S\\ Olotttell Unideraitg SItbrarg Jt^aca, S^etn Qork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Library PA 6118.P6S11 1921 Classical associations of places in Ital 3 1924 026 484 067 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026484067 CLASSICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF PLACES IN ITALY BY FRANCES ELLIS SABIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN AT THE UNIX'ERSITY OF WISCdN'SIN Published by the Author Madison, Wis. 1921 MARSHALL JONF.S, BOSTON AMERICAN \C.K\r UlllVI--HJ:l'l Y ^ Vt\] - J^ %l'' Copyright, 1921 BY Frances E. Sabin Printed in the United States of America PHIMEO AND BOUND BY GtORQE BANTA PUBLI9HINO CO. MANUFACTuniNQ PuBLISHeRS MENABMA, WISCONSIN -J. J 3 11 nod ITALIA (/ M MatA mamm 1- :igis ^- -5 6- -511 5 12- -520 5 21- -522 1 . Preface ir. Places [II. Appendix I\'. Classical Authors Quoted \'. Index 52,1-520 \'\. Maps and Plans A. Italy Before p. 1 B. Latium Before p. 13 C. Campania 123 D. Rome _ Before p. 283 i;. Imperial Fora .Before p. 333 F. Forum of the Kmpirc. , PREFACK The purpose of this book is to bring together passages frorn Latin and Greek authors for the lovers of Italy and the classics, whether those who stand in the actual presence of landscape and monument, or those who con- template them in memory or imagination. Such persons will need neither introduction to the pages that follow nor instruction in the manner of their use. It is not the author's intention either to be exhaustive in the matter of citations or to make a critical edition of the text. Economy, if not regard for the reader, forbids the admission of passages not of principal importance; and to reduce to absolute uniformity a text of such extent and such variety of authorship and assembled perforce from so many different editions, has seemed, in view of the purpose of the volume, an unnecessary and an uncalled- for labor. For occasional instances where the text is not followed accurately by the translation, the author asks the reader's indulgence; she has not felt at liberty to make changes in versions not her own except as the inter- ests of English idiom made them essential. The author wishes to express her sincere thanks to the authors and publishers listed below for permission to quote from the translations indicated: Amcriiait Book Company, New York: Selected Orations of Cicero, b\- C. D. Yonge. Badger (Richard) Boston: TibuUus, by Tlieodore Chickering Williams. Bell (George) and Sons, London: From the Bohn Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, by C. I), ^'()ngc. .\thenaeus, by C. D. Yonge. Cicero's Orations, by C. D. Yonge. Cicero's Letters, by Evelyn Shuckburgh. Morus, by J. S. Watson. Gellius, by Beloe. Horace, Satires and Epistles, by John Conington. Juvenal, by William Gifford. .Martial (author not given). Ovid, Fasti and Tristia, Iw II. T. Kile y. I'aterculus, b\- J. S. Watson. Pcrsiiis, bv William Gifford. 4 Classical Assotiatio)is I'liny, Natural Hislon , by Bostock and Rile>'. Rutilius, by G. F. Savage-Armstrong. Sallust, Catiline, by J. S. Watson. Strabo, by H. C. Hamilton. Tacitus, Histories, by Alfred Church anl William Brodribb. Horace, by Charles, Stuart Calverley (in \'erses and Transla- tions). Blackwood and Sons, London: Horace, by Sir Theodore Martin. Century Publishing Company, .Vcui York: Horace (certain selections), by Sir Stephen E. de Vere. Clarendon Press. Oxford: Cassiodorus, Letters, by Thomas Hodgkin. Statius, by D. A. Sl;iter. Dullon (E. P.), Xew York: Tacitus, .-\nnals and Histories, by Arthur Murphy. Tacitus, Annals, by G. G, Ramsay. Plutarch, Everyman's Library, Drydcn's Translation as revised bv A. H. Clough. Harviird University Press, Cambridge, ^[llss.: Virgil, Eclogues and Georgics, by Theodore Chickering WiUiams. Houghton and MiJIlin, Boston: Catullus, Ode xxxi, by Leigh Hunt (in Laing's Masterpieces of Latin Literature). Homer, Odyssey, by Herbert Palmer. Selections from Lucan, Rutilius, and Statius, as given in Long- fellow's Poems of Places. Virgil, Aeneid, by Theodore Chickering Williams. Kegan Pawl, Trench, and Co., London: Horace (certain selections), by .Aubrcx- de \'cre. Marmillan and Company, New York: Dio Cassius, by Herbert B. Foster. Homer, Odyssey, by S. H. Butcher and .\ndrew Lang. Juvenal, by J. D. Lewis. Seneca, Natural Questions, by J. Clarke. Tacitus, Annals and Histories, by Church and Brodribb. McKay (David), Philadelphia: Virgil, Aeneid, by John Conington (revised by J. -V. Symonds). Page and Company, Boston: Frontinus, by Clemens Herschel. Princeton (Jnivcrsity Press, Princeton: Jordanes, Gothic History, by C. C. Mierow. Putnam's (G. P.) Sons, New York: From the Loeb Classical Library Series: Appian, Roman History, by Horace White. -Augustine's (Saint) Confessions, by W. Walts. .\usonius, by H. G. Evelyn- White. Caesar, Civil War, by A. G. Peskett. Catullus, by F. W. Cornish. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, by E. O. Winstedt. Dio Cassius, Roman History, by E. Cary. Horace, Odes and Epodes, by C. E. Bennett. Juvenal, by G. G. Ramsay. of Places in Italy 5 Livy, by H. O. Foster. Martial, by W. C. Ker. Ovid, Amores, by Grant Showerman. Ovid, Metamorphoses, by F. J. Miller. Persius, by G. G. Ramsay. Petronius, by M. Htiseltine. Pliny, Epistles, by \\'illiam Jlelmoth (revised by W. M. L. Hutchinson). Plutarch, Lives, by Bernadotte Perrin. Procopius, History of the Wars, by H. B. Dewing. Prooertius, by H. E. Butler. Salliist, Citiline, by J. C. Rolfe. Seneca, Epistles, by R. M. Gummere. Suetonius, by J. C. Rolfe. TibuUus, by J. P. Postgate. Virgil, .^eneid, by H. R. Fairclough. Cassiodorus (as found in Glover's Life and Letters in the Fourth Century). Si oil, Forcsman, and Co., Chicago: \'irgil, Aeneid, by John Conington (revised by Francis and Anne Allin.son). In conclusion, the author wishes to extend her thanks to Professor H. C. Nutting of the University of California, Professor A. W. Hodgman of Ohio State University, Professor Grant Showerman of the, University of Wiscon- sin, and Dr. Walter Bryan for assistance in regard to certain translations. She is also under great obligations to Professor Arthur Van Buren of the American Academy at Rome for help in checking up the list of places; to Professor M. Rostovtzeff of the University of Wisconsin for suggestions regarding the notes; to Miss Marie Mc- Clernan of Madison for correcting the proof of the Greek text; and to Professor David M. Robinson of Johns Hopkins University and Professor Frank Gardner Moore of Columbia University for suggestions and a reading of the entire proof. Fr.-vnces Ellis Sabin Madison, Wis. Classical Associations ITALIA (Italy) Sed neque Medorum, silvae ditissima, terra, nee pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus laudibus Italiae certent, non Bactra, neque Indi, totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis harenis. haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri, nee galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis; sed gravidae fruges et Baechi Massicus umor implevere; tenent oleae armentaque laeta. hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert; hinc albi, Clitumne, greges et maxima laurus victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro, Romanes ad templa deum duxere triumphos. hie ver adsiduum atque alienis mensibus aeslas; bis gravidae peeudes, bis pomis utilis arbos. at rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum semina; nee rhiseros fallunt aconita legentis, nee rapit immensos orbis per humum, neque tanto squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis. adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem, tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis, fluminaque antiques supter labentia muros. an mare, quod supra, memorem, quodque adluit infra? anne laeus tantos? te, Lari maxime, teque, fluetibus et fremitu adsurgens Benace marine? an memorem pertus Luerinoque addita claustra atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequer, lulia qua ponto longe senat unda refuse Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Avcrnis? of Places ill Italy 7 A Poet's Eulogy of Italy But neither flowering groves Of Media's rich realm, nor Ganges proud, Nor Lydian fountains flowing thick with gold, Can match their glories with Italia; Nor Bactris nor Ind, nor all the wealth Of wide Arabia's incense-bearing sands. This land by Jason's bulls with breath of flame Never was ploughed, nor planted with the teeth Of monstrous dragon, nor that harvest grew Of helmed warrior-heads and myriad spears. But full-eared corn and gOodly Massic wine Inhabit here, with olives and fat herds. The war-horse here with forehead high in air Strides o'er the plain; here roam thy spotless flocks, Clitumnus; and for noblest sacrifice. The snow-white bull, bathed oft in sacred stream, Leads Roman triumphs to the house of Jove. Here Spring is endless and the Summer glows In months not half her own. Twice in the year The herds drop young, and twice the orchard bears The labor of its fruit. But tigers fell And the fierce lion's brood are absent here. No deadly aconite deceives the hand That gathers herbs; nor in enormous folds Of lengthened twine the scaly snake upcoils. Behold the famous cities — what vast toil Upreared them! — and the host of strongholds piled By hand of man on out-hewn precipice. While swift streams under ancient bulwarks flow. Why tell of two salt seas that wash her shore Above, below; her multitude of lakes, — Thee, Larius, chiefest, and Benacus, where Are swelling floods and billows like the sea? Why name that ha\en where the lofty mok' Locks in the Lucrine lake, while with loud rage The baftled waters roar, and Julian waves Echo from far the sea's retreating tide, .\iid through the channels of .\vernus pours Th' in\ading Tuscan main? In this rich land 8 Classical Associations haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla ostendit venis, atque auro plurima fluxit. haec genus acre virum, Marsos, pubemque Sabellam, adsuetumque malo Ligurem, Volscosque verutos extulit, haec Decios, Marios, magnosque Camillos, Scipiadas duros bello, et te, maxime Caesar, qui nunc extremis Asiae iam victor in oris imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum. salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus, magna virum: tibi res antiquae laudis et artis ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontis, Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen. Vir. Georg. ii. 136-176. Terra omnium terrarum alumna eadem et parens, numine deum electa quae caelum ipsum clarius faceret, sparsa congregaret imperia ritusque molliret et tot popu- lorum discordes ferasque linguas sermonis commercio contraheret ad colloquia et humanitatem homini daret, breviterque una cunctarum gentium in tota urbe patria fieret. Sed quid agam? tanta nobilitas omnium loco- rum (quos quis attigerit?), tanta rerum singularum populorumque claritas tenet. Urbs Roma vel sola n eai et digna tam iam festa cervice facies quo tandem narrari debet opere? Qualiter Campaniae ora per se felixque ilia ac beata amoenitas, ut palam sit uno in loco gaudentis opus esse naturae? Iam vero tota ea vitalis ac perennis salubritas, talis caeli temperies, tam fertiles campi, tam aprici colles, tam innoxii saltus, tam opaca nemora, tam 1 Through the deification of the good emperors. of Places in Italy 9 Deep veins of silver show, and ores for brass, With lavish gold. Hence sprang the war-like breed Of Marsi, hence the proud Sabellian clans, Ligurians to hardship seasoned well. And Volscian spearmen; hence the Decii, Camilli, Marii, immortal names, The Scipios, in war implacable, And Caesar, thou, the last, the prince of all, Who now victorious on far Asia's end. Art holding back from Roman citadels The Indian weakling. Hail, Saturn's land, Mother of all good fruits and harvests fair; Mother of men! I for thy noble sake Attempt these old and famous themes and dare Unseal an age-long venerated spring And uplift Hesiod's song o'er Roman towers. T. C. Williams The Charms of Italy as Pliny Sees Them The land which is at the same time the nursling and the mother of all lands, chosen by the counsel of the gods to make heaven itself more glorious,' to gather together the scattered empires and humanize their customs, to draw many peoples of wild and discordant language into contact through the medium of speech, to bestow civilization upon mankind, and in a word to become the one mother-country of all nations throughout the world. But what am I to do? Such celebrity of places in general (and who could even touch upon them?), such distinction in particular facts and peoples, embarrass me. Merely to mention in that land the city of Rome alone — fit head now for those splendid shoulders, — what a book would be required for its description! And how describe the coast of Campania itself, that favored, blessed land of the picturesque, declaring itself the work of Nature in love with a single spot? And then all that life-giving, perennial healthfulness, so mild a climate, such fertile plains and sunny hills, such wholesome pas- 10 Classical Associations munifica sLIvarum genera, tot montium adilalus, tanta frugum vitiumque et olearum fertilitas, tam nobilia pecudi vellera, tam opima tauris coUa, tot lacus, tot amnium fontiumque ubertas totam earn perfundens, tot maria, portus, gremiumque terrarum commercio patens undique et tamquam iuvandos ad mortales ipsa avide in. maria procurrens. J>lin. N. H. iii. 3<)-41. of Places in Italy 1 1 lures and shady groves, forests so richly varied, breezes from so many, mountains, such fruitfulness in cereals and vines and olive-trees, flocks with such famous fleeces, bulls with necks so sturdy, so many lakes, so many inex- haustible rivers and springs watering the entire length of the country, so many seas and harbors, and the land open- ing its bosom on every side to trade, and itself eagerly jutting out into the sea, as if to aid mortals. F. G. Moore 12 Classical Associations ALBA LONGA (Near Castel Gandolfo) MONS ALBANUS (Monte Cavo) LACUS ALBANUS (Lago di Casteli.o OR Lago d'Albano) The exact site of the ancient city of Alba Longa is still a matter of dispute. Historical tradition indicates that it lay along the border of the Alban lake. Livy, in accounting for its name, says that the town lay "stretched out upon a ridge" (i. 3), but its utter destruction by TuUus Hostilius took place so long ago that it is difficult not only to locate the spot upon which it stood, but in general to distinguish between legend and historical fact in connection with it. According to tradition, it was built by the Trojan As- canius, the son of Aeneas, and through the transference of the kingdom by Romulus to the Seven Hills, became the mother city of Rome. Following passages deal with these early incidents. In the historical period, it was probably the capital at one time of the famous Latin League, a powerful federa- tion of cities, at first independent of Rome, but later united with her for mutual protection against surrounding foes. The Alban mountain near by was the scene of impressive ceremonies in connection with this League, notably the celebration of the Feriae Latinae, a festival in honor of Jupiter Latiaris whose temple crowned the height. On this occasion all the towns which had a share in this alliance took part in the feasting, a custom which con- tinued long after the League passed out of existence (Cic. pro. Plane. 23). In later times the festival was celebrated by the Roman consuls in the presence of the magistrates; nor did these officials leave for their prov- inces until this sacred duty was performed. Julius Caesar, says Dio (xliv. 4), had the privilege conferred upon him by the senate of returning to the city on horseback after a participation in the ceremonies, and Plutarch re- lates that it was while Caesar was "coming down from Alba" that his companions hailed him as "king" of Rome. The mountain was also the scene of stately triumphal processions in honor of victorious generals. Livy (xxvi. St*mt<»mt I If < (LICINZA) H LUCRETIUS (^h\ V^^ih /SOLA \ FAPNtStfi t/^/> 4A/A '^^(MeNTANA) 'M- O^NNA'Xg'iMANDip^ "^RUS-njHERIliM , VARI* OIGENTIA T. 5^ (LKENZA] ^XOtHtX^VtLXA SPAOA) TIBURi (T/yOLDf LATIA ''(LUNCHCZZ, 5UBLAQUEUt11 (SUBIACO) :GENAt fPOMA)y. GA8II KoisrieuoNE) TReBA Aueusn ' INSUl. OSOLA SACRAi R)STIA 'OSTIA) ,P«AENESTt JPALCsraiNA) LAURCNTUr , (iicAn cAinL'i PORtlANO)^ lALBANUS gTUSCULUM \ lValbanus m.albanus t^ii^LACO AL BANOXMONTE CA VO) ' (ANAGN\) IEM0RCN5IS (LAttOOINEMIi V rfVELITRAE COmpu I \ (VELUTRD) kSIGNIA (S£GW) rERENTlk ■ jF£R£NTm<\ •CORA CORIJ rAROtA «NORaA fAR NORMA TRES TABERNAE — _^JbLuSRAB y > antiumT (AHZIO) FORUM\APPI ^*-i' /^ ASTURA*. fASTUPA) ^ LATIUM niNDi 6*W ^ /I/ "^NXUR «-TARRACINA (TCRRACIHA) (SA»trUICtCIIKt■ ■■# Courtesy oj Art and Arr./iaeoloiiy KriNS OF TIM-: Cl.\I IJIAN AqII.DI i V WITH TMi: Al.H \N IIll.l.S IN TilK IiA(K(;i«)lXIJ 'In the early months of his civil war with Pompey, Caesar finds himself master of Rome. As he approaches the city, he pauses for a moment to view it from the Alban mountain. For his soliloquy, see Lucan, iii. 91 ff. ' This mountain is now called Maschio d' Ariano (or .M^'ldo), oj Places in Italy 19 From a lofty rock on Alba's height whither the Latian fasces are brought, Caesar looks down from afar upon the city of Rome.'' Alban Wine is Fit for a Prince On this our host, "Maecenas, sir, If you to what they've brought prefer Falern or Alban, pray command! Believe me, we ha\e both at hand." Here is a cask of Alban, more Than nine years old. John Coxington John C(inington ALGIDIIS MONS (Sei,\'a dell' Aglio) The name "Algidus" was of wide application until the time of the Empire when it became connected with the mountain." In early times it witnessed the constant wars between the Romans, Volscians, Aequians, and Latins, waged with varying issues. In 446 B. C, it was the scene of the insult to the Roman ambassadors who came here to complain to the Aequian leader of the break- ing of the treaty with Rome. To a huge oak overshadowing the general's tent, the Romans were instructed by the insolent Aequian general to tell their tale, since he "had other business to attend to." Then came the indig- nant rush from Rome to relieve the consul who was there besieged, the dramatic night attack, and the passing of the Aequians beneath the yoke when victory fell to the Romans (Liv. iii. 27, 7-8; iii. 28). See, too, Livy iii. 23 and elsewhere for accounts of other battles on these heights. The spot was celebrated for its coolness and for this reason was sought in later times as a resort. The wor- ship of Diana was long associated with this region (Hor. C. S. 69). 20 Classical Associations Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus nigrae feraci frondis in Algido, per damna, per caedes, ab ipso ducit opes animumque ferro. Hor. C. iv. 4, 57-60. Nam quae nivali pascitur Algido devota quercus inter et ilices victima. Hor. C. iii. 23, 9-12. Amoena .... Algida. Sil. Ital. xii. 536-537. Dianam tenerae dicite virgines, intonsum, pueri, dicite Cynthium Latonamque supremo dilectam penitus lovi. vos lactam fluviis et nemorum coma, quaecumque aut gelido prominet Algido, nigris aut Erymanthi silvis aut viridis Cragi. Hor. C. i. 21, 1-8. ALLIA FLUMEN (Fossa della BE-rnNA)' Infaustum .... Allia nomen. Vir. Aen. vii. 717. Ill-omened Allia. T. C. Williams iThis stream is famous as the scene of a signal defeat inflicted upon the Romans by the invading Gauls on July 18, 387 b. c, (the conventional date is 390). This day was looked upon as unpropitious ever after and known as"AlJia"in the Roman calendar. For a full account of the battle, see Liv. v. 37-39, The Romans later defeated the Praenestines near the same river (Liv. vi. 29). of Places in Italy 21 Like oak, by sturdy axes lopp'd Of all its boughs, which once the brakes Of shaggy Algidus o'ertopp'd. Its loss its glory makes. And from the very steel fresh strength and spirit takes. Sir Theodore Martin The victim mark'd for sacrifice, that feeds On snow-capp'd Algidus, in leafy lane Of oak and ilex. Sir Theodore Martin Lovely regions of Algidus. Praise Dian, ye maidens tender! Praise, ye lads, unshorn Apollo, and Latona, fondly loved by Jove su- preme ! Praise ye, O maidens, her who delights in streams and in the foliage of the groves that stand out on cool Algidus or amid the black woods of Erymanthus and verdant Cragus! C. E. Bennett ALPES MONTES (Alps) The Alps are interesting chiefly to the classical student because of such accounts of their crossing as that given below in which Hannibal's passage in 218 B. C. is de- scribed. In 207 B. C. his brother Hasdrubal likewise led a Carthaginian army over these mountains, and in 77 B. C. Pompey took his Roman legions to Spain by this route. After the time of Julius Caesar, the passes came to be well known and were traversed by high-roads. The Gauls of course often crossed these mountains in their many invasions of Italy and hordes of barbarians in gen- eral poured through the passes on their way to the con- quest of Italy. Interesting accounts of the Alps and the difficulties of crossing are given by Polybius (iii. 50-55) ; Strabo (iv. 6.6); and Ammianus Marcellinus (xv. 10, 4-5). The poets refer frequently to these mountains, such ref- erences as Lucan's "nubiferam" (cloud-bearing), "gelidas" (icy-cold) (iii. 299; i. 183) being characteristic. 22 Classical Associations Cuncta gelu canaque aeternum grandine tecta atque aevi glacie cohibent; riget ardua montis aetherii fades, surgentique obvia Phoebo duratas nescit flammis moUire pruinas. quantum Tartareus regni pallentis hiatus ad manis imos atque atrae stagna paludis a supera tellure patet, tarn longa per auras erigitur tellus et caelum intercipit umbra, nullum ver usquam nullique aestatis honores. sola iugis habitat diris sedesque tuetur perpetuas deformis hiems; ilia undique nubes hue atras agit et mixtos cum grandine nimbos. iam cuncti flatus ventique furentia regna Alpina posuere domo. caligat in altis obtutus saxis, abeuntque in nubila montes. Sil. Ital. iii. 479-493. Alpibus .... tremendis. Hor. C. iv. 14, 12. Saevas .... Alpes. Aeriaeque Alpes. Juv. X. 166. Ov. Met. ii. 226. Hannibal ab Dritgntia campeslri maxime itinere ad Alpis cum bona pace incolentium ea loca Gallorum per- venit. Tum, quamquam fama prius, qua incerta in maius vero ferri sclent, praecepta res erat, tamen ex propinquo visa montium altitude nivesque caelo prope inmixtae, tecta informia inposita rupibus, pecora iumentaque -tor- 1 At least thirteen well-known passes led across the Alps Hannibal's route is still a matter of doubt. 2 A river known today as the Durance which flows southwest from the Cottian Alps reaching the Rhone north-west of Marseilles. These mountains (not indicated on the map in this book) are west of Pollentia. of Places in Italy 23 A Poet's Lines About the Alps White with eternal frost, with hailstones piled, The ice of ages grasps those summits wild. Stiffening with snow, the mountain soars in air, And fronts the rising sun, unmelted by the glare. As the Tartarean gulf, beneath the ground. Yawns to the gloomy lake in hell's profound, So high earth's heaving mass the air invades. And shrouds the heaven with intercepting shades. No Spring, no Snmmer strews its glories here, Lone Winter dwells upon these summits drear; And guards his mansion round the endless year. Mustering from far around his grisly form Black rains, and hail-stone showers, and clouds of storm. Here in their wrathful kingdom whirlwinds roam. And the blasts struggle in their Alpine home. The upward sight a swimming darkness shrouds, And the high crags recede into the clouds. C. A. Elton On Alps tremendous. Sir Theodore Martin The savage Alps. Heaven-piercing .\lps. F. J. Miller Hannibal Crosses the Alps on His Way to Italy' From the Druentia,^ Hannibal, passing through a tract in general level, without any molestation from the Gauls inhabiting those regions, arrived at the Alps. And now, notwithstanding that the men had already conceived notions from the reports, which in cases capable of mis- representation generally go beyond the truth, yet the present view exhibited such objects as renewed all their terrors: the height of the mountains, the snow almost touching the sky, the wretched huts standing on cliffs, the cattle and beasts shivering with the cold, the natives 24 Classical Associations rida frigore, homines intonsi et inculti, animalia inanima- que omnia rigentia gelu, cetera visu quam dictu foediora, terrorem renovarunt Nono die in iugum Alpium perventum est per invia pleraque et errores, quos aut ducentium fraus aut, ubi fides iis non asset, temere initae valles a coniectantibus iter faciebant. Biduum in iugo stativa habita, fessisque la- bore ac pugnando quies data militibus; iumentaque ali- quot, quae prolapsa in rupibus erant, sequendo vestigia agminis in castra pervenere. Fessis taedio tot malorum nivis etiam casus occidente iam sidere Vergiliarum ingen- tem terrorem adiecit. Per omnia nive oppleta cum signis prima luce motis segniter agmen incederet, pigritiaque et desperatio in omnium vultu emineret, praegressus signa Hannibal in promunturio quodam, unde longe ac late prospectus erat, consistere iussis militibus Italiam osten- tat subiectosque Alpinis montibus Circumpadanos cam- pos, moeniaque eos turn transcendere non Italiae modo sed etiam urbis Romanae; cetera plana, proclivia fore; uno aut summum altero proelio arcem et caput Italiae in manu ac potestate habituros. Procedere inde agmen coepit, iam nihil ne hostibus quidem praeter parva furta per occasionem temptantibus. Ceterum iter multo, quam in ascensu fuerat, ut pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita adrectiora sunt, diffi- cilius fuit. Omnis enim ferme via praeceps, angusta, lubrica erat, ut neque sustinere se ab lapsu possent nee, qui paulum titubassent, haerere adfixi vestigio suo, alii- que super alios et iumenta in homines occiderent. oj Places in Italy 25 squalid and in uncouth dress, all things, in short, animate and inanimate, stiffened with frost, besides other circum- stances more shocking to the sight than can be represented in words . . . On tKe ninth day the army completed the as- cent to the summit of the Alps, mostly through pathless tracts and wrong roads; into which they had been led either by the treachery of their guides, or when these were not trusted, rashly, on the strength of their own conjec- tures, following the courses of the valleys. On the sum- mit they remained encamped two days, in order to re- fresh the soldiers, who were spent with toil and fighting; and in this time several of the beasts which had fallen among the rocks, following the tracks of the army, came into camp. Tired as the troops were of struggling so long with hardships, they found their terrors very much increased by a fall of snow, this being the season of the setting of the constellation Pleiades. The troops were put in motion with the first light; and as they marched slowly over ground which was entirely covered with snow, dejection and despair being strongly marked in every face, Hannibal went forward before the standards, and ordering the soldiers to halt on a projecting eminence, from which there was a wide extended prospect, made them take a view of Italy, and of the plains about the Po, stretching along the foot of the mountains; then told them that "they were now scaling the walls, not only of Italy, but of the city of Rome; that all the rest would be plain and smooth; and after one or at most a second battle, they would have the bulwark and capital of Italy in their power and dis- posal." The army then began to advance, the enemy now desisting from any farther attempts on them except by trifling parties for pillaging, as opportunity offered. But the way was much more difficult than it had been in the ascent, the declivity on the Italian side of the Alps being in most places shorter, and consequently more per- pendicular; while the whole way was narrow and slippery, so that the soldiers could not prevent their feet from slid- ing, nor, if they made the least false step, could they, on falling, stop themselves: and thus men and beasts tumbled promiscuously over one another. 26 Classical Associations Ventum deinde ad multo angustiorem rupem atque ita rectis saxis, ut aegre expeditus miles temptabundus mani- busque retiiiens virgulta ac stirpes circa eminentes de- mittere sese posset. Natura locus iam ante praeceps recenti lapsu terrae in pedum mille admodum altitudinem abruptus erat; Ibi cum velut ad finem viae equites con- stitissent, miranli Hannibali, quae res moraretur agmen, mintiatur rupem inviam esse. Digressus deinde ipse ad locum visendum. Haud dubia res visa, quin per invia circa nee trita antea quamvis longo ambitu circumduceret agmen. Ea vero via inexsuperabilis fuit. Nam cum super veterem nivem intactam nova modicae altitudinis esset, moUi nee praealtae facile pedes ingredientium in- sistebant; ut vero tot hominum iumentorumque incessu dilapsa est, per nudam infra glaciem fluentemque tabem liquescentis nivis ingrediebantur. Taetra ibi luctatio erat via lubrica (glacie) non recipiente vestigium et in prcmo citiiis pedes fallente, ut, seu manibus in adsurgendo seu genu se adiuvissent, ipsis adminiculis prolapsis iterum corruerent; nee stirpes circa radicesve, ad quas pede aut manu quisquam eniti posset, erant;"ita in levi tantum glacie tabidaque nive volutabantur. lumenta secabant interdum etiam infimam ingredientia nivem et prolapsa iactandis gravius in conitendo ungulis penitus perfringe- bant, ut pleraque velut pedica- capta haererent in dura et alte concreta glacie. Tandem nequiquam iumentis atque hominibus fati- gatis castra in iugo posita, aegerrime ad id ipsum loco purgato: tantum nivis fodiendum atque egerendum fuit. Inde ad rupem muniendam, per quam unam via esse po- of Places in Italy 27 Then they came to a ridge much narrower than the others, and composed of rock so upright that a light- armed soldier, making the trial, could with difficulty by laying hold of bushes and roots, which appeared here and there, accomplish the descent. In this place the precipice, originally great, had by a late falling away of the earth been increased to the depth of at least one thousand feet. Here the cavalry stopped, as if at the end of their journey, and Hannibal, wondering what could be the cause of the troops' halting, was told that the cliff was impassable. Then going up himself to view the place, it seemed clear to him that he must lead his army in a circuit, though ever so great, and through tracts never trodden before. The way, however, was found to be impracticable. The old snow indeed had become hard, and being covered with the new of a moderate depth, the men found good footing as they walked through it; but when that was dissolved by the treading of so many men and beasts, they then trod on the naked ice below. Here they were much impeded, because the foot could take no hold on the smooth ice, and was besides more apt to slip on account of the declivity of the grouod; and whenever they attempted to rise, cither by aid of the hands or knees, they fell again. Add to this that there were neither stumps nor roots within reach, on which they could lean for support; so that they wallowed in the melted snow on one entire surface of slippery ice. This the cattle sometimes penetrated as soon as their feet reached the lower bed; and sometimes, when ihey lost their footing, by striking more strongly with their hoofs in striving to keep themselves up, they broke it entirely through; so that the greatest part of them, as if caught in traps, stuck fast in the hard, deep ice. M length, after men and beasts were heartily fatigued to no puirpose, they fixed a camp on the summit, having with verv great difficulty cleared even the ground which that required, so great was the quantity of snow to be dug and carried off. The soldiers were then employed to make a way down the steep, through which alone it was 28 Classical Associations terat, milites ducti, cum caedendum esset saxum, arbori- bus circa inmanibus deiectis detruncatisque struem in- gentem lignorum faciunt eamque, cum et vis venti apta faciendo igni coorta esset, succendunt ardentiaque saxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt. Ita torridam incendio rupem ferro pandunt molliuntque anfractibus modicis clivos, ut non iumenta solum sed elephanti etiam deduci possent. Quadriduum circa rupem consumptum iumentis prope fame absumptis; nuda enim fere cacumina sunt et, si quid est pabuli, obruunt nives. Inferiora valles apricosque quosdam colles habent rivosque prope silvas et iam hu- mano cultu digniora loca. Ibi iumenta in pabulum missa, et qufes muniendo fessis hominibus data. Triduo inde ad planum descensum iam et locis mollioribus et acco- larum ingeniis. Hoc maxime modo in Italiam perventum est, quinto mense a Carthagine Nova, ut quidam auctores sunt, quinto decimo die Alpibus superatis. Liv. xxi. 32, 6-7; 35-38. ALTINUM (Altino) Aemula Baianis Altini litora villis et Phaethontei conscia silva rogi, quaeque Antenoreo Dryadum pulcherrima Fauno nupsit ad Euganeos Sola puella lacus, et tu Ledaeo felix Aquileia Timavo, hie ubi septenas Cyllarus hausit aquas: vos eritis nostrae requies portusque senectae, si iuris fuerint otia nostra sui. Mart. iv. 25. At first a mere fishing village, at the beginning of the Republic Altinum became a municipality ot importance. Situated on one of the main roads to the north, Its growth as a military and commercial center was rapid (Tac. Hist, iii, 6; Columella vi. 24 et al.). Martial (xiv. 155) mentions its sheep and cattle with praise. The mildness of the climate made the place a health resort of importance. Destroyed by Attila in 452 A. D., its inhabitants fled to the neighboring islands, thus laying the foundations of the future Venice. (See Aquileia.) ^ For the story of Phaethon, sec Padus. - A nymph of this region. 3 Antenor, the mythical founder of Patavium. * A lake among the Euganean Hills in this region. 6 The capital of Venetia. (See Aquileia.) 6 Castor and Pollux are said to have visited the Timavus, a stream near Aquileia, dur- ing the Argonautic expedition. ' The horse of Castor. oj Places in Italy 29 possible to effect a passage; and as it was necessary to break the mass, they felled and lopped a number of huge trees which stood near, which they raised into a vast pile, and as soon as a smart wind arose to forward the kindling of it, set it on fire; and then, when the stone was violently heated, made it crumble to pieces by pouring on vinegar. When the rock was thus disjointed by the power of heat, they opened a way through it with iron instruments, and inclined the descents with it in such a manner, that not only the beasts of burden, but even the elephants could be brought down. Four days were spent about this rock, during which the cattle were nearly destroyed with hunger; for the summits are for the most part bare, and what- ever little pasture there might have been was covered with snow. In the lower parts are valleys and some hills, which, enjoying the benefit- of the sun, with rivulets at the side of the woods, are better suited to become the resi- dence of human beings. There the horses were sent out to pasture, and the men, fatigued with the labor of the road, allowed to rest for three days. They then descended into the plains, where the climate, like the character of the inhabitants, was of a milder cast. In this manner, as nearly as can be ascertained, they accomplished their passage into Italy, in the fifth month, according to some authors, after leaving New Carthage, having spent fifteen days in crossing the Alps. George Baker A Roman Poet Eulogizes His Favorite Resort Altinum's shores that vie with Baiae's villas, and the wood that saw the pyre of Phaethon' and the maid Sola,'^ fairest of Dryads, who wed with Paduan Faunus' by the Euganean meres,^and thou, Aquileia," blest with Timavus" honoured by Leda's sons, where Cyllarus' quaffed its sevenfold waters — ye shall be the refuge and harbor of my old age, if I be free to choose the place of my repose. Walter C. A. Ker 30 Classical Associalions ANTIUM (Anzio) Latin in origin, the city passed to the Volscians about 500 B. C. and became their chief city (Liv. vi. 9, 1-2). Dionysius, also, speaks of if as "a most splendid Volscian city." It was the northern bulwark and almost a rival of Rome at one time. Its history is marked by frequent wars with Rome (Liv. ii. 33; viii. 13 et al.). During one of these, the Romans captured six battleships and adorned their .speakers' platform at Rome with the bronze beaks. From this incident came the name "rostra" which was thereafter applied to this structure (Liv. viii. 1-1). Dur- ing the last years of the Republic and in the earlier period of the Empire, the place became a favorite resort for wea,lthy Romans. Cicero loved it, as the passages below testify, and wrote many of his letters from this place. Augustus stayed here for weeks at a time, as did Caligula. In fact, the latter found the region so attractive that he even thought of transferring the government from Rome to this place (Suet. Calig. 8). Nero was fond of the town and adorned it with a fine port (Suet. Nero 9)., Nihil quietius, nihil alsius, nihil amoenius. EI'tj fioi oCros i\os oLKos. Postea vero quam Tyrannio mihi libros dis- posuit, mens addita videtur meis aedibus. Cic.ad Att. iv. 8, 1-2. Quod tibi superioribus litteris promiseram, fore ut opus exstaret huius peregrinationis, nihil iam magno opere confirmo; sic enim sum complexus otium, ut ab eo divelli non queam. Itaque aut libris me delecto, quorum habeo ' A tutor to Cicero's son. of Places in Italy 31 :- '5f: -J*-? _^-:.4 .->»;., Plmlflgraph by Watlon Brooks McDanicl Kkmains of Mkro's \'ii.r.A at Antium A Scholar Delights in His Books Nothing can be quieter, cooler, or prettier; "be this mine own dear home." Moreo\er, since Tyrannio' has arranged mv books for me, m\' house seems to have had a soul added to it. E. S. Shi'ckburgh Cicero Delights in His Lazy Life at Antium I am not so certain about fulfilling the promises I made in former letters to produce some work in this tour: for I ha\e fallen so in love with idleness, that I can't tear my- self from it. So I either enjoy myself with my books, of 32 Classical Associations Antii festivam copiam, aut fluctus numero. Nam ad lacertas captandas tempestates non sunt idoneae. A scribendo prorsus abhorret animus Quin etiam dubitem, an hie Antii considam, et hoc tem- pus omne consumam; ubi quidem ego mallem duumvirum, quam Romae me fuisse. Tu vero sapientior Buthroti domum parasti. Sed, mihi crede, proxima est illi mu- nicipio haec Antiatium civitas. Esse locum tam prope Romam, ubi multi sint, qui Vatinium numquam viderint? ubi nemo sit praeter me, qui quemquam ex viginti viris vivum et salvum velit? ubi me interpellet nemo, dili- gant omnes? Hie, hie nimirum iroKiTiVTeov. Nam istie non solum non lieet, sed etiam taedet. Cic. ad Att. ii. 6, 1-2. Kal. Mai. de Formiano proficiscemur, ut Antii simus a. d. V. Non Mai.; ludi enim Antii futuri sunt a iv. ad prid. Non. Mai. Eos Tullia spectare vult. Cic. ad Att. ii. 8, 2. Spissi litoris Antium. Ov. Met. XV. 718. E^^s 5' iarlv "Avtiov, kXl/xevos /cat avrii iroXw' Wpvrai. S' iirl irirpais, Stexet Se tuiv 'QctLwv wepi SiaKoc'iovi i^-qKOvra CTTadiovs. vvvl nh> ovv aveirai toZs rjyefioaLV eh axoXrjv Kal avfaiv tS>v ■koKiti.kIiiv, ore Xa/Sotei/ naipov, Kal 6td tovto Kat- (fiKoSofiriVTai iroXureXets olKricreLS iv rij ToXei (xuxval irp6s ras TOiauTos ein5r]iilas. Kal wporepov Si raOs iKtKTtjVTO Kal kaoiviivovv Twv \t[I(tt7ip'uiiv toTs Tvpprivoli, KaLwep ijSri "Pco/zaiois vTaKoimvres. Strab. V. 3, 5. * A city in Epirus on the western coast-of Greece. ' A tribune for this year. * Cicero's daughter Tullia of whom he was very fond. of Places in Italy ' 33 which I have a jolly good lot at Antium, or else count the waves: the rough weather won't allow me to catch shad. At writing my soul rebels utterly I am even debating settling down at Antium, and spending the rest of my life here; and I really wish I had been a ma- gistrate here rather than in Rome. You have been wiser in your generation and made a home for yourself at Buthrotum:^ but you may take my word for it that this township of Antium runs your borough very close. To think of there being a place so near Rome, where there are lots of people who have never seen Vatinius,' where there is not a single soul save myself who cares whether any of our new commissioners are alive or dead, where no one intrudes upon me, though everyone is fond of me. This, this is the very place for me to play the politician: for there in Rome, besides being shut out of politics, I am sick of them. E. 0. WiNSTEDT A Father Entertains His Daughter I shall leave Formiae on the first of May, so as to reach Antium on the third. There are games at Antium from the fourth to the sixth of May, and TuUia'' wants to see them. E. 0. WiNSTEDT Antium with its hard-packed shore. F. J. Miller A Visitor's Impression of Antium Next in order comes Antium, which city is likewise des- titute of any port; it is situated on rocks, and about 260 stadia distant from Ostia. At the present day it is de- voted to the leisure and recreation of statesmen from their political duties, whenever they can find time, and is in con- sequence covered with sumptuous mansions suited to such rusticating. The inhabitants of Antium had for- merly a marine, and even after they were under subjec- tion to the Romans, took part with the Tyrrhenian pirates. H. C. Hamilton i34 Classical Assorialioiis Nero natus est Anti post Villi mensem quam Tiberius excessit, XVIII. Kl. Ian. tantum quod exoriente sole, paene ut radiis prius quam terra contingeretur. Suet. Nero 6. Memmio Regulo et Verginio Rufo consulibus natam sibi ex Poppaea filiam Nero ultra mortale gaudium ac- cepit appellavitque Augustam, dato et Poppaeae eodem cognomento. Locus puerperio colonia Antium fuit, ubi ipse generatus erat. lam senatus uterum Poppaeae commendaverat dis votaque publice susceperat, quae multiplicata exsolutaque. Et additae supplicationes tem- plumque Fecunditati et certamen ad exemplar Actiacae religionis decretum .... Quae fluxa fuere, quar- tum intra mensem defuncta infante. Rursusque exortac adulationes censentium honorem divae et pulvinar aedem- que et sacerdotem. Atque ipse ut laetitiae, ita maeroris inmodicus egit. Tac. Ann. xv. 23. _0 diva, gratum quae regis Anlium. Hor. C. i. 35, 1. ^ A goddess known as Fortuna. ^lany temples weje built in the city to other divinities, tob, notably Aesculapius, and their sacred treasures were note worthy. oj Places ill Italy 3F Nero's Birth-place Nero was born at Anliuiti nine months after the death of Tiberius, on the eighteenth day before the Kalends ol January, just as the sun rose, so that he was touched by its rays almost before he could be laid upon the ground. J. C. ROLFE Nero, Though Said to Have Been a Monster of Cruelty, Was Inconsolable at the Death of His Baby Daughter During the consulship of Memmius I?egulus and Ver- ginius Rufus (A. D. 63) Poppaea was delivered of a daughter. The exultation of Nero was beyond all mortal joy. He called the new-born infant Augusta, and gave the same title to her mother. The child was brought into the world at Antium, where Nero himself was born. The senate before the birth had offered vows for the safe delivery of Poppaea. They fulfilled their obligations and voted additional honors. Days of supplication were ap- pointed; a temple was_yoted to the goddess of fecundity; athletic games were instituted on the model of the reli- gious games practised at Antium; .... But these honors were of short duration: the infant died in less than four months, and the monuments of human vanity faded away. But new modes of flattery were soon dis- I played: the child was canonized for a goddess; a temple was decreed to her, with an altar, a bed of state, a priest, and religious ceremonies. Nero's grief, like his joy at the birth, was without bounds or measure. Arthur Murphy O pleasant Antium's goddess queen." Sir Theodore Martin 36 Classical Associations ANXUR OR TARRACINA (Terracina) After many contests with Rome, this Volscian town was finally colonized in 329 B. C. by the Romans, who thus assured their rights in the place. Its situation made it a strategic point of importance, the pass near by (Ad Lautulas, where a fierce battle was fought in 315 B. C. by the Romans and Samnites) being an entrance from southern to central Italy and the road from here being clear to Rome. Its situation, too, on the Appian Way, contributed to its importance, for it was evidently one of the stopping places for travelers on this road. Hor- ace, notably, speaks of it as a break in his journey to Brun- disium in 37 B. C, a trip which he made in company with Maecenas and several other prominent Romans for the purpose of bringing about a reconciliation between Augus- tus and Antony who had recently landed in Italy. The promontory offered a superb view and from 200 B. C. the place was much sought by wealthy Romans. Cicero speaks of "my lodging place at Tarracina" (ad Fam. vii. 23), and Martial's fondness for it is shown in the passage quoted below. Both Tiberius and Domitian frequented the place, as did Galba also. The town pos- sessed a fine forum with a temple of Augustus and a small amphitheatre. It had, too, an excellent harbor. Anxur was the Volscian name for the place, while the Roman one was Tarracina (Plin. N. H. iii. 59). Milia turn pransi tria repimus atque subimus inpositum saxis late candentibus Anxur. hue venturus erat Maecenas optimus atque Cocceius, missi magnis de rebus uterque legati, aversos soliti conponere amicos. hie oculis ego nigra meis collyria lippus inlinere; interea Maecenas advenit atque Cocceius, Capitoque simul Fonteius, ad unguem factus homo, Antoni, non ut magis alter, amicus. Hor. S. i. 5, 25-33. 'See introductory note. of Places in Italy 37 Photograph by Katharine Allen Canal at Terracina An Incident in a Famous Journey^ We take some food, then creep three miles or so To Anxur, built on cliffs that gleam like snow; There rest awhile, for there our mates were due, Maecenas and Cocceius, good and true, Sent on a weighty business, to compose A feud, and make them friends who late were foes. I seize on the occasion, and apply A touch of ointment to an ailing eye. Meanwhile Maecenas with Cocceius came. And Capito, whose errand was the same, A man of men, accomplished and refined, Who knew, as few have known, Antonius' mind. John Conington ■?8 Classical Associations Quos, Faustine, dies, quales tibi Roma recfssus abstulit! o soles, o tunicata quies! o nemus, o fontes solidumque madentis harenae litus et aequoreis splendidus Anxur aquis, et non unius spectator lectulus undae, qui videt hinc puppes fluminis, inde maris I sed nee Marcelli Pompeianumque, nee illie sunt triplices thermae, nee fora iuncta quater, nee Capitolini summum penetrale Tonantis, quaeque nitent eaelo proxima templa suo. dicere te lassum quotiens ego eredo Quirino: "quae tua sunt, tibi habe: quae mea, redde mihi." Mart. X. 51, 5-16. Salutiferis eandidus Anxur aquis. ^ Mart. V. 1, 6. E^rjs 8' (V tKarov crTaSLoLS tw KipKaLw TappaKiva icri, TpaxivTi KoKovp.evrj -rrpoTtpov airo Toii avfi^e^rjKOTOS. wpOKtiTai de avTrjs p.kya eXos o TrotoOcrt Svo iroraiioi /caXelrat 5' 6 /jtifwi' Oi;0r;s. ivrav&a bt avvawTei rfj jJaXarrj? irpcorov 17 'Ainria 656s . . . TrXijcrioc 8t rrjs TappaKivris ^adi^ovTL in rfis 'Pd)yur;s irapa/3e/3Xj;Tat rj oSu rfj 'Airirla diibpv^ kiri ttoXXous roiroDS vXr^pov/jLevri roTs iXeiois rt koX rois Troraniois vSaai' TrXeirat Si /idXtara ixiv vvk.tu>p, war' ififiavTas d0' iciripa^ €K^aiveLv wpiiiias nai ^adl^uv to Xoiwou rfj odii, dXXa Kai fif§ ' rjfxipav pujuouX/cet d' fifiLoviov. Strab. V. 3, 6. Scopulosi vertieis Anxur. Sil. Ital. viii. .390. .Superbac . . . .\nxuris. Stat. Silv. i. 3, 86-87. of Places in Italy 3,9 The Pleasures of Anxur Contrasted with Those of the Noisy Capital Of what days and of what retreats has Rome deprived you, Faustinus! O ye suns! O retired ease in the simple lunic! O groves! O fountains! sandy shores moist but iirm! O rocky Anxur, towering in splendour above the azure surface! and the couch, which commands the view of more than one water, beholding on one side the ships of the river, on the other those of the sea! But there are no theatres of Marcellus or of Pompey, no triple baths, no four forums; nor the lofty temple of Capitoline Jove; nor other glittering temples that almost reach the heaven to which they are consecrated. How often do I imagine I hear you, when thoroughly wearied, saying to the founder of Rome: "Keep what is yours, and restore me what is mine." Translation from the Bohn Library Gleaming Anxur with its healthful waters. \V.\LTER C. A. Ker A Traveler's Note on Anxur Al 100 stadia from Circaeum is Tarracina, formerly named Trachina, on account of its ruggedness; before it is a great marsh formed by two rivers, the larger of which is called the Ufens. This is the first place where the Via Appia approaches the sea. Near to Tarracina, ad- vancing in the direction of Rome, a canal runs by the side of the Via Appia, which is supplied at intervals with water frorn the marshes and rivers. Travelers generally sail up it by night, embarking in the evening, and landing in the morning to travel the rest of their journey by the road: during the day, however, the passage-boat is towed by mules. H. C. Hamilton .\n.\ur on its rock\- summit. Proud An.xur. 40 Classical Associations APPENNINUS MONS (Apennines) Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx aut ipse coruscis cum fremit ilicibus quantus gaudetqye nivali vertice se attollens pater Appenninus ad auras. Vir. Aen. xii; 701-703. Nubifer Appenninus. Ov. Met. ii. 226. Celsus . . . Appenninus. Hor. Epod. xvi. 29. Umbrosis mediam qua collibus Appenninus erigit Italiam, nulloque a vertice tellus altius intumuit propiusque accessit Olympo. Luc. ii. 396-398. Longior educto qua surgit in aera dorso, Gallica rura videt devexasque excipit Alpis. tunc Umbris Marsisque ferax domitusque Sabello vomere, piniferis amplexus rupibus omnis indigenas Latii populos, non deserit ante Hesperiam, quam cum Scyllaeis clauditur undis extenditque suas in templa Lacinia rupes, longior Italia, donee confinia pontus solveret incumbens terrasque repelleret aequor. at postquam gemino tellus elisa profundo est, extremi coUes Siculo cessere Peloro. Luc. ii. 428-438, 1 A mountainous peninsula in -Macedonia. 2 A rugged mountain in Sicily. 8 A name for Italy. * See Scyllaeum. 5 A temple near Croton in southern Italy. 6 The straits of Pelorus were between Italy and Sicily. Tradition says that the two countries were once joined and that only through some violent geologic change was the latter made an island. of Places in Italy 41 THE APENNINES Vast as Athos,' vast as Eryx,^ vast as father Apenniiie himself, when he roars with his quivering holms and lifts his snowy crest exultingly to the sky. John Conington Cloud-capped Apennines. F. J. Miller Lofty Apennines. Where the Apennines cause central Italy to rise in wooded hills, higher than any peak on earth, and all but reaching the sky. H. C. Nutting The Extent of the Apennines Farther north, where it rises toward the heavens in a lofty ridge, it commands a view of the Gallic fields and the slopes of the Alps. Then furnishing arable land to Um- brian and Marsian, and cultivated by Sabine plough, its pine-clad cliffs touch every people native to Latium; and it disappears not from Hesperia' until barred by the waters of Scylla,'' extending its cliffs to the temple of Lacinium.^ In fact it projected beyond Italy until the inrushing deep broke the continuity, and the sea separated the lands; after the earth was sundered by the meeting waters, the end of the range became an adjunct of Sicilian Pelorus.* H. C. Nutting 42 Classical Associations Si factum cerla mundum ratione fatcmur \ consiliumque del machina tanta fuit, excubiis Latiis praetexuit Appenninum claustraque montanis vix adeunda viis. invidiam timuit natura parumque putavit Arctois Alpes opposuisse minis. Rutil. de Red. Suoii. 31-36. Haud longi inde temporis, dum intolerabilia frigora erant, quies militi data est; et ad prima ac dubia signa veris profectus ex hibernis in Etruriam ducit, earn quoque gentem, sicut Gallos Liguresque, aut vi aut voluntate ad- iuncturus. Transeuntem Appenninum adeo atrox adorta tempestas est, ut Alpium prope foeditatem superaverit. Vento. mixtus imber cum ferretur in ipsa ora, primo, quia aut arma omittenda erant aut contra enitentes vertice intorti adfligebantur, constitere; dein, cum iam spiritum includeret nee reciprocare animam sineret, aversi a vento parumper consedere. Turn vero ingenti sono caelum strepere et inter horrendos fragores micare ignes; capti auribus et oculis metu omnes torpere. Tandem effuso imbre, cum eo magis accensa vis venti esset, ipso illo, quo deprensi erant, loco castra ponere necessarium visum est. Id vero laboris velut de integro initium fuit: nam nee explicare quicquam nee statuere poterant nee, quod statu- tum esset, manebat omnia perscindente vento et rapiente. ' Hannibal, who after his defeat of the Romans at the Trebia river in 2 18 B. C. leads his army into Etruria. of Places in Italy 43 A Divine Barrier If we admit that on a certain plan The world was fashioned, that this great machine Was by a god designed, the Apennines Along the Latian watches he enwove, A barrier scarce by mountain paths approached. Nature feared envy and deemed it not enough To oppose the Alps to the invading North. G. F. Savage-Armstrong Hannibal Encounters a Fearful Storm in the Mountains After this he' gave rest to his troops, but not for any great length of time, only while the cold was intolerable. Upon the first and even uncertain appearance of spring, he left his winter quarters and marched towards Etruria, determined either by force or persuasion, to prevail on that nation to join him, as he had already managed the Gauls and Ligurians. As he was attempting to cross the Apennines, he was encountered by a storm so furious that its effects almost equalled in severity the disasters in the Alps. The rain, which was attended with high wind, lieing driven directlx' into the men's faces, they at first halted, because they either must ha\e cast away their arms, or, if they persisted to struggle forward, would be hurled round by the hurricane, and thrown on the ground. Afterwards, scarcely able to respire, they turned their l^acks to the wind, and for awhile sat down. But now the whole atmosphere resounded with loud thunder, and lightning flashed between the tremendous peals, by which all were stunned, and reduced by terror nearly to a state of insensibililx'. At length the violence of the rain abat- ing, and the fuiy of the wind increasing, the rriore neces- sary it was judged to pitch their camp on the very spot where they had been surprised by the tempest. But this was, in a manner, beginning their toils anew. For neither could they well spread their canvas, nor fix the poles; and such tents. as they did get raised, they could not keep standing, the wind tearing and sweeping off everything in its way. And soon after, the water being raised aloft by 44 Classical Associations Et mox aqua levata vento cum super gelida montium iuga concreta esset, tantum nivosae grandinis deiecit, ut omni- bus omissis procumberent homines tegminibus suis magis obruti quam tecti; tantaque vis frigoris insecuta est, ut ex ilia miserabili hominum iumentorumque strage cum se quisque attollere ac levare vellet, diu nequiret, quia tor- pentibus rigore nervis vix flectere artus poterant. . . . Biduum eo loco velut obsessi mansere. Multi homines, multa iumenta, elephanti quoque ex iis, qui proelio ad Trebiam facto superfuerant, septem absumpti. Liv. xxi. 58. AQUILEIA (Aquileia) Aquileia was a city of very great importance from the time of Augustus, who raised it to the rank of a colony. Situated as it was, upon marshy ground, it was secure from attack, and successfully defended itself from onsets by the way of mines. It was the starting point for journeys to the north and hence much visited. The fact that six main roads led from it testifies to its importance as a com- mercial center. The surrounding country was productive, wine, oil, and hides being exported in large quantities. Strabo quotes Polybius for the statement that rich gold mines were to be found in its vicinity. From the time of the emperor Diocletian it became a favorite imperial resi- dence and was in constant use as a war harbor and a place for coinage. Throughout the later empire it was the scene of important historical events. It was here, for example, that the emperor Maximinus was killed in 238 A. D. In 388 Thepdosius crushed Magnus Maximus in this re- gion, a man who for five years had been master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, and had routed Gratian at Lyons a few years before. The younger Constantine was defeated and slain on the banks of the Alsa(Avsa) in 340, and in 361 it oj Places in Italy 45 the force of the wind, and congealed by the cold which pre- vailed above the summits of the mountains, came down in such a torrent of snowy hail that the men, giving over all their ende^ivors, threw themselves flat on their faces, bur- ied under rather than protected by their coverings. This was followed by cold so intense that when they wished to rise from among the wretched crowd of prostrated men and cattle, they were for a long time unable to effect it, their sinews being so stifHy frozen that they were scarcely able to move their joints Two days they remained in that spot as if pent up by an ertemy. Great numbers of men and cattle perished, and likewise seven of the ele- phants, which had survived the battle at the Trebia river. George Baker was besieged and captured by Julian (Ammian. Marcell. xxi. 12). Odoacer, too, was overcome by Theodoric near the river Sontjus (Isonzo) in 489. Long before this time, however, hordes of barbarians had been pouring through the passes of the Julian Alps to the plains around the city, and on the occasion of one of these invasions (452 A. D.) the place was destroyed by Attila. It is said that its in- habitants together with people from other cities near by fled to the islands and that from one of these settlements the modern Venice arose. 46 Classical Associations Nona inter claras Aquileii cieberis urbes Itala ad Illyricos obiecta colonia monies moenibus et portii celeberrima. Aus. Orel. Urb. Nobil. i.\. Dilem . . Aquileiam. Pomp. Mela ii. 4, 61. '.\Ku\rila 5', rjwtp fxakiaTa rcji /ivx'? TrXriffLa^ti, KTicfia jxtv iarL "Paj/uaitoc eTTtreixif'^ej' toTj vwtpKtLixivois fiafJ^dpoLS, afOTrXeT- rai Se 6\Ka. ' * '^SMs, ' ■■'; -^^^ Photograph by Grant Sliowerman The Fibrenus River of Places in Italy 63 esteem or admiration. And for my own part, even in the case of Athens itself, which I love so greatly, it is not so much the magnificent works, and exquisite specimens of art of the ancients, which delight me, as the remembrance of her great men, and the thought where each of them used to live, and sit down and discourse. Even their very tombs do I contemplate with deep attention. And with the same feelings, I shall for the future love the place the more where you were born. Marc. That being the case, I am very glad that I have brought you here, and shown you what I may almost call my cradle. Att. And I am greatly pleased at having seen it. But here we are arrived in your favorite island. How beautiful it appears! How bravely it stems the waves of the Fibrenus, whose divided waters lave- its ver- dant sides, and soon rejoin their rapid currents! The river just embraces space enough for a moderate walk; and having discharged this office, and secured us an arena for disputation, it immediately precipitates itself into the Liris; and then, like those who ally themselves to patrician families, it loses its more obscure name, and gives the waters of the Liris a greater degree of coolness. For I have never found water much colder than this, although I have seen a great numjjer of rivers; and I can hardly bear my foot in it, when I wish to do what Socrates did in Plato's Phaedrus. C. D. YONGE 64 Classical Associations ARRETIUM (Arezzo) The place was always a strategic point of importance. In the third century B. C. it was a fortress against^north- ern barbarians, and in 283 the Romans awaited here [an attack from the Gauls. Flaminius went out [from here to meet Hannibal just before the battle of Lake Trasi- menus in 217, although the omens were not favorable and the advice of his friends was adverse to such a step (Liv. xxii. 3). In 82 the Marian party used it as a center Regio erat in primis Italiae fertilis, Etrusci campi, qui Faesulas inter Arretiumque iacent, frumenti ac pecoris et omnium copia rerum opulenti. . > Liv. xxii. 3. Ferme capita Etruriae populorum ea tempestate. Liv. ix. 37, 12. Arretina nimis ne spernas vasa monemus: lautus erat Tuscis Porsena fictilibus. Mart. xiv. 98. .Amavi curam et sollicitudinem tuam, quod, cum audis- ses me aestate -Tuscos meos petiturum, ne facerem, sua- sisti, dum putas insalubres. Est sane gravis et pestilens ora Tuscorum, quae per litus extenditur; sed hi procul a mari recesserunt, quin etiam Appennino, saluberrimo montium, subiacent. Atque adeo ut omnem pro me metum ponas, accipe temperiem caeli, regionis situm,vil- lae amoenitatem; quae et tibi auditu et mihi relatu iucunda erunt 1 The place was famous for its pottery and much of its industrial prosperity was due to its trade in this connection (Mart. i. 53, 6-7). 