenses of completed action with all transitive verbs (including reflexives and the auxiliary verbs, iiirfen, be allowed; fonnen, can; moQitt, like; miijfcn, must; fotlen, shall ; luotlcn, will), and many intransitives : as cr ^at c3 getroffcn, he has hit it ; |te i)at |i^ gefreut, she has rejoiced; id) t)a6c ei nid)t ge!onnt, I have not been able to do it ; \&l |a6e gewartet, I have waited. erben gelieBt l^aBen «3ir ttjerben gelieBt l^aBcn i^r werbct gelieBt ^aBen it)r mcrbet gelieBt t)aBen fte werben gelieBt l^aBcn fie werbeit gelieBt f^abtn CONDITIONAL. ic^ witrbc lieBen id) tciirbe gelieBt ^aBcn bu witrbeft lieBen bu ttJtirbe^ gelieBt ^aBen cr (oitrbe lieBeit er tuiirbe gelieBt ^aBen trir tijurben lieBen wir toitrben gelieBt ^aBen iffx tBiirbet lieBen i^r wiirbet gelieBt BaBen fte ttjiirbcn licBen fie tciirbcn gelieBt ^aBen 30 GERMAN GRAMMAR. IMPERATIVE. licte (bu) liefct «r Iic'6ct (i|)r) INFINITIVE.. Present — liefecn ? Pei-fect — gsliebt :^a6ett PARTICtPEBS. Freseni — Ikbcttb Past — geliebt 2. Synopsis OF THE Tenses OF faIgeit,/oZfow. Auxiliary, fcin. INDIOATIVa SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. id^ folge ic^ fotgc IMPERFECT. ic^ folgte i^ folgtc or folgcte FUTURE. i^ n>crt)e folgen id) wcrbc foTgcn PERFECT. i(^ 6in gcfolgt i^ fei gefolgt PLUPERFECT. i^ mar gefolgt ii^ marc gefolgt FUTURE PERFECT. iiS) wcrfee gefolgt fein ic^ tocrbc gefoTgt fcin CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PERFECT. i^ miirbc folgen id^ wiirtc gefolgt fein IMPERATIVE. folgc (tiu) GERMAN GKAMMAE. 31 a. Verbs in tilt and tm drop the C of the ending cit, and the C before I or r when the ending is c : as id) table, Wir tabeln, from tiibein, blame. Inflect completely in the active with 1)01)611: refeen, speak; Mtn, live ; arbeiten, worJc ; Uxrxtn, learn ; \ammdn, gather ; and with fein : reifen, travel ; toanbent, wander. 62. The participles when used adjectively are declined like adjectives: as ein licBcttbeg ^inb, a loving child; ble gelicbte SJJutter, the loved mother. 63. For the few irregular weak verbs see the List of Strong and Irregular Verbs at the end of this book. 64. All objects and adverbial modifiers of the verb must stand before the infinitive and participle in compound forms : as fie tuerben morgcn lommen, they will come to-morrow ; er %at feinem 3?etter einen SSrtef gefc^rieben, he has written his cousin a letter ; fte tuiirbe ti gejlern gefngt l)aben, she would have said so yesterday. This is also the case with the pronouns in reflexive verbs : as id) IDurbe mic^ freuen, or gefreut l)abcn, / should rejoice, or have rejoiced; ®ie tiabcn fic^ iiic^t gefiirdbtct, you have not been afraid. Adverbial modifiers of the predicate cannot stand between the subject and the verb ; they usually stand after the object : as cr ging bann xni ^aui, he then went into the house ; id) tenne ben grcunb 3i^m Sntberg nii^t, / do not know your brother's friend. EXEBCISE 8. 1. ®t l)at nte etnc Slcifc gcmatit, itnb wivb nie eine mac^cn. 2. „2Barum ijl 3^r 93ruber nic^t in ber SJJii^Ie gcirefen?" fragte bic Heine Zodjkx be3 WlMnS. 3. Dieg i(l nt(%t ber recite 3Beg, benn bic ^tri^e i(i noc^ ntc^t fii^tbar geroorben. 4. 3(^ wiirbe ea an feiner ©telle nii^t getauft ^aben. 5. Sr murbe gemt§ ntcfet fo longe warten, wenn er wirHid^ miibe ware. 6. ©ev groge ^unb t|l toll geworbcn. 7. ®r f^at i|r (111 b) bag Seben gerettet. 32 GERMAN GRAMMAR. EXEBCISE 9. (Should and would may be translated either by the imperfect subjunctive or by the conditional ; should have by the corresponding compound tense.) 1. I have sent him a long letter, and am expecting an answer from him. 2. He would have said something else, but you always say what your cousin wishes. 3. She has been sewing all day, and her sister is still knitting. 4. Their uncle, who is a naturalist, will soon be there, and will show them his rich collec- tions. 5. I have met him, but I do not remember his name. 6. They danced several hours. 7. There were some children playing in the room (see 32). 8. The other merchant has become rich. 9. The earth revolves about the sun. Strong Verbs. 65. In the principal parts the stem vowel may be different in all three forms, or alike in two (the infinitive and the past parti- ciple, or the imperfect indicative and the past participle). The most important classes are the following : — a. 1. ci, I, t: as bct§en, iip, gebijfen, bite. 2. ct, ie, te : as trcibeit, trtc6, getticben, drive. About forty verbs. b. it, 0, : as bieten, bot, gebotcn, bid. Over twenty verbs. c. i, tt, U : as (tngett, fang, gefungcn, si7ig. Sixteen verbs. d. e, n, : as brcc^en, broc^, gcbro(^cn, b7-eak. About twenty verbs. e. f, 0, c : as gebeit, gab, gcgebett, give. Ten verbs. /. 0, U, a ; as tragcn, trug, gctragcn, bear. About ten verbs. ff. About fifteen verbs in which the infinitive and the parti- ciple have the same vowel, while the imperfect has ic, in some verbs i: as fatten, pet, gcfaUen,/aZZ; t)angcit, ^ing, gc^angen, Aawjr. a. There are sometimes also irregularities in the consonants : as fdjrciteit, ftftritt, gef^ritten, stride. A List of Strong and Irregular Verbs is given at the end of this book. GERMAN GRAMMAR. 33 66. In strong verbs : a. A stem t changes if short to i, if long to ic, in the second and third persons singular of the present indicative, and in the second person singular of the imperative, and in this last form the ending c is dropped : as fprcd)en, speak, bu fprii^fl, er fpric^t, fpri^; fe^en, see, bu fte^jl, cr fte^t. The c of the personal endings eft and ct cannot be kept except after a sibilant in the second person : as tu Uefefl, from lefen, read. a. But c is unchanged in a few verbs. The most important are: ge^ett, go, |lel)en, stand ; ^eben, lift ; pflegen, cherish ; bewejen, induce : as bu ge^fj, et jle^t, mi. p. Some verbs liave more or less irregular forms with i : as from ttc^men, take, nimmfl, nimmt, nimm; from treten, tread, ttittjl, tritt, tritt; from gc6en, either giebjl, gie6t, giet, or gibflf gi6t, gi6 ; and in the third person of the indicative and in the imperative from berficn, burst, 6irjl; from ftUfkn, fight, fid)t; from ^ccljtm,timne, flicbt; from geltEn, be worthy, gilt; from fc^elten, scold, rd)ilt; from Werben, become, IDirb (the last form is indicative only, not imperative). b. A stem a changes to a in the same persons of the indicative present, but is unchanged in the imperative ; as fatten, fall, bu fafljl, cr fallt ; but fatte in the imperative. In the endings cfi and ct, t must be dropped except in the second person after a sibilant : as bu roafcf)ejt, thoii washest. o. There are a few exceptions : as fdfaDcn, sound, f(^allt, sometimes conjugated as a weak verb; fi)aifen, create, fii^afffl, f(i)afft, in other meanings weak. B. Irregnlar are the third persons: brcit, from broten, roast; pit, from |ttlten, hold ; Icibt (and labet), from Ittben, load ; riitt), from ratten, advise. e. Saufcn, nm; faufcn, drink (used of animals); and jlopen, push, also modify the vowel, in the same persons of the indicative present : as bu lauffl, er ftiigt. a. For other irregularities in a few verbs, see the List of Strong and Irregular Verbs. d. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the imperfect indicative by adding C, and modifying the stem vowel if possible : as fangc from (ingen (fang, gefungcn), sing. 34 GERMAN GRAMMAR. o. Some verts have double forms in the imperfect subjunctive, Hie second with a different vowel : as jlErben, die, flarbe and flurbe. See the List of Strong and Irregular Verbs. e. The ending t in the imperative singular is often dropped : as lap, from Inffen, let, cause. 67. Complete Inflection of Strong Verbs in the Active Voice. 1. ^f" Bugf"/ fonf^ ifl f'^ ff^'^ ['%'>"• 6. ©OS wirb IJalb gefd)e^en fcin. 7. @ie nimmt boS ^inb t>ei ber ig)anb, unb gel^t mit i^m inS .^auei. 8. ©er SItebner, ber gejlcrn bie (ange 9iebe '^iett, fprii^t fe|r gut. 9. Sr ^elpt ^arl 9}IitUer. EXEBCISE U. 1. She did not write the letter which you have in your pocket. 2. He is always reading. 3. The bookseller offers more than the lawyer. 4. He has broken his word, and I shall never again speak with him. 5. A venomous serpent has bitten the dog. 6. The boy has caught a pretty little butterflj'. 7. Give me what you have in your left hand. 8. She eats almost nothing, and never goes out of the house. 9. He will come to-morrow and give her the book. 10. The horse carries his rider on his back. 11. He speaks too much ; nobody believes all that he says. 12. He has shut the door. 13. You (J)U) give the beggars money. 14. Her name is Charlotte. Passive Voice. 68. The Passive Voice is formed by combining the auxiliary merbeti (57, 3) with the past participle of the verb. In this use luerben has tBorben, translated been, in the past participle (not gcTOorbeii, become) : as er ifi: geliebt iDorbcn, he has been loved. The participle of the main verb follows the inflected forms of loerben, but precedes the infinitive and participle ; the order of infinitives and participles is the reverse of the English order : as er wirb gcUefct, he is loved ; er irirb geliebt tverben, he will beloved ; ftc TOareu geliebt roorben, they had been loved; fie miirbe geticbt roorben fcin, she would have been loved. a. Instead of the passive active forms with man are often used : as itinn l)at i^n gefetjen, he has been seen. 38 GERMAN GEAMMAR. 69. Synopsis of iitbtXl in the Passive Voice. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. ic^ tuerbc geliebt i6) lucrbe gelicfct IMPERFECT. iH) wurbe (or ioaxi) QtlkU tc§ wiirbc gelicfit FUTURE. id& wcrbe geliebt wcrben ic^ werbe geliefct toerbcn PERFECT. i(| bin getiebt morben ic^ fei geticbt worben PLUPERFECT. ic^ wax geliebt toorbcn id) ware gcltebt worbcn FUTURE PERFECT. ic^ tpcrbe getiebt roorbcn fein ic^ werbe gelieBt worien fein CONDITIONAL. 16) i»urt»e geliebt roerbcn ii^ luiirbe getiebt worben fein IMPERATIVE. tDerbe geliebt INFINITIVE. geliebt i»erben PRESENT PARTICIPLE. geliebt roerbenb Inflect completely in the passive : tabein, blame ; tragen, bear ; pnben, find ; fc^Iagcn (fc^Iug, gefc^lagen), beat. 70. ®ein is often used with the past participle of a transitive verb, but it expresses a state or condition which is the result of completed action, and is not the passive of the same tense iu the active. Thus ber Srief wirb gefi^rieben corresponds to the active form man fc^rcibt ben Srief, and the meaning is that the writing GERMAN GKAMMAE. 39 of the letter is going on ; but bet Srief tfl gef(^rie6ert would corre- spond nearly to an active form man |at ben Svief gcfc^riefcen, and the meaning is, the letter is written, is finished. 71. The agent with the passive is expressed by Bon with the dative : as ev wurbe »on bem Jlijnig 6egnabigt, he, was pardoned by the Icing. 72. Note that some verbs transitive in English are not so in German, and cannot be used in the passive as in English ; some of them are used in the passive impersonally, and have the same case as in the active : as eg wurbe i^m befol)len, he was com- manded ; ti loirb it)m ge^offen, he is helped. 