lit miLMH IRODICfS 
 
 'i 
 
 if^l^^^^^H 
 
 
 ssed CDHcrete Stttl Co. 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 («!)■ 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Prof. Ludlow Brown 
 
 FINE ARTS 
 
Cornell Unlversitv Library 
 
 TA 683.T87 
 
 Kahn system standards :a handbook on rei 
 
 3 1924 015 414 695 
 
The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015414695 
 
Kahn System Standards 
 
 A Hand Book on 
 Reinforced (^.oncrete 
 
 ^uildin^ 
 •roducf 
 
 Fifth Edition 
 
 Revised and Enlarged 
 
 1913 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company 
 
 Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A. 
 
Limited Edition for 
 Special Distribution 
 
 Fifth Edition 
 1913 
 
 Copyriiillt iqn7, KjoS, ICjOO, Iijlo. igij 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company 
 
 Detroit, Michignn, U. S. A. 
 
Reinforced Concrete 
 
 How First Used 
 
 WHEN, in Ihe late 60s, Monicr, a French gardener, be- 
 gan making flower pols, boxes and small water tanks 
 out of concrete and imbedded wire in the material to 
 increase its strength and decrease its weight and bulk, he 
 little thought that forty years later the principle he employed 
 would be used throughout the entire world in the erection of 
 millions upon millions of dollar's worth of construction work. 
 There has been no class of structures, no line of the building 
 trades which has not been affected by reinforced concrete, 
 and many of them have been revolutionized. The story of 
 the development and growth of the use of this form of con- 
 struction has filled volumes, while here it can only be touched 
 upon briefly. 
 
 Concrete Defined 
 
 Concrete is a rock-like substance formed by the mi.xture 
 of cement, sand, stone and water, ft is the result of the ce- 
 menting together, through chemical action between the cement 
 and water, of various sizes of stone so proportioned with the 
 other material that all voids within the resulting mass are 
 filled. 
 
 Reinforced Concrete Defined 
 
 Reinforced concrete is exactly what the name implies, ft 
 is concrete in which steel has been imbedded to give additional 
 strength and elasticity. 
 
 Plain concrete, when used in the form of pillars and posts, 
 is capable of carrying heavy direct loads through its great 
 compressive strength. But when it is subjected to a direct 
 pull, that is, to tensile strains, it is weak. For example, if a 
 
 Xo reinforcement. Small load— Sudden failure— like chalk. 
 
 plain concrete beam is subjected to a load it will break apart 
 at the bottom just as a piece of chalk would under like con- 
 ditions, being unable to resist the tension in the lower por- 
 tion of the beam. In order to overcome this, remforcmg 
 steel is used to give proper tensile strength and elasticity. 
 The concrete in the top of the beam takes care of the com- 
 
K A II N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 pression. A properly reinforced concrete beam has, there- 
 fore, the strength of stone in resisting compression, united 
 with the tension resisting power of steel. 
 
 When a beam is loaded and supported at the two ends, it 
 will have a tendency to deflect. To illustrate, assume that 
 a beam is made up oi a series of flat plates, or, in other words, 
 like a pad of paper or a book, the diff^erence being that in the 
 pad of paper the leaves are not in any way connected to each 
 other, whereas in a beam the adhesion of the various particles 
 of the material ties the imaginary plates together. Now, 
 when the supposed beam starts to deflect, one of two things 
 will happen. Either the various plates separate, as when a 
 book or pad of paper is bent, and in separating slide by one 
 another; or, if the plates are held together and sliding is pre- 
 vented, the particles in the upper plates compress and in the 
 lower plates elongate. 
 
 It is thus seen that in addition to the compression and 
 tensile stresses in the top and bottom of the beam, there are 
 internal stresses of ec|ual importance against which the con- 
 crete must also be properlj' reinforced. To accomplish this 
 it will be absolutely necessary that there should be diagonal 
 steel reinforcement extending well up into the mass of the 
 concrete. This latter reinforcement viunt he rigidly connected, 
 to the steel in the bottom of the beam in order that all the steel 
 may act together with the concrete in forming a properly 
 reinforced beam. The Kahn Trussed Bar with its rigidly 
 connected diagonals is, therefore, the ideal reinforcement. 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bar Described 
 
 The Kahn Trussed Bar is made of a special grade of med- 
 ium open-hearth steel with an clastic limit up to 4:2,000 
 pounds and an ultimate tensile strength of 70,000 pounds per 
 square inch. The cross section (see pages 15 to 17), has two 
 horizontal flanges or wings, projecting at opposite sides. 
 These flanges are sheared up at intervals to form the rigidly 
 connected diagonals, making a unit of main bar and shear 
 memliers. 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bar — with ahernalini;- (Jiajronals. 
 Note rigidly connected sliear ineinljers. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 General History of the Methods of 
 Reinforcing Concrete 
 
 A BRIEF re\-ie\v of the general types of reiivforcement used 
 in the past, will make clear wh}- the\- lia\-e been either 
 .abandoned or re\ised,and why the Kahn Trussed Bar 
 is now considered the perfect rei nforceiiient, incorporating all 
 the ad\-antages of the old forms with the more modern im- 
 pro\ements and refinements. 
 
 Horizontal Only 
 
 It was originally thought that mereh' imbedding steel 
 bars in the bottom ot a concrete beam to take the tension 
 was sufficient. This is true in some rare instances. While 
 enough steel may be placed in the bottom of a beam, which, 
 if pulled in a testing machine, could resist the desired amount 
 
 -^:^.^:22 
 
 J ^ 
 
 liorizonLal rcinforcenient ont\'. Metiio'l of fuilur(_' wlien tcsti'd to il<-3lrLii(ii>n. 
 Li^lU load. .Sudden failure caused ]->y ends ot reintoreenient slippiuii and horizontal 
 shear diagonal cracky in tonereLe. 
 
 of tension, it must Ix' remembered that it is necessary to get 
 the stress into the steel from the concrete, and there must 
 be some positi\"e means tjf doing this. The old idea was to 
 depend upon adhesion. This was soon found to be inade- 
 quate and unreliable, as the plain bars would slip. 
 
 In (jrder to o\ercome this (lifficulty deformed bars of var- 
 ious types, such as twisted bars and l)ars with corrugations 
 and lugs, were used to increase the friction between the steel 
 and the concrete. When such bars were laid in the bottom 
 of a concrete beam they did not slip in the concrete but the 
 concrete would shear along a plane immediately above the 
 bar. For this reason the strength of the bar could not be 
 developed, and the beam was practically no stronger than if 
 reinforced with plain bars. 
 