2 The villa of the younger Pliny was probably situated to the northeast of Arretium, not far from the town of Tifernum (Citti di Castello). An interesting description of it is given at length in chapter 6 from which the above passages have been selected. Pliny frequently refers to his mode of life while here, notably in Ep. ix. 15; 36. The visitor should read the latter passage especially, because of its presentation of an intelligent and well-ordered life, which many of Rome's cultivated men of affairs must havp led (For a similar picture, see Ep. iii. 1.) of Places ill Italy 65 of operations against the forces of Sulla, and in 49 Caesar seized it for a similar purpose of his own. Octavian, loo, used it as a military center in 40 B. C. (App. B. C. iii. 42), and Catiline likewise turned it to his use in his attempt in 63 to overthrow the Roman government (Sail. Cat. 36). The town is interesting, also, to the classical student, as the birth-place of Maecenas, the powerful friend of Augustus and the well-known patron of letters at Rome. As to the country, it was one of the most fertile in Italy: the Etrurian plains, which lie between Faesulae and Arr.e- tium, abounding with corn and cattle, and plenty of every- thing useful. George Baker Quilc the foremost Etruscan cities at this time fPerusia, Cortona, and Arretium]. Wc warn you not to look with too much contempt on Arretine vases; Porsena's splendid service was of Etruscan pottery.' Translation from the Bohn Lihrary Pliny Describes His Villa in Tuscany- The kind concern you expressed when you heard of my design to pass the summer at my \illa in Tuscany, and your obliging endeavors to dissuade me from going to a place which you think unhealthy, are extremely agreeable to me. I confess, indeed, the air of that part of Tuscany, which lies towards the coast, is thick and unwholesome: but my house is situated at a great distance from the sea, and at the foot of the Apennine range, so much esteemed for salubrity. But that you may lay aside all apprehen- sions on my account, I will give you a description of the * mildness of the climate, the situation of the country, and the beaut v of my villa which I am persuaded you will hear 66 Classical Associations Regionis forma pulcherrima. Imaginare amphithea- trum aliquod inmensum, et quale sola rerum natura possit effingere. Lata et diffusa planities montibus cingitur, montes summa sui parte procera nemora et antiqua ha- bent. Frequens ibi et varia venatio. Inde caeduae sil- vae cum ipso monte descendunt; Villa in colle imo sita prospicit quasi ex summo ; ita leniter et sensim clivo fallente consurgit, ut, cum ascendere te non putes, sentias ascendisse. A tergo Appenninum, sed longius habet Habes causas, cur ego Tuscos meos Tusculanis, Tibur- tinis Praenestinisque meis praeponam. Nam super ilia, quae rettuli, altius ibi otium et pinguius eoque securius; nulla necessitas togae, nemo accersitor ex proximo; pla- cida omnia et quiescentia, quod ipsum salubritati regionis ut purius caelum, ut aer liquidior accedit. Ibi animo, ibi corpore maxime valeo. Nam studiis animum, venatu corpus exerceo. Mei quoque nusquam salubrius degunt; usque adhuc certe neminem ex iis, quos eduxeram mecum, (venia sit dicto) ibi amisi. Di modo in posterum hoc mihi gaudium, banc gloriam loco servent. Vale. Plin. Ep. V. 6, 1-14; 45-46. Primi, qua modo praeirent duces, per praealtas fluvii ac profundas voragines hausti paene limo inmergentesque se tamen signa sequebantur. Galli neque sustinere se s This account of Hannibal's painful march through the marsh}^ regions of the Arno river as he goes to meet Flaminius in the region of Arretium, will remind many soldiers in the recent war of the torments they suffered from the mud and water at the Western Front. of Places in Italy 67 with as much pleasure as I shall relate The aspect of the country is the most beautiful possible; figure to yourself an immense amphitheatre, such as the hand of nature could alone form. Before you lies a vast extended plain bounded by a range of mountains, whose summits are crowned by lofty and venerable woods, which supply abundance and variety of game; from hence, as the mountains decline, they are adorned with under- woods. . . . . My villa, though situated at the foot of the mountain, commands as wide a prospect as the summit affords; you go up to it by so gentle and insensible a rise, that you find yourself upon an elevation without perceiv- ing you ascended. Behind, but at a great distance, stand the Apennine mountains. I have now informed you why I prefer my Tuscan villa, . to those which I possess at Tusculum, Tibur, and Prae- neste. Besides the advantages already mentioned, I there enjoy a securer, as it is a more profound leisure; I never need put on full dress; nobody calls from next door on ur- gent business. All is calm and composed; which con- tributes, no less than its clear air and unclouded sky, to the salubrity of the spot. There I am peculiarly blessed with health of body and cheerfulness of mind, for I keep my mind in proper exercise by study and my body by hunt- ing. And indeed there is no place which agrees better with all my household; I am sure, at least, I have not yet lost one (under favor be it spoken) of all those I brought with me hither. • May the gods continue this happiness to me, and this glory to my villa! Farewell. William Melmoth A March Through Mud and Water' The troops in the van, though almost swallowed in mud, and frequently plunging entirely under water, yet fol- lowed the standards wherever theirguidesled the way; but the Gauls could neither keep their feet, nor when they fell. 68 Classical Associations prolapsi neque adsurgere ex voraginibus poterant neque aut corpora animis aut animos spe sustinebant, alii fessa ;iegre trahentes membra, alii, ubi semel victis taedio ani- mis procubuissent, inter iumenta el ipsa iacentia passim morientes; maximeque omnium vigiliae conficiebant per quadriduum iam et tres noctes toleratae. Cum omnia obtinentibus aquis nihil, ubi in sicco fessa sternerent cor- pora, inveniri posset, cumulatis in aqua sarcinis insuper incumbebant aut iumentorum itinere toto prostratorum passim acervi tantum, quod extaret aqua, quaerentibus ad quietem parvi temporis necessarium cubile dabant. Ipse Hannibal, aeger oculis ex verna primum intemperie vari- ante calores frigoraque, elephanto, qui unus superfuerat, quo altius ab aqua extaret, vectus, vigiliis tamen et noc- turne umore palustrique caelo gravante caput, et quia medendi nee locus nee tempus erat, altero oculo capitur. Liv. xxii. 2, 5-11. ASTURA (AsTLRA) A favorite place of resort during the late Republic and the Empire. Cicero spent much time at his villa here, and a pathetic interest is attached to the spot by reason of the fact that it was at this place that the orator tried to drown his grief at the death of his dearly loved daughter, TuUia, in 45 B. C. Augustus and several of the later emperors frequented the place (Suet. Aug. 97; Tib. 72). Narro tibi; haec loca venusta sunt, abdita certe et, si quid scribere velis, ab arbitris libera. Sed nescio quo modootKos ip'iKos. Itaque mereferuntpedesinTusQulanum. Et tamen haec fxawoypaipia ripulae videtur habitura celerem satietatem. Equidem etiam pluvias metuo, si prognostica nostra vera sunt. Ranae enim pTjToptvovaiv. Cic. ad Att. xv. 16b. of Places in Italy 69 raise themselves out of the gulfs which were formed by the river from the steepness of its banks. They were destitute of spirits and almost hope; and while some with difficulty dragged on their enfeebled limbs, others, exhausted by the length of way, having once fallen, lay there, and died among the cattle, of which great numbers also perished. But what utterly overpowered them was the want of sleep, which they had now endured for four days and thr^e nights; for no dry spot could be found on which they might stretch their wearied limbs, so that they could only throw their baggage into the water in heaps, on the top of which they laid themselves down. Even the cattle, which lay dead in abundance along the whole course of their march, afforded them a temporary bed, as they looked for no further accommodation for sleeping than something raised above the water. Hannibal himself, having a complaint in his eyes, occasioned at first by the unwholesome air of the spring, when changes are frequent from heat to cold, rode on the only elephant which he had remaining, in order to keep himself as high as possible above the water; but at length, the want of sleep, the damps of the night with those of the marshes, so disordered his head, that as he had neither place nor lime to make use of remedies, he lost one of his eyes. George Baker A Touch of Home-sickness I tell you what! this is a lovely place, retired at any rate and, if you want to write anything, free from anyone to spy you out. But somehow or other "home is sweet": and my feet draw me back to Tusculum. And after all one seems very soon likely to have enough of the some- what artificial charms of this pretty coast. I am also for my part afraid of rain, if our prognostics are true; for the frogs are loudly "discoursing." E. S. Shuckburgh 70 Classical Associations Est hie quidem locus amoenus et in mari ipso: qui et Antio et Circeiis aspici possit. Cic. ad Att. xii. 19. In hac solitudine careo omnium colloquio; cumque mane me in silvam abstrusi densam et asperam, non exeo inde ante vesperum. Secundum te, nihil est mihi ariiicius solitudine. In ea mihi omnis sermo est cum litteris. Eum tamen interpellat fletus; cui repugno, quoad possum. Sed adhuc pares non sumus. Cic. ad Att. xii. 15. In unius mulierculae animula si iactura facta est, tanto opere commoveris? quae si hoc tempore non diem suum obisset, paucis post annis tamen ei moriendum fuit: quo- niam homo nata fuerat. Etiam tu ab hisce rebus animum ac cogitationem tuam avoca, atque ea potius reminiscere, quae digna tua persona sunt: illam, quam diu ei opus fuerit, vixisse; una cum republica fuisse; te, patrem suum, praetorem, consulem, augurem vidisse; adolescentibus primariis nuptam fuisse; omnibus bonis prope perfunctam esse; cum respublica occideret, vita excessisse. Quid est, quod tu aut ilia cum fortuna hoc nomine queri possi- tis? Denique noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse, et eum, qui aliis consueris praecipere et dare consilium ; neque imi- tare malos medicos, qui in alienis morbis profitentur tenere se medicinae scientiam, ipsi se curare non possunt; sed potius, quae aliis tute praecipere soles, ea tute tibi subiice, atque apud animum propone. Nullus dolor est, quem non longinquitas temporis minuat ac moUiat. 1 A letter of consolation wtitten to Cicero at Astura by one of his close friends, Servius Sulpicius. of Places in Italy 7 1 This is certainly a lovely spot, right on the sea, and within sight of Antium and Circeii. E. S. Shuckburgh Cicero Grieves for His Daughter In this lonely place I have no one with whom to con- verse, and plunging into a dense and wild wood early in the day I don't leave it till evening. Next to you, I have no greater friend than solitude. In it my one and only con- versation is with books. Even that is interrupted by tears, which I fight against as long as I can. But as yet I am not equal to it. E. S. Shuckbuegh A Letter of Consolation' If you have become the poorer by the frail spirit of one poor girl, are you agitated thus violently? If she had not died now, she would yet have had to die a few years hence, for she was mortal born. You, too, withdraw soul and thought from such things, and rather remember those which become the part you have played in life: that she lived as long as life had anything to give her; that her life outlasted that of the Republic; that she lived to see you, her own father, praetor, consul, and augur; that she mar- ried young men of the highest rank; that she had enjoyed nearly every possible blessing; that, when the Republic fell, she departed from life. What fault have you or she to find with fortune on this score? In fine, do not forget that you are Cicero, and a man accustomed to instruct and advise others; and do not imitate bad physicians, who in the diseases of others profess to understand the art of healing, but are unable to prescribe for themselves. Rather suggest to yourself and bring home to your own mind the very maxims which you are accustomed to im- press upon others. There is no sorrow beyond the power of time at length to diminish and soften; it is a reflection on you that you should wait for this period, and not rather 72 Classical Associations Hoc te exspectare tempus, ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurre e, tibi turpe est. Quod si quis etiam inferis sensus est, qui illius in tc amor fuit pietasque in omnes suos, hoc certe ilia te facere non vult. Da hoc illi moituae: da ceteris amicis ac familiaribus, qui tuo dolore maerent. Cic. ad Fam. iv. 5, 4-6. Nihil hoc solitudine iucundius, nisi paulum interpellas- set Amyntae filius: "f2 antpavToKoyias dr/SoOs! Cetera noli, putare amabiliora fieri posse villa, litore, prospectu maris, tum his rebus omnibus. Sed neque haec digna longioribus litteris; nee erat, quod scriberem; et somnus urgebat. Cic. ad Att. xii. 9. ATINA (Atina) The city seems to have been an important one in the time of the Kings. Livy records its various contests with Rome in the fourth and third centuries, B. C. (ix 28; x. 39 et al.) That it was still populous in the time of Cicero, is evidenced by the passage quoted below, and various references in later writers lead us to infer that it continued to flourish under the Empire (Pliny N. H. iii. 63). Sumus enim finitimi Atinatibus. Laudanda est, vel etiam amanda vicinitas, retinens veterem ilium officii morem, non inf uscata malevolentia, non assueta mendaciis, non fucosa, non fallax, non erudita artificio simulationis vel suburbano, vel etiam urbano. Cic. pro Plane. 22. Monte nivoso descendens. Atina potens. Prisca Atina. Sil. Ital. viii. 396-397. Vir. Aen. vii. 630. Mart. X. 92, 2. 2 L. Marcius Philippus, jestingly referred to as Philip, king of Macedon, was the step- fat herof Augustus. 3 It is interesting to note that the modern city is considered one of the coldest in the region of Naples. of Places in Italy 73 anticipate that result by the aid of your wisdom. But if there is any consciousness still existing in the world below, such was her love for you and her dutiful affection for all her family, that she certainly does not wish you to act as you are acting. Grant this to her, your lost one! Grant it to your friends and comrades who mourn with you in your sorrow! E. S. Shuckburgh Nothing could be pleasanter than the solitude of this place except for the occasional inroads of the "son of Amyntas."" What a bore he is with his endless babble! In other respects don't imagine that anything could be more delightful than this villa, the shore, the view of the sea, all the attractions here. But all this does not de- serve a longer letter, and I ha\e nothing else to say and am very sleepy. E. S. Shuckburgh Cicero Compliments the People of Atina For we of Arpinum are near n*eighbours of the people of Atina. It is a neighbourhood to be praised, and even to be loved, retaining the old-fashioned habits of kindness for one another: one not tainted with ill-nature; nor ac- customed to falsehood, not insincere, nor treacherous, nor learned in the suburban, or shall I say, the city artifices of dissimulation. C. D. YONGE Coming down from the snowy heights^ (of Atina). Atina the mighty. John Conington The ancient town of Atina. 74 Classical Associations AUFIDUS FLUMEN (Ofai^to)' Longe sonantem .... Aufidum. Hor. C. iv. 9, 2. Far-sounding Aufidus. C. E. Bennett Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, qui regna Dauni praefluit Apuli, cum saevit horrendamque cultis diluviem minitatur agris. Hor. C. iv. 14, 25-28. So does bull-formed Aufidus roll .on, flowing past the realms of Apulian Daunus, when he rages and threatens awful deluge to the well-tilled fields. C. E. Bennett Qua violens obstrepit Aufidus. Hor. C. iii. 30, 10. Where brawls loud Aufidus. Sir Theodore Martin ^ The principal river of Apulia and one of the larerest in southern Italy, flowinK iiili. ] I Adriatic sea. of Places in Italy AVERNUS LACUS (Lago d' Averno) 75 The Lake of Avernus was looked upon as one of the en- trances to the lower world. It is probable that the volcanic nature of the region and, in consequence, the sulphur- ous odors arising from it, had much to do with the creation of the legend. Writers constantly refer to this connection with the under regions, Statins, for example, alluding to it in the words "dels pallentis Averni" (Silv. V. i. 27), and Horace (Epod v. 26), in speaking of the witches' custom of using waters from this lake in their unholy rites. Lucretius (de Rer. Nat. vi. 738-746) gives a vivid account of the lake which should be read in connec- tion with that of Virgil given below. Both Propertius (iii. 18, 1) and Silius Italicus (xii. 122-124) speak of the dark and gloomy grove surrounding it. Strabo writes at length concerning it (v. 4, 5). Phniograph by Kalharim A lien Lake Avernus 76 Classical Associations Fauces grave olentis Averni. Vir. Aen. vi. 201. Unum oro: quando hie inferni ianua regis dicitur et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso, ire ad conspectum cari genitoris et ora contingat; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas, ilium egx) per flammas et mille sequentia.tela eripui his umeris medioque ex hoste recepi; ille meum comitalus iter maria omnia mecum atque omnes pelagique minas caelique ferebat, invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae. quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem idem orans mandata dabat. natique patrisque, alma, precor, miserere; potes namque omnia, nee te nequiquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis. Talibus orabat dictis arasque tenebat, cum sic orsa loqui vates: "Sate sanguine divum, Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno; noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis; sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, hoc'opus, hie labor est. Quod; si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori accipe quae peragenda prius." .... * When the Trojans arrive in Italy, Aeneas begs the Sibyl at Cumae to allow him to go down to' the lower world to seek out his beloved father, Anchises, with the view to learn- ing from him the destinies of his people. The Sibyl finally consents and after elaborate ceremonies accompanies him on his journey. For a vivid account of his visit to the Sibyl's cave, see Cumae; and for a narration of the many interesting sights *hich he saw in his journey through thelower world, consult Virgil (Aen. vi. 264 ff.). 2 A name applied to Diana under her aspect as goddess of the lower world. 3 Aeneas is told that he must first perform the rite of burial over a dead body which later proves to be that of his trumpeter, Misenus. (For an account of this ceremony, see Misenum.) He is also charged with the discovery of a golden branch which grows some- where in the dark forest surrounding the Lake. This is to be an offering to the queen of the lower world. Through the aid of his mother, Venus, he finally finds this (Vir. Aen. vi. 185-204). oj Places in Italy 7 7 LAKE AVERNUS Foul Avernus' sulphurous throat. T. C. Williams In Answer to His Prayer, Aeneas is Taken to the Lower World to See His Fatheri One boon I ask. If of th' infernal King This be the portal where the murky wave Of swollen Acheron o'erflows its bound, Here let me enter and behold the face Of my beloved sire. Thy hand may point the way; Thy word will open wide yon holy doors. My father through the flames and falling spears, Straight through the center of our foes, I bore Upon these shoulders. My long flight he shared From sea to sea, and suffered at my side The anger of rude waters and dark skies,—; Though weak — task too great for old and gray! Thus as a suppliant at thy door to stand. Was his behest and prayer. On son and sire, gracious one, have pity, — for thy rule Is over all; no vain authority Hadst thou from Trivia^ o'er the Avernian groves. , Thus to the altar clinging did he pray: The Sibyl thus replied: "Offspring of Heaven Anchises' son, the downward path to death Is easy; all the Uvelong night and day Dark Pluto's door stands open for a guest. But, Oh! remounting to the world of light. This is a task indeed, a strife supreme! But if it be thy dream and fond desire Twice o'er the Stygian gulf to travel, twice On glooms of Tartarus to set thine eyes, If such mad quest be now thy pleasure— hear What must be first fulfilled.' 78 Classical Associations Spelunca alta fuit vastoque immanis hiatu, scrupea, tiita lacu nigro nemorumque tenebris, quam super haud uUae poterant impune volantes tendere iter pennis : talis sese halitus atris faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat: [unde locum Grai dixerunt nomine Aornon.] quattuor hie primum nigrantis terga iuvencos constituit frontique invergit vina sacerdos, et summas carpens media inter cornua saetas ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima, voce vocans Hecaten, Caeloque Ereboque potentem. supponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem suscipiunt pateris. ipse atri velleris agnam Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori ense ferit, sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam. tum Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras, et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis, pingue super oleum infundens ardentibus extis. ecce autem, primi sub lumina solis et ortus sub pedibus mugire solum et iuga coepta moveri silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per umbram, adventante dea. "Procul o, procul este, profani," conclamat vates, "totoque absistite luco; tuque invade /Viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum; nunc animis opus, Aenea, nunc pectore firmo.'' tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto; ille ducem haud timidis vadentem passibus aequat. Vir. Aen. vi. 106-118; 124-129; 133-136; 236-263. ^Pluto's wife and queen of the lower world. of Places in Italy 79 Straightway they find A cave profound, of entrance gaping wide, O'er hung with rocks in gloom of sheltering grove, Nearthe dark waters of a lake, whereby No bird might ever pass with scathless wing, So dire an exhalation is breathed out From that dark deep of death to upper air: — Hence, in the Grecian tongue, Aornos called. Here first four youthful bulls of swarthy hide Were led for sacrifice; on each broad brow The priestess sprinkled wine; 'twixt the two horns Out plucked the lifted hair, and cast it forth Upon the holy flames, beginning so Her offerings; then loudly sued the power Of Hecate, a Queen in Heaven and hell. Some stuck with knives, and caught in shallow bowls The smoking blood. Aeneas' lifted hand Smote with a sword a sable-fleeced ewe To Night, the mother of the Eumenides, And Earth, her sister dread; next unto thee, O Proserpine,* a curst and barren cow; Then unto Pluto, Stygian King, he built An altar dark, and piled upon the flames The ponderous entrails of the bulls, and poured Free o'er the burning flesh the goodly oil. Then lo ! at dawn's dim earliest beam began Beneath their feet a groaning of the ground: The wooded hill-tops shook, and, as it seemed, She-hounds of hell howled viewless through the shade, To hail their Queen. • "Away, O.souls profane! Stand far away!" the priestess shrieked, "nor dare Unto this grove come near! Aeneas, on! Now, all thy courage! now th' unshaken soul!" She spoke and burst into the yawning cave With frenzied step; he follows where she leads, .\nd strides with feet unfaltering at her side. T. C. Williams 80 Classical Associations Namque ab lacu Averno navigabilem fossam usque ad ostia Tiberjna depressuros promiserant, squalenti litore aut per montes adversos. Neque enim aliud umidum gig- nendis aquis occurrit quam Pomptinae paludes: cetera abrupta aut arentia, ac si perrumpi possent, intolerandus labor nee satis causae. Nero tamen, ut erat incredibilium cupitor, effodere proxima Averno iuga conisus est, manent- que vestigia inritae spei. Tac. Ann. xv. 42. BAIAE (Baia) The town and its neighborhood were famous in the Roman world as a place of resort from the last century of the Republic to the downfall of the Empire. Its baths were unrivalled, its climate attractive, its oysters delicious, and its situation as a whole unusually beautiful. Wealthy Romans built magnificent villas on every hand, the struc- tures covering not only the land but, as Horace indicates, even extending out into the sea (Hor. C. ii. 18, 20-23). This magnificent and fashionable watering-place attracted all people of note in the Roman world. Varro, Caesar, Pompey, LucuUus, and Hortensius, for example, had costly villas at Baiae, to mention only the Republican period (Sen. Ep. 51). But it was quite as popular in im- perial times. The young Marcellus, the heir of Augustus whom he so dearly loved, died here — a misfortune for Rome which Virgil laments in beautiful lines (Aen. vi. 860-886). Statius speaks of Domitian as "happy to move to warm Baiae" (Silv. iv. 3, 24-26); Hadrian died here in 138 B. C; and Alexander Severus erected a very splendid palace for himself on these shores (Lampr. Alex. Sev. 26, 9-10). All the famous writers frequented it, as the passages quoted below indicate. Statius, being a native of Naples, has, of course, a special fondness for the place (Silv. iii. 5, 96). As time went on it gained an un- enviable reputation for luxurious living and loose morals. of Places in Italy 81 An Enterprise in Engineering For they^ promised to form a navigable canal from Lake Avernus to the mouth of the Tiber. The experiment, like the genius of the men, was bold and grand. The canal was to be made through a long tract of barren land, and in some places through opposing mountains. The country round was parched and dry, without one humid spot, ex- cept the Pomptinian marsh, from which water could be expected. A scheme so vast could not be accomplished without immoderate labor, and, if practicable, the end was in no proportion to the expense and labor. But the pro- digious and almost impossible had charms for the enter- prising spirit of Nero. He began to hew a passage through the hills that surround Lake Avernus, and some traces of his deluded hopes are visible at this day. Arthur Murphy Plwtosraph by Katharine Allen In the Region of Baiae iThe engineers ot Xcro. For Asriiipa ;. efiforts to make a harbor, see Baiae and llie Lucrine Lake. 82 Classical Associations Perge igitur ad amoenos recessus: perge ad solem, ut ita dixerim, clariorem: ubi, salubritate aeris temperata terris blandior est natura. lUic miraculis alta cogitatione perpensis, cum arcanis mundl mens humana colloquitur nee admirari desinit quae ibi agi posse cognoscit: primum Nerei fluenta marinis deliciis esse completa; tot portus naturae prudentia terrenis sinibus intermissos; tot insulas nobiles amplexu pelagi dotatas; deinde immissum Averno stagneum mare, ubi ad voluptatem hominum vita regitur ostreorum, industriaque mortalium fieri, ut res alibi for- tuita ibi semper appareat copiosa. Quantis ibi molibus marini termini decenter invasi sunt! quantis spatiis in visceribus aequoris terra promota est! Dextralaevaquegre- ges piscium ludunt. Claudantur alibi industriosis parieti- bus copiosae deliciae, captivi teneantur aquatiles greges. Hie ubique sub libertate vivaria sunt. Adde quod tarn amoena est suseepta piscatio, ut ante epulosum convivium intuentium pascat aspectum. Magnum est enim gau- dium desiderata cepisse, sed in huiusmodi rebus gratior est plerumque amoenitas oculi, quam utilitas eaptionis. Sed ne longius evagemur, inter Neptunias gazas habitare credi- tur, cui otia Baiana praestantur. His itaque rebus deliciosa exercitatione saginati, ad puleherrima lavacra eontenditis, quae sunt et miraculis plena, et salutis qualitate pretiosa: Cassiod. Var. ix. 6. of Places in Italy 83 The Charms of Baiae Go then to that charming retreat! Go where the sun shines brighter, if I may say, than it does on less privileged earth! Go where, with a wholesome evenness of climate. Nature smiles more alluringly upon the land! There, re- flecting with deep thought upon the wondrous sights, the human soul holds communion with the mysteries of the world, and ceases not to wonder at what it finds can occur there: first, that Nereus' streams are full of sea delights; the many harbors that in Nature's wisdom have been set in among the curving shores; the many islands of fame, dowered with the caressing embrace of the sea: then, connecting with Lake Avernus, the sluggish Lucrine Lake, where for man's pleasure oysters are protected and propa- gated: and that through the pains of mortal man it is brought to pass that this creature, elsewhere rare, here seems always to exist in abundance. How great and harmonious are the embankments and moles that project into the recesses of the bays! Over how great spaces the made land extends, out upon the very vitals of the sea! On right and left play schools of fish. Elsewhere may be shut in by walls built by man's patience, all that helps to delight his palate; elsewhere may be kept in captivity hosts of finny tribes; but here, here, everywhere without confines, are fishing places and preserves. Add to all this that the fishing here .is in surroundings so alluring to the eye, that before the rich feast to which it leads, it itself feasts the eyes of the beholder. In all else, great is the pleasure of securing that upon which one has set his heart: but in fishing at Baiae, the charm of the landscape gives even greater pleasure than comes from the value of the fish caught. But not to digress at greater length, in the very rftidst of Neptune's treasures he seems to dwell, to whom is given the boon of the peace and leisure of Baiae. So, sated with delight and familiarity with the landscape, you hasten on to the wondrous baths that are filled with all that is marvellous, and are prized for their wholesome qualities as well. Arthur Winfred Hodgman 84 Classical Associations Portu .... amoeno | desides Baiae. Stat. Silv. iv. 7, 18, 19. ~ Principesque Baiae. Mart. vi. 42, 7. Litus beatae Veneris aureum Baias, Baias superbae blanda dona naturae, ut mille laudem, Flacce, versibus Baias, laudabo 5igne non satis tamen Baias. Mart. xi. 80, 1-4. In Baiarum ilia celebritate. , Cic. pro. Gael. 49. Liquidae .... Baiae. Hor. C. iii. 4, 24. Quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum, Vala, Salerni, quorum hominum regio et qualis via (nam mihi Baias Musa supervacuas Antonius, et tamen illis me facit invisum, gelida cum perluor unda per medium frigus. sane murteta relinqui dictaque cessantem nervis elidere morbum sulfura contemni vicus gemit, invidus aegris, qui caput et stomachum supponere fontibus audent Clusinis Gabiosque petunt et frigida rura. mutandus locus est et deversoria nota praeteragendus equos. 'quo tendis? non mihi Gumas est iter aut Baias' laeva stomachosus habena dicel eques; sed equis frenato est auris in ore.) Hor. Ep. i. 15, 1-13. " 1 Towns which were becoming popular as resorts for invalids. Clusium (Chiusi) was an ancient Etruscan city. 2 Antonius Musa, a freedman of Augustus and a well-known physician. He recom- mended cold water baths for Horace which, as the poet said, necessitated a change of resorts. of Places in Italy 85 Indolent Baiae with its charming harbor. Peerless Baiae. Walter C. A. Ker Praises of Baiae Though, Flaccus, I were to praise Baiae, golden shore of the blessed Venus, Baiae, kind gift of Nature who is proud of it, in a thousand verses, yet would not Baiae be praised as it deserves. Translation from the Bohn Library In Baiae with its throngs of people. Cloudless Baiae. C. E. Bennett A Poet Obeys His Doctor's Orders Is winter at Velia'^ mild or severe? Is the sky at Salernum' cloudy or clear? And what sort of folks are the people down there? And, Vala, the roads, are they pretty fair? Pray, why all these questions, I hear you reply. Bear with me a moment, and you shall know why. Baiae, Musa^ protests, will not do for my case, And has caused me no little ill-will in the place. Since under his treatment, come ice or come snow, I am douched with cold water from head down to toe: In truth, the whole town groans, that people no more Resort to its sweet myrtle-groves as of yore, And sneer at its sulphur springs, spite of their fame For driving out pain from the shakiest frame; And when those who in head or in stomach are weak. Relief at the Clusian' waters dare seek. Or to Gabii and all that cold region repair, Not, a Baian for such has a blessing to spare. Needs must, then, to change my old quarters, and spiir My mare past the inns so familiar to her. "Woa, ho! I'm not going to Baiae's bay. Nor to Cumae!" her choleric rider will say. Appealing to her through the left rein, because Saddle-horses, you know, have their ears in their jaws. Sir Theodore Martin of Places in Italy 87 A Roman Poet Fears the Effect upon His Sweetheart of the Life at Baiae Cynthia,' while thou tak'st thine ease in Baiae's midst, where the causeway built by Hercules^ lies stretched along the shore, and now marvellest at the waves that wash Thesprotus' realm, now at those that spread hard by renowned Misenum, dost thou ever think that I, alas! pass weary nights haunted by memories of thee? Hast thou room for me even in the outer borders of thy love? Has some enemy with empty show of passion stolen thee away from thy place in my songs? Would rather that some little boat, trusting in tiny oars, kept thee safe on the Lucrine Lake, or that the waters yielding with ease to the swimmer's either hand held thee retired by the shallow waves of Teuthras,^ than that thou shouldst listen at ease to the fond murmurs of another as thou liest soft reclined on the silent strand; for when there is none to watch her, a maid will break her troth and go astray, remembering not the gods of mutual love. Not that I doubt thee, for I know that thy virtue is well tried, but at Baiae all love's advances give cause for fear. Pardon me, therefore, if my books have brought thee aught of bitterness; lay all the blame upon my fear. For I watch not over my be- loved mother more tenderly than over thee, nor without thee would life be worth a thought. Thou only, Cynthia, art my home, thou only my par- ents, thou art each moment of my joy. Be I gay or grave to the friends I meet, whate'er my mood, I will say: "Cynthia was the cause." Only do thou with all speed lleave the lewd life of Baiae; to many a loving pair shall those shores bring severance, shores that have- aye proved ill for modest maids. Perish the Baian waters, that bring reproach on love! H. E. Butler Do you suppose that Cato would ever have dwelt in a pleasure-palace, that he might count the lewd women as they sailed past, the many kinds of barges painted in all sorts of colors, the roses which were wafted about the lake, or that he might listen to the nocturnal brawls of seren- aders?* R. M. GUMMEEE 88 Classical Associations Nos, utcumque possumus, contenti sumus Bails, quas postero die quam adtigeram reliqui, locum ob hoc devitan- dum, cum habeat quasdam naturales dotes, quia ilium sibi celebrandum luxuria desumpsit Non tan- tum corpori, sed etiam moribus salubrem locum eligere debemus. Quemadmodum inter tortores habitare nolim, sic ne inter popinas quidem. Videre ebrios per litora errantes et comessationes navigantium et symphoniarum cantibus strepentes lacus et alia, quas velut soluta legibus luxuria non tantum peccat, sed publicat, quid necesse est? Sen. Ep. li. 1,4. Baiana nostri villa, Basse, Faustini non otiosis ordinata myrtetis viduaque platano tonsilique buxeto ingrata lati spatia detinet campi, sed rure vero barbaroque laetatur. hie farta premitur angulo Ceres omni et multa fragrat testa senibus autumnis; hie post Novembres imminente iam bruma seras putator horridus refert uvas. truces in alta valle mugiunt tauri vitulusque inermi fronte prurit in pugnam. vagatur omnis turba sordidae chortis, argutus anser gemmeique pavones nomenque debet quae rubentibus pinnis et picta perdix Numidicaeque guttatae et impiorum phasiana Colchorum; Rhodias superbi feminas premunt galli; sonantque turres plausibus columbarum, gemit hinc palumbus, inde cereus turtur. avidi secuntur vilicae sinum porci matremque plenam mollis agnus expectat. cingunt serenum lactei focum vernae et larga festos lucet ad lares silva. non segnis albo pallet otio copo, nee perdit oleum lubricus palaestrita, sed tendit avidis rete subdolum turdis ' An account which is in strong contrast with such passages as the preceding. of Places in Italy 89 A Philosopher and Moralist Deprecates the Vices of Baiae As for myself, I do the best I can; I have had to be sat- isfied with Baiae; and I left it the day after I reached it; for Baiae is a place to be avoided, because, though it has certain natural advantages, luxury has claimed it for her own exclusive resort We ought to select abodes which are wholesome not only for the body but also for the character. Just as I do not care to live in a place of tor- ture, neither do I care to live in a cafe. To witness per- sons wandering drunk along the beach, the riotous revel- ling of sailing parties, the lakes a-din with choral song, and all the other ways in which luxury, when it is, so to speak, released from the restraints of law not merely sins but blazons its sins abroad, — why must I witness all this? R. M. GUMMERE Life on a Roman Farm' The Baian villa, Bassus, of our friend Faustinus keeps unfruitful no spaces of wide field laid out in idle myrtle- beds, and with widowed planes and clipped clumps of box, but rejoices in a farm, honest and artless. Here in every corner corn is tightly packed, and many a crock is fragrant of ancient autumns. Here, when November is past, and winter is now at hand, the unkempt pruner brings home late grapes. Fiercely in the deep valley roar bulls and the steer with brow unhorned itches for the fray. All the crowd of the untidy poultry-yard wanders here and there, the shrill cackling goose, and the spangled peacocks, and the bird that owes its name to its flaming plumes, and the painted partridge, and speckled guinea fowls, and the im- pious Colchians' pheasant. Proud cocks tread their Rhodian dames, and cotes are loud with the pigeons' croon; on this side moans the ringdove, on that the glossy turtle. Greedily pigs follow the apron of the bailiff's wife, and the tender lamb waits for its dam's full udder. Infant home-born slaves ring .the clear-burning hearth, and thickly piled billets gleam before the household gods on holidays. The wine-seller does not idly sicken with pale-faced ease, nor the anointed wrestling master make waste of oil, but he stretches a crafty net for greedy field- 90 Classical Associations tremulave captum linea trahit piscem aut impeditam cassibus refert dammam; exercet hilares facilis hortus urbanos, et paedagogo non iubente lascivi parere gaudent vilico capillati, et delicatus opere fruit ur eunuchus. nee venit inanis rusticus salutator: fert ille ceris cana cum suis mella metamque lactis Sassinate de silva; somniculosos ille porrigit glires, hie vagientem matris hispidae fetum, alius coactos non amare eapones. et dona matrum vimine offerunt texto grandes proborum virgines colonorum. facto vocatur laetus opere vicinus; nee avara servat erastinas dapes mensa, veseuntur omnes ebrioque non novit satur minister invidere convivae. Mart. iii. 58. Verum minis eius ac violentia territus perdere statuit; et cum ter veneno temptasset sentiretque antidotis prae- munitam, lacunaria, quae noctu super dormientem laxata machina deciderent, paravit. ■ Hoc consilio per conscios parum celato, solutilem navem, cuius vel naufragio vel camarae ruina periret, commentus est, atque ita reconcili- atione simulata, iucundissimis litteris Baias evocavit ad soUemnia Quinquatruum simul celetranda; datoque ne- gotio trierarchis, qui liburnicam qua adveeta erat velut fortuito concursu confringerent, protraxit convivium, re- petentique Baulos in locum corrupti navigii machinosum illud optulit, hilare prosecutus atque in digressu papillas quoque exosculatus. Reliquum temporis cum magna trepidatione vigilavit, opperiens coeptorum exitum. Sed ut diversa omnia nandoque evasisse earn comperit, inops eonsilii L. Agermum libertum eius, salvam et incolumem cum gaudio nuntiantem, abiecto clam iuxta pugione ut 8The emperor Nero murders Agrippina, his mother, in 59 A. D. Tacitus, who de- scribes the scene (Ann. xiv. 8), says that ever afterwards this sea and the shores were before the son's eyes (xiv. 10). » Agrippina had a villa at Bauli tTac. Ann. xiv. 4). of Places in Italy 91 fares, or with tremulous line draws up the captured fish, or brings home the doe entangled in his nets. The kindly garden keeps the town slaves cheerfully busy, and, with- out the overseer's order, even the wanton long-curled pages gladly obey the bailiff; even the delicate eunuch de- lights in work. Nor does the country visitor come empty handed: that one brings pale honey in its comb, and a pyramid of cheese from Sassina's woodland; that one offers sleepy dormice; this one the bleating offspring of a shaggy mother; another capons debarred from love. And the strapping daughters of honest farmers offer in a wicker basket their mother's gifts. When work is done, a cheer- ful neighbor is asked to dine; no niggard table reserves a feast for the morrow; all take the meal, and the full-fed attendant need not envy the well-drunken guest. Walter C. A. Ker An Emperor Murders His Mother At last, terrified by her violence and threats,* he deter- mined to have her life, and after thrice attempting it by poison and finding that she had made herself immune by antidotes, he tampered with the ceiling of her bedroom, contriving a mechanical device for loosening its panels, and dropping them upon her as she slept. When this leaked out through some of those connected with the plot, he devised a collapsible boat, to destroy her by shipwreck or by the falling of its cabin. Then he pretended a recon- ciliation and invited her in a most cordial letter to come to Baiae and celebrate the feast of Minerva with him. On her arrival, instructing his captains to wreck the galley in which she had come, by running into it as if by accident, he detained her at a banquet, and when she would return to Bauli," offered her his contrivance in place of the craft which hail been damaged, escorting her to it in high spirits and even kissing her breasts as they parted. The rest of the night he passed sleepless in intense anxiety, awaiting the outcome of his design. On learning that everything had gone wrong and that she had escaped by swimming, driven to desperation, he secretly had a dagger thrown down beside her freedman Lucius Agermus, when he joyfully brought word that she was safe and sound, and 92 Classical Associations percussorem sibi subornatum arripi constringique iussil, matrem occidi, quasi deprehensum crimen voluntaria morte vitasset. Suet. Nero 34. Portum lulium apud Baias, inmisso in Lucrinum et Avernum lacum mari, effecit. Suet. Aug. 16. BENACUS LACUS (Lago di Garda) Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis marique vasto fert uterque Neptunus, quam te libenter quamque laetus inviso, vix mi ipse credens Thyniam atque Bithynos liquisse campos et videre te in tuto! o quid solutis est beatius curis, cum mens onus reponit, ac peregrine labore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum desideratoque adquiescimus lecto? hoc est quod unum est pro laboribus tantis. salve, o uenusta Sirmio, atque ero gaude; gaudete vosque, o Lydiae lacus undae; ridete, quidquid est domi cachinnorum. Catull. xxxi. Limpidum lacum. Catull. iv. 24. Patre Benaco, velatus harundinc glauca Mincius. Vir. Aen. x. 205-6. If Augustus. See Lucrine Lake and Itily (Vir, Georg. ii. 161 ff.); for a full account, see Dio xlviii. 50. " Benacus was the largest of the Alpine lajtes of Italy. The Roman poet Catullus had a villa at Sirmio on its southern shore which he celebrates in a poem on the occasion of his return from official duties in the East. This poem gives the lake its chief fame. Mincius was a river flowing through it. (See Mantua for a further reference.) of Places in Italy 93 then ordered that the freedman be seized and bound, on the charge of being hired to kill the emperor; that his mother be put to death, and the pretence made that she had escaped the consequences of her detected guilt by suicide. J. C. ROLFE He'" made the Julian harbour at Baiae by letting the sea into the Lucrine Lake and Lake Avernus. J. C. ROLFE % SIRMIO Home is Sweet to the Returning Official" best of all the scattered spots that lie In sea or lake — apple of landscape's eye — How gladly do I drop within thy nest, With what a sigh of full, contented rest, Scarce able to believe my journey o'er. And that these eyes behold thee safe once more. Oh, Where's the luxury like the smile at heart, When the mind, breathing, lays its load apart — When we come home again, tired out, and spread The loosened limbs o'er all the wished-for bed ; This, this alone is worth an age of toil! Hail, lovely Sirmio! Hail, paternal soil! Joy, my bright waters, joy, your master's come! Laugh, every dimple on the cheek of home! Leigh Hunt The limpid lake. F. W. Cornish Mincius, child of Benacus, with his gray covering of reeds. John Conington 94 Classical Associations BENEVENTUM (Benevento) The town was of ancient origin and belonged in early times to the Samnites. When captured by the Romans, it came to be a place of military importance and many significant battles have been fought in its immediate neighborhood. It was here, for example, that the Ro- mans defeated Pyrrhus in 275 B. C; the Carthaginian general, Hanno, in 214 B. C, and again in 212. The name Beneventum was given to it in 268 B. C. at the time when it was made a Roman qolony. At the close of the Republic, it was known as one of the most flourishing and opulent towns of southern Italy — a reputation which continued into the time of the Empire. After its terri- tory was assigned to the veterans just after the Second Triumvirate, Augustus found it necessary to assist it by sending out a fresh colony. Several of the emperors seem to have been fond of the place, notably Nero, Trajan, and Septimius Severus. A memorial of Trajan's liking for it still exists in the splendid arch erected there in his honor. The fact that the town was on the Appian Way brought many travelers to its doors, among them Horace and his companions, an incident of whose stay is amusingly nar- rated below. Photograph by Frank Gallup Ancieni Bridge at Benevento of Places in Italy 95 Tendimus hinc recta Beneventum, ubi sedulus hospes paene macros arsit dum turdos versat in igni: nam vaga per veterem dilapso flamma culinam volcano summum properabat lambere tectum, convivas avidos cenam servosque limenles tum rapere atque omnes restinguere velle videres. Hor. S. i. 5, 71-76. An Accident in the Kitchen Hence without halting on we post, To Beneventum, where our host Escaped most narrowly from burning; For while he was intent on turning Some starveling thrushes on the coals, Out from the crazy brazier rolls A blazing brand, which caught and spread To roof and rafter overhead. The hungry guests, oh how they ran! And frightened servants, to a man. The supper from the flames to snatch. And then to quench the blazing thatch. Sir Theodore Martin Benc\entum auspicatius mutato nomine, quae quondam appellata Malc\enlum. Plin. N. H. iii. 105. Beneventum, so called Ijy an exchange of a more aus- picious name for its old one of Maleventum., John Bostock and H. T. Riley Non equidem insector delendaque carmina Livi esse reor, memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbilium dictare. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 69-71. Nor would I wish to see from earth effaced Old Livius' poems, which with ruthless cane Orbilius' whipped into my boyish brain. Sir Theodore Martin 1 Orbilius, wlio ciime from Ucncventum, (krivcs his tame from the fact that he once taught the poet Horace. 96 Classical Associations BRUNDISIUM (Brindisi) For many years the chief city of the Messapians, the place was captured finally by Rome in 267 B. C, that nation being quick to see its importance as a doorway to Greece and the East (Flor. Ep. i. 15.)- A Latin colony was sent there in 244 B. C. at which time the city began the use of the Latin language. The place became increasingly important commercially as Rome's conquests in the East expanded, and its port came to be looked upon as the us- ual point of departure and arrival of ships. Naturally its military importance became great and frequent allusions deal with the assembling of the Roman fleet in this spa- cious harbor. Appian, for example, (B. C. i. 79), gives an interesting account of Sulla's return from the .East, and of a siege conducted by Antony during the Civil War (B. C. V. 56 ff. ). It is obvious that its situation also made it the scene of many striking incidents other than those connected with war. Several of these are pictured in the following passages. Brundisium longae finis chartaeque viaeque. Hor. S. i. 5, 104. Sed cum ingressus iter Athenis occurrisset Augusto ab Oriente Romam revertenti destinaretque non absistere atque etiam una redire, dum Megara vicinum oppidum ferventissimo sole cognoscit, languorem nactus est eumque non intermissa navigatione auxit ita ut gravior aliquanto Brundisium appelleret, ubi diebus paucis obiit XI Kal. Octobr. Cn. Sentio Q. Lucretio conss. Suet, de Poet. (Vir.) 35-36. 1 The journey of Horace and his companions ends at Brundisium, (See note under Anxur.) • The death of Virgil in this town took place in 19 B, C. Scene in Brindisi The Poet Arrives' Last comes Brundisium: there the lines I penned, The leagues I travelled, find alike their end. John Conington The Death of VirgiP But having begun his journey, and at Athens meeting Augustus, who was on his way back to Rome from the Orient, he resolved not to part from the emperor and even to return with him; but in the course of a visit to the neighboring town of Megara in a very hot sun, he was taken with a fever, and added to his disorder by continu- ing his journey: hence on his arrival at Brundisium he was considerably worse, and died there on the eleventh day before the Kalends of October, in the consulship of Gnaeus Sentius and Quintus Lucretius. J. C. ROLFE 98 Classical Associations Urbs est Dictaeis blim possessa colonis, quos Creta profugos vexere per aequora puppes Cecropiae, victum mentitis Thesea velis. hinc latus angustum iam se cogentis in arlum Hesperiae tenuem producit in aequora linguam, Adriacas flexis claudit quae cornibus undas. nee tamen hoc artis inmissum faucibus aequor portus erat, si non violentos insula coros exciperet saxis lassasque refunderet undas. hinc illinc montes scopulosae rupis aperto opposuit natura mari flatusque removit, ut tremulo starent contentae fune carinae. hinc late patet omne fretum, seu vela ferantur in portus, Corcyra, tuos, seu laeva petatur lUyris lonias vergens Epidamnos in undas. hue fuga nautarum, cum totas Adria vires movit et in nubes abiere Ceraunia cumque spumoso Calaber perfunditur aequore Sason. Luc. ii. 610-627. Xcopav 5' ixovcn ^iXriw rrjs T apavTivitiv XeirToyeoi^ yap tKtivrj, XPV'^TOKapTros 8(, pieXi 6e nal tpia tuv (TtpoSpa kiraiuovfjiepoov kcri. (cat tvXifjLtvov dt fiOLWov to Bpevreaiov ivi yap arbnaTL iroKKol KkdoPTai Xtfiives aKKvaroi, koXtciip airoXafafiavofievoiv ivros, ibar' eoiKtvai Kkpaaiv 'ikinpov to axw"-) ^TTri fipiPTiov 17 Ktv €K GeTxaXias aipiynkvoiV tSiv a Av5S>v, olirep Tvpprivol iitroivonaa^riaav, eTrLcrTpaTevaavToov ToZs 'AyvWaioLS, irpocioiv t& Ttixfi- tis eTrvv^avtro TOVPOfiO. rrjs iroXews, tcop S' airo rod TeixovsQeTToKuPTLvos aPTlrov cnroKpiva- (T&ai TrpoaayoptbaavTOS aiirop ,,Xtttpe," Se^djuevot t6p o'uapdv oi Tvpprjpol TOVTOV aXovaap rrip ttoXip p,iTOipbp,a(Tap. fi 8^ ovtu \ap,irpa Kcd. ein jxtv iv SLypols idiois wtpl TovckXov, fx^" 7"6i' a.8t\>p6v p.tB' aiirov' irvdontvoi Si Tas Trpo- ypcupas iyvoiaav (Is "Xarvpa p.tTa^fjvai, xiiiplov irapaKiov tov KiKtpcovoi, tKeWev 6e TrXeij' eis MaKtSovlav wpos BpovTOV ijdri yap VTTip auTov \6yos eipolra KpaTodvros. tKO/il^ovTO 5' iv >popti- ots airetpij/cores viro Xi)7rr;s' Kai Kara ttju bbov iipiaTa.p.tvoi Kal TO. (fopiZa irapapaWovTts dXXTjXots irpocrioKoipvpovTO. fj.S.\\op 5' 6 KolvTos r)dvp.ti, koI \oyLap.6s avrov et'ajjtt tjjs airoplas' ovSiv yap i The death of Cicero at the hands of assassins sent by the triumvirs took place in 4.? II. C. Foranotheraccount, see App. B. C. iv, 19-20. ' Plutarch is referring to Cicero's villa at Formiae, the scene of the tragedy. oj Places in Italy 1 1 1 The Murder of Cicero^ While this was going on, Cicero was at his own country- seat in Tusculum, having his brother with him; but when they learned of the proscriptions they determined to re- move to Astura, a place of Cicero's on the sea-coast, and from there to sail to Brutus, in Macedonia; for already a report was current that he was in force there. So they were carried along in litters, being worn out with grief; and on the way they would halt, and with their litters placed side by side would lament to each other. But Quintus was the more dejected and began to reflect upon his destitute condition; for he said that he had taken noth- ing from home, nay Cicero, too, had scanty provision for the journey; it was better, then, he said, that Cicero should press on in his flight, but that he himself should get what he wanted from home and then hasten after him. This they decided to do, and after embracing each other and weeping aloud, they parted. So then, Quintus, not many days afterwards, was be- trayed by his servants to those who were in search of him, and put to death, together with his son. But Cicero was brought to Astura, and finding a vessel there he embarked at once and coasted along as far as Circaeum, with the wind in his favor. From there his pilots wished to set sail at once, but Cicero, whether it was that he feared the sea, or had not yet altogether given up his trust in Caesar, went ashore and travelled along on foot a hundred furlongs in the direction of Rome. But again losing resolution and changing his mind, he went down to the sea at Astura. And there he spent the night in dreadful and desperate calculations; he actually made up his mind to enter Caesar's house by stealth, to slay him- self upon the hearth, and so to fasten upon Caesar an avenging daemon. But fear of tortures drove him from this course also; then, revolving in his mind many con- fused and contradictory purposes, he put himself in the hands of his servants to be taken by sea to Caieta, where he had lands and an agreeable retreat in summer lime,* when the breath of the Etesian winds is most pleasant. 112 Classical Associations 'Exei S' 6 Toiros Kal vaov 'AiroWwvos ixiKphv iirip tijs 5aXaTT7js. (VTevdev apdivTis hSpboi KdpaKts iird KKayfTJs ■KpoaupkpovTo rcf TrXoiCf) Tov KiKepoivos firl yfjv ipeaaoixkvt^' Kai KoBicavTis tirl Trjv Kepaiav iKaripcadtv ol fiiv kfiocov, ol 8' tKoirTOV rds tuv fit)- pvfiaTcov ApxaS) Kal iraaiv iSoKei to arnietov elvai irovripdv. airifiri d' otv b Kt/cepojj', (cai irapeXdiiv eis Trjv eirauXii' ojs Lvairav- aofievos KareKKidt]. twv 8^ KopaKOiv ol iroWol ixiv kirl rrjs 6vpi8os 8i€Ka.6riVTO (pBeyyo/xevoL dopvPHSes, els 3^ KarajSas ewl rd K\Lvi8iov iyKeKoKviinevov tov KiKepuvos cnrfjye tQ <7t6ho.ti. kclto. p.i.Kp6v a.Tr6 TOV irpoawwov to l/xaTiov. ol S' oi/cerat TaW bpSiVTts, Kai KaKiaavTes iavToiis ei irepLixevovai tov 8tv kol (tvck'uiiv irepLiraTcov eirl ttjv doKaTTav. b niv ovv X'Xiapxos 6X17011$ dva- \aPi)v fifd' iavTov irepiidei irpos Trjv e^o8ov, tov 8' 'Epevi/lov 8pbiMf tpepofikvov 5td tuv irepiiraTUiv b KiKepcav ficrdtTO, Kal tovs OLKkras eKeXevcev evravBa KaTadkadai t6 6eL, rfi apiCTepa x^'^pl ''''^v yeveicav airTbp.evos dreces iveupa toTj (T(/}ayev(nv, avx/Jtov Kal Ko/xris &.vair\eiiis Kal (TVVT6Tr]Kus mb (ppovrl- Soiv TO TTpbaoiTTOV, SiCFTt Tovs TrXettTTODS kyKoXbif/aadai. tov "EpefyioD (jipa^ovTOS avTov. kaoiuiit(i\ic ita ox auctoritalo senatus consul: "auxilio vos, Camjiani, di)jiu>s ccnsot sona- tus; sed ila vobiscum anucitiam instilui i>ar i-st, in- qua volustior amicitia ac sociclas violetur. Saniuitcs mihis- cum foedere iuncti sunt; itaquc anna, iloos prius quam homines violatura, adveisus Saniniles vobis ncgamus; legatos, sicut ius fasque est, ad socios atciue aniieos iireca- tum mittemus, ne qua vohis vis tial." Ad ea princeps legatiimis sic enim donio mandatum attulerant— : "quando quiiiem" inquil "nosda lueii ad- versus vim atque iniuriam iusla vi non vullis, veslra eerie defendetis; itaque populum t'ampaimm urbemque Capu- am, agros, delubra deum, divina humanaque omnia in \eslram, palves conscript!, populiquc Romani dicioneni (iedimus, quidquid deinde paliemur, dedilicii vestri ))as- suri," Sub liaec dicta omnes, manus ad consulcs lendeii les, pleni lacrimarum in vestibule curiae procuhuerunt, Commoti pati'es vice forluiiarum humanaruni, si ille prae- potens opibus populus, luxuria superhiaque clarus, a quo paulo ante auxilium linitimi pelissent, adeo infract os ge- reret animos, ut se ijise suaque omnia potestatis alieiiae faceret. l.iv. vii. .U,n-6, " 111 343 B. C. the SnmnilM, ;illifs ni Komc, hnil miai kr.l ilic ('iMnpiiniiinH wlin wrnl to Rome (or help. of Places in Italy 1 20 A Weak Nation Appeals to Rome for Help* The ambassadors then withdrawing, the senate took affairs into consideration. A great many were of the opinion that their city of Capua, the largest and most opulent in Italy, and their land the most fertile, and situated ilear the sea, would serve the Roman people as a granary, from whence they might be supplied with all the various kinds of provisions; yet they paid greater regard to the faith of their engagements than to these great advantages, and the consul by direction of the senate gave them this answer: "Campanians, the senate deems you deserving of their assistance: but in contracting a friendship with you it is proper to guard against the violation of any prior alliance. The Samnites are associated with us by treaty. We re- fuse therefore to take arms against the Samnites, which would be a breach of duty, first towards the gods, and then towards men. But, as is consistent with both those du- ties, we will send ambassadors to those our friends and allies, to request that no violence may be offered to you." To this the chief of the embassy replied according to in- structions which they had brought from home: "Though you do not think proper to defend us and our rights against violence and injustice, you will surely defend your own. We therefore surrender into your jurisdiction, conscript fathers, and that of the Roman people, the inhabitants of Campania, the city of Capua, our lands, the temples of the gods, and all things else appertaining to us, divine and human. Whatever sufferings we shall henceforward under- go will be the sufferings of men who have put them- selves under your dominion." Having spoken thus, they all stretched forth their hands towards the consuls, and with floods of tears prostrated themselves in the porch of the senate-house. The senate was deeply affected at this instance of the vicissitude of human grandeur; seeing that nation which possessed an exuberance of wealth, and was universally noted for luxury and pride, and to whom a short time since the neighboring states looked up for sup- port, so utterly depressed in spirit, as voluntarily to re- sign themselves and all that belonged to them into the power of others. George Baker 130 Classical Associations Industriosa Campsima. Cassiod. Var. viii. 33. Ibi partem maiorem hiemis exercitum in tectis habuit, adversus omnia humana mala saepe ac diu duratum, bonis inexpertum atque insuetum. Itaque, quos nulla mali vicerat vis, perdidere nimia bona ac voluptates inmodicae, et eo inpensius, quo avidius ex insolentia in eas se merse- rant. Somnus enim et vinum et epulae et scorta balineaque et otium consuetudine in dies blandius ita enervaverunt corpora animosque, ut magis deinde praeteritae vic- toriae eos quam praesentes tutarentur vires, maiusque id peccatum ducis apud peritos artium militarium habere- tur, quam quod non ex Cannensi acie protinus ad urbem Romanam duxisset; ilia enim cunctatio distulisse modo victoriam videri potuit, hie error vires ademisse ad vin- cendum. Itaque hercule, velut si cum alio exercitu a Capua exiret, nihil usquam pristinae disciplinae tenuit. Nam et redierunt plerique scortis inpliciti, et, ubi primum sub pellibus haberi coepti sunt, viaque et alius militaris labor excepit, tironum modo corporibus animisque deficiebant, et deinde per omne aestivorum tempus magna pars sine commeatibus ab signis dilabebantur, neque aliae latebrae quam Capua desertoribus erant. Liv. xxiii. 18, 2-16. Ad Tifata in veteribus castris super Capuam. Liv. xxiv. 12, 3. " The wealth of Capua was largely due to its industries. By reason of the prolific growth of flowers, the place stood next to Egypt in the manufacture of unguents and per- fumes. A street called" Seplasia" was given up to this industry (Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 94). Paints for the face were made here and carpets, tapestries, roi3e,'and bronzes were manu- factured in Urge quantities. Its wheat and wines were likewise famous. !•> In 216 B. C. Hannibal was especially fond of the place; Florus calls it his"sedes et patria altera" (Ep. i. 22, 42), and, in reference to the idea in the above, his "Cannae" (i. 22, 21). " Hannibal's camp may not have been on the series of heights known as Tifata (Liv. vii. 29, 6), but "in valle occulta post Tifata montem," heights which are now called Monte di Maddolini. oj Places in Italy 131 Industrious' Campania. Capua Destroys Hannibal Here, during the greater part of the winter,'" Hannibal kept his forces lodged in houses, men who had frequently and long endured with firmness every hardship to which human nature is liable, and had never been accustomed to, nor ever had experienceed the comforts of prosperity. And it came about that they, whom no power of adversity had been able to subdue, were ruined by an excess of good fortune and by immoderate pleasures. These produced effects the more pernicious because, being hitherto unac- customed, as I have said, to such indulgences, they plunged into them with greater avidity. Sleep and wine, feasting and harlots, with which through habit they became daily more and more delighted, enervated both their minds and bodies to such a degree that they owed their preservation rather to the name they had acquired by their past vic- tories than to their present strength. In the opinion of persons skilled in the art of war the general was guilty of a greater fault in this instance than in not leading his army directly to the city of Rome after the battle of Cannae; for that dilatory conduct might be supposed only to have deferred the conquest for a time, whereas this latter error left him destitute of the strength to effect it. Accordingly he marched out of Capua as if with a different army, for it did not retain in any particular the slightest remnant of the former discipline. Most of the men returned to the field encumbered with harlots; and, as soon as they began to live in tents, and were obliged to undergo the fatigue of marches and other military labors, like raw recruits, their strength both of body and mind failed them; and from that time, during the whole course of the summer campaign, great numbers used to steal away from their standards without leave; and the only lurking-place of all these deserters was Capua. George Baker His old camp" on the Tifata over Capua. George Baker 132 Classical Associations Vibium Virrium septem et viginti ferme senatores do- mum secuti sunt epulatique cum eo et, quantum facerc potuerant alienatis mentibus vino ab imminentis sensu mail, venenum omnes sumpserunt; inde misso convivio dextris inter se datis ultimoque conplexu conlacrimantes suum patriaeque casum alii, ut eodem rogo cremarentur, manserunt, alii domos digressi sunt. Inpletae cibis vino- que venae minus efficacem in maturanda morte vim veneni fecerunt: itaque noctem totam plerique eorum et diei in- sequentis partem cum animam egissent, ornnes tamen prius, quam aperirentur hostibus portae, expirarunt. Liv. xxvi. 14, 3-5. Praeterea omne iter est hoc labosum atque lutosum. Lucil. (Nonius, s. v. labosum) 12 After the defection of the city to Hannibal and its recovery, the Romans punished the place (2U B, C.) by killing or ewling all of its nobles and incorporating the land within their own territories. Vibius Virrius had been the chief agent in the revolt. In a vivid speech, he pictures to his fellow citizens the horrors they may expect if they live to see the Romans enter their gates; then, together with other prominent citizens he commits suicide. " Since Capua was situated on the Appian Way (at first this highwayended here), it was visited by many travelers, among them the famous Roman satirist Lucilius who thus characterizes a trip over this road. Horace, too, whose journey to Capua has already been mentioned says, "qui Capua Romam petit, imbre.lutoque'adspersus," (Ep. i. 11, 11- 12). of Places in Italy 133 Suicide Rather than Surrender'^ About twenty-seven senators followed Vibius Virrius to his house, where, after feasting with him, and, as far as they could, banishing from their minds by wine all feel- ing of the impending evil, they every one took, poison. They then broke up the meeting, gave their hands, took the last embrace, condoling with one another on their. owii fall and that of their country. Some remained there, in order to be burned together on one pile, and the rest re- tired to their several houses. Their veins were filled by the victuals and wine; which circumstance retarded the efl&cacy of the poison in hastening death, so that most of them lingered through that whole night and part of the next day: however, they all expired before the gates were opened to the enemy. George Baker Besides, this entire road" is slippery and muddy. CASILINUM (Capua) One. hears little of Casilinum after the fifth century B. C. It is important chiefly for its part in the wars with Hanni- bal. In 217 B. C. the Carthaginian leader escaped through the mountains near here by resorting to the clever device of tying torches to the horns of oxen and driving them by night over the heights, the lights deceiving the Romans below into thinking that a vast army of the enemy was in motion above their heads (Liv. xxii. 16-17). 