73. The present participle active preceded by ju, to, which here governs no case, and declined is used attributively in the sense of a passive participle expressing obligation : as eirt gu seradjtenbcr SKenfii^, a man to be despised. EXEBCI8£ 12. 1. Dcr 33ricf ifl nii^t aon miv, fonbern oon metnem S3ruber gef(i)ric= ben inorben. 2. ®oet^c wurbe am 28i>n giuguji 1749 in grant= furt am SUJain gcboren. 3. Tiai SSitb wurbc nid^t »on \i)m gemalt; ti rear eine Sanbfc^aft, unb er malte nur ©cblai^ten. 4. ©aS ijl fc^on son einem anbern ©i^tiftj^etter gefagt luorben. 5. 9JJeinc franjoHft^en SBiidjer merben gcbunben. 6. ©iefe 33ii(^er jinb in Seber gebunben. 7. S« ijl i^m nid)ts ba»on gefagt worben. EXERCISE 13. 1. The ring was found by a sailor, who brought it to me yes- terday. 2. He has been stung by a bee. 3. The flesh of the ox is eaten by almost all men. 4. The hostile army was defeated by our brave soldiers. 5. His eyes are shut ; he sleeps. 6. A song is now being sung. 7. I had not been told anything of the affair (c/. Ex. 12, 7). 8. This large and beautiful picture was painted by a young artist who lives in Munich. 40 GERMAN GEAMMAE. 74. In all verbs the infinitive wlien dependent on another word is immediately preceded by jit (English to) : as ju lieben, to love ; geliebt JU ^aben, to have loved ; geliebt ju tperien, to bt loved; but ju is omitted after the auxiliary luerben (in the future and conditional), the modal auxiliaries (80), and also after the verbs laffeti, let, cavse ; fc|)cn, see ; l;6ren, hear; mac^cn, make; Ic^rcit, teach; lernen, leai-n ; ^eipcn, hid; l}elfen, help; bleiben, remain, and sometimes with other verbs. Examples : i(^ werbc ti tl;uit, I shaU do it ; er tann eS ni(|t t^un, he cannot do it ; |ie fa^ i^n !ommen, she saw him coming; er biteb fle^cti, he stopped {remained standing). a. ©pojtercn is used without ju after g,t^tn, go, walk; fatjren, drive, ride (in a carriage) ; reitcn, ride {on horseback) : as tt>ir gingen fpajicren, we went to walk; er fa§rt fpajicren, he drives out for pleasure, takes a drive. b. If two infinitives, or an infinitive and a participle come to- gether, the dependent word precedes that on which it depends ; that is, the order is the reverse of the English order : as i^ Werbe f{e ftngen l^oren, I shall hear her sing. See also 59, 75 b, and 76. *c. Any infinitive can be used as a neuter noun (10 c) : as iai Scfen iflnit^Iid^, reading is useful. 75. The past participle of verbs prefixes gc, with the following exceptions : — a. When the verb begins with an unaccented syllable, i. e. in verbs in irtlt (tertit), and those compounded with the inseparable prefixes be, cnt (em)}), er, ge, oer, jer, wiber, and sometimes tiurc^, :|)inter, iiber, utiter, urn, soU (see 95) : as incommobirt, from incom= mobiren, incommode; er ^at (lubirt, he has studied; wit '^abcn »crfproc^en (from uerfprecfeen), we have promised ; er |at un^ be= fud^t, he has visited us ; umgeben, to surround and surrounded. b. SSerben when auxiliary of the passive (68) : as er i|l gelicbt IBorben, he has been loved (but rotl) geioorben, become red). GERMAN GRAMMAR. 41 c. The modal auxiliaries (80), as well as a few other verbs, especially laffen, let, came; febeii, see; l)oren, hear, when used with a dependent infinitive which stands just before the parti- ciple. In all these cases the participle is then changed to the infinitive form. When used without a dependent infinitive they have the regular forms with ge. Examples : er t)at fortgel)cn miiffen (not gemupt), he has had to go away ; ic^ ()a&e ibn nic^t reten ()oren (instead of ge{)ijrt), I have not heard him speak ; \\>\x Robert SlflcS get)i'vt, we have heard all ; cr tjat e0 tt)un (affen, he has had it done. 76. With ^iiren, fel^en, and laffen, when used with a dependent infinitive, an indefinite object is often omitted, and the dependent infinitive is then translated by the passive in English. The dependent infinitive may govern a dative or accusative. Examples : ic^ l)abe ti fagcn l)ijren, I have heard it said ; ic^ tirtde i()ni nic bte SBa^rl^eit fagen tjoren, / have never heard the truth told him ; but ii^ %a\it i^n nie tie 3Ba()r^eit fogen l)5ren, / have never heard him tell the truth ; er feat e« fid^ getcii laffeit, he has had it given to him {has caused some one to give it to him) ; i^ 6at i^n, ti bructen ju (nffen, I asked him to have it printed ; er Ia§t |t^ nti^t floren, he does not let himself he disturbed. a. The active infinitive in German is in some other cases trans- lated by the passive in English, especially after fein : as xaai ifl JU t|uil ? ivhat is to be done? 77. Impersonal Verbs are used in the third person singular with c8 as subject. An impersonal verb in German often corre- sponds to a personal one in English: as eS gelingt i|m, he suc- ceeds. u. Intransitive and other verbs are sometimes used impersonally in the passive or as reflexives : as e^ TOirb getlopft, there is a knocking j ei tturbe gEfungen, there was singing ; ti Wtiift fic^ ^ier gut, one can sleep well liere. b. The subject ei is sometimes omitted, especially when a personal pronoun dependent on the verb is put before it: as mid) frievt or ei fricrl mic^, fam cold. 42 GERMAN GRAMMAR. 78. The indefinite there is, there are, is translated by e3 gteBt, governing the accusative: as bort giebt ti guten SBein, there is good wine there. 79. When a simple, independent sentence begins with any other word than the subject, tlie inflected part of the verb is put next before the subject, infinitives and participles remaining at the end. Any adverb, or other modifier of the predicate, may take this position, for the sake of emphasis. The conjunctions itnb, and; obcr, or; abcr, but; 'Dtnxi, for, can stand before the subject without causing it to follow the verb. Examples : cr begteitcte mi(^ jum SBagen, or mi(| Begleitete er jitm ai^agen, or jum SBagen begleitetc cr mic^, he acconvpanied me to the carriage; bie Sonne roar tier roentgen ©tunben aufgegangcn, or Bor roentgen Stunben roar bie ©onne aufgegangen, the sun had risen a few hours before; er roirb fciner SEoc^ter btefen fiftonen Sling gebcn, or feiner loiter roirb er bicfcn fi^iinen 9Jing gebcn, or biefen fcfeoncn Sting roirb cr feiner Softer gcben, he will give his daughter this beautiful ring ; cr roar gejlern ba, aber i(^ fa^ tl)tt ni^t, he was there yesterday, but I did not see him. a. The order in dependent sentences, which are introduced by a relative pro- noun, or adverb, or by a conjunction like lluit, when, if, because, etc., is different; see 92. EXEBCISE 14. (Give at least two orders of words for each sentence.) 1. Sr '^at mir cben »erfpro(^cn, mit mir \ni 3:^eater jn ge'^en. 2. ^JJorgcn roirb cr un^ uerlaffcn. 3. SBir (jaben itjn nidfet fommen fe^en, abcr roir tjaben feincn SBagen gefe^en, unb er tfl geroi§ ba. 4. SBas giebt ti Sleuca ? 5. Dft %a.ht i^ i^n batjon rcben :^6ren. 6. ®e(icrn roarcn Sfteifcnbe ^ier mit i^rcm Bw^rf^- 7. 3^ Ijabe nie ctroas 3le^nli^cS bc^aupten ^Srcn. 8. (£r crinnert fic^ nic^t, t^r fo Stroag gefagt ju l)aben. 9. Sic finb fpajiercn gegangcn. GERMAN GRAMMAR. 43 EXEBCISE 15. 1. He still hopes to come to Berlin in the month [of] May. 2. That is not to be believed (76 a). 3. Is there anything new to-day in the paper? 4. You have had your books bound in leather, and I shall have mine bound so. 5. He heard a stone fall into the water. 6. They will go to walk. 7. In winter it is pleasant to have a good fire. 8. He will attempt that to-morrow. 9. They have not yet visited her, but will doubtless soon do so. 10. Ber- lin does not please me. Modal Auxiliaries. 80. These are biirfen, be allowed, may, not dare; tiiniten, be able, can; mSgen, like, be inclined, sometimes may; miiffen, be obliged, must ; fotten, shall ; woUen, will. They are complete in conjugation, not defective like the English words, ean, n^ust, etc., which accordingly cannot always be used in translating them. They follow the weak conjugation, but "have several irregular- ities. The tenses not given in the following paradigms are regular. It will be noticed that the first four have the modified vowel in the present and imperfect tenses, except in the present indicative singular and the whole imperfect indicative, 1. Diirfen, burfte, gcburft and biirfen (75 c). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. IMPEKFECT. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. ic^ barf bu barfjt cr barf tc^ burfte bu burftejl cr burfte id) biirfc bu biirfefi er biirfc t^ biirfte bu biirfteft er biirfte trir biirfen i^r burft ftc biirfen tt)ir burften t^r burftct (Jc burften wir biirfen ii)v biirfet fie biirfen Wir biirften if)r burftct |le biirften 44 GERMAN GKAMMAK. 2. ^onnen, !onnte, gelonnt and, founen (75 c). HTDICATITE. SUBJUNCTIVE. i^ !ann bu fannfl er fann IMPERFECT. ic^ fonnte bu fonntefl er fonnte i(^ !6nne bu fonnefl er fonne IMPERFECT. t(^ fonnte bu fonntefl er tiinnte toir fonnen toir fonnten totr fonnen toir fonnten i^r fount i^r fonntet i^r fonnet i^r fonntet fte fonnen fte fonnten fie fonnen fie fonnten 3. SWogen, moc^te, gcmoi^t a-nd, iitogen (75 c). i^ mag bu magfi er mag ic^ mo^te bu mo(^tefl er mod^te t^ moge bu mogefi er moge td^ moi^te bu miif^tefi er miJd^te Wtr mogen i:^r mogt fie mogen wir moc^ten i^r mo^tet fie moisten mtr mogen i^r moget fie mogen wir moisten i^r mo^tet fie mod^ten 4. 5Wu ffen, mu§te, gemupt and mil if en (75 c). i^ mu^ bu mu§t er muf i^ mu§te bu muftefl er mu§te i^ mitjfe bu miiffeft er mitffe t6 mitgte bu mtiftefl er mitgte totr muffen il^r miift fie muffen totr mu^ten i^r mugtet fie mugten Wir miiffen i^r miiffet fie muffen toir miif ten i^r miif tet fie mugten 5. © ollen, fottte, gefoHt and fotten (75 c). i*foa bu foUfl er foU i^ fottte bu fotttefl er fottte i(^ fotte bu fottefl er fotte i* fottte bu fotttefl er fottte air foUen t^r fottt fie foBen wir fottten i^r fotttet fie fottten wir fotten ifer fottet fie fotten wir fottten i^r fotttet fie fottten GERMAN GRAMMAR. 45 6. SBoUcit, njollte, gctooUt and tuoUcii (75 c). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. IMPEKFECT. td^tuia i(| roodtc bu wiafi tu woUtefl er tt)itl er rooUte tt)tr wolleit toir woUten i^r woUt t^r wolltct ftc tuoflcn jtc moUten ic^ TOoUc t)tt tcoUe|l er tBoUe wir woHen i^r ttJoHet ftc moUen IMPEKFECT. icfe luoKte bu iBoDteft er rootlte Wir (Botlten i^r woUtet fie ttjotlten a. The infinitive forms are substituted for the regular past par- ticiples geturft, getonnt, etc., when a dependent infinitive accom- panies the auxiliary {cf. 75). Such a dependent infinitive fol- lows the simple forms, but precedes the infinitive forms, whether these are real infinitives or used as past participles : as i(^ barf (fann, mag, etc.) fetjen, / am permitted (am able, am inclined, etc.) to see; \&i raerbe fe^en biirfen (tijnucit, mogcti, etc.), I shall be permitted {be able, be inclined, etc.) to see ; i^ t)a6e fc()en bitrfcti (tijnncn, mogcn, etc.), / have been permitted (been able, been in- clined, etc.) to see. b. They can all be used without a dependent infinitive, most often with a neuter pronoun as object, when we generally supply an infinitive, such as do. Thus er fann tS ni(^t, he cannot do it ; er t)at eg gemugt, or er feat d t()un iniiffen, he has had to do it ; er fann fein Snglifcfc, he knows no English. A verb of motion may also be omitted when the sense is clear : as fie Ijafcen nocfe .