 Loose Stirrup 
 
 Numerous tests were made on the older form of horizon- 
 tal reinforcement and it was universally obser\'ed that when 
 a beam was tested to destruction, it failed by the breaking of 
 the concrete along lines beginning at the reintorcement at 
 
 7 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 the ends and extending diagonally upwards towards the cen- 
 ter of the beam. The cause was not known, but it was 
 assumed that there were stresses in the concrete, and there- 
 fore loose vertical stirrups were placed in the mass of the 
 
 Horizontal reinforcement and loose stirrups. Method of failure wlien tested to 
 destruction. iVIedium load. Sudden failure due to slipping of horizontal rods. Shear of 
 concrete on horizontal plane above bars but no diagonal cracks. 
 
 beam to resist these stresses. When beams were tested to 
 destruction it was found that the main bar slipped and that 
 the beam failed by shearing along a horizontal plane connect- 
 ing the steel with the concrete. 
 
 Rigidly Connected Web Members 
 
 It was thus demonstrated that a positive connection must 
 be made between the, main steel bar and the members taking 
 the web stresses. This led to the in\'ention of the Kahn 
 Trussed Bar. In this patented bar the members in the ver- 
 tical plane, being made from a part of the main tension mem- 
 ber, transmit stress from the body of the beam directly to the 
 main steel bar. This is the ideal reinforcement. When 
 beams, which ha\'e been reinf<M'ced with the Kahn Trussed Bar, 
 are tested to destruction, they fail by pulling the steel in two 
 
 I I ■ ll I ' L - 
 
 Kahn reinforcement. Method of failure when tested to destruction. Maximum 
 load. \''ery gradual and ideal failure. Steel stretching in center. 
 
 at the center, showing that there is absolutely no unknown 
 weakness in the beam and that the full proportion of the 
 strength of all the materials is developed. It is, therefore, 
 the only means of reinforcing concrete that makes it possible 
 to obtain the full value of the materials used. 
 
 Tests made liy the French Government, report of which 
 was published in "Concrete and Constructional Engineering" 
 of London, show that beams reinforced with Kahn Trussed 
 Bars carry 21 per cent more load than beams reinforced with 
 horizontal rods and loose stirrups. The area of reinforce- 
 ment was the same in both cases. 
 
 8 
 
T II U S S ED C O S C R E T E S T E E 
 
 I. C O M P A N Y 
 
 Tests made at the I'nuersity of Wisconsin, Matlison, Wis., 
 show that heaiiis with Kalin Trussed Bars carry over 33 per 
 cent more load. Complete reports of these tests is found in 
 Bulletm No. 197 of the University of Wisconsin. (University 
 of Wisconsin Test Report will lie giadlv supplied Ijy Trussed 
 C oncrete Steel Co.j 
 
 Internal Stress Action 
 
 Note from the acc(.)mpanying diagrams how, when a beam 
 reinforced with the Kahn Trussed Bar is loaded, the stresses 
 
 S^^ 
 
 Tru.ss action in beam reinforced witli Kalin Trussed Bars. Xote the action is tliat 
 of a complete Pratt truss. No tendenc\' to slip or slide. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Truss action in beam with horizontal reinforcement and stirrups. Note the unljal- 
 anced horizontal component of the inclined stress and the tendency of the stirrups to 
 slip alonK the horizontal reinforcement. 
 
 Arch action in beam reinforced with Kahn Trussed Bars. Note the perfect abut- 
 ment for the inclined stresses. Perfectly rigid and no possibility of slipping. 
 
 Arch action in beam with horizontal reinforcement and stirrups. Note the unbal- 
 anced horizontal stress. Stirrups slip along the horizontal reinforcement, which, thert-- 
 fore, cannot be de\"eIoped. 
 
 Beam with horizontal reinforcement only. Note arch action. Reinforcement fur 
 nishes no abutment for the inclined stresses, and will slip. 
 
 9 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 in the beam are resisted either by an arch or a truss. In the 
 arch each incHvidual stress is resisted by a positive abutment 
 in the form of a diagonal In the truss the steel diagonals 
 form the tension web members and the compression web 
 members are supplied by the concrete. The advantageous 
 feature in this is that the tension in the diagonals is 1)rought 
 into the main tension member directly because tension mem- 
 ber and diagonals are one. The thrust of the arch or the pull 
 of the web member of the truss is resisted by the diagonal and 
 main bar combined. It is just as essential to have rigid at- 
 tachment of the diagonal members in a concrete beam as it 
 is to have strong, close fitting rivets between the lower chord 
 and web plate of a steel plate girder. 
 
 Certainty of Calculation 
 
 Tliat the calculated strength of a beam may bo cle\-eloped 
 it is necessary that the materials be distributed in such a man- 
 ner that the ultimate strength of each would be attained 
 should the beam be tested to destruction. This anticipates 
 the prevention of slipping of the reinforcing bars and the fail- 
 ure by diagonal tension in the concrete. The Kahn Trussed 
 Bar cannot slip and the concrete is reinforced against tension 
 by the rigidly connected diagonals. It is clear, then, that 
 beams reinforced with this bar will develop the ultimate 
 strength of the materials, and, since these values are known, 
 the materials can be so proportioned that each will be fully 
 developed. In other words, the designer avoids the uncer- 
 tainty of calculation caused b}' the sudden development of 
 unexpected weaknesses. Absolute safety of design is assured. 
 
 Fireproofness 
 
 It is a well-known fact that concrete, when subjected to 
 intense heat, of 1500 degrees Fahrenheit or over, for a con- 
 tinuous period, will lose a part of its water (jf crystallization. 
 This condition will obtain for about one inch from the surface 
 of the concrete in case of an extreme fire. Suppose the rein- 
 forcement is placed aljout one inch from the bottom of the 
 beam. In case of a very extreme fire, the lower inch of con- 
 crete will be practically ruinetl and its adhesion or immediate 
 connection with a plain bar in the bottom of the beam will 
 be completely destroyed. With the Kahn Trussed Bar, the 
 diagonals extend well up into the concrete beam and the effect 
 of fire can be neglected, as the connection between the bar 
 and its diagonals is still intact. (See Capt. Sewell's Report 
 in Transactions of the Am. Soc. C". E.) This is perhaps one 
 
 lu 
 
TRUSSED CO X C R E T E S T E E E C O iM F .1 A' y 
 
 of the greatest features (jf (he Ivalin System of Reinforcement. 
 A building erected on this plan is as good after a fire as be- 
 fore, while a building reinforced with plain bars is apt to be 
 a complete ruin. 
 
 Shock-Proof ness 
 
 Actual tests show that the adhesion between the concrete 
 and the steel is greatly weakened by repeated loading and 
 unloading of the concrete beam. (See "Fatigue of Con- 
 crete" by I- D. VanOrnum, M.Am. Soc.C. E., Proceedings Am. 
 Soc. C. E. December, f 90G.) This means that in any structure 
 subject to shock or mo\-ing loads, as in factories and bridges, 
 it is not safe to rely on the bond of the concrete. Rigid con- 
 nection of shear memliers to main reinf(jrcement must l)e 
 provided as in the Kahn Trussed Bar. The explosion at the 
 Prest-0-f^ite Company Factory, Indianapolis, Ind., is an 
 example of how thoroughly Kahn Trussed Bars meet these 
 requirements. 
 