134 Classical Associations Sunt morientes Casilini reliquiae. Plin. N. H. iii. 70. Ceterum mitescente iam hieme educto ex hibernis milite Casilinum redit, ubi, quamquam ab oppugnatione cessa- tum erat, obsidio tamen continua oppidanos praesidiumque ad ultimum inopiae adduxerat. Castris Romanis Ti. Semprpnius praeerat dictatore auspiciorum repetendorum causa profecto Romam. Marcellum at ipsum cupientem ferre auxilium obsessis et Volturnus amnis inflatus aquis et preces Nolanorum Acerranorumque tenebant Cam- panos timentium, si praesidium Romanum abscessisset. Qracchus adsidens tantum Casilino, quia praedictum erat dictatoris, ne quid absente eo rei gereret, nihil move- bat, quamquam, quae facile omnem patientiam vincerent, nuntiabantur a Casilino: nam et praecipitasse se quos- dam non tolerantes famem constabat, et stare inermes in muris nuda corpora ad missilium telorum ictus praebentes. Ea aegre patiens Gracchus, cum neque pugnam conserere dictatoris iniussu auderet — pugnandum autem esse, si palam frumeijtum inportaret, videbat — neque clam in- portandi spes esset, farxe ex agris circa undique convecto cum conplura dolia conplesset, nuntium ad magistratum Casilinum misit, ut exciperent dolia, quae amnis deferret. Insequenti nocte intentis omnibus in flumen ac spem ab nuntio Romano factam dolia medio missa amni defluxe- runt; aequaliterque inter omnes frumentum divisum. Id postero quoque die ac tertio factum est; nocte et mitte- bantur et perveniebant; eo custodias hostium fallebant. ^ An incident of the siege by Hannibal in the winter of 216-215 B. C. Strabosays that so dire was the famine that a mouse was sold for 200 drachmas. He adds that the one who sold this died, but the purchaser lived (v. 4, 10). of Places in Italy 135 The remains of Caeilinum are fast disappearing. The Fortitude of a Starving City' However, when the rigor of the season began to abate, he drew his troops out of their winter quarters, and returned to Casilinum; where, notwithstanding there had been a cessation from attaclis, yet the continued blockade had reduced the townsmen and garrison to the extremity of want. The Roman camp was commanded by Tiberius Sempronius, the dictator having gone to Rome to take the auspices anew. Marcellus, who on his part earnestly wished to bring relief to the besieged, was prevented by the overflowing of the river Vulturnus, and by the earnest in- treaties of the people of Nola and Acerrae, who dreaded the Campanians in case of the departure of the Roman troops. Gracchus, having received injunctions from the dictator not to engage in any enterprise during his ab- sence, but to maintain his post near Casilinum, did not venture to stir, although he received such accounts from that town as were sufficient to overcome every degree of patience. It appeared that several, unable longer to en- dure hunger, had thrown themselves down precipices; and that others stood unarmed on the walls, exposing their naked bodies to the blows of the missive weapons. Grac- chus felt great concern for their distress; but he neither dared to engage in fight, contrary to the dictator's order, (and fight he plainly must, if he attempted only to throw in provisions), nor had he any hope of getting them con- veyed in clandestinely by his men. He therefore collected corn from all parts of the country round; and having filled therewith a great number of casks, sent a messenger to Casilinum to the magistrate, desiring that the people should catch the casks which the river would bring down. The following night was passed in attentively watching for the completion of the hopes raised by the Roman messenger, when the casks, being sent along the middle of the stream, floated down to the town, and the corn was divided equally among them all. The same stratagem was practised with success on the following 136 Classical Associations Imbribus'deinde conlihuis cilatior solito amnis transverso vertice dolia impulit ad ripam, quam hostes servabant. Ibi haerentia inter obnata ripis salicta conspiciuntur, nuntiatumque Hannibali est, et deinde intentiore cus- todia caiitum, ne quid falleret Volturno ad urbem mis- sum. Nuces tamen fusae ab Romanis castris, cum medio amni ad Casilinum defluerent, cratibus excipiebantur. Postremo ad id ventum inopiae est, ut lora detractasque scutis pelles, ubi fervida mollissent aqua, mandere cona- rentur nee muribus aliove animali abstinerent et omne herbarum radicumque genus aggeribus iniimis muri erue- rent. Et cum hostes obarassent, quidquid herbidi terreni extra murum erat, raporlum semen iniecerunt, ut Hannibal "Eone usque, dum ea nascuntur, ad Casilinum sessurus sum?" exclamaret;et qui nuUam antea pactionem auribus admiserat, turn demum agi secum est passus de redemp- tione liberorum capitum. Septunces auri in singulos pretium convenit. Fide accepta tradiderunt sese. Liv. xxiii. 19, 1-16. of Phirrs til Italy 137 nighl, and on the third. The casks were put into the river, and conveyed to the place of their destination in the course of the same night, by which means they es- caped the notice of the enemy's guards; but the river being' afterwards rendered more rapid by the continued rains, a whirling eddy drove them across to the side where the enemy's guards were posted, and there they were dis- covered sticking among osiers which grew on the banks. This being reported to Hannibal, care was taken for the future to guard the Vulturnus with greater vigilance, so that no supply sent down by it to the city should pass without discovery. Notwithstanding which, quantities of nuts being poured into the river at the Roman camp, and floating down in the middle of the stream to Casili- num, were stopped there with hurdles. The scarcity, however, at last became so excessive, that, tearing off the straps and the leathern covers of their shields, and soften- ing them in boiling water, they endeavored to chew them; nor did they abstain from mice or any other kind of ani- mal. They even dug up every sort of herb and root that grew at the foot of the ramparts of the town; and when the enemy had ploughed up all the ground round the wall that produced any herbs, they sowed it with turnip-seed, which made Hannibal exclaim, "Am I to sit here before Casilinum until these grow?" Although he had hitherto refused to listen to any terms of capitulation, yet he now allowed overtures to be made to him respecting the re- deeming of the men of free condition. An agreement was made, that for each of these a ransom should be paid 'of seven ounces of gold; and then, having received the rati- fication of the same, the garrison surrendered. George Baker 138 Classical Associations FURCULAE CAUDINAE (Near Valle Caudina) Duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae, altera praeter oram superi maris, patens apertaque, sed quanto tutior, tanto fere longior, altera per furculas Caiidinas, brevior; sed ita natus locus est: saltus duo alti, angusti silvosique sunt, montibus circa perpetuis inter se iuncti; iacet inter eos satis patens, clausus in medio, campus herbidus aquosus- que, per quern medium iter est; sed antequam venias ad eum, intrandae primae angustiae sunt, et aut eadem, qua te insinuaveris, retro via repetenda aut, si ire porro pergas, per alium saltum, artiorem inpeditioremque, evadendum. In eum campum via alia per cavam rupem Romani de- misso agmine cum ad alias angustias protinus pergerent, saeptas deiectu arborum saxorumque ingentium obiacente mole invenere! Cum fraus hostilis apparuisset, praesi- dium etiam in summo saltu conspicitur. Citati inde retro, qua venerant, pergunt repetere viam; eam quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt. Sistunt inde gradum sine ullius imperio, stuporque omnium animos ac velut torpor quidam insolitus membra tenet, intuentesque alii alios, cum alterum quisque conpotem magis mentis ac consilii ducerent, diu inmobiles silent; deinde, ubi praetoria con- sulum erigi videre et expedire quosdam utilia operi, quam- quam ludibrio fore munientes perditis rebus ac spe omni adempta cernebant, tamen, ne culpam malis adderent, pro se quisque nee hortante uUo nee imperante ad munien- dum versi castra propter aquam vallo circumdant, sua ipsi opera laboremque inritum, praeterquam quod hostes superbe increpabant, cum miserabili confessione eludentes. 1 In 321 B. C. the Sanmites (a powerful people and one not easily conquered) thus en- trapped the Romans, a disgrace which Rome never forgot. Very scanty traces remain of the neighboring Samnite city. Augustus assigned its land to Beneventum. of Places in Italy 139 THE CAUDINE PASS A Roman Army is HumUiated' There were two roads leading to Luceria, one along the coast of the upper sea, wide and open; but, as it was the safer, so it was proportionately longer: the other, which was shorter, through the Caudine forks. The nature of the place is this: there are two deep glens, narrow and covered with wood, connected together by mountains ranging on both sides from one to the other: between these lies a plain of considerable extent, abounding in grass and water, and through the middle of which the pas- sage runs: but before this is arrived at, the first defile must be passed, while the only way back is through the road by which it was entered; or if in case of resolving to proceed forward, it must be by the other glen, which is still more narrow and difl&cult. Into this plain the Ro- mans marched down their troops by one of those passes through the cleft of a rock; and, when they advanced to the other defile, found it blocked up by trees thrown across, with a mound of huge stones. The stratagem of the enemy now became apparent; and at the same time a body of troops was seen on the eminence over the glen. Hastening back, then, to the road by which they had en- tered, they found that also shut up by another such fence, and men in arms. Then, without orders, they halted; amazement took possession of their minds, and a strange kind of numbness of their limbs; they then remained a long time motionless and silent, with their eyes fixed on one another as if each thought the other more capable of judg- ing and advising than himself. After some time, the consuls' pavilions were erected, and they got ready the implements for throwing up works, although they were sensible that it must appear ridiculous to attempt raising a fortification in their present desperate condition, and when almost every hope was lost. Yet, not to add a fault to their misfortunes, they all, without being advised or ordered by anyone, set earnestly to work, and enclosed a camp with a rampart, close to the water, while themselves, besides enduring the haughty taunts of their enemies. 140 Classical Associations Ad consules maestos, ne advocantes quidem in consilium, quando nee consilio nee auxilio locus esset, sua sponte legati ac tribuni conveniunt, militesque. ad praetorium versi opem, quum vix di inmortales ferre poterant, ab du- cibus exposcunl Haec frementibus hora fatalis ignominiae advenit, omnia tristiora experiundo factura, quam quae praecep- erant ajiimis. lam primum cum singulis vestimentis inej;mes extra vallum exire iussi, et primi. traditi obsides aLque in custodiam abducti. Tum a consulibus abire lictores iussi paludamenlaque detracta: id tantam inter ip- sos, qui paulo ante eos execrantes dedendos lacerandosque xensuerant, miserationem fecit, ul suae quisque condici- onis oblitus ab ilia delormatione tanlae maiestatis velut ab nefando spectaculo averteret oculos. Primi consules prope seminudi sub iugum missi, tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae obiectus, tum deinceps singulae legiones. Circumstabant armati liostes, exprobantes eludentesque; gladii etiam plerisque intentati,' et vulnerati quidam necatique, si vultus eorum indignita^e reryim acrior victorem offendisset. Ita tra- ducti sub iugum et, quodpaene gravius era,t, per.hostium oculos,. cum e saltii evasissent, etsi velut ab inferis extracti turn primum luceiii adspicere visi sunt, tameii ipsa lux iia deforme inluentibu^agjrien omni jnorte tristjor fuit. Liv. ix. 2, 6-15; 5,11-6, 3. of Places in Italy 141 seemed with melancholy to acknowledge the apparent fruitlessness of their labor. The lieutenants-general and tribunes, without being summoned to consultation (for there was no room for either consultation or remedy) assembled round the dejected consul; while the soldiers, crowding to the general's quarters, demanded from their leaders that succour which it was hardly in the power of the immortal gods themselves to afford them . . . . While they were giving vent to such grievous reflections, the fatal hour of their disgrace arrived, which was to render every circumstance still more shocking in fact than they had preconceived it in their imaginations. First they were ordered to go out beyond the rampart unarmed, and with single garments; then the hostages were surrendered and carried into custody. The lictors were next commanded to depart from the consuls, and the robes of the latter were stripped off. This excited such a degree of commiseration in the breasts of those very men who a little before were pouring execrations upon them, that everyone, forgetting his own condition, turned away his eyes from that disgraceful insult on so high a dignity, as from a spectacle too horrid to behold. First the consuls, nearly half-naked, were sent under the yoke; then each ofl&cer, according to his rank, was ex- posed to disgrace, and the same of the legions successively. The enemy stood on each side under arms, reviling and mocking them; swords were pointed at most of them, several were wounded and some even slain when their looks, rendered too fierce by the indignity to which they were subjected, gave offence to the conquerors. Thus were they led under the yoke; and what was still more in- tolerable, under the eyes of the enemy. When they had got clear of the defile, they seemed as if they had been drawn up from the infernal regions, and then for the first time beheld the light; yet, when they viewed the ignomin- ious appearance to which the army was reduced, the light itself was more painful to them than any kind of death could have been. George Baker 142 Classical Associations Gentem, si opulentiam quaeras, aureis et argenteis armis et discolori veste usque ad ambitum ornatam; si fallaciam, saltibus fere et montium fraude grassantem; si rabiem ac furorem, sacratis legibus humanisque hostiis in exitium urbis agitatam; si pertinaciam, sexies rupto foedere cladi- busque ipsis animosiorem. Hos tamen quinquaginta annis per Fabios ac Papirios patres eorumque liberos ita subegit ac domuit, ita ruinas ipsas urbium diruit, ut hodie Sam- nium in ipso Samnio requiratur nee facile appareat ma- teria quattuor et viginti triumphorum. Flor. Ep. i. 11, 16. Hinc nos Cocceii recipit plenissima villa quae super est Caudi cauponas. Hor. S. i. 5, 50-51. 2 For a further account of the Samnites, see Strabo and the cross references indicated in the Index. ■3 Caudium. a town about 2 1 miles from Capua, was one of the stopping places for Horace on the Appian Way. Cocceius was one oi the members of his party. of Places in Italy 143 The Samnites Described The Samnites,'' a nation, if you would know its wealth, equipped with gold and silver armour, and with clothes of various colors even to ostentation; if you would under- stand its subtlety, accustomed to assail its enemies by the aid of its forests and concealment among the mountains; if you would learn its rage and fury, exasperated to destroy the city of Rome by sacred laws and human sacrifices; if you would look to its obstinacy, rendered desperate by six violations of the treaty and by its very defeats. Yet, in fifty years, by means of the Fabii and Papirii, fathers and sons, the Romans so subdued and reduced this people, so demolished the very ruins of their cities, that Samnium may now be sought in Samnium itself and the evidence of four and twenty triumphs be hardly visible. J. S. Watson Then to Cocceius' country-house we come, Beyond the Caudian inns, a sumptuous home.' John Conington CIRCEII (San Felice Circeo) MONS CIRCEIUS (Monte Circeo or Circello) The town, situated at the foot of Mons Circeius, be- longed to the Latin League in 499 B. C. and came under the power of Rome in 393 B. C. Its flourishing period seems to have been not izj: from 200. In later times it became a place of resort and many beautiful villas were built along its shores. Domitian frequented it (Mart. xi. 7, 4) and it was the place of exile for the triumvir, Mar- cus Lepidus, when banished by Augustus (Suet. Aug. 16). It is described by Procopius v. 11, 2-4. 144 Classical Associations Proxima Circaeae raduntur litora terrae, dives inaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos assiduo resonat cantu tectisque superbis urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum, arguto tenues percurrens pectine telas. hinc exaudiri gemitus iraequ6 leonum, vincla recusantum et sera sub nocte rudentum, saetigerique sues atque in praesepibus ursi saevire ac formae magnorum ululare luporum, quos hominum ex facie dea saeva potentibus'herbis induerat Circe in vultus ac terga ferarum. quae ne monstra pii paterentur talia Troes delati in portus neu litora dira subirent, Neptunus ventis implevit vela secundis atque fugam dedit et praeter vada fervida vexit. Vir. Aen. vii. 10-24. Eupoc 8' (V /3i5o-(7j;fft TtTvyiJiiva dunara Kt/3Kr;s ^taTotaiv \atacn, irepiaKeirTii) ivl x<^PV a/xipl 8i ixiv XiiKOi rjaav bptartpoi ijSe \tovTts, Toiis avTrj KaredeK^tv, eiret KaKO. tpapixaK idooKfv. ovS' oi 7' o}piir]dr)(jav eir' avSpaaiv, aXX' apa roi ye ovpfjatv /iaKp^ai inpicaalvovTis avtarav. ojs 8' 6t' Slv a/jiipi avaKra Kvvts SaLrriBtp iovra aaivwa'' aiei yap re epei lietXiyixara Bvfiov' cos Toiis afKpl \{iKoi Kparepciivvxts V^t \kovTis aalvov Tol 8' i8€Lffav, eTrei l8ov aiva irtKuipa. icTav 8' iv Trpodipoiat. fleas KaWiirXoKCLfioco, Kip/c7;s 8' 'ip8ov aKovop deiSo6(rijs owl KoKfj, larbv tTTOixo/iei'rjs jU€7av a.p,^porov, ola deaoiv Xexrd re nai xo-p'uvra Kal 6.y\aa. 'epya Trk\ovTai. * The early Greeks identified tiie promontory with the story oi Circe, the beautiiul sor- ceress who by her magic turned all who came to her abode into beasts. Ulysses and his companions encounter her (see th^ next passage), but ^'i^g^l allows his hero to escape. oj Places in Italy 1 45 Virgil's Account of Circe' Close to the land of Circe soon they fare, Where the Sun's golden daughter in far groves Sounds forth her ceaseless song; her lofty hall Is fragrant every night with flaring brands Of cedar, giving light the while she weaves With shrill-voiced shuttle at her linens fine. From hence are heard the loud-lamenting wrath Of lions, rebels to their linked chains And roaring all night long; great bristly boars And herded bears, in pinfold closely kept. Rage horribly, and monster wolves make moan ; Whom the dread goddess with foul juices strong From forms of men drove forth, and bade to wear The mouths and maws of beasts in Circe's thrall. But lest the sacred Trojans should endure Such prodigy of doom, or anchor there On that destroying shore, kind Neptune filled Their sails with winds of power, and sped them on In safety past the perils of the sea. T. C. Williams The Companions of Odysseus Encounter Circe In the forest glades they found the halls of Circe, builded of polished stone, in a place with wide prospect. And all around the palace mountain-bred wolves and lions were roaming, whom she herself had bewitched with evil drugs that she gave them. Yet the beasts did not set on my men, but lo, they ramped about them and fawned on them, wagging their long tails. And as when dogs fawn about their lord when he comes from the feast, for he al- ways brings them the fragments that soothe their mood, even so the strong-clawed wolves and the lions fawned around them; but they were affrighted when they saw the strange and terrible creatures. So they stood at the outer gate of the fair-tressed goddess, and within they heard Circe singing in a sweet voice, as she fared to and fro be- fore the great web imperishable, such as is the handiwork of goddesses, fine of woof and full of grace and splendour. 146 Classical Associations elatv S' eta\as (puvqv re rpLxas re Kal SfiJ,as, avrap coOs ^v ifXTtdos is to irapos irtp. &s ol fiiv K\aiovTes k'tpxaro' toIbi Si KlpKri ir&p p' aKvKov fiakavbv ra ^oKev Kapirbv Tt Kpaveiqs eSixevai, ola aves x''M'"*i"'^^'s aliv eSovaLV. Horn. Od. X. 210-243. Lubrica nascentes implent conchylia lunae; sed non omne mare est generosae fertile testae, murice Baiano melior Lucrina peloris, ostrea Circeiis. . . . oriuntur. Hot. S. ii. 4, 30-33. The Clitumnus River of Places in Italy 147 • . . . So she led them in and set them upon chairs and high seats, and made them a mess of cheese and bar- ley-meal and yellow honey with Pramnian wine, and mixed harmful drugs with the food to make them utterly forget their own country. Now when she had given them the cup and they had drunk it off, presently she smote them with a wand, and in the sties of the swine she penned them. So they had the head and voice, the bristles and the shape of swine, but their mind abode even as of old. Thus were they penned there weeping, and Circe flung them acorns and mast and fruit of the cornel tree to eat, whereon wallowing swine do always batten. S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang For catching shell-fish the new moon's the time; But there's a difference between clime and clime; Baiae is good, but to the Lucrine yields; Circeii ranks as best for oyster^ fields. John Conington CLITUMNUS FLUMEN (Clitunno) A small river of Umbria chiefly celebrated for the clear- ness of its waters and the fact that the stately white oxen used by the Romans in their sacrifices were pastured on its banks. The fact that Pliny has described it in a letter to one of his friends adds interest to it for the classical stu- dent. Claudian (de vi. Cons. Hon. 506 ff.) also refers to it at length. 2 The oysters of Circeii were widely celebrated. Pliny (N. H. xxxii. 63) says that Doae were fresher or more delicate. 148 Classical Associations Qua formosa suo Clitumnus flumina luco integit et niveos abluit unda boves. Prop. ii. 19, 25-26. Clitumnus ab Umbro tramite. Prop. iii. 22, 23-24. Vidistine aliquando Clitumni fontem? Si nondum (et puto nondum; alioqui narrasses mihi), vide, quem ego (paenitet tarditatis) proxime vidi. Modicus collis ad- surgit antiqua cupresso nemorosus et opacus. Hunc sub- ter exit fons et exprimitur pluribus venis, sed inparibus, eluctatusque, quem facit, gurgitem lato gremio patescit purus et vitreus, ut numerare iactas stipes et relucentis calculos possis. Inde non loci devexitate, sed ipsa sui copia et quasi pondere inpellitur fons adhuc et iaih am- plissimum flumen atque etiam navium patieris, quas obvias quoque et contrario nisu in diversa tendentes transmittit et perfert, adeo validus, ut ilia, qua properat ipse, quamquam per solum planum, remis non adiuvetur, idem aegerrime remis contisque superetur adversus. lu- cundum utrumque per iocum ludumque fluitantibus, ut flexerint cursum, laborem otio, otium labore variare. Ripae fraxino multa, multa populo vestiuntur, quas per- spicuus amnis velut mersas viridi imagine adnumerat. Rigor aquae certaverit nivibus, nee color cedit. Adiacet templum priscum et religiosum. Stat Clitumnus ipse amictus ornatusque praetexta. Praesens numen atque etiam fatidicum indicant sortes. Sparsa sunt circa sacella complura totidemque di. Sua cuique veneratio, suum 3 This picturesque lemple is still to be seen. of Places in Italy 149 Where Clitumnus shrouds his fair streams in his own beloved grove,, and with his waters laves the snow-white kine. H. E. Butler Clitumnus from his Umbrian path. H. E. Butler Pliny Visits the Clitumnus Have you ever seen the source of the river Clitum- nus? As I never heard you mention it, I imagine not; let me therefore advise you to do so immediately. It is but lately indeed I had that pleasure, and I condemn my- self for not having seen it sooner. At the foot of a little hill, covered with venerable and shady cypress trees, the river head is sent up out from the ground in several and unequal rills, and bursting forth forms a broad pool so clear and glassy that you may count the shining pebbles, ai>d the little pieces of money which are thrown into it. From thence it is carried off not so much by the declivity of the ground, as by its own volume and, as it were, density. As soon as it has quitted its source, it becomes a mighty river, navigable for large vessels, even when they are making up stream and have to contend against the current. This runs so strong, though the ground is level, that boats going with it have no occasion for rowing oars ; while it is difficult to advance against it, even with the help of oars and poles. This alter- nate interchange of ease and toil, according as you turn, is exceedingly amusing when one sails up and down merely for pleasure. The banks are thickly clad with ash and poplar trees, whose verdant reflections are as distinctly seen in the translucent stream, as if they were actually sunk in it. The water is cold as snow, and as white too. Near it is a primitive and holy temple,^ wherein stands the river-god Clitumnus clothed in a purple-bordered robe. The lots kept here for divining, sufficiently testify to the presence and oracular power of the deity. Several little chapels are scattered round, each containing the statue of a different 150 Classical Associations nomen, quibusdam vero etiam fontes. Nam praeter ilium quasi parentem ceterorum sunt minores capita discreti; sed flumini miscentur, quod ponte transmittitur. Is ter- minus sacri profanique. In superiore parte navigare tan- tum, infra etiam natare concessum. Balineum Hispellates, quibus ilium locum divus Augustus dono dedit, publice praebent et hospitium. Nee desunt villae, quae secutae fluminis amoenitatem margini insistunt. In summa nihil erit, ex quo non capias voluptatem. Nam studebis quo- que; leges multa multorum omnibus columnis, omnibus parietibus inscripta, quibus fons ille deusque celebratur. Plura laudabis, non nulla ridebis; quamquam tu vero, quae tua humanitas, nulla ridebis. Vale. Plin. Ep. viii. 8. of Places in Italy 151 god. Each of these has his peculiar worship and title; and some of them, too, their own springs. For, beside the principal one, which is, as it were, the parent of all the rest, there are several other lesser streams, which, taking their rise from distinct sources, lose themselves in the river over which a bridge is built that separates the sacred part from that which lies open to common use. Vessels are allowed to come above this bridge, but no person is per- mitted to swim, except below it. The Hispellates, to whom Augustus gave this place, maintain a bath, and an iiin for travellers, at the expense of the corporation. And villas, wherever the river is most beautiful, are situated upon its banks. In short, every object that presents itself will afford you entertainment. For you will also find food for study in the numerous inscriptions, by many hands all over the pillars and walls, in praise of the spring and its tutelar deity. Many of them you will admire, others you will laugh at; but I must correct myself when I say so; you are too good-natured, I know, to laugh at any. Farewell. William Melmoth CREMONA (Cremona) In the third century B. C. the Romans settled a colony at Cremona. The town was often used for military pur- poses, Scipio having taken his army there for winter quar- ters after the battle at the Trebia river in 218 B. C, and the Romans having used it as one of their loyal strong- holds in the Second Punic War. The city suffered much during the various Gallic invasions and finally became so depleted that in 190 B. C. a fresh body of colonists was sent thither. From this time the place continued to flourish until it came to be looked upon as, one of the most important towns in this part of Italy. Because of its sympathy with the side of Brutus after the death of Cae- sar, its territory was seized by Augustus and assigned to his veterans — a fate that also befell the neighboring Mantua. But the deadly blow fell in 69 A. D. when the city was burned to the ground during the war between the forces of Vitellius and Vespasian. Although the latter rebuilt it, the place never attained its former prominence. 152 Classical Associations Quadraginta armatorum milia inrupere, calonum lixa- rumque amplior numerus et in libidinem ac saevitiam corruptior. Non dignitas, non aetas protegebat, quo minus stupra caedibus, caedes stupris miscerentur. Gran- daevos senes, exacta aetate feminas, viles ad praedam, in ludibrium trahebant : ubi adulta virgo aut quis forma con- spicuus incidisset, vi manibusque rapientium divulsus ip- sos postremo direptores in mutuam perniciem agebat. Dum pecuniam vel gravia auro templorum dona sibi quis- que trahunt, maiore aliorum vi truncabantur. Quidam obvia aspernati verberibus tormentisque dominorum ab- dita scrutari, defossa eruere: faces in manibus, quas, ubi praedam egesserant, in vacuas domos et inania templa per lasciviam iaculabantur; Hie exitus Crernonae anno ducentesimo octogesimo sexto a primordio sui. Condita erat Ti. Sempronio P. Cornelio consulibus, ingruente in Italiam Annibale, pro- pugnaculum adversus Gallos trans Padum agentes et si qua alia vis per Alpes rueret. Igitur numero colonorum, opportunitate fluminum, ubere agri, adnexu conubiisque gentium adolevit floruitque, bel'lis externis intacta, civili- bus infelix. Tac. Hist. iii. 33-34. of Places in Italy 153 The Destruction of Cremona Forty thousand men had entered sword in hand. The number of slaves and mean attendants of the camp was still greater, all bent on mischief, and more inclined to acts of barbarity than even the soldiers. Neither sex, nor age, nor dignity of rank, was spared. A scene of blood was laid, and amidst the horrors of a general massacre, lust and violation triumphed. Old men and ancient ma- trons, who had no wealth to satisfy avarice, were dragged forth with scorn, and butchered with derision. The young and comely of either sex were to suffer the brutal passions of abandoned men, or to be torn piecemeal in the struggle for the possession of their persons. In these conflicts the contending rivals, in the rage of disappointed lust, turned their swords against each other. The men, who were seen carrying off the wealth of houses, or massy gold from the temples, were attacked and butchered by others as rapa- cious as themselves. Not content with the treasures that lay open to their view, they put several to the rack, in order to extort a confession of concealed riches. The ground was dug up, to gratify the rage of avarice. Num- bers carried flaming torches, and, as soon as they had brought forth their booty, made it their sport to set the houses and temples on fire Such was the fate of Cremona, two hundred and eighty- six years from its foundation. The first stone was laid during the consulship of Tiberius Sempronius and Pub- lius Cornelius, at the time when Hannibal threatened an irruption into Italy. The design was to have a frontier town, to bridle the Gauls inhabiting beyond the Po, or any power on the other side of the Alps. The colony from that time grew into celebrity; their numbers multiplied, and their wealth increased; the country round was intersected with rivers; the soil was fertile; and b>' intermarriages the inhabitants formed alliances. with the neighboring towns of Italy. The city continued to flourish in the worst of times, safe from foreign enemies, till ruined at last by the rage of civil war. Arthur jMurfhy 154 Classical Associations Mantua, vae, miserae nimium vicina Cremonae. Vir. Ed. ix. 28. Initia aetatis Cremonae egit usque ad virilem togam quam XV anno natali suo accepit Sed Virgil- ius a Cremona Mediolanum et inde paulo post transiit in urbem. Suet. De Poet (Vir.) 6-8. CROTON (Cotrone)i AoKei S' fi TToXis TO. Te iroXefiia acrKfjcraL /cat to, irepl rifv a.&'Kriaiv kv ;ut$ yovv '0Xu/ixtd5t ol tSiv oKKuv irpoT^pijaavTK rif araSUf iirTo, avSpes oirajjres inrfjp^av Kporwi'taTai, Siar' eUdrui eiprjadai SoKel dioTL KpoTUviaTuv 6 scxotos rrpccTOs riv tSiv oXXcoi' ''SXkqvuiV Kal rijv Tapoifiiav Se vyi-faTepov Kporoivos \kyov- aav ivTeu&tv dprja&ai tpaaiv, cbs tov tottov vphs vyieiav Kai tiit^iav ixovTOS TL ipopov. wXticTovs ovv 'OXu/tirioi'iKas ^ffX'j Kaiirtp oil iroKvv xpovov oiKTi^eiaa bio. tov v tpiKiy- cbipuv TTOvijaavTOs (ttvXov tov MiXwca vTodvvTa (rSxrai ixiravTas, vwocrwaaai di Kal iavTov. Strab. vi. 1, 12. 1 The town was one of the most celebrated of the early Greek colonies in Italy, its fame, being equalled only by that of its neighbor Sybaris. The zenith of its power falls, perhaps, in the sixth century B.C. In the last years of the Punic Wars it is still of some importance and Hannibal for threfe successive winders chose this neighborhood for his head-quarters, finding that the luxuriant pasture land about the place made it easy for him to supply his army with food. It is said, too, that the enormous wealth of the sacred temple of Juno Lacinia, just a few miles away, was a powerful attraction for him, (Cic. de Div. i. 24). But the place is scarcely mentioned during the later Republican period. oj Places in Italy 155 Mantua, alas! too near ill-fated Cremona. H. R. Fairclough Virgil spent his early life at Cremona until he assumed the gown of manhood, upon his fifteenth birthday .... Virgil, however, moved from Cremona to Mediolanum, and shortly afterwards from there to Rome. J. C. ROLFE A Center for Athletics The city cultivated martial discipline and athletic ex- ercises^ to a great extent, and in one of the Olympic games all the spven wrestlers, who obtained the palm in the stadium, were inhabitants of Croton; whence, it seems, the saying arose that the last wrestler of Croton was the first of the other Greeks, and hence, they say also, is the origin of the expression, "more salubrious than Croton," as instancing a place which had something to show in the number of wrestlers which it produced, as a proof of its salubrity and the robust frame of body which it was cap- able of rearing. Thus it had many victors in the Olym- pic games, although it cannot be reckoned to have been long inhabited on account of the vast destruction of its citizens who fell at the battle of the Sagras.' Its celebrity too was not a little spread by the number of Pythagoreans who resided there, arid by Milo, who was the most re- nowned of wrestlers, and lived on terms of intimacy with Pythagoras* who abode long in this city. They relate that at a banquet of the philosophers, when one of the pillars in the hall gave way, Milo sustained the ceiling while they all escaped, and afterwards saved himself. H. C. Hamilton s The fame of Croton was largely connected with the superiority of its athletes and their victories at Olympia. It is said that the physical training given to their youth made both the young men and the girls exceedingly beautiful. 3 A battle about the middle of the fourth century B. C. in which Croton met a disas- trous defeat at the hands of the Locrians and Rhegians (Cic. de N. D. ii. 6), a blow from which the city never recovered. , , . , i t-i t * A society known as the Pythagoreans, based upon the doctrines of the philosopher Pythagoras, who was a resident of Croton, played a very considerable part in the political and religious life of the city, and their ideas spread far beyond the bounds of this locality. 156 Classical Associations Sed et Crotoniatae, ut ait Timaeus, postquam Sybari- tas delessent, in luxuriam prolapsi sunt: ita quidem ut eorum praetor etiam per urbem incederet veste purpurea amictus, aurea redimitus corona, candidis crepidis cal- ceatus. Athen. xii. 22 (Latin version by Johannes Schweighauser, 1804) Urbs Croto murum in circuitu patentem duodecim milia passuum habuit ante Pyrrhi in Italiam adventum. Post vastitatem eo bello factam vix pars dimidia habita- batur: flumen, quod medio oppido fluxerat, extra fre- quentia tectis loca praeterfluebat, et arx erat procul eis, quae habitabantur. Liv. xxiv. 3, 1-3. In urbe nobili templum erat ipsa urbe nobilius, Laciniae lunonis, sanctum omnibus circa populis. Lucus ibi fre- quent! silva et proceris abietis arboribus saeptus laeta in medio pascua habuit, ubi omnis generis sacrum deae pe- cus pascebatur sine ullo pastore; separatimque greges sui cuiusque generis nocte remeabant ad stabula, numquam insidiis ferarum, non fraude violati hominum. Magniigi- tur fructus ex eo pecore capti, columnaque inde aurea so- lida facta et sacrata est; Lnclitumque templum divitiis etiam, non tantum sanctitate fuit. Liv. xxiv. 3, 3-6. B Sometime in tiie sixtli century, probably about 510 B. C, Croton utterly destroyed Lhe neighboring city of Sybaris. (See the topic Sybaris and Athen. xii. 21.) 8 The war waged by the Romans with Pyrrhus delivered the final blow to Croton's power and influence (Liv. xxiv. 3). of Places in Italy 157 The Luxury of the People of Croton And the men of Croton, as Timaeus says, after they had destroyed the people of Sybaris,^ began to indulge in lux- ury; so that their chief magistrate went about the city clad in a purple robe, and wearing a golden crown on his head, and wearing also white sandals. C. D. YONGE Croton's Former Extent Before the coming of Pyrrhus^ into Italy, the wall en- compassing Croton was twelve miles in circumference; since the devastation caused by the war which then took place, scarcely one half of the inclosed space was inhabited; the river which formerly flowed through the middle of the town now ran on the outside of the part occupied by build- ings, and the citadel was at a great distance from these. George Baker A Wealthy Temple In the region of a well-known city stood the famous temple of Juno Lacinia, more universally celebrated than the city itself, and held in high veneration by all the sur- rounding nations. Here, a consecrated grove, encom- passed on the extremities by close-ranged trees and tall firs, comprehended in the middle a tract of rich pasture-ground, in which cattle of every kind, sacred to the goddess, fed, without any keeper, the herds of each particular kind going out separately and returning at night to their stalls, without ever receiving injury, either from wild beasts or men. The profits, therefore, accruing from these cattle were great, out of which a pillar of solid gold was erected and consecrated so that the fane became as remarkable for riches as for sanctity. George Baker 158 Classical Associations CUMAE (Cuma) One of the most ancient of the Greek cities in Italy (Strabo says it was the first of the Greek settlements), Cumae rose to a position of great power and influence. From 700 B. C. to 500 B. C. it was perhaps the most im- portant city in this region of Italy. It waged war for many years against the rising power of the Etruscans and again against that of the Samnites, who in 420 B. C. suc- ceeded in capturing the city, inflicting the most severe Sic fatur lacrimans, classique immittit habenas, et tandem Euboicis Cumarum adlabitur oris, obvertunt pelago proras; tum dente tenaci ancora f undabat navis, et litora curvae praetexunt puppes. iuvenum manus emicat ardens litus in Hesperium; quaerit pars semina flammae abstrusa in venis silicis, pars densa ferarum tecta rapit silvas, inventaque flumina monstrat. at pius Aeneas arces, quibus altus Apollo praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae, antrum immane, petit, magnam cui mentem animum- que Delius inspirat vates aperitque futura. iam subeunt Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta. Vir. Aen. vi. 1-13. 1 Cumae is the landing place for the storm-tossed Trojans. 2 A reference to the temple of Apollo in this neighborhood. 3 The famous Cumaean Sibyl inhabits a cave near the temple of Apollo, the"Delian seer" who is the source of her inspiration. * The name" Trivia" is applied to Diana as a goddess connected with the lower world. of Places in Italy 159 suffering upon its inhabitants. In the course of time it became a Roman town, although of no special importance. Hannibal made an energetic attack upon the place in the Second Punic War, but was repulsed by Sempronius Grac- chus. (For a vivid account of this affair, see Liv. xxiii. 36, 37; for Hannibal's destruction of the region, see xxiv. 13.) As several of the passages quoted below indicate, it was known in later times only as a quiet place which at- tracted those in search of rest and retirement. The Trojans Reach Italy; Aeneas Seeks Apollo Thus he cries, weeping, and gives his fleet the reins, and at last glides up to the shores of Euboean Cumae.^ They turn the prows sea-ward, then with the grip of anchors' teeth made fast the ships, and the round keels fringe the beach. In hot haste the youthful band leaps forth on the Hesperian shore; some seek the seeds of flame hidden in veins of flint, some pillage the woods, the thick coverts ot game, and point to new-found streams. But good Aeneas seeks the heights, where Apollo^ sits enthroned, and a vast cavern' hard by, hidden haunt of the dread Sibyl, into whom the Delian seer breathes a mighty mind and ■ soul, revealing the future. Now they pass under the grove of Trivia'' and the roof of gold. H. R. Fairclough 160 Classical' Associations Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem divinosque lacus et Averna sonantia silvis, insanam vatem aspicies, quae rupe sub ima fata canit foliisque notas et nomina mandat. quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, digerit in numerum atque antro seclusa relinquit. ilia manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt; varum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus impulit et teneras turbavit ianua f rondes, numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo, nee revocare situs aut iungere carmina curat : inconsulti abeunt, sedemque odere Sibyllae. hie tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti, quamvis increpitent socii, et vi eursus in altum vela voeet possisque sinus implere secundos, quin adeas vatem precibusque oracula poscas. ipsa canat. voeemque volens atque ora resolvat. Vir. Aen. iii. 441-457. "Nee dea sum," dixit "nee sacri turis honore humanum dignare caput, neu neseius erres: lux aeterna mihi earituraque fine dabatur, si mea vjrginitas Phoebo patuisset amanti. dum tamen banc sperat, dum praeeorrumpere donis me eupit, 'elige,' ait 'virgo Cumaea, quid optes: optatis potiere tuis.' ego pulveris hausti ostendens cumulum, quot haberet corpora pulvis, tot rnihi na tales contingere vana rogavi; excidit, ut peterem iuvenes quoque protinus annos. • An account of the Sibyl's method of communicating her prophecies to visitors who come to her cave and an injunction to Aeneas to insist upon a message from her inspired lips. In this connection, see Vir. Aen. vi. 42-5 1 ; 5 1-76; 83-97. • The Sibyl tells the story of how she received the gift of prophecy from Apollo. of Places in Italy 161 The Cave of the Sibyl' When wafted to that shore, Repair to Cumae's hill, and to the lake, Avernus, with its whispering grove divine. There shalt thou see a frenzied prophetess, Who from beneath the hollow scarped crag Sings oracles; or characters on leaves. Mysterious names. Whate'er the virgin writes. On leaves inscribing the portentous song. She sets in order, and conceals them well In her deep cave, wh^re they abide unchanged In due array. Yet not a care has she, If with some swinging hinge a breeze sweeps in. To catch them as they whirl: if open door Disperse them fluttering through the hollow rock. She will not link their shifted sense anew, Nor re-invent her fragmentary song. Oft her unanswered votaries depart, Scorning the Sibyl's shrine. But deem not thou Thy tarrying too long, whate'er thy stay. Though thy companions chide, though winds of power Invite thy ship to sea, and well would speed The swelling sail, yet to that Sibyl go. Pray that her own lips may sing forth for thee The oracles, uplifting her dread voice In willing prophecy. T. C. Williams A Tragic Tale'' "I am no goddess, nor is any mortal worthy of the honour of the sacred incense. But, lest you mistake in ignorance, eternal, endless life was offered me, had my virgin modesty consented to Phoebus' love. While he still hoped for this and sought to break my will with gifts, he said: 'Choose what you will, maiden of Cumae, and you shall have your choice.' Pointing to a heap of sand, I made the foolish prayer that I might have as many years of life as there were sand-grains in the pile; but forgot to ask that those years might be perpetually young. He 162 Classical Associations hos tamen ille mihi dabat aeternamque iuventam, si Venerem paterer. contempto munere Phoebi innuba permaneo. sed iam felicior aetas terga dedit, tremuloque gradu venit aegra senectus, quae patienda diu est. nam iam mihi saecula septem acta vides: superest, numeros ut pulveris aequem, ter centum messes, ter centum musta videre. tempus erit, cum de tanto me corpore parvam longa dies faciet, consumptaque membra senecta ad minimum redigentur onus, nee amata videbor nee placuisse deo.' Ov. Met. xiv. 130-150. UpoTipov p,tv ovv rjvTvxti- Iv T€ TToXtsl Kal TO '^Xiypotov KoKovixevov irediov, iv S3 rd irepi tovs riyavras p.vdtvovv &.Wuv. Strab. V. 3, 10. Courtesy of Art and Archaeology Lago di Como and the City of Bellagio oj Places in Italy 181 Then shall all the Latin name be a fable; the ruins con- cealed in dust shall hardly be able to point out Gabii, Veii, and Cora, and the deserted fields shall hardly show the homes of Alba and the household gods of Laurentum. H. T. RiLEV And Gabii, that now is naught, was then a. crowded town. H. E. Butler Gabii, standing in the Via Praenestina, possesses a stone-quarry, in greater demand at Rome than any other. H. C. Hamilton LARIUS LACUS (Lago di Como) The town of Comum was situated upon the banks of the lake and according to Justin was founded by the Gauls. Both Greek and Roman colonies were established there, and under Augustus it held municipal rank. Phny speaks of its iron foundries as being well-known (N. H. xxxiv. 144), and there is no doubt that by^ reason of the efforts of the Pliny family to enrich the town through the establishment of schools and libraries (to which frequent reference is made in the writings of the younger Pliny) the place became well known among the towns of this district. However, its fame was largely due to the beauty of the lake which made it a favorite resort for northern Italy. Mediolanum, especially, used the place for this purpose. The emperors were fond of it and we read that Con- stantino went there "procudendi ingenii causa" (Am- mian. Marcell. xv. 2, 8). Another reason for its popularity in later times lay in the fact that many travelers bound for the North were accustomed to embark here in order to avoid the trip by land which the rugged nature of the country rendered difficult. A writer of the fifth century A. D., Claudian, has described this voyage (Bell. Get. 319-321). 182 Classical Associations Quid agit Comum, tuae meaeque deliciae? quid sub- ur.banum amoenissimum? quid ilia porticus verna sem- per? quid platanon opacissimus? quid euripus viridis et gemmeus? quid subiectus et serviens lacus? quid ilia mollis et tamen solida gestatio? quid balineum illud, quod plurimus sol implet et circumit? quid triclinia ilia popularia, ilia paucorum? quid cubicula diurna, rioc- turna? Possident te et per vices partiuntur? an, ut solebas, intentione rei familiaris obeundae crebris excur- sionibus avocaris? Si te possident, felix beatusque es, si minus, unus ex multis. Plin. Ep. i. 3, 1-3. Studes an piscaris an venaris an simul omnia? Pos- sunt enim omnia simul fieri ad Larium nostrum. Nam lacus piscem, feras silvae quibus lacus cingitur, studia altissimus iste secessus adfatim suggerunt. Sed, sive omnia simul sive aliquid facis, non possum dicere "invideo" ; angor tamen non et mihi licere, quae sic concupisco ut aegri vinum, balinea, fontes. Numquamne hos artis- simos laqueos, si solvere negatur, abrumpam? Numquam, puto. Nam veteribus negotiis nova adcrescunt, nee tamen. priora peraguntur; tot nexibus, tot quasi catenis maius in dies occupationum agmen extenditur. Vale. Plin. Ep. ii. 8, 1-3. 1 Letters written by the younger Pliny to his friend Caninius Rufua. of Places in Italy 1 83 The Pleasures of a Roman Gentleman at Comum' How stands Comum, that favorite scene of yours and mine? Wh,at becomes of the pleasant Villa, the ever ver- nal Portico, the shady Planetree-grove, the crystal Canal so agreeably winding along its flowery banks, together with the charming Lake below, that serves at once the purpose of use and beauty? What have you. to tell me of the firm yet springy Allee, the Bath exposed on all sides to full sunshine, the public Salon, the private Dining-room, and all the elegant apartments for repose both at noon and night? Do these enjoy my friend, and divide his time with pleasing vicissitude? Or does the attentive management of your property, as usual, call you frequently out from this agreeable retreat? If the scene of your enjoyment lies wholly there, you are thrice happy: if not, you are levelled with the common order of mankind. William Melmoth The Tired Business Man Longs for Escape' How is my friend employed? Is it in study, or angling, or the chase? Or does he unite all three, as he well may on the banks of our favorite Larius? For that Lake will supply you with fish; as the woods that surround it will afford you game; while the solemnity of that sequestered scene will at the same time dispose your mind to contem- plation. Whether you are entertained with all, or any of these agreeable amusements, I cannot bring myself to say "I envy you", yet it irks me that I cannot partake of them too; a happiness I as earnestly long for, as a sick man does for wine, baths, and water-springs. Shall I never break loose (if I may not disentangle myself) from these snares that thus closely enmesh me? I doubt in- deed, never; for new affairs keep budding out of the old, while yet the former remain unfinished: such an endless train of business daily rises upon me, so numerous are the ties — I ma>- say the chains — that bind me! Farewell. WiLLLVM Melmoth 184 Classical Associations Huius in litore. plures villae meae, sed duae maxime ut delectant ita exercent. Altera inposita saxis more Baiano lacum prospicit, altera aeque more Baiano lacum tangit. Itaque illam tragoediam, hanc appellare comoediam soleo, illam, quod quasi cothurnis, hanc, quod quasi socculis sustinetur. Sua utrique amoenitas, et utraque possidenti ipsa diversitate iucundior. Haec lacu propius, ilia latius utitur; haec unum sinum moUi curvamine amplectitur, ilia editissimo dorso duos dirimit; illic recta gestatio longo limite super litus extenditur, hie spatiosissimo xysto leni- ter infiectitur; ilia fluctus non sen tit, haec frangit; ex ilia possis despicere piscantes, ex hac ipse piscari hamumque de cubiculo ac paene etiam de lectulo ut e navicula iacere. Plin. Ep. ix. 7, 1-4. Est enim post montium devia et laci purissimi vasti- tatem, quasi murus quidam planae Liguriae. Quae licet munimen claustrale probetur esse provinciae, in tantam pulchritudinem perducitur, ut ad solas delicias instituta esse videatur. Haec post tergum campestria culta trans- mittit, et amoenis vectationibus apta, et victualibus copi- is indulgenter accommoda: a f route sexaginta milibus dulcissimi aequoris amoenitate perfruitur; ut et animus recreabili delectatione satietur, et piscium copia nulUs tempestatibus subducatur. Merito ergo Comum nomen accepit, quae tantis laetatur compta muneribus. Hie profeeto lacus est nimis amplissimae vallis profunditate suseeptus, qui concharum formas decenter imitatus spu- mei litoris albore depingitur. Circa quem eonveniunt in eoronae speeiem excelsorum montium pulcherrimae sum- mitates, cuius ora praetoriorum luminibus decenter ornata quasi quodam cingulo Palladiae silvae perpetuis viridita- tibus ambiuntur. Super hunc frondosae vineae latus montis ascendunt. Apex autem ipse, quasi quibusdam capillis, castanearum densitate crispatus, ornante natura depingitur. Hinc rivi niveo candore relucentes in aream laci altitudine praecipitante descendunt. Huius sinibus 2 The site of the "Tragedy" is perhaps to be identified with that of the Villa Serbelloni. 3 This account by a writer of the fifth and sixth centuries A. D. shows the popularity of the place at this late date. The writer is an official at the court of Theodoric. and so speaks with authority. oj Places in Italy 185 Pliny Describes Two of His Villas I have several villas^ upon this shore, but there are two, particularly, in which, as I take most delight, so they give me the most employment. They are both situated in the manner of those at Baiae: one of them stands upon a rock, and overlooks the lake; the other touches it. The first, supported as it were by the lofty buskin, I call my Tragedy; the other, .as resting upon the humble sock, my Comedy. Each has its peculiar beauties, and recommends itself the more to its owner by mere force of contrast. The for- mer enjoys a wider, the latter a nearer prospect of the lake. This follows the gentle curve of a single bay; the salient ridge upon which the other stands, forms two. Here you have a straight alley extending itself along the shore; there, a spacious terrace that falls by a gentle des- cent towards it. The former does not perceive the force of the waves; the latter breaks them: from that, you may see the fishermen at work below; from thi'i, you yourself may cast your line from your bed-room and almost from your bed, as out of a boat. William Melmoth A Traveler of the Sixth Century A. D. Describes Comum^ Comum, with its precipitous mountains and its vast ex- panse of lake, seems placed there for the defense of the province of Liguria; and yet, again, it is so beautiful that one would think it was created for pleasure only. To the south lies a fertile plain with easy roads for the trans- port of provisions; on the north a lake sixty miles long, abounding in fish, soothing the mind with delicious rec- reation. Rightly it is called Comum, because it is adorned (compta) with such gifts. The lake lies in a shell-like N-alley, with white margins, .\bove rises a diadem of lofty mountains, their slopes studded with bright villas, a girdle of olives below, vineyards above, while a crest of thick chestnut-woods adorns the very summit of the hills. Streams of snowy clearness dash from the hill-sides into 186 Classical Associations ab austro veniens Addua fluvius, faucibus apertis excipi- tur. Qui ideo tale nomen accepit, quia duobus fontibus acquisitus, quasi in proprium mare devolvitur, qui tanto impetu vastissimi aequoris undas incidit, ut nomen retinens et colorem in septentrionem obesiori alvei venire genere- tur: putes quandam lineam fusciorem in aquis albentibus esse descriptam miroque mcdo influentis discolor natura conspicitur, quae misceri posse simili liquore sentitur. Hoc et in marinis quidem tluctibus fluviorum rnundatione contingit: sed ratio ipsa vulgariter patet, ut torrentes praecipites limosa faece corrupti vitreo sint aequori dis- colores. Hoc autem iure putabitur stupendum, quod simile tantis qualitatibus elementum per pigrum stagnum videas ire celerrime: ut amnem per solidos campos putes decurrere, quem se peregrinis undis non videas colore posse miscere. Cassiod. Var. xi. 14. Cum multis itineribus Comum civitas expetatur, ita se eius possessores paraveredorum assiduitate suggerunt esse fatigatos, ut equorum nimio cursu ipsi potius atterantur. Quibus indultu regali beneficium praecipimus iugiter cus- todiri, ne urbs illa^, positione sua libenter habitabilis, rarescat incolis, frequentia laesionis. Cassiod. Var. \\. 14. ' See general note. of Places in Italy 187 the lake. On the eastern side these unite to form the river Addua, so called because it contains the added volume of two streams. It plunges into the lake with such force that it keeps its own colour (dark among the whiter waters) and its own name far along the northern shore, a phe- nomenon often seen with rivers flowing into the ocean, but surely marvellous with one flowing into an inland lake. And so swift is its course as it moves through the alien waves, that you might fancy it a river flowing over thv solid plains. Freely translated by Thom.vs Hodgkin A Popular Spot" The City of Comum is visited by so many travelers that the cultivators of the soil declare that they are quite worn out with requisitions for post-horses. Wherefore we di- rect that by Royal indulgence they be favoured in this matter, that this city, so beautifully situated, do not be- come a solitude for want of inhabitants. Freely translated by Thomas Hodgkin LAURENTUM (Near C.^stel Porziano) This town, according to tradition, was the residence of King Latinus when the Trojans landed in Italy (Livy i. 1). In historical times, however, it was of little importance, al- though it belonged to the Latin League and participated in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount (Liv. x.xxvii. 3). Since it took no part in the Latin War against Rome, its previous treat)- with this city continued to be renewed every year down to the Augustan age, as though it were an independent ally. During the Republic it was an insig- nificant town. Its interest for the classical student rests largely upon the fact that certain famous Romans had country houses here, notably the younger Pliny. The marshy territory around it was a haunt for wild boars to which the poets' frequently refer. (See note on a following passage.) 188 Classical Associations Tectum augustum ingens, centum sublime columnis, urbe fuit summa, Laurentis regia Pici, horrendum silvis et religione parentum. Tali intus templo divum patriaque Latinus sede sedens Teucros ad sese in tecta vocavit. Vir. Aen. vii. 170-172; 192-193. Mirum est, quam singulis diebus in urbe ratio aut con- stet aut constare videatur, pluribus iunctisque non constet. Nam, si quem interroges: "Hodie quid egisti?", respondeat: "Officio togae virilis interfui, sponsalis aut nuptias fre- quentavi, ille me ad signandum testamentum, ille in ad- vocationem, ille in consilium rogavit." Haec quo die feceris, necessaria, eadem, si cotidie fecisse te reputes, ina- nia videntur, multo magis cum secesseris. Tunc enim subit recordatio: "Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absump- si!" Quod evenit mihi, postquam in Laurentino meo aut lego aliquid aut scribo aut etiam corpori vaco, cuius ful- turis animus sustinetur. Nihil audio, quod audisse, nihil dico, quod dixisse paeniteat; nemo apud me quemquam sinistris sermonibus carpit, neminem ipse reprehendo, nisi tamen me, cum parum commode scribo; nulla spe, nullo 1 The King Latinus of this passage became the friend and ally of the Trojans and gave his daughter Lavinia in marriage to Aeneas. Turnus, a powerful chief in the neighboring region, to whom the girl had been betrothed, at once went to war with this new people, so lately landed in Italy, and it jras during this contest that Aeneas was killed, although not untilhe hadmarried Lavinia and so carried out the decrees of the Fates. (See Numicius). For an explanation of the name"Laurentum,' see Vir. Aen. vii. 58-63. a This and following passages are from letters written by the younger Pliny to various friends. An interesting and detailed account of his villa at Laurentum is given in con- nection with the last one (Ep. ii. 17), a description which has been omitted for reasons of space. All visitors should read it, however ,as well as ix. 40. of Places in Italy 1 89 A Royal Palace Large and majestical the castle rose: A hundred columns lifted it in air Upon the city's crown— the royal keep Of Picus of Laurentum; round it lay Deep, gloomy woods by olden worship blest. In such a temple of his gods did Sire Latinus,' on hereditary throne, Welcome the Trojans to his halls. T. C. Williams A Roman Gentleman Longs for the Country^ One cannot but be surprised, that, take any single day in Rome, the reckoning comes out right, or at least seems to do so; and yet, if you take them in the lump, the reck- oning comes out wrong. Ask anyone how he has been employed today: he will tell you, perhaps, "I have been at the ceremony of assuming the manly robe; this friend invited me to a betrothal, this to a wedding; that desired me to attend the hearing of his cause; one begged nle to be witness to his will; another called me to sit as co-assessor." These are offices, which, on the day one is engaged in them, appear necessary; yet they seem bagatelles when reckoned as your daily occupation — and far more so, when you have quitted Rome for the country. Then one is apt to reflect. How many days have I spent on trifles! At least it is a reflection which frequently comes across me at Laurentum, after I have been employing myself in my studies, or even in the necessary care of the animal ma- chine (for the body must be repaired and supported, if we would preserve the mind in all its vigour). In that peace- ful retreat, I neither hear nor speak anything of which I have occasion to repent. I suffer none to repeat to me the whispers of malice; nor do I censure any man, unless myself, when I am dissatisfied with my compositions. There I live undisturbed by rumour, and free from the 190 Classical Associations timore sollicitor, nullis rumoribus inquietor, mecum tan- tum et cum libellis loquor. rectam sinceramque vitam, o dulce otium honestumque ac paene omni negotio pul- chrius! mare, olitus, verum secretumque /jiovaetov, quam multa invenitis, quam multa dictatis! Proinde tu quoque strepitum istum inanemque discursum et multum ineptos labores, ut primum fuerit occasio, relinque teque studiis vel otio trade. Satius est enim, ut Atilius noster erudi- tissime simul et facetissime dixit, otiosum esse quam nihil agere. Vale. Plin. Ep. 1. 