^aufe geiBoUt, or na^ ^aufe ge^en rootten, they have wanted to go hovie. 81. The dependent infinitive is present, and t)aBen, have, is used with the modal auxiliary in phrases like er |atte ti ttjun fonnen, he could have done it (he would have been able to do it). The English words can, could, may, might, must, should, would, 46 GERMAN GRAMMAR. must be changed for other verbs which are not defective, in order to show the German construction : thus he able, possible, may be used instead of can, may; be obliged, have, instead of must; ought, he expected, or desired, instead of should ; wish, be will- ing, instead of would : as er t)dtte e6 t^un foUcn, he ought to have done it ; ct ^tte ti tt)un niiiffcii, he would have had to do it. 82. The English may and might are translated by bitrfeit, fijnnen, and mogen, — by burfen, when permission is meant: as barf ic^ ti nel)men ? may I take it ? by tonnen, when ability is meant : as cr ptte ti tt)itn loitnen, he might have done it {if lie had chosen to do it) ; in other cases usually by mogen : as bo^ mag xoaifx fctn, that Ttiay be true. SfWiigcn also means be inclined, Wee : as id) mag d nic^t tbun, I don't want to do it; ic^ mag it)n nid)t, I don't like him. The imperfect subjunctive especially expresses a wish or desire : as i^ mo^tc luiebcr fort, I should like to go away again. a. The imperfect subjunctive biirfte is sometimes used to qualify an assertion : as ttjoa wirflid) bet gall fein btitfte, which, very likely, is really the case. h. The English can, may, followed by a passive infinitive, may often he trans- lated by laffen, with a reflexive pronoun and the active infinitive : as ini la^t ft^ inad)en, that can he done {lets itself be done). 83. The English must not is to be translated usually by nic^t biirfen : as cr barf ei ni(i^t t^un, he must not do it (is not allowed to do it). Sr mup eg nid^t tl;un is he is not obliged to do it. 84. ©ottcn expresses that the subject is to do what the follow- ing verb signifies, that is willed or intended by some other person : as ic^ foH eg t()un, I am to do it (J am desired or expected by some one else to do it) ; er foil eg tt)un, he shall do it. fflJoflen expresses a wish or intention of the subject, as foUen does of some other person : as t^ mitt i()n fe^cn, / will see him ; tx WxU. eg lefen, he will read it {wishes to read it). GERMAN GRAMMAR. 47 The English shall and ivill are to be translated, according to the meaning, \>y iserben (forming the future indicative), or foUen, tBolIen. Thus, I shall go, he will go (futuritj^ only), are ic^ XOixtt ge^cn, er inirt get^en; I will go, he shall go, are \&i mid gel^eit, er fofl gel)cn ; he will go {intends to go, corresponding to I will go) is er wiU gctjen. a. ©ollen in the third person is sometimes to be translated is said, are said: as er foil febr reicb fein, he is said to be veri/ rich. aSDoUen can be similarly used of an assertion : as jte WoUtcn ni(i)ti ge^ort ^aficn, thei/ said (insisted) iluit they luid heard b. SBoKen has sometimes the meaning he about to : as ber Raifn, ber eben ttiflofEn IDoUte, iJie boat which was just about to push off. 85. SBijfcn (mu§te, gemugt); know, is irregular in the same tenses as the modal auxiliaries, but its past participle is always gcroufit. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. ic^ weig tc^ mupte x6) miffe ic^ wii^te bu iBcigt bu wugtejl bu IBiffcfl bu mii§tefl er wcig ct tcugte er tuiffe er witgtc TOir roiffcn wir luu^ten t»ir wijfett tt)ir wiif tei i^t tuipt t^r reugtet \\)x loiffet t^r miigtct (le roiffeit fie rouftcn fie iBiffen fie tuiigten a. SBfffen is Icnow in the sense of to he aware of, not to he igno- rant of; to know, in the sense of to he acquainted with, is fenncn : as i(^ tenne it)n nicbt, unb njei§ nudj nirttt, inie er ()ei§t, I do not know him, and do not knoiv ivhat his name is either. 86. In conditional sentences, when the condition is represented as contrary to fact, the imperfect or pluperfect tense of the sub- junctive is used. The conclusion either has one of the same tenses of the subjunctive or the corresponding tense of the con- ditional. In other conditional sentences the same tenses are used 48 GERMAN GKAMMAR. as in English. If the conditional clause (protasis) comes first, the conclusion (apodosis) is usually introduced by fo (not to be translated), and the subject then of course follows the inflected part of the verb (<•/. 79). 87. In the conditional clause after toenn, if, the inflected part of the verb is put at the end, as in relative clauses (e/. 42). But when two infinitive forms stand last, of which the second is for a past participle (ciirfeii, !6nncn, infigcn, miiffen, fotlen, moUcn, lajjen, [e^fn, '^oreu ; see 75), the inflected part of the verb comes before, not after them, in both conditional and relative clauses. Examples : 3c^ mdre fro() {or iviivlie frol) fein), menn cr ^ier ware, / should he glad if he were hm-e ; and with the same meaning, luenn er ^ier mdre, (fo) mare ic^ frol) (or wuxte ic^ fro^ fein) ; wenn cr fonimt, (fe) wixt cr mi(^ ^iev pnben, if lie comes he will find me here ; iDCun cr eg gcHjan ^atte, (fo) ^atte er ed 3l)ncn gefngt (or luiirbe er eS 3t)nen gefagt t)aben), if he had done it, he would have told you so ; luenn fie fi(^ geftern getroffen l)dtteu, (fo) wdren |ie ins 3;i)eater gegangen (or iBiirten fie \ni Sweater gegangen fein), if they had met yesterday, they would have gone to the theatre ; menn fie bag S3uc^ l)dtte finben fonneii, (fo) I)dtte fie eg gelefen (or miirbc fie ti gelefen :^aben), if she could have found the hook, she would have read it ; menn er ei oor jmei 3al)ren ^dtte madjcn Inffen, (fo) ^dtten roir eg fel)en fonnen, if he had had it made two years ago, we could have seen it. a. A condition can also be expressed by beginning with the inflected part of the verb immediately followed by the subject (cf 79) : as ^dtte cr ntir cinen 33rief gcfi^ricbcn (or menn er mir einen Srief gefcferieben ^dttc), fo murte id) barauf geantmortet I)aben, if he had written me a letter, I should have answered it ; l^dtte id) nic^t fo langc marten miijfen (or menn i^ ntd^t fo lange Ijdttc marten miiffen), fo fonnte ic^ f(^on ba fein, if I had not had to wait so long, I could he there already. GERMAN GRAMMAK. 49 EXEBCISE 16. 1. 2Benn cr baran gcbad^t ^attc, fo wiirbe cr mix wa^rfd^cinlid^ gef^ricfcett ^aben ; ober oieHeic^t l)at cr nic^t fci^rciben wolleii. 2. 3^ moc^te c3 tt)un, abcr ic^ !ann c« nid&t. 3. ©ag i|l etma«, mai gcfii^rlicfe reerben fonnte. 4. Sr ^t ©dbulben gcmac^t, tie fein SBatcr ^at beja^Icn miiffen. 5. ®ic niup wenigfiens ben STnfang mad&eit tonneit. 6. SDciter barf ic^ nid^tg Dcrrat^en. 7. SBic foil icfe bag »crfle^en? 8. aCenn t(^ fpajiercn ge:^en woUtc, fo mii^tc i^ aUcttt get)en. 9. ®r l^attc eg gewip finben !6nncn, menit er nur etraag longer gefuc^t :^atte. 10. 2Cag toiirbe er fagen, trenn man it)n 6eim {at his) SBort nomine ? 11. SBare cr ba gcttjcfcn, fo ^attc i(^ i^n gcfc^cn. EXERCISE 17. 1. He could never have done that if you had not helped him. 2. If he went to walk daily, he would soon be quite well. 3. If I could have told him all that you have said to me, he would have had to be silent. 4. He must not stay in this room. 5. If the coachman drove more slowly, we could see the old trees in the forest better. 6. He will tell them the story if they wish to hear it. 7. He would like to liear her sing. 8. I will not carry this load farther. 9. The bill shall be paid. 10. If he had died there, no one would know it. 11. He might have taken the keys if he had wished to do so. 12. If the thieves had seen your umbrella, they would have stolen it. 13. Do you know that young man ? Verbs compounded with Prefixes. 88. There are two important classes of prefixes that form com- pound verbs : inseparable and separable prefixes. 89. The Inseparable Prefixes are 6c, eitt (em|l), tt, ge, Ht, Ut. Verbs compounded with these prefixes have no peculiarity in conjugation except that the past participle has no ge (cf. 75). 50 GERMAN GRAMMAR. Thus Dcrfprec^en, promise, froin fprec^en, speak, has the principal parts »erfptec^en, »erfprac^, »erfpro(^en, and the infinitive forms with ju are ju oerfpredjen, »erfprocl)en ju ^abcn. The inseparable prefixes never occur as separate words, and are never accented {cf. 6). a. In English also exist of course such prefixes, many of the same origin as the German inseparable prefixes. Thus for in forget, forgive, corresponds to »er in oevgcpn, oergeben ; be in be- think to be in bebenten. J. The prefix 6e forms transitive verbs : as folsen, follow (governing the dative), Sefolgen, follow (govei-niug the accusative) : as cine SRegri befolgen ; beginjligen favor, from giinllig, favowUe ; tejammcrn, bewail, from jammern, grieve; k* fampfcn, ^W with, from fdrnpfen, struggle, ©nt Umif in empfangcn, receive; empfe^Ien, recominend ; empfinben, feel) generally expresses separation : as ctiN gc^en, escape ; enffrafteii, ■>okaken (from ^raft, strength). @r forms verbs transi- tive and intransitive from adjectives: as t^xiX&^m, gro^o pale (from bla^, pale); crflaren, explain (from flar, clear)j and especially forms with verbs compounds signifying attainment by means of the action expressed by the simple verb : as' erarbciten, to gain by work (arbeitcn, work); erfragcn, learn bif inquiry (fragen, ask); it sometimes means nearly the same as forth or out ; as ergie^en, pour forth. The meanings of ge are various and cannot be briefly given. 33cr forms verbs from nouns and adjectives : as lexalten, grow obsolete (hom alt, oW); seranttDortcn. armoer for, be respotisible for (hom SInttvort, answei') ; BcrftarfEn, strengthen ifrom (iarf, strong). It sometimes corresponds to the English mis, dis : as serltiten, mislead. 3e* is generally like our in pieces : as jerbre ci)en, break in pieces, 90. The Sepakable Prefixes are really adverbs modifying the verb, and in English the corresponding words are not written as a part of the verb at all. Thus alb in abbred^en, break off, corresponds to off in English ; roeg in mcggc^en, go avMij, to away ; jururf in juriicEfommcn, eome back, to back ; ein in cintrcten, go in, enter, to in ; ani in au^ge^en, 170 out, to out. The separable pre- fixes when used alone are usually prepositions and adverbs of direction, especially compounds with ^cr, hither (expressing mo- tion towards the speaker), and ()in, hence (expressing motion away from the speaker) : as ^ereinfomnien, come in (to the place where the speaker is) ; ^incinfct)en, hoh in (to a place where he is not). GERMAN GRAMMAR. 