 Workmanship 
 
 It is difficult in practical work to be sure that the con- 
 crete is so placed that all the steel is thoroughly imbedded, 
 especially so in the bottom of beams. If for any reason the 
 steel is so exposed, there can be no adhesion of the concrete 
 and the strength of the beam reinforced with horizontal Ijars 
 and loose stirrups is lost. With Kahn Trussed Bars this ad- 
 hesion is not necessary. Beams have actually been built 
 where the bars have been completely exposed on the under- 
 side and when tested to destruction developed the full strength 
 of reinforcement. 
 
 Accuracy of Installation 
 
 The Kahn Trussed Bar reaches the job sheared and ready 
 to be placed. The shear members are rigidly attached and 
 cannot be dislocated either by careless labor or the pouring 
 of the concrete. Each reinforcement is just where it belongs 
 assuring greatest possible strength anrl efficiency'. 
 
 Economy of the Kahn Trussed Bar 
 
 The Kahn Trussed Bar with its rigidly connected diago- 
 nals is designed to resist every stress in the concrete except 
 that of direct compression. There is no waste metal at any 
 point and proper reinforcement is provided at every place 
 it is needed. In the central portion of the beam, where full 
 area of metal is needed for resisting bending moment and 
 
 11 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 no shear reinforcement required, liie Ijar is unslieared and the 
 full area of the metal is available. At the ends of the beam, 
 where the shear is a maximum and bending moment a mini- 
 mum, the flanges of the Kahn Trussed Bar are struck up to 
 form rigidly connected shear members. The shear members 
 are thus made out of a part of the horizontal reinforcement 
 and do not take extra steel, as in the case where loose stirrups 
 and horizontal bars are used. 
 
 Economy of Installation 
 
 The Kahn Trussed Bar in reality consists of what may be 
 considered as a large number of separate members, all rigidly 
 connected and handled as a unit. All the field labor of attach- 
 ing together many separate pieces is thus done away with. 
 The practical builder well knows the great saving in handling 
 a single piece compared with many separate individual parts. 
 
 Other Kahn Building Products 
 
 In the preceding pages were shown the advantages of 
 Kahn Trussed Bars as reinforcement for beams, girders, 
 joists, arches, etc. No one type of reinforcement, however, 
 can be economically used in all classes of concrete work. Our 
 many years of experience and the constant research of our 
 engineers have enabled us to develop a complete series of pro- 
 ducts to efficiently meet every possible condition of practice. 
 
 Among the Kahn Building Products are included: Rib 
 Metal, Built-up Column Hooping, Rib Bars, Hy-Rib, Rib 
 Lath, Rib Studs, United Steel Sash, Trus-Con Chemical 
 Products for waterproofing and finishing, Trus-Con Inserts, 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars, Trus-Con Expansion Joints, Hollow 
 Tile, Joist Hangers, Post Caps, Centering Clamps, etc. They 
 are briefly described on pages 14 to 3,5, and more completely 
 in special catalogs devoted to each product. 
 
 Kahn System Service 
 
 Kahn Sj'stem represents something considerably more than 
 the mere sale of these ^'arious products; it means an experience 
 in over fifteen thou.sand important structures of all kinds in 
 all parts of the world. It means an Engineering Department 
 organized to give you the full benefit of this experience in 
 the planning and construction of your building work. It 
 means that you are dealing with a $2,000,000 organization of 
 recognized reputation and responsibiiit\-, which can afford to 
 
 VI 
 
T R C S S E D C U j\ C R E T E S T E E I. C O M P A N Y 
 
 deliver only one class of service and that the best; an organi- 
 zation which \ou can be sure will (jnly supply the very best 
 materials, and designs which are reliable but not extravagant. 
 The design of a modern reinforced concrete structure re- 
 quires scientific study in order to combine the various mater- 
 ials in the most economical and efficient manner. The con- 
 scientious designer must consider the purpose for which the 
 structure is built, the arrangement of columns, beams and 
 slabs, and the relative economy of different materials in var- 
 ious localities. 
 
 Engineering Department, Trvissed 
 Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 It is to take care of all such matters as these, to study each 
 particular problem from every possible angle in (jrder to get 
 the best possible construction for each individual structure, 
 that the Trussed Concrete Steel Co. has organized its large 
 Engineering Department, with branches in all principal 
 cities. In this Department are men of technical training and 
 of wide experience in the engineering field, who are familiar 
 with every type of construction and have specialized in rein- 
 forced concrete. This experience in reinforced concrete in 
 all its applications places this department in a position to gi\-e 
 expert advice on all such work. This advice, together with 
 valuable suggestions is given without cost to all parties con- 
 templating building. We especialh" invite Architects, En- 
 gineers and Builders to avail themselves of this service in 
 connection with any work they have in contemplation. 
 
 Complete Designs of Reinforced 
 Concrete Work 
 
 For any work in which it is decided that the Kahn System 
 will be used, complete detailed drawings and designs of the 
 reinforced concrete construction are prepared. These draw- 
 ings show clearly the exact location of each reinforcing liar 
 and the detailed size of all the concrete work. Each bar, 
 when it leaves the factory, is given a distinctive mark which 
 corresponds with its marking on the drawing. Each bar is 
 designed for a distinct place in the structure, and the builder 
 can tell at a glance where it belongs. The plans are prepared 
 without cost for any structure in which the Kahn System is 
 used. We co-operate to the fullest extent with all Architects, 
 Engineers and Contract(jrs. 
 
 1.3 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Shearing of Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 n\\\\\ 
 
 /////y 
 
 Standard Shear of Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 Middle Portion Left Unsheared. 
 
 Center Shear of Kahn TrussedBar. 
 Entire Bar Sheared to Center. 
 
 -Z, 
 
 One Way Shear of Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 
 All Diagonals Sheared Inclinino in one direction. 
 
 Special Shearing of Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 As directed l)y purchaser. 
 
 NOTE : — Sketches marked ( f) shows shearing of bars with 
 diagonals alternating as pro\-ided on 8-inch, r2-inch, 18-inch, 
 24-inch, 3()-inch, ;>(j-inch and 48-inch diagonals. 
 
 Sketches marked (*) shows shearing of liars with diagonals 
 opposite as provided on (i-inch diagonals only. 
 
 14 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P A N Y 
 
 Sections of Kahn Trussed Bar 
 
 i2"xli2" Kahn Trussi'.l Bar. 
 
 Weight — 1.4 pounds i.)ct loot. 
 
 Area — 0.41 square inches. 
 