9. Tusci grandine excussi, in regione Transpadana summa abundantia, sed par vilitas nuntiatur; solum mihi Lauren- tinum meum in reditu. Nihil quidem ibi possideo praeter tectum et hortum statimque harenas, solum tamen mihi in reditu. Ibi enim plurimum scribo nee agrum, quern non habeo, sed ipsum me studiis excolo; ac iam possum tibi ut aliis in locis horreum plenum sic ibi scrinium osten- dere. Igitur tu quoque, si certa et fructuosa praedia con- cupiscis, aliquid in hoc litore para. Vale. Plin. Ep. iv. 6. Miraris, cur me Laurentinum vel, si ita mavis, Laurens meum tanto opere delectet. Desines mirari, cum cogno- veris gratiam villae, opportunitatem loci, litoris spatium. Decem et septem milibus passuum ab urbe secessit, ut peractis, quae agenda fuerint, salvo iam et composite die possis ibi manere. Aditur non una via; nam et Lauren- oj Places in Italy 191 anxious solicitudes of hope or fear, conversing only with myself and my books. True and genuine life! pleasing and honourable repose! More, perhaps, to be desired than the noblest employments! Thou solemn sea and solitary shore, best and most retired scene for contempla- tion, with how many noble thoughts have you inspired me! Snatch then, my friend, as I have, the first occasion of leaving the noisy town with all its very empty pursuits, and devote your days to study, or even resign them to sloth: for as my ingenious friend Atilius pleasantly said, "It is better to have nothing to do than to be doing nothing." Farewell. William Melmoth A Paying Investment A hail-storm, I am informed, has destroyed all the produce of my estate in Tuscany; while that which I have on the other side of the Po, though it has proved extremely fruitful this season, yet from the excessive cheapness of everything, turns to small account. My Laurentine seat is the single possession which yields me any return. I have nothing there, indeed, but a house and gardens, and the sands lie just beyond; still, however, my sole profit comes thence. For there I cultivate, not my land (since I have none) but my mind, and form many a composition. As in other places I can show you full barns, so there I can display a well-stocked bookcase. Let me advise you then, if you wish for an ever-productive farm, to purchase some- thing upon this coast. William Melmoth One of Pliny's Country Homes You are surprised, it seems, that I am so fond of my Laurentinum, or (if you like the appellation better) my Laurens: but you will cease to wonder, when I acquaint you with the charm of the villa, the advantages of its sit- uation, and the extensive prospect of the sea-coast. It is but seventeen miles distant from Rome; so that having finished vour affairs in town, you can spend the night here 192 Classical Associations tina et Ostiensis eodem ferunt, sed Laurentina a quarto decimo lapide, Ostiensis ab undecimo relinquenda est. Utrimque excipit iter aliqua ex parte harenosum iunctis paulo gravius et longius, equo breve et moUe. Varia hinc atque inde fades; nam modo occurrentibus silvis via co- artatur, moda latissimis pratis diffunditur et patescit; multi greges ovium, multa ibi equorUm boumque armenta, quae montibus hieme depulsa herbis et tepore verno nites- cunt. Villa usibus capax, non sumptuosa tutela. Suggerunt adfatim ligna proximae silvae; ceteras copias Ostiensis colonia ministrat. Frugi quidem homini suffi- cit etiam vicus, quern una villa discernit. In hoc balinea meritoria tria, magna commoditas, si forte balineum domi vel subitus adventus vel brevior mora calfacere dissuadeat. Litus ornant varietate gratissima nunc continua, nunc in- termissa tecta villarum, quae praestant multarum urbium faciem, sive mari sive ipso litore utare; quod non numquam longa tranquillitas mollit, saepius frequens et contrarius fluctus indurat. Mare non sane pretiosis piscibus abun- dat, soleas tamen et squillas optimas suggerit. Villa vero nostra etiam mediterraneas copias praestat, lac in primis; nam illuc e pascuis pecora conveniunt, si quando aquam umbramque sectantur. Plin. Ep. ii. 17, 1-3; 26-28. Laurentino turpes in litore ranas. Mart. X. 37, S. oj Places in Italy 193 after completing a full working-day. There are but two different roads to it; if you go by that of Laurentum, you must turn off at the fourteenth mile; if by Ostia, at the eleventh. Both of them are in some parts sandy, which makes it rather heavy and tedious if you travel in a coach, but easy and pleasant to those who ride. The landscape on all sides is extremely diversified, the pros- pect in some places being confined by woods, in others ex- tending over broad meadows, where numberless flocks of sheep and herds of horses and cattle, which the severity of the winter has driven from the mountains, fallen in the vernal warmth of this rich pasturage. My villa is large enough for my convenience, without being expensive to maintain. The neighboring forests afford an abundant supply of fuel; every other convenience of life may be had from Ostia: to a moderate man, indeed, even the next village (between which and my house there is only one villa) would furnish all common necessaries. In that little place there are no less than three public baths; which is a great convenience if one happens to arrive home unexpect- edly, or make too short a stay to allow time for preparing one's own. The whole coast is beautifully diversified by the joining or detached villas that are spread upon it, which, whether you are travelling along the sea or shore, have the effect of a series of towns. The shore is sometimes, after a long calm, loose and yielding to the feet, though in general, by the winds driving the waves upon it, it is compact and firm. I cannot boast that our sea produces the more costly sorts of fish; however, it supplies us with exceeding fine soles and prawns; but as to provisions of other kinds, my villa pretends to equal even inland countries, particu- larly in milk; for thither the cattle come from the meadows in great numbers whenever they seek shade or water. William Melmoth The ugly frogs along the shore of Laurentum. 194 Classical Associations Ac velut ille canum morsu de montibus altis actus aper, multos Vesulus quern pinifer annos defendit multosve palus Laurentia, silva pastus harundinea. Vir. Aen. x. 707-710. LITERNUM (Torre di Patria) The place was under the control of Capua until the Romans took it in 215 B. C. In 194 B. C. they sent 300 colonists there, but the town was never of any importance. It is chiefly interesting from the fact that Scipio Africanus, the famous Roman general of the second century B. C, had a house there. Valerius Maximus (v. 3, 2) speaks of it as an insignificant village. In ipsa Scipionis Africani villa iacens haec tibi scribe adoratis manibus eius et ara, quam sepulchrum esse tanti viri suspicor Vidi villam structam lapide quadrato, murum circum- datum silvae, turres quoque in propugnaculum villae utrimque subrectas, cisternam aedificiis ac viridibus subdi- tam, quae sufficere in usum vel exercitus posset, balneolum angustum, tenebricosum ex consuetudine antiqua: non videbatur maioribus nostris caldum nisi obscurum. Magna ergo me voluptas subiit contemplantem mores Scipio- nis ac nostros: in hoc angulo ille Carthaginis horror, cui Roma debet, quod tantum semel capta est, abluebat cor- pus laboribus rusticis fessum. Exercebat enim opera se terramque, ut mos fuit priscis, ipse subigebat. Sub hoc ille tecto tam sordido stetit. Hoc ilium pavimentum tarn vile sustinuit. Sen. Ep. Ixxxvi. 1-5. Undosis squalida terris, | hinc Literna palus. Sil. Ital. vii. 277-278. sHorace writes {Sat. ii. 4j 40-42)-: ... Vmber et iligna nutritus glande rotundas curvat aper lances carnem vitantis jnertem: nam Laurens malus est, ulvis et arundine pinguis. of Places in Italy 195 Like as the mighty boar' driven by fangs of hounds from mountain heights, the boar whom pine-crowned Vesulus or Laurentum's pool shelters these many years, pastured on the reedy jungle. John Conington A Roman Ideal of Manhood I am resting at the country house which once belonged to Scipio Africanus himself; and I write to you after doing reverence to his spirit and to an altar which I am inclined to think is the tomb of that great warrior . . . I have inspected the house, which is constructed of hewn stone; the wall which encloses a forest; the towers also, buttressed out on both sides for the purpose of de- fending the house; the well, concealed among buildings and shrubbery, large enough to keep a whole army sup- plied; and the small bath, buried in darkness according to the old style, for our ancestors did not think that one could have a hot bath except in darkness. It was therefore a great pleasure to me to contrast Scipio's ways with our own. Just think! In this tiny recess the "terror of Car- thage" to whom Rome should offer thanks because she was not captured more than once, used to bathe a body wearied with work in the fields I For he was accustomed to keep himself busy and to cultivate the soil with his own hands, as the good old Romans were wont to do. Beneath this dingy roof he stood; and this floor, mean as it is, bore his weight. R. M. GUMMERE The swamp of Liternum, unsightly with its submerged land. 196 Classical Associations LUCRINUS LACUS (Lago Lucrino) Dum nos blanda tenent lascivi stagna Lucrini. Mart. iv. 57, 1. Digna memoratu villa est ab Averno lacu Puteolos ten- dentibus inposita litori, celebrata porticu ac nemore, quam vocabat Cicero Academiam ab exemplo Athenarum, ibi compositis voluminibus eiusdem nominis, in qua et moni- menta sibi instauraverat, ceu vero non in toto terrarum orbe fecisset. Plin. N. H. xxxi. 6. Ego hie pascor bibliotheca Fausti. Fortasse tu puta- bas, his rebus Puteolanis et Lucrinensibus. Ne ista quidem desunt. Sed mehercule a ceteris oblectationibus ut de- seror et voluptatibus propter rem publicam, sic litteris sustentor et recreor maloque in ilia tua sedecula, quam habes sub imagine Aristotelis, sedere quam in istorum sella curuli tecumque apud te ambulare quam cum eo, quocum video esse ambulandum. Cic. Ep. ad Att. iv. 10, 1. '0 5i AoKpivoi koKttos irXarvvtrai fitxpi- Baiaj;', x'i'M'i'''' e'PTO- fievos dxo Trjs e^co da\a.TTr]i oKTacrTaSLcf to firJKOs, ttXcitos 5e OLfia^iTov irXareias, o v eKirptircov epywv tuiv kv rrj "Pw^ujj Kai rais aXXais iroKicnv ivT&J§tv exti-v rifv xopvyio-"- Strab. V. 2, 5. Desertae moenia Lunae. Luc. i. 586. ' The sister of the sun-god, Apollo, was known as Luna in her aspect as jtoddesa ol th le moon. of Places in Haly 201 Luna, the chief town of Eiruria, famous for its harbour. A Visitor's Description Swiftly we're wafted to the glittering walls. The sister,! who her fitful radiance owes The sun, bestows upon the place a name. Its clifT of native rock with soft gleam flashes. And smiling lilies rivals in its white; The soil is rich in marble, which, profuse In its light's colour, vies with virgin snow. George F. S.^\ .\ge-Armstrong A Famous Port Then, those whom Luna sends from her snow-white quarries, a city renowned for its harbor, than which there is no other port more spacious for admitting countless ships and enclosing a sea in itself. The Reasons for Luna's Renown Of these, Luna is a city andharbour;it is named by the Greeks the harbour and city of Selens. The city is not large, but the harbour is very fine and spacious, contain- ing in itself numerous others, all of them deep near the shore; it is in fact an arsenal worthy of a nation holding dominion for so long a lime over so vast a sea. The har- bour is surrounded by lofty mountains, from whence you may view the sea and Sardinia, and a great part of the coast on either side. Here are quarries of marble, both white and marked with green, so numerous and large as to furnish tablets and columns of one block; and most of the material for the fine works, both in Rome and the other cities, is quarried in Luna. H. C. Ha.milton The walls of deserted Luna. 202 Classical Associations Mihi nunc Ligus ora Intepet hibernatque meum mare, qua latus ingens dant scopuli et multa litus se valle receptat. "Lunai portum, est operae, cognoscite, cives:" cor iubet hoc Enni, postquam destertuit esse Maeonides, Quintus pavone ex Pythagoreo. hie ego securus volgi et quid praeparet auster infelix pecori, securus et angulus ille vicini nostro quia pinguior; et si adeo omnes ditescant orti peioribus, usque recusem curvus ob id minui senio aut cenare sine uncto et signum in vapida naso tetigisse lagoena. Pers. Sat. vi. 1. 6-17. A Modern Peasant 2The poet Persius, although born at \'o]aterr.ie, spciika of the region about Luna as ins present home. 3 The first of the great Roman poets. of Places in Italy 203 A Poet Leads the Simple Life To me,^ while tempests howl and billows rise, Liguria's coast a warm retreat supplies, Where the huge cliffs an ample front display. And, deep within, recedes the sheltering bay. "The port of Luna, friends, is worth your note — " So, in his sober moments, Ennius' wrote. When, all his dreams of transmigration past, He found himself plain Quintus at the last ! Here to repose I give the cheerful day. Careless of what the vulgar think or say; Or, what the South, from Afric's burning air. Unfriendly to the cold, may haply bear: And careless still, though richer herbage crown My neighbor's fields, or heavier crops embrown. Nor, Bassus, though capricious fortune grace Thus with her smiles a low-bred, low-born race, Will e'er thy friend, for that, let Envy plough One careful furrow on his open brow; Give crooked age upon his youth to steal, Defraud his table of one generous meal; Or, stooping o'er the dreg^ of mothery wine, Toych with suspicious nose the sacred sign. William Gifford MANTUA (Mantova) A very ancient city, probably Etruscan in origin, which became a municipality under Rome's sway but never at- tained any importance in history. Its only claim to fame comes from the fact that it was the birth-place and early home of Virgil. In the Middle Ages, however, it seems to have been more widely known. 204 Classical Associations Marone felix Mantua est. Mart. 1. 61, 2. Primus ego in patriam mecum, modo vita supersit, Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas; primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas; at viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincius et tenera praetexit harundine ripas. Yir. Georg. iii. 10-1,S. Mantua, Musarum domus atque ad sidera cantu evecta Aonio. Sil. Ital. viii. 593-594. Mel. Forte sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis, compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum, Thyrsis ovis, Corydon distentas lacte capellas, ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo, et cantare pares, et respondere parati. hue mihi, dum teneras defendo.a frigore myrtos, vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat; atque ego Daphnim aspicio. ille ubi me contra videt, "ocius" inquit "hue ades, o Meliboee! caper tibi salvus et haedi; et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra, hue ipsi potum venient per prata iuvenci; hie viridis teneja, praetexit harundine ripas Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu." quid facerem? neque ego Alcippen nee Phyllida habe- _ bam, ... ^ Publius Virgilius Maro was born herein 70 B. C. in a country district called Andes. «Mt. Helicon: 8 A small river near Mantua. (See also Benacus.) * This passage presents one of the charming rustic scenes from Virgil's poems on coun- try life. Meliboeus listens to a rude literary contest between Corydon and Thyrsis, two fellow-shepherds. oj Places in Italy 205 Mantua is blest in Maro." Walter C. A. Ker A Poet Promises Literary Honor to His Native City I will be first, if life be given, to bear Home to my native land the Muses song From their Aonian hill.^ I first to thee, My Mantua, will bring Arabian palms. My vows shall build thee in the meadows green A marble temple near the river's brim, . Where the wide-watered Mincius,' winding slow. In mantle of soft sedge hides all his shore. T. C. Williams Mantua, the home of the Muses, raised to the stars by Aonian verse. A Musical Contest^ One day beneath an ilex' tuneful shade Daphnis had sat him down, and thitherward Had Corydon and Thyrsis driven their flocks, Thyrsis his ewes and Corydon his goats With udders dripping full. The shepherd pair Were both in flower of youth. Arcadians both,: And well-matched rivals in responsiv-e song. To that same spot, while I was sheltering My myrtles from the cold, my chief goat strayed- The father of the flock; and then I saw Our Daphnis; and he knew me too and called, "0 Meliboeus, the he-goat is safe. Thy kids are here. Come take thine ease with u And rest, if free to rest, in this good shade. Hither across the meads thy bulls will walk Uridriven to the stream; for Mincius here Has mantled his fair bank with rushes green, And from the sacred oak murmur the bees." What could I do? Alcippe was not there, 206 Classical Associations depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos; et certamen erat Corydon cum Thyrside magnum, posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo; alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo coepere; alternos musae meminisse volebant. hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. . Vir. Eel. vii. 1-20. Mel. Tityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena: nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva; nos patriam fugimus: tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. fortunate senex! ergo tua rura manebunt, et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus limosoque palus obducat pascua iunco. non insueta gravis temptabunt pabula fetas, nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. fortunate senex! hie inter flumina nota et fontis sacros frigus captabis opacum. hinc tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite saepes Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro; hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras: nee tamen interea raucae tua cura palumbes nee gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo. en quo discordia- civis produxit miseros: his nos consevimus agros. insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordine vitis. ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. ^ In 4 1 B . C. Virgil, together with other inliabitaDts of the region , loses his farm by rea- son of Octavian's seizure of the property for the use of his veterans. The poet goes to Rome and is fortunate enough through powerful influence to recover his property. The conversation in this poem between Tityrus and Meliboeus centers about the theme of this cruel order of eviction. of Places in Italy 207 Nor Phyllis, to fetch homeward to the fold The late- weaned lambs; but, oh, a rival song 'Twixt Corydon and Thyrsis, that were rare! My toil and task could wait, such sport to see. So both in rivalry of answering song Began, with answers prompted by the Muse. First Corydon, then Thyrsis, each in turn. T; C. Williams A Farmer Laments the Loss of His Land^ Mel. In the wide-branching beech-tree's shade re- [clined Thou, Tityrus, playst on thy slender reed A shepherd song. I from my fatherland, My fatherland and pastures ever dear. To exile fly, while Tityrus at ease In cooling shadows bids the woodland sing Of lovely Amaryllis Happy old man, thy lands are still thine own Enough for all thy need. Though still I see Hillsides washed bare, and fertile pasture land Run to rank swamp and reeds, yet strange new grass Tempts not thy teeming ewes, nor will they breathe From some near-feeding flock the fatal plague. Happy old man! by these familiar streams. These haunted springs, enjoy thy cooling shade! Here as of old thy neighbor's hedge-row line, Where Hybla's bees o'er flowering willows rove, Shall with a light-voiced whisper woo thy sleep. On yonder rocky slope with far-flung song The bondman trims the vine; wood-pigeons wild. Thy darlings, ne'er shall silence their dull cry. Nor from the wind-swept elms the doves their moan. Oh, to what woes has civil discord led Our wretched countrymen! For whom to reap Were these fair acres sown? What profit now My grafted pear-trees and my trellised vine? Move on, dear flock, whose happy days are done ! 208 Classical Associations non ego vos posthac, viridi proiectus in antro, dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo; carmina nulla canam; non, me pascente, capellae, florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras. Tii. Hie tamen hanc mecum poteras requiscere noctem fronde super viridi: sunt nobis mitia poma, castaneae moUes, et pressi copia lactis; et iam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, maioresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. Vir. Eel. i. 1-5; 46-58; 71-83. Sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri, aut ovium fetum aut urentis culta capellas, saltus et saturi petite longinqua Tarenti, et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum, pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos: non liquidi gregibus fontes, non gramina derunt, et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus, exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte reponet. Vir. Georg. ii. 195-202. MEDIOLANUM (Milano) After the fourth century B. C, the place bec&me the chief city of the region. A central point for travel in var- ious directions, it continued to increase in importance to which the fact that it formed convenient headquarters for northern campaigns contributed not a little (Suet. Aug. 20). In 70 A. D., it held a leading place among the most powerful municipalities of Transalpine Gaul (Tac. Hist. i. 70) . During the fourth century A. D . it became the imperial residence, rivaling Rome in its size and adorned with beautiful buildings (Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45). It was of Places in Italy 209 My mother-goats, move on! No more shall I Reclined in cool, green cave behold from far How on the bush-grown crag you cling and climb. No shepherd songs for me! I shall not lead My feeding mother-goats to get their fill Of clover buds or willow's bitter stem. Tit. Yet enter here and take tonight thy rest, Sound-sleeping on my pallet of fresh green. Ripe chestnuts are within, full mellowed fruits And curds in plenty. Look! The smoke ascends From each thatched roof-top in the lowland vale. And widening shadows from the mountains fall. T. C. Williams A Paradise for Flocks But if with kine and calves thy business be Or new-born lambs, or garden-spoiling goats, Seek prosperous Tarentum's distant glens, Or pastures such as ill-starred Mantua lost, Where swans snow-white in green-sedged waters feed. There shall thy flocks find many a fountain free And grass unfailing; for, what each long day Thy creatures take, the short night's cooling dews Restore in full. T. C. Williams a literary center for this part of Italy and many young men came here for study (Plin. Ep. iv. 13). Under Ambrose, a bishop and among the most distinguished of the Church Fathers in the fourth century A. D., the place held very high rank in all matters pertaining to the Church. The interesting scene of the conversion of St. Augustine is laid within the walls of this city. The Goths finally destroyed the place in the fifth century A. D. (Jordanes, Gothic History, xlii. 222). 210 Classical Associations Et Mediolani mira omnia, copia rerum innumerae cultaeque domus, facunda virorum ingenia et mores laeti, turn duplice mure amplificata loci species populique voluptas circus et inclusi moles cuneata theatri, templa Palatinaeque arces opulensque moneta et regio Herculei Celebris sub honore lavacri: cunctaque marmoreis ornata peristyla signis moeniaque in valli formam circumdata limbo, omnia quae magnis operum velut aemula formis excellunt nee iuncta premit vicinia Romae. Auson. Ord. Urb. Nobi!. vi MISENUM PROMUNTURIUM (Capo Miseno) Atque illi Misenum in litore sicco, at venere, vident indigna morte peremptum, Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter aere ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu. sed tum, forte cava dum personat aequora concha, demens et cantu vocat in certamina divos, aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum est, inter saxa virum spumosa immerserat unda. ergo omnes magno circum clamore fremebant, praecipue plus Aeneas. . . . . . at pius Aeneas ingenti mole sepulcrum imponit, suaque arma viro remumque tubamque, monte sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo dicitur, aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen. Vir. Aen. vi. 162-165; 171-176; 232-235. 1 The baths were built by Maximian, sumamed Herculeus. - The appearance of this promontory, resembling as it does a hu^e burial mound, gave rise to the legend that Misenus, the trumpeter of Aeneas, was buried beneath it. (For a vivid account of the funeral rites performed by the Trojans over the body, sec Vir. Aen. vi. 175-184; 212-231.) ol Places in Italy 211 MILAN Praises of Mediolanum At Mediolanum also are things wonderful, abundant wealth, countless stately homes, men able, eloquent, and cheerfully disposed; besides, there is the grandeur of the site, enlarged by a double wall, the Circus, her people's joy, the massy enclosed Theatre with wedge-like blocks of seats, the temples, the imperial citadels, the wealthy Mint, and the quarter renowned under the title of the Baths of Herculeus;^ her colonnades all adorned with marble statuary, her walls piled like an earthen rampart round the city's edge: — all these, as it were, rivals in the vast masses of their workmanship, are passing grand; nor does the near neighborhood of Rome abase them. H. G. E. White Aeneas Erects a Tomb for a Faithful Follower'^ Behold Misenus on the dry sea-sands. By hasty hand of death struck guiltless down! A son of Aeolus, none better knew To waken heroes by the clarion's call, With war-enkindling sound. But, one day, he chanced beside the sea To blow his shell-shaped horn, and wildly dared Challenge the gods themselves to rival song; Till jealous Triton, if the tale be true. Grasped the rash mortal, and outflung him far Mid surf-beat rocks and waves of whirling foam. Faithful Aeneas for his comrade built A mighty tomb, and dedicated there Trophy of arms, with trumpet and with oar. Beneath a windy hill, which now is called "Misenus," — for all time the name to bear. T. C. Williams 212 Classical Associations lam Tiberium corpus, iam vires, nondum dissimulatio deserebat: idem animi rigor; sermone ac vultu intentus quaesita interdum comitate quamvis manifestam defec- tionem tegebat. Mutatisque saepius locis tandem apud promunturium Miseni consedit in villa, cui L. LucuUus quondam dominus. lUic eum adpropinquare supremis tali modo compertum. Erat medicus arte insignis, nomi- ne Charicles, non quidem regere valetudines principis solitus, consilii tamen copiam praebere. Is velut propria ad negotia digrediens et per speciem officii manum com- plexus pulsum venarum attigit. Neque fefellit: nam Tiberius, incertum an offensus tantoque magis iram premens, instaurari epulas iubet discumbitque ultra soli- tum, quasi honori abeuntis amici tribueret. Charicles tamen labi spiritum nee ultra biduum duraturum Macroni firmavit. Inde cuncta conloquiis inter praesentes, nun- tiis apud legatos et exercitus festinabantur. Septimum decimum kal. Aprilis interclusa anima creditus est mor- talitatem explevisse; et multo gratantum concursu ad capienda imperii primordia Gains Caesar egrediebatur, cum repente adfertur redire Tiberio vocem ac visus vocari- que qui recreandae defectioni cibum adferrent. Pavor hinc in omnes, et ceteri passim dispergi, se quisque maestum aut nescium fingere; Caesar in silentium fixus a summa spe novissima expectabat. Macro intrepidus opprimi senem iniectu multae vestis iubet discedique ab limine. Sic Tiberius finivit octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno. Tac. Ann. vi. 50. ■'* The Emperor Tiberius died in 37 A. D. in the villa of Lucullus situated on the promontory. This was one of the most splendid of the homes owned by this wealthy Roman^ famous during the late Republic for his lavish expenditures (Plut. Lucull. 39). The last of the Roman emperors, Romulus Augustulus, was confined here after he was dethroned by Odoacer in 476 A. D. * 4 Prefect of the praetorians and one of the Emperor's favorites. oj Places in Italy 213 The Death of the Emperor Tiberius' Tiberius' bodily powers were now leaving him, but not his skill in dissembling. There was the same stern spirit; he had his words and looks under strict control, and occasionally would try to hide his weakness, evident as it was, by a forced politeness. After frequent changes of place, he at last settled down on the promontory of Mi- senum in a country-house once owned by Lucius Lucullus. It was there discovered in the following way that he was drawing near his end. There was a physician, distin- guished in his profession, of the name of Charicles, usually employed, not indeed, to have the direction of the Emper- or's varying health, but to put his advice at his immediate disposal. This man, as if he were leaving on business of his own, clasped his hand, with a show of homage, and touched his pulse. Tiberius noticed it. Whether he was displeased and strove the more to hide his anger, is a question; at any rate, he ordered the banquet to be renewed, and sat at the table longer than usual, by way, apparently, of showing honour to his departing friend. Charicles, however, as- sured Macro'' that his health was failing and that he would not last more than two days. All was at once hurry; there were conferences among those on the spot and dis- patches to the generals and armies. On the 15th of March, his breath failing, he was believed to have expired, and Caius Caesar was going forth with a numerous throng of congratulating followers to take the first possession of the Empire, when suddenly news came that Tiberius was re- covering his voice and sight, and calling for persons to bring him food to revive him from his faintness. Then ensued a universal panic; and while the rest fled hither and thither, every one feigning grief or ignorance, Caius Caesar, in silent stupor, passed from the highest hopes to the extremity of apprehension. Macro, nothing daunted, ordered the old emperor to be smothered under a huge heap of clothes, and all to quit the entrance-hall. Thus died Tiberius in his seventy-eighth year. Alfred Church and William Brodribb 214 Classical Associations & Classem Miseni et alteram Ravdnnae ad tutelam Su- per! et Infer! maris conlocavit. Suet. Aug. 49. Itaque ut a Miseno movit quamvis lugentis habitu et funus Tiber! prosequens, tamen inter altaria et victimas ardentisque taedas densissimo et laetissimo obviorum ag- mine incessit, super fausta nomina sidus et puUum et pupum et alumnum appellantium. Suet. Calig. 13. Mox domesticorum cura levem tumulum accepit, viam Miseni propter et villam Gaesaris dictatoris, quae sub- iectos sinus editissima prospectat. Tac. Ann. xiv. 9. AuTTj bi wepi Toiis Ka\ov- fievovs M.icr]vovs bierpt-^tv, ovdev fitTaWa^acra. rfji (rvvrj'&ovs Sialrris. 'Hi' 5i iroXixpiKos Kal 5td (piKo^tvlav (vrpaTre^os, ael fifv 'EWr]V(av Kal ipiKoKbyoiv irepl avrrjv ovtwv, clttclvtuiv Si tSiv fiaai\i(iiv Kal Sexoptevoiv wap' airrjs dwpa Kal ■wip.irbvTUiv. "H5i- ari) p.h ovv ^v avrrj toZs aipLKVovfikvoi^ Kal avvovai, 5n]yovfitvri Tov Tov Trarpos 'kippiKavov ^iov Kal SlatTav, ^avixaaiunaTi] &k tSiv iralScov airevdrjs Kal aSaKpvTOs nvrjixovtiiovaa, Kal Trk&i] Kal Trpa^eis avT&v, wcnrtp apxalwv tlvSiv, iirjyovixkvq tols TTVV^aVOfikPOlS. Plut. C. Gracch. xix. & Augustus made this one of the permanent stations of the Roman fleet. It was while Pliny the elder was in command of this fleet at Misenum, that he met his death by .the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. D. For a vivid account of his last moments, see the story of Pliny the younger quoted under the topic Vesuvius. These waters were also the scene of a famous meeting between Octavian and Antony on the one hand, and Sextus Pompey on the other, at which a reconciliation was effected and the Roman world divided among the three. 6 Caligula, the successor of Tiberius. ' Agrippina, killed by her son Nero, in 59 A. D. (See Baiae). 8 Two famous men of the second century, B. C. who tried to bring about certain reforms in the interests of the people. of Places in Italy 2 1 5 He stationed a fleet at Misenum and another at Ra- venna, to defend the Upper and Lower seas.^ J. C. ROLFE The People Acclaim the New Emperor Accordingly, when he* set out from Misenum, although he was in mourning garb and escorting the body of Ti- berius, yet his progress was marked by altars, victims, and blazing torches, and he was met by a dense and joyful throng, who called him besides other propitious names, their "star," their "chick," their "babe" and their "nursling." J. C. ROLFE The Tomb of Nero's Mother After some time an humble monument was raised by her' domestics on the road to Misenum, near the villa of Caesar, the Dictator, which from an eminence, commands a beautiful prospect of the sea and the bays along the coast. Arthur Murphy The House of Cornelia, the Mother of the Gracchi^ She removed afterwards and dwelt near the place called Misenum, not at all altering her former way of living. She had many friends, and hospitably received many strangers at her house; many Greeks and learned men were continually about her; nor was there any foreign prince but received gifts from her and presented her with them in turn. Those who were conversant with her, were much interested when she pleased to entertain them with her recollections of her father, Scipio Africanus, and of his habits and ways of living. But it was most admirable to hear her make mention of her sons, without any tears or signs of grief, and give the full account of all their deeds -and misfortunes, as if she had been relating the history of some ancient heroes. Dryden's Translation, Revised by Arthur Clough 216 Classical Associations MUTINA (Modena) This flourishing city on the Aemilian Road is chiefly known in history for the conspicuous part it played in the Civil Wars. Plutarch (Pomp. 16) says that it held out for a considerable time against Pompey, and after Caesar's death became memorable for the long siege it sustained when Antony was assailing, with a numerous army, the forces of Brutus shut up within its walls (43 B. C). Owing to the aid of Octavian and the senate, just then opposing Antony, the latter was finally forced to retire from the city (Dio Cass. xlvi. 35-38). The passages quoted below bear witness to its commercial prosperity. Mutinam firmissimam et splendissimam populi Romani coloniam. Cic. Phil. V. 24. Opulentissima. Pomp. Mela ii 4, 60. Ttjs S' apeTrjs tCiv tottwv reKfjiiipLov fi t' evavdpia. Kai to, /xe- •y'f&i) tS>v TToKtuv Kal 6 ttXoOtos, oh iraaLV viripfik^XrjVTaL rriv aWr]v 'IraXlav ol ravrri 'Foifialoi. kal yap ri 'y€uipyovp,kvri y^ TToWous Kal iravToiovs iKtpeptL Kapirovs, Kal al CXat Toaahrriv ixovai fidXavov Hxtt' Ik twv kvrev&ev vo(popl3ioiv 17 'Pwp,ri Tpkiptrai. TO irXiov. i(TTL Si Kal Keyxpo(p6pos dLaptpovrois 6td rriv e vSplav TOVTO Si \i/ioC fieyia-TOv ecmv Slkos' irpos airauras yap Kaipoiis aepwv avrexfi- Kal ovSeTor' IwLKeliruv ivvarai., k&v tov aXXou crtTOu ykvrjTaL awdvLs. exet Si Kal irLTTOvpyeia ^^aViiacTa. rod S' o'ivov TO TrXfj^os iiT^vvovaiv o irl&oi' ^vKlvoi yap /i«'fous ot- Kwv eitri' TpoaXa/x^dveL Si ttoXii 17 rfjs irirTris tmopia wpos to evKoivriTOv. ipiav Si Tr)v fiiv /xaXaKiji' ol ttpl MovtIvtiv tottoi Kal TOV XKovKTavvav iroTa/xdv ipkpovcn Tro\v iratrSiv KoKKLcrTr^v. Strab. V. 1, 12. of Places in Ilalv 217 Scene Ne« Mutina Mutina, a very strong and splendid colony of the Ro- man people. Very wealthy. Mutina Described by Strabo The fertility of this country is proved by its population, the size of its cities, and its wealth, in all of which the Romans of this country surpass the rest of Italy. The cultivated land produces fruits in great quantity and of every kind, and the woods contain such abundance of mast, that Rome is principally supplied from the swine fed there. Being well supplied with water, millet grows there in perfection. This affords the greatest security against famine, inasmuch as millet resists any inclemency of the atmosphere, and never fails, even when there is scarcity of other kinds of grain. Their pitch-works are amazing, and their casks give evidence of the abundance of wine: these are made of wood, and are larger than houses, and the great supply of pitch allows them to be sold cheap. The soft wool and by far the best is produced in the country around Mutina and the river Panaro. H. C. Hamilton 218 Classical Associations KaTffap fiiv Kai 'Avtuvlos ks l MovrLvriv ttoXic, Is VTitrtSa tov Aa^iviov iroTafiov /3pax«tiii>' Tt Kai inrTiav, 'ixuv tKarepos ottXltwv rkXri irkvTC koX raSe oX- XijXots avTiKaBiaTOLVTes ex'l'poiii' ciiv TptoKOtriots tKartpos iiri ras TOV TTOTa/ioO y€(t>vpas. AIttiSos 5' avrhs wpoeKdihv hi/qpthvo. Trjv vfjaov Kai rfj xXa;u{i5t Kareaetev fjKeiv (Karepov. ot 8i iiri tSjv 'Y«f>vpi!>v TOW TpiaKoaiovs /lera. tSiv 4>iKo}v airoXiirovTis « to fikaov 'jjtaav ev xeptOTrrco, /cat cvvribp vov oi Tptis, Kaicapos fv fj.ic(i3 Old. TT}v apxhv irpoKadlaavTOS- ^Q8e fiiv Trjv 'Tiiiixaloov ■fiyefiovlav oi rpeis iveifiavTO i' eauToTs. App. B. C. iv. 2-3. 1 In 43 B. C, Octavian. Antony, and Lepidus formed the league known as the Second Triumvirate. of Places in Italy 2 1 9 Three Politicians Divide the Spoils' Octavian and Antony composed their differences on a small depressed islet in the river Lavinius, near the city of Mutina. Each had five legions of soldiers whom they stationed opposite each other, after which each proceeded with 300 men to the bridges over the river. Lepidus by himself went before them, searched the island, and waved his military cloak as a signal for them to come. Then each left his 300 in charge of friends on the bridges and ad- vanced to the middle of the island in plain sight, and there the three sat together in council, Octavian in the centre because he was consul Thus was the dominion of the Romans- divided by the triumvirate among themselves. Horace White NEAPOLIS (Napoli) During the fourth and third centuries B. C. this Greek town became an important trade center, rivalling Cumae and even Puteoli. Its ships traded extensively with Sicily and the neighboring islands. In 326 B. C. an alliance was formed with Rome to which, according to the testimony of Velleius Paterculus ("eximia semper in Romanos fiides"), it was always true. The strength of its walls, says Pliny, was such that neither Pyrrhus in 280 B. C. nor Hannibal in the Second Punic War dared besiege it. (See alsoLiv. xxiii. 1 ; 14; l.S.) As time wenl on its historical importance grew less and the place came to be sought chief!}' by Romans of the upper class who were attracted by the atmosphere of Greek life and culture or by the charms of its scenery and climate. Many beautirul villas were built in its neighbor- hood, one of the most splendid being the Pau'^ilypum (lo- cated in the region now known as Posilipo). This house was originally owned by Vedius Pollio, but later became the possession of the emperor Augustus. (For an account of its siege by the Goths in the sixth century A. D., see Procopius \'. 8, 6-45.) 220 Classical Associations Nostra quoque et propriis tenuis nee rara colonis Parthenope, cui mite solum trans aequora vectae ipse Dionaea monstravit Apollo columba. has ego te sedes (nam nee mihi barbara Thrace nee Libye natale solum) transferre laboro. quas et mollis hiems et frigida temperat aestas, quas imbelle fretum torpentibus adluit undis. pax secura locis et desidis otia vitae et numquam turbata quies somnique peracti. nulla foro rabies aut strictae in iurgia leges: morum iura viris solum et sine fascibus aequum. nee desunt variae circa oblectamina vitae: sive vaporiferas, blandissima litora, Baias, enthea fatidicae seu visere tecta Sibyllae dulce sit Iliacoque iugum memorabile remo, seu tibi Bacchei vineta madentia Gauri Teleboumque domos, trepidis ubi dulcia nautis lumina noctivagae toUit Pharus aemula lunae, caraque non molli iuga Surrentina Lyaeo, quae meus ante alios habitator Pollius auget, Aenariaeque lacus medicos Stabiasque renatas: mille tibi nostrae referam telluris amores? Stat. Silv. iii. 5, 78-1Q5. In otia natam | Parthenopen. Ov. Met. XV. 711-712. Otiosa .... Neapolis. Hor. Epod. V. 43. * The poet Stalius was bom at Naples. 2 Parthenope was an early name for the place. 3 At Cumae. * A mountain near the Lucrine lake famous as the scene of the first battle between the Romans and the Samnites in 340 B. C. It is now called M. Barbaro. ^ A friend of the poet. 8 A small island off the coast in this region whose springs were said to possess medicinal qualities CPlin. N. H. xxxi. 9). Tn the same line, the Latin text, by plausible emendation, makes reference to the rebirth of Stabiae (Castellammare) after its destruction by the eruption of Vesuvius. of Places in Italy 221 NAPLES A Poet Eulogizes His Native Land Near lies the native city of my love;' The mild soil Phoebus, by the guiding dove, Showed to Parthenope;^ the siren maid Crossed the wide seas, and here her Naples laid. Hither I seek to bear thee: not my race Springs from wild Lybia, nor from barbarous Thrace. Tempered by breezy summers, winters bland. The waveless seas glide slumbering to the land: Safe peace is here; life's careless ease is ours; Unbroken rest, and sleep till morning hours. No courts here rage; no bickering brawls are known: The laws of men are in their manners shown; And Justice walks unguarded and alone. Nor less the various charms of life are found Where the wide champaign spreads its distant bound: Whether thou haunt warm Baiae's streaming shore. Or the prophetic Sibyl's' cave explore; Or mount, made famous by Misenus' oar; Or Gaurus'* vineyards, or the Caprean isle. Where sailors mark the watch-tower's moony pile; Surrentum's hills, where acrid clusters twine. And where my Pollius* dwells, and tends the vine: Aenaria's ' healing lakes; and from the main The rocks of Statina emerged again. A thousand pleasures could my verse expand, .\nd darling loves of this my native land. C. A. Elton Parthenope for soft pleasure founded. F. J. Miller Gossiping Naples. C. E. Bennett 222 Classical Associations nXeicTTa 5' txvv Tijs 'EXkrivLKrjs 070)7175 kvravda a6i^tTaL,yvfj,vi,(nii.T€ Kai kv oh xtipovs rSiV tv Boiats, iroXii 5^ rip irXi7!?ei Xeiiroiitvas' kei 7ap ciXXtj xoXis yeyevqTai, crvvi^Kodofiri- tievoiv ^aaCKtlMV oKXuv kir' aXXois, ovk i\a.TTUV rijs AiKaiapx«ias. kin.Telvovai, 5e rriv hi NeairoXst 5ta7co7i7V Tr)v 'EXXrji'tKiji' 01 'm t^s "Pci/iTjs dvaxwpoOi'Tes SeOpo rjavxi-as x^-ptv tuv OTri TraiSeiaj ipyacrajxivoiv fj Kal aWav 8ia yrjpas r) aa'&kvtiav iro^oiJVTWV tv avkan J'Tjr'' Kal rOiv 'Pco/iatcoj' 5' evioi xo-lpovres rcS |3icj) Toi)T(p, ^tupovvres to tKtj&os tSiv awo rrjs aiiTfjs ayuyrjs ein5rip.o{ivTwv av8pS)V, aap-tvoi, (pCkox'^povai Kal ^Oiaiv ahrly&i. Strab. V. 4, 7. Docta Neapolis. Mart. v. 78, 14. Haec super arvorum cultu pecorumque canebam et super arboribus, Caesar dum magnus ad altum fulminat Euphraten bello, victorque volentis per populos dat iura, viamque adfectat Olympo. illo Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti, carmina qui lusi pastorum, audaxque iuventa, Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. Vir. Georg. iv. 560-567. ' Greek customs prevailed until late into the Empire. The mass of the inscriptions found is Greek rather than Latin. The Greek calendar was used and the Greek gods wor- shipped. Because of this latter fact the people neglected gladiatorial combats, turning rather to gymnastic and musical contests. Nero made himself conspicuous by taking part on these occasions as following passages show. * The Greek name for Puteoli. » The city numbered famous philosophers, poets, and historians among its inhabi- tants. Lucilius, for example, one of Rome's famous literary men, died here. Virgil passed much of his time in the place as the above passages indicate. 10 A reference to the Georgics. as, at the end, he refers to the Eclogues. oj Places in Italy 223 The City as Seen by a Traveler of the First Century B. C. Many traces of Grecian institutions' are still preserved, the ephebia, the fratriae, and the Grecian names of people who are Roman citizens. At the present time tHey cele- brate, every fifth year, during many days, public games for music and gymnastic exercises which rival the most famous games of Greece. There is here a subterranean passage, similar to that at Cumae, extending for many stadia along the mountain between Dicaearchia* and Neapolis; it is sufficiently broad to let carriages pass each other, and light is admitted from the surface of the moun- tain by means of numerous apertures cut through a great depth. Naples also has hot springs and baths not at all inferior in quality to those at Baiae, but much less fre- quented; for another city has arisen there, not less than Dicaearchia, one palace after another having been built. Naples still preserves the Grecian mode of life, owing to those who retire hither from Rome for the sake of repose, after a life of labour from childhood, and to those whose age or weakness demands relaxation. Besides these, Romans who find attractions in this style of life and ob- serve the numbers of persons dwelling there, are attracted by the place and make it their abode. H. C. Hamilto.v Learned Naples.' Virgil Composes Rustic Poetry Such' was the song I was making;" a song of the hus- bandry of fields and cattle, and of trees; while Caesar, the great, is flashing war's thunderbolt over the depths of Euphrates, and dispensing among willing nations a con- queror's law, and setting his foot on the road to the sky. In those days I was being nursed in Parthenope's delicious lap, embowered in the pursuits of inglorious peace — I, Virgil, who once dallied with the shepherd's muse, and with a young man's boldness, sang of thee, Tityrus, under the spreading beechen shade. John Coninc.ton 224 Classical Associations Ossa eius Neapolim translata sunt tumuloque condita qui. est via Puteolana intra lapidem secundum, in quo distichon fecit tale: Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces. Suet, de Poet. (Vir.) 35-36. Silius haec magni celebrat monumenta Maronis, iugera facundi qui Ciceronis habet. heredem dominumque sui tumulive larisve non alium mallet nee Maro nee Cicero. Mart. xi. 48. Eh egomet somnum et geniale secutus litus, ubi Ausonio se condidit hospita portu Parthenope, tenues ignavo pollice chordas pulso Maroneique sedens in margine templi sumo animum et magni tumulis adcanto magistri. Stat. Silv. iv. 4, 51-55. Cum a Bails deberem Neapolim repetere, facile credidi tempestatem esse, ne iterum navem experirer: et tan turn luti tota via fuit, ut possim videri nihilominus navigasse. Totum athletarum fatum mihi illo die perpetiendum fuit: a ceromate nos haphe excepit in crypta Neapolitana. Nihil illo carcere longius, nihil illis facibus obscurius, quae 11 For an account of Virgil's deatii, see Brundisium. Tiie so-called tomb of Virgil is still pointed out by"" the guides in Naples. " This poet, Silius Italicus, was famous for liis devotion to Virgil, u See a preceding passage for Strabo's description. of Places in Italy 225 The Tomb of Virgil His ashes were taken to Naples and laid to rest on the via Puteolana less than two miles from the city in a tomb for which he himself composed this couplet: Mantua gave me the light, Calabria slew me; now holds me Parthenope. I have sung shepherds, the country, and wars." J. C. ROLFE A Roman Writer Worships at the Tomb of His Master Silius,*^ who possesses the knds that once belonged to the eloquent Cicero, celebrates funeral obsequies at the tomb of the great Virgil. There is no one that either Virgil or Cicero would have preferred for his heir, or as guardian of his tomb and lands. Translation from the Bohn Library A Poet's Tribute to Virgil And so, lured by the desire of sleep to this voluptuous shore, where in an Ausonian haven Parthenope, the stranger, found shelter, see, with puny hands I strike upon my puny lyre. For sitting here at the threshold of Maro's shrine, I still take courage and pour forth a lay to my master's grave. D. A. Slaier An Account of a Traveler's Passage Through the Tunnel's When it was time for me to return to Naples from Baiae, I easily persuaded myself that a storm was raging, that I might avoid another trip by sea; and yet the road was so deep in mud all the way, that I may be thought none the less to have made a voyage. On that day I had to endure the full fate of an athlete; the anointing with which we began was followed by the sand-sprinkle in the Naples tunnel. No place could be longer than that prison; noth- 226 Classical Associations nobis praestant non ut per tenebras videamus, sed ut ip- sas. Ceterum etiamsi locus haberet lucetn, pulvis auferret, in aperto quoque res gravis et molesta: quid illic, ubi in se volutatur et, cum sine ullo spifamento sit inclusus, in ipsos, a quibus excitatus est, recidit? Duoiincommoda inter se contraria simul pertulimus: eadem via, eodem^die et luto et pulvere laboravimus. ^ '**>!» Sen. Ep. Ivii. 1-3. Et prodit Neapoli primum, ac ne concusso quidem re- pente motu terrae theatro ante cantare destitit, quam in- cohatum absolveret nomon. Ibidem saepius et per com- plures cantavit dies; sumpto etiam ad reficiendam vocem brevi tempore, impatiens secret! a balineis in theatrum transiit mediaque in orchestra frequente populo epulatus, si paulum subbibisset, aliquid se sufferti tinniturum Graeco sermone promisit. Suet. Nero, 20. Reversus e Graecia Neapolim, quod in ea primum ar- tem protultfrat, albis equis introiit, disiecta parte muri, ut mos hieronicarum est. Suet. Nero, 25. " The emperor Nero^ whose conduct in thus appearing upon the stage and in partici- pating in the games greatly shocked the Romans of the better class. oj Places in Italy 227 ing could be dimmer than those torches, which enabled us, not to see amid the darkness, but to see the darkness. But even supposing that there was light in the p'ace, the dust, which is an opp -essive and disagreeable thing even in the open air, would destroy the Ught; how much worse the dust is there, where it rolls back upon itself, and, being shut in without ventilation, blows back in the faces of those who set it going! So we endured two inconveniences at the same time, and they were diametrically different: we struggled both with mud and with dust on the same road and on the same day. R. M. GUMMKRE The Emperor Nero Indulges His Vanity by Appearing on the Stage And he" made his debut at Naples where he did not cease singing until he had finished the number which he had begun, even though the theatre was shaken by a sud- den earthquake shock. In the same city he sang fre- quently and for several successive days. Even when he took a short time to rest his voice, he could not keep out of sight, but went to the theatre after bathing and dined in the orchestra with the people all about him, promising them in Greek, that when he had wetted his whistle a bit, he would ring out something good and loud. J. C. ROLFE A Spectacular Entrance Returning from Greece, since it was at Naples that he" had made his first appearance, he entered that city with white horses through a part of the wall which had been thrown down, as is customary with victors in the sacred Games. J. C. ROLFK 228 Classical Associations NEMUS DIANAE (Near Nemi) LACUS NEMORENSIS (Lago di Nemi) Et foliis Nemorensis abundans. Prop. iii. 22, 25. Nemus .... glaciale Dianae. Stat. Silv. iv. 4, 15. Pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Dianae. Vir. Aen. vii. 764. Lacus est qui speculum Dianae dicitur. Serv. ad Aen. vii. 515. T6 5' 'Apre- filaiov, & KoKovaL vefws, e/c tov tv apLarepq, /xkpovs rrjs bSov rots t^ 'ApLKias avaPalvovuLV. rijs 8' 'AptKtvrjs to Upov Xkyovaiu a.v iptpop.kvw aTadlwv irtVTrfKOVTa Kai diaKOcrlwv tK Xi/ikvos fxeyoKov KoXeiTaL S' 6 \Lfiriv MeSoa/cos 6ij.wvvij.ws rcji iroTafii^. Strab. V. 1,7. Censetur Apona Livio suo tellus. Mart. i. 61. 3. Habet aviam maternam Serranam Proculam e muni- cipio Patavino. Nosti loci mores: Serrana tamen Pata- vinis quoque severitatis exemplum est. Plin. Ep. i. 14. ' The chief Venetian city because of its central location and its connection with the sea through a series of lagoons. Built upon an island and thus well defended from hostile attack, it grew rapidly in extent and power until in the tiire of Augustus it ranked next to Rome among Italian cities as a wealthy trade center. Strabo (v. 1, 12) mentions its wool from which the finer carpets were made. Tradition makes its founding date back to the Trojan Antenor and games were celebrated every 30 years in commemoration of it (Tac. Ann. xvi. 21). 2 The famous springs of Aponus were about 8 miles from Patavium. They were said to possess medicinal qualities. Cassiodorus describes them at length (Var, ii. 39), and Claud- ian celebrates an oracle in connection with them (Carm, Min. xxvi.). 3 Although a city devoted to trade, it still made claims to culture and took great pride in its famous writers, among whom was the historian Livy. Suetonius (Dep. Lib. Rel.) records his death at this place. 4 A reputation for simplicity and integrity always remained the proud boast of the citi- zens of Patavium (Mart. xi. 16. 8; and Mommsen: "id ipsum etiam tituli testantur niunero multi, sed antiquae fere simpticitatis, item mira paucitas titulorum honorario- rum" (C. I. L. v. p. 263). Such men as Thrasea, born at Patavium, reflect this characteris- tic in their lives and writings. of Places in Italy 231 her the use of wine and every form of luxury, and would not allow any man, bond or free, to come near her without his permission, and then not without being informed of his stature, complexion, and even of any marks or scars upon his body. It was not until five years later that he moved her from the island to the mainland and treated her with somewhat less rigor. But he could not by any means be prevailed upon to recall her altogether, and when the Ro- man people several times interceded for her and urgently pressed their suit, he in open assembly called upon the gods to curse them with like daughters and wives. J. C. ROLPE PADUA The City's Prosperity Near to them is Patavium,' the finest of all the cities in this district, and which at the time of the late census was said to contain 500 equites. Anciently it could muster an army of 120,000 men. The population and skill of this city is evinced by the vast amount of manufactured goods it sends to the Roman market, especially clothing of all kinds. It communicates with the sea by a river navigable from a large harbor at its mouth. The river runs across the marshes for a distance of 250 stadia. This harbor, as well as the ri^■er, is named Medoacus. H. C. Hamilton The land of Aponus'' is apprised by its Livy.^ Walter C. \. Ker Virtue Highly Regarded His grand-mother on the mother's side is .Serrana Pro- cula, of Patavium: you are no stranger to the manners of thai place;'' yet Serrana is looked upon, even among these reserved people, as an exemplary instance of strict virtue. Wtlliam Melmoth 252 Classical Associations PERUSIA (Perugia) This city was an ancient one and among the most power- ful of the Etruscan towns (Liv. ix. 37). It of course played a prominent part in the wars which this people waged with Rome, one particularly fierce battle in the fourth century B. C. having been fought beneath its walls. Like the other Etruscan cities it finally fell beneath the sway of Rome (Liv. x. 31) and is found assisting this power in the Second Punic war (Liv. xxiii, 17; xxviii. 45). It is chiefly famous in history, however, for the part it played in the Civil War after the death of Julius Caesar. (See the passage below and notes following.) Augustus restored the place after its destruction and it continued to be a flour- ishing municipality during the Empire. Procopius (6th century A. D.) calls it "exceedingly strong" (v. 17, 7). Kai ol ixiv TttOr' tTrparTOU, 6 8i Aovklos ojs roTt eK rjjs 'Pa!/i?)s awijpiv, ibpuricre nkv « Ti]v VaXariav, eipxdds 8^ Trjs d8ov irpds Tlepovaiav TvpffrivlSa iroXiv aireTpaireTO. Kai aWdv ivravda irpbrt- pOL nh ot inrapxoi rod Kalaapos, 'tireira Se Kai avrds fKttvos diroXa- fibvTts k-KoKiopKovv. xpovlov Se Sij rrjs wpoiredpeiai aiii C(pai tKvirovv, Kai irpoa'tTL Kai 'inpoL iroWoi airov5fj aXXos dXXo^ei' 'fwijuvvov aiirQ) xoXXd fih irpos tovtovs ws tKaarovs, ttoXXA 8e Kai wpds TOLs Tilxiaiv €Tpdxdrj, fiixpLS ov KalroL irKeovfKTOvvTes to. TrXelo) ot Trepi Tov AovKLOv p/iojs viro Xi/uoD edXcocrai', Kai aiirds fi^v oXXoi re Tives aStiav tipovTO, ol 5^ 5ri irKeiovs tSjv re fiovKevruv Kai tGiv iinrkoiv i 'OKTaovi,av^ T^dpoiaev, iTWriaav. tuv de UepovffLvwv Kal tS>v tiXXcoc tS)v tKel oKbvTOiv oi ifkeiovs airdiiKovTO, Kal 17 iroXts aurij, 7rXj7J' TOV '}J.v, fi to ixiv waXaLov ixpS^vro irpos tous Kara ^aXarrap klvSvvovs' /cat yap /taxtjUciiTcpot Tvpprivwv virijp^av, Kal-wapu^vvav avrovs oi ALyves irov-qpol yeirovts irapa irXtvpav 6vT€r vvv 5e to irXeov ets rds ot/co5o/tds ava\i(TK(Tai rds iv 'Fwfiri Kav rats kira.v\eai |8a Xapvw iroranQ koX btxoixkvt^ to. ipoprla Kal iKTtfnrOVTI.. Strab. V. 4, 8. Tusculanum et Pompeianum valde me delectant. Cic. ad Att. ii. 1, 11. * For an account of the eruption of 79 A. D. which destroyed Pompeii, see X'esuvius. 2 Feb. 5th, 63 A. D. 3 Pompeii early became a^port for the surrounding region and attained considerable commercial importance. Cato says oil presses should be bought here. The famous pumice stone of Vesuvius was shipped from its harbor and the making of cloth flourished in the town. * Cicero elsewhere refers to his liking for Pompeii. Of the bay of Xaples he writes, " cratera ilium delicatum" (ad Att. ii. 8). of Places in Italy 261 An Earthquake Shock^ We have just had news, my esteemed Lucilius, that Pompeii, the celebrated city in Campania, has been over- whelmed in an earthquake which shook all the surround- ing district as well. The city, you know, lies on a beautiful bay, running far back from the open sea, and is surrounded by the converging shores, on the ohe side, that of Siir- rentum and Stabiae, on the other that of Herculaneum. The disaster happened in winter, a period during which our ancestors used to claim immunity from such dangers. On the 5 th of February, in the consulship of Regulusand Verginius, this shock occurred, involving wide, spread de- struction over the whole province of Campania; the dis- trict had never been without risk of such a calamity, but had been hitherto exempt from it, having escaped time after time from groundless alarm. The extent of the disaster may be gathered from a few details. Part of the town of Herculaneum fell; the build- ings left standing are very insecure. The colony of Nu- ceria had painful experience of the shock but sustained no damage. Naples was just touched by what might have proved a great disaster to it; many private homes sufifered, but no public building was destroyed. The villas built on the cliffs everywhere shook, but without damage being done. John Clarke Pompeii is the port' for Nola, Nuceria, and Acerrae. ... . It is built on the river Sarno, by which merchan- dise is received and exported. H. C. Hamilton My Tusculan and Pompeian villas delight me greatly.'' 262 Classical Associations POMPTINAE PALUDES' (Paludi Pontine) Et quos pestifera Pomptini uligine campi qua Saturae nebulosa palus restagnat, et atro liventes coeno per squalida turbidus arva cogit aquas Ufens atque inficit aequora limo. Sil. Ital. viii. 379-382. « Qua Saturae iacet atra palus, gelidusque per imas quaeret iter vallis atque in mare conditur Ufens. Vir. Aen. vii. 801-802. Aliud miraculum a Circeis palus Pomptina est, quem locum xxiiii urbium fuisse Mucianus ter consul prodidit. Plin. N. H. iii. 59. Sterilisve diu palus aptaque remis vicinas urbes alit et grave sentit aratrum. Hor. A. P. 65-66. Summis Amasenus abundans | spumabat ripis. Vir. Aen. xi. 547-548. 1 A name given to the extensive tract of marsEy ground in southern Latium stretch* ing from the country of the Volscians to Tarracina. In 312 B. C. the Appian Way was constructed across it (Liv. ix. 29) and a canal dug along it from Forum Appi to Tar- racina. ^ Streams whose stagnant waters form the marsh. * One of the legends connected with the place. * A reference to an eflEort made by Augustus to drain the region. Several similar at- tempts before and after are mentioned by Roman writers. > A stream (now called Amaseno) whose waters flowed into the marsh. Often written Populonium. oj Places in Italy 263 THE POMPTINE MARSHES^ The youth that till the unwholesome Pomptine lands, Where Satura's marsh,^ with vapours crested, stands. And through the squalid plains his turbid flood Black Ufens^ rolls and dyes the sea with mud. John Chetwode Eustace Where lies the black fen of Satura and where icy Ufens seeks its way along the low-lying valleys and finds its hid- ing in the sea. John Conington Another wonderful circumstance loo. Near Circeii are the Pomptine Marshes, formerly the site, according to Mucianus who was thrice consul, of four-and-twenty cities.' John Bostock and H. T. Riley Swamps sterile long, all plashy, rank, and drear, Groan 'neath the plough, and feed whole cities near.^ Sir Theodore Martin Amasenus,^ brimming and foaming over its banks. John Conington POPULONIA (Populonia)" One of the maritime cities of Etruria, situated on a lofty hill rising abruptly from the sea and of importance in early days as a center for the iron trade connected with the neighboring island of Ilva. When Scipio was fitting out his fleet for Africa, this city offered to supply him with the iron he needed (Liv. xxviii. 45). Another historical mention is made by Livy in referring to the fact that in 202 B. C. this port offered refuge from a violent storm to the fleet of the consul, Claudius Nero, which was on its way to Sardinia (Liv. xxx. 39, 1). The devastation men- tioned by Strabo in the passage below may be due to the ravages the town suffered from the forces of Sulla during the Civil Wars — a desolation confirmed by Rutilius writing at the beginning of the fifth century, A. D. 264 Classical Associations Proxima securum reserat Populonia litus, qua naturalem ducit in arva sinum. not! illic positas extollit ad aethera moles lumine nocturno conspicienda Pharos: Sed speculam validae rupis sortita vetustas, qua fluctus domitos arduus urget apex, castellum geminos hominum fundavit in usus, praesidium terris indiciumque fretis. agnosci nequeunt aevi monumenta prioris, grandia consumpsit moenia tempus edax. sola manent interceptis vestigia muris, ruderibuis latis tecta sepulta iacent. non indignemur, mortalia corpora solvi, cernimus exemplis, oppida posse mori. Rutil. de Red. Suo i. 401-414. To de IIoTrXtbwoj' ■"■' aKpas w/'rjXr/s iSpvTai KaTtppoiyvias ets Tr]v daXarrav Kai x^Ppov'r)cn^ov(T-q% , . . to iJ.ev ovv irdKixviov irav eprifiov kari ttXtiv rdv ItpCiv kox KaTOiKiOiv oKiyijiv, t6 5' kirivtiov oiKeiTai jSeXrtoj', irpoj rrj pi^rf tov opovs \LfifVi.ov ixov Kai vecoaoiKOVs 5vo. . eari 5k /cat dvvvo- (TKOTeiov UTTO rfj aKpa. KCLTOTrrehtTaL 5' airo rjjs TroXecos wop- poi^ev litv KoX pioKis 17 2ap5d). •Strab. V. 2, 6. of Places in Italy 265 The Reflections of a Visitor Till Populonia yields Its natural bay that winds into the fields. No watch-tower there, on deep foundations raised, High-seen in air, with nightly splendor blazed ; But age had worn the solid rocks away, And insulated one with slow decay: One rock, a natural beacon, spiring stood, And overtopped the subjugated flood. A twofold use the castled cliff suppUed, — An inland fortress and an ocean guide. Sunk are the monuments of ages past, Time's eating canker has consumed the last: Of walls long raised faint vestiges are found, And roofs inearthed with ruins heave the ground. If human desolation prompt the sigh, Lo! cities, e'en as men, are doomed to die. C. A. Elton A Deserted City Populonium is situated on a lofty promontory, which projects into the sea, and forms a chersonesus. This little place is now deserted, with the exception of the temples and a few houses; the sea-port, which is situated at the root of the mountain, is better inhabited, having both a small harbour and ship-sheds On the summit (of the cape) there is a look-out for thun- nies. From this city there is an indistinct and distant view of Sardinia. H. C. Hamilton 266 Classical Associations PRAENESTE (Palestrina) One of the most ancient and, in early times, the most important cities in Latium, far superior probably in art and culture to Rome in the sixth and seventh centuries. Various traditions exist as to its origin. It first appears in literature as one of the places belonging to the Latin League, which confederacy, however, it seems to have deserted in 499 B. C. (Liv. ii. 19). At least we find it fighting with Rome about this time and being severely harassed by the Aequians and Volscians, enemies of the former. But after the capture of Rome by the Gauls in 387 B. C. this alliance seems to have weakened and various contests with Rome follow. In one of these, the forces of Praeneste met a disastrous defeat at the Allia river at the hands of the dictator Cincinnatus (Liv. vi. 27-29). Their struggles continued, however, until they were finally terminated in 338 B. C. by the victory of the Roman general, Camillus, at Pedum (Liv. viii. 12-14). An incident which the Praenestines liked to remember in connection with their participation in the Punic wars was the unique bravery shown by their young men at the siege of Casilinum when this city was resisting Hannibal — a loyalty which the Roman senate libsrally rewarded (Liv. xxiii. 