51 a. A verb compounded with a, separable prefix may of course develop new meanings : as aufl)eben, lift up, and also abolish (ein ©efeg ttuf^ebett, to repeal a law). 91. The separable prefixes are always accented. They are written as one word with the infinitive and the participles, but 311, if used, is placed between the prefix and the verb in the infinitive, and gc in the past participle also stands after the prefix : as anjufe^en, to look at, angefe^en, looked at. With other or inflected forms of the verb the prefix regularly stands at the end of the clause : as er >Birb ei ba(t) anfangcn, he will soon bet/in it ; er t;at iS f^on angefangen, he has already hegtm it ; er fdngt jc0t ju flr= beitcn an, he now ber/ins to work. But if the personal or inflected part of the verb stands in the same position as after tcenn, if (see 87), then the prefix stands just before even a simple form of the verb it accompanies, and is vifritten as one word with it. In all cases the prefix has the prin- cipal accent : as menn er iS je^t anfSngt, if he begins it now ; roenn er e« geflern angefangen "^atte, if he had begun it yesterday ; tcentt er ti gejlern ptte anfangen rooOen, if he had been willing to begin it yesterday. a. A separable prefix may stand before an inseparable one : as fortbcile^en, con- tiiiue to exist, ti beiic^t fort, fortjufcejic^en, fortdejlanben. 92. This position of the inflected part of the verb is the regular one in dependent clauses; i. e. in all clauses beginning with a relative word, or with such conjunctions as wenn, if; t>a% that ; aiSfWhen; wM,became; ta, since (giving a reason); ol, whether, etc. : as ber SWann, ber ^icr am ineiflett gerebet |at, the man who has talked most here ; i(% fagte it)m, bag er eg nic^t pttc t|uit foUen, / told him that he ought not to have done it ; aU ic^ i^m geflern li^e^nete, when I met him yesterday ; ic^ fragte i^n, ob er ti ge^ort ptte, I asked him whether he had heard it ; Weil er ni^t JU ^oufe geroefen mar, because he had not been at home ; ba ic^ il^n nic^t ^abe fragen tiinnen, since I have not been able 52 GERMAN GRAMMAR. to ask Mm. In the foUowiug examples there are separable pre- fixes : berjcnige, welc^er a angefangcn ^aben trurbe, he who wotdd have begun it; roenn ic^ iiic^t ^erau^gefommen xoaxt, if I had not come out {here);\^ wci^, baf cr balb avXoxami, Iknow tliat he ivill arrive soon; a\i er mit feinem fjrcunbe juritcffam, when he came back with his friend ; Wcil er jeben Jag |ingc(}t, because he goes (there) every day ; ia meine ©c^rocjler ni(^t fortging, since my sister did not go away ; ic^ t)a6e \)^n nii^t gefragt, ob er in ber ©tabt mitbliebe, I have not asked him wJiether he would stay in town with (us) ; ei ifl walyr, bag n fd)on angcfangen iDorben ifl, it is true that it has already been begun. 93. Synopsis in the Indicative op the Vekbai Phease bie 9(rliett anfangen, to begin the work. INDICATIVE. PKBSENT. {(^ fange bie Slrbeit iei)er= l;o'(en (micber^ol'tf, iDie*er()oU'), re/jeacm .^aufe l^eraug, out of the house. d. The present tense of the verb is used with feit, where we use a past tense : as er tt)ol)nt feit einiger '^t\i t)ier, he has been living here for some time (and is still living here), 101. The prepositions governing the accusative are : — bi^, till, as far as otjne, without turcb, through, by um, about, around fiir, for tuiter, against gegen (rarely gcit), against fotiber, without Examples: bur^ bte 9J?aiter, through the wall; fiir fie, for her; o|ne ^'mt\^t\, without doubt; um ten SBauin, around the tree. a. The usual word for without is ot)ttC, not fonber, which is rare in prose. b. Dfcnc, without, and um, in order to, govern also the infini- tive with ju : as o^ne tixaai ju fagen, without saying anything ; um cS JU betommen, in order to get it. 102. The following prepositions govern sometimes the dative, sometimes the accusative : — 58 GEUJUN GKA1WMA.R. an, at, on, to nebcn, beside, hy auf, on, upon fiber, over, above tiinter, behind itntcr, under, among in, in, into »or, befoi-e jmifc^cii, between a. The diffevence between the two cases here is. that the dative s'uiply indicates rest in a position, while tlie accusative marks the limit of motion : as in tern .^aufe, in the house ; inS ^auS, into the house; uitter bcm SBaume, under the tree; unter ben S3aum, binder the tree (i. e. to a position under it). After a verb of motion accordingly, and whenever motion is implied, the accu- sative is usually emploj'ed ; after other verbs, the dative : as er fi^t an tent lifdfe, he sits at the table ; er fegt fi^ an ben Sifcfe, he seats himself at. the table; bie glaf^e fie^t auf bem Srctt, the bottle stands on the shelf; er fleDt bie Slafd^e auf bag SBrett, he ]nits the bottle on the shelf: bie SlumcM Hegen in bem ^orbe, the flowers are lying in the basket ; er legt ft'e in ben Movl, he lays them in the basket. b. Compoiuids with ^er aind ^'va may follow the accusative to indicate the direction of motion : as in ben fBatb t)inetn, inta the forest. c. The English #0 is sometimes to be translated by another preposition in German : as \ni STtjeatcr, to the theatre ; in bie ^irc^e, to church, etc. For the German preposition with the dative in such cases the English uses a diffei'ent preposition : as in ber ^irc^e, at church. d. A week (two weeks) from to-day is {)eute iiber ac^t S^ogt (»ier;iet)n lage) ; a week (two weeks) ago yesten-day, geflern »or ad^t Sagen (otcrje^n lagen) ; time years ago, sor brei 3a^ren. e. From wilder is unter witli the dative, with ^ertor following the noun : as b«8 Sinb fam unter bem Jif^e ^crsor, the child came out from wider t/te table. f. Keter in other than local relations usually has the accusative : as u6er ettoa? fl^reiben, to write upon some subject. GERMAN GEA.MMA.K. 59 EXEBCISE 20. 1. T)n SSetter cri)ieft noc^ eincn Srief son tt)r, roortn fie i()ii bat, ju tk ju fommcn. 2. ®v tjat ta« SBilb geinalt, bag ®ie in ber 9?ifclie l)tnter bcm rott)cn SSurtjang in feinem 3iiii'>'fr entbcrft l)alm\. 3. Sr :^at fie in i^er ^tnbtjeit au« tern geuer gerettet, ifl abcr an ben SBSunben geflorben, bie er babci empfangcn i)ot. 4. 3i5ir fagten il)m, ba§ cr einen fcfelec^ten ®ebra«c^ »on feinem ®clbe madjen roiirbe, wenn cr fo »iet faufte, 5. ©ic pteten ftc^, feinen ^Wamen Bor i^ ju ncnnen, ober fie fonfl an it)n ju erinncrn. 6. Singer it)r fonnte Sticmanb bie grage beantworten. 7. Sr ifi iibev bie 35riirfe, unb burd) ben SCalb gerltten. 8. Tlan tann nii^t eon ber Suft Ic6en. 9. Unter ^aufleuten ifl eg fo ber Ocbranc^. 10. di «5urbe neben ini^ geftedt, unb ©ie tonnten eS auc^ fel)en, ba @ie neben mir fa^en. 11. Sro^ i^er 33cmiil)ungen tfl eg itjnen ntcl)t gelungcn. 12. gr fc^eint gar nic^t an fte gebac^t ju J^aben. EXEBCISE 21. 1. If yau liad been standing at the window, you would have seen her sitting under the tree. 2. Without his help you could do nothing. 3. He saw the bird fly out of the cage when it was opened. 4. He sat down on this chair because he could find no other. 5, Not far from the town is the village where I pass the summer. 6. He arrived three hours ago with my brother and his friend. 7. She will have to stay on account of her sister's ill- ness. 8. The swallow flew over the house. 9. Your books are lying on the floor. 10. Instead of a letter he sent a telegram. 11. He stands behind the tree in order not to be seen by us, but I know that he is there. 12. I saw him coming out from under the trees. 13. He stayed at home instead of going to church. 14. This girl has been ill for three months. 15. He arrived two weeks ago, and will leave us a week from to-morrow. 16. He stood on the bridge and looked down into the \vatei^ where he could see tlie swans. 60 GERMAN GRAMMAR Conjnnctions. 103. The conjunctions are most conveniently classified accord- ing to their effect on the position of the personal or inflected part of the verb. There are three classes, according as this position remains unchanged, or as tlie inflected part of the verb stands before the subject, or at the end of the clause. 104. The conjunctions meaning and, or, but, for (unb, ober, aber, fonbern, allcin, beun), leave the position of the verb un- changed : as er ijl angefommen, unt> i^ ^abc i^n gefe^cn, he has arrived and I have seen him; aber id^ i^aht tt)n nic^t gefe^en, btit I have not seen him. a. Slber can stand also between the subject and the verb, or even after the verb: as id) ttder ^be ita nid)t gefe^en or i^ iabe i^n obcr nid)t gefe^en. 6. ©onbern is only used after a negative, contrasting what follows ivith what precedes : as nii^t er, foiibfrn (it, iioi he, but she. 105 A number of words strictly adverbs are often used as con- junctions ; when they begin the clause they, like other adverbs, cause the inflected part of the verb to precede the subject. Such words are au§eri)cm, besides; iann, then ; ba^cr, barum, ar;-tt>cit fie ben jtampf, ben bu «nfc|Ibar cingc= gangcn warcfl, aermeiben, unb ^ni gewinnen moQte, big mir, bie wir fc^on l^erbeieitten, betne Sefreiung mit ben SBajfen in ber ^anb er* jwingen fiinnten. £X£BCIS£ 23. 1. As soon as he saw the young a,rtist coming of (son) whom he had heard so much, he went out into the garden, where he could be alone with him. 2. The lojiger he stays here, the dearer ho GERMAN GRAMMAK. 63 becomes to us all, who three weeks ago did not know him. 3. He asked her when she would like to begin. 4. He has not yet found the knife, which was lost some time ago. 5. Although .he told me that he never would have bought the house, I know that it has been sold. 6. After he had told us that, he was silent. 7. While the children were playing together in the gar- den, their mother was writing a letter. 8. It shall be finished before he comes back. 9. He says that he will go to church to-morrow. 10. They told him that they would have had it sent to him, if they had known where he lived. Additional Uses of the Forms of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs. 107. Masculine and neuter nouns expressing measurement of quantity have the singular form after numerals : as jiuet 5u& Ilf 9? two feet long; \t&i 3''fl Brett, sj'a; inches wide. Such feminine words ending in c take the plural form : as jmei Weiten, two miles ; t>ier SDen, four ells ; but jel)n 9)Jarf, {a sum of) ten marks, though TOart is feminine. A following noun designating what is measured takes no case- ending unless preceded by the article or a demonstrative word : as »icr ^funt gleif^,/oMr pounds of meat ; jmci ®tu(f 53rot), two pieces of bread; tret IDu^enli ^entCert, three dozen shirts; but jn>ei 5)funt» ttcfeg Jlyeeg, two pounds of this tea; cin 3^funb tea feinficn ®oIbe^, a pound of the finest gold. a. If the second noun is limited by an adjective only, the genitive may be used, or the same case as that of the first noun : as eilt ®[ai frifi!