 Standard length of diagonals — 12 inches. 
 
 Special lengths — li inches and .S inches. 
 
 34"x2rV" Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 Weight — 2.7 pounds per foot. 
 Area — 0.79 square inches. 
 
 Standard lengths of Diagonals— 12 inches, 24 inches and 
 30 inches. 
 
 Special lengths— 8 inches, IS inches and oO inches. 
 
 15 
 
K A li N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CO N C RE T E 
 
 lH"x2M" Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 Weight — 4.8 pounds per foot. 
 Area — 1.41 square inches. 
 
 Standard lengths of Diagonals — 12 inches, 24 inches and 
 36 inches. 
 
 Special lengths — 18 inches and 30 inches. 
 
 lM"x2M" Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 Weight — 6.8 pounds per foot. 
 Area — 2.00 sc|uare inches. 
 Standard length of Diagonals — 36 inches. 
 Special lengths — 18 inches, 24 inches, 30 inches and 4S 
 inches. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 '2"xo^ 2" Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 
 Weight — 10.2 pounds per foot. 
 
 Area — 3.00 square inches. 
 
 Standard length of Diagonals — 30 inches. 
 
 Special lengths — 24 inches, 30 inches and 48 inches. 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bars are manufactured from the highest 
 grade of open-hearth steel and are shipped cut to exact length 
 ordered. Bars up to 60 ft. in length are carried in stock at 
 Youngstown, Ohio. Any desired length of diagonal or type 
 of shearing can be furnished. 
 
 KAHN 
 TRUSSED 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 STEEL ELOREDOMES 
 
 6 -a-IO ANO 12 HIGH 
 
 Steel Floredomes 
 
 Floredomes are rectangular dome-shaped steel tiles open 
 on the under side. The deep corrugations on all sides give 
 exceptional stiffness to the Floredomes, so as to support the 
 trucking loads coming on them during construction. Rein- 
 forced concrete joists extend on all four sides of the Floredomes 
 carrying the loads in two directions to the supports. A flat 
 ceiling is obtained by the use of Hy-Rib which extends con- 
 tinuously underneath and produces an ideal surface for plas- 
 ter. The serrated bottom edges of the Floredomes straddle 
 the ril)s of the Hy-Rib and engage in the Hy-Rib mesh. 
 Wires attached to these ribs extend into the joists. 
 
 Steel Floredomes have many advantages over the terra- 
 cotta hollow tile, being absolutely water-tight; light in weight: 
 free from loss due to breakage; subject to greatly reduced 
 freight rates; can l)e shipped anywhere; sa\-e in field labor; 
 increase speed of c(jnstruction; maximum economy of con- 
 crete and steel. 
 
 Properties of Steel Floredomes: 
 
 Depth — () in., 8 in., 10 in., or 12 in. 
 
 Size at Base — 211 2x21 1 2 ins. 
 
 Furnished with serrated edges or straight edges. 
 
 See page 100 for Table of Safe h\\e Loads for Floredome 
 Construction. 
 
 See page 83 for Illustrations of Floredome Construction. 
 
 Flort'donir L/U'rafun' ,^nil oit nujitf^l . 
 18 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO M 1> .7 N Y 
 
 MEEL ILllRET-rLtS 
 
 Steel Floretyles 
 
 Steel Fhiretyles are deeply corrugated steel tiles open on 
 the under side. The bends at the corners and the deep ribs 
 on the top proxide excejitional stiFfness against deformati(jn 
 and great rigidity- in supporting loads. The narrow reinforc- 
 ed concrete joists between the Floretyles carry the loads to 
 the supports. Ends of Floretyles lap with a tight joint. 
 Floretyle Construction effects a great saxing in concrete, 
 steel, centering and weight. 
 
 For flat ceilings, Hy-Rib is used on the underside. The 
 bottom edges of the Floretyles are serrated to straddle the 
 ribs of the Hy-Rib and engage in the mesh. Floretyles are 
 used with one-way reinforcement and Floredomes with two- 
 way reinforcement. Both possess the same marked ad\'antages 
 over terra cotta tile. 
 
 Properties of Steel Floretyles 
 
 Depths: G in., 8 in., 10 in., and 12 in. 
 
 Width at Base: 20 inches. 
 
 Standard Lengths (nominal), 4 feet and 3 feet. Actual 
 lengths are one inch greater, to allow for end lap. 
 
 End Floretyles close the rows of Floretyles and are 2 feet 
 (nominal) in length, actual length being 1 inch greater to 
 allow for lap. 
 
 Furnished either with serrated edges or straight edges. 
 
 See page ]01 for Talile of Safe Live Loads for Floretyle 
 Construction. 
 
 See pages 84 and 8.") for Illustrations of Floretyle Con- 
 struction. 
 
 florch/lc Eitrmlvn- sent on reqiie.sl. 
 19 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Cii 
 
 ■a .S 
 
 CD :3 
 
 J:; <-) 
 
 ^ 2; 
 
 c 
 o 
 U 
 
 20 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P J N Y 
 
 Rib Metal 
 
 Rib Metal consists of a series of straight ribs or main ten- 
 sion members, rigidly connected by light cross ties formed from 
 the same sheet of steel. 
 
 All the tension in the concrete slalj is resisted by the ribs 
 in a straight line action to the supports. The cross ties accu- 
 rately space and thoroughly anchor the main ribs in the con- 
 crete, providing a perfect cross reinforcement against tempera- 
 ture and shrinkage strains. 
 
 Rib ]\'Ietal is essentially a bar reinforcement, consisting 
 of nine separate bars handled as one piece. Workmen can 
 lay 100 square feet of reinforcement in the same time as 
 would ordinarily be required to place a single bar. In this 
 way Rib Metal saves expensive field labor, besides increasing 
 the rapidity of construction. 
 
 The ribs are accurately spaced by the cross ties, and each 
 rib is exactly where it belongs. There is no chance of displac- 
 ing the bars by the pouring of the concrete or by careless work- 
 men. Rib Metal is readily placed and stays in place. 
 
 The ribs span in a straight line between tlie supports, 
 supplying the reinforcement in the direct line of greatest 
 strain. Any reinforcement in the form of a diamond or trian- 
 gular mesh carries the load in a long, diagonal line to the sup- 
 ports, and is consequently less efficient. 
 
 21 
 
A' .7 II i\ SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 rt 
 
 -rx\ 
 
 22 
 
TJ^UJ S E D CJ) N C R E T E STEEL CO M PAN Y 
 
 Rib Metal is stiff and rigid, not plialile and wirey. It 
 reaches the job ready to be placed in the C(jncrele. There is 
 no field labor required to unnjll and straighten coils into flat 
 sheets. 
 
 The ribs being in a direct line with the strain do not tend 
 to assume other positions when the slab is loaded. There is 
 no straightening out of kinks and resultant deflecti(jn in the 
 slab. 
 