19, 20; see, too, the topic Casilinum). The town played an important part also in the Civil Wars, its situa- tion making it a particularly desirable defensive point. On many other occasions, too, as the passages below indicate, the place was sought for military purposes. Florus (Ep. i. 18), for example, says that the victorious Pyrrhus once occupied it, viewing Rome from its heights and "filling the eyes of the trembling city twenty miles away with smoke and dust." But the popularity of the spot in later days was due to its delightful situation which made it one of the favorite resorts for wealthy Romans. Horace often refers to his liking for the region; Pliny had a villa there (Ep. v. 6,45); Augustus frequented it (Suet. Aug. 72); Tiberius once re- covered from a dangerous illness here (Aul. Cell. N. A. xvi. 13); and both Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius had of Places in Italy 267 homes in its neighborhood (Jul. Capit. M. Ant. Phil. 21), the latter living here when he lost his little son, Annius Verus. The town acquired a considerable reputation for literary culture because of the many distinguished writers and scholars who frequented it. Verrius Flaccus, for ex- ample, the author of a Calendar, lived here. The com- mercial importance of Praeneste was considerable also, the place being widely known for its goldsmiths and work- ers in metal in general. IK...^ J ^^^lUPf ■ .r^5i^^. 1 iTl 1 9m- 'S 1 Photograph by Frank Gallup On the Site of the Citadel of Ancient Praeneste 268 Classical Associations Gelida Praeneste. Juv. S. iii. 190. Aestivae Praeneste deliciae. Flor. Ep. i. 5. Akum Praeneste. Vir. Aen. vii. 682. Municipia Italiae splendissima. Flor. Ep. ii. 9, 27. 'Epvfjivrj jjifv ovv tKaTtpa, TToKi) 8' ipvfivorepa Upaivearos' aKpav yap ex*' T^s fiev TToXecos VT€pdtv opos inf/r]\6v, OTria^tv 5' diro ttjs crvvtxov- (TTjs dpeivfjs avxivL 5i.t^€vyp.ivov, vtrtpalpov nal bval araSioLS ToiiTOv irpos 6p§iav ava^aaiv. Trpos 5i rfj epv/iVOTrjTL Kai 5i6i- pv^i KpvwTali hiaTkTprjTai wavraxo^ev juexpt twv irtSiuv rats piv vdptias Xttp"* rats 8' i^oSojv Xad^paloiv, Siv h> p.iq, Md/Jtos woKiop- Kovfievos awe^ave. rats p-iv ovv ciXXats iroKtcn TrXettrrov t6 ivtpKts Trpos a'ya&od rl'&eTai, JlpaivtaTivoLS Si cvpipopa yeytvqTai bid rds 'VupaUiiv aractis. Karaipevyovcn yap eKeicre oi vt(j}Tt- pLcravTti' eKirdXiopKrid^tvTcov de, Trpos tjj KaKwffei rrjs xoXecos Kal riiv x<^PC-^ aTraWoTpiova^aL cvp.Palvei, rfjs atrtas p,tTa(ptpop.kvi]i iirl Toh% apariovi. • Strab. V. 3, 11. Numerium Suffucium Praenestinorum monumenla de- clarant, honestum hominem et nobilem, somniis crebris, ad extremum etiam minacibus, cum iuberetur certo in loco sillcem caedere, perterritum visis irridentibus suis civibus id agere coepisse: itaque perfracto saxo sortes erupisse in robore insculptas priscarum litterarum notis. ' Praeneste had long been a stronghold of the democratic party when the younger Marius was besieged here in 82 B. C, alter the defeat of his forces by Sulla. In spite of a brave resistance and various attempts made to relieve him, the city was at last surrendered to Ofella, the ofl&cer in charge of Sulla's forces here. See later passages for details of this event. ^ThetempleofFortunewithwhichthe Praenestine lots were connected was of ancient date and extremely wealthy. The elaborate remains of the terrace leading up to it indi- cate its size and splendor. So famous was it that foreign kings as well as eminent Romans came to consult these lots. While Cicero seems to laugh at them, it is still true thai many people of note attached weight to their prophecies, among them several of the em- perors (Suet. Tib. 63; Dom. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 4). of Places in Italy 269 Cool Praeneste. G. G. Ramsay Praeneste, a pleasant summer residence. J. S. Watson High Praeneste. Most splendid municipalities of Italy [Praeneste, . .]. The Situation of Praeneste They are both fortified, but Praeneste is the stronger place of the two, having for its citadel a lofty mountain, overhanging the town, and divided at the back from the adjoining mountain range by a neck of land. This mountain is two stadia higher than the neck in direct alti- tude. In addition to these (natural) defences, the cit\' is furnished on all sides with subterraneous passages, extending to the plains. Some of these passages convey water; others form secret ways. In one of these Marius' perished when besieged. Other cities are in most instances benefited by a strong position, but to the people of Praeneste it has proved a bane, owing to the civil wars of the Romans. For hither the revolutionary movers take refuge, and when at last they surrender, in addition to the injury sustained by the city during the war, the country is confiscated, and the guilt thus imputed to the guiltless. H. C. Hamilton Reading the Future— The Lots at Praeneste^ We read in the records of the Praenestines, that Nu- merius Suffucius, a man of high reputation and rank, had often been commanded by dreams (which at last became very threatening) to cut a flint-stone in two at a particular spot. Being extremely alarmed at the vision, he began to act in obedience to it, in spite of the derision of his fellow- citizens; and he had no sooner divided the stone, than he found therein certain lots, engraved in ancient characters 270 Classical Associations Is est hodie locus saeptus religiose projjter lovis pueri, qui lactens cum lunone Fortunae in gremio sedens, mammam appetens, castissime colitur a matribus. Eodemque tem- pore in eo loco, ubi Fortunae nunc est aedes, mel ex olea fluxisse dicunt haruspicesque dixisse summa nobilitate illas sortes futuras eorumque iussu ex ilia olea arcam esse f actam eoque conditas sortes, quae hodie Fortunae monitu tolluntur. Quid igitur in his potest esse certi, quae For- tunae monitu pueri manu miscentur atque ducuntur? Quo modo a'utem istae positae in illo loco? Quis robur illud cecidit, dolavit, inscripsit? Nihil est, inquiunt, quod deus efl&cere non possit. Utinam sapientes Stoicos effecisset, ne omnia cum superstitiosa solicitudine et mi- seria crederent sed hoc quidem genus divinationis vita iam communis explosit. Fani piilchritudo et vetustas Prae- nestinarum etiam nunc retinet sortium nomen atque id in vulgus. Quis enim magistratus aut quis vir illustrior utitur sortibus? Cic. de Div. ii. 85-86. 'Ev TovTW Si Mdptos fjiiv dX«r/c6/i€cos tavrov biktpdtipt, Z6\Xa; ht etj Jlpaiviarov 'ikdosv irpSira fiiv iSia /car' avdpa koIvwv £K6Xa- ^tv, elra iis ov cxoKrjs oCctjs iravras h3pbois eis raiiTO avva- YaYci)!/, fivpiovs Kai SiaxMovs ovras, eKeXevaev a.irov ivdabt to ev eXet tow depas djSXa/Stts tlvai. Strab. V. 1, 7. Est enim proxima vobis regio supra sinum maris lonii constituta, olivis referta, segetibus ornata, vite co- piosa, ubi quasi tribus uberibus, egregia ubertate largatis omnis fructus optabili foecunditate profluxit. Quae non immerito dicitur Ravennae Campania, urbis legiae cella penaria, voluptuosa nimis et deliciosa digressio. Fruitur in septentrione progressa caeli admiranda temperie. Ha- bet et quasdam, non absurde dixerim, Baias suas: ubi undosum mare terrenas concavitates ingrediens in faciem decoram stagni aequalitate deponitur. Haec loca el garismatia plura nutriunt et piscium ubertate glorian- tur. Avernus ibi non unus est. Numerosae conspiciuntur piscinae Neptuniae, quibus etiam cessante industria passim ostrea nascuntur iniussa. Sic nee studium in nutriendis nee dubietas in capiendis probatur esse, de- liciis. Praetoria longe lateque lucentia in margaritarum speciem putes esse disposita, ut hinc appareat qualia fuerint illius provinciae maiorum iudicia, quam tantis fabricis constat ornatam. Additur etiam illi litori ordo pulcherrimus insularum, qui amabili utilitate dispositus, et a periculis vindicat naves, et ditat magna ubertate cultores. Reficit plane comitatenses excubias, Italiae ornat imperium, primates deliciis, mediocres victualium pascit expensis et quod illic nascitur, paene totum in urbe regia possidetur. Cassiod. Var. xii. 22. Sit cisterna mihi quam vinea male Ravennae, cum possim multo vendere pluris aquam. Mart. iii. 56. of Places in Italy 281 Ravenna's Unique Situation Situated in the marshes is the great (city of j Ravenna, built entirely on piles, and traversed by canals which you cross by bridges or ferry-boats. At the full tides it is washed by a considerable quantity of sea-water as well as by the river, and thus the sewage is carried off and the air purified; in fact, the district is considered so salubrious that the (Roman) governors have selected it as a spot in which to bring up and exercise the gladiators. It is a remarkable pecuHarity of this place, that, though situated in I he midst of a marsh, the air is perfectly innocuous. H. C. Hamilton A Writer of the Sixth Century Describes the Neighbor- hood For what Campania is to Rome, Istria is to Ravenna — a fruitful province abounding in corn, wine, and oil; so to speak, the cupboard of the capital. I might carry the comparison further, and say that Istria can show her own Baiae in the lagunes with which her shores are indented, her .own Averni in the pools abounding in oysters and fish. The palaces, strung like pearls along the shores of Istria, show how highly our ancestors appreciated its delights. The beautiful chain of islands with which it is begirt, shelter the sailor from danger and enrich the cultivator. The residence of the Court in this district delights the nobles and enriches the lower orders; and it may be said that all its products find their way to the royal city. Summarized bv Thomas Hodgki.\' I prefer a cistern at Ravenna to a vineyard, seeing that I can get a much better price for water, Walter C. A. Ker D.— Plan F Rome Couriuy of AlXyn and Bacon ROMA (Rome) I. GENERAL COMMENT II. LIFE IN ROME III. PASSAGES CONNECTED WITH PLACES 284 Classical Associations I. GENERAL COMMENT Surge, precor, veneranda parens, et certa secundis fide deis humilemque metum depone senectae, urbs aequaeva polo, turn demum ferrea sumel ius in te Lachesis, cum sic mutaverit axem foederibus natura novis. Claudian Bell. Ge'. xxvi. 52-56. Qua nihil in lerris complectitur altius aether, cuius nee spatium visus, nee corda decorem, nee laudem vox ulla capit: quae luce metalli aemula vicinis fastigia conserit astris, quae septem scopulis zonas imitatur Olympi, armorum legumque parens: quae fundit in omnes imperium primique dedit cunabula iuris. haec est, exiguis quae finibus orta tetendit in geminos axes parvaque a sede profecta dispersit cum sole manus. haec obvia fatis, innumeras uno gereret cum tempore pugnas, Hispanas caperet, Siculas obsideret urbes et Galium terris prosterneret, aequore Poenum, nunquam succubuit damnis et territa nullo vulnere post Cannas maior Trebiamque fremebat, et cum iam premerent flammae murumque feriret hostis, in extremos aciem mittebat Hiberos. nee stetit Oceano remisque ingressa profundum vincendos alio quaesivit in orbe Britannos. haec est, in gremium victos quae sola recepit humanumque genus communi nomine fovit matris non dominae ritu civesque vocavit, quos domuit, nexuque pio longinqua revinxit. . . . haec auguriis firmata Sibyllae, haec sacris animata Numae. hinc fulmina vibrat Juppiter, hanc tota Tritonia Gorgone velal. arcanas hue Vesta faces, hue orgia secum transtulit et Phrygios genetrix turrita leones. Claudian de Cons. Stilich. iii. (xxiv) 131-170. 1 For other eulogies of Rome (Ihe passages are countless) see Claudian. de Coiis. Stil. iii. 65^70; Rutil. de Red. Suo, i. 1-18; 47-62; Themist. Oral. Amat. in Grat. 1.1, p. 117, "a sea of beauty, too great for words;" Auson. Ord, Urb. Nob. i. 1, '"golden Rome"; Lact. Divinar. Instit. vii. 25; Aristid. Enc. Rom. Dindorf, \'ol. I. p. 348; Terlull. de Anima 30; Prop. iii. 22, 17-22. For a general account of the city and its buildings, see Plin. N. H. x-Kxvi. 101-123; Strabo v. 3, 8; Ammian. Marcel, xvi. 10, 13-15. of Places in Italy 285 Immortal Rome^ Rise, venerable mother, and, free from care, trust the favor of the gods. Away with craven fears of old age, City eternal as the sky; iron fate shall touch thee then and only then when nature makes new laws for the stars. T. R. Glover Naught grander on earth does the sky embrace. The eye cannot comprehend her extent, the head her beauty, nor the voice her praise. With the lustre of her gold she rivals the stars she touches. Her seven hills recall the zones of Olympus. Mother of arms and laws, she spreads her rule over all mankind, the first to give them law. She it is who from narrow bounds spread to either pole, and starting from a little home reached forth her hands with the sun. Battling with destiny, while she waged countless wars at will, she laid hold on the towns of Spain, besieged the towns of Sicily, brought low the Gaul on land, the Carthaginian on the sea. She never bowed to blow; no whit was she affrighted by wound, but her voice rose stronger after Cannae and the Trebia, and when the flames girt her round about and the fire was at the walls, she sent her armies to the distant Iberians. Nor was she stayed by Ocean; but embarked upon the deep and sought the Britons in a world remote for a fresh triumph. This is she who alone took the conquered to her bosom and cher- ished all mankind alike, as mother, not as queen, and called them her sons when she had conquered and bound them to her afar by bonds of love. . . . (Nor shall there ever be an end to Rome's sway.) Shestands grounded in the Sibyl's oracles, inspired by the rites of Numa. For her Jupiter wields the thunderbolt; Pallas shields with the Gorgon; hither brought Vesta her secret flame, and the tower-crowned mother of the gods her mysteries and her Phrygian lions. T. R. Glover 286 Classical Associations Nulli sit ingrata Roma quae dici non potest aliena, ilia eloquentiae fecunda mater, ilia virtutum omnium latis- simum templum. Cassiod. Var. iv. 6. Fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam profuit iniustis te dominante capi; dumque offers victis proprii consortia iuris urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat. Rutil. de Red. Suo i. 63-66. Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes) pacisque imponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbos. Vir. Aen. vi. 851-853. Alme Sol, curru nitido diem qui promis et celas aliusque et idem nasceris, possis nihil urbe Roma visere maius! Hor. C. S. 9-12. oj Places in Italy 287 Everyone's Country Everyone's country — the fruitful mother of eloquence, the wide temple of all virtues. Freely translated by Thomas Hodgkin You have made one country of the various peoples. The unruly have found it to their advantage to be beneath your sway, and, in giving to the conquered your own laws, you have made one mighty city of the world. The Mission of Rome Yours, Roman, be the lesson to govern the nations as their lord: this is your destined culture, to impose the settled rule of peace, lo spare the humbled, and to crush the proud. John Conington .\11 bounteous Sun I Forever changing and forever one I Who in thy lustrous car bear'st forth light, And hid'st it, setting, in the arms of Night, Look down on worlds outspread, yet nothing see Greater than Rome, and Rome's high sovereignty. Aubrey de Vere. 288 Classical Associations II. LIFE IN ROME Hoc ego commodius quam tu, praeclare senator, milibus atque aliis vivo, quacumque libidost, incedo solus, percontor quanti olus acfar, fallacem circum vespertinumque pererro saepe forum, adsisto divinis, inde domum me ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum; cena ministratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus pocula cum cyatho duo sustinet, adstat echinus vilis, cum patera gutus, Campana supellex. deinde eo dormitum, non sollicitus, mihi quod eras surgendum sit mane, obeuridus Marsya, qui se voltum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris. ad quartam iaceo; post banc vagor aut ego lecto aut scripto quod me taciturn iuvet, unguor olivo, non quo fraudatis inmundus Natta lucernis. ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum admonuit, fugio campum lusumque trigonem. pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani ventre diem durare, domesticus otior. haec est vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique. his me consolor victurum suavius, ac si quaestor avus pater atque meus patruusque fuisset. Hor. S. i. 6, 110-131. Prima salutantes atque altera conterit hora, exercet raucos tertia causidicos, in quintam varios extendit Roma labores, sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit, sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris, iifiperat extructos frangere nona toros: hora libellorum decima est, Eupheme, meorum, 1 A statue of Marsyas stood in the Forum near the rostra. 2 A parsimonius acquaintance. of Places in Italy 289 How a Famous Poet Spent His Idle Hours in Rome 'Tis thus my life is happier, man of pride, Than yours and that of half the world beside. When the whim leads, I saunter forth alone, Ask how are herbs, and what is flour a stone. Lounge through the Circus with its crowd of liars, Or in the Forum, when the sun retires. Talk to a soothsayer, then go home to seek My frugal meal of fritter, vetch, and leek. Three youngsters serve the food: a slab of white Contains two cups, one ladle, clean and bright : Next, a cheap basin ranges on the shelf, With jug and saucer of Campanian delf : Then off to bed, where I can close my eyes Not thinking how with morning I must rise And face grim Marsyas,' who is known to swear Young Novius' looks are what he cannot bear. I lie a-bed till ten : then stroll a bit, Or write or read, if in a silent fit. And rub myself with oil, not taken whence Natta^ takes his, at some poor lamp's expense. So to the field and ball; but when the sun Bids me go bathe, the field and ball I shun : Then eat a temperate luncheon, just to stay A sinking stomach till the close of day. Kill time in-doors, and so forth. Here you see .\ careless life, from stir and striving free. Happier (0 be that flattering unction mine!) Than if three quaestors figured in my line. John Conington How the Average Roman Spends His Day The first and the second hour wearies clients at the levee; the third hour sets hoarse advocates to work; till the end of the fifth Rome extends her various tastes; the sixth gives rest to the tired; the seventh will be the end. The eighth to the ninth sufiices for the oiled wrestlers^- the' ninth bids us crush the piled couches. The tenth hour is 290 Classical Associations temperat ambrosias cum tua cura dapes et bonus aetherio laxatur nectare Caesar ingentique tenet pocula parca manu. tunc admitte iocos: gressu timet ire licenti ad matutinum nostra Thalia lovem. Mart. iv. 8. Praeter cetera me Romaene poemata censes scribere posse inter tot curas totque labores? hie sponsum vocat, hie auditum scripta relict is omnibus officiis; cubat hie in coUe Quirini, hie extreme in Aventino, visendus uterque: intervalla vides humane commoda. "verum purae sunt plateae, nihil ut meditantibus obstet." festinat calidus mulis gerulisque redemptor, torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina lignum, tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris, hac rabiosa fugit canis, hac lutulenta ruit sus: i nunc et versus tecum meditare canoros. Hor. Ep, ii- 2, 65-76. lam parce lasso, Roma, gratulatori, lasso clienti. quamdiu salutator anleambulones et togatulos inter centum merebor plumbeos die toto, cum Scorpus una quindecim graves hora ferventis auri victor auferat saccos? .3 The emperor Domitian. * Prominent men in Rome were attended by crowds of tliose in humbler rants; The latter were known as" clients." In return for certain favors on the part of the former, these foUovvers paid assiduous court to their patrons. One duty consisted in attending his morning reception; another in accompanying him to the baths, the. Forum, and other places where a throng of follow ers was thought to add to the prestige of the man of rank . (See later passages for illustrations of this.) ^ A popular hero of the Circus. of Places in Italy 291 the hour for my poems, Euphemus, when your care sets out the ambrosial feast, and kindly Caesar' soothes his heart with heavenly nectar, and holds in mighty hand his frugal cup. Then admit my jest: my Thalia fears with unlicensed step to approach a rnorning Jove. Walter C. A. Ker A Poet Complains That He Cannot Write Because of the Distractions of the City Write verse in Rome, too? How could I, in fact. Amidst so much to worry and distract? "Bail me'" writes one. "Cut business for the day," Another, "and I'll read you my new play 1" Then on the Quirinal is one sick friend, One on Mount Aventine, quite at the end, And each of these expects a call from me — Nice manageable distances, you see. "But then the streets are clear; with naught," you say, "To hinder one from musing by the wayl" Why, here a builder in a fume you meet. With mules and porters cramming all the street. Anon a crane, whirling a stone in air Or mighty beam, obstructs the thoroughfare. Then there's a block of dismal funeral trains Jammed up and struggling with huge cumbrous wains; Anon a mad dog rushes foaming by, .\non a pig, all reeking from the sty. Go now, my friend, and meditate at ease Mellifluous verse 'mid incidents like these. Sir Theodore Martin A Writer Longs for Sleep Ha\c' pil_\- at length, Rome, upon the weary congratu- lator, the weary client.^ How long shall 1 be a dangler at le\ees, among crowds of anxious clients and toga-clad de- pendents, earning a hundred paltry coins with a whole day's work, while Scorpus* triumphantly carries off in a single hour fifteen heavy bags of shining gold? I ask not 292 Classical Associations non ego meorum praemium libellorum — quid enim merentur? — Appulos velim campos non Hybla, non me spicifer capit Nilus, nee quae paludes delicata Pomptinas ex arce clivi spectat uya Setini. quid concupiscam quaeris ergo? dormire. Mart. X. 74. Cur saepe sicci parva rura Nomenti lareinque villae sordidum petam, quaeris? nee cogitandi, Sparse, nee quiescendi in urbe locus est pauperi. negant vitam ludi magistri mane, nocte pistores, aerariorum marculi die to to; hinc otiosus sordidam quatit mensam Neroniana nummularius massa, illinc palucis malleator Hispanae tritum nitenti fuste verberat saxum; nee turba cessat entheata Bellonae, nee fasciato naufragus loquax trunco, a matre doctus nee rogare ludaeus, nee sulphuratae lippus institor mercis. numerare pigri damna qui potest somni? nos transeuntis risus excitat turbae, et ad cubile est Roma, taedio fessis dormire quotiens libuit, imus ad villam. Mart. xii. 57. .\nxuris aequorei placidos, Frontine, recessus et propius Baias litoreamque domum, et quod inhumanae cancro fervente cicadae non novere nemus, flumineosque lacus dum colui, doctas tecum celebrare vacabat Pieridas: nunc nos maxima Roma terit. hie mihi quando dies mens est? iactamur in alto urbis, et in sterili vita labore perit. of Places in Italy 293 as the reward of my little books (for what indeed are they worth?), the plains of Apulia, or Hybla, or the spice-bear- ing Nile, or the tender vines which, from the brow of the Setian hill, look down on the Pomptine marshes. What then do I desire, you ask? To sleep. Translation from the Bohn Library The Noise at Rome Forbids Repose You ask why I so often go to my small domain at arid Nomentum and the humble household at my farm? There is no place in town, Sparsus, where a poor man can either think or rest. One cannot live for schoolmasters in the morning, corn-grinders at night, and braziers' hammers all day and night. Here the money-changer indolently rattles piles of Nero's rough coins on his dirty counter; there a beater of Spanish gold belabours his worn stone with shining mallet. Nor does the fanatic rabble of Bel- lona cease from its clamour, nor the galbbling sailor with his piece of wreck hung over his shoulder, nor the Jew boy, brought up to begging by his mother, nor the blear- eyed huckster of matches. Who can enumerate the va- rious interruptions to sleep at Rome? But I am awakened by the laughter of the passing crowd; and all Rome is at my bed-side. Whenever, over- come with weariness, I long for repose, I repair to my country-house. Translation from the Bohn Library The Appeal of the Country to the City Man Whilst I frequented, Frontinus, the calm retreats of Anxur on the sea, and the neighbouring Baiae, with its villas on the shore, the groves free from the troublesome cicadae in the heats of July, and the freshwater lakes, I then was at leisure, in company with you, to cultivate the learned Muses; but now mighty Rome exhausts me. Here, when is a day my own? I am tossed about in the vortex of the city; and my life is wasted in laborious nothingness; 294 Classical Associations dura suburbarii dum iugera pascimus agri vicinosque tibi, sancte Quirine, lares. Mart. X. 58, 1-10. Dum tu forsitan inquielus erras clamosa, luvenalis, in Subura, aut collem dominae teris Dianae: dum per limina te potentiorum sudatrix toga ventilat vagumque maior Caelius et minor fatigant: me multos repetita post Decembres accepit mea rusticumque fecit auro Bilbilis et superba ferro. Mart. xii. 18 1-9. Ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae; nam quid tam miserum, tarn solum vidimus, ut non deterius credas horrere incendia, lapsus tectorum adsiduos ac mille pericula saevae urbis et Auguslo recitantes mense poetas? Juv. iii. .S 9. Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat vilicus, et veteris rimae cum texit hiatum, secures pendente iubet dormire ruina. vivendum est illic ubi nulla incendia, nuUi nocte metus. Juv. iii. 193-198. Nam quae meritoria somnum admittunt? magnis opibus dormitur in urbe. inde caput morbi. raedarum transitus arto vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae "The Aventine Hill. ^ A town in Spain where the poet was born. of Phurs III Italy 295 meantime I cultivate some wretched acres of a suburban farm, and keep my homestead near thy temple, sacred Romulus. Translation from the Bohn library Rome in the Summer Is Not Altogether Restful Whilst you, my Juvenal, are perhaps wandering restless in the noisy Subura or pacing the hilP of the goddess Diana; whilst your toga, in which you perspire at the thresholds of your influential friends, is fanning you as you go, and the greater and lesser Caelian hills fatigue you in your wanderings; my own Bilbilis,' revisited after many winters, has received me, and made me a country gentleman ; Bilbilis, proud of its gold and its iron! Translation from the Bohx library Almost Any Spot Is Safer Than Rome I myself would prefer Prcchyta and the Subura! P'or where has one ever seen a place so dismal and so lonely that one would not deem it worse to live in perpetual dread of fires and falling houses, and the thousand perils of this terrible cit\', and poets spouting in the month of August! G. G. Ramsay The Insecurity of the Roman Tenements We inhabit a city propped up to a great extent by thin buttresses; for in this way the steward prevents the houses from falling; and when he has plastered over the gaping of an old crack, he bids us sleep secure, with ruin over- hanging us. The place to live in is where there are no fires, no nocturnal alarms. John Delaware Lewis Discomforts and Dangers of Life in Rome For who can hope his weary lids to close. Where brawling taverns banish all repose?- Rest is not for the poor, it costs too dear. And hence disease makes such wild havoc here. The rumbling carts with rumbling carts that meet In every winding of the narrow street, 296 Classical Associations eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis. si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburna . atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus; namque facit somnum clausa lectica-fenestra. ante tamen veniet: nobis properantibus opstat unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos qui sequitur; ferit hie cubito, ferit assere duro alter, at hie tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam. pinguia erura luto, planta mox undique magna calcor, et in digito elavus mihi militis haeret. nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo? eentum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina. Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res' inpositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem. scinduntur tunicae sartae modo, longa coruscat serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur. nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat axis et eversum fudit super agmina montem, quid superest de corporibus? quis membra, quis ossa invenit? obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver more animae Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis; quod spatium tectis sublimibus uhde cerebrum 8 A reference perhaps to a banquet of some association to which the guests carried their own portion (see note in Wright's Juvenal, page 37). ' A type of a muscular person able to bear great loads. of Places in Italy 297 The drivers' efforts to enforce their way, Their clamorous curses at each casual stay, From drowsy Drusus all his sleep would take, And keep the calves of Proteus broad awake! If business calls, obsequious crowds divide, While o'er their heads the rich securely ride. By tall lUyrians borne; and read, or write, Or, should the sultry air invite. Shut close the litter, and enjoy the night. \'el reach they first the goal; and by the throng Elbow'd and jostled, scarce we creep along; Sharp strokes from poles, tubs, rafters, doom'd to feel; Bespattered o'er with mud, from head to heel, Kick'd by rude clowns, by brutal soldiers gor'd, And trampled by the followers of my lord! See, from the Dole" a vast tumultuous throng, Each followed by his kitchen, pours along! Huge pans, which Corbulo' could scarce uprear. With steady neck the wretched menials bear. And, lest amid the way the flames expire. Glide nimbly on, and gliding, fan the fire; Through the close press with sinuous efforts wind, And, piece by piece, leave their botched rags behind. Hark! groaning on, th' unwieldy waggon spreads Its cumbrous freight, tremendous, o'er our heads. Projecting elm or pine, that nods on high. And threatens death to every passer-by, Heavens! should the axle break which bears a weight Of huge Ligurian stone, and pour the freight On the pale crowd beneath, what would remain? — What joint, what bone, what atom of the slain? The body, with the soul, would vanish quite. Invisible as air, to mortal sight! Pass we these fearful dangers, and survey What other evils threat our nightly way. And first, behold the mansion's towering size. 2^)8 Classical Associations lesta ferit, quotiens rimosa et curta fenestris vasa tadant, quanto percussum pondere signenl et laedant silicem. possis ignavus haberi et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si intestatus eas: adeo tot fata quot ilia nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae. ergo optes votumque fefas miserabile tecum, ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves. nee tamen haec tantum metuas. nam qui spoliel le non derit clausis domibus, postquam omnis ubique fixa catenatae siluit compago tabernae. interdum et ferro subitus grassator agit rem ; armato quotiens tutae custode tenentur et Pomptina palus et Gallinaria pinus, sic inde hue omnes tamquam ad vivaria currunt. Juv. iii. 234-308. Cedamus patria. vivant Arlorius istic et Catulus, maneant qui nigrum in Candida verlunt, quis facile est aedem conducere flumina portus, siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver, et praebere caput domina venale sub hasta. quid Romae faciam? mentiri nescio; librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare et poscere; motus astrorum ignore; funus promittere patris nee volo nee possum; ranarum viscera numquam inspexi; ferre ad nuptam quae mittit adulter, ^0 A pine forest not far from Cumae used by bandits as a haunt. of Places in Italy 299 Where floors on floors to the tenth story rise ; Whence heedless garretteers their potsherds pour, And crush the passenger beneath the shower; Clattering the storm descends from heights unknown, Ploughs up the street and wounds the flinty stone. 'Tis madness, dire improvidence of ill, To sup from home before you make your will; For know, as many deaths your steps belay, As there are wakeful windows on the way: Pray then; and deem yourself full fairly sped, If pots be only .... emptied on your head! Nor are these evils all; when weary care Has fixed the ponderous chain and massy bar; When noisy shops a transient silence keep. And harass'd nature woos the balm of sleep; Then thieves and murderers ply their dreadful trade: With stealthy steps your drowsy couch invade — R.oused from the treacherous calm, aghast you start. And the flesh'd sword is buried in your heart! Hither from bogs, from rocks, and caves pursued (The Pomptine marsh, and Gallinarian wood)'" The dark assassins flock as to their home, .\nd fill with dire alarms the streets of Rome. William Gifford Rome is No Place for an Honest Man 1 must leave my country: let Artorius and Catulus live there; let those remain who turn black into white, to whom it comes easy to take contracts about temples, rivers, harboiirs, cleansing a sewer, carrying a corpse to the funeral-pile, and to put up a man for sale under the mis- tress spear What should I do in Rome? I know not how to lie; if a book is a bad one, I cannot praise it and ask for a copy; I am ignorant of the motions of the stars; I neither will nor can promise the death of a father; I never inspected the entrails of frogs; let others know how to carry to a mar- ried woman the presents and the messages of her lover. 300 Classical Associations quae mandat, norunt alii, me nemo ministro fur erit, atque ideo nulli comes exeo, tamquam mancus et exstinctae corpus non utile dextrae. Juv. iii. 29-48. Quae te causa trahit vel quae fiducia Romam, Sexte? quid aut speras aut petis inde? refer, "causas" inquis "agam Cicerone disertior ipso atque erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro." egit Atestinus causas et Civis — utrumque noras — ; sed neutri pensio tota fuit. "si nihil hinc veniet, pangentur carmina nobis: audieris, dices esse Maronis opus." insanis: omnes gelidis quicunque lacernis sunt ibi, Nasones Vergiliosque vides. "atria magna colam." vix tres aut quattuor ista res aluit, pallet cetera turba fame, "quid faciam? suade: nam certum est vivere Romae." si bonus es, casu vivere, Sexte, potes. Mart. iii. .SS. Hie ultra vires habitus nitor, hie aliquid plus quam satis est interdum aliena sumitur area, commune id vitiuih est, hie vivimus ambitiosa paupertate omnes. quid te moror? omnia Romae cum pretio. Juv. iii. 180-184. Si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum. Juv. iii. 223-225. '^ Insignificant towns near Rome, of Places in Italy 301 Nobody shall be a thief by my aid, and therefore I am not going out in the suite of any one, as though I were maimed and a useless trunk with right hand destroyed. John Delaware Lewis The Chances for Earning a Living at Rome What reason or what confidence draws you to Rome, Sextus? What do you either hope or look for from that quarter? Tell me. "I will conduct cases," you say, "more eloquently than Cicero himself, and there shall be in the three Forums no man my match." Atestinus and Civis each conducted cases — you knew both — but neither made his full rent. "If nothing comes from this course, I will compose poems; hear them, you will call them Maro's work." You are crazy; in all those fellows there with their chill mantles you see Nasos and Virgils. "I will court the halls of great men." Barely three or four has that pro- cedure supported; all the rest of the crowd are pale with hunger. "What shall I do? Advise me, for I am bent on living in Rome." If you are a good man, you may live, Sextus, by accident. Walter C. A. Ker All Romans Live Above Their Means In Rome everyone dresses above his means, and some- times something more than what is enough is taken out of another man's pocket. This failing is universal here: we all live in a state of pretentious poverty. To put it shortly, nothing can be had in Rome for nothing. G. G. Ramsay A Way to Avoid the High Cost of Living If you are capable of being torn away from the games of the Circus, an excellent house can be procured at Sora," or Fabrateria,ii or Frusino," for the same price at which you now hire a dark hole for a single year. John Delaware Lewis 302 Classical Associations Quod novus et nuper factus tibi praestat amicus, hoc praestare iubes me, Fabiane, tibi: horridus ut prime te semper mane salutem per mediumque trahat me tua sella lutum, lassus ut in thermas decima vel serius hora te sequar Agrippae, cum laver ipse Titi. hoc per triginta merui, Fabiane, Decembres, ut sim tiro tuae semper amicitiae? hoc merui, Fabiane, toga tritaque meaque," ut nondum credas me meruisse rudem? Mart. iii. 36. Intueris illas potentium domos, ilia tumultuosa rixa salutantium limina? Multum habent contumeliarum, ul intres, plus, cum intraveris. Praeteri istos gradus divi- tum et magno adgestu suspensa vestibula; non in prae- rupta tantum istic stabis, sed in lubrico. Sen. Ep. Ixxxiv. 12. Totam hodie Romam circus capit, et fragor aurem percutit, eventum viridis quo coUigo panni. nam si deficeret, maestam attonitamque videres banc urbem veluti Cannarum in pulvere victis consulibus. Juv. xi. 197-201. Nam Romae respirandi non est locus. Cic. ad. Q. Fr. iii. 1; 3. Romae omnia \enalia esse. Sal. Bel. Jug. xx. 12 The friend and helper of Augustus. In 25 B. C. he opened the first of the large public baths at Rome calling them after bis name. " There were various factions in connection with the circus, the Greens being the most popular at. this time. Literature is filled with allusions to the prominent part which the races played in the life of the people. See Seneca (Ep. 83, 7) for a characteristic mention; also Ammianus Marcellinus (xiv. 6, 26) who says that the crowds were so intent upon the outcome of these races that nothing of importance could be done at Rome. of Places in Italy 303 Paying Court to the Rich Is Not Altogether Easy The duties of a new and recent friend you bid me per- form towards you, Fabianus; that shivering at early morn I should pay my respects to you continually; that your chair should drag me through the midst of the mud; that when I am fagged out I should follow you at the tenth hour or later, to the warm baths of Agrippa,'^ although I myself bathe at those of Titus. Is this what I have deserved, Fabianus, for my thirty Decembers of service, to be al- ways a raw recruit to your friendship? Is this what I have deserved, Fabianus, that, when my toga (my own purchase) is thread-bare, you think that I have not de- served my discharge? Walter C. A. Ker A Morning Reception at a Rich Man's House Do you behold yonder homes of the great, yonder threshholds uproarious with the brawling of those who would pay their respects? They have many an insult for you as you would enter the door, and still more after you have entered. Pass by the steps that mount to rich men's houses, and the porches rendered hazardous by the huge throng; for there you will be standing not merely on the edge of a precipice, but also on slippery ground. R. M. GUMMERE The Excitements of the Circus All Rome to-day is in the Circus. A roar strikes upon my ear which tells me that the Green'' has won; for had it lost, Rome would be sad and dismayed as when the consuls were vanquished in the dust of Cannae. G. G. Ramsay For there is no chance to breathe at Rome. All things are purchasable at Rome. J. S. Watson 304 Classical Associations *Ibam forte Via Sacra, sicut meus est mos nescio quid meditans nugarum; totus in illis. accurrit quidam notus mihi nomine tantum, arreptaque manu 'quid agis, dulcissime rerum?' 'suaviter, ut nunc est,' inquam 'et cupio omnia, quae vis.' cum adsectaretur, 'numquid vis?' occupo. at ille 'noris nos' inquit, 'docti sumus.' hie ego 'pluris hoc' inquam 'mihi eris.' misere discedere quaerens, ire modo ocius, interdum consistere, in aurem dicere nescio quid puero, cum sudor ad imos manaret talos. 'o te, Bolane, cerebri felicem' aiebam tacitus, cum quidlibet ille garriret, vices, urbem laudaret. ut illi nil respondebam, 'misere cupis' inquit 'abire; iamdudum video; sed nil agis; usque tenebo; persequar. hinc quo nunc iter est tibi?' 'nil opus est te circumagi; quendam volo visere non tibi notum. trans Tiberim longe cubat is prope Caesaris hortos.' 'nil habeo quod agam et non sum piger; usque se- quar te.' demitto auriculas, ut iniquae mentis asellus, cum gravius dorso subiit onus, incipit ille: 'si bene me novi, non Viscum pluris amicum, non Varium facies; nam quis me scribere pluris aut citius possit versus? quis membra movere mollius? invideat quod et Hermogenes ego canto.' interpellandi locus hie erat : 'est tibi mater, cognati, quis te salvo est opus?' 'haud mihi .quis- quam. omnis composui.' 'felices! nunc ego resto. confice; namque instat fatum mihi triste, Sabella * The Latin text of this passage is quoted at length although the translation has been cut. The Latin and English pages will therefore not correspond in this case, " This delightful piece of humor cannot be quoted at length in the translation because of the limitations of space. The omitted lines deal with the poet's efforts to rid himself of his unwelcome companion who only leaves him when dragged off to court. of Places in Italy 305 The Poet Horace Encounters a Bore^^ It chanced that I, the other day, Was sauntering up the Sacred Way, And musing as my habit is. Some trivial random fantasies, That for the time absorbed me quite, When there comes running up a wight, Whom only by his name I knew; "Ha, my dear fellow, how d'ye do?" Grasping my hand, he shouted. "Why, As times go, pretty well," said I; And you, I trust, can say the same." But after me as still he came, "Sir, is there anything," I cried, You want of me?" "Oh," he replied, "I'm just the man you ought to know; — A scholar, author!" "Is it so? For this I'll like you all the more!" Then, writhing to evade the bore, I quicken now my pace, now stop, And in my servant's ear let drop Some words, and all the while I feel Bathed in cold sweat from head to heel. "Oh for a touch," I moaned in pain, "Bolanus,^^ of thy slap-dash vein, To put this incubus to rout!" And he went clattering on about Whatever he descries or meets. The crowds, the beauty of the streets. This city's growth, its splendor, size. "You're dying to be off," he cries; For all the while I'd been struck dumb. "I've noticed it some time. But come, Let's clearly understand each other; It's no use making all this pother. My mind's made up to stick by you; So where you go, there I go, too." "Don't put yourself," I answered, "pray. So very far out of your way. '" Bolanus was apparently a person well known in Rome who would not hesitate to rid himself of a bore and very qmckly. 306 Classical Associations quod puero cecinit divinatnota anus urna: "hunc neque dira venena nee hosticus auferet ensis, nee laterum dolor aut tussis, nee tarda podagra; garrulus hunc quando eonsumet cumque; loquaces, si.sapiat, vitet, simul atque adoleverit aetas." ventum erat ad Vestae, quarta iam parte diei praeterita, et easu tune respondere vadato debebat; quod ni fecisset, perdere litem. 'si me amas,' inquit 'paullum hie ades.' 'inteream, si aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura; et propero quo scis.' 'dubius sum quid faciam' inquit, 'tene relinquam an rem.' 'me, sodes.' 'non faciam' ille, et praecedere coepit; ego, ut contendere durum est cum victore, sequor. 'Maecenas quomodo tecum?' hinc repetit; 'paucorum hominum et mentis bene sanae ; nemo dexterius fortuna est usus. haberes magnum adiutorem, posset qui ferre secundas, hunc hominem velles si tradere; dispeream, ni summosses omnis.' non isto vivimus illic quo tu rere modo; domus hac nee purior uUa esl nee magis his aliena mails; nil mi officit,' inquahn, 'ditior hie aut est quia doctior; est locus uni cuique suus.' 'magnum narras, vix credibile.' 'al- qui sic habet.' 'accendis, quare cupiam magis illi - proxumus esse.' 'veils tantummodo; quae tua virtus, expugnabis; et est qui vinci possit, eoque diffieilis aditus primos habet.' 'haud mihi dero. muneribus servos corrumpam; non, hodie si exclusus fuero, desistam: tempora quaeram, oceurram in triviis, deducam. nil sine magno w This mention of the sacredness of the day because of a Jewish custom is only a joke, since the Romans paid no attention at all to the religious festivals of this race. of Places m Itaiy 307 I'm on the road to see a friend. Whom you don't know, that's near his end, Away beyond the Tiber far. Close by where Caesar's gardens are." "I've nothing in the world to do, And what's a paltry mile or two? I like it, so I'll follow you!" Just at this moment who but my Dear friend Aristius should come by? My rattle-brain right well he knew. We stop. "Whence, friends, and whither to?" He asks and answers. Whilst we ran The usual courtesies, I began To pluck him by the sleeve, to pinch His arms, that feel but will not flinch. By nods and winks most plain to see Imploring him to rescue me: He, wickedly obtuse the while, Meets all my signals with a smile. I, choked with rage, said, "Was there not Some business, I've forgotten what, You mentioned, that you wished with me To talk about and privately?" "Oh, I remember! Never mind. Some more convenient time I'll find. The Thirtieth Sabbath this! Would you Offend the circumcised Jew?'"" "Religious scruples I have none." "Ah, but I have. I am but one Of the canaille — a feeble brother. Your pardon! Some day or other I'll tell you what it was." Oh day Of woeful doom to me! .\way The rascal bolted like an arrow, 308 Classical Associations vita labore dedit mortalibus.' haec dum agit, ecce Fuscus Aristius occurrit, mihi carus, et ilium qui pulchre nosset. consistimus. 'unde venis?' et 'quo tendis?' rogat et respondet. vellere coepi et pressare manu lentissima bracchia, nutans, distorquens oculos, ut me eriperet. male salsus ridens dissimulare; meum iecur urere bills, 'certe nescio quid secreto velle loqui te aiebas mecum.' 'memini bene, sed meliore tempore dicam; hodie tricesima sabbata; vin tu Curtis ludaeis oppedere?' 'nulla mihi' inquam 'religio est.' 'at mi; sum paullo infirmior, unus multorum. ignosces; alias loquar.' huncine solem tam nigrum surrexe mihi! fugit improbus ac me sub cultro linquit. casu venit obvius illi adversarius et 'quo tu turpissime?' magna inclamat voce, et 'licet antestari?' ego vero oppono auriculam. rapit in ius; clamor utrimque, undique concursus. sic me servavit Apollo. Hor. S. i. 9. Fastidiosam desere copiam et molem propinquam nubibus arduis, omitte mirari beatae fumum et opes strepitumque Romae. Hor. C. iii. 29, 9-12. 1' Allowing one's ear to be touched in this way meant that the person consented to act as a witness and that he would give his testimony if required. oj Places in Italy 309 And left me underneath the harrow; When by the rarest luck, we ran At the next turn, against the man Who had the lawsuit with my bore. "Ha, knave!" he cried with loud uproar, "Where are you off to? Will you here Stand witness?" I present my ear." To court he hustles him along; High words are bandied, high and strong, A mob collects, the fray to see; So did Apollo rescue me. Sir Theodore Martin ' Then plenty quit, that only palls. And, turning from the cloud-capped pile That towers above thy palace halls, Forget to worship for a while The privileges Rome enjoys: Her smoke, her splendor, and her noise. Sir Theodore Martin 310 Classical Associations III, PASSAGES CONNECTED WITH PLACES AQUEDUCTS' Quid loquor aerio pendentes fornice rivos, qua vix imbriferas tolleret Iris aquas? hos potius dicas crevisse in sidera montes; lale giganteum Graecia laudet opus. Rutil. de Red. i. 97-100. Tot aquarum tarn multis necessariis molibus pyramidas videlicet otiosas conpares aut cetera inertia sed fama cele- brata opera Graecorum? Frontin. de Aquis i. 16. Quod si quis diligenlius aestimaverit aquarum abundan- tiam in publico, balineis, piscinis, domibus, euripis, hor- tis suburbanis, villis, spatioque advenientis exstructos arcus, montes perfossos, convalles aequatas, fatebitur ni- hil magis mirandum fuisse in toto orbe terrarum. Plin. N. H. xxxvi. 12,S. BASILICAS Basilica Aemilia and Julia Paulus in medio foro basilicam iam paene refecit isdem antiquis columnis, illam autem, quam locavit, facit mag- nificentissimam. Quid quaeris? Nihil gratius illo monu- mento, nihil gloriosius. Cic. ad Att. iv. 17, 7. At laterum passus hinc lulia tecta tuentur, illinc belligeri sublimis regia Pauli. Stat. Silv. i. 1, 29-30. 1 The aqueducts of ancient Rome are properly regarded as one of its distitictivc features. The fipst one was built in 312 B. C. and their numbers increased until the third century A. D, when we find at least eleven given conspicuous mention. The sources for the supply of water were found in springs in the region about Rome. Our chief Latin authority on the subject is Sextus Julius Frontinus who was superintendent of the aque- ducts in 97 A. D. See also Vitruv. viii. ^ Rome possessed several basilicas, large public buildings for meetings of various sfirts and for holding court. Among the most famous was that builtin 179 B. C. by a member of the Aemilian lamilyi Aemilius Lepidus, and his colleague in office, Marcus Fulvius No- hilior. This structure was frequently restored and beautified. Paulus is a descendant of the distinguished family who first built it and in thus keeping it in repair follows a tradi- tioi^l custom (Tac. Ann. iii. 72), Among the most famous basilicas in Rome were the Ulpia, the JuHa, and that of Constantine. of Places in Italy 311 Why tell of thine aerial aqueducts Lofty as Iris could uprear her bow? Say rather mountains lifted to the heavens! Let Greece of such a work of giants boast, If boast she can! G. F. Savage-Armstrong Will anybody compare the idle Pyramids, or those other useless though renowned works of the Greeks with these aqueducts, with these many indispensable structures? Clemens Herschel But if anyone will note the abundance of water skil- fully brought into the city, for public uses, for baths, for public basins, for houses, runnels, suburban gardens, and villas; if he will note the high aqueducts required for main- taining the proper elevation; the mountains which had to be' pierced for the same reason and the valleys it was necessary to fill up; he will conclude that the whole terres- trial orb offers nothing more marvellous. Clemens Herschel A Member of a Famous Family Restores the Basilica Aemilia Paulus has almost brought his basilica^ in the Forum to the roof, using the same columns as were in the ancient building: the part for which he gave out a contract he is building on the most magnificent scale. Need I say more? Nothing could be more gratifying or more to his glory than such a monument. E. S. Shvckburgh Upon his broad flanks [an equestrian statue of Domi- tian] from this side the Julian halls, from that the proud Basilica of warlike Paulus looks down. D. A. Slater 312 Classical Associations Descenderam in basilicam luliam auditurus, quibus proxima comperendinatione respondere debebam. Sede- bant iudices, decemviri venerant, obversabantur advocati, silentium longum, tandem a praetore nuntius. Dimit- tuntur centumviri, eximitur dies me gaudente, qui num- quam ita paratus sum, ut non mora laeter. Plin. Ep. V. 9. BATHS Peream, si est tarn necessarium quam videtur silentium in studia seposito. Ecce undique me varius clamor cir- cumsonat. Supra ipsum balneum habito. Propone nunc tibi omnia genera vocum, quae in odium possunt aures ad- ducere: cum fortiores exercentur et manus plumbo graves iactant, cum aut laborant aut laborantem imitantur, gemitus audio, quotiens retentum spiritum remiserunt, sibilos et acerbissimas respirationes; cum in aliquem iner- tem et hac plebeia unctione contentum incidi, audio crepi- tum inlisae manus umeris, quae prout plana pervenit aut concava, ita sonum mutat. Si vero pilicrepus supervenit et numerare coepit pilas, actum est. Adde nunc scorda- lum et furem deprensum et ilium, cui vox sua in balineo placet. Adice nunc eos, qui in piscinam cum ingenti in- pulsae aquae sono saliunt. Praeter istos, quorum, si nihil aliud, rectae voces sunt, alipilum cogita tenuem et stridu- 1am vocem, quo sit notabilior, subinde expriraentem nee umquam tacentem, nisi dum vellit alas et alium pro se clamare cogit. lam libarii varias exclamationes et botula- 3 Pliny the younger, who was an eminent lawyer as well as a writer. 4 The interruption was caused by a notice from the praetor to the effect that the edict against offering any fee to an advocate would be strictly enforced, all persons having a suit in prospect being obliged to swear that they had not engaged to pay any such fee. But Pliny adds that a gratuity of ten thousand sesterces is permitted to be given after the case is concluded. 6 Thegreat public baths of Rome played an important part in the life of the city, espe- cially in imperial times. They were more than bathing places — in fact they served quite as much as a club-house for the man of leisure and as a place for gossip and recreation in general. Their numbers increased rapidly and in the fourth century A. D. there are said to have been nearly one thousand (including the smaller ones). Conspicuous for size and splendor were those of Caracalla and Diocletian. 6 Seneca the younger. of Places in Italy 313 An Unexpected Dismissal of Court DeUghts the Judge P went into the Julian Basilica to attend a cause in which at the next sitting I was to reply. The jurors had taken their seats, the presiding magistrates were arrived, the opposing counsel had taken their places; after a long pause, came at last a messenger from the Praetor. The Court broke up at once, and the case was adjourned — much to my delight, who am never so well prepared, but that I am glad of delay.* William Melmoth The Noises of a Roman Bath^ Beshrew me if I« think anything more requisite than silence for a man who secludes himself in order to study! Imagine what a variety of noises reverberates about my ears ! I have lodgings right over a bathing establishment. So picture to yourself the assortment of sounds, which are strong enough to make me hate my very powers of hearing ! When your strenuous gentleriian, for example, is exercis- ing himself by flourishing leaden weights; when he is work- ing hard, or else pretends to be working hard, I can hear him grunt; and whenever he releases his imprisoned breath, I can hear him panting in wheezy and high-pitched tones. Or perhaps I notice some lazy fellow, content with a cheap rub-down, and hear the crack of the pummeling hand on his shoulder, varying in sound according as the hand is laid on flat or hollow. Then, perhaps, a professional comes along, shouting out the score; that is the finishing touch. Add to this the arresting of an occasional roysterer or pickpocket, the racket of the man who always likes to hear his own voice in the bathroom, or the enthusiast who plunges into the swimming tank with unconscionable noise and splashing. Besides all those whose voices, if nothing else, are good, imagine the hair-plucker with his penetrating, shrill voice, — for purposes of advertisement,- continually giving it vent and never holding his tongue except when he is plucking the armpits and making his victim yell instead. Then the cake-seller with his varied 314 Classical Associations rium et crustularium et omnes popinarum institores mer- cem sua quadam et in'signita modulatione vendentis. Sen. Ep. Ivi. 1-2. At nunc quis est, qui sic lavari sustineat? Pauper sibi videtur et sordidus, nisi parietes magnis et pretiosis orbibus refulserunt, nisi Alexandrina marmora Numidicis crustis distincta sunt, nisi illis undique operosa et in picturae mo- dum variata circumlitio praetexitur, nisi vitro absconditur camera, nisi Thasius lapis, quondam rarum in aliquo spectaculum templo, piscinas nostras circumdedit, in quas multa sudatione corpora exsaniata demittimus, nisi aquam argentea epitonia fuderunt. Et adhuc plebeias fistulas loquor: quid, cum ad balnea libertinorum pervenero? Quantum statuarum, quantum columnarum est nihil sus- tinentiurh, sed in ornamentum positarum inpensae causa! Quantum aquarum per gradus cum fragore labentium! Eo deliciarurfi pervenimus, ut nisigemmascalcarenolimus. Sen. Ep. Ixxxvi. 6-7. BRIDGES MuLviAN Bridge Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum prae- tores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret, ostendi. lUi autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- ceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mul- , 7 See the topic Liternum. 8 In 63 B. C. Cicero, as consul, succeeds in obtaining definite evidence against C'tti- line and his followers who have formed a conspiracy against the government. of Places in Italy 315 cries, the sausageman, the confectioner, and all the ven- dors of food huwking their wares, each with his own dis- tinctive intonation. R. M. GUMMERE A Roman Describes the Luxurious Baths of His Day But who in these days could bear to bathe in such a fashion?' We think ourselves poor and mean if our walls are not resplendent with rare and costly mirrors; if our marbles from Alexandria are not set off by mosaics of Nu- midian stone, if their borders are not faced over on all sides with difficult patterns, arranged in many colors like paint- ings; if our vaulted ceilings are not embedded in glass; if our swimming-pools are not lined with Thasian marble, once a rare and wonderful sight in any temple — pools into which we let down our bodies after they have been drained weak by abundant perspiration; and finalh', if the water has not poured from silver spigots. I have so far been speaking of the ordinary bathing establishments; what shall I say when I come to those of the freedmen? What a vast number of statues, of columns that support nothing, but are built for decoration, merely in order to spend money ! And what masses of water that fall crashing from level to level! We have become so luxurious that we will have nothing but precious stones to walk upon. R. M. GuMMERE Cicero Secures Tangible Evidence Against Certain Radi- cals Who Have Conspired to Overthrow the Roman Government* Yesterday, therefore, I summoned the praetors, Lucius Flaccus and Caius Pomptinus. These men are the bravest of the brave, and the welfare of the Republic is the one thing nearest their hearts. I laid the plan before them, and told them plainly what line of action I had resolved upon. They, who feel deeply for everything that concerns the best interests of the state, without hesitation and without the least delay, took the matter up, and towards evening went secretly to the Mulvian 316 Classical Associations vium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes vires eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures delec- tos adulescentes, quorum operi utor adsidue in rei publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingfedi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. . Res praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae erat com- missa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comita- tu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Cic. in Cat. iii. 3. Huius ergo opem implorare coepit, orans atque obse- crans ut se ipsi noscendum praeberet, ac praesentibus negotiis adiutricem manum porrigeret. Haec praecanti ac suppliciter postulanti imperatori, admirabile quoddam signum a Deo missum apparuit. Quod si quidem ab alio quopiam diceretur,haud facile auditores fidem essent habi- turi. Verum cum ipse victor Augustus nobis qui hanc historiam scribimus, longo post tempore, cum videlicet in eius notitiam et familiaritatem pervenimus, id rettulerit, et sermonem sacramenti religione firmaverit, quis posthac fidem huic narrationi adhibere dubitabit? Praesertim cum id quod subsecutum est tempus, sermonis huius veri- tatem testimonio suo confirmaverit. Horis diei meridi- anis, sole in occasum vergente, crucis tropaeum in coelo ex luce conflatum, soli superpositum, ipsis oculis se vidisse aflSrmavit, cum huiusmodi inscriptione : "Hac Vince." 