^e^ StBnffer, a glass of cold water ; cine glaf^e guten SSSeinS, a bottle of good wine. h. If individual objects are referred to, the plural is used after numbers : as fec|a ®Idfet, six glasses (without regard to what is iu them) ; fec^g Oltt^, enougfi (water, virine, etc.) to fill six glasses. li. Expressions of time have the plural form : as brei 3a|re, three years. 108. In the predicate after tuerbert and macfeen the dative with p is often used where the English has no preposition : as jum 64 GERMAN GRAMMAK. (©prid^mort werben, to become a proverb; ber ^ontg mad^te tl^n ju feinem @)un{i(ing, the king made him his favorite. 109. The genitive may depend on a noun, an adjective, or a verb, in the last case usually in connection with an accusative : as einer 3, in the even- ing. 111. Besides the ordinary use of the dative as indirect object in connection with an accusative, it is used with some verbs in German which are transitive in English : as cr tjalf il)m, he helped him ; etnet 9lcget fofgcn, to follow a rule. a. It often depends on an adjective : as ba3 ijl iljm iii(i^t tiar, that is not clear to him. b. The dative is often found depending on the verb where we should use the possessive : as ic^ gutf' mir fafi bte 3lugen au3, / almost look my eyes out. c. For the dative with prepositions, see 100, 102. 112. The accusative is the direct object of a transitive verb, and sometimes depends on verbal phrases in which the verb is intransitive : as i6) bin ei miibf, I am tired of it ; fobalb er |te anfic^tig rourbc, as soon as he caught sight of her. This construc- tion is commonest with neuter pronouns. a. For the accusative with prepositions, see 101, 102. GEKMAN GRAMMAR. 65 113. Extent of time or space is expressed by the accusative : as ben ganjen Jag arbciten, to work all day ; einen gup breit, a foot wide; ben SBevg f^inah^nQtn, to descend the mountain. 114. Time when is expressed by the accusative: as jcben Jng, everi/ day ; cr tarn benfelben 9lbcnb, he came the same evening ; beii 28ilen mai 1863, May 28, 1863 (c/. 52 h). The accusative of time when is more definite than the genitive (110), and must be accompanied by one or more limiting words. 115. The accusative is sometimes used, especially with a participle, to express an accompanying circumstance, where in English mlh would generally be used : as cin 3Rdbc^cn ftfet am genjlet, ben Bopf auf ben Strm gcjlii^t, a maiden sits at the toin- dow with lier head supported on her arm. EXEBCISE 24. 1. ©icfe grafd^e ^Ui fcd)S ®ta8 SBein. 2. txii $ecr beg ^onigg tDcir 35,000 mam flart. 3. (£« toflet nur je^n WmI. 4. ©ic ifl cin ,Rinb »oti ai^t 3a|rcn. 6. 25on ben brci Sflieg ^Japicr, bie \^ mir »or Dierjel^n Jogcn fouftc, jtnb nut »icr iBui^ iibrig. XXEBCISE 2S 1. He has in his cellar four casks of beer. 2. She drank yester- day three cups of coffee, and her sister, who never drinks coffee, would have liked to get a cup of tea, but tea was not to be had. 3. They drink every day two bottles of this wine. 4. I have here five quires of paper. 6. That was communicated to us the first day after his arrival. 6. He stayed a whole month in the town, but he found nothing in it which pleased him. 7. The island is four English miles long and three wide. 116. The indicative and imperative moods present no difficulty, being used as in English (but see 58). 117. The subjunctive is often used to express that the state- ment is not one which the speaker or writer makes on his own 66 GERMAN GRAMMAR. authority, but one which he simply quotes : as cr fagtc, ba^ er frant fet, he said that he was ill. A verb introducing indirect discourse is not necessary ; the subjunctive alone can convey the idea that the statement comes from another person than the speaker : er mollte nic^t Icmmen, i»ei( er nicfet gaiij ibo^I ware, he would not come becaiise (as he said) he was not quite well. The indicative would imply an assertion of the truth of the statement. The tense used may be either the same as it would have been in direct discourse, or after a past tense, the imperfect (or pluper- fect) subjunctive may be used instead of the present (or perfect) : as er fagte, tap er ni^t ganj »o^l fei or ware, the direct discourse being: ic^ bin nic^t ganj wo^f; and so getocfcn fei or gewefen more, after a past tense. a. An imperfect subjunctive sometimes stands alone in this use without appar- ently depending on anything : as cr Wore franf ? do you -mean to say lie is ill f b. After a verb of saying, bap introducing indirect discourse is often omitted, and in consequence the inflected part of the verb does not stand last but comes next after the subject. The mood used is almost always the subjunctive : as cr lieg mir fagen, et tiinne (or Bnnte) t)eutc itic^t ju uns fomnien, or er [ie§ mir fagen, tag cr t)cute ni^t ju un3 toiiimen Bnne (or fonnte), he sent me word (that) he could not come to its to-day. c. The use of the subjunctive in conditional sentences, and the use of the con- ditional which corresponds to our auxiliaries woidd and should, have already been explained (86). 118. The subjunctive is sometimes used to express a wish. The imperfect and pluperfect are used of wishes the realization of which is not anticipated. Examples : bag gcie ®ott, God grant it ; iraren rotr niir roiebcr ba, would we were only there again {if we were only there again) ; id) wotUc, cr ware in 9)arig geblicben, I wish (lit. I would) he had stayed in Paris. 119. For the use of the infinitive with or without ju, see 74. The English construction of a preposition followed by a parti- GERMAN GRAMMAR. 67 cipial form Yii-inff corresponds to the infinitive in German after an|latt, |latt, and o^nc. No prepositions but these and urn can govern an infinitive in German (99 c, 101 b). If the English has a different preposition, the phrase is generally translated by a compound of the German preposition with ba, and a following clause beginning with bag: as er reirb bnfiir 6c|lraft, tin§ cr cc tijat, he is punished for having done it ; cr brad^te ti babiir^ ju ©tanbe, ba§ cr mc^r it]a\)lte, he brought it ahout by paying more. Even without uiti the infinitive may express purpose : as er gc()t, eincn gicunb ju it^ndim, he goes to visit a friend. 120. The English present participle is often to be translated by a clause introduced by a relative word or a conjunction, espe- cially tttbcm, w/it7e, as; the present participle being much less used in German than in English : as inbem er fo fprac^, flanb cr duf, so speaking, he rose. 121. The past participle is used with fbmnien and ge^cn, ex- pressing manner, where we should use the present : as cr fflin ge« Idufen, he came running. a. The past participle is sometimes used in an imperative sense : as aufgepft^t ! attention I 122. The tenses are used generally in German as in English, but there are variations in the use of the imperfect and perfect tenses in the two languages, the latter often being used where we should use the imperfect : as cr ift geflern angclonimeii, he arrived yesterday. a. When both present and past time are referred to at once, the German uses the present tense where the English has the per- fect : as er ifl fc^on langc ba, Ae has been there a long time al- i-eady (and is there still). Similarly, er t»nr fc^on lange ta, he liad been there a long time {cf. 100, d). b. The present ten.se is used as a historical present, as in English : as unent» fc^loffen unb ungtwig fdjweigt btc ganjc Scrfammlung, irresolute and uncertain, the 68 GERMAN GEAMMAK. whole assembly is silenL It is also often nsed In a future sense : as in einent Sfll^rc Ipmntt tx tvtciei, in a year he will come again. t. The auxiliaiies of tense ^ttbcn and fein are sometinies omitted, most often after a participle at the end of a dependent clause : as ber SBiief, ben et gejlern cibaltcn (^at), the letter he received yesterday ; mdjitm n tttljetommtn (»ar), after he had arrived. EXEBCISE 26. 1. S5ie jmcite Sefung iei ©ociali|lengcfe^c8 wurbc in bcr l^cutigen ©i^ung fortgefe^t. Der erflc SRctner ertlarte, t>ag ber ^ainpf, ben man einmal angcfangen, bur^gefu^rt roerben muffe ; cr fei ber 5!Jlei= nnng, bfl§ encrgifc^e 9JJa§rege[n ergriffen loerben mii^ten ; man biirfe ber SRegierung feine *0?ittel sjerfagen; aber es fei ganj falf^, wenn baa 5)ublitnm meine, man tt)ue bem ^aifer unb ber 5legierung einen ®e= faden, wenn man leine ©ocialbemotratcn wd()Ie ; eS fei ganj glei^» gijltig, oh brei ober sier ©ocialiflen gcujfiljlt miirben ; Sinfluf wiirben fte niemof^ geminnen. 2. Sr foU geantroortet ^aben, ba^ er bic ©ad^c iiberlegen wolle. EXEBCISE S7. 1. He asked me why I had not been willing to do it. 2. He said he would explain the matter as soon as he could ; he had not yet spoken with you about it, but would try to do so before you Avent away. 3. If you wish to have more money you can get it by selling your house. 4. I received a month ago a long letter from my friend who is now in Eome ; he said he had been there for three weeks, and wished to stay a month ; he had spent a week in Florence, but had not been able to see much of (sun) the city, because it rained almost every day ; in Eome the weather was very fine. I think I shall receive a second letter from him in some days. Order of Words, 123. The most important rules for the order of words have already been given ; but a brief summary of the rules is given here for convenience of reference. GERMAN GRAMMAR. 69 124. The Simple Declarative Sentence, beginning with the subject. The subject with all the words modifying it stands first, and is immediately' followed by the verb, or if the verb is formed with the aid of auxiliaries, by the personal or inflected part of the verb. Participles, infinitives, and prefixes stand at the end of the clause ; their order is usually the reverse of the English order, being determined hy the principle that the dependent word pre- cedes that on which it depends ; the prefix is written with its infinitive or participle as one word. The objects of the verb, adverbs and other modifiers of the predicate, precede infinitives and participles, but not the in- flected part of the verb ; ttiey cannot stand between this and the subject. As to their position a dative generally precedes and a genitive generally follows an accusative (but a pronoun in the accusative usually precedes a noun), an adverb of time comes before one of place, and other modifying words stand last. Adverbs do not necessarily stand after nouns. Examples: Der 5rcunb fc^rieO mtr ciiten S3rief, ()at mir cinen 58ricf gefdsrieben, luirb mir einen Srief f^reibcn, wirb mir einen Srief gcf(^rtc6cn ^aben, my friend wrote me a letter, has written me a letter, etc. ; cr flefltc it)n ber Dame ttor, ^at \^n bcv Dame scrgeftedt, wirb i^n bcr S)ame ttorflellcn, k., he introduced him to the lady, etc.; cr fingtc t6n eineg 55erfcrecf)en« an, ^at i()n nwti SScrbrec^ens angetlagt, jc, he accused him of a crime, etc.; er t)at bfm greunbe geflern cincii Srief (or einen Srief geftcrn) gefc^ricben, he wrote his friend a letter yesterday ; cr h>irb morgen flci§ig arbeitcn, he will work diligently to-morrow ; e6 iuirb balb gcf^rieben rocrben (ge= fc^ricbcn loorben fctn), it will be (have been) written soon ; i(^ mo(^tc ftc ftngcn ^Bren, I should like to hear her sing ; \d^ ^abe etmai maiden laffen, I have had something made ; bcr greunb, ber mitge'feen wolltc, t(l no(^ nicfet getommen, the friend who wished to go with us has not yet come. a. The words for and, or, but, for (unb, obcr, ^bcr, aUci'n, foU' 70 GERMAN GRAMMAR. kern, bcnn, and sometimes bod^), can begin the sentence without causing any change in order. 