 Rib Metal is furnished in flat sheets as reinforcement for 
 floor and roof slabs, walls, vaults, etc. 
 
 Rib Metal is also sujiplied \>y our shops bent to exact 
 curve as reinforcement for arches, conduits, sewers, reser- 
 voirs, tanks, etc. The shop-bending assures absolute accu- 
 racy of curve and does away with expensive field labor. 
 
 Rib Metal is made from the highest grade open-hearth 
 steel and in seven sizes of mesh. 
 
 Properties of Rib Metal 
 
 Area of one Rib=.09 sq. in. (9 Ribs in one slieet) 
 
 Size 
 No. 
 
 Width of 
 
 standard 
 
 Stieet 
 
 Square I'>et 
 
 per 
 Lineal I-'oot 
 
 .\rea per I'^ 
 of Widtl 
 
 oot 
 
 Weight iK-r 
 Squar(_- Foot 
 
 9 
 
 16 in. 
 
 1.33 
 
 .54 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 2.025 lbs. 
 
 3 
 
 24 in. 
 
 2.00 
 
 .36 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 1 
 
 340 lbs. 
 
 4 
 
 32 in. 
 
 2.67 
 
 .27 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 
 997 lbs. 
 
 5 
 
 40 in. 
 
 3.33 
 
 .216 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 
 792 lbs. 
 
 6 
 
 48 in. 
 
 4.00 
 
 .18 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 
 655 lbs. 
 
 7 
 
 ,50 in. 
 
 4.67 
 
 .154 sq. 
 
 n. 
 
 
 .557 lbs. 
 
 8 
 
 04 in. 
 
 5.33 
 
 .135 sq. in. 
 
 
 484 lbs. 
 
 All k'ngths u|) lo IS feet. 
 Furnished in flat nr curveil sheets. 
 
 See page 97 for carrying capacities nf I-iib Metal Slafjs. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 :. of Collapsed 
 Hooping Ready for 
 Shipment. Note Compact- 
 ness and Simplicity. 
 
 Collapsible Column Hooping 
 
 Collapsible Column Hooping, for reinforcing concrete 
 columns is shipped in the form of flat, circular coils of exact 
 diameter and accurately spaced by means of special spac- 
 ing bars. These coils spring automatically into a complete 
 hooped column on cutting the small fastening wires. 
 
 Collapsible Column Hooping reduces freight bills, by secur- 
 ing a lower freight classification; makes pos- 
 sible a full-weight carload, owing to its com- 
 pactness; does not become damaged in tran- 
 sit; assures absolute accuracy of construc- 
 tion ; increases speed of installation ; and saves 
 expensive field labor. 
 
 Rib Bars are ordinarih' used as vertical 
 reinforcement in conjunction with Column 
 Hooping. 
 
 Sizes of Collapsible Column Hooping 
 
 Shipped complete with two spacing bars. 
 
 Sizes of wire for liooping: i^-inch, ;^-incli, Js-inc"h, 
 x^-inclt and 3^<^-inch diameter. 
 
 Diameters of Coils: 9-inch to 30-inch. 
 
 Pitch: l}^-inch to 12 inches. 
 
 Hooping, where desired, can also be furnished in 
 bundles.coiledtothecorrect diameter, and with separate 
 spacing bars, ready for assembling in the field. 
 
 See Page 68 for Pieces under Direct Compression. 
 
 .See Page 117 for Table of Safe Loads carried on 
 hooped columns. 
 
 24 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPAQ Y 
 
 Rib Bars 
 
 The Rib Bar for reinforcing concrete is a special rolled 
 section with a series of cross ribs so desi gned as to secure 
 maximum grip on the concrete. 
 
 The Rib Bar is used principally as an auxiliary reinforce- 
 ment to the Kahn Trussed Bar, Rib Metal and Hy-Rib. It is 
 ideal wherever direct tension or compression stresses are to 
 be resisted, for instance — the longitudinal bars in columns 
 and the cross bars in slabs, also in domes, tanks, etc. It has 
 a wide application for bridge abutments and massed concrete, 
 where temperature, expansion and shrinkage stresses are to be 
 resisted. 
 
 See pages 116 and 117 for Safe Loads on Columns. 
 
 (i.-.' 
 
 r r r 
 
 Table of Properties of Rib Bar 
 
 Size 
 
 Area 
 
 1 
 
 Weight per 
 Lineal Foot 
 
 H" 
 
 .0625 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 .213 
 
 lbs. 
 
 3«" 
 
 .1406 sq. 
 
 in. 1 
 
 .48 
 
 lbs. 
 
 ''2" 
 
 .2500 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 .86 
 
 lbs. 
 
 = 8" 
 
 .3906 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 1.35 
 
 lbs. 
 
 U" 
 
 .5625 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 1.95 
 
 lbs. 
 
 \" 
 
 .7656 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 2.65 
 
 lbs. 
 
 I " 
 
 1.0000 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 3.46 
 
 lbs. 
 
 IVs" 
 
 1.2656 sq. 
 
 in. 
 
 1 
 
 4.3S 
 
 lbs. 
 
 25 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 Hy-Rib is a steel sheathing, stiffened hy rigid, deep ribs, 
 formed from the same sheet of steeL Owing to the strength 
 of these ribs, Hy-Rib does away with forms in concrete con- 
 traction. Hy-Rib is a unit of steel lath and studs. 
 
 Hy-Rib is supplied in either flat or curved sheets, for the 
 construction of floors, n^ofs, walls, sidings, partitions, ceil- 
 ings, furring, culverts, conduits, sewers, silos, tanks, etc. 
 
 4-Rib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 Type of Hy-Rib 
 
 Gauge Nos. 
 U. S. Standard 
 
 " 24, 26 or 28 
 24, 2() or 2S 
 22, 24 or 2(5 
 
 Spacing 
 of Ribs 
 
 Heigfit 
 of Ribs 
 
 W 
 
 16 
 
 1 w 
 
 Widtli 
 of Slieets 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib 
 
 3- Rib Hy-Rib 
 
 Deep-Rib Hy-Rib., . 
 
 31.," 
 
 7 " 
 
 7 
 
 101.," 
 14 " 
 14 " 
 
 Standard lengths: 6, S, 10 and 12 feet. 
 
 Intermediate and shorter lengths are cut without charge, but any 
 waste is charged to the purchaser. Hy-Rib sheets interlock at sides and 
 ends. In ordering, no allowance need be made for side laps. Allow 2 inches 
 for end laps where splice occurs over suppoi-ts; otherwise, eight inches. 
 
 See pages 98-99 for safe loads on Hy-Rib Slabs 
 
 Hy-Ilih Hand-Boole sent on request. 
 