9 Constantine the Great who in 312 A. D. fought a successful battle with Maxentius near the Mulvian bridge. It is saidthat in this contest the Christian standard was first carried in the Roman army along with the Roman ones. For the battle, see Eusebius, Life of Constantine, i. 38. of Places in Italy 317 bridge, and there in the nearest villas stationed them- selves, one in one place and one in another, so that the Tiber and the bridge separated them. But they had, moreover, taken along with them to the same place, without anyone's having the least suspicion of why he was going, a number of fearless men; and I had sent from the prefecture of Reate a group of specially chosen young men, armed with swords, whose assistance I constantly employ for the protection of the state. In the meantime, about three in the morning, when the ambassadors of the Allobroges with a great retinue, and with them, Volturcius, began to come upon the bridge, an attack is made upon them. Swords are flashed both by the Allo- broges and by our soldiers. The significance of the affair was understood only by the praetors: the others were completely in the dark. Then by the intervention of Pomptinus and Flaccus, the fight which had begun was settled. All the letters found among the members of the retinue are delivered to the praetors with seals unbroken; the legates themselves are arrested and brought to me. at daybreak. C. F. GiLLEN A Famous Story About the Conversion of an Emperor to Christianity And so he° began to beg Him for help, beseeching Him earnestly to reveal Himself, and stretch forth His hand to assist him in his present difficulties. And while he was praying and fervently entreating, a marvellous sign given to him by God, appeared before the eyes of the emperor. It might indeed have been difficult to give credence to the story if it had been told by any other person. But since the victorious emperor himself related it a long time after- wards to the writer of this history, when he came to know him intimately, and since he confirmed his statement by an oath, who can henceforth doubt its truth, especially since later testimony has established the facts? He said that about noon when the sun was beginning to decline, he saw with his own eyes, in the sky, a trophy of a cross of light above the sun, bearing these words: "Conquer by 318 Classical Associations Eo viso et seipsum et milites omnes qui ipsum nescio quo iter facientem sequebantur, et qui spectatores miraculi fuerant, vehementer obstupefactos. Euseb. Vita Constantini, i. 28. (Latin version from Migne's Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 20.) SuBLiciAN Bridge Cum hostes adessent, pro se quisque in urbem ex agris demigrant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris, alia Tiberi obiecto videbantur tuta; pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes: id munimentum illo die fortuna urbis Romanae habuit. Qui positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino impetu laniculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vi- disset trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relin- quere, reprehensans singulos, obsistens obtestansque deum et hominum fidem testabatur nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere; si transitum pontem a tergo reliquissent, iani plus hostium in Palatio Capitolioque quam in laniculo fore. Itaque monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, igni, quacumque vi possint, interrumpant; se impetufn hostium, quantum corpore uno posset obsisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis, insignisque inter conspecta cedentium pugnae terga obversis comminus ad ineundum proelium armis ipso miraculo audaciae obstupe- fecit hostis. Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lar- cium ac T. Herminium, ambos claros genere factisque. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumultuosis- simum pugnae erat parumper sustinuit; deinde eos quoque ipsos exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus qui rescin- debant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces of Places in Italy 319 this." He was struck with astonishment by the sight as were all the soldiers who were making some expedition with him and had seen the miracle. Horatius Holds the Bridge'" When the enemy appeared, the Romans all, with one accord, withdrew from their fields into the City, which they surrounded with guards. Some parts appeared to be rendered safe by their walls, others by the barrier formed by the river Tiber. The bridge of piles almost afforded an entrance to the enemy, had it not been for one man, Horatius Codes: he was the bulwark of defense on which that day depended the fortune of the City of Rome. He chanced to be on guard at the bridge when Janiculum was captured by a sudden attack of the enemy. He saw them as they charged down on the run from Janiculum, while his own people behaved like a frightened mob, throwing away their arms and quitting their ranks. Catching hold first of one and then of another, blocking their way and conjuring them to listen, he called on gods and men to wit- ness that if they forsook their post it was vain to flee; once they had left a passage in their rear by the bridge, there would soon be more of the enemy on the Palatine and the Capitol than on Janiculum. He therefore warned and commanded them to break down the bridge with steel, with fire, with any instrument at their disposal; and prom- ised that he would himself receive the onset of the enemy, so far as it could be withstood by a single body. Then, striding to the head of the bridge, conspicuous amongst the fugitives who were clearly seen to be shirking the fight, he covered himself with his sword and buckler and made ready to do battle at close quarters, confounding the Etrus- cans with amazement at his audacity. Yet were there two who were prevented by shame from leaving him. These were Spurius Larcius and Titus Herminius, both famous for their birth and their deeds. With these he endured the peril of the first rush and the stormiest moment of the battle. But after a while he forced even these two to leave him and save themselves, for there was scarcely anything 10 A story in connection with Rome's early struggle with the Etruscans who, under the ieadership of Porsena, have come to capture Rome. 320 Classical Associations minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare, nunc increpare omnes; servitia regum super- borum, suae libertatis inmemores alienam oppugnatum venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti pontem obtineret gradu, iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum alacritate perfect! operis sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Turn Codes "Tiberine pater" inquit,"te sancte precor, haec arma et hunc militem propitio flumine accipias." Ita sicut erat armatus in Tiberim desiluit multisque superincidentibus talis incolumis ad suos tranavit rem ausus plus famae habi- turam ad posteros quam fidei. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit: statua in com- itio posita; agri quantum uno die circumaravit datum. Privata quoque inter publicos honores studia eminebant; nam in magna inopia pro domesticis copiis unusquisque aliquid fraudans se ipse victu suo contulit. Liv. ii. 10. THE CIRCUSi Nonne vides, cum praecipiti certamine campum coTripuere, ruuntque effusi carcere currus, cum ^pes arrectae iuvenum, exsultantiaque haurit corda pavor pulsans? illi instant verbere torto et proni dant lora, volat vi fervidus axis ; iamque humiles, iamque elati sublime videntur ' 'f te:citcus>4s a char.actsfistic feature of Roman life from the earliest times to the sixth c^ritury A. D. The valley between the Palatine and the Aventine was first chosen as the-s6ene for the spectacles, and it was here that the Circus Maximus was built, a huge structure accommodating perhaps 200,000 spectators and one of the most magnificent buildings in Rome. Many other structures were erected later, chief of which, perhaps, was the Circus Flaminius. of Places in Italy 321 left of the bridge, and those who were cutting it down called to them to come back. Then, darting glances of defiance around at the Etruscan nobles, he now challenged them in turn to fight, now railed at them collectively as slaves of haughty kings, who, heedless of their own liberty, were come to overthrow the liberty of others. They hesi- tated for a moment, each looking to his neighbour to begin the fight. Then shame made them attack, and with a shout they cast their javelins from every side against their solitary foe. But he caught them all upon his shield, and, resolute as ever, bestrode the bridge and held his ground. And now they were trying to dislodge him by a charge, when the crash of the falling bridge and the cheer which burst from the throats of the Romans, exalting in the com- pletion of their task, checked them in mid-career with a sudden dismay. Then Codes cried, "0 Father Tiberinus, I solemnly invoke thee; receive these arms and this soldier with propitious stream !" So praying, all armed as he was, he leaped down into the river, and under a shower of mis- siles swam acrcss unhurt to his fellows, having given a proof of valour which was destined to obtain more fame than credence with posterity. The state was grateful for so brave a deed: a statue of Codes was set up in the comitium, and he was given'as much land as he could plough around in one day. Private citizens showed their gratitude in a striking fashion in the midst of his official honours; for notwithstanding their great distress everybody made him some gift proportionate to his meanSj though he robbed himself of his own ration. B: O. Foster A Chariot Race Who has not seen In what imjaetuous contest o'er the plain The rival chariots from the barrier pour. While kindling hopes the charioteers impel, - And throbs of fear each eager heart possess? Along the twisted lash they forward lean And fling free rein; on speeds the burning wbeel; Now plunging low, now leaping to the sky, 322 Classical Associations aera per vacuum ferri atque adsuigere in auras; nee mora nee requies; at fulvae nimbus harenae tollitur, umescunt spumis flatuque sequentum: tantus amor laudum, tantae est vietoria eurae. Vir. Georg. iii. 103-112. Frangat Idumaeas tristis Victoria palmas, plange, Favor, saeva pectora nuda manu; mutet Honor cultus, et iniquis munera flammis mitte coronatas, Gloria maesta, comas, heu f acinus! prima fraudatus, Scorpe, iuventa oecidis et nigros tam eito iungis equos. curribus ilia tuis semper properata brevisque cur fuit et vitae tam prope meta tuae? Mart. X. 50. Non ego nobilium sedeo studiosus equorum: cui tamen ipsa faves, vineat ut ille, precor. ut loquerer tecum, veni, tecumque sederem, ne tibi non notus, quem facis, esset amor, tu cursus speetas, ego te: spectemus uterque, quod iuvat, atque oculos pascat uterque suos! 0, cuicumque faves, felix agitator equorum ! ergo illi eurae contigit esse tuae? hoc mihi eontingat, sacro de carcere missis insistam forti mente vehendus equis et modo lora dabo, modo verbere terga notabo, nunc stringam metas interiore rota, si mihi currenti fueris conspecta, morabor, deque meis manibus lora remissa fluent. ^ quid f rustra ref ugis? cogit nos linea iungi : haec in lege loci commoda circus habet. tu tamen, a dextra quicumque es, parce puellae: eontactu lateris laeditur ista tui. of Places in Italy 323 Through vacant air the wild yoke seems to rise Or on the winds to soar; nor stop nor stay; Up rolls the yellow dust; their smoking flanks Reek with hot foam-flakes and the followers' breath. So dear to them is praise, and victory So worth the pains! T. C. Williams Death of a Charioteer Let Victory, sorrowing, cast her palm away, Let Favor beat her breast and wail the day, Let Honor don the mourner's dark attire. And Glory fling her wreath upon the pyre. Snatched in his prime, Scorpus, sad thought! must go To yoke night's horses in the realm below. Swift flew the chariot, soon the goal was won, Another race thou hast too quickly run. GoLDWiN Smith A Flirtation in the Circus I sit not here because I am fond of high-bred horses; yet, the one you favor, I pray may win. To talk with you I came, and to sit with you, so that you might not miss knowing the love you stir. You gaze on the races; I on you; let us both gaze on what delights, both feast our own eyes. O, happy driver, who'er he be, that wins your favor! Ah, so 'twas he had the fortune to enlist your concern? Be that fortune mine, and when my coursers dash from the starting-chamber, with fearless heart will I tread the car and urge them on, now giving the rein, now striping their backs with the lash, now grazing the turning-post with inner wheel. Have I caught sight of you as I career, I will stop, and the reins, let froin my hands, will drop. Why draw back from me? — 'twill do no good; the line compels us to sit close. This advantage the circus gives, with its rule of space — yet you there on the right, whoever you are, have a care; your pressing against my 324 Classical Associations tu quoque, qui spectas post nos, tuacontrahe crura, si pudor est, rigido nee preme terga genu! sed nimium demissa iacent tibi pallia terra; i coUige! vel digitis en ego tollo meis. invida vestis eras, quae tam bona crura tegebas; quoque magis spectes — invida vestis eras. vis tamen interea faciles arcessere ventos? quos faciei nostra mota tabella manu. an magis hie meus est animi, non aeris aestus, captaque femineus pectora torret amor? dum loquor, alba levi sparsast tibi pulvere vestis: sordide de niveo corpore pulvis abi! sed pendent tibi crura: potes, si forte iuvabit, cancellis primos inseruisse pedes, maxima iam vacuo praetor spectacula circo quadriiugos aequo carcere misit equos. cui studeas, video; vincet, cuicumque favebis': quid cupias, ipsi scire videntur equi. me miserum! metam spatioso circuit orbe. quid facis? admoto proxumus axe subit. quid facis, infelix? perdis bona vota puellae: tende, precor, valida lora sinistra manu ! favimus ignavo; sed enim reVocate, Quirites, et date iaCtatis undique signa togis ! eri,"revbcant! at, ne turbet toga mota capillos, in nostros abdas te licet usque sinus, iamque patent iterum reserato carcere postes: evolat admissis discolor agmen equis. nunc saltem supera spatioque insurge patenti: sint mea, sint dominae fac rata vota meae ! sunt dominae rata vota meae, mea vota supersunt; ille tenet palmam: palma petenda meast. risit et argutis quiddam promisit ocellis : hie satis est; alio cetera redde loco! Ov. Amor. iii. 2, 1-14; 19-28; 37-42; 63-84. of Places in Italy 325 lady's side annoys. You, too^ wlio are looking on from behind, draw up your legs, if you care for decency, and press not her back with your hard knee ! But your cloak is let fall too far, and is trailing on the ground. Gather it up — or look, with my own fingers I'll get it up. Envious wrap you were, to cover such pretty limbs! Would you like, while we wait, to bid soft breezes blow? I'll take the fan in my hand and start them. Or is this rather the heat of my heart and not of the air, and does love for a woman burn my ravished breast? While I am talking, a sprinkling of light dust has got on your white dress. Vile dust, away from this snowy body! But your feet are dangling! If you like you can stick your toes in the grating. The circus is clear now for the greatest p«irt of the shows, and the praetor has started the four-horse cars from the equal barrier. I see the one you are eager for. He will win if he has your favor, whoever he be. What you desire the very horses seem to know! Ah, miserable me, he has circled the post in a wide curve! What are you doing? The next hugs close with his axle and gains on you. What are you doing, wretch? You will lose my love the prayer of hef heart. Pull, I entreat, the left rein with all your might! We are favoring a good-for-naught — but call them back, Quirites, and toss your togas in signal from every side! See, they call them back! — but for fear a waving toga spoil your hair, come, you may hide your head in the folds of my cloak. And now the starting-chambers are unbarred again, and the gates are open wide; the many-coloured rout comes flying forth with reins let loose to their steeds. This time, at least, get past them, and bend to your work on the open space! See that you fulfil my vows, and my lady-love's! Fulfilled are my lady's vows but my vows remain. Yon charioteer has received his palm; my palm is yet to be won. She smiled, and with speaking eyes promised — I know not what. That is enough for here — in some other place render the rest! Grant Showerman 326 Classical Associations THE COLOSSEUM Barbara pyramidum sileat miracula Memphis, Assyrius iactet nee Babylona labor; nee Triviae templo molles laudentur lones, dissimulet Delon cornibus ara frequens; acre nee vacuo pendentia Mausolea laudibus immodicis Cares in astra ferant. omnis Caesareo cedit labor amphitheatre, unum pro cunctis fama loquetur opus. Mart, de Spect. i. Hie ubi sidereus propius videt astra colossus et crescunt media pegmata celsa via, invidiosa feri radiabant atria regis unaque iam tota stabat in urbe domus. hie ubi conspicui venerabilis amphitheatri erigitur moles, stagna Neronis erant. hie ubi miramur velocia munera thermas, abstulerat miseris tecta superbus ager. Claudia diffusas ubi porticus explicat umbras, ultima pars aulae deficientis erat. reddita Roma sibi est et sunt te praeside, Caesar, deliciae populi, quae fuerant domini. Mart, de Spect. ii. Admirans . . . . amphitheatri molem solidatam lapidis Tiburtini compage, ad cuius summitatem aegre visio humana conscendit. Ammian. Marcel, xvi. 10, 14. 1 Gladiatorial combats and fights with wild beasts formed one of the diversions of the Romans from about 264 B. C. In the beginning these games were held in the Forum, but later several amphitheatres were erected for the purpose, the most famous being the Colosseum — a huge structure built by the emperor Vespasian on ground once belonging to Nero's Golden House. In 80 A. D. Titus completed and dedicated the building. Although frequently damaged by fire and earthquake, it continued to stand compara- tively unharmed until the sixth century. At this time depredations began, chiefly because of the fact that the travertine of which it was constructed afforded convenient material for the building of the Roman palaces. 2 A colossal statue of the emperor Nero. Vespasian made it over into a statue of the sun-god and surrounded the head with glittering rays. Martial (Ep. i. 70), again speaks of it. » Hot baths built by the emperor Titus. * The emperor Domitian. ^ The emperor Constantius the Second on the occasion of a visit to Rome in the fourth century A. D. oj Places in Italy -^Z? In Praise of the Colosseum' Let not barbaric Memphis tell of the wonder of her Pyra- mids, nor Assyrian toil vaunt its Babylon; let not the soft lonians be extolled for Trivia's fane; let the altar wrought of many horns keep hid its Delos; let not Carians exalt to the skies with boundless praise the Mausoleum poised on empty air. All labour yields to Caesar 's Amphitheatre: one work in place of all shall Fame rehearse. Walter C. A. Ker An Emperor's Domain Given to the People Here where, rayed with stars, the Colossus^ views heaven anear, and in the middle way tall scaffolds rise, hatefully gleamed the palace of a savage king, and but a single house then stood in all the City. Here where the far-seen Am- phitheatre lifts its mass august, was Nero's mere. Here where we admire the-warm-baths,' a gift swiftly wrought, a proud domain had robbed their dwellings from the poor. Where the Claudian Colonnade extends its 'outspread shade the Palace ended in its furthest part. Rome has been restored to herself, and under thy governance, Cae- sar,'' that is now the delight of a people which was once a master's. Walter C. A. Ker Admiring-' .... the \ast mass of the amphi- theatre so solidly erected of Tiburtine stone, to the top of which huhian vision can scarcely reach. C. D. YONGE 328 Classical Associations Casu in meridianum spectacuLum incidi lusus exspec- tans et sales et aliquid laxamenti, quo hominum oculi ab humano cruore adquiescant: contra est. Quicquid ante pugnatum est, misericordia fuit. Nunc omissis nugis mera homicidia sunt. Nihil habent quo tegantur. Ad ictum totis corporibus expositi numquam frustra manum mit- tunt Mane leonibus et ursis homines, meridie spectatoribus suis obiciuntur. Interfectores interfecturis iubent obici et victorem in aliam detinent caedem: exitus pugnantium mors est. Ferro et igne res geritur. Haec fiunt, dum vacat arena. Sed latrocinium, fecit aliquis: quid ergo meruit, ut suspendatur? "Occidit hominem." Quia occidit ille, meruit ut hoc pateretur: tu quid meruisti miser, ut hoc spectes? Sen. Ep. vii. 3-5. THE FORA Forum of Augustus Publica opera plurima exstruxit, e quibus vel praecipua: forum cum aede Martis Ultoris, templum ApoUinis in Palatino, aedem Tonantis lovis in Capitolio. Fori ex- struendi causa fuit hominum et iudiciorum multitude, quae videbantur non sufficientibus duobus etiam tertio indigere; itaque festinatius necdum perfecta Martis aede publicatum est cautumque, ut separatim in eo publica iudicia et sortitiones iudicum fierent. Aedem Martis belle Philippensi, pro ultione paterna suscepto, voverat; sanxit ergo, ut de bellis triumphisque hie consuleretur senatus, provincias cum imperio petituri hinc deduceren- 6 Seneca, the philosopher and man of affairs in Nero's reign, deplores the cruelty of the gladiatorial eMibitions. This passage is quoted not because these games actually occurred in the Colosseum (not then built) but as a picture of what must have taken place many times in this and similar buildings. For Cicero's aversion to such sights, see ad. Fam. vii.l. 7 The emperor Augustus. 8 For a dramatic account of the scene, see Ovid. Fast. v. 57 1-578. This temple was finally dedicated in 2 B. C. Pliny (N. H. xxxvi. 102) says that this Forum togethe;" with the temple of Peace in the Forum of Vespasian were the two most beautiful works in exis- tence. The many honorary statues set up for its adornment are referred to by Juvenal {i. 129-130) and other writers. oj Places in Italy 329 A Cultivated Roman Abhors the Games By chance P attended a mid-day exhibition, expecting some fun, wit, and relaxation, — an exhibition at which men's eyes have respite from the slaughter of their fellow- men. But it was quite the reverse. The previous com- bats were the essence of compassion; but now all the trifling is put aside and it is pure murder. The men have no defensive armour. They are exposed to blows at all points, and no one ever strikes in vain . . . . In the morning they throw men to the lions and bears; at noon, they throw them to the spectators. The spectators demand that the slayer shall face the man who is to slay him in his turn; and they always reserve the latest conqueror for another butchering. The outcome of every fight is death, and the means are fire and sword. This sort of thing goes on while the arena is empty. You may retort: "But he was a highway robber; he killed a man!" And what of it? Granted that, as a murderer, he deserved this punishment, what crime have you com- mitted, poor fellow, that you should deserve to sit and see this show? R. H. GXJMMERE Why the Forum was Built He" built many public works, in particular the follow- ing: his forum with the temple of Mars the Avenger, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, and the fane of Jupiter the Thunderer on the Capitol. His reason for building the forum was the increase in the number of the people and of cases at law, which seemed to call for a third forum, since two were no longer adequate. Therefore it was opened to the public with some haste, before the temple of Mars was finished, and it was provided that the public prosecutions be held there apart from the rest, as well as the selection of jurors by lot. He had made a vow'* to build the temple of Mars in the war of Philippi, which he undertook to avenge his father; accordingly he decreed that in it the senate should consider wars and claims for triumphs, from it those who were on their way to the 330 Classical Associations tur, quique victores redissent, hue insignia triumphorum conferrent. Suet. Aug. 29. Ultor ad ipse suos coelo descendit honores templaque in Augusto conspicienda Foro. at deus est ingens, et opus: debebat in Urbe non aliter nati Mars habitare sui. digna Giganteis haec sunt delubra tropaeis; hinc fera Gradivum bella movere decet: seu quis ab Eoo nos impius orbe lacesset, seu quis ab occiduo sole domandus erit. Ov. Fast. V. 551-558. Forum Julium Tds fih d'fj ovv aXKas twv VLKrjTrip'LCOv fifiipas'iljs ttov ivtvbfitaTO Siriyaye' rfj Si reXfiraia eiret^ij tK roO Selirvov ty'tvovro, h re Trjv eavTOv ayopav icfjXdi ^Xavras viroSideiJikvos Kai avdtai wavTodairoLs ((TTev oivlwv, dXX' eTri irpa^eai avvi- ovTuv es dXXijXous, Kada Kai Hkpaais fjv rts ayopa fTjToOtrii' fj ixavdavovai to. SlKaLa. App. B. C. ii. 102. 1 An appellation of Mars. 2 This forunij built by Julius Caesar to relieve the pressure in the Roman Forum and to form a convenient means of access to the Campus Martius, was dedicated in 46 B. C. * Called the temple of Venus Genetrix. * In 48 B. C. Caesar defeated Pompey at this place. of Places in Italy 331 provinces with military commands should be escorted, and to it victors on their return should bear the tokens of their triumphs. J. C. ROLFE The Temple of Mars The Avenger himself comes down from heaven to his own honours, and to the temple conspicuous in the Forum of Augustus. Mighty is the god, and so is the work; and in no other fashion ought Mars to have his habitation in the city of his offspring. These shrines are worthy of the trophies won from the Giants; it becomes Gradivus,^ from this spot to give an impulse to the cruel warfare; whether it be that anyone shall assail us from the eastern world, or whether under the western sun, the enemy will have to be subdued. H. T. Riley Julius Caesar Enjoys His Triumph The first days of the triumph he passed as was custo- mary, but, on the last day, after they had finished dinner, he entered his own forum wearing slippers and garlanded with all kinds of flowers; thence he proceeded homeward with practically the entire populace escorting him, while many elephants carried torches. For he had himself con- structed the forum^ named after him, and it is distinctly more beautiful than the Roman Forum. Earnest Gary Why the Julian Forum was Built He erected the temple to Venus,' his ancestress, as he had vowed to do when he was about to begin the battle of Pharsalus,^ and he laid out the ground around the temple which he intended to be a forum for the Roman people, not for buying and selling, but a meeting place for the transac- tion of public business, like the public squares of the Per- sians where the people assemble to seek justice or to learn the laws. Horace White K S u (4 a" 10 10 20 30 10 60 60 70 8(1 90 100 F. — The Forum of the EMPraE Courtety of AUvn and Bat an Pi a < 334 Classical Associations The Roman Forum The spot known as the Roman Forum was in the begin- ning only a marshy valley between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills. After the union of the Romans and Sa- bines and during the days of the early kings, the district was drained and used as a market place, a spot adjoining it being set aside as a place of meeting and called the Comit- ium. Here a senate house was erected and a speaker's platform known as the Rostra. As time went on various buildings were constructed in and around it, temples, pub- lic halls, tribunals for the praetors, shrines, etc. and the spot came to serve as the center of the city's life. The markets and the shops were gradually removed and the place given up more and more to political ends. Through- out the centuries it has been the scene of innumerable cere- monies, bitter political quarrels, bloody encounters — in short, the setting for the great drama of Roman history. The' passages quoted below can only indicate in an inadequate way the wealth of material which is at hand for the student who wishes to reconstruct for himself from classical litej'ature the life of Rome as played upon the stage of the Roman Forum. Verbosi garrula bella fori. Ov. Trist. iii. 12, 18. Illic aera sonant. Mart. i. 76, 13. Insanumque forum. Vir. Georg. ii. 502. Forum in quo omnis aequitas continetur. Cic. in Cat. iv. 2. of Places in Italv 335 tJI=^ The Rostra Restored Courtesy (ff Allyn and Bacon The garrulous warfare of the wordy Forum. H. T. Riley There money sounds. The mad Forum. The Forum in which all justice is centered. 336 Classical Associations IlciXii' 5' el Tis ets Trjv ayopav irapeXOuv Tr\v apxaiav aXXijc (^ aXXjjs l8oi irapafie^Xriixtvriv TavTT[i Kal |3a(nXtKas aroas Kal caous, tSoi S^ Kai TO KaTTiTuiXiov Kal TO. ivTavda epya /cat rd ev tw Ila- Xarto) (Cat rcS ttjs At;8tas TreptTrdrco, ;4f6icos eKXiSoir' af tcoi' Strabo v. 3, 8. Proinde Romam ingressus, imperii virtutumque om- nium larem, cum venisset ad rostra, perspectissimum priscae potentiae forum, obstipuit, perque omne latus quo se oculi contulissent, miraculorum densitate praestrictus, adlocutus nobilitatem in curia, populumque a tribunali, in palatium receptus favore multiplici, laetitia fruebatur optata. Ammian. Marcel, xvi. 10, 13. Indici deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet, quantoque apparatu turn sciebant aut poterant, concelebrant, ut rem claram expectatamque facerent. Multi mortales convenere . . . . maxima proximi quique .... Etiam Sa- binorum omnis multitudo cum liberis ac coniugibus venit. . . . . Ubispectaculitempusvenitdeditaequeeo mantes cum oculis arant, tum ax composito orta vis, signoque dato iuventus Romana ad rapiendas virgines discurrit. . . . . Turbato par matum ludicro maesti parantes virginum profugiunt, incusantes violati hospitii scalus daumque invocantas, cuius ad sollemne iudosqua per fas ac fidem decapti venissent. Liv. i. 9, 7. ^ Augustus built a very beautiful portico in honor of his wife, Livia . After those on the Campus Martius, it was the most frequented of any in Rome. This was dedicated in 7 B . C. The building was not in the Forum, however, but on the Esquiline Hill. 2 The emperor Constantlus the Second visits Ron-e in 357 A. D. ^ This famous incident known as the rape of the Sabine women took place, according to legend, in the da^s of Romulus who by this stratagem was able to provide wives for his Roman youths. Livy,in a later chapter (13),gives a graphic account of how the Sabine women intervened to stop the battle when their kinsmen came to avenge their wrongs, and of the truce which was made, providing not only for peace but also for the union of the two peoples. oj Places in Italy 337 A Striking Sight If from hence you proceed to visit the ancient forum — which is equally filled with basilicas, porticoes, and tem- ples, you will there behold the Capitol, the Palatium, with the noble works which adorn them, and the portico of Livia,' each successive place causing you speedily to forget what you have before seen. H. C. Hamilton The Emperor Constantius the Second is Astounded As he^ went on, having entered Rome, that home of sovereignty and of all virtues, when he arrived at the ros- tra, he gazed with an amazed awe on the Forum, the most renowned monument of ancient power, and being bewild- ered with the number of wonders on every side to which he turned his eyes, having addressed the nobles in the senate-house and harangued the people from the tribune, he retired with the good will of all into the palace where he enjoyed the luxury he had wished for. C. D. YONGE Romulus Provides Wives for the Young Men of Rome' He then bade proclaim the spectacle to the surrounding peoples, and his subjects prepared to celebrate it with all the resources within their knowledge and power, that they might cause the occasion to be noised abroad and eagerly expected. Many people .... gathered for the fes- tival, especially those who lived nearest The Sabines, too, came with all their people, including their children and wives When the time came for the show, and people's thoughts and eyes were busy with it, the preconcerted attack began. At a given signal, the young Romans darted thi; way and that, to seize and carry off the maidens. . . . The sports broke up in a panic and the parents of the maidens fled sorrowing. They charged the Romans with the crime of violating hospitality, and invoked the god to whose solemn games they had come, deceived in ^•iolation of religion and hon- o u r . B. O. Foster 338 Classical Associations '0 Si BpoOros dvofiaarl tCiv vluv tKartpov irpoaeiiruv "Aye, u Tire" elirev "a7«, o) Ti/Septe, Ti ovK aTro\oyei(T^e irpos ttjv Karriyoplav ;" "fis 5' ovBiv aireKpivavTO rpls epcarri&evTes, ovtojs wpds Toiis inrriperas airo- (jTp'e^as TO irpoauTov, "'Tp,iTtpov ^8ri" elire, "to \oi,irbv ipyov." 01 5i eMvs trvWa^ovres tovs veavitTKOvs TepLeppiiyvvov to. IfxaTia, rds x^'PCis CLTrjyov bvlaw, pafiSois 'e^aLvov to. auiiaTa, tS>v fiiv aXXojj' oil 8vva,p,iva>v wpoaopav ovbk KapTepohvTWV, tKelvov 5e \kytTai p/qTt Tos o^^ets d7ra7a7etj' dXXaxotre jU^r' oiktcj) ti Tp'e^ai tjJs TTcpi TO TpoacoTOV opyfjs Kai ^apvTriTos, dXXd Seivov evopav Ko\a- ^ofikvois Tots waialv axpi- ov KaTaTeivavTes avToiis iTtl ToiiSavi.os ^aaiXea t€ p,eTa. twv avvupkuv irpoariyopeiKTe Kal SiaSruxaTi avtSriaev, eliricv oti "tovto coi 6 Srjuos 8i kfiov SiStocrii'," aweKpivaTO //.ev oti "Z«iis fiovos tCiv 'Voop,a'uav iSafftXeiis 617), " KoX to biabyfiia aiirtS «s to KoTrtTcbXto;' 'iirtn'^tv, ov likvTOL Kai opyijv taxiv, aXKa koL es to. VTop,VTinaTa iyypa- v ToXeiiiuv /tr;5' es TTiv daXaaaav tKvtabvTa aTroKTtlvai rjdvvriBri, virb tS>v tTalpuv b iroWaKLs avTovs eXeiycas. ttov SiJTa col, Katcrop, 17 (piKavOpoiirla, TTOV 5i ri acTvKia, ttov 5e vbfioi ; dXXd aii )xtv, ottcos iiTjb' vwb tS>v kx6pS>v TLS iJiocriai tv Ayopq. avveaTuiTas adpoovs Kal rrfv /lev Trpa^iv ayvoovvras, rriv 5i vvKra irpoa^itvovTOS, cos tTt ^6iVT0)v tSiv avSpcov Kal dvvafjievwv t^apiraadrivai, ipdty^a- fievos fikya irpds airovs, ""EJ'T/o'aj'," elirtv. outoj 8k 'Poiiiaiuiv ol dvav rijs warpiSos. ra Si (pSira TToXXd KarkXanin Tovs cTtvuiTovs, Xa/UTrdSta Kal Sq,Sas tariyvTUV kTrl rats Bhpais. al 8k yvva^Kes tK tS>v reyO>v TpovTa d)s ivopxovpLtvo^ TOLS iroXep.iois . eiri 8' ahrQ dvpiiaTi)piuiv ttXtjSos, Kai (TTpaTTiyos ewi rots dvij.Lap.a(nv, h.ep€L, Kai baipvqv, rfv ati 'Poj/uatoi von'i^ovdL vLktjs (rvp.^o\ov. iiri^aivovai &' avTW eiri TO ap/xa waldes Tt Kai irapdtvoL, Kai tiri tCiv iraprjopoiv tKaTtpoidtv fideoL (TvyytvtLS. Kai irapeirovTai. ocrot irapa rdv iroXefiov fjaav avTW ypafinaTth re Kai vir-qp'traL Kai vwaairicTai. Kai p,tT' eKei- i^ovi 7} CTpana Kara re tXas /cat Ta^tis, kaTttpaviiinkvq iraaa Kai dav apxbvTwv ow fitv eiraLVodcnv, ous 8c <7K6nrTOV(nv,ovs 8i \j/kyov- aiv. d^eXijs 7dp 6 Opla/ifios, Kai iv e^ovcia Xiyeiv & tl diXoiev. (upiKoixtvoi 8i « TO KaTTircoXioj' 6 "Zkittiwv Tr)v ixiv irofjurriv KaTt- iravaev, etorta 8i Toiij (piXous, Hiairtp edos iaTiv, es to iepov. App. B. P. viii. 65-66. of Places in Italy 359 came the crowns that had been given to the general as a reward for his bravery by cities, by allies, or by the army itself. White oxen came next and after them elephants and the captured Carthaginians and Numidian chiefs. Lictors clad in purple tunics preceded the general; also a chorus of harpists and pipers, in imitation of the Etruscan procession, wearing belts and golden crowns, and they march in regular order, keeping step with song and dance. They are called Lydi because, as I think, the Etruscans were a Lydian colony. One of these in the middle of the procession, wearing a purple cloak reaching to the feet and golden bracelets and necklace, caused laughter by making various gesticulations, as though he were dancing in triumph over the enemy. Ne.xt came a number of incense- bearers, and after them the general himself on a chariot embellished with various designs, wearing a crown of gold and precious stones, and dressed according to the fashion of the country, in a purple toga inwoven with golden stars. He bore a sceptre of ivory and a laurel branch, which is always the Roman symbol of victory. Riding in the same chariot with him were boys and girls, and on the trace- horses on either side of him young men, his own relatives. Then followed those who had served him in the war as secretaries, aids, and armour-bearers. After these came the army arranged in squadrons and cohorts, all of them crowned and carrying laurel branches, the bravest of them bearing military prizes. They praised some of their cap- tains, derided others, and reproached others; for in a triumph everyone is free and is allowed to say what he pleases. When Scipio arrived at the Capitol the proces- sion came to an end, and he entertained his friends at a banquet in the temple, according to custom. Horace Whitk 360 Classical Associations ESQUILINE Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus atque aggere in aprico spatiari, qua modo tristes albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum; cum mihi non tantum furesque feraeque suetae hunc vexare locum curae sunt atque labori, quantum carminibus quae versant atque venenis humanos animos. has nullo perdere possum nee prohibere modo, simul ac vaga luna decorum protulit OS, quin ossa legant herbasque nocentes. Hor. Sat. i. 8, 14-22. "Quid vis, insane, et quas res agis?" improbus urget iratis precibus: "tu pulses omne quod obstat, ad Maecenatem memori si meijte recurras." hoc iuvat et melli est, non mentiar. at simul atras ventum est Esquilias, aliena negotia centum per caput et circa saliunt latus. Hor. S. ii. 6, 29-34. ' The Esquiline district included the two spurs of the Esquiline hill,Oppius and Cis- pius, the valley between these heights, and a wide stretch eutside the Servian wall called the Campus Esquilinus. In early times a large area was occupied by a cemetery and in the late Republic this was the Potter's Field of Rome. As the city developed, the Esqui- line region was occupied by dwellings, temples, and other public buildings of importance, beautiful gardens (especially under the Empire), as well as shops and markets of various Kinds. 2 Maecenas, the powerful literary patron at Rome and a special friend of the poet Hor- ace who, because of this relationship, is often charged by his less fortunate acquaintances with petitions to him. of Places in Italy 361 The Improvement in the Esquiline Hill' Now is it possible to dwell On Esquiline, and yet be well; To saunter there and take your ease On trim and sunny terraces. And this where late the ground was white With dead men's bones, — disgusting sight! But not the thieves and beasts of prey, Who prowl about the spot alway, When darkness falls, have caused to me Such trouble and anxiety, As those vile hags, who vex the souls Of men by spells, and poison bowls. Do what I will, they haunt the place. And ever, when her buxom face The wandering moon unveils, these crones Come here to gather herbs and bones. Sir Theodore Martin Horace Forgets the Many Petitions He is to Pour into Maecenas' Ear- "I say, where are you pushing to? What would you have, you, madman, you?" So flies he at poor me, 'tis odds. And curses me by all his gods. "You think that you, now, I daresay, May push whatever stops your way. When you are to Maecenas bound!" Sweet, sweet as honey is the sound, I won't deny, of that last speech, But then, no sooner do I reach The gloomy Esquiline, than straight Buzz, buzz around me runs the prate Of people pestering me with cares, About all other men's affairs. Sir Theodore Martix .362 Classical Associations Scilicet hoc fuerat, propter quod saepe relicta coniuge per montem adversum gelidasque cucurri Esquilias, fremeret saeva cum grandine \'ernus luppiter et multo stillaret paenula nimbo. Juw V. 76-7''. Nee doctum satis et parum se\erum, sed non rusticulum nimis libellum facundo mea Plinio Thalia i prefer: brevis est labor peractae altum \'incere tramitem Suburae. illic Orphea protinus videbis udi vertice lubricum theatri mirantesque feras. Mart. X. 19, 1-8. The jANicuLt'.M luli iugera pauca Martialis hortis Hesperidum beatiora" longo laniculi iugo recumbunl: lati collibus imminent recessus, et planus medico tumore vertex caelo perfruitur sereniore et curvas nebula tegente valles solus luce nitet peculiari; puris leniter admoventur astris celsae culmina delicata villae. hinc septem dominos videre montes et totam licet aestimare Romam, Albanos quoque Tusculosque coUes et quodcunque iacet sub urbe frigus, Fidenas veteres brevesque Rubras, et quod virgineo cruore gaudet Annae pomiferum nemus Perennae. illinc Flaminiae Salariaeque ■' The muse of comedy. * Pliny the younger who evidently lived on this hilKPHn. Ep. ill. 21). ^ Fabulous gardens in the West which according to classical mytholog\ contained trees hearing golden apples. 6 Saxa Rubra was a small place about eight miles north of Rome. 7 A godess whose name is confused with that of Dido's sister, said by legend to have crossed over to Latium. The Rdmans seemed to have established a festival in her honor. oj Places in Italy .Ui,^ Running After the Great is Wearisome Forsooth, this it was for the sake of which I often left my wife and ran up the opposite hill, the cold Esquiline, when the vernal sky sounded with the pitiless hail, and my cloak dripped with the frequent showers! John Delaware Lewis Pliny's House Go, my Thalia,' and present to the eloquent Pliny" my little book, which, though not learned enough or very weighty, is not entirely devoid of elegance. When you have passed the Subura, it is no long labor to ascend the steep pathway over the Esquiline Hill. Then you will see a glittering statue of Orpheus on the top of a perfume- sprinkled theatre surrounded by beasts wondering at his music. Translation from the Bohn Library. A View from the Janiculum The few fields of Julius Martialis, more favoured than the gardens of the Hesperides,' rest on the long ridge of the Janiculum: wide sheltered reaches look down on the' hills, and the flat summit, gently swelling, enjoys to the full a clearer sky; and, when mists shroud the winding vales, alone shines with its own brightness; the dainty roof.of the tall villa gently rises up, to the unclouded stars. On this side may you see the seven sovereign hills and take the measure of all Rome, the Alban hills and Txisculan. too, and every cool retreat nestling near the cit\-, old Fidenae, and tiny Rubrae^, and Annu Perenna's' fruitful grove that joys in maiden blood. On that side the traveler shows on ihe Flaminian or Salarian way, though his carriage- makes .364 Classical Associations gestator patet essedo tacente, ne blando rota sit molesta somno, quem nee rumpere nauticum celeuma nee elanjor valet helciariorum, eum sit tarn prope Mulvius, saerumque lapsae per Tiberim volent carinae. hoc rus, seu potius domus vocanda est, eommendat dominus: tuam putabis, tarn non invida tamque liberalis, tam comi patet hospitalitate : eredas Alcinoi pics Penates aut, facti modo divitis, Molorehi. vos nune omnia parva qui putatis, eenteno gelidum ligone Tibur vel Praeneste domate pendulamque uni dedite Setiam colono, dum me iudiee praeferantur istis luli iugera pauca Martialis. Mart. iv. 64. Palatine Eece Palatino erevit reverentia monti! exultatque habitante dec. . . . non alium certe decuit rectoribus orbis esse larem, nulloque magis se colle potestas aestimat, et summi sentit fastigia iuris. attollens apicem subieetis regia rostris, tot circum delubra videt, tantisque deorum cingitur excubiis. iuvat infra teeta Tonantis eernere Tarpeia pendentes rupe Gigantes, eaelatasque fores, mediisque volantia signa nubibus, et densum stipantibus aethera templis, aeraque vestitis numerosa puppe eolumnis consita, subnLxasque iugis immanibus sedes, naturam cumulante manu; spoliisque mieantes innumeros arcus. aeies stupet igne metalli, et cireumfuso trepidans obtunditur auro. Claudian de vi Cons. Honor, (xxviii) 35-52. ■ The wealthy king of Phaeacia at whose palace Odysseus was entertained. ■- A shepherd who, in return for a favor, was eoricbed by Hercules'. of Places in Italy 365 no sound, that wheels should not disturb the soothing sleep which neither boatswain's call nor bargeman's shout is loud enough to break, though the Mulvian Bridge is so near and the keels that swiftly glide along the sacred Tiber. This country seat — if it should not be called a town man- sion — its owner commends to you: you will fancy it is yours, so ungrudgingly, so freely, a^nd with such genial hospitality it lies open to you : you will believe it to be the kindly dwelling of Alcinous,' or of Molorchus^ just become rich. You who to-day deem all this but small, subdue ye cool Tibur's soil, or Praeneste, with an hundred hoes, and assign to one tenant Setia on the hill, so that ye let me as judge prefer to that the few fields of Julius Martialis. Walter C. A. Ker The Palatine Hill and Its Surroundings' Behold, new honor dignifies the Palatine as with joy and gladness it receives the divine tenant [the emperor Honorius]. . . . Surely no other seat were fit abode for those who rule the world; on no hill is Government more conscious of its worth, or feels more deeply the pride of supreme power. Rearing aloft its crown, with the Rostra far below, the royal power looks forth upon countless sanctuaries and countless sentinel gods en- circling it. How fair a sight, to behold yonder beneath the gable of Thundering Jove the graven temple doors and their Giants in space above the Tarpeian Rock, lo look upon statues soaring amid the clouds, and upon the high air dense with thronging temples, and every- where the terrain a forest of columns adorned with beaks from many a conquered ship, and palaces reposing on foundations mountain-high which the hands of man have upreared, adding still to Nature, and arches unnumbered, rich with glittering spoils of war! The eye is blinded and bewildered by flashing metal and the gleam of gold on every "^"°- . Grant Showerman 8 The Palatine hill was the centre of the Rome of the Kings. Here Romulus made his settlement and here the buildings were erected which marked the first stage in the city's growth. After the addition of the Forum, however, which gradually became the centre of the business and political life, the hill was given up to the houses of the wealthy. Temples were erected in increasing numbers. In the Empire the imperial palaces werp naturally located on this height. 366 Classical Associations Augur et fulgente decoris arcu Phoebus acceptusque novem camenis, qui salutari levat arte fessos corporis artus, si Palatinas videt aequus arces remque Romanam Latiumque felix aeternum in lustrum meliusque semper prorogat aevum. Hor. C. S. 61-68. Palace of Augustus Singula dum miror, video fulgentibus armis conspicuos postes, tectaque digna deo. an lovis, haec, dixi, domus est? quod ut esse putarem, augurium menti querna corona dabat. cuius ut accepi dominum, "non fallimur," inquam: "et magni verum est banc lovis esse domum." cur tamen apposita velatur ianua lauro, cingit et augustas arbor opaca fores? num quia perpetuos meruit domus ista triumphos? Ov. Trist. iii. 1, 33-41. Palace of Tiberius Vim Ka1. Febr. hora fere septima, cunctatus an ad prandium surgeret marcente adhuc stomacho pridiani cibi onere, tandem suadentibus amicis egressus est. Cum in crypta, per quam transeundum erat, pueri nobiles ex Asia ad edendas in scaena operas evocati praepararentur, ut eos inspiceret hortareturque restitit, ac nisi princeps gregis al- gere se diceret, redire ac repraesentare spectaculum voluil. Duplex dehinc fama est: alii tradunt adloquenti pueros a tergo Chaeream cervicem gladio caesim graviter percus- sisse, praemissa voce: Hoc age\ dehinc Cornelium Sabi- * The temple of Apollo stood upon the Palatine. 5 The poet Ovid, who was exiled by the emperor Augustus, was constantly begging to be allowed to return to Rome and addressing the monarch in terms of extravagant praise. " The emperor Califiula, who was murdered in 41 ,A D. oj Places in Italy 367 Augur Apollo H Bearer of the bow! Warrior and prophet! Loved one of the Nine! Healer in sickness! Comforter in woe! If still the templed crags of Palatine And Latium's fruitful plains to thee are dear, Perpetuate for cycles yet to come, Mightier in each advancing year, The ever growing might and majesty of Rome. Aubrey de Vere An Exile Indulges in Fulsome Flattery While^ I was admiring each object, I beheld a portal gorgeous with shining arms, and a habitation worthy of a deity. "Is this the house of Jove?" said I, for a wreath of oak leaves caused a presentiment in my mind for taking it to be such. When I learned who was its owner, I said, "I was not deceived, and it is true that this is the house of the great Jove.". . . . But why is its gate wreathed with the laurel fastened to it, and why does the over- shadowing tree surround the doors of majesty? Is it be- cause this one house has deserved everlasting triumph? H. A. Riley The Murder of an Emperor On the ninth day before the Kalends of February, at about the seventh hour, he^ hesitated whether or not to get up for luncheon, since his stomach was still disordered from excess of food on the day before, but at length he came out at the persuasion of his friends. In the covered passage through which he had to pass, some boys of good birth, who had been summoned from Asia to appear on the stage, were rehearsing their parts, and he stopped to watch and encourage -them; and had not the leader of the troop complained that he had a chill, he would have returned and had the performance given at once. From this point there are two versions of the story: some say that as he was talking with the boys, Chaerea came up behind and gave him a deep cut in the neck, having first cried: "Do 368 Classical Associations num, alterum e coniuratis, tribunum ex adverso traiecisse pectus; alii Sabinum, summota per conscios centuriones turba, signum more militiae petisse, et Gaio lovem dante Chaeream exclamasse: Accipe ratumi respicientique ma- xillam ictu discidisse. lacentem contractisque membris clamitantem se vivere ceteri vulneribus triginta confece- runt; nam signum erat omnium: Repete! Suet. Calig. 58. Palace of Nero Non in alia re tamen damnosior quam in aedificando, domum a Palatio Esquilias usque fecit, quam primo tran- sitoriam, mox incendio absumptam restitutamque auream nominavit. De cuius spatio atque cultu suffecerit haec rettulisse. Vestibulum eius fuit, in quo colossus CXX pedum staret ipsius effigie; tanta laxitas, ut porticus trip- lices miliarias haberet; item stagnum maris instar, circum- saeptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem; rura insuper, arvis atque vinetis et pascuis silvisque varia, cum multitudine omnis generis pecudum ac ferarum. In ceteris partibus cuncta auro lita, distincta gemmis unionumque conchis erant; caenationes laqueatae tabulis eburneis versatilibus, ut flores, fistulatis, ut unguenta desuper spargerentur; praecipua caenationum rotunda, quae perpetuo diebus ac noctibus vice mundi circumageretur; balineae marinis et albulis fluentes aquis. Eius modi domum cum absolutam dedicaret, hactenus comprobavit, ut se diceret quasi homi- nem tandem habitare coepisse. Suet. Nero 31. ' The emperor Nero who died in 68 A. D. of Places in Italy 369 your duty!" and that then the tribune Cornelius Sabinus, who was the other conspirator and faced Gains, stabbed him in the breast. Others say that Sabinus, after getting rid of the crowd through centurions who were in the plot, asked for the watchword as soldiers do, and that when Gains gave him "Jupiter," he cried, "So be it," and as Gains looked around, he split his jawbone with a blow of his sword. As he lay upon the ground and with writhing limbs called out that he still lived, the others dispatched him with thirty wounds; for the general signal was "Strike again." J. C. ROLFE An Emperor's Extravagance There was nothing however in which he' was more ruin- ously prodigal than in building. He made a palace ex- tending all the way from the Palatine to the Esquiline, which at first he called the House of the Passage, but when it was burned shortly after its completion and rebuilt, the Golden House. Its size and splendor will be sufficiently indicated by the following details. Its vestibule was large enough to contain a colossal statue of the emperor a hun- dred and twenty feet high; and it was so extensive that it had a triple colonnade a mile long. There was a pond too, like a sea, surrounded with buildings to represent cities, besides tracts of country varied by tilled fields, vineyards, pastures and woods, with great numbers of wild and do- mestic animals. In the rest of the house all parts were overlaid with gold and adorned with gems and mother- of-pearl. There were dining rooms with fretted ceilings of ivory, whose panels could turn and shower down flowers and were fitted with pipes for sprinkling the guests with perfumes. The main banquet hall was circular and con- stantly revolved day and night, like the heavens. He had baths supplied with sea water and sulphur water. When the edifice was finished in this style and he dedi- cated it, he deigned to say nothing more in the way of ap- proval than that he was at last beginning to be housed like a human being. J. C. ROLFE 370 Classical Associations Palace of Domitian Tectum augustum,ingens, non centum insigne columnis, sed quantae superos caelumque Atlante remisso sustentare queant. stupet hoc vicina Tonantis regia, teque pari laetantur sede locatum numina. nee magnum properes escendere caelum : tanta patet moles effusaeque impetus aulae liberior campo multumque amplexus operti aetheros et tantum domino minor; ille penatis implet et ingenti genio iuvat. aemulus illic mons Libys Iliacusque nitet, .... multa Syene et Chios et glaucae certantia Doridi saxa Lunaque portandis tantum suffecta columnis. longa supra species: fessis vix culmina prendas visibus auratique putes laquearia caeli. Stat. Silv. iv. 2, 18-31. HOUSES OF THE WEALTHY "E(7Ti 5' obv Tov kovKovWov filov, KodaTtp apxo-las KwncoSias, avayvuvaL to. /jitv irpSiTa. irdXiTeias Kal aTparajyia^, to. 8' varepa woTovs Kal Silirva Kal /lovovovxl K6ip.ovs Kal Xa/iird5as Kal TraiSidc airacav. Eis TraiSiai' yap 'iycjyt Ti§ep.ai Kal oiKo8ona.i wdKv- TeXeTs Kal KajaaKevas TTipiiraToiv Kal XovrpSiv Kal in /^aXXoj' ypa- (pas Kal a.v8pi.avTas Kal ttjv irtpl ravras ras rkxvas (nrovSrjv, &s eKilvos avvrjyt /i67dXots ava\6itj.apfjs exoixrris, oi AovKOvWiavol ktjvol tS>v PaciXiKciiv kv toTs xoXureXeordTOts apv&p.ovvTaL. Plut. Lucull. xxxix. ' Domitian became emperor in 81 A. D. * LucuUus was a prominent general, politician, and patron of art at Rome in the closing century of the Republic. This passage is quoted as being typical of others in which the houses of the wealthy are described. The magnificent gardens in connection with the houses deserve mention, especially so in the case of those of Lucuilus and S.illust . Both of these lay in the region of what is now the Pincian Hill. oj Places in Italy 371 A Poet Glorifies the Reigning Emperor' Noble is the hall and spacious, not glorified with a hun- dred columns, but with so many as might bear up the gods in Heaven, were Atlas discharged. The neighboring palace of the Thunderer is amazed at thine. The gods rejoice that thou hast thy home in as fair a seat as their own. Hasten not to ascend to the great sky. So spacious is the pile; more enlarged than the plain is the career of thy vast hall, clasping and closing within it wide space of sky, unsurpassed save by its lord. He fills the place; and his mighty presence makes its delight. There, as in rivalry, gleams the marble of Libya and of Ilium; resting upon syenite are slabs of Chian and blocks of sea-grey stone: and Luna is there, pressed into the service only to support the columns. So high is the vault above, the weary sight can scarce strain to the roof: you might think it the ceiling of the golden heavens. D. A. Slater The Home of a Roman Millionaire And it is true that in the life of LucuUus,^ as in an ancient comedy, one reads in the first part of political measures and military commands, and in the latter part of drinking bouts, and banquets, and what might pass for revel-routs, and torch-races, and all manner of frivolity. For I must count as frivolity his costly edifices, his ambulatories, and baths, and still more his paintings and statues (not to speak of his devotion to these arts), which he collected at enormous outlays, pouring out into such channels the vast and splendid wealth which he accumulated from his cam- paigns. Even now, when luxury has increased so much, the gardens of LucuUus are counted among the most costly of the imperial gardens. Bernadotte Perrin 372 Classical Associations SitouStJs 5' ix^ia Kal X670U to. wtpl ri/v tSiv ;8i/3Xta)i' KaracFKiVi)v. Kai yap TToXXa /cat yeypafiiikva /caXSs avviiytv, ?} t« XP'?"''* 1'' ipCKoTipxurkpa rjjs KTrjcews, dveifikvuv itaai. tS>v PijJKio^riKSiv, Kal tS>v TTipl avTas Trepi.Tr&.Toiv Kal v aWwv xP^i^v aajxtvois airoTpexovrai. UoWclkls Si Kal (rvvtaxo^O'^tv avTOi e/i- /SaXXojj' ets TOW wepiiraTovs tois ipi\o\6yoLs Kal tols iroXtrtKots avvewparTtv otov Skoivro' Kal oXojs t Brother of jVespasian, and prefect of the city. *The Via Appia was built by Appius Claudius in 312 B. C. It ran as far as Capua at first, leaving the city towards the south at the Porta Capena It was later extended to Brundisium- oj Places in Italy 377 How an Emperor's Victims are Disposed oP Some of those who were consigned to prison were denied not only the consolation of reading, but even the privilege of conversing and talking together. Of those who were cited to plead their causes, some opened their veins at hoine, feeling sure of being condemned and wishing to avoid annoyance and humiliation, while others drank poison in full view of the senate; yet the wounds of the former were bandaged and they were hurried half-dead, but still quivering to the prison. Everyone of those w^io were executed was thrown out upon the Stairs of Mourn- ing and dragged to the Tiber with hooks, as many as twenty being so treated in a single day, including women and children. J. C. ROLFE A Well-deserved Fate Vitellius,' compelled by threatening swords, first to raise his face and offer it to insulting blows, then to behold his own statues falling around him, and more than once to look at the Rostra and the spot where Galba^ was slain, was then driven along until they reached the Gemoniae, the place where the corpse of Flavins Sabinus* had lain. One speech was heard from him showing a spirit not ut- terly degraded, when, to the insults of a tribune, he an- swered, "Yet I was your Emperor." Then he fell under a shower of blows, and the mob reviled the dead man with the same heartlessness with which they had flattered him when he was alive. Alfred Church and William Brodribb The Appian Way The most celebrated of Italian roads.' Appia, the queen of the long highways. 378 Classical Associations Pholograph'by Katharine Alien ^ ^ The Appiak Way Where It Enters Terracina Donee Troius ignis ,et renatae Tarpeius pater intonabit aulae, , .. haec donee via te regente terras . annosa magis Appia seneseat. Stat. Silv: iv. 3. 160-163. "EcTTL 5i ri 'Airiria 68os rintpS>v irevrt tii^wvw dvSpl tK 'Pa)/ir;$ yap avrri es Kairirrji/ Stij/cet. tipos 5i kari t^s bhov TaiiTJjs oaov apia^as dvo avrias levai dXXijXais, Kal lariv a^iodkaros iravTwv ^uaXurra. t6v yap \i9ov airavra, ^uXitijj' T€ ovra Kal (piiau (TKXrjpov, eK xwpas a)^ris fiaKpav oCo-tjs Ttp.div "Attttuk evTavBa iKoiiiae. raijTris yap 5j) t^s yijs oiidanrj I Jupiter.'' \The emperor Domltian. ■ Procopius writes in the sixth century A. D. of Places in Italy 379 Scene Near the Appian Way Not Far from Rome The Time-worn Appian Way As long as the altar-fire of Troy endures and the Tar- peian Sire^ still thunders in his re-born temple: aye, until this road comes to be older than the time-worn Appian and sees thee^ still sovereign over all the world. D. A. Slater The Appian Road Described^ Now the Appian Way is in length a journey of five days for an unencumbered traveler; for it extends from Rome to Capua. And the breadth of this road is such that two wagons going in opposite directions can pass each other, and it is one of the noteworthy sights of the world. For all the stone, which is mill-stone and hard by nature, Appius quarried in another place far away and brought there: for it is not found anywhere in this district. And after working these stones until they were smooth and flat, and cutting them to a polygonal shape he fastened 380 Classical Associations ■;iriipuKt. Xeious 6e toiis \ldovs xat 6/iaXoiis ipyaaantvos iyyoiviovs T,e rfj kvTOnfj ireiroirifjievos, ks aXXi^Xous ^vpiStjatv, oire xd\i.Ka ivTos o!)Tt TL oXXo in^f^Xtifievoi, oi &i aWriXoLS otirw re a' prophesied de- struction for him and success for Galba. He also heard one of the wayfarers whom he met say: "These men are after Nero," and another ask "Is there anything new in the city about Nero?" Then his horse took flight at the smell of a corpse which had been thrown out into the road, his face was exposed, and a retired soldier of the guard recognized and saluted him. When they came to a by- path leading to the villa, they turned the horses loose, and he made his way amid bushes and brambles and along a path through a thicket of reeds to the back wall of the house, with great difficulty and only when a robe was thrown down for him to walk upon. Here the aforesaid Phaon urged him to hide for a time in a pit, from which sand had been dug, but he declared he would not go under ground while still alive, and after waiting for awhile until a secret entrance into the villa could be made, he scooped up in his hand some water to drink from a pool close by, saying: "This is Nero's distilled water." Then, as his cloak had been torn by the thorns, he pulled out the twigs which had pierced it, and crawling on all fours through a narrow passage that had been dug, he entered the villa and lay down in the first room he came to, on a couch with a common mattress, over which an old cloak had been thrown. Though suffering from hunger and renewed thirst, he refused some coarse bread which was offered him, but drank a little lukewarm water. 392 Classical Associations Tunc uno quoque hinc inde instante ut quam primum se impendentibus contumeliis eriperet, scrobem coram fieri imperavit, dimensus ad corporis sui modulum, componique simul, si qua invenirentur, frusta marmoris, et aquam simul ac ligna conferri curando mox cadaveri, flens ad sin- gula atque identidem dictitans : Qualis artifex pereol Inter moras perlatos a cursore Phaonti codicillos praeri- puit legitque, se hostem a senatu iudicatum et quaeri, ut puniatur more maiorum, interrogavitque quale id genus asset poenae; et cum comperisset, nudi hominis cervicem inseri furcae, corpus virgis ad necem caedi, conterritus duos pugiones, quos secum extulerat, arripuit, temptataque utriusque acie rursus condidit, causatus nondum adesse Jatalem horam; ac modo Sporum hortabatur ut lamentari ac plangere inciperet, modo orabat ut se aliquis ad mortem capessendam exemplo iuvaret; interdum segnitiem suam his verbis increpabat: Vivo deformiter, turpiter — ov irpinti Nlpojci, oil TTpiireL — vr}(pet.v deZ ev rots tou>vtoi.s — ayt fyeipi atavTov ! lamque equites appropinquabant, quibus praecep- lum erat ut vivum eum adtraherent. Quod ut sensit, trepidanter effatus: "iTTTrojj' /i' aiKUTToSojc aixipl ktvttos oiiaro jSdXXet — ferrum iugulo adegit, iuvante Epaphrodito a libellis. Semianimisque adhuc irrumpenti centurioni et paenula ad vulnus adposita in auxilium se venisse simulanti non aliud respondit quam Sero! et Haec est fides! Atque in ea voce defecit, extantibus rigentibusque oculis usque ad horrorem formidinemque visentium. Suet. Nero 48-49. of Places in Italy 393 At last, while his companions one and all urged him to save himself as soon as possible from the indignities that threatened him, he bade them dig a grave in his presence, proportioned to the size of his own person, collect any bits of marble that could be found, and at the same time bring water and wood for presently disposing of his body. As each of these things was done, he wept and said again and again: "What an artist the world is losing!" While he hesitated, a letter was brought to Phaon by one of his couriers. Nero snatching it from his hand read that he had been pronounced.a public enemy by the senate, and that they were seeking him to punish him in the an- cient fashion; and he asked what manner of punishment that was. When he learned that the criminal was stripped, fastened by the neck in a fork and then beaten to death with rods, in mortal terror he seized two daggers which he had brought with him, and then, after trying the point of each, put them up again, pleading that the fatal hour had not yet come. Now hie would beg Sporus to begin to lament and wail, and now entreat someone to help him lake his life by setting him the example; anon he re- proached himself for his cowardice in such words as these: "To live is a scandal and a shame — this does not be- come Nero, do.es not become him — one should be resolute at such times — come, rouse thyself!" And now the horsemen were at hand who had orders to take him off alive. When he heard them he quavered: "Hark, now strike on my ear the trampling of swift-footed coursers!" and drove a dagger into his throat, aided by Epaphroditus, his private secretary. He was all but dead when a cen- turion rushed in, and as he placed a cloak to the wound, •pretending that he had come to aid him, Nero merely gasped: "Too late!" and "This is fidelity!" With these words he was gone, his eyes so set and starting from their sockets that all who saw them shuddered with horror. J. C. ROLFE 394 Classical Associations Praestabat castas humilis fortuna Latinas quondam, nee vitiis contingi parva sinebant tecta, labor somnique breves et vellere Tusco vexatae duraeque manus ac proximus urbi Hannibal et stantes Collina turre mariti. Juv. vi. 287-291. 