2lfaer can even stand between the subject and the verb, or after the inflected part of the verb : as aber cr ijl nid)t obgeretjl, er abtv i|i ni(^t abgcreift, er ijt abet nic^t ab= gereijl, but he has not departed. 125. The Inverted oe Question Order. In any such sentence as those given under 124, any word in the predicate may begin the sentence. The position of the other words then remains unchanged, except that the subject is put after the in- flected part of the verb. Only one such word or phrase can be put first. Any adverb or word not belonging to the subject (ex- cept a word introducing a dependent clause ; see 126) when put first causes this order ; so, for example, the word ei when corre- sponding to the English there (32). But pronouns usually stand next to the inflected part of the verb. Examples: feincr ©d^mc^er fc^riefc lucin greunb cinen S3rief, l)<\t mein gveunb einen Srief gcfirieben, jc, my friend uirote Ms sister a letter, etc. ; cinen Srtef f^ricb mein greunb feiner ©(^wefler, einen SSrief fc^rieb mir ber greunb, einen SSrief i^at er mir gef^riebcn ; tints SSerbrec^cnS ijl er son ben Slnbercn angeflagt roorben, or bpu ben SHnberen iji cv eine^ Serbre^enS angeflagt morben, he has been accused by the others of a enme. Even a participle or infinitive may stand first for emphasis: as femmen wirb er ()eute rd&ii, he ivlU not come to-day; gefe^en l^flbe ic^ ti fcbon, / have already seen it. a. This is the order in English as well as in German in ques- tions : as |at er ti gefunben ? has he found it ? roc ^at er eS ge= funben ? where has he found it ? unless the interrogative word is also the subject : as roer I)at ti get^an ? who has done it ? b. When a dependent sentence precedes the principal one, the latter has this order, just as when a single word or phrase begins it : as pbgreiA er »ie( ju t^un tiatte, ifl er niitgegangcn, although he had much to do, he went with us. GERMAN GRAMMAR. 71 e. This order may also be used to express a condition (see 87). d. In a few cases the personal verb itself begins the sentence; the word bod) then usually comes after the subject: as baditc icft'd bo4, 1 ilwught so. 126. Dependent Okdek. This is the order in dependent- sentences, that is, in sentences introduced \>y a relative pronoun or adverb, or bj* such conjunctions as those given under 106, and in indirect questions. Here the inflected part of the verb regularly stands last, even after infinitives and participles, and a prefix belonging with it is written as one word with it. But it stands before, not after, two infinitive forms, the second of which stands for a past particijple (75), and often before two true in- finitives. Otherwise the order of words is unchanged. Examples : a\i er ii ju fc^reiben nnfing, when he began to write it; roeil er ti nic^t t)at faufeii iDoflen, because he did not wish to buy it; tu, ter bu ti nic tuirjl tbun toniien (or tt)un tiinnen wivft), thou who wilt never be able to do it. a. For two cases where in dependent sentences the inflected part of the verb does not stand last, see 117 b and 125 c. 127. The rules for order of words are of course not so strictly observed in poetry as in prose, especially those for the position of the verb in dependent sentences. Even in prose, however, the rules for dependent clauses are not alwaj's strictly followed, though the inflected part of the verb never stands next after the subject, unless there are no words that can be interposed : as lueil cr tomnit, because he comes ; t>a icft faft, ta§ ei immoglid) war, si7ice I saw that it was impossible (cf. ba fa() i^, then I saw). Composition and Derivation of Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. 128. The German forms compound and derivative words with great freedom, and if the meaning of the simple word or words is 72 GERJIAN GRAMMAR. known, it is generally easy to determine the meaning without being obliged to have recourse to the lexicon. 129. Nouns, a. Compound nouns often correspond to phrases with of 01 some other preposition, or to a noun with an adjective, while they may often be rendered by words of Latin origin : as ©taitbcipo^ncr, mhabitant of a town, from ©tabt, tovn, and l)eWol)nen, inhabit ; ©taatdfdfeulli, public debt, from aien, have Jatte ge^att ^afl, '^at ijatte .fatten, hold :^ielt ge^alten Ult% pit •^angen, hang Vm$ (6ieng) ge^ongcn pngp, Wngt Properly only intransitive, but often confounded with the transitive ^SngeB, weak and regular. $auEn, hew m gepUTO ^c6en, lift W, ^ub gep6en Voie, nit ^eigen, bid, call m ge^eigfn |>elfen, help m ge|o(fen l^ilfll, -^ilft ^ilf Wfe, plfe .Reifen, chide (tiff) (getiffen) Usually weak and regular. Sennen, know tannte gefannt feitnte filicben, cleave HoJ gefloien Sometimes weak and regular. nut ^timmen, climb Homm geflommen Also weak and regular. ftomme ^linsen, sound tkng gcttungen Rarely weak and regular. Kttitge (tliinge) flntifen, pinch tniff gefnifftn Also sometimes weak and regular. iJneitien, pinch (fniOD) (getntDtJcn) Usually weak and regular; same word as tnttfen. 80 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF Present Infinitive. Imperfect Indicative. Past Participle. Second and third persons singular Pres. Indicative when stem vowel changes. bO V m ^ ^ ^ u S £ ui &U Si E § ^s en ? Imperf. Subjunct when stem vowel of the Imperf. Indic- ative is changed. Sommen, come Urn getommen regular (also tame tommjl, tommt) Aonnen, can fonnte getonnt lannfl, fann fonnte ^iec^en, creep tro(§ getrod)en _ tro^e fturcn, choose for getorcn tore £flben, load, Invite rub gelabcit labfl, Idbt lube Also weak and regular, except in past participle gelabett. Saffcn, let m gelaffen laffefl, tagt Caufcn, run lief gelaufen lauffl, (auft Ceibeit, suffer litt gelittcn Cei^en.lend lie^ gclie^cit fiefen, read lad gclefen liefep, Uejl \\ei Ittfe Siegen, lie lag geTcgeit lage fioWm, go out lof* gelofc^en lif^efl, ttf(St m lofc^e When transitive, extinguish. ; weak and regular. Sugen, lie log gelogen liige WtalfXtn, grind, is weak and regular, except the past partic pie gemailen. Mtibtn, shun mieb gemieben SWelteit, milk moI£ gemolten (milfjl, mitft) Also weak and regular. (mitt) molte SKcffen, measure mag aeme(fen miifeil, mi§t mig mage Wimmn, faU migtang mtglungen Only used ia third person. mtglait 5W6gen, like, may moc^te geino($t magll, mag. moc^te 5Kiin"en, must atugte gemugt mugt, mug miigte SSe^men, take na^m genommen nimmil, ntmmt nimm nd^me SJennen, name nannte genannt ncnnte 9)feifen, whistle m gepfiffen 9)flegen, cherish Pftog gepflogcn f^m Also weak and regular ; so always when meaning ie wont. 9)rcifen, praise )fXKi geDriefcn Occasionally weak and regular. DueHen, gush quoU gequoHftt quiKjl, fluiHt <)uill quoSe Weak and regular when transitive, soak. Sfa^en, avenge (nil) geto(ien (rB*0 Almost always weak and regular. STRONG AND IKKEGULA.R VERBS. 81 Present Infinitive. Imperfect Indicative. Past Participle. Second and third persons singular Pres. Indicative when stem vowel changes. « > o . 5 S3 E w) a. S oj c Imperf. Subjunct. whan stem vowel of the Imperf. Indic- ative is changed. SRaf^en, advise tict^ geral^en rat[)(l, rat& SRcifien, nib rieb gcricbeit SReiBcn, tear rig geriffen iHeiten, ride ritt gcrittctt SRennen, run rannte gerannt Sometimes regular. tennte iRiec^en, smell roc^ getodjcn tiiit SRingtn, wring tang gtrungen range SRinnen, ran rami geronnen riinne, rijitne SRufen, call rief gerufcn ©aufcit, drink foif gefoffcit faufil, fauft foffe Sttugen, suck fos gefogen foge ©cfiaffen, create f*uf gefdjaffen Wiife In other meanings, weak and regular. SdjaHen, sound fdjott gcfdjolten Also weak and regular. f^oUe ©d)eiben, part fcdieb gtfd)ieben ©c^cinen, appear fc^icn geWienen Si^etten, scold Walt gErd)olteit fd)itt|t, f*iU f*it( fc&alte, fi^olte Secret!, shear fd)or gcfc^oren f^ieril, fi^iett fc^icr fcfeiJrE ®*te6en, shove fdfiob gtfdjoben Wobe ©c^iegcn, shoot f<*0§ gEfdjofTcn raoffe ©liinbcit, flay f4«nb gefdjunbcn fc^iinbe Imperf. Subjunct. when stem vowel of the^ Imperf. Indic- ative is changed. SBeic^en, yield «)i(^ gcwit^eit When meaning so/tm, weak and regular. SBetfen, show wiei gewiefcti SEBcnben, turn ttanbte gewanbt Also regular. wenbete SBerien, sue WttrJ getuorbeit toirbjl, toirtt Wir6 WixU or wiit'je SBerben, become warb or murbc gemotben Wirjl, »irb IBiirbe Serfen, throw »«tf getuorfen teirffl, loitft tnirf warfe or isurfe SBiegen, weigh ttog gewogen iDoge Cf. wiigen. SBiegeit, rock, is weak and regular. SIBinben, wind ttanb gcwiinben tvanbe SBiffcn, know tcugte ge'iDugt tDei§t, tveig niigte ffloDen, will ttoUte geWoUt tviQIi, tsill Seidell, accuse jiE^ gejiejen Steven, draw JOS gesogen J3fie Snitngen, force i»ans gejttungen iwangc VOCABULARIES. I. GERMAN-ENGLISH. Besides the usual abbreviations, st. is strong; wk., weak. After an adjective, a modi- fied vowel in pareutlieses indicates tliat the vowel is modified in comparison; as gro^ (0). The auxiliary of a verb is only given when it is fein. «6er, but. Slirctfen, wk. aux. fein, journey off, de- part (from rcifcn, travel). 9l6f4rci6cn, si., copy. '.Ic^nlil^, like, similar. m, all. SlQcin, alone, only. SlQerofitrfiC, bei, the very highest. 9118, as, than, when. Silt (a), old. 9ln,P'''P (ivilhdat aiK/aec), on,at,to,of. Slnicrcr, -e, -c3, other. Mnfang, fcer i-«, -tiitgc), beginning. Slnfangcn, s^, begin (from fcmgcH, seize). Slngcfongcn (from anfangcn). Mnfunft, tiie (-iinftc), arrival. MntlDOrten, intr.. answer. 9lrm (ci), poor. Mulj, also, too. Stufmai^en, open (from mttcf)en, make). Sluge, ba« (-ge*, -Stn). eye. SlttBUft', ber, August. Slug, prep, (with dat.), out of, from. 3(li9fC^Cn, St., look, have an appearance (from fc()cn see). :, prep, [with dal,), outside, be- sides, except. !!luStl)Ctl$en, st. aux. Tein, make way, avoid (from tteidjen, yield). Soli, soon. SBot (from 6imn). SBouer, bcr (-«, -n), peasant. ScantltlOI>tcn, tr., answer (from %Mmit, answer). Scfrciung, bic (-en), liberation (from fret, free). JBel^autlten, assert (l-c is x\ie prefix). Sei, prep, [with dal.), by, with, at the bouse of. SBcitt, bag ( -c3, -e), leg. 99cmii(ung, bic (-en), exertion (from SDJiiiie, pains). fSttrnht, sad, afflicted. !Bcja^(en, pay (from (afitcn, pay). fflilB, iai (-ci, -ct), picture. JBinben, si., bind. 33iS, prep, (with ace.) and cotij., as far as, till, until. SBittCn, St., beg, ask, request. 88 GEUiMAN-KNGLISH. SBIume, bit (-en), aower. Srai^tc ju (from jubringen). SStet^tn, St., break. JBrcnncn, ivk. in., bnrn. fflricf, ber (-c«, -c), letter. JBriidc, bie (-en), bridge. Sruber, ber (-i, -uber), brother. 