 26 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P A 
 
 N Y 
 
 Rib Lath 
 
 Stiffcst slecl lath bct^ause of the headed parallel ribs 
 which span directly between the studs; provides a perfect 
 clinch for the plaster owing to the improved form of expan- 
 sion; reciuires least amount of plaster, with no dropping of 
 plaster behind the lath; presents a uniformly flat surface to 
 plaster against. 
 
 7TY1^^7~i'Y~^ 
 
 -Y1 
 
 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 m 
 
 
 Beaded Plate Rib Lath 
 
 
 
 GR.\DE 
 
 Size of Sheets 
 
 " 1.5ii"'.xSI<)" 
 15l4",x9()" 
 15'4"x9()" 
 
 Sheets per 
 Bundle 
 
 Yards per 
 Bundle 
 
 Weight per 
 Sq. Yd. 
 
 3.03 lbs." 
 
 4..54 lbs. 
 5.45 lbs. 
 
 Kib Luth No. lA 
 
 Rib Lath No. 2A 
 
 Rib Lath No. 4A 
 
 m 
 
 11) 
 l(i 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 
 Standard Rib Lath 
 
 
 
 GRADE 
 
 Si-/p of Sheets Sheets per 
 Size ot Sheets Bundle 
 
 Yards per 
 Bundle 
 
 Weight per 
 Sq. Yd. 
 
 2.74 lbs." 
 3.42 lbs. 
 4.10 lbs. 
 
 Rib Lath No. 1 
 
 Rib Lath No. 2 
 
 Rib Lath No. 4 
 
 20l4"x9(3" 12 
 
 20ii".\90" 12 
 20M"x90" 12 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 "B" Rib Lath 
 
 GRADE 
 
 Size of Sheets 
 
 ^24^"^0^" 
 24A".x96" 
 24A"x9(i" 
 
 Sheets per 
 Bundle 
 
 10 " 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Yards per 
 Bundle 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 Weight per 
 Sq. Yd. 
 
 Rib Lath No. IB 
 
 Rib Lath No. 2B 
 
 Rib Lath No. 4B 
 
 2.2S lbs. 
 2.S5 lbs. 
 3.42 lbs. 
 
 We recommend painted lath, but we can supply it without paint if 
 desired. 
 
 Rib Lath Cuhdogiie sent on request. 
 
 27 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 a 
 
 
 lU™ 
 
 
 
 JT 
 
 
 
 ""■'"ll 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 ij" 
 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 "—J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 11™™ 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 it 
 
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 a=^ 
 
 
 1— 
 
 
 :r= 
 
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 ?=j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 8 , 
 
 
 IT'-- 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ,„_-j< 
 
 2J4", 3k" 
 and 4 k" ^\'i' 
 
 }" and Sk' 
 Rib Studs 
 
 Rib Stud 
 Extensions 
 
 Detroit Steel Corner Bead. 
 
 Rib Steel Corner Bead No. 1. 
 
 Rib Studs 
 
 RIB STUDS— made 
 of the highest grade of 
 open-hearth steel — are 
 open for the passage of 
 conduits and pipes, and 
 provide an uninter- 
 rupted air space between 
 the two plaster surfaces. 
 All lengths up to 18 feet. 
 
 RIB STUD EXTEN- 
 SIONS — provide an ad- 
 justable attachment at 
 floors and ceilings. 
 
 Steel Corner 
 Beads 
 
 Our Corner Beads are 
 galvanized after form- 
 ing and furnished in 
 lengths from 6 to 12 
 feet. 
 
 Detroit Steel Corner 
 Bead — see illustration. 
 
 Detroit T-Rail Corner 
 Bead — similar to De- 
 troit Steel Corner Bead. 
 
 Detroit Solid Rail 
 Corner Bead — made of 
 special rolled section 
 with punched web. 
 
 Rib Steel Corner Bead 
 No. 1 — see illustration. 
 
 Rib Steel Corner Bead 
 No. 2 — similar to Rib 
 Steel Bead No. 1. 
 
 Rib Feather-Edge 
 Corner Bead — for fine, 
 
 sharp corners. 
 
 Corner Bead pamph- 
 letjent on request. 
 
 28 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M R J N Y 
 
 Trus-Con Gurb^Bars 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars are used Uj protect concrete curbs, 
 entrance and interior columns, shipping platforms, step nos- 
 ings, or any exposed concrete edges. Trus-Con Curb Bars 
 consist of properly shaped steel plates with heavy anchor 
 bolts that secure an absolutely positive hold in the concrete. 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars are made of 
 highest grade open-hearth steel and 
 heavily galvanized after forming. 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar No. 1 
 
 Plates fV-in. thick, pcripjliery 2] 2 in. 
 Anchor bolts }2 in- ^ 33j, in. 
 Standard lengths S, 10 and 12 feet. 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar No. 2 
 
 Plates i^-in. thick, periphery l'^^ in. 
 Anchor bolts 3 2-in- x 33^ in. 
 Standard lengths 8, 10 and 12 feet. 
 
 „^ CURB BAfi ^ 
 ^^XO^^, CURB 8,;^^o, 
 
 Two Trus-Con 
 
 Armor Plates in 
 
 place, protecting 
 
 the joint with ^4 
 
 inch asphaltum felt 
 
 for filler, cutting entire 
 
 Jepth of pavement. 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Plates 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Plates protect the expansion joints in con- 
 crete roads from chipping off and breaking down. The prongs 
 formed from the plates are sheared at the ends to provide 
 lugs for the positive anchorage of the plates to the concrete. 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Plates are made of highest grade open- 
 hearth steel and are curved to pitch or crown of the pavement. 
 Standard size of plate is 21.^ inches wide by tV inches thick, 
 in all reasonable lengths. 
 
 Catalogue on Bridges, Roads and Curbs sent on request. 
 
 29 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Trus-Con Slotted Inserts in Ceilings, Beams and Columns. 
 Burroughs Adding Machine Co., Detroit. 
 
 Continuous Lines of Slotted Inserts in Kahn System Flat Ceiling 
 Truck Dept., Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit. 
 
 Trus-Con Socket Inserts at Brown, I.ipe, Chapin"Co., Syracuse. 
 Note Kahn System Flat Ceiling with Brackets at Columns. " 
 
 30 
 
Patent 
 I Applied for 
 
 Trvis-Con Pressed Steel 
 Slotted Inserts 
 
 Trus-Con Slotted Inserts are used in eoncrele slabs, beams 
 or columns for attaching Sliaft Hangers, Fixtures, Sprinkler 
 Systems, etc. They do away with expensive drilling into 
 concrete after completion of the Iniilding. 
 
 Trus-Con Slotted Inserts are thoroughly imbedded into 
 the concrete during the process of construction. Only the 
 narrow slot flush with the concrete is seen in the completed 
 work. The bolts can be moved along this slot to any desired 
 location and are prevented from turning by special washers. 
 