'H de rr/v rrapdeuiav Kar- aiaxvvaaa. ^S>aa KaropOTTeraL irapa ttjv KoXXIi'TJC Xtyoixevriv TTvkqV ev fi rts 'icTiv evros rrjs iroXeciJs 6(ppvs yeoi&rji irapaTei- vovaa TToppW /coXetrat 5c X'iJM'i 5taXe/cra rfj AaTlvwv. ivrav^a KaraffKeva^eTai Karayeios oIkos ov fityas ex^" avoji^ey Kara- fiainv. KtLTO.L bi ev avTw kK'ivt] re vweffTpwfievri /cat Xvxvos /cat- o/ievos, airapxai- Tt ruv wpos to f^i' i.vayKai(xiv ^paxtial Tivts, olov ixpTos, vdwp tv kyyeli^, yaka, iXaiov, oxrircp a.v St rriv ayopav Kai ytvc- ixtvos Tpos Tu> Stc/iciiTripiio -rrapiScoKf rov X'tVTKov tG> Sr]p.ix$ Kal irpocrtTa^fv avf\tiv' Plut. Cic. xxii. 1 Horace's encounter with a bore takes place on the Sacred Way, an incident which is quoted at length under Life in Rome. The Sacred \\ ay was one of the most famous streets in Rome, It was lined with interesting shops and in the late Republic and in the Empire it was the fashionable lounge for wealthy Romans. In earlier days many of thearistocratic families lived on this street, and shrines and sacred structures of various kinds adorned it. It was the scene, of course, of many stately processions since the triiunphal car had to pass through it on its way to the Capitol. 2 An invective against a fashionable fop of low birth. of Places in Italy 403 I happened to be walking along the Sacred Way' as is my wont, thinking of some trifle or other and entirely ab- sorbed in it. A Parvenu Parades in a Fashionable Street^ As great as is the enmity between lambs and wolves, by Nature's laws decreed, so great is that 'twixt me and you — you whose flanks are scarred by the Spanish rope, and whose legs are callous with hard shackles. Though you strut about in pride of wealth, yet Fortune does not change your breed. See you not, as with toga three yards wide you parade from end to end the Sacred Way, how indigna- tion unrestrained spreads over the faces of the passers-by? This fellow, scourged with the triumvir's lashes till the tired beadle wearied of his task, now ploughs a thousand acres of Falernian ground, and with his ponies travels the .'\ppian Way. Braving Otho's law,' he takes his place with the importance of a knight in the foremost rows of seats! What boots it for so many well-beaked ships of massive burden to be led against the pirates and hordes of slaves, when a fellow such as this is tribune of the soldiers! C E. Bennett A Conspirator Goes to His Death^ Then he went with the senate to fetch the conspirators. These were not all in the same place, but different praetors had different ones under guard. And first he took Len- tulus from the Palatine Hill and led him along the Via Sacra and through the middle of the Forum, the men of highest authority surrounding him a-s a body-guard, and the people shuddering at what was being done and passing along in silence, and especially the young men, as though they thought they were being initiated with fear and trem- bling into some ancient mysteries of an aristocratic regime. When Cicero had passed through the Forum and reached the prison, he delivered Lentulus to the public executioner with the order to put him to death. Bernadotte Feerin " This famous law of L. Roscius Otho, tribune of the people in 67 B. C, reserved for the Icnights the 14 rows of seats just bacic of those assignee! to the senators. * Lentulus was one of the chief conspirators in the celebrated conspiracy of Catiline in 63 B. C. 404 Classical Associations The Subura Ferventi .... Subura. Juv. xi. 51. Senem adulterum latrent Suburanae canes. Hor. Epod. V. 57-58. Mane domi nisi te volui meruique videre, sint mihi, Paule, tuae longius Esquiliae. sed Tiburtinae sum proximus accola pilae, qua videt antiquum rustica Flora lovem: alta Suburani vincenda est semita clivi et nunquam sicco sordida saxa gradu, vixque datur longas mulorum rumpere mandras quaeque trahi multo marmora fune vides. illud adhuc gravius quod te post mille labores, Paule, negat lasso ianitor esse domi. exitus hie operis vani togulaeque madentis: vix tanti Paulum mane videre fuit. semper inhumanos habet officiosus amicos: rex, nisi dormieris, non potes esse meus. Mart. V. 22. Raucae chortis aves et ova matrum et flavas medio vapore Chias et fetum querulae rudem capellae nee iam frigoribus pares olivas et canum gelidis holus pruinis de nostro tibi missa rure credis? o quam, Regule, diligenter erras I nil nostri, nisi me, ferunt agelli. quidquid vilicus Umber aut colonus aut rus marmore tertio notatum aut Tusci tibi Tusculive mittunt, id tota mihi nascitur Subura. Mart. vii. 31. ' The Subura, one of the most disreputable and crowded sections of the city, lay to the north of the Forum in a narrow valley between the Oppian and Quirinal heights and in th e wider space beyond. 2 See note under Argiletum. of Places in Italy 405 The stuffy Subura.' G. G. Ramsay May Subura's dogs bark at the old rake. C. E. Bennett A Street Both Crowded and Dirty Adds to a Poet's Dis- comfort in Making a Morning Call If I did not wish and deserve to see you at home in the morning, Paulus, may your Esquiline house be for me still farther off! But I am next-door neighbor to the Tibur- tine column,^ where rustic Flora looks upon our ancient Jove; I must surmount the track up the hill from the Subura and the dirty pavement with its steps never dry, and I can scarce break through the long droves of mules and the blocks of marble you see hauled by many a cable. And — more annoying still — after a thousand exertions, when I am fagged out, Paulus, your door-keeper says you are "not at home"! Such is the result of misspent toil, and my poor toga drenched! To see Paulus in the morn- ing were scarcely worth the cost. A diligent client al- ways has inhuman friends; my patron, if you do not stay in bed, you cannot be. Walter C. A. Ker Martial Does His Marketing in the Subura Birds of the cackling farmyard, and eggs of mother hens, and Chian figs yellow from insufficient heat, and the young offspring of the bleating she-goat, and olives un- able now to stand the cold, and cabbages whitened by chill hoar frosts — do you believe these were sent you from my country place? Oh, how carefully wrong, Regulus, you are! My small field bears nothing but me. What- ever your Umbrian bailiff, or tenant sends you, or your country-house marked by the third milestone, or your lands in Etruria or at Tusculum — this for me is produced all over the Subura. Walter C. A. Ker 406 C 'lassical A ssociations Photograph by Frnnh G'il!iif> A Sckm: rx \ MnoKUN Sl'buka Vicus Tuscus' Tusci turba inpia \-ici. Hor. S. ii. 3, 22.>^. Tuscan Alley's scum. John Conington- I The Vicus I'uscus was a sLret-t leading into the ]-orum between the Basilica Julia ;md the temple of Castor. As the above references show, it was not any too respectable. '^The Velabrum was an open place between the Korum, the Palatine and Capitoline hills, and the river. In earlier times it was marshy and often entirely inundated. After it was drained, however, it became an important trade center in which all kinds of shops were found, especially those in which food-stuffs, oil, and wine were sold. Macrobius (Sat. i. 10, 15) calls it "locus celeberrimus u'bis" because of the dense crowds that thronged its streets. Its reputation was unsavory. of Places in Italy 407 In vicum vendentem tus et odores et piper et quidquid chartis amicitur ineptis. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 269-270. To that too fragrant quarter of the town, Where pepper, perfume, frankincense are sold, And all the wares one sees in still-born books unrolled. Sir Theodore Martin In Tusco vico, ibi sunt homines qui ipsi sese venditant. Plaut. Cure. iv. 484. In the Vicus Tuscus are people who will sell themselves for money. Velabrum^ In Velabro vel pistorem vel lanium vel haruspicem. Plaut. Cure. 483. The baker, or the butcher, or the soothsayer in the Velabrum. Quasi in Velabro olearii. Plaut. Capt. 489. Just as the oil dealers in the Velabrum. 408 Classical Associations THEATRES! Theatre, Poeticus, and Curia of Pompey Ob haec simul et ob infirmam valitudinem diu cuncta- tus, an se contineret et quae apud senatum proposuerat agere differret, tandem Decimo Bruto adhortante, ne fre- quentis ac iam dadum opperientis destitueret, quinta fere hora progressus est libellumque insidiarum indicem, ab obvio quodam porrectum, libellis ceteris, quos sinistra manu tenebat quasi mox lecturus, commiscuit. Dein pluribus hostiis caesis, cum litare non posset, introiit cu- riam spreta religione Spurinnamque irridens et ut falsum arguens, quod sine uUa sua noxa Idus Martiae adessent: quamquam is venisse qaidem eas diceret, sed non prae- terisse. Assidentem conspirati specie of&cii circumstete- runt; ilicoque Cimber Tillius, qui primas partes susceperat, quasi aliquid rogaturus propius accessit, renuentique et gestu in aliud temp us differenti ab utroque umero togam adprehendit; deinde clamantem: Ist'a quidem vis est, alter e Cascis aversum vulnerat, paulum infra iugulum. Cae- sar Cascae brachium arreptum graphio traiecit, conatus- que prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est; utque animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit, simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura deduxit, quo honestius caderet etiam inferiore corporis parte velata. Atque ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est, uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse: Kat av reKvov; Exanimis, diffugientibus cunctis, aliquamdiu iacuit, donee lecticae impositum, dependente brachio, tres servoli do- mum retulerunt. Nee in tot vulneribus, ut Antistius medicus existimabat, letale ullum repertum est, nisi quod secundo loco in pectore acceperat. Suet. Caes. 81-82. 1 The Romans used temporary wooden structures for many years in the place of a permanent theatre, although several of these were elaborate and costly (Plin, N. H. xxxvi. 113-120). It was not until 55 B. C. that a stone building was erected. This was known as the Theatre of Pompey and regarded as one of the most remarkable buildings in Rome. In connection with it was a hall in which meetings of the senate were occasion- ally held (Julius Caesar was murdered there in 44 B. C. while attending a session) and a beautiful colonnade facing upon a garden. Two other stone buildings were erected later, the Theatre of Marcellus ancf the Theatre of Balbus, both of which were completed about 13 B. C. oj Places in Italy 409 Julius Caesar is Assassinated Both for these reasons and because of poor health, he hesitated for a long time whether to stay at home and put off what he had planned to do in the senate; but at last, urged by Decimus Brutus not to disappoint the full meet- ing which had for some time been waiting for him, he went forth almost at the end of the fifth hour; and when a note revealing the plot was handed him by someone on the way, he put it with others which he held in his left hand, intend- ing to read them presently. Then, after several victims had been slain, and he could not get favorable omens, he entered the House in defiance of portents, laughing at Spurinna, and calling him a false prophet, because the Ides of March were come without bringing him harm; though Spurinna replied that they had of a truth come, but they had not gone. As he took his seat the conspirators gathered about him as if to pay their respects and straightway Tillius Cimber, who had assumed the lead, came nearer as though to ask something; and when Caesar with a gesture put him off to another time, Cimber caught his toga by both shoulders; then as Caesar cried, "why, this is violence!" one of the Cascas stabbed him from one side just below the throat. Caesar caught Casca's arm and ran it through with his stylus, but as he tried to leap to his feet, he was stopped by another wound. When he saw that he was beset on every side by drawn daggers, he mufiled his head in his robe, and at the same time threw down its lap to his feet with his left hand, in order to fall more decently, with the lower part of his body also covered. And in this wise, he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word, but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, "You, too, my child?" All the conspirators made off, and he lay there lifeless for some time, until finally three common slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down. And of so many wounds, none turned out to be mortal, in the opinion of the physician Antistius, except the second one in the breast. J. C. Rolfe 410 Classical Associations Dum aliis curis intentum Neronem opperiuntur, inter ea, quae barbaris ostentantur, intravere Pompei theatrum, quo magnitudinem populi viserent. Illic per otium (neque enim ludicris ignarioblectabantur) dum consessum caveae, discrimina ordinum, quis eques, ubi senatus percontantur, advertere quosdam cultu externo in sedibus senatorum; et quinam forent rogitantes, postquam audiverant earum gentium legatis id honoris datum, quae virtute el amicitia Romana praecellerent, nullos mortalium armis aut fide ante Germanos esse exclamant degrediunturque et inter patres considunt. Tac. Ann. xiii. 54. Courtesy of Art arid Archaeology A Reconstruction of the Theatre of Pompey 2 Two German chiefs who came to Rome to secure certain concessions from the emperor. of Places in Italy 411 A Story of German Pride Having gone to Rome and being there obliged to wait until Nero was at leisure from other business, they^ employed their time in seeing such curiosities as are usually shown to strangers. They were conducted to Pompey's theatre, where the grandeur of the people in one vast assembly could not fail to make an im- pression. Rude minds have no taste for the exhibi- tions of the theatre. They gazed at everything with a face of wonder: the place for the populace, and the dif- ferent seats assigned to the several orders of the state, engaged their attention. Curiosity was excited: they inquired which were the Roman knights, and which the senators. Among the last, they perceived a few, who, by their exotic dress, were known to be foreigners. They soon learned that they were ambassadors from different states, and that the privilege of mixing with the fathers was granted by way of distinction, to do honor to men, who. by their courage and fidelity, surpassed the rest of the world. The answer gave offense to the two chieftains. In point of valor and integrity, the Germans, they said, were second to no people upon earth. With this stroke of national pride, they rose abruptly and took their seats among the senators. Arthur Murph\ 4 1 2 Classical A ssociations TOMB OF AUGUSTUSi Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem! Vir. Aen. vi. 872-874. Prope hunc campum alius est campus, porticusque circumcirca permultae; turn luci, tria theatra, amphi- theatrum, templa alterum alteri subinde contiguum mag- nifica: quorum respectu ipsa urbs quasi additamentum quoddam videri possit. Itaque Romani hunc locum maxima sacrum ac venerabilem rati, illustrissimorum virorum monumenta ibi coUocarunt, ac matronarum: quorum omnium praeclarissimum est quod vocatur Mau- soleum, magnus agger ad amnem supra sublimem albi lapi- dis fornicem congestus, at ad verticem, usque virentibus arboribus coopertus: in fastigio statua aenea est Augusti Caasaris; sub aggera loculi aius at cognatorum ac fami- liarium; a targo lucus magnus, ambulationes habens ad- mirabilas; in medio autam campo busti aius ambitus ex albo saxo, in orbem cinctus ferrea sepe, intus populis consitus. Strab. V. 3, 8 (Latin version from Miiller and Diib- ner's Geographica). 1 built for the emperor Augustus whose ashes were deposited here in 14 A.D., together with those of other members of the imperial family. The passage quoted refers to the death of the young Marcellus, the emperor's prospective heir, whose loss was a source of great grief not only to Augustus and iiis family but to the Roman people as well. of Places in Italy 413 A Young Man Dies The lamentation of a multitude Arises from the field of Mars, and strikes The city's heart. Father Tiber, see What pomp of sorrow near the new-made tomb Beside thy fleeting stream! T. C. Williams A Visitor Gives His Impressions of the Tomb of Augustus Near to this plain is another surrounded with columns, sacred groves, three theatres, an amphitheatre, and superb temples in close proximity to one another; and so magni- ficent, that it would seem idle to describe the rest of the. city after it. For this cause, the Romans, esteeming it the most sacred place, have there erected funeral monu- ments to the most illustrious persons of either sex. The most remarkable of these is that designated as the Maus- oleum, which consists of a mound of earth raised upon a high foundation of white marble, situated near the river, and covered to the top with evergreen shrubs. Upon the summit is a bronze statue of Augustus Caesar, and beneath the mound are the ashes of himself, his relatives, and friends. Behind is a large grove containing charming promenades. In the centre of the plain is the spot where this prince was reduced to ashes; it is surrounded with a double enclosure, one of marble, the other of iron, and planted within with poplars. H. C. Hamilton (Translated from the Greek). 414 Classical Associations RUBICON FLUMEN (Urgone-Fiumicino)' A small river flowing into the Adriatic a few miles north of Ariminum, of interest only as the scene of the famous incident related below which occurred in 49 B. C. Caesar has been told to disband his Gallic legions and return to Rome if he does not wish to be declared a public enemy. His decision to disobey this order of the senate is made upon the banks of the Rubicon and from there he begins his victorious march to Rome. For Lucan's account, see i. .183ff. Dein post soils occasum, mulis e proximo pistrino ad vehiculum iunctis, occultissimum iter modico comitatu ingressus est; et cum luminibus extinctis decessisset via, diu errabundus, tandem ad lucem duce reperto, per an- gustissimos tramites pedibus evasit; consecutusque cohor- tis ad Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis erat, paulum constitit, ac reputans quantum moliretur, con- versus ad proximos Etiam nunc inquit regredi possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt. Cunctanti ostentum tale factum est. Quidam eximia _ magnitudine et forma in proximo sedens repente apparuit, harundine canens; ad quem audiendum cum praeter pas- tores plurimi etiam ex stationibus milites concurrissent interque eos et -aeneatores, rapta ab uno tuba prosilivit ad flumen et ingenti spiritu classicum exorsus pertendit ad alteram ripam. Tunc Caesar, Eatur inquit, quo deorum ostenta et inimicorum iniquitas vocai. lacta alea est, inquit. Suet. Caes. 31-32. Fonte cadit modico parvisque inpellitu»undis Puniceus Rubicon, cum fervida canduit aestas, perque imas serpit valles et Gallica certus limes ab Ausoniis disterminat arva colonis. Luc. i. 213-216'. ' The Rubicon river has been identified with the Pisciatello which in its upper course is called Urgone (or Rugone") and in its lower, Fiumicino. oj Places -in Italy 41.S THE RUBICON RIVER Caesar Crosses the Rubicon It was not until after sunset that he set out very pri- vately with a small company, taking the mules from a bak e-shop hard by and harnessing them to a carriage; and when his lights went out and he lost his way, he was astray for some time, but at last found a guide at dawn and got back to the road on foot by narrow by-paths. Then overtaking his cohorts at the river Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province, he paused for awhile, and realizing what a step he was taking, he turned to those about him and said: "Even yet we may turn back; but once cross yon little bridge, and the whole issue is with the sword." As he stood in doubt, this sign was given him. On a sudden there appeared hard by a being of wondrous stature and beauty, who sat and played upon a reed; and when not only the shepherds flocked to hear him, but many of the soldiers left their posts, and among them some of the trumpeters, the apparition snatched a trumpet from one of them, rushed to the river, and sounding the war-note with mighty blast, strode to the opposite bank. Then Caesar cried: "Take we the course which the signs of the gods and the false dealing of our foes point out. The die is cast," said he. J. C. ROLFE A Poet's Allusion Springing from a modest source, the dark red Rubicon flows on with diminished stream in the blaze of summer's heat; and, winding along the depths of the valleys, it pro- vides a landmark that definitely separates the fields of Cisalpine Gaul from the farms of Italy. H. C. Nutting 416 Classical Associations SCYLLAEUM PROMUNTURIUM (Scilla) A rocky promontory jutting out into the sea on the Italian side of the straits between Italy and Sicily. The poets identiiied it as the abode of a monster named Scylla. Homer relates the encounter of Odysseus with this creature on his way home from the Trojan War in which, although the hero himself escaped, several of his crew lost their lives. (For details other than those given below, see Homer, Odyssey, xii. 225f.) The Trojans happily escaped this danger owing to a kindly warning given to them before they left Greece. Virgil's description of Scylla should be read, however, in connection with Homer's account (Aen. iii. 410-432). Just opposite, on the Sicilian side, was the whirlpool Charybdis, equally dangerous to mariners. Ot di Svw cKOTTtKoi 6 ixiv ovpavov evpvv iKavei Kvav'eq' to iitv ov ttot' epwiZ, ov8e iror' aWpr] Kiivov «x«' Kopvipijv oiir' tv dkpu o(it' iv 6Tr6)pxi' ovSk Ktv kji^air) fiporbs avrip, ov Kara^alri, 01)5' el ol xetpss Te eeiKoai Kal TroSts elev irtTpr) yap Xis eort, irepi^taTTj e'lKvla. ixtctjco 5 tv CKOirtKif iari (Tirkos rjepoeidts, Tpos ^6' At Sinuessa' on our way With Plotius, Varius, Virgil too. Have an appointed rendezvous; Souls all, than whom the earth ne'er saw More noble, more exempt from flaw. Nor are there any on its round, To whom I am more fondly bound. Oh, what embracings, and what mirth! Nothing, no, nothing on this earth, Whilst I have reason, shall I e'er With a true-hearted friend compare I Sir Theodore Martin My little lodge at Sinuessa. " E. S. SHUcKiJURGn 420 Classical Associations In tanta mole curarum valetudine adversa corripitur, refovendisque viribus mollitia caeli et salubritate aquarum Sinuessam pergit. Tac. Ann. xii. 66. Concurrere ex lota urbe in Palatium ac fora, et ubi plurima vulgi licentia, in circum ac theatra effusi seditiosis vocibus strepere, donee Tigellinus accepto apud Sinues- sanas aquas supremae necessitatis nuntio inter stupra concubinarum et oscula et deformes moras sectis novacula faucibus infamem vitam foedavit etiam exitu sere et inhonesto. Tac. Hist. i. 72. Niveisque frequens Sinuessa columbis. Ov. Met. XV. 715. SORACTE MONS (Monte Soracte) Summe deum, sancti custos Soractis Apollo. Vir. Aen. xi. 785. Vides, ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte, nee iam sustineant onus silvae laborantes, geluque flumina constiterint acuto. dissolve frigus ligna super foco large reponens, atque benignius deprome quadrimum Sabina, o, Thaliarche, merum diota. permitte divis cetera; qui simul stravere ventos aequore fervido deproeliantes, nee cupressi nee veteres agitantur orni. 3 Emperor from 41-54 A. D. * The infamous prime minister of Nero. of Places in Italy 42 1 In the midst of these distractions Claudius' was at- tacked by a fit of illness. For the recovery of his health he set out for Sinuessa, to try the effect of a milder air, and the salubrious waters of the place. Arthur Murphy An Unscrupulous Politician is Forced to End His Life They crowded together from all quarters; they sur- rounded the palace; they filled the forum; and in the circus and the theatre, where licentiousness is most apt to show itself, they clamoured, with a degree of violence little short of sedition, for the punishment of a vile male- factor. Tigellinus^ was then at the baths of Sinuessa. Orders were sent to him to put a period to his life. He received the fatal news in a circle of his concubines; he took leave with tenderness; and after mutual embraces and other trifling delays, he cut his throat with a razor; by the pusillanimity of his lagt moments disgracing even the infamy of his former life. Arthur Murphy , Sinuessa with its thronging flocks of snow-white doves. F. J. Miller MOUNT SORACTE Apollo, greatest of the gods, guardian of sacred Soracte. A Poet Inspired by Soracte's Snowy Summit Seest thou how Soracte stands glistening in its mantle of snow, and how the straining woods no longer uphold their burden, and the streams are frozen with the biting cold? Dispel the chill by piling high the wood upon the hearth, and right generously bring forth in Sabine jar the wine four winters old, O Thaliarchus! Leave to the gods all else; for so soon as they have stilled the winds battling on the seething deep, the cypresses and ancient ash-trees are no longer shaken. Cease to ask what the 422 Classical Associations quid sit futurum eras, fuge quaerere, el quem Fors dierum cumqiie dabit, lucro appone, nee dukes amores sperne puer neque lu choreas, donee virenti canities abest morosa; nunc et campus et areae lenesque sub noctem susurri composita repetantur hora; nunc et latentis proditor intimo gratus puellae risus ab angulo pignusque dereptum lacertis aut digito male pertinaci. Hor. C. i. 9. 'TtTO 8i TcJ Xo)p6.KT<^ OptL ^tpwv'ia TToXlS iaTLV, 6fJ,' ■ Pl.N. H.xxiii.33. ' "me»a K. K. ill. 2 , oj Places in Italy 425 The Sirens' Song To the Sirens^ first shalt thou come, who bewitch all men, whosoever shall come to them. Whoso draws nigh them unwittingly and hears the sound of the Sirens' voice, never doth he see wife or babes stand by him on his return, nor have they joy at his coming; but the Sirens enchant him with their clear song, sitting in the meadow, and all about is a great heap of bones of men, corrupt in death, and round the bones the skin is wasting. S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang Where the Sirens Lived Yet were they' drawmg nigh The Sirens' island-steep, where oft are seen White, bleaching bones, and to the distant ear The rocks roar harshly in perpetual foam. T. C. Williams Pleasant Surrentum.^ The whole is adorned by the cities we have described, by villas and plantations, so close together that to the eye they appear but one city. H. C. Hamilton The region of Surrentum, dear to the god dripping with wine.^ Hills of Surrentum, rich in vines. F. J. Miller 426 Classical Associalio)i.s Photograph by Kallhiyine \Ucn Sorrento Prinii (jtiam S}"baritae artes eas quae cum strcpitu f.\- ercentur, ut fabrorum aerariorum el lignariorum aliorum- que id genus, intra urbem recipere recusarunt; ne scilicet somnus ipsis uUo modo turbaretur. Eandemque ob causam ne gallum quidem gallinaceum in urbe alere licitum erat .... Equites Sybaritarum, numero supra quinquies mille, pompam agentes transvehebantur croceas vestes super thoracibus induti. .\estivo tempore iuniores in Nympharum Lusiadum antra secedentes, in omni luxuriae genere vitam ibi agebant. Ditiores quando rusticatum ibant, vehiculo licet proficiscentes, tamen unius diei iter non nisi intra triduum conficiebant. Erant vero etiam viarum nonnullae, quae ad villas ducebant, superne teclae. Athen. .xii. 1,^-17 (Latin \ersion by Johannes Schweighaeuser, 1804). 1 The luxuriou!5 life of the people of Sybaris at the height of the city's power went Ijeyond all bounds and has become proverbial. For a fuller account, see .Athen. xii. 1.^-21. oj Places in Italy 427 SYBARIS (Near the River Crathis) One of the earliest and most powerful of the Greek cities in southern Italy, rivalled only by its neighbor Croton which finally utterly destroyed it. The fact that it was surrounded by a fertile plain added to its prosperity, as well as the policy of freely admitting settlers of other nations to its citizenship. It is said that Sybaris rose to such heights of prominence that it rivalled the cities of Greece and that its arrogance became so great that it even planned to supplant the Olympic Games by attracting famous artists, writers, and athletes to its walls. The Extravagance of the Sybarites The Sybarites' were the first to prohibit those who follow the noisy trades (braziers, smiths, carpenters, etc.) from living in the city. Thus they insured themselves against being aroused too early. They would not even allow a cock to be kept within the city limits. But the cavalry of the Sybarites, being in number more than five thousand, used to go in procession with saffron- coloured robes over their breastplates; and in the summer their younger men used to go away to the ca^'es of the Lusiades Nymphs, and live there in all kinds of luxur)-. And whenever the rich men of that country left the cit}" for the country, although they always travelled in char- iots, still they used to consume three days in a day's jour- ney. And some of the roads which led to their villas in the country were covered with awnings all over. C. D. YONGE (Translated from the Greek.) 428 Classical Associations ToaovTov S' evrvxl'l' SirivtyKtv ri ir6Xis avri] to TraXaioi' ware TtTTaptav fiev k&vSiv tS>v irXjjtrtoj' kwrjp^f, irivre di Kal elKocn iroXeis vwTiKoovs iaxe, rpiaKovra Si nvpiaciv 6.v8pSjv ewl 'KpoTUViaras eaTpcLTevcev, irevrriKOVTa Si cradUiiv KiiKXov avveirXripovv oIkovv- Tts erl T(2 KpadiSi. inro p.ivTOi Tpviprjs Kai iijSpecos ixiracav ttjv evSaiiioviav aipripk^Tjaai' viro KpoToouLarSiv iv rifiipan i^Sofiii- Kovra' iKovTts yap rriv toKlv kwriyayov tov Torapxiv Kai Kart- KKvaav. vaTtpov S' ol Trepfyevbp,evoL (TvvtkdbvTts iv(^KOvv oXiyof Xpbvia Se Kal ovtol Suip^aprjaav inro ' A^rivaloiv Kal aXXcoi' "EX- \tivcov, ol avvoiKrjaovTts /xec eKeivois aiplKOVTO, Karaippovqaavrt^ Si avrSiv roiis iiiv Siextiplaavro .... rriv Si toKiv eh erepov Toirov nerk&riKav TrXrjfflov Kal Bovpiovs wpoariyoptvaav (iitb Kpr]- vris bfioivv/iov. 6 /xiv ovv Su^apts tovs wivovras 'iirwovs aw' avrov TTTvpTLKoiis TTOLil. Slo Kal Tos d7eXos OLTTfipyovcnv clt' aVTOV. Strab. vi. 1, 13. ' A river (Crathis) near this place. » This defeat of Sybaris at the hands of the people of Croton occurred somewhere about 510 B. C. The city was utterly destroyed the course of the river beinj; ^o turned that its waters flowed over the site. oj Places in Italy 429 The Former Glory of Sybaris So great was the prosperity enjoyed by this city an- ciently, that it held dominion over four neighbouring people and twenty-five towns; in the war with the people of Croton it brought into the field 300,000 men, and oc- cupied a circuit of 50 stadia on the Crathis.^ But on ac- count of the arrogance and turbulence of its citizens, it was deprived of all its prosperity in 70 days by the men of Croton who took the city,*^ and turning the waters of the river (Crati), overwhelmed it with an inundation. Some time after, a few who had escaped came together and inhabited the site of their former city, but in time they were dispossessed by the Athenians and other Greeks who came to settle among them, but despising them, they slew them, and- removed the city to a neighbouring place, calling its name Thurii, from a fountain of that name. The water of the river Sybaris has the peculiar property of making the horses which drink it shy, for which reason they keep their horses away from the river. H. C. Hamilton 430 Classical Associations TARENTUM (Taranto) This powerful city of Southern Italy was situated on the north shore of the bay that bears its name (Golfo di Taranto). It was Greek in origin, its founding perhaps dating back to the eighth century B. C. A rapid rise to power was largely due to its port, — the only safe harbor of any size in the early days along this part of the coast; hence it became the center for the commerce of this region of Italy. By various wars with its neighbors, it gradually extended its conquests until it became the ruling power in Magna Graecia. Not until the second Samnite war (326 B. C.) did it come into any serious contact with the power of Rome (Liv. viii. 27; ix. 14 et al.) but soon after that it seems to have announced to the latter a Monroe doctrine; namely, that Roman war ships were not to pass beyond the Lacinian promontory (Appian Bel. Samnil. 7). The Romans disregarded this restriction in 302 B. C. when a fleet entered the gulf and came within sight of the city. The Tarentines at once attacked it ; whereupon an embassy was sent from Rome to protest. The demands that they made at this time were treated with scorn and the ambassadors insulted. A proclamation of war was promptly issued by Rome (281 B. C), and the powerful Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, summoned to the assistance of Tarentum. In consequence, a long and troublesome struggle with this eastern monarch began. At his final withdrawal in 274 B. C, the city fell a prey to the Roman consul Papirius (272) although a force from Carthage came to its assistance. A Roman possession from this time on, it assumed special importance in the second Punic War al which time Hannibal endeavored to capture it. This he partly succeeded in doing in 212 B. C. (although the citadel was still held by a Roman garrison) through the treachery of two leaders within the city, Nico and Phile- menus (Liv. xxv. 9). But finally in 209 the Romans pre- vailed and the whole city was given up to plunder (see passage quoted below). Livy gives an interesting account (xxvii. 15) of the stratagem by which this was brought of Places in Italy 431 about — a love affair being cleverly used to force the issue. From this time on Tarentum declined in importance, partly because of the growth of Brundisium not far away, although it never fell into complete decay; on the other hand it continued to be a fairly prosperous port through- out the Empire. Scene in the Harbor at Taranto 432 Classical Associations Vnde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, ■ dulce pellitis Ovibus Galaesi flumen et regnata petam Laconi rura Phalantho. ilk terrarum mihi praeter omnes angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto mella decedunt viridique certal baca Venafro; ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet luppiter brumas, et amicus Aulon fertili Baccho minimum Falernis invidet uvis. ille te mecum locus et beatae postulant arces; ibi tu calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam vatis amici. Hor. C. ii. 6, 9-24. Nunc mihi curto ire licet mulo vel, si libet, usque Tarentum, mantica cui 1 umbos onere ulceret atque eques armos. obiiciet nemo sordes mihi, quas tibi, Tilli, cum Tiburte via praetorem quinque sequuntur te pueri lasanum portantes oenophorumque. Hor. S. i. 6, 104-109. * Written to Septimius, a friend of the poet. 'A river near Tarentiun which Propertius thus describes "umbrosi subter pineta Galaesi" (ii. 34, 67). 3 The region was famous for its wool (Stat. Silv. iii. 3, 93; Mart. xiii. 125). * One of the young men from Sparta who were said by tradition to have founded the town. ' A mountain in this neighborhood. * The wine of Tarentum was well-known. of Places in Italy 433 A Poet's Praise of Tarentum But shotild the cruel Fates decree, That this, my friend,^ shall never be, Then to Galaesus," river sweet, To skin-clad flocks,^ will I retreat, And those rich meads, where sway of yore Laconian Phalanthus^ bore. In all the world no spot there is, That wears for me a smile like this ; The honey of whose thymy fields May vie with what Hymettus yields; Where berries clustering every slope May with Venafrum's greenest cope. There Jove accords a lengthened spring, And winters wanting winter's sting; And sunny Anion's^ broad incline Such mettle puts into the vine," Its clusters need not envy those, Which fiery Falernum grows. Thyself and me that spot invites. Those pleasant fields, those sunny heights; And there, to life's last moments true. Wilt thou with some fond tears bedew — The last sad tribute love can lend — The ashes of thy poet friend. Sir Theodore Martin The Joys of Being Obscure Now on my bobtailed mule I ride at ease, As far as e'en Tarentum, if I please, A wallet for my things behind me tied. Which galls his crupper as I gall his side, And no one rates my meanness, as they rate Yours, noble Tillius, when you ride in state On the Tiburtine road, five slaves en suite Wineholder and etceteras all complete. John Coningtun 434 Classical Associations Inbelle Tarentum. Hor. Ep. i. 7, 45. Atque coronatum et petulans madidumque Tarentum. Juv. vi. 296-297. ToO &t koXtov wavTCS tov T apavTlvov to wXkov aXinevov ovtos, tvTavda. |5ij Xtjuiyc] ecrt fi'eyicrTO% /cat KaXXtcrros yeipvpq, xXeto- fxevos iJieyahri, CTadLoiv 5' earlv tKarov ttjv TtpLiiiTpov. 'tK hi TOV TpOS TOV flVXOV fikpOVS IcT^fiOV TTOlti TTpOS TrjV e^CO J^dXaTTttJ', coctt' iirl x^Ppov'i'rv Ktic&aL ttjv ttoKlv Kai to. TrXota virepveui\- Keladai. pq,Sic>is (.KaTepwdiv rairtLVOv ovtos tdv avx^yos. raxet- vov di Kal TO Trjs TroXetos 'eda(pos, fxiKpov S' o/xcos kirfjpTaL KaTo. Trjv aKpOTToXLV. TO p,iv ovv TokaMV Teix^s kvk\ov exiL ixeyav, vvvi 8' e/cXeXetTrrat to Tr\tov to irpos t<2 ia'&fj.^, to 8e wpos roi aTbp.a.Ti TOV \ifjiivos, Kad' o Kal t] aKpowoXi-s, (rvfiij.tv€L tJ,'eyedo% 0.^10X6701; ■KoKtws €KT\ripodv. 6xet Si ■yvp.vacnbv Tt ko-Wlctov Kal ayopav ev/xeyei^t), iv fi Kal 6 tov Atos ISpvTai KoXoccros xiX/coOs, /xkyicrTos fiiTO. TOV 'PoStoji'. ixiTa^i) di TTJs ayopds Kal tov aTO/xaTos 17 d/cp6- TToXts jxiKpa Xeii/'aya ixovva tov raXatoj Koap-oi tSiv a.va&rip,a- Tdiv TO. yap iroXXd to. p.iv KaTkip^upav Kapxv^ovMi Xaffovres riiv iroKiv, TO. d' kXaipvpaydoyriaav 'Pwyuatoi KpaTrjaavTfs jSiatcos' &v icTi Kal 6 "Hpa/cXTjs ev tQ KaTreTO)\icj> x^^^koDs koXocclkos, Xvalwirov 'ipycv, avadrjpia Ma^iyuov ^afilcv tov eXovrcs Ti]v irbXLV. "IcFXvcrav bk iroTi ol TapavTlvoi Ka&' virtp^o\riy TroXtreuo/tevoi brjfiOKpaTLKUis' Kal yap vavTiKov kKtKTrfVTO p,kyiv TavTji Kal Trefoils eaTtWov Tpujfxvpiovi, iirirkas Si rptO'X'Xioiis, lirwap- Xovs di x'Xious. aireSi^avTO Si Kal ttjv Uv^aybptiov ipCKoaoiplav, ^ The reputation of the Taren tines for effeminacy was wide-spread. (See the'foliowinK passages; also Athen. xii. 23.) 8 The city was renowned for its worlts of art. (See a 1 ater passage describing the cap- ture of the town.) 'In 212 B. C. 1" In 209 B. C. (See the following passage.) of Places in Italy 435 Un warlike TarentumJ Tarentum, wearing garlands, wanton and drunk. F G. Moore Tarentum's Former Greatness The Gulf of Tarentum is for the most part destitute of a port, but here there is a spacious and commodious (harbour), closed in by a great bridge. It is 100 stadia in circuit. This port, at the head of its basin which re- cedes very far inland, forms, with the exterior sea, an isth- mus which connects the peninsula with the land. The city is situated upon this peninsula. The neck of land is so low that ships are easily hauled over it from either side. The site of the city likewise is extremely low; the ground, how- ever, rises slightly towards the citadel. The old wall of the city has an immense circuit. However, the portion towards the isthmus is now deserted, but that standing near the mouth of the harbour where the citadel is situated, still endures, and contains a considerable city. The place possesses a noble gymnasium and a spacious forum, in which •there is set up a brazen colossus of Jupiter, the largest in the world, with the exception of that of Rhodes. The citadel is situated between the forum and the entrance of the harbour. The place still preserves some slight relics of its ancient magnificence^ and gifts, but the chief of them were destroyed either by the Carthaginians when they took the city,' or by the Romans when they took it by force and sacked it.'" Amongst other booty taken on this occa- sion was the brazen colossus of Hercules, the work of Ly- sippus, now in the Capitol, which was dedicated as an ofiering by Fabius Maximus, who took the city At one time, when the government of the Tarentines had assumed a democratic form, they rose to great importance; for they possessed the greatest fleet of any state in those parts, and could bring into the field an army of 30,000 foot and 3000 horse, exclusive of a select body of cavalry called Hipparchi. They likewise encouraged the Pythagorean 436 Classical Associations diaipepovTCiis 5' 'Apxvras, os Kai irpokarTi ttjs TroXecos iroKiiv xpo- vov. i^lcxvcre 5' 17 varepov Tpv Famous from the earliest times for its distinguished-men.- - 2 Frascati today with its palaces of distinguished churchmen contin-ues the tradition of . the later Tusculum as a city of villas (Her. Epod. i. 29; Sen. De Ben. iv. 12). The place was healthful, its climate and scenery attractive, and its distance from Rome such that it was desirable as a country home. The emperors were fond of it, Tiberius, Nero, and Galba often staying there (Tac. Ann. xiv. 3; Suet. Galb. iv. 18). of Places in Italy 461 Pboliigrapli by Frank GiiUup On the Road to A.nxient Tusculum Cicero Compliments the Town From Tusculum, a very ancient municipality, from which a great many families of consular rank have sprung . . . . more than from all the rest of the municipali- ties put together.' A Favorite Site for Villas It is on this ridge that Tusculum is situated, a city which is not wanting in adornment, being entirely sur- rounded by ornamental plantations and edifices, particu- larly that part of it which looks towards Rome. For on this side Tusculum presents a fertile hill, well irrigated, and with numerous gentle slopes embellished with ma- jestic palaces.^ H. C. Hamilton 462 Classical Associations Quae tibi mandavi, et quae tu intelleges convenire nos- tro Tusculano, velim, ut scribis, cures, quod sine molestia tua facere poteris. Nam nos ex omnibus molestiis et laboribus uno illo in loco conquiescimus. Quintum fra- trem cotidie exspectamus. Terentia magnos articulorum dolores habet. Cic. ad Att. i. 5, 8. Nos Tusculano ita delectamur, ut nobismet ipsis turn denique, cum illo venimus, placeamus. Cic. ad Att. i. 6, 2. Marcus. Nos vero, si quid tale acciderit, ut a deo de- nuntratum videatur ut exeamus e vita, laeti et agentes gratias pareamus emittique nos e custodia et levari vinclis arbitremur, ut aut in aeternum et plane in nostram do- mum remigremus aut omni sensu molestiaque careamus: sin autem nihil denuntiabitur, eo tajnen simus anittio, ut horribilem ilium diem aliis, nobis faustum putemus nihil- que in mails ducamus, quod sit vel a dis immortalibus vel a natura parente orrinium constitutum. Non enim temere nee fortuito sati et creati sumus, sed profecto fuit quaedam vis quae generi consuleret humano nee id gigneret aut aleret quod cum exanclavisset omnes labores, turn inci- deret in mortis malum sempiternum: portum potius par?.- tum nobis et perfugium putemus. Quo utinam velis passis pervehi liceat. Sin reflantibus ventis reiiciemur, tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur ^ Cicero constantly testifies to his love for his Tusculan villa. He took great pride in adorning it with works of art and in collecting choice books for its library. His friend Atticus often assisted him in this connection. * Such discourses on the part of Cicero and his friends (Atticus, in this case) give the chief charm to the villa for' the classical student. The orator has many times expressed his feeling for his country homes as places for retirement and study. of Places in Italy 463 Cicero Writes an Informal Note to a Friend Please carry out my commissions, and, as you suggest, buy anything else you think suitable for my Tusculan villa,' if it is no trouble to you. It is the only place I find restful after a hard day's work. I am expecting my brother Quintus every day. Terentia has a bad attack of rheumatism. E. O. WiNSTEDT I am so pleased with my house at Tusculum that I am never really happy except when I am there. E. 0. WiNSTEDT A Philosophical Discussion Between Cicero and a Guesf Marcus. But let us, if indeed it should be our fate to know the time which is appointed by the gods for us to die, prepare ourselves for it with a cheerful and grateful mind, thinking ourselves like men who are delivered from a jail, and released from their fetters, for the purpose of going back to our eternal habitation which may be more em- phatically called our own; or else to be divested of all sense and trouble. If, on the other hand, we should have no notice given us of this decree, yet let us cultivate such a disposition as to look on that formidable hour of death as happy for us, though shocking to our friends; and let us never imagine anything to be an evil, which is an ap- pointment of the immortal gods, or of nature, the com- mon parent of all. For it is not by hazard or without design that we have been born and situated as we are. On the contrary, beyond all doubt there is a certain power, which consults the happiness of human nature; and this would neither have produced nor provided for a being, which, after having gone through the labours of life, was to fall into eternal misery by death. Let us rather infer that we have a retreat and haven prepared for us, which I wish we could crowd all sail and arrive at; but though the winds should not serve, and we should be driven back, yet we shall to a certainty arrive at that point eventually, though somewhat later. But how can that be miserable 464 Classical Associations necesse est. Quod autem omnibus necesse est, idne mise- rum esse uni potest? Habes epilogum, ne quid praeter- missum aut relictum putes. AtTicus. Ego vero, et quidem fecit etiam iste me epilo- gus firmiorem. Marcus. Optime, inquam. Sed nunc quidem valetu- dini tribuamus aliquid, eras autem et quot dies erimus in Tusculano, agamus haec et ea potissimum, quae leva- tionem habeant aegritudinum, formidinum, cupiditatum, qui omni e philosophia est fructus uberrimus. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 118-119. ^lH.(Tav 5' avTco irepl TovaKKov eyxoiipioi SiaiTtti kolI KaraaKOTral irepLoicrwv koX KaraaKeval avaTtirrafxevuv avbpiivwv koI irepLTrarccu, kv ah 6 Uonirrj'w yevofievos kixeixipkro t6v AovkovWov, oti irpos t^epos apiara bia- !?ets Ti]v 'iiravKiv a.o'iKrjrov hi x^'-l'^vi, TeTolriice. yeXaaas oiv e/ceiyos "EiTa" ttprj "ffoi BokSj tkarTOva tSjv yepavicv vovv ix^iv Kal Tuiv ire\apyS>v, uan raTs wpaLS lirj (ivp,)j.tTa.^aKKti.v rds 6iat- ras." Plut. Lucull. xxxix. Latini quoque Tarquinios adserebant aemulatione et invidia, ut populus qui foris dominabatur saltim domi serviret. Igitur omne Latium Mamilio Tusculano duce quasi in regis ultionem tollit animos. Apud Regilli lacum dimicatur diu Marte vario, donee Postumius ipse dictator signum in hostis iaculatus est — novum et insigne commen- tum — uti repeteretur. Cossus equitum magister exuere s A Roman of the last century of the Republic, remembered chiefly for his vast wealth. (See note under Misenum, and the topic Houses under Places in Rome.) of Places in Italy 465 for one which all must of necessity undergo? I have given you a peroration, that you might not think I had overlooked or neglected anything. Atticus. lam persuaded you have not; and, indeed, that peroration has confirmed me. Marcus. I am glad it has had that effect; but it is now time to consult our health; tomorrow, and all the time we continue in this Tusculan villa, let us consider this sub- ject; and especially those portions of it which may ease our pain, alleviate our fears, and lessen our desires, which is the greatest advantage we can reap from the whole of philosophy. C. D. YONGE A Wealthy Man's Country Home He* had also country establishments near Tusculum, with observatories, and extensive open banqueting-halls and cloisters. Pompey once visited these, and chided Lucullus because he had arranged his country seat in the best possible way for summer, but had made it uninhabi- table in the winter. Whereupon Lucullus burst out laugh- ing and said: "Do you suppose, then, that I have less sense than cranes and storks, and do not change residences according to the seasons?" Bernadotte Peerin The Battle of Lake Regillus The Latins also took part with the Tarquins, out of rivalry and envy towards the Romans, desiring that a people who ruled abroad, might at least be slaves at home. All Latium, accordingly, under the leadership of Mam- ilius of Tusculum, roused their spirits as if to avenge the king's cause. They came to a battle near Lake Regillus, where success was for a long time doubtful, till Pos- tumius, the dictator, threw a standard among the enemy, (a new and remarkable stratagem), that it might be re- covered by rushing into the midst of them. Cossus, the 466 Classical Associations frenos imperavit — et hoc novum — quo acrius incurrerent. Ea denique atrocitas proelii fuit, ut interfuisse spectaculo decs fama tradiderit. Duo in candidis equis iuvenes more siderum praetervolaverunt; Castorem atque PoUucem nemo dubitavit. Itaque et imperator ipse veneratus est pactusque victoriam templa promisit et reddidit, plane quasi stipendium commilitonibus diis. Flor. Ep. i. 5, 1-4. 'Hv Si T\rialov olvtov tS>v a.'ypCiv ri ytvofitvn] Mai'iou Koupioi; Tov Tpls ^pianfitvaavTos eiravKis. 'Eirt ravrriv (ruvexcos ^aSL^wv Kal ^eiifievos tov re x'^P'-ov rrfv fUKpoT-qra koX rrjs- oiKiiaeois to \lt6v, evvoLaPi Xd jx^aviTOv avdpoi, otl 'Pco/uaicoc ixeyLcrTOS yevo- fievos /cat TO /xaxi-fiooTaTa tSiv k^vSiv inrayayotievos Kal Hvppov i^eKaaas ttjs 'IraXias tovto t6 X'opiStoj' oiiros 'ecKaiTTe Kal ravrrju TTjv eiravXiv cliKeL fitTO. Tptis ^pia/i^ovs. 'EvraDi^a irpds kcxi-Pl. Ka'drjfievov avTov hpovTa yoyyv^lbas tvpovres oi l^avviToiv Trpt- (T/Sew tdidocav woXv xp^ctoi'' 6 5' aimrkix^aTO ipijcas oii&iv XP^ (TLOV SilV 0} SflTTVOV apKil TOLOUTOV, aVTci fieVTOI. TOV XP^<^'^°V 'X*'-'' KoKKiov elvaL t6 vi.kS.v tovs ixovTas. TaW 6 Karoov iv&vtiov- /iivos airfiu, Kai tov aiiTov tra\i.v oIkov tipiopSiv Kal x'Jpia xaJ t^e- pairovTas Kal diaiTav eTrtTfLve ttjv avroupi lav Kal TtpuKOTTt tijc TToXvTfKfLaV. Plut. Cato ii. 'Hi' 5e Tis avrjp evTrar pldris ixtv iv Tots p,aki,aTa 'Poipia'uau Kal dvvaTOS, aptTrjv bi tpvofikvrjv fiev aiad^avea^ai dttvos, evfievris Si Kal ^pkipaL Kal irpoayaytlv tls do^av, OvaWkpios ^Xcikkos. " An account of one of the early struggles between the Romans and the Latins in 496 B. C, in which Tusculum played an important part. This contest known as the battle of Lake Regillus (Livy ii. 20) was distinguished by the miraculous happening noted above. Tradition says that the gods rode into the Forum on snow-white steeds and announced the victory. The temple of Castor and Pollux was said to have been a memorial of this event. ' Cato the elder, renowned as an exponent of the stem Roman virtues of earlier days, had a farm nKir Tusculum. 8 Famous in Roman history for his military achievements as well as for simplicity in his manner of life. He triumphed over Pyrrhus in 275 B. C. jfEutrop. ii. 1 1). of Places in Italy 467 master of the horse, too, ordered the cavalry to take off their bridles (this was also a new contrivance), that they might attack with greater force. Such at last was the desperateness of the engagement, that fame reported two of the gods, on white horses, to have been present to view it, and it was universally believed that they were Castor and Pollux. The Roman general accordingly worshipped them, and, on condition otgaining the victory, promised them temples; a promise which he afterwards performed, as payment to the gods who assisted him.^ J. S. Watson The Story of Manius Curius and Cato Near his' fields was the cottage which had once belonged to Manius Curius,* a hero of three triumphs. To this he would often go, and the sight of the small farm and the mean dwelling led him to think of their former owner, who, though he had become the greatest of the Romans, had subdued the most warlike nations, and driven Pyrrhus out of Italy, nevertheless tilled this little patch of ground with his own hands and occupied this cottage, after three triumphs. Here it was that the ambassadors of the Samnites once found him seated at his hearth cooking tur- nips, and offered him much gold; but he dismissed them saying that a man whom such a meal satisfied had no need of gold, and, for his part , he thought that a more honourable thing than the possession of gold was the conquest of its possessors. Cato would go away with his mind full of these things, and on viewing again his own house and lands and servants and mode of life, would increase the labours of his hands and lop off his extravagances. Bernadotte Perrin How Cato Became Prominent There was at Rome a certain man of the highest birth and greatest influence, who had the power to discern ex- cellence in the bud, and the grace to cultivate it and bring it into general esteem. This man was Valerius Flaccus. 468 Classical Associations Ouros elxf dfiopovvra xt^pio toIs K&Twvoi, irvx^ofitvos 5i Triv aiiTovpyiav (cat dlaiTav avTOV wapa tSiv olKerSiv Kal t?aii/i(i(raj e^rjyovfikvccv, otl irpuiX nhv ets ayopav fiaSi^ti. Kai iraplcTarai rots SeofiivoLi, eTravtk&uv 5' tls to xtoplov, av fiiv § x6i'M'^''i «?w/it5a \afi6iv, d^epovs S: yvp.vbs ipyaa&fievos tiera. tuv oUeTiiv eff^Lei Tov avTov apTov o/jiov Ka^rifntvos Kal irivti. Tov ahrbv olvov, aXKfiv re ttoXXjjj' iTrulKuav avrov Kal fitrpLOTriTa Kai rti'as Kal \6yovs aTO(f>§eyjj,aTLKOvs bLap.vrjiiovtvbvTwv, tKtKtvat K\r}^T\vai WpOS TO StLTTVOV. 'Ek Si TOVTOV xpup.iVo% Kai KaTavouv fiixipov Kal aoTiiov fi^os, axnrep (pVTOV dcr/oycrecos koI X'^po^s €Tn.ipavovs Seopitvov, irpotTpeij/aTO Kal avveiriLcev hpaa^ai rfjs ev "Pw/ij; TToXtretas. KareXj^wy ovv ebd-iis tojs p.'tv avTos iKraro ^av/jiaarai Kal (pikovs SlA tuv avvriyopLSiv, iroWriv 8e tov OuaWepiov Tifiiiv Kai bvvatiiv aura irpoaTLd^evros X'-^'-o-PXio-^ eruxe irpSiTOV, etra tTafiifvaev. Plut. Cato iii. 0] Places in Italy 469 He had a farm next to that of Cato, and learned from Cato's servants of their master's laborious and frugal way of living. He was amazed to hear them tell how Cato, early in the morning, went on foot to the market-place and pleaded the cases of all who wished his aid; then came back to his farm, where, clad in a working blouse if it was winter, and stripped to the waist if it was summer, he wrought with his servants, then sat down with them to eat of the same bread and drink of the same wine. They told Val- erius many other instances of Cato's fairness and modera- tion, quoting also sundry pithy sayings of his, until at last Valerius gave command that Cato be invited to dine with him. After this, discovering by converse with him that his nature was gentle and polite, and needed, like a growing tree, only cultivation and room to expand, Valerius urged and at last persuaded him to engage in public life at Rome. Accordingly, taking up his abode in the city, his own eSorts as an advocate at once won him admiring friends, and the favour of Valerius brought him great honour and influence, so that he was made military tribune first, and then quaestor. Bernadotte Perrin 470 Classical Associations VEII (Near Isola FarnEse) An ancient Etruscan city (about 18 miles from Rome), the height of whose prosperity fell in the eighth century B. C. The early accounts of the city given by Livy show that it was constantly embroiled with Rome as this power came to be prominent in Latium, often allying itself with the neighboring Fidenae (Liv. i. 27 et al ). The capture of the latter place by the Romans in 426 B. C. (?) only checked the power of Veii but did not destroy it. Finally the Romans resolved to put an end forever to this trouble- some neighbor. In 396 B. C, after a ten-year'siege, they succeeded in entering the town. From this time Veii almost disappears from history. However, a few years later- it was occupied by the frightened Romans who had fled from the Gauls at the Allia river, and fortified to withstand this enemy. After the capture of Rome by this foe in 387 B. C, there was a serious debate before the senate as to the desirability of transferring the govern- ment to Veii to avoid the trouble of re-building the dev- astated city (Liv. v. 51 ff.). The passages quoted below show that in the later Republic few, if any, traces remained of Veii's former greatness. For interesting notes on this city, see Dionysius, Book ii. as well as the passage from this author quoted below. Heu, Veii veteres! et vos tum regna fuistis, et vestro posita est aurea sella foro: nunc intra muros pastoris bucina lenti cantat, et in vestris ossibus arva metunt. Prop. iv. 10, 27-30. Hoc tunc Veii fuere. nunc fuisse quis meminit? quae reliquiae? quod vestigium? laborat annalium fides, ut Veios fuisse credamus. Flor. Ep. i. 6, 11. 1 A characteristic reference in writers of Republican times and later. oj Places in Italy 4V1 Looking Towards the Hill or the Fabii Alas! Veil, thou ancient city, thou too wert then a kingdom and the throne of gold was set up in thy market- place: now within thy walls is heard the horn of the idle shepherd, and they reap the cornfields amid thy people's hones.' H. E. BUTLKK Such was Veil at that time; who now remembers that it existed? What relic or vestige is left of it? Even the trustworthiness of our annals can hardly make us believe that Veil e\er had a being. J. S. Watson 472 Classical Associations ''Hv 5c 17 OvLevTavuv ttoXk ov6iv vwodeea-repa ttjs "Poj/xtjs evoi- Kiladai, yyjv re TroXXi^j' Kai ToXincapirov exovaa, Tr)v fih bptivqv, Tr/p 8i TTeSiaSa, Kai t6v irtpiKdixtvov ak/a KadapuiraTOV /cat irpds vyuiav audpoiirois apiarov, ovre tXovs irXricrLov'iivTos, 69ev t\KOv- rat fiapels arfiol kclI dvaooSeis, oire TForafiov tlvos \}/vxpas ioidtv avitVTOi avpas, vSaroiv re oil airavUav ovroiv ovd'- eiraKTciv, dXXa avBiyevwv Kai tXovctIwv Kai irivecdai KparlaTCiiv. Dionys. xii. Frag. 21. Fabii postera die arma capiunt: quo iussi erant, con- veniunt. Consul paludatus egrediens in vestibule gentem omnem suam instructo agmine videt; acceptus in medium signa ferri iubet. Numquam exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum per urbem incessit: sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes unius gentis, quorum neminem ducem sperneres, egregius quibuslibet temporibus senatus, ibant, unius familiae viribus Veienti populo pestem minitantes. Sequebatur turba, propria alia cognatorum sodaliumque nihil medium, nee spem nee curam, sed inmensa omnia volventium animo, alia publica solUcitudine excitata, favore et admiratione stupens. Ire fortes, ire felices iubent, inceptis eventus pares reddere; consulatus inde ac trium- phos, omnia praemia ab se, omnes honores sperare. Praetereuntibus capitolium arcemque et alia templa, quidquid deorum oculis, quidquid animo occurrit, pre- cantur, ut illud agmen faustum atque felix mlttant, sos- pites brevi in patriam ad parentes restituant. In cassum missae preces. Infelici via, dextro iano portae Carmen- 2 A vivid account of a dramatic incident in tiie long struggle between Rome and Veil. This aristocratic family of Rome, the Fabii, undertake single-handed, to put a stop to the marauding exjjeditions of Veii, and for two years succeed in doing so. Finally, however, in 476 B. C, as is related, they were enticed from their stronghold on the hill just outside Rome and utterly defeated. (For this and other matters, see Flor. Ep. i. 6, 12.) of Places in Italy 473 A Description of Veil The city of Veii was not inferior to Rome as a place of residence. It had much fruitful land both in the moun- tains and on the plain. The air in the neighborhood was very pure and salubrious. There were no marshes near to throw off heavy and ill-smelling vapours, nor any river to give rise to chill breezes in the early morning. Its water supply was sufficient and in the vicinity, and its vegetation flowered with rich luxuriance. W. R. Bryan A Brave Family Sacrifices Itself for Rome^ On the following day the Fabii arm and assemble at the designated place. The consul, coming forth in the cloak of a general, sees his entire clan drawn up in his vestibule, and being received into their midst gives the order to march. Never did an army march through the City less in number or more distinguished by the applause and the wonder of men: three hundred and six soldiers, all pa- tricians, all of one blood, no one of whom you would have rejected as a leader, and who would have made an admir- able senate in any period, were going out to threaten the existence of the Veientine nation with the resources of a single house. They were followed by a throng partly made up of people belonging to them, their kinsmen and close friends, whose thoughts were busy with no mean matters, whether of hope or of fear, but with boundless possibilities; partly of those who were moved with concern for the commonwealth, and were beside themselves with enthusiasm and amazement. "Go," they cry, "in your valour, go with good fortune, and crown your undertaking with success as great!" They bid them look forward to receiving consulships at their hands for this work, and triumphs, and all rewards and all honours. As they pass by the Capitol and the citadel and the other temples, they beseech whatever gods present themselves to their eyes and their thoughts to attend that noble band with blessings and prosperity, and restore them soon in safety to their native land and their kindred. Their prayers were- uttered in 474 Classical Associations talis, profecti ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus locus communiendo praesidio. . . . Rursus cum Fabiis erat Veienti populo sine uUo maioris belli apparatu certamen, nee erant incursiones modo in agros aut subiti impetus in incursantes, sed aliquotiens aequo campo conlatisque signis certatum, gensque una populi Romani saepe ex opulentissima, ut tum res erant, Etrusca civitate victoriam tulit. Id primo acerbum in- dignumque Veientibus est visum; inde consilium ex re natum insidiis ferocem hostem captandi; gaudere etiam multo successu Fabiis audaciam crescere. Itaque et pe- cora praedantibus aliquotiens, velut casu incidissent, ob- viam acta, et agrestium fuga vasti relicti agri, et subsidia armatorum ad arcendas populationes missa saepius simu- lato quam vero pavore refugerunt. lamque Fabii adeo contempserant hostem, ut sua in- victa arma neque loco neque tempore ullo crederent sus- tineri posse. Haec spes provexit, ut ad conspecta procul a Cremera magno campi intervallo pecora, quamquam rara hostium apparebant arma, decurrerent. Et cum in- providi effusg cursu insidias circa ipsum iter locatas super- assent palatique passim vaga, ut fit pavore iniecto, ra- perent pecora, subito ex insidiis consurgitur, et adversi et undique hostes erant. Primo clamor circumlatus exter- ruit, dein tela ab omni parte accidebant; coeuntibusque Etruscis iam continenti agmine armatorum saepti, quo magis se hostis inferebat, cogebantur breviore spatio et oj Places in Italy 475 vain. Setting out by the Unlucky Way, the right arch of the Porta Carmentalis, they came to the river Cremera, a position which seemed favourable for the erection of a fort. . . . Again the Fabii were pitted against the people of Veii. No preparations had been made for a great war, yet not only were raids made upon farming lands, and sur- prise attacks upon raiding parties, but at times they fought in the open field and in serried ranks; and a single clan of the Roman People often carried off the victory from that most mighty state, for those days, in all Etruria. At first the Veientes bitterly resented this; but they presently adopted a plan, suggested by the situation, for trapping their bold enemy, and they even rejoiced as they saw thai the frequent successes of the Fabii were causing them to grow more rash. And so they now and then drove flocks in the way of the invaders, as if they had come there by accident; and the country folk would flee from their farms and leave them deserted; and rescuing parties of armed men, sent to keep off pillagers, would flee before them in a panic more often feigned than real. By this time the Fabii had conceived such scorn for the enemy that they believed themselves invincible and not to be withstood, no matter what the place or time. This confidence so won upon them that on catching sight of some flocks at a dis- tance from the Cremera, across a wide interval of plain, they disregarded the appearance here and there of hostile arms, and ran down to capture them. Their rashness carried them on at a swift pace past an ambuscade which had been laid on both sides of their very road. They had scattered this way and that and were seizing the flocks, which had dispersed in all directions, as they do if terrified, when suddenly the ambush rose up, and enemies were in front and on every side of them. First the shout which echoed all along the Etruscan line filled them with con- sternation, and then the javelins began to fall upon them from every quarter; and as the Etruscans drew together and the Romans were now fenced in by a cpntinuous line of armed men, the harder the enemy pressed them the smaller was the space within which ttiey themselves were 476 Classical Associations ipsi orbem colligere, quae res et paucitatem eorum insignem et multitudinem Etruscorum multiplicatis in arto ordini- bus faciebat. Turn omissa pugna, quam in omnes partes parem intenderant, in unum locum se omnes inclinant. Eo nisi corporibus armisque rupere cuneo viam. Duxit via in editum leniter collem. Inde primo restitere; mox, ut respirandi superior locus spatium dedit recipiendique a pavore tanto animum, pepulere etiam subeuntes; vincebat- que auxilio loci paucitas, ni iugo circummissus Veiens in verticem collis evasisset. Ita superior rursus hostis fac- tus. Fabii caesi ad unum omnes praesidiumque expug- natum. Trecentos sex perisse satis convenit, unum prope puberem aetate relictum, stirpem genti Fabiae dubiisque rebus populi Romani saepe domi bellique vel maximum futurum auxilium. Liv. ii. 49, 3-8; 50. Kal /idXtcTa KCLT-qirti- yiv 17 Ovritwv ■woXiopKia.. tovtovs evioi. Oiiri'ievTavois Ka.\ov(rLV. 'Hi' 8i irpocxVIJ^o- Trjs Tuppijyias 17 ttoXis, otKcov ixiv dp«?/i£p Kal ■KKridtL Twv arpaTtvoiievwv oik a.To8eovcra ttjs 'Voiixtjs, irXouTtj) 5e Kal piojv afipoTriTL Kal Tpv'a /cat dkpos avvdiTTHV, fihr) axibbv erous i^bbpav Tcp iroKkfic^ reKtv- TWVTOS. "QcTTt Kal Tovs apxovrai ev alTiq. ytvkadai Kai /uaXa/cws ToKiopKiiv SoKcvvTas av fjv Kal Kd/itXXos Tore xiXiapxcSi' to bevrtpov. Plut. Camill. ii. Veientes,ignari .... se ultimum ilium diem agere, nihil minus timentes quam subrutis cuniculo moenibus arcem iam plenam hostium esse, in muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt mirantes, quidnam id esset, quod, cum tot per dies nemo se ab stationibus Romanus movisset, tum velut repentino icti furore inprovidi currerent ad muros. . . . Cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore plenus in aedem lunonis, quae in Veientana arce erat, armatos repente edi- dit, et pars aversos in muris invadunt hostes, pars claustra portarum revellunt, pars, cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a mulieribus ac servitiis iacerentur, inferunt ignes. Cla- mor omnia variis terrentium ac paventium vocibus mixto mulierum ac puerorum ploratu complet. Momento tem- poris deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii agmine inruerent, alii desertos scanderent muros, urbs hostibus inpletur; omnibus locis pugnatur; deinde multa iam edita caede senescit pugna, et dictator prae- cones edicere iubet, ut ab inermi abstineatur. Is finis sanguinis fuit Hie Veiorum occasus fuit, urbis opulentissimae Etrusci nominis, magnitudinem suam vel ultima clade indicantis. * An account of the final capture of the city in 396 B. C. of Places in Italy 479 summer season opened, and to winters at home; but then for the first time they had been compelled by their tribunes to build forts and fortify their camp and spend both sum- mer and winter in the enemy's country, the seventh year of the war being now nearly at an end. For this their ru- lers were held to blame, and finally deprived of their rule, because they were thought to conduct the siege without energy. Others were chosen to carry on the war, and one of these was Camillus, now tribune for the second time. Bernadotte Perrin The Destruction of Veil* The Veientians, ignorant . that this was the last day of their existence; fearing nothing less than their walls being already undermined, and the citadel filled with enemies, ran briskly in arms to the ramparts, wondering what could be the reason, that when for so many days not one Roman had stirred from his post, they should now run up to the walls without apprehension, as if struck with a sudden fit of madness. . . . The mine at this time, full of chosen men, suddenly discharged its armed bands in the temple of Juno, which stood in the citadel of Veil, some of whom attacked the rear of the enemy on the walls, some tore down the bars of the gates, some set fire to the houses, from the roofs of which stones and tiles were thrown by females and slaves. Every place was filled with confused clamor, composed of the terrifying shouts of the assailants and the cries of the affrighted, joined to the lamentations of the women and children. Those who defended the works were in an instant beaten off, and the gates forced open through which some entered in bodies while others scaled the deserted walls. The town was filled with the enemy, and a fight commenced in every quarter. After great slaughter the ardor of the combatants began to abate, and the dictator, proclaiming by the heralds that no injury should be done to the unarmed, put an end to the effusion of blood. . . . Thus fell Veii, the most powerful 'city of the Etruscan nation, even in its final overthrow demonstrating its greatness; for, 480 Classical Associations quod decern aestates hiemesque continuas circumsessa, cum plus aliquanto cladium intulisset quam accepisset, postremo iam fato quoque urgente operibus tamen, non vi expugnata est. Liv. V. 21, 5-7, 10-13; 22, 8. Progenies Caesarum in Nerone defecit: quod futurum, compluribus quidem signis, sed vel evidentissimis duobus apparuit. Liviae olim post Augusti statim nuptias Vei- entanum suum revisenti, praetervolans aquila gallinam albam, ramulum lauri rostro tenentem, ita ut rapuerat, demisit in gremium; cumque nutriri alitem, pangi ramu- lum placuisset, tanta pullorum suboles provenit, ut hodie- que ea villa "ad Gallinas" vocetur, tale vero lauretum, ut triumphaturi Caesares inde laureas decerperent; fuitque mos triumphantibus, illas confestim eodem loco pangere; et observatum est sub cuiusque obitum arborem ab ipso institutam elanguisse. Ergo novissimo Neronis anno et silva omnis exaruit radicitus, et quidquid ibi gallinarurh erat interiit. Suet. Galba i. 5-15. Pauper Opimius argenti positi intus et auri, Qui Veientanum festis potare diebus . . . . solitus. Hor. S. ii. 3, 142-144. * At Prima Porta, just outside Rome, on the Flanjinian Way. « Poets thus refer to the cheap wine of Veil. oj Places in Italy 481 after having withstood a siege during ten summers and winters, without intermission, after inflicting on its enemy losses considerably greater than itself had felt; even now, even when fate at last urged its doom, yet still it was vanquished not by force, but by the art of engineers. George Baker A Superstition The race of the Caesars ended with Nero. That this would be so was shown by many portents and especially by two very significant omens. Years before, as Livia was returning to her estate* near Veii, immediately after her marriage with Augustus, an eagle which flew by drop- ped into her lap a white hen, holding in its beak a sprig of laurel, just as the eagle had carried it off. Livia resolved to rear the fowl and plant the sprig, whereupon such a great brood of chickens was hatched that to this day the villa is called AD GALLINAS, and such a grove of laurel sprang up that the Caesars gathered their laurels from it when they were going to celebrate triumphs. Moreover it was the habit of those who triumphed to plant other branches at once in that same place, and it was observed that just before the death of each of them the tree which he had.planted withered. Now in Nero's last year the whole grove died from the root up, as well as all the hens. J. C. ROLPE ' Opimius, poor amidst untold Amounts of silver and of gold. Who'd drink, from mug of common clay, Veientan on a holiday.' Sir Theodore Martin 482 Classical Associations VENUSIA (Venosa) Venusia was an Apulian town which as early as the third century B. C. was both populous and important. In 262 it was captured by a Roman consul and a colony established in the place. During the second Punic war it served the Romans in various ways, notably after the battle of Cannae in 216 B. C. when, as a following passage indicates, it gave generous assistance to the survivors. On this occasion, too, one of the consuls, Terentius Varro, gathered his scattered forces here, and it became the head- quarters for some years after for Roman commanders in Apulia (Liv. xxvii. 20; 41). Appian (B. H. 50), gives a graphic account of the death of one of them near this spot, Claudius Marcellus, conqueror of Syracuse, who died when leading an attack against a small marauding party of Numidians in Hannibal's army. His account closes with these words: "When Hannibal stood over the body Sequor hunc, Lucanus an Apulus anceps: nam Venusinus arat finem sub utrumque colonus, missus ad hoc pulsis, vetus est ut fama, Sabellis, quo ne per vacuum Romano incurreret hostis, sive quod, Apula gens seu quod Lucania bellum incuteret violenta. Hor. S. ii. 1, 3.4-39. 1 The fact that Horace was born in Veausia makes the place important to theclassical student. The town was very close to the border of Lucania, oj Places in Italy 483 and saw the wounds all in his breast, he praised him as a soldier but ridiculed him as a general. He took off his ring, burned his body with distinguished honors, and sent his bones to his son in the Roman camp." Fresh colonists were sent in 200 B. C. to repair the ravages of the Punic wars (Liv. xxxi. 49). During the SociaJ war in 90 B. C. it became one of the leading strongholds of the allies (App. B. C. i. 39). The triumvirs, Octavian, Lepidus, and Antony, later assigned it as booty to their soldiers together with other places which are mentioned by Appian (B. C. iv. 3) as "cities which excel in wealth, in the splendor of their estates and houses." It continued to flourish during the Empire. The fact that it was on the Appian Way and that travelers to Brundisium found it a convenient stopping-place, con- tributed to its importance. Several of Cicero's letters are written from the city (ad Fam. xiv. 20; ad Att. v. 5; xvi. 5). A Poet Refers to His Birth-place Him follow I,' Lucania's son, Perhaps Apulia's. 'Tis all one; For the Venusian dalesman now O'er either border drives his plough, Sent hither, says tradition eld. What time the Sabines were expelled, To keep back foes from Roman ground. Who through these wilds might else have found An entrance; or, belike, to stand Between the Apulian people and Lucania's headstrong sons, and mar Their love of breaking into war. Sir Theodore Martin 484 Classical Associations Eo tempore, quo haec Canusii agebantur, Venusiam ad consulem ad quattuor milia et quingenti pedites equitesque, qui sparsi fuga per agros fuerant, pervenere. Eos omnes Venusini per familias benigne accipiendos curandosque cum divisissent, in singulos equites togas et tunicas et quadrigatos nummos quinos vicenos et pediti denos et arma, quibus deerant, dederunt, ceteraque publice ac privatim hospitaliter facta certatumque, ne a muliere Canusina populus Venusinus officiis vinceretur. Liv. xxii. 54, 1-3. Quis feret uxorem cui constant omnia? malo, malo Venusinam quam te, Cornelia, mater Gracchorum, si cum magnis virtutibus adfers grande supercilium et numeras in dote triumphos. Juv vi. 166-169. 2 See introductory note. 8 For assistance rendered by Busa, see Caousium. ' Roman writers mention tlie place as one wliere simple habits of life prevailed. oj Places in Italy 485 The Red Cross — ^A Roman Precedent While these things passed at Canusium, about 4500 horse and foot, who, in the flight, had been dispersed through the country, came to the consul at Venusia.^ There they were all distributed by the Venusians through their several families where they were received a'nd treated with kindness. They also gave each horseman a gown and tunic, and 25 denarii; and to each footman, 10 denarii and such arms as were wanted; and every other hospitable attention was shown them, both by the public and by private persons; all exerting themselves that the Venusian state might not be outdone in kindness by a woman of Canusium.' George Baker A Country Girl Preferred Yet who could bear to lead an humbled life, . Curst with that veriest plague, a faultless wife? Some simple rustic at Venusia bred, Oh! let me, rather than Cornelia, wed! If to great virtues, greater pride she join, And count her ancestors as current coin.* William Gifford 4S6 Classicul Associations VERONA (Verona) An important town of whose early history almost noth- ing is known. In later times it became a flourishing Roman colony whose prosperity was partly due to the productiveness of the surrounding country and partly to the fact that the city was the center of several high-roads. Such striking Roman remains as that of its amphitheatre testify to the fact that it was no inconsiderable place. Mention of it becomes more common in the literature of later periods. Constantine captured it after a long siege while on his way from Gaul to Rome in 312 A. D. and it was the scene of a victory won by the powerful Theodoric over Odoacer in 489 A. D. This Gothic king made it his imperial residence for some time and the presence of the court doubtless contributed much to the magnificence of the city at this period. The famous red marble quarried in its neighborhood afforded building material of unusual beauty, and it is probable that no city in northern Italy had more splendid buildings. \'erona docti syllabas amat valis. Marl. i. 61, 1. Athesim . . amoenum. Coloniam copiis validam. \'ir. Aen. ix. 680. Tac. Hist. iii. S. Felix, qui patriis aevum transegit in agris, ipsa dcmus puerum quem videt, ipsa senem; qui baculo nitens, in qua reptavit arena, unius numeral saecula longa casae. ilium non vario traxit Fortuna tumultu, ' \'erona U chiefly inlerestinR to classical students as the birth-place of the poet Catul- lus. See also Mart. x. 103, 5. '^ \ river (now the Adige) upon which the city was situated. ^ A picture of an aged peasant who, though living close to Verona, had never dreamed of traveling as far as this. oj riiKcs in Italy 487 -«• » A.VIPHITHEATKE AT VeROX \ X'erona loses ihe syllable of her learned bard.' Walter C. A. Ker Lovelv Athesis.- A colony strong and flourishing. Arthur Murphy The Simple Life' Blest is the man who, in his father's fields, Has past an age of quiet. The same roof That screen'd his cradle, yields a shelter now To his grey hairs. He leans upon a staff, Where, as a child, he crept along the ground ; And, in one cottage, he has number'd o'er .\ length of years. Him Fortune has not drawn 488 Classical Associations nee bibit ignotas mobilis hospes aquas; non freta mercator tremuit, non classica miles; non rauci lites pertulit ilk fori, indocilis rerum, vicinae nescius urbis, adspectu fruitur liberiore poli. frugibus alt^rnis, non consule, computat annum; auctumnum pomis, ver sibi flore notat. idem condit agar soles idemque reducit; metiturque suo rusticus orbe diem, ijigentem meminit parva qui germine quercum, aequaevumque videt consenuisse nemus. proxima cui nigris Verona remotior Indis, Benacumque putat litcra Rubra kcum. sed tamen indomitae vires firmisque lacertis aetas robustum tertia cernit avum. erret, et extremos alter scrutetur Iberos: plus habet hie vitae, plus habet ille viae. Claudian Epig. ii. VESUVIUS MONS (Monte Vesuvio) Two events of historieal importance are connected with Vesuvius aside from the spectacular one of the eruption in 79 A. D. One of these was a contest between the Romans and the Latins about the middle of the fourth century B. C. at a little distance from the foot of the mountain. In this battle, Decius, one of the Roman commanders, seeing that fortune was going against him, called upon the gods to witness that he vowed his life to them in return for victory. Then he sprang into the midst of the foe and was immediately killed (Liv. viii. 9). The other incident was the uprising of the slaves and gladiators in oj Places in Italy 489 Into her whirl of strange vicissitudes; 'Nor has he drunk, with ever-changing home, From unknown rivers. Never on the deep, A merchant, has he trembled at the storm; Nor, as a soldier, started at the blare Of trumpets; nor endured the noisy strife Of the hoarse-clamouring bar: — of the great world Simply unconscious. To the neighboring town A stranger, he enjoys the free expanse Of open heaven. The old man marks his year, Not by the names of consuls, but computes Time by his various crops: by apple notes The autumns; by the blooming flower the spring. From the same field he sees his daily sun Go down, and lift again its reddening orb; And, by his own contracted universej The rustic measures the vast light of day. He well remembers that broad massive oak. An acorn; and has seen the grove grow old. Coeval with himself. Verona seems To him more distant than the swarthy Ind: He deems the lake Benacus like the shores Of the red gulph. But his a vigour hale, And unabated: he has now outlived Three ages: though a grandsire, green in years. With firm and sinewy arms. The traveler May roam to farthest Spain: he, more has known Of earthly space; the old man, more of life. C. A. Elton 73 B. C. For many months their leader Spartacus used this mountain as his stronghold against desperate attacks by the Romans (Plut. Crass. 9; Flor. Ep. ii. 8, 4). At the time of the fatal eruption, Vesuvius was princi- pally noted for the fertility of the surrounding country and the slopes at its base. Since it had been so long quiescent as a volcano, no one thought of fearing its violence. Later references in classical literature empha- size the fear of eruptions, notably in the writings of Procopius (6th century A. D.) vi. 4, 21-30. 490 Classical Associations Hie est pampineis viridis modo Vesbius umbris, presserat hie madidos nobilis uva lacus: haec iuga, quam Nysae eolles plus Bacehus amavit, hoc nuper Satyri monte dedere choros. haee Veneris sedes, Lacedaemone gratior illi, hie locus Herculeo nomine clarus erat. euncta iaeent flammis et tristi mersa fa villa: nee superi vellent hoc lieuisse sibi. Mart. iv. 44. Aetnaei ignis imitator. Flor. Ep. i. 11, 16. C. PLINIUS TACITO SUO S. .Ais te adduetum litteris, quas exigenti tibi de morte avuneuli mei seripsi, cupere eognoseere, quos ego Miseni relietus (id enim ingressus abruperam) non solum metus, verum etiam casus pertulerim. 'Quamquam ani- mus meminisse horret, ineipia m.' Profeeto avunculo ipse reliquum tempus studiis (ideo enim remanseram) inpendi; mox balineum, cena, somnus inquietus et brevis. Praecesserat per multos dies tremor terrae minus formidolosus, quia Campaniae solitus; ilia vero nocte ita invaluit, ut non moveri omnia, sed verti crederentur. Inrumpit eubieulum meum mater; surge- bam invieem, si quieseeret, excitaturus. Resedimus in area domus, quae mare a tectis modieo spatio dividebat. Dubito, eonstantiam voeare an inprudentiam debeam;" agebam enim duodevicesimum annum. Posco librum Titi Livi et quasi per otium lego atque etiam, ut coeperam, exeerpo. Ecce amicus avuneuli, qui nuper ad eum ex Hispania verierat, ut me et matrem sedentis, me vero 1 An account of the eruption of 79 .\. D. as viewed by the younger Pliny who together with his mother was living in the region of Misenum at the time. The uncle to whom he refers was the elder Pliny, then in command of the fleet in these waters. ' Quoting VJr. Aen. ii. 12. 0] Places in Italy 491 MOUNT VESUVIUS A Picture of Desolation This is Vesbius', green yesterday with viny shades; here had the noble grape loaded the dripping vats; these ridges Bacchus loved more than the hills of Nysa; on this mount of late the Satyrs set afoot their dances ;'this was the haunt of Venus, more pleasant to her than Lacedaembn; this spot was made glorious by the name of Hercules. All lies drowned in fire and melancholy ash; even the High Gods could have wished this had not been permitted them. W.M.TER C. .\. Ker The imitator of Aetna's fire. The Eruption of Vesuvius as Described by an Eye-witness To Cornelius Tacitus The letter which, in compliance with your request, I wrote to you concerning the death of my uncle, has raised, you say, yourcuriosity to know not only what terrors, but what calamities I endured when left behind at Misenum (^for there I broke off my narrative). "Though myshock'd soul recoils, my tongue shall tell.'"^ My uncle having set out, I gave the rest of the day to study — the object which had kept me at home. After which I bathed, dined, and retired to short and broken slumbers. There had been for several days before some shocks of earthquake, which the less alarmed us as they are frequent in Campania: but that night they became so violent that one might think that the world was not being merely shaken, but turned topsy-turvy. My mother flew to my chamber; I was just rising, meaning on my part to awaken her, if she was asleep. We sat down in the fore- court of the house, which separated it by a short space from the sea. I know not whether I should call it courage or inexperience — I was not quite eighteen — but I called for a T?olume of Livy, and began to read, and even went on with the extracts I was making from it, as if nothing were the matter. Lo and behold, a friend of my uncle's who was just come from Spain, appears on the scene; observing 492 Classical Associations etiam legentem videt, illius patientiam, securitatem meam corripit. Nihilo segnius ego intentus in librum. lam hora diei prima, et adhuc dubius et quasi languidus dies, lam quassatis circumiacentibus tectis, quamquam in aperto loco, angusto tamen, magnus et certus ruinaermetus. Turn demum excedere oppido visum. Sequitur vulgus attonitum, quodque in pavore simile prudentiae, alienum consilium suo praefert ingentique agmine abeuntis premit et inpellit. Egressi tecta consistimus. Multa ibi mi- randa, multas formidines patimur. Nam vehicula, quae produci iusseramus, quamquam in pianissimo campo, in contrarias partis agebantur ac ne lapidibus quidem fulta in eod'em vestigio quiescebant. Praeterea mare in se re- sorberi et tremore terrae quasi repelli videbamus. Certe processerat litus multaque animalia maris siccis harenis detinebat. Ab altero latere nubes atra et horrenda igaei spiritus tortis vibratisque discursibus rupta in longas flammarum figuras dehiscebat; fulguribus illae et similes et maiores erant. Tum vero idem ille ex Hispania amicus acrius et instantius "Si frater"inquit"tuus,tuus avunculus vivit, vult esse vos salvos; si periit, superstites voluit. Proinde quid cessatis evadere?" Respondimus non com- missuros nos, ut de salute illius incerti nostrae consulere- mus. Non moratus ultra proripit se effusoque cursu.peri- culo auf ertur. Nee multo post ilia nubes descendere in terras, operire maria; cinxerat Capreas et absconderat, Miseni quod procurrit, abstulerat.. Tum mater orare, hor- tari, iubere, quoquo modo fugerem; posse enim iuvenem, se et annis et corpore gravem bene morituram, si mihi causa mortis non fuisset. Ego contra salvum me nisi una oj Places in Italy 493 my mother and me seated, and that I have actually a book in my hand, he sharply censures her patience and my in- difference; nevertheless I still went on intently with my author. It was now six o'clock in the morning, the light still am- biguous and faint. The buildings around us already tot- tered, and though we stood upon open ground, yet as the place was narrow and confined, there was certain and for- midable danger from their collapsing. It was not till then we resolved to quit the town. The common people follow us in the utmost consternation, preferring the judgment of others to their own (wherein the extreme of fear resembles prudence), and impel us onwards by pressing in a crowd upon our rear. Once away from the houses, we halt in the midst of a most strange and dreadful scene. The coaches which we had ordered out, though upon the most level ground, were sliding to and fro, and could not be kept steady even when stones were put against the wheels. Then we beheld the sea sucked back, and, as it were, re- pulsed by the convulsive motion of the earth; it is certain at least that the shore was considerably enlarged, and now held many sea-animals captive on the dry sand. On the other side, a black and dreadful cloud bursting out in gusts of igneous serpentine vapour now and again yawned open to reveal long fantastic flames, resembling flashes of light- ning but much larger. Our Spanish friend, already mentioned, now spoke with more warmth and instancy: "If your brother — if your uncle," said he, "is yet alive, he wishes you both may be saVed; if he has perished, it was his desire that you might survive him. Why therefore do you delay your escape?" ' 'We could never think of our own safety , " we said , ' 'while we are uncertain of his . " Without more ado our friend hurrie d off, and took himself out of danger at the top of his speed. Soon afterwards, the cloud I have described began to descend upon the earth, and cover the sea. It had already begirt the hidden Capreae, and blotted from sight the promontory of Misenum. My mother now began to be- seech, exhort, and command me to escape as best I might; 'a young man could do it; she, burdened with age and cor- pulency, would die easy if only she had not caused my 494 Classical Associations non futurum; deinde manum eius amplexus addere gradum cogo. Paret aegre incusatque se, quod me moretur. lam cinis, adhuc tamen rarus. Respicio; densa caligo tergis imminebat, quae nos torrentis modo infusa terrae seque- batur. "Deflectamus" inquam, "dum videmus, ne in via strati comitantium turba in tenebris obteramur." Vix consederamus, et nox, non qualis inlunis aut nubila, sed qualis in locis clausis lumine extincto. Audires ululatus feminarum, infantium quiritatus, clamores virorum; alii parentes, alii liberos, alii coniuges vocibus requirebant, vocibus noscitabant; hi suum casum, illi suorum misera- bantur; erant, qui metu mortis mortem precarentur; multi ad deos manus tollere, plures nusquam iam deos ullos aeternamque illam et novissimam noctem mundo inter- pretabantur. Nee defuerunt, qui fictis mentitisque ter- roribus vera pericula augerent. Aderant, qui Miseni illud ruisse, illud ardere falso, sed credentibus nuntiabant. Paulum reluxit; quod non dies nobis, sed adventantis ignis indicium videbatur. Et ignis quidem longius substitit, tenebrae rursus, cinis rursus multus et gravis. Hunc iden- tidem adsurgentes excutiebamus; operti alioqui atque etiam oblisi pondere essemus. . . . Tandem ilia caligo tenuata quasi in fumum nebulamve discessit; mox dies verus, sol etiam efifulsit, luridus tamen, qualis esse, cum deficit, solet. Occursabant trepidantibus adhuc oculis mutata omnia altoque cinere tamquam nive ob- ducta. Regressi Misenum curatis utcumque corporibus suspensam dubiamque noctem spe ac metu exegimus. Plin. Ep. vi. 20. of Places in Italy 495 death.' I replied, I would not be saved without her, and taking her by the hand, I hurried her on. She complies reluctantly and not without reproaching herself for re- tarding me. Ashes now fall upon us, though as yet in no great quantity. I looked behind me; gross darkness pressed upon our rear, and came rolling over the land after us like a torrent. I proposed while we yet could see, to turn aside, lest we should be knocked down in the road by the crowd that followed us and trampled to death in the dark. We had scarce sat down, when darkness overspread us, not like that of a moonless or cloudy night, but of a room when it is shut up, and the lamp put out. You could hear the shrieks of women, the crying of children, and the shouts of men; some were seeking their children, others their parents, others their wives or husbands, and only distinguishing them by their voices; one lamenting his own fate, another that of his family; some praying to die, from the very fear of dying; many lifting their hands to the gods; but the greater part imagining that there were no gods left anywhere, and that the last and eternal night was come upon the world. There were even some who augmented the real perils by imaginary terrors. New- comers reported that such or such a building at Misenum had collapsed or taken fire — falsely, but they were cred- ited. By degrees it grew lighter; which we imagined to, be rather the warning of approaching fire (as in truth it was) than the return of day: however, the fire stayed at a distance from us: then again came darkness, and a heavy shower of ashes; we were obliged every now and then to rise and shake them off, otherwise we should have been buried and even crushed under their weight. . . . At last this dreadful darkness was attenuated by degrees to a kind of cloud or smoke, and passed away; presently the real day returned, and even the sun appeared, though lurid as when an eclipse is in progress. Every object that presented itself to our yet affrighted gaze was changed, covered over with a drift of ashes as with snow. We returned to Misenum, where we refreshed ourselves as well as we could, and passed an anxious night between hope and fear. William Melmoth 496 Classical Associations Erat Miseni elassemque imperio praesens regebat. No- num Kal. Septembres hora fere septima mater mea indi- cat ei apparere nubem invisitata et magnitudine et specie. Usus ille sole, mox frigida gustaverat iacens studebatque; poscit soleas, ascendit locum, ex quo maxime miractilum illud conspici poterat. Nubes, incertum procul intuentibus, ex quo monte (Vesuvium fuisse postea cognitum est), oriebatur, cuius similLtudinem et formam non alia magis arbor quam pinus expresserit. Nam longissimo velut trunco elata in altum quibusdam ramis difiFundebatur, credo, quia recehti spiritu evecta, dein senescente eo destituta aut etiam pondere suo victa in latitudinem vanescebat, Candida interdum, interdum sordida et maculosa, prout terram cineremve sustulerat. Magnum propiusque noscendum ut eruditissimo viro visum. lubet Liburnicam aptari; mihi, si venire una vellem, facit co- piam. Respondi studere me malle, et forte ipse, quod scriberem, dederat. Egrediebatur domo; accipit codicillos Rectinae Tasci inminenti periculo exterritae (nam villa eius subiacebat, nee ulla nisi navibus fuga); ut se tanto discrimini eriperet, orabat. Vertit ille consilium et, quod studioso animo incohaverat, obit maximo. Deducit quadriremes, ascendit ipse non Rectinae modo, sed multis (erat enim frequens amoenitas orae) laturus auxilium. Properat illuc, unde alii fugiunt, rectumque cursum, recta gubernacula in periculum tenet adeo so- lutus metu, ut omnis illius mali motus, omnis figuras, ut deprenderat oculis, dictaret enotaretque. lam navi- * An account of the death of his uncle by the younger Pliny, the author of the preced- ing passage < Tascus is now thought more correct. of Places in Italy 497 A Brave Official Dies in an Attempt to Save Refugees' He was at that time with the fleet under his command at Misenum. On the 24th of August, about one in the af- ternoon, my mother desired him to observe a cloud of very unusual size and appearance. He had sunned him- self, then taken a cold bath, and after a leisurely luncheon was engaged in study. He immediately called for his shoes and went up an eminence from whence he might best view this very uncommon appearance. It was not at that dis- tance discernible from what mountain this cloud issued, but it was found afterwards to be Vesuvius. I cannot give you a more exact description of its figure, than by resem- bling it to that of a pinetree, for it shot up a great height in the form of a trunk, which extended itself at the top into several branches; because, I imagine, a momentary gust of air blew it aloft, and then failing, forsook it; thus causing the cloud to expand laterally as it dissolved, or possibly the downward pressure of its own weight pro- duced this effect. It was at one moment white, at another dark and spotted, as if it had carried up earth or cinders. My uncle, true savant that he was, deemed the phe- nomenon important and worth a nearer view. He ordered a light vessel to be got ready, and gave me the liberty, if I thought proper, to attend him. I replied I would rather study; and, as it happened, he had himself given me a theme for composition. As he was coming out of the house he received a note from Rectina, the wife of Bassus,"* who was in the utmost alarm at the imminent danger (his villa stood just below us, and there was no way to escape but by sea); she earnestly entreated him to save her from such deadly peril. He changed his first design and what he began with a philosophical, he pursued with an heroical turn of mind. He ordered large galleys to be launched, and went himself on board one, with the inten- tion of assisting not only Rectina, but many others; for the villas stand extremely thick upon that beautiful coast. Hastening to the place from whence others were flying, he steered his direct course to the point of danger, and with such freedom of fear, as to be able to make and dictate his observations upon the successive motions and figures of that terrific object. 498 Classical Associations bus cinis incidebat, quo propius accederent, calidior et densior, iam pumices etiam nigrique et ambusti et fracti igne lapides, iam vadum subitum ruinaque montis litora obstantia". Cunctatus paulurii, an retro flecteret, mox gubernatori, ut ita faceret, mbnenti 'Fortes' inquit 'for- tuna iuvat. Pomponianum pete.' Stabiis erat dir- emptus sinu medio (nam sensim circumactis curvatisque litoribus mare infunditur); ibi, quamquam nondum periculo adpropinquante, conspicuo tamen et, curii cresceret, proximo sarcinas contulerat in naves certus fugae, si contrarius ventus resedisset; quo tunc avunculus meus secundissimo invectus conplectitur trepidantem, con- solatur, hortatur, utque timorem eiussuasecuritateleniret, deferri in balineum iubet; lotus accubat, cenat aut hilaris aut, quod est aeque magnum, similis hilari. Interim e Ve- suvio monte pluribus locis latissimae flammae altaque in- cendia relucebant, quorurn fulgor et claritas tenebris noctis excitabatur. Ill'e agrestium trepidatione ignis relictos desertasque villas per solitudinem ardere in remedium for- midinis dictitabat. Tum se quieti dedit et quievit veris- simo quidem somno. Nam meatus animae, qui illi propter amplitudinem corporis gravior et sonantior erat, ab iis, qui limini obversabantur, audiebatur. Sed area, ex qua diaeta adibatur, ita iam cinere mixtisque pumicibus op- pleta surrexerat, ut, si longior in cubiculo mora, exitus ne- garetur. Excitatus procedit seque Pomponiano ceterisque , qui pervigilaverant,. reddit. In commune consultant, intra tecta subsistant an in aperto vagentur. Nam ere- ot Places in Italy 499 And now cinders, which grew thicker and hotter the nearer he approached, fell into the ships, then pumice- stones too, with stones, blackened, scorched, and cracked by fire, then the sea ebbed suddenly from under them, while the shore was blocked up by landslips from the mountains. After considering a moment whether he should retreat, he said to the captain who was urging that course, "Fortune befriends the brave; carry me to Pom- ponianus." Pomponianus was then at Stabiae, distant by half the width of the bay (for, as you know, the shore, in- sensibly curving in its sweep, forms here a receptacle for the sea) . He had already embarked his baggage ; for though at Stabiae the danger was not yet near, it was full in view, and certain to be extremely near, as" soon as it spread; and he resolved to fly as soon as the contrary wind should cease. It was full favourable, however, for carrying my uncle to Pomponianus. He embraces,, comforts, and en- courages his alarmed friend, and in order to soothe the other's fears by his own unconcern, desires to be conducted to a bathroom; and after having bathed, he sat down to supper with great cheerfulness, or at least (what is equally heroic) with all the appearance of it. In the meanwhile Mount Vesuvius was blazing in sev- eral places with spreading and towering flames, whose refulgent brightness the darkness of the night set in high relief. But my uncle, in order to soothe apprehensions, kept saying that some fires had been left alight by the terrified country people, and what they saw were only deserted villas on fire in the abandoned district. After this he retired to rest, and it is most certain that his rest was a very genuine slumber; for his breathing, which, as he was pretty fat, was somewhat heavy and sonorous, was heard by those who attended at his chamber-door. But the court which led to his apartment now lay so deep under a mixture of pumice-stones and ashes, that if he had con- tinued longer in his bedroom, egress would have been impossible. On being aroused, he came out, and returned to Pomponianus and the others, who had sat up all night. They consulted together as to whether they should hold 500 Classical Associations bris vastisque tremoribus tecta nutabant et quasi emota sedibus suis nunc hue, nunc illuc abire aut referri vide- bantur. Sub dio rursus quamquam levium exesorumque pumicum. casus metuebatur; quod tamen periculorum collatio elegit. Et apud ilium quidem ratio rationem, apud alios timorem timor vicit. Cervicalia capitibus in- posita linteis constringunt; id muniment um adversus incidentia fuit. lam dies alibi, illic nox omnibus noctibus nigrior densiorque; quam tamen faces multae variaque lumina solabantur. Placuit egredi in litus et ex proximo aspicere, ecquid iam mare admitteret; quod adhuc vastum et adversum permanebat. Ibi super abiectum linteum recubans semel atque iterum frigidam poposcit hausitque. Deinde flammae flammarumque praenuntius odor sul- puris alios in fugam vertunt, excitant ilium. Innixus servulis duobus adsurrexit et statim concidit, ut ego con- iecto, crassiore caligine spiritu obstructo clausoque sto- macho, qui illi natura invalidus et angustus et frequenter interaestuans erat. Ubi dies redditus (is ab eo, quem novissime viderat, tertius), corpus inventum integrum, inlaesum opertumque, ut fuerat indutus; habitus corporis quiescenti quam defuncto similior. Plin. Ep. vi. 16. of Places in Italy 501 out in the house, or wander about in the open. For the house now tottered under repeated and violent concus- sions, and seemed to rock to and fro as if torn from its foundations. In the open air, on the other hand, they dreaded the falling pumice-stones, light and porous though they were; yet this, by comparison, seemed the lesser danger of the two; a conclusion which my uncle arrived at by balancing reasons, and the others by balancing fears. They tied pillows upon their heads with napkins; and this was their whole defence against the showers that fell round them. It was now day everywhere else, but there a deeper darkness prevailed than in most obscure night; relieved, however, by many torches and divers illuminations. They thought proper to go down upon the shore to observe from close at hand if they could possibly put out to sea, but they found the waves still ran extremely high and contrary. There my uncle having thrown himself down upon a dis- used sail, repeatedly called for, and drank, a draught of cold water; soon after, flames, and a strong smell of sul- phur, which was the forerunner of them, dispersed the rest of the company in flight; him they only aroused. He raised himself up with the assistance of two of his slaves, but instantly fell; some unusually gross vapour, as I con- jecture, having obstructed his breathing and blocked his windpipe, which was not only naturally weak. and con- stricted, but chronically inflamed. When day dawned again (the third from that he last beheld) his body was found entire and uninjured, and still fully clothed as in life; its posture was that of a sleeping, rather than a dead man. William Melmoth 502 Classical Associations VILLA HORATI Contiriui monies, ni dissocientur opaca valle, sed ut veniens dextrum latus adspiciat Sol, laevum discedens curru fugiente vaporet. temperiem laudes. quid, si rubicunda benigni coma vepres et pruna ferant, si quercus et ilex multa ffuge pecus, multa dominum iuvet umbra? dicas adductum propius frondere Tarentum. fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus, ut nee frigidior Thracam nee purior ambiat Hebrus, infirmp capiti fluit utilis, utilis alvo. hae latebrae dulces, etiam si credis, amoenae, incolumem tibi me praestant Septembribus horis. ^Hor. Ep. i. 16, 5-16. Hoc erat in votis: modus agri non ita magnus, hortus ubi et tecto vicinus iugis aquae fons et pauUum silvae super his foret. auctius atque di melius fecere. benest. nil amplius oro, Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mihi munera faxis. Hor. S. ii. 6, 1-5. Me quotiens reficit gelidus Digentia rivus, quem Mandela bibit, rugosus frigore pagus, quid sentire putas? quid credis, amice, precari? "sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus, et mihi vivam quod superest aevi, siquid superesse volunt di; ^ Sometime between 35 and 30 B. C. Horace was presented by Maecenas with a small estate about thirty miles from Rome which he called his"Sabine Farm." This gift freed him from financial anxieties and left him more or less free to devote himself to literature. ' The modem name is Licenza. 3 A small village near Horace's estate, still called Mandela. of Places in Italy 503 THE SABINE FARM A Poet Describes His Farm Girdled by hills it' lies, through which but one Small valley, rich in shade, is seen to run, Where on the right the moving sunbeams play. Whilst on the left they rest at close of day. You'd like the air, wild cherry there, and sloe Purple and dark, in rich profusion grow. While oak and ilex bounteously afford Food for my herds, and shelter for their lord. "How's this?" you'd say, could you behold the scene; "Tarentum's here, with all its wealth of green." We have a fountain, too, that well may claim To give the stream, whose source it is, a name; . More cool, more clear, not Thracian Hebrus flows. Balm for head-pains, and for the stomach's woes. This dear, yea, truly exquisite retreat Keeps me in health through even September's heat. Sir Theodore Martin Contentment This used to be my wish: a bit of land, A house and garden with a spring at hand. And just a little wood. The gods have crowned My humble vows; I prosper and abound: Nor ask I more, kind Mercury, save that thou Wouldst give me still the goods thou giv'st me how. ^JOHN CONINGTON True Riches As for myself, whene'er I sit and dream By the cool waters of Digentia's^ stream — Which all Mandela' drinks — that hamlet old, Pinched into wrinkles by the winter's cold. What, think you, is my prayer? — "Let me possess The goods that now I have, or even less! Live for myself the days I have to live, So please the gods a few more days to give. 504 Classical Associations sit bona librorum et provisae frugis in annum copia, neu fiuitem dubiae spe pendulus horae." sed satis est orare lovem, quae ponit et aufert: det vitam, det opes; aequum mi animum ipse parabo. Hor. Ep. i. 18, 104-112. Ponendaeque domo quaerendast area primum : novistine locum potiorem rure beato? est ubi plus tepeant hiemes, ubi gratior aura leniat et rabiem Canis et momenta Leonis, cum semel accepit Solem furibundus acutum? est ubi divellat somnos minus invida cura? deterius Libycis olet aut nitet herba lapillis? purior in vicis aqua tendit rumpere plumbum, quam quae per pronum trepidat cum murmure rivum? Hor. Ep. i. 10, 13-21. Purae rivus aquae silvaque iugerum paucorum et segetis certa fides meae fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae fillit sorte beatior. quamquam nee Calabrae mella ferunt apes, nee L^estrygonia Bacchus in amphora languescit mihi, nee pinguia Gallieis crescunt vellera pascuis; importuna tamen pauperies abest, nee si plura velim tu dare deneges. contracto melius parva cupidine veetigalia porrigam, quam si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattei campis eontinuem. multa petentibus desunt multa; benest, cui deus obtulit parca quod satis est manu. Hor. C. iii. 16, 29-44. oj Places in Italy 505 Books let me have, and stores to last a year, — So 'scape a life all flutter, hope and fear!" At this I stop. It is enough to pray To Jove for what he gives and takes away. Let him give life, and means to live; a mind Well-poised behooves me for myself to find. Theodore Martin The Lure of the Country Or if we'd seek a spot whereon to raise A home to shelter our declining days. What place so fitting as the country? Where Comes nipping winter with a kindlier air? Where find we breezes balmier to cool The fiery dog-days when the sun's at full? Or where is envious care less apt to creep, And scare the blessings of heart-easing sleep? Is floor mosaic, gemmed with malachite, One half so fragrant or one half so bright As the sweet herbage? Or the stream town-sped. That frets to burst its cerements of lead. More pure than that which shoots and gleams along. Murmuring its low and lulling undersong? Sir Theodore Martin A Roman Poet's Philosophy of Life My stream of pure water, my woodland of few acres, and sure trust in my crop of corn, bring me more blessing than the lot of the dazzling lord of fertile Africa, though he know it not. Though neither Calabrian be'es bring me honey, nor wine lies mellowing for me in Laestrygonian jar, nor thick fleeces are waxing for me in Gallic pastures, yet distressing poverty is absent; nor, did I wish more, would you refuse to grant it. By narrowing my desires, I shall better enlarge my scanty revenues than were I to make the realm of Alyattes continuous with theMyg- donian plains. To those who seek for much, much is ever lacking; blest is he to whom the god with chary hand has given just enough. C. E. Bennett 506 Classical Association^ Quern bibulum liquid! media de luce Falerni, cena brevis iuvat et prope rivum somnus in herba. nee lussise pudet sed non incidere ludum. non istic obliquo oculo mea commoda quisquam limat, non odio obscuro morsuque venenat; rident vicini glaebas et saxa moventem. Hor. Ep. i. 14, 34-39. O fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro, dulci digne mero non sine floribus, eras donaberis haedo, cui frons turgida cornibus primis et venerem et proelia destinat; frustra: nam gelidos inficiet tibi rubro sanguine rivos lascivi suboles gregis. te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile fessis vomere tauris Praebes et pecori vago. ties nobilium tu quoque fontium, me dicente cavis inpositam ilicem saxis, unde loquaces lymphae desiliunt tuae. Hor. C. iii. 13. Amoenum .... Lucretilem. Hor. C. i. 17, 1. * It is uncertain whether the Fons Bandusia was near Venusia, the birthplace oi Hor- ace or in the neighborhood of the Sabine Farm. It is possible that the poet may have trans- ferred the name from the spring he knew in his childhood to the one in this region.. . 6 Now called M. Gennaro, of which mountain it was probably a part in Horace's day. oj Places in Italy 507 The Convert He who of yore caroused from noon till night Now quits the table soon, and lives to dream And drowse upon the grass beside the stream, Nor blushes that of sport he took his full ; — He'd blush, indeed, to be tomfooling still. In that calm spot no evil eye askance Upon my simple comforts brings mischance. Nor does cold hate, with slanderous fang obscure. Its venom drop for my discomfiture. True, as I turn a sod or shift a stone. My neighbors laugh, — no mighty harm, you'll own. Sir Theodore Martin The Fountain of Bandusia* Bandusia, stainless mirror of the sky, Thine is the flower-crown'd bowl! for thee shall die. When dawns yon sun, the kid; Whose horns, half-seen, half-hid. Challenge to dalliance or to strife — in vain ! Soon must the darling of the herd be slain. And those cold springs of thine With blood incarnadine. Fierce glows the Dog-star, but his fiery beam Toucheth not thee: still grateful thy cool stream To labour-wearied ox, Or wanderer from the flocks: And henceforth thou shalt be a royal fountain: My harp shall tell how from yon cavernous mountain, Topt by the brown oak-tree, Thou breakest babblingly. Charles Stuart Caverley Fair Lucre tills .^ C. E. Bennett 508 Classical Associations Perditur haec inter misero lux non sine votis: O rus, quando ego te adspiciam? quandoque licebit nunc veterum libris nunc somno et inertibus horis ducere sollicitae iucunda oblivia vitae? o quando faba Pythagorae cognata simulque uncta satis pingui ponentur oluscula lardo? o noctes cenaeque deum, quibus ipse meique ante Larem proprium vescor vernasque procaces pasco libatis dapibus. prout cuique libidost siccat inaequales calices con viva, solutus legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis pocula seu modicis uvescit laetius. ergo sermo oritur, non de villis domibusve alienis, nee male necne Lepos saltet; sed, quod magis ad nos pertinet et nescire malumst, agitamus,'_utrumne divitiis homines an sint virtute beati; quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos; et quae sit natura boni summumque quid eius. Hor. S. ii. 6, 59-76. **>--. 1 /)L?>''m^M^i^ Courtesy of Art ani Archaeology Excavations qm i-mr tJiTPPosm <;tte or Hor ace's Sabine Farm of Places in Italy 509 Pleasant Memories Oh! when shall I the country see?" Its woodlands green? Oh! when be free With books of great old men, and sleep, And hours of dreamy ease, to creep Into oblivion sweet of life, Its agitations, and its strife? When on my table shall be seen Pythagoras' kinsman bean? And bacon, not too fat, embellish My dish of beans and give it relish? Oh, happy nights! oh, feasts divine, when with the friends I love, I dine At mine own hearth-fire, and the meat We leave gives my bluff hinds a treat! No stupid laws our feasts control. But each guest drains or leaves the bowl. Precisely as he feels inclined. If he be strong, and have a mind For bumpers,-— good! If not, he's free To sip his liquor leisurely. And then the talk our banquet rouses! Not gossip 'bout our neighbors' houses. Or if 'tis generally thought That Lepos dances well or not. But what concerns us nearer, and Is harmful not to understand: — Whether by wealth or worth, 'tis plain. That men to happiness attain? By what we're led to choose our friends, — Regard for them or our own ends? In what does good consist, and what Is the supremest form of that? Sir Theodore Martin 510 Classical Associations VOLSINII (Orvieto, the Probable Etrus- can Site; Bolsena, the Roman) Volsinii was an ancient and powerful Etruscan city not far from Clusium. Its site was probably on a hill and should not be confused with that of the later Roman city which lay on a plain near a lake (now Bolsena). Soon after the fall of Veii the ancient city came into contact with Rome with which it continued to fight at intervals until its final subjugation by the latter in 280. B. C. Livy gives an account of one of these early struggles in V. 31-32. At the time of its fall the place was known for its wealth and artistic treasures, one writer saying even that its luxury brought its downfall by reason of the effeminacy it produced (Val. Max. ix. 1, Ext. 2). The Roman city is known as the birth-place of Sejanus, the corrupt minister and favorite of Tiberius (Tac. Ann. iv. 1; vi. 8). Several marvellous stories are told of the lake — one, that it contained two floating islands whose contacts produced changing forms (Plin. N. H. ii. 209); another, that during the second Punic War its waters flowed red with blood (I'iv. xxvii. 23). Its banks are said to have supplied the Roman markets with water-fowl. Noted quarries, also, upon its shores afforded building material. A vivid account of the imprisonment and death of Theo- doric's daughter upon an island in the lake (6th century A. D.) is given by Procopius v. 4, 14-29. Positis nemorosa inter iuga Volsiniis. At Volsinii amid its leafy hills. Juv. iii. 191. G. G. Ramsay Tres validissimae urbes, Etruriae capita, Volsinii, Per- usia, Arretium. Liv. X. 37, 4. Three very powerful cities, Volsinii, Perusia, and Arre- tium, capitals of Etruria. oj Places in Italy 511 VOLTURNUS FLUMEN (Volturno) At flavum caput umidumque late crinem moUibus impeditus ulvis Volturnus levat. Stat. Silv. iv. 3, 67-69. Volturnus with his yellow locks and far-streaming ooze of moisture on his sedge-crowned head, arose. E. D. Slater Multamque trahens sub gurgite harenam Volturnus. Ov. Met. XV. 714-715. The Volturnus, sweeping along vast quantities of sand beneath its whirling waters. F. J. Miller Volturnus celer. Luc. ii. 423. The swift Volturnus. Amnisque vadosi .... Volturni. Vir.Aen. vii. 728-9. Of many-shoaled Volturnus. T. C. Williams •■ 512 Classical Associations APPENDIX BRIEF MENTION OF PLACES TOO IMPORTANT TO BE OMITTED ENTIRELY Abella (Avella) "Qtjos maliferae despectant moenia Abellae." (Vir. Aen. vii. 740.) Alsium (Palo), a favorite resort for wealthy Romans. Fronto thus characterizes it, "maritimus et voluptarius locus." Amiternum (S. Vittorino Sabina) , famous as the birth-place of Sallust, the Roman historian. Ampsanctus (Mefita), a valley and lake in the Apennines whose fame rests chiefly upon these lines from Virgil: "Est locus Itahae medio sub montibus altis, nobilis et f ama multis memoratus in oris, , Ampsancti valles: densis hunc frondibus atrum urguet utrimque latus nemoris, medioque fragosus dat sonitum saxis et torto vertice torrens. hie specus horrendum et saevi spiracula Ditis monstrantur, ruptoque ingens Acheronte vorago pestiferas aperit fauces." Aen. vii. S63-S70. Anagnia (Anagni), characterized by Virgil in the words, "dives Anagnia" (Aen. vii. 684). Marcus Aurelius, when a boy, made a horseback trip from this place to Lanuvium. In a letter to Fronto, his tutor, he says that "it is a small ancient town containing antiquities, especially shrines and sacred memorials." Cicero had" a villa at Anagnia (ad Att. xii. 1). Antemnae (Antenne), a very ancient city belonging to the Sabines and prominent in the days of Rome's infancy. In historical "times it was either an insignificant village or, as Strabo says, land owned by private individuals. Virgil refers to it as "turrigerae Antemnae" (Aen. vii. 631). -' - ''■■" ' "-"- " Apulia (Puglie), a region in southern Italy famous for its production of wool and the rearing of cattle (Juv. ix. 54-55; Hor. C. iii. 16, 26). It was very hot in summer, as indicated by Horace's adjective, "siti- culosa." (Epod. iii. 16.) This poet- was borii" at Vehusia" neai: the hmits of Apulia and so mentions its "well-known heights" in connec- tion with his journey to Brundisium: "Incipit ex illo montes Apulia notos ostentare mihi, quos torret Atabulus et quos numquam erepsemus, nisi nos vicina Trivici villa recepisset lacrimoso non sine fumo, udos cum foliis ramos urente camino." Hor. S. i. 5, 77-81. Arcanum (Arce), a small village near Arpinum where Cicero's brother had a country home. The orator happened to be taking lunch there one day when his sister in-law had a fit of temper. After an angry remark on the part of his wife, Quintus turned to Cicero with the words, "There you are. That's what I have to put up with every day" (Cic. ad Att. v. 1.). of Places in Italy 513 AsisnjM (Assisi), the birth-place of Propertius (iv. 1, 63, 121 ff.). Bakium (Bari), interesting as a place where Horace stopped on his famous trip: "Postera tempestasjnelior, via peior ad usque Bari moenia piscosL" S. i. 5, 96-^7. BoNONiA or Felsina (Bologna), an ancient city whose situation on the Aemilian Road and proximity to important^ towns made it a con- spicuous commercial and military center. It played a considerable part in the civil wars of An tpiiy and Octavian (Dio Cass, xlvi.' 36; 54) and was the spot where the political arrangement known as the Second Triumvirate was drawn up (Suet. Aug.. 96). Martial calls it "culta" (iii; 59) and Pomponius Mda^. "opnlentissima" (ii. 60). Its .chief fame, however, belongs to ages later than the classical period. BoviLLAE (on the Appian Way between the xii and xiii milestones), a . small town.-which is interesting as the? spot to which the body of the emperor Augustus. was first taken after his death at Nola. Its neighborhood was also the. scene of the murder of Clodius at the hands of Milo (Cic. pro Milon. 29.). .iPropertius speaks of it thus: . "Quippe suburbanae parva minus urbe BovUlae." (iv. i, 33.) Bkixia (Brescia), "Brixia ex iUajiostra Italia, quae multum adhuc verecundiae, frugali- tatiaiatque.etiam: rusticitatis antiquae retinet ac servat'.' (Plm. Ep. i. 14). J . .... Bruttii, a district.of southern Italy thus. described in the letters of Cassiodorus (viii. 31) as summarized by Thomas.Hodgkin: . "In truth it. is a lovely land.. Ceres and Jallashavexrawned it with ; their respective gifts; the plainaare green with pastures, theslnpesare . purple with vineyards. Above ail it is rich^in its vast herds of iorses, and no wonder, since the dense shade of its forests protects them from the bites of, flie%:and; provides them.with ever.verdant pastures even in the height of summer. . Cool waters flow from its lofty heights; fair harbors on both its shores woo the cpnmieTCB/.Df Ae world." Jordanes in his History of thetGothiG.War£(3Q)i .says .that the body of Alaric was buried in the bed_of ihe;:riyer: Buseatiis, a stream in Bruttii near the cityiof Coiiseirtia: . .The waters were turned o£E for this , pugjose and aiterwards allowed to return -,todieir channel so-^at the exact spot^f - the burial of the conqueror of Ronae together -wath m}ich of thesppils takehm$10 A. D, frona-^e imperial city inigEt be ■ -forever unknown. This is'ain interesUng story, whether 'b^sed up A. Mintumae, 517, A. Misenum Pr., 210-315, • 8? , 221, 238, 491, 493, 495 497, C. Modenoj see Mutina. ' Mola di Gaeta, -see Mondragone, 5ee'5rnuessa;^' Mutina, 216-220, A, Ftfrmiaiei Popul. N Naples, see Neapolis. Napolif see Neapolis. '-'■ • NarF-;517,447..A.. Nami R., see Nar, • - .-.: ^ Narnia, 517,A. Neapolis, 219-227, 121, 231 261, A, C. - •, Nemi, Lago di, 22S-229, B. Nemorensis L., 228-229, B Nemus Dianae, 228-229, 54 B. Nera R., see Nar. Nocera; 261, C. Nola, 230^233, 135, 261, A. C. Nomehtuki, 234-237, 293, A. Norba, 517, B. Norcia, 517, A. Norma, 517, B. Nuceria, 261, C. Numicius F., 517, B. Nursia, 517, A. Ofanlo R:, 74,- A . Orvieto, 510, A. Ostia, 238-243, 33, 193, 273 A, B. Padova, see Patavium.' Padua, see Patavium. Padus F., 242-245, A. Paestum, 244-245, A. ' PaleUrina, see Praeneste. Palinurum Pr., 246-249, A. Palo, 512, A. Paludi Pontine, see Fomptinae Paludes. Pandataria K, 248, 251, A. Parma, 517, A. Patavium, 2S0'251, A. Pelorum Pr., 41, A. Perugia, see J?erusia. Perusia, 252-255, 510, A. Pesaro,5lS;A: Pesto, 244-245, A. ■ Petelia, 517, A. - Piacenz3, 518, A. Pisa, 255-257,--A. Pisaurum, 518, A. Pistoia, see Pisforia. Pistoria, 258-259,- A.- Placentia, SlSfA; Po River, see Padus. Ptilenio,51S,A. - ■ Policnro, 516, A. " " Pollentia, 518, A.- Pompeii, 258-261, 277, A. C. Pomplinae Paludes, 262-263, 81, 293, 299, B. -V ■ Pomptine Marshes, see' Ppmp- 'tinae Paludes. - "■ ' ' Ionia, 263r26S, A. • Porto, 23S,C. •- ■-■ Portus Augusti--.et Traiani, 2.38, C. , -'• . Poztuoli, see Futedli. '■- Praeneste, 266-273; 67;-171, 365, A, B;;- Pratica, 516; A; B; Prima Porta; 4S0. Prochyta I., 295, C. Proiiaa I., 295, C. PuteoU, 273-279, 197, 219, 223, A, C. INDEX 525 Ravenna, 278-281, 55, 215, A Reate, 518,317, A. Reggio di Calabria, 5 IS, A. Regillus L., 465. Resina, 516, C. Rhepum, 518, A. Riett, see Reate. Rimini, 27S, 414, A. Rio Torto R., 517, C Roma, 284-41.^ A, B, D. General Comment, 284- 287. Life in Rome, 288-309. Places, ,n0-314, D, E, F Aqueducts, 310-311. Basilicas,, 310-313. Batlis, 312-315, 327. Bridges, 314-321,363 Circus, 320-325, 289 301,303. Colosseum, 326-329. Fora: Of Augustus, 328-331 Of Julius Caesar, 330- 331. Roman, 334-351. Of Trajan, 352-353. Gates, see Roads. Hills: Aventine, 354-355, 291, 295. Capitolinc, 354-359, 319, 337, 341, 351, 381. Esquiline, 360-363, 369, 405. Janiculura, 362-365, 107,319. Palatine, 364, 371, 319, 337, 349, 351, 369, 403. Houses, 370-373. Praetorian Camp, 372- 375. Prison (Tullianum or Mamertine), 374-377, 347. Roads: Appian, 376-383, 36, 39,94,169,173,175, 178, 277, 403, 418, 483. , Flaminian, 382-387, 56, 363. Latin, 387. Nomentan, 388-389 391. ., Salarian, 390-395, 363. Streets and Districts: Argiletum, 396-397. Campus Martius, 39fr- 401,413,423. Prata Quinctia, 400- 401. Sacra Via, 402-403, 305. Subura, 404-405, 295. Tuscus Vicus, 406-407. Vclabrum, 407, 351, 357. Temples of; Apollo, 329, 351, 367. Jupiter Capitolinus, 39, 329, 343, 359, 365,371,379. Concord, 350-351. Mars Ultor, 329, 331. Venus Genetrix, 399. Vesta, 351, 107,441. Theatre of Pompey (and Curia), 408-411, 39, 343. Tomb of Augustus, 412- 413. Rubi,518, A. Rubicon F., 414-415, 56, A Rudiae, 518, A. Rugge, 5 IS, A. Ruvo,5t8,A. Sacer, Mons, 389, B. Sabine Farm, 502-509, B. Salernum, 85, A. San Felice Circeo, see Circeii. Santa Maria di Capua Velere, see Capua. 5. Viitorino Sabina, 512, A. Sarno R., 261, C. Sarnus F., 261, C. Satura F., 263, B. Saxa Rubra, 362, B. Scilla, 416-419, A. Scylacium (ScolaciumK 518, A. Scyllaeum Pr., 416-419, 41, A. Sele R., 519. A. Selva dell' Aglio, see Algidus. Senlino, 5 IS, A, Sentinum, 518, A. Setia, 518, 293, 365, B. Sezte, see Setia. Silarus F., 519, A. Sinuessa, 418-421, A, C. Sirenusae I., 424, C. Sirmio, 92-93, A. Sirmione, 92-93, A. Soracte M., 420-423, A. Soratte, Montr., 420-423, A. Spoletium, 519, A. Spolelo,S19,A. Squillau,51S, A. Stabiae, 261, 499, C. Strongoli, 517, A. Subiaco, 519, B. Sublaqueum, 519, B. Sulmo, 519, A. Suhn