3). So, there, since (bar in compounds with prepositions before a vowel). Saici, thereby, in it, at it. Sa^in, thither. Santit, therewith, with it, by it. Saran, thereat, at it, on it, of it. 2l0§, eonj., that. Sobon, thereof, of it, from it. Setlt, thy. Senfcn, ifi- '''•, think. Senn, conj., for. ®er, art/c/c and pronoun, the, that. ®tcncn, serve. ®iC!ltC {iniperf. 3d sing, from btenen). ®icfer, this. ®rittC, ber, third ®un(tt, dark. Xuril, prep, (with ace), through. SnnJ'fnJren, carry through. Sitrfcn, wk. irr., be permitted, allowed. gDcn, adu., just. @0rli$, honest (from g^re, honor). ©influS, bet (-|]"e«, -itffe), influence. @ingegangen (from cinge^en). SingC^cn, st. mix. fein, go into, enter upon (from jebcn, go). Sinmaf, once (from SWttI, time). @mt)fan|)Cn, st., receive (from fiingen, catch). €nergif4> energetic. @ntllC(fcn, discover (from beden, cover) 6r, fie, C8, he, she, it. @rgreifen, st., seize, take (from grcifen. seize). @rgriffen (from crgreifen). @rf|a)tcn, st., receive (from balten, hold). @r§iclt (from crbolten). @tinncrn, remind; rejl. [with gen ), re- member (er is the prefix). Srfriircn, explain, declare (from flar, clear). Srf^einen, st. aux. fein, appear (from fi^einen, shine, appear). @rf4iencn (imperf. indie. 3d pi. from erfi^eincn). CSrfier (-e, -e«), first. @rjtDtngen, st., force, gain by force (from jWingen, force). @ttOa$, something, anything; fo CttOaS, such a thing. 6ucr, your. ^fallen, si. aux. fein, fall. galflft, false, wrong, gaffcn, seize. Selb, ba« (-c«, -er), field, genfler, bus (-«, -r), window. gcucr, btt« (-8, -r), fire. ^inbcn, st., find. glofl^C, bie (-n), liottlc. §ei§ig, diligent, industrious (from %\n^, industry). Sortgc^cn, st. aux. fein, go away (from gelien, go). Sortff^cn, continue (from fepen, set). forage, bie (-n), question. Stagen, ask. ^ranjoftfdl, French. 3fric&ri4, Frederic. GKKMAN-ENGLISH. 89 Sii^rcr, bcr (-«, -r), leader, guide (from fiibrcn, lead). 13, whole, entire, all. Oar, wholly; gor nil^t, not at all. @artcn, ber (-«, -ortcn), garden. ®c6cn, SI., give ; ti gitfit, impers., there is, are (78). Ocbdrcn, »' , bear; gciorcit, born. ®ciraui^, ttr (-c*, -,iu*e), use, usage (from braudjen, use, need). Ocbroi^en (from bredim). OcBunbfn (from dinben). OcHoi^t (from bcnfen). ®cfii^rli(^, dangerous (from ®efa(ir, danger). ®cfa((cn, St., please {loith clat. of pers.). ©efoUcn, btr (-i, -n), favor. ®tfunbcn (from pnben). ©cgongcn (from gc^en). @C(|Ctt, prep (with ace), against. ®c5en, St. mix. fein, go. @tlS, b«« (-f«- -ft)' money. @ClingCn, si. uur. fein, succeed {with dot. of pers ) ; gelungCtl, succeeded. ©erittcn (from reitcn). Ocft^Cl^cn, St. aux. fein, happen. ®cf*ilft, skilful. ©Cflftricficn (from f(I)rcikn). GkfC^cn (from fcfien). ®cft(4t, boa {-ci, -fr), face (from fedctl, see). ®tPern, adn., yesterday. ®efiarBen (from ilcrlien). ©Ctfton (fromt^un). ®ett)inncn, st., win, gain. @eHli^, certain, sure. ®ie6t [pres. indie. 3d. sing, from fleien, give). @ing {ii'iperf. indie. 1st and 3d sing, from gelien, go|. ®(a$, Hi (-CIS, -lifer), glass. ®Ieil$guttig, indifferent, unimportant (from glcid), like, and gelten, be worth). ®luifltr4, happy, fortunate (from Oliirf, happiness, fortune). ®VOf, bcr (-en, -en), count. ®ro6 (ij), great, large. ®Ut, good. .gaBen, wk. irr., have; Jot, has; Jotte, had. ©Oltftl, St , hold; pit, holds. §0118, baiS (-e«, -aufer), house. @Ctr, baa {-ti, -e), army. ^Ci^cn, s'., bid, be called. gcrbci'eilcn, hasten up (from eilen, hasten). ^CUtig, odj., of to-day, to-d.iy's (from Jcute, to-day). §tctt (fi-om fallen). §(Cr, here. ginauS, out. Winter, prep, (with dat. and ace), behind. §oi) (b; see 19 rf). gorcn, hear. gunb, ber (-eS, -e), dog. .ftiibflj, pretty. gut, ber (-c«, -itte), hat. giiten, rejtez , be on one's guard, guard against, take care not (to do). 35r, her, its, their; 3f)v {written with a capital letter), your. 3lt, prep, {with dat. and arc), in, into. 3jl {3d simj pres. indic. o/frin, be). 90 GERMAN-ENGLISH. 3. Jjojr, bai {-ei, -t), year. 3e . . • it, the . . . the. 3cner, that. 3unB (ii), young. ^aifer, ber (-«, -r), emperor. &atnp\, bcr (-eS, Sdmpfc), conflict, strife, stniftgle. fiorl, Charles. floufen, buy. fioufmann, bcr {-i, -Icute ard -manner), merchant (from taufen, buy). fiaum, hardly, scarcely. flein, no. ainb, ba« (-ea, -cr), child. fiinb^eit, bie, childhood (from Sinb). ^tri^C, bie (-n), church. finaie, bcr (-n, -n), boy. finest, ber {-ti, -e), servant. fiommcn, st. mix. fein, come. jionig, bcr (-i, -c), king. fionnen, wk. m-., can, be able. So^en, cost. firanf (a), ill. ftriefl. ^" (-*' "«)' «'^'■■ & Conbfl|ttft, bic (-en), landscape (from Sanb, land). fiBnB(C), (tt), long. HiouJe, bic (-n), arbor. Ceitn, Uve; ficBen, ba8 (-a, -«), life. I'cbcr, bttS (-a), leather. Vefnng, bie (-en), reading (from Icfen, read). Sicgen, si., lie. Siuft, bic (-itftc), air, breeze. !IQa4en, make. SRabl^en, ba« (-«, -n), maiden, girl. aUor, ba« (-e«), time. SMoIcn, paint. SKon, one, they, people. Sliann, bcr (-ii, -dnncr), man (not tooman). SRarf, bic, mark (about 25 cents). SMoSregel, bie (-n), measure. SKoucr, bie (-n), wall. SKtin, my. SKeincn, mean, think. SRetnung, bic (-en), opinion (frommeinen). SQcnfri^, ber (-en, -en), man, human being (including wmnen). SDlit, prep, (with dot.), with. OBitfommcn, st. aux. fein, come with one, accompany one (from tommen, come). iPlittel, btt8 (-i, -I), means. JDlogcn, vok. irr., like, be inclined, may. SItorgcn, adv., to-morrow (cf. SBJoracit, morning). I'lutlC, tired, weary. iWuiU, bie (-n,) mill. SnitUer, ber (-i, -r) miller. Also proper name. SKiini^cn (-8), Munich. SDiiiffcn, «>k. irr., must, be obliged. prep, (with dat.), to, after. 9lai^t)a<^U (from na^bcnfen). SRorftftenfcn, wk. irr., reflect, meditate (from bcnfen, think). JRai^etlen, hasten after (with dot., from eilen, hasten). jRai^t, bie (-dd)te), night. GERMAN-ENGLISH. 91 iBfiSmc (from ne^men). Slamtin), bcr (-ena, -en), name. 92e6cn, prep, {with dat. and ace), by, near, by the side of. Slt^mtn, St., take. 92cnnen, wk. irr., call, name. iRcU, new. 9!eUgicrllC, bic, curiosity. M^i, not. JRtr^tt, nothing. SRie, never ; nictnalS, never. 92icman)l, no one, nobody. 9liinmt (from ne^men). 9iif4e, bie (-n), niche. JWO^, adv. of lime, still, yet; no^ lltl^t, not yet; noi$ Cttt, one more. Slur, only. DBflleilj, although Oft (6), often. SPapicr, ba« (-3, -e), paper. $einlid|, painful (from 9)ein, pain). gJuBttfum, btt« (-«), public. Wei^t, right. flleSe, bie (-n), speech. JHcllen, speak, talk. 9iclllt4t honest. JReliner, bcr (-i, -r), orator (from teben, speak). Olegitrung, bie (-m), government (from regieren, govern). SHeidj. rich. Mcifc, bie (-n), journey. JKcifcn, aux. fein, sometiines l^aien, jour- ney, travel. Siciten, st. aux. fein, sometimes ^tAtn, ride (on horseback). jRettcn, save, rescue. iRicS, baa (-ea, -c), ream. fliofcnfnoflie, bie (-n), rosebud (from SRofc, rose, and Snofpe, bud). Oiotg (ij), red. iRuffC, ber (-n, -n), Russian. Sai^e, bie (-n), thing, affair. Soflcn, say. Sojen (from ngen). ®l^arf (a), sharp. Sl^etncn, st., shine, seem. @(Jloi6t, bie (-en), battle. ®l4(a{ill8, sleepless (from @c^Iaf, sleep). Sl^lciit, bad, ill. ®li^ncUr swift, quick, fast. Sl^On, already. iS(^on, beautiful, fine. SijreiScn, s(., write. ©lijriftflettcr, ber (-«, -r), author. ®(|uni, bie (-en), debt. Scl^tn, St., see. ®C$t, very, much. Settle, bie, silk. ®Cin, «'• irr., be. ®Cin, bis, its. Stl^tdar, visible (from fe^cn, see). ®intl (3d pi. pres. indie, from fein, be). Si^cn, St., sit. @i$ung, bie (-en), session (from fiftf, sit). ®0, so (sometimes untranslated); fo tttOaS, such a thing. Sotlolticmofrot, bcr (-En,-en), ©octoltfl, ber (-en, -en), socialist, social democrat. 92 GEUMAN-ENGLISfl. SfltittliStngefeft, t>fl« (-f«- -0, law against the socialists (from ®t\it^,lAvr). Soltiat, bcr (-en, -en), soldier. SoQcn, w^- "T-, shall. iSommer, ier (-^, -r), summer. @Onb(irIlllt, strange, peculiar. Soittiern, but {after a negative). Sonfl, otherwise, else. ©{lOjiercn, go out (for pleasure). ®{irei|cn, st., speak. S^ril^t (from fpiec^en). ©tiottifl^, mocking^ (from Spott, scorn, mockery). ®toat, bic (-able), town, city. StOtt (a), strong. . StcUe, bie (-n), place. StcUen, 'r., put, place, stand. Stericn, «'. u«a;. fein, die. ©traug, ber .(-?«, -auge), bouquet. @Ul|en, seek, search. 2. Sttfl, ber (-e«, -e), day. Sfteotcr, btt« (-«, -r), theatre. 26un, ««•. do. 2pr(e), bie (-en), door. 2;tcf, deep. Xoijtcr, bie {Zii)tn), daughter. %0U, mad. 2ro^, prep, [withgen. or dat.), in spite of. u. Ucier, prep, (with dat. and ace), over, above, beyond. UcBcrgafi (from fliergeien). Uebcrgc'ien, st., deliver (from (jcben, give). Uc6ei(t'gcn, deliberate, consider (from legcn, lay). UeBrtg, left, remaining (from uier), UntgC'Ben, «'-, surround. Unb, and. Unfc^lBor, infallible (from fe'dlen, fail). Ultg(Uif(i[|, unhappy, unfortiinate (frore ®IuiI, happiness, fortune). Unfcr, our. UntCt, prep, (teith dat. and ace), under. SBatcr, bcv {-i, -atev), father. SSerBergCn, st., hide, conceal (from ber* gen, hide). SScrgniigen, bo« (-s), pleasure. SSerloffcn, st., leave (from laffcn, let, leave). SBcrmcttlcn, «'., avoid, shun (from mei* ben, shun). SBerrat^en, st., betray, disclose (from ratien, advise). SBerriegcln, bolt (from SRicgcI, bolt). SBerfagen, refuse (from fogen, say). SSerf^jrocJ (from »erfprec[)en). SBerftlTec^cn, st., promise (from ftrct^en, speak). SBerfliro^cn (from scrfiirec^en). IBcrftC^en, st., understand (from fiejen, stand). SBcrfurften, try, attempt (from fudicn, seek). SBettcr, bcr (-«, -n), cousin. SBicI, much. aSicUcili&t, perhaps. SJon, prep, {with dat.), of, from, by (71). SBor, prep, (with dat. and ace), before; ago (only with dat.). SBorici'rcitcn, st. aux. fein, ride by or past (from rciten, ride). SJorfaQ, bcr (-i, -fade), occurrence (from faUen, fall). GERMAN-ENGLISH. 95 Sor^ong, bcr {-i, -'^angc), curtain (from Sangcn, hang). iBot)te|cn, st., prefer (from jie|en, draw). SBaffe, bit (-n), weSapon. SiSagcn, ber (-«, -n), carriage. SBiil^Ieit, choose, elect. SBa^TCnb, prep, {with gen.) and ccmj'., during, while. aBo^rfl^einlilS, probably (from tBtt|r, true, and fd)Eincn, seem). SSSalb, ber {-ti, -tilber), forest. SBor (imperf. indie. 3d sing, from fetn, be). SSaren {impeif. indie. 3dpi. from fein, be). SBortcn, wait. SBorum, why. aBa«, what. SBeg, ber {-ti, -e), way. SBcil, because. aSein, ber (-ea, -e), wine. SBcit, far; loeiter, farther, further. SBenig^en$, at least (from Wenig, little). 2Benn, if, when. SBcr, who. SBcrllcn, st. aux. fein, become. S8td|tig, important, weighty. SBie, how, as. aBtCicr, again. SBtefe, bie (-n), meadow. aBirfltrft, real, really. SBtffen, wk. irr., know ; with iiijin. know how. IQSoUcn, wk. irr., will, wish. SfiSot'tn, wherein, in which. SBovt, bn« {-ti, -t and JSiJrtcr), word. SBunbc, bie (-n), wound. 8. geit, bie (-en), time. 3tmmcr, ba« (-«, -r), room. 3u, jorep. (uJjfA dot.), to, at. ^Uliringen, wk. irr.. pass, spend (from bringen, bring). gUB, ber {-ti, 3«3e), train ; feature (of the face). 3uiUlI!c|rcn, aux. fein, return (from te^ren, turn). Sttrudfommcn, st. aux. fein, come back (from tommen, come). Suritdtegen, lay behind, traverse (fr.-m lejen, lay). II. ENGLISH-GERMAN. A-tbreviatioDS ; n. noun; adj. adjective; v. verb; tr. transitive; intr. intransitive; adv. adverb. The auxiliary of verbs is not given unless it is fein. A. A, an, ein. About, adv. ( = nearly), ungefabr; pry>. ( = around), um Imtit ace.) ; (^con- cerning), iifier, sen; about it (27, 2), bttruBer. Account, on account of, prep., wegen {with gen.). Affair, bic Sa^e (-n). After, p7-ep., mi) {loith dat.); conj., nai)' bem. Again, mieber. Ago, vor (mlh dot.). All, aU ; all day, ben ganjtn laj. Almost, fafl. Alone, aQeiti. Already, f($on. Although, otglet^. Always, immcr. And, unb. Answer, bie Stntmort (-en). Anything, etWaS ; not anything, nii^tS. Are, ^mb iZd pi. pres. indie, (rom fein). Army, bai $ecr (-e«, -e). Arrival, bte Slnhtnft. Arrive, anfontmen, st. aux. fein. Artist, ber ifiiniller (-«, -r). As, M ; in comparisons, Ute ; as soon as, fotolb. Ask (= quire), fragen ; (= request), \AU ten, » Asleep, fall asleep, (tnf(!^Iafen, st. avai. fein (from fc^Iafcn, sleep). Ass, ber efel (-3, -I). Atii'rep', an (with dat. andacc); at home, ju .^aufe ; at nine o'clock, um neun U^r ; at last, enblid). Attempt, 1'., »erfud)cn (from fuc^en, seek). Aunt, bie Sante (-n). B. Back, 71., ber Sftucten (-8, -n) ; adv., jutiiS. Be, ■!)., fein, st. irr. ,■ is, i|l {Zd sing.); are, jinb (3d pi. pres. indic.y, was, War (Jin- perf. indie); be silent, fdiweigen, st. Beak, ber ®^na6el (-«, -d6el). Beautiful, fd)on. Because, roeil. Become, wetben, st. aux. fein. Bee, bie SBiene (-n). Beer, baS Sier {-ti). Beggar, ber Settler (-8, -r). Before, prep., wt (with dal. aTidacc.); coiy-, ebe, iesor. Begin, anfangen, st. ; beginnen, st. Behind, prep., Winter (witli dat, and ace). ENGLISH-GERMAN. 95 Believe, glaubfn ; does believe, glauit. Berlin, Scrlin (-«). Bill, bit SRedjnung C-en). Bind, binben, st. Bird, bcr Siosel (-«, SJbgcI). Bite, teieeii, st. Black, f(J)H)avs (d). Blue, blau. Book, baa Sud) (-f«, Silver). Bookseller, ber Sudj^dnblcr (-«, -r) (from Ijanbctn, trade). Bottle, bie gUfdje (-n). Boy, ber SnaU C-n, -n). Brave, tavfer. Bread, ba^ ©rob i-ti). Break, brcdjen, st ; break off, Mxtd)en. Bridge, bie Srude (-n). Bring, bringen, wk. in: ; bring back, ju» ritdbvitigen. Brother, ber Srubev (-3, -iibev). But, abcr, fonberii (after a neyatire). Butterfly, ber ©djmetteriing {-i, -e). Buy, fttufen. By, prep., son (after passive); (==by means ol), b«rd). c. Cage, ber SaRg (-«, -e). Can, tijnncn, wh. irr. Capital, bie $m (-en). Doubtless, adc, ol)ne Swcifcl, jttcifcHoa. Drink, trinfcn, st. Drive, intr., fal)rcn, st. aux. fcin. Ear, bad SDIir (-c«, -en). Earth, bie (Erbc (-n). Eat, cffen, st. Else, anberS, fonjl; something else, ctwa« atnbcrcS. English, cnglifd). 96 ENGLISH-GERMAN. Every, jeber. Expect, ertuartcn (from marten, wait). Explain, ettlciren (from fkr, clear). Eye, baa Sluge (-«, -n). Fall, faQen, st. aux. fein ; fall asleep, ein< fc^lafen, st. aux. fcin. Far, totit; farther, further, iDeitei; not far from, unroett, unfern (.with gen. ). Fast, f^iiElt ; he fast {of a clock, watch, etc.), sorgeljen, st. aux. fein (from ge^en, go). Father, ber SSater {-i, Mitt). February, ber gebruat. Finally, enbli^. Find, finben, st. Fine, fi^on. Finished, adj., fertig. Fire, iai geuer {-i). First, ber erjle. Flesh, ba« gieif* (-eS). Floor, ber Swgboben {-i). Florence, glorenj. Flower, bic Slume (-n). Fly, fliegen, st. anx. fein. For, prep., fiir (with ace. Ex. 6, 7); feit (= since, with dat); conj., benn. Forest, ber SBalb (-e«, SBcilber). Fragile, jerdrecfctici) (from tred)cn, break). Friend, ber greuiib (-c«, -e). From, prep., son (icith dat.) ; CMi, out of (with dat.). G. Garden, ber ®arten (-i, ®artcn). Gave, gab {imperf. indie, from gefien). Get, befommen, St. tr. (from fommen, come). Girl, ba« SRabAen (-S, -n). Give, gc6en, st. ; gives, giebt (Sd sing. pres. indie); give up, aufgeben. Go, ge^en, st. anx. fein; go away, fort- ge^n, ttegge^en ; go with (person not expressed), mitge^en ; go out, ttUSgc^en, 1jinmiit1)ttt. Good, gut. Grow (= become), luerben, st. aux. fcin. H. Half, fjdb ; half past nine, ^oXi je^n. Hand, bie |)anb ($dnbe). Hard, fd^iuer. Hasten, eilen, aux. fein; hasten to meet, entgegeneilen (with dat. ). Have, taben, wk. irr.; has, ^at {Zd sing.) ; have, ^aben (Zdpl.pres. indie.) ; I have, i($ ^abe; had, ^atte {imperf. indie); (= cause) laffen ; (= must) muflen. He, er. Hear, ^oren. Help, v., ^elfen, st. {with dat.). Help, «., bie ^iilfe. Her, i^r. Here, ^ier; ( = hither) Jier^er. His, fein. Hoarse, ^eifer. Home, adv., na(% '^aufe; at home, ;u ■giaufe. Hope, v., ^offen. Horse, ba« $ferb (-e«, -e). Hostile, feinblid) (from geinb, enemy). Hour, bie Stunbe (-n). House, baiS ^mxi {-ti, .gidufer). Hungry, 6ungrig (from hunger, hunger). I, te&. If, wenn. Ill, frnnf (a). Illness, bie firanfbeit (-tn). Immediately, gleic^. foglcitj. In, prep., in (with dot. and ace.); in it, barin. Inhabitant, ber Einreojner (-8, -r). Instead of, prep., flatt, onjlatt (loiUi gen.). ESGUSH-GERMAN. 97- Into, prep., in [ailh dot. and ace). Introduce, uorfleUcn (from flellett, put, place). Is, il^ {Sd sing. pres. indie, from fetlt). Island, bte Snfel (-n). It, ci (Ex. 2, 6); sometimes n, (ie (31). K Key, ber ®cf)(ii|fc[ (-a, -I). Knife, bai SBJeffer (-i, -t). Knit, ilriScn. Know (be aware of), Wljfen, wh irr.; (be acquaiuted with), tennen, wk. irr.; you know (Ex. 6, 3), ©ie fmnen. Lirge, gro§ (6). Last, in le^te ; at last, enbti^, jule^t. Lawyer, ber Slbsotat (-en, -en). Lsarn, leinen. Loatlier, iai 2tin (-*). L3ave, sertaffen, st. Left (not riglit), linf. Letter, ber Sricf (-c«, -e). Library, bie SJibliotbef (-en). Lie (be situated), Uegen, st. Like, v., ntogen. Little, fleirt. Live (exist), leBen; (dwell), tto^ncn ; lives (Ex. 6, 3), wo^nt. Load, «., bie 8afl (-en) (from laben, load). Long, ran9(e) (ci). Look (appear), auSfe^en ; look at, an- fe^en; look down, ^eraife^en, ^tnabfe^er (from fe^en, see). Lose, serlieren, st. (»er is the prefix). K. Han (not woman), ber SWann (-e^, SKan-' ner); (human being), ber SDJcnfc^ (-en, -en). Matter, bie ©ttc^e (-n). Hay, ber 2Rtti. Meet, Jegegnen, ai«. fcin (with aat.), part. kgegnet ; hasten to meet, see Hasten. Merchant, floufmann (-eS, -manner and -Icute) (from (aufen, buy). Mile, bie 2Reile (-n). Money, baa (Selb (-ti, -et). Month, ber SRonat (-5, -e). More, me^r. Mother, bie SKutter (Mtter). Munich, iDfiinc&en. Much, tiiel. Must, miiffen. My, mcin. Name, ber 9?amc(n) (-n«, -n). Naturalist, ber SJaturforfi^cr (-«, -r)(from 9Jatur, nature, and forfi^eir, investigate). Never, nie, niemals. New, ncu. No,/»-oB. adj., fein; nobody, no one, SJic manb (-ea). Not, nid)t ; not yet, noc^ nid^t. Nothing, nii^ta. Now, je^t, nun. 0- Occur, sortommen, st. aux. fein (from fom» men, come). O'clock, U^r {see Clock). Of, prep., Don (with dat.), or use gen. Offer, tieten, st. Often, oft (o). Old, alt (tt). On,^rep., mx^ (with dat. and ace); indates, je^n Stage. Well, adv., gut, tto^t ; (of health), ttobf. gcfunb. What, wai, wel^et. When, conj., ala {with a past tense); Wcnn (with present or future) ; tuann {inter- rogative and relative). Where, »o ; ( = whither), Wo^tn. Whether, oS. Which, ber, ttet^et, X/xi-i, While, wajrenb. White, Weig, 100 ENGLISH-GERMAN. Who, bet, tBtl^er, leer. Whole, gan;. Why, TOMum. Wide, 6reit. Wife, bit Srou (-en). Win, be willing, WoUen, wh. irr. Window, baS genflcr (-S, -r). Wine, bet SBein (-«). Wing, bet giugef (-^i -H- Winter, bet SBintet (-4, -t). Wish, ttiinf^en. With, prep., mit (loith dot.'). Without, iwep., O^ne (with ««<;•)• Woman, bie Sittu (-en), baa SBeib (-e«,-er). Word, baa ffiott (-ti, -e and ffiottet). Write, Wteiten, «<. Y. Tear, baa Sa^t (-ti, -t). Yesterday, adv., geftetn. Yet (of time), not yet, noi^ ni#t. You, ©ie, bu, i^t (30). Young, jung (u). Your, 35t, bein, cuet (34). INDEX. THE NUMBERS REFER TO SECTIONS. STScr, position of, 104 a. Accent, 6. Accusative case, 112-115. with prepositions, 101, 102. Adjectives, 18-28» declension, 18-20- used as adverb, 18. after etltia*, voai, mii)ii, 23. comparison, 24-28. formed ty coniposition or derivation, 129. Adverbs, 96, 97. comparison, , 24, 97 a. Sltlcr, joined with a superlative, 25 a. a[«, order after, 92, 106. omitted, 106.a. Although, words for, separated, 61. Articles, 9. contracted with prepositions, 9 a. used differently from English, 9 b. Auxiliaries of tense and voice, 57, 59, 60. modal, 80. Capital letters, 7. Cases, use of, 108-115. after prepositions, 99-102. Comparison, 24-28, 97 a. Compound words, 127-130. nouns, 128. adjectives, 129. verbs, 130. Conditional mood, how formed, 59. how translated, 53. sentences, 86, 87. Conjugation, methods of, 54. Conjunctions, 103-106. Consonants, special combinations of, 4. Correspondence between consonants in German and English, 131. X)a, with prepositions, 31. 35ag, with a plural verb, 37 a. 23og, order after, 92, 106. omitted, 117 i. Dates, 52 S, 114.. Dative case, 111. after prepositions, 100, 102. Defective comparison, 27. Demonstrative pronouns, 36-38. Dependent order, 92, 106, 126. I)H, 9, 36, 42. Derivation of words, 127-130. nouns, 128. adjectives, 129. verbs, 130. Siefer, 37. Diphthongs, 3. Sod), 105 a, 125 d. J)iirfen, 80, 82, 83. ein, 9, 50. S«, uses of, 33. dmai, 23. 102 INDEX. Future tense, how formed, 59. ®e, 6, 54, 75, 89, 128, 129. Gender, rules for, 10. Genitive case, 109, 110. after prepositions, 99. ®enu9, 22. $a6en, 57, 59, 60. omitted, 122 c. Imperative mood, 58. Imperfect subjunctive, 66. Impersonal verbs, 77-79. Infinitive, 64, 74, 76, 99 c, 101 b, 119, 124. Inseparable prefixes, 6, 89, 95. Inverted order, 79, 125. Scbermann, 46. Scmanb, 46. Setter, 37. Btm, 47. SiJntifn, 80, 81, 82. SWttdfieit, 108. SWan, 46. 3»tttt(^, 21. SKatttt, pi. *Ieute in compounds, 16 e. Measurement of quantity, 107. 3»e5r, 22, 28. 3»ig, 95 a. Modal auxiliaries, 80-85. ' Modified vowels, 3. aKiJflen, 80, 82. Moods, use of, 116, 117. gjJuJTett, 80. 9Ji^t3, 23. 9?temanb, 46. Nouns, 10-17. compound and derivative, 128. irregular, 16. proper, 17. rules for gender, 10. strong declension, 12, 13. weak declension, 14, 15. Numerals, 49-52. Order of words, 42, 64, 75, 79, 87, 92, 123- 126, Participles, 53, 54, 62, 64, 73, 75, 120, 121. Passive voice, 68, 69, 70, 72. Perfect tense wlien English has imperfect, 122. Personal pronouns, 29-32. in address, 30. Possessive pronouns, 33-35. Predicate noun witli Werbeit and ntailen, 108. Prefixes, inseparable and separable, 88-95. Prepositions, 99-102. Present tense, 66, 122. Principal parts, 55. Pronouns, 29-48. personal, 29-32. possessive, 33-35. demonstrative, 36-38. interrogative, 39-41. relative, 42-45. other, 46-48. Proper names, 17. Quantity, 5. Question order, 79, 125. Reflexive pronouns, 29 b. verbs, 64, 77 a. Relative prmouns, iZ-i5. Seitt, 57, 59, 60, 70, 122 c. ©eI6fl, 29 d. Separable prefixes, 90-95.