 Standard lengths — 18 in., 24 in., 36 in. and (iO in. 
 
 Lengths of suspension bolts (A) — 2^2 in. and 4 in. 
 
 Continuous Inserts of any desired lengths are formerl by 
 removing end caps and butting inserts end to end. 
 
 Kahn Adjustable Inserts 
 
 Are made of malleable iron and 
 have the same simple methcxi of api^li- 
 cation to concrete and adjustment for 
 bolts as the slotted inserts, Ijut with- 
 out their wide range of acljustabihty. 
 
 Made in three sizes to 
 
 ^Ea accommodate ^ ■>", 
 M" and 7,s" bolts. 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.^ 
 
 
 Tm 
 
 Trus-Con Socket Inserts 
 
 Are used for attachments which can be ac- 
 curately located before occupancy. Made of 
 malleable iron in three sizes, properly cored and 
 threaded to receive J 2"- "4" and H" bolts. 
 HI 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Pivoted United Sash in Side Walls. 
 Top-Hung Continuous United Sash in Monitors. 
 
 Center-Pivoted Continuous I'nitcd Sash. 
 Note Increased \^entiIation. 
 
 
 United Sash Partitions. 
 Movable and Save Space. United Steel Doors, (Sliding and Hinged) of all Types. 
 
 32 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Vertical Sliding Lniled Sash. Weber Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 United steei Sash 
 
 United Steel Sash are machine-built of deep rolled steel 
 sections of great strength and rigidity. The joints are not 
 weakened by cutting or punching away of the metal. Maxi- 
 mum daylight for interiors is assured, as there is practically 
 no obstruction to the light at muntins, mullions, lintels or 
 jambs. Large wide ventilators give perfect ventilation. All 
 joints are carefully designed and fit tightly, shutting out the 
 weather. Glazing is simplified by the use of spring clips. 
 ITnited Steel Sash are manufactured in standard units, 
 which are combined by means of mullions 
 to fit openings of any desired size. United 
 Steel Sash include all types of sash. 
 
 Pivoted Side Wall Sash; Vertical Sliding 
 Sash; Horizontal SlidingSash; Center Pivot- 
 ed Continuous Sash ; Top Hung Continuous 
 Sash; Sliding and Swing Doors; 
 Steel and Glass Partitions; Case- 
 ment Sash, etc., etc. 
 
 Standard units are three, four or five 
 lights in width and any desired num- 
 ber of lights in height up to 15 feet. United Steel 
 Sash are made for the following sizes of glass: 
 Width: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 inches. Height: 16, 
 17, IS, 19, 20, 21, 22, 2:3 or 24 inches. 
 Section around Pivoted W-ntilator. Veiled Steel Sa.'.-h Handbook on rcqued. 
 
 33 
 
 EASy METHOO 
 
 or GLAZ/NC 
 tyiTH SPECIAL 
 
 sPRmc CL/Ps 
 
 S»AIL AMOUfir 
 OF POTTY 
 
 OOVeiC CIRCVIAR 
 
 SVRfA CC COiVTACr 
 
 AROa/VD 
 
 VTr<JT/LATOR5 
 
 ABSOLUTTLY 
 
 n£ATH£RPflO0f 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Hollow Terra Cotta Tile 
 
 Partition Tile 
 , 3-, 4- and (i-inch 
 
 Floor Tile 
 S-. 10- and 12-inch 
 
 Partition and Floor Tile 
 
 Size Weight 
 
 2"xl2"xl2" ly lbs. 
 
 3".xl2"xI2" 15 lbs. 
 
 4"xl2"xl2" 18 lbs. 
 
 5"xl2"xl2" 20 lbs. 
 
 6"xl2"xl2" 22 lbs. 
 
 8"xr2"xl2" 27 lbs. 
 
 10"xr2"xl2" 32 lbs. 
 
 12"xl2"xl2" 3(3 lbs. 
 
 Also — 
 
 Building Blocks 
 Hollow Building Brick 
 Jumbo Brick 
 Book Tile 
 Furring Tile 
 Flat Arch Tile 
 Fireproofing Tile 
 Hollow Brick. 
 Stucco Blocks of all kinds 
 including Jamb and Corner 
 Blocks. 
 
 See pages 102 to 107 for Safe 
 Loads of Hollow Tile Floors. 
 Tile catiilogue on request. 
 
 ef^ 
 
 Rib Steel Stair Treads 
 
 For Factories and Warehouses 
 
 Are adapted for stairways and landings, whether made of 
 concrete, stone, slate or wood; or on structural steel frames. 
 The deep ridges form an effective grip for the shoes and pre- 
 vent slipping. The steel positively resists wear. 
 
 RibSteel Stair Treads are pro^-ided with drilled, counter- 
 sunk holes for fastening with 
 screws; also with special lugs as 
 ..., desired. 
 
 Rib Steel Stair Treads are 
 
 made of the highest grade 
 open-hearth steel, 
 in widths up to 63'2 
 inches and in lengths 
 up to IS ft. Great- 
 er widths are secur- 
 ed b\- placing two 
 or more of the treads side 
 b\- side. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO M P ,1 N Y 
 
 Trus-Con Chemical Products 
 Waterproofings — Dampproofings Technical Paints 
 
 Trvis-Con Waterproofing Paste: Mixed with gauuint; 
 water to make concrete and cement \vaterpr(jof. 
 
 Trus-Con Stone-Tex : A liquid cement coating, in 
 colors, to clampproof and uniform exposed exterior walls of 
 concrete, cement block, stucco and brick. 
 
 Trus-Con Por-Seal: A transparent liquid dampproufing 
 for exposed exterior concrete, lirick and cut stone walls. 
 
 Trus-Con Plaster Bond : A 1 ilack dampproof coating for 
 inside walls. Can lie plastered on without furring and lathing. 
 
 Trus-Con Foundation Coat: Black h>'drocarl)on coating 
 lor danipproofing foundations, etc. Api)lied cold with a brush. 
 
 Trus-Con Stone Backing: Black coating for unexposed 
 sides of cut stone. Protects against slain from mortar. 
 
 Trus-Con Ironite Flooring: An iron powder for finishing 
 cement floors with an ironized \\ car-resistant surface. 
 
 Trus-Con Floor Enamel: A tough, dustless, washable 
 coating for cement floors. In colors. Applied with a brush. 
 
 Trus-Con Asepticote: A flat, washable coating, in colors, 
 for interiors of ])laster, wood, concrete, brick, metal, etc. 
 
 Trus-Con Sno-Wite: Finest quality pure white enamel 
 tor interior decoration. 
 
 Trus-Con Industrial Enamel: White enamel coating 
 for interior use in factories, power-houses, warehouses, etc. 
 
 Trus-Con Hospital Enamel: Durable, fume-proof, 
 white gloss coating. Can lie washed with antiseptic solutions. 
 
 Trus-Con Dairy Enamel: A sanitary white enamel for 
 creamery and dairy \\cills and ceilings. Can l)e scrubbed freely. 
 
 Trus-Con Edelweiss: x-\ weather-proof white gloss en- 
 amel for exterior walls of all kinds. 
 
 Trus-Con Packing House Enamel : A white gloss, steam 
 resisting, sanitary coating for packing houses, laundries, etc. 
 
 Trus-Con Roof-Seal: For preserving and protecting 
 shingle, felt and metal roofs. 
 
 Trus-Con Shingle Stains: Creosote stains for preser^'- 
 ing and coloring shingles and wo(k1 siding. 
 
 Trus-Con Bar-Ox: Protective coatings of various form- 
 ulae: No. 7 for structural steel, bridges, etc.; No. 14 for 
 brewing and ice making coils; No. 21 for stacks, lioilers and 
 hot metal surfaces; No. 28 for acid-proofing inetal surfaces. 
 
 Trus-Con Hand-Book sent on request. 
 
 85 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Kircj starling in tlie fourtli story uf the concrete building, 
 of Dayton IVlotor Car Co., Dayton, Ohio, was prevented from 
 spreading to other floors by the concrete construction. Three 
 floors of the adjoining mill-constructed building were com- 
 pletely destroyed. Repairs to the Kahn System concrete 
 building amounted to less than .If.^OO.OO, the cost of replacing 
 the wooden window sash. 
 
 Fireproofness 
 
 In San Francisco, Baltimore and otlier disastrous fires, 
 reinforced concrete has demonstrated its superiority. In the 
 severe tests of building departments, sucli as New Yorlc City, 
 reinforced concrete floors carrying heavy loads have withstood 
 continuous temperatures of 1700 degrees Fahrenheit, followed 
 immediately by streams of water from a fire hydrant. In 
 many actual fires, concrete has withstood intense heat with- 
 out damage. The rigidly connected reinforcement of the 
 Kahn System makes concrete practically immune to the cft'ects 
 of fire. 
 
T R U S S E D C N CRETE STEEL CO M P A N Y 
 
 
 Load test of over two tons (400U lbs.) on every 
 square foot of full sized panel of Nicol, Dean & Gregg 
 Building, St. Paul. Bar iron, standing on end, is stored 
 on the Hoors of this Kahn System Building. 
 
 Strength 
 
 Rigid rcquircinenls of exacting engineers, severe tests of 
 Government building departments, and actual use in thou- 
 sands of structures liave demonstrated tlie superior strength, 
 rigidity and load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete. Its 
 additional factor of safety, beyond all allowance in calcula- 
 tion, has been shown in numerous examples of overloading 
 and accidental shocks. The Kahn S\'stem with its rigidly 
 connected reinforcement assures maximum strength and 
 safety. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Doubling the floor space by attaching machinery to 
 ceilings and floors. A typical example in the 38-acre plant 
 of Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, showing the vibration- 
 resisting qualities of the Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 Vibration Resistance 
 
 Reinforced concrete withstands the shocks of vibration. 
 In hundreds of buildings, rapidly mo\-ing machinery is at- 
 tached both to concrete ceilings and floors with hardly a 
 noticeable tremor. Large, pounding printing presses are fre- 
 quently located on the upper floors of high concrete buildings. 
 Reinforced concrete bridges, carrying the modern mogul loco- 
 motives, arc built by railroad companies everywhere. Autho- 
 rities on earthquakes recommend reinforced concrete. The 
 Kahn System with its rigidl>' connected reinforcement is 
 essential for resisting vibration in concrete construction. 
 
 .HcS 
 
r R U S S E D C O ,\' C R E T E S T E E I. C O M P .1 N Y 
 
 Every part of the machinery and the product is perfectly 
 lighted by the use of United Sash in windows, assin-ing maxi- 
 mum efficiency of employees and highest quality of product. 
 Interior of Beechnut Packing Co., Canajoharie, N. V. This 
 modern sanitary plant is built Kahn System Reinforced 
 Concrete. 
 
 Daylighting 
 
 Daylighting prevents accidents in factories, as shown by 
 carefully prepared statistics. A daylighted interior insures 
 the use of all floor space, a greater output per man, better 
 quality of work, less waste of material, saving of artificial 
 light and greatest efTiciency. Buildings constructed with 
 Kahn Building Products and equipped with United Sleel Sash 
 in Windows have maximum light, making the interior hke a 
 protected portion of the great outdoors. 
 
 39 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Attractive administration building of tlie Hudson Motor 
 Car Co., built Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. Hundreds 
 of other pleasing designs, built with any kind of material for 
 the exterior, can be adopted. 
 
 Appearance 
 
 An attractive appearing plant bespeaks the progressi\'e- 
 ness of the manufacturer, and reflects its character on his 
 products. Cheerful surroundings materially increase the effi- 
 ciency of the employees. A l)eautiful, clean cut, modern 
 building costs no more than other kinds, but pa^'s large divi- 
 dends annually to the owner. Simple, strong, impressi\'e de- 
 signs are ])ossil)le Ayith the Kahn Building Products at nominal 
 expense. 
 
 40 
 
T R U S S E D C N C R E T E STEEL CO M P A N Y 
 
 Economy 
 
 Kahn Buildings are 1(.)W in first cost, much less than other 
 types of fireproof construction and little if an\' more than 
 burnable, short-li\-ed structures. Kahn Buildings make 
 money for owners every >-ear in the saving of insurance, 
 absence of repairs, increased life of building, greater efficiency 
 of employees, reduction of waste and insurance against 
 crippling of operations. I^ook over the accompanying table, 
 in which a very conservative allowance is made for the va- 
 ious items of saving. 
 
 Reinforced Concrete More Economical 
 than Mill Construction 
 
 (From Engineering Magazine, August, 1909} 
 
 Assume a building costing complete .1100,000; contents equal to the 
 cost of the building; and that it is used for general manufacturing purposes. 
 The yearly charges against each building are: 
 
 Initial Cost of Building 
 
 Mill 
 
 Construction 
 
 .«100.000 
 
 Reinforced Concrete 
 SllO.OOU 
 
 
 $ 6,000 
 1,000 
 
 750 
 1,000 
 1,2.50 
 
 450 
 
 500 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 $6,600 
 1,100 
 
 At 25 cents, 275 
 
 At SO cents, SOO 
 
 Ati2% -550 
 
 Chargeable to mill bldg. only 
 
 Chargeable to mill bldg. only 
 Chargeable to mill bldg. only 
 
 Applies to mill bldg. only. 
 
 Taxes at 1% 
 
 Insurance on building at 75c 
 per $100 value 
 
 Insurance on contents at $1 
 per .$100 value. . 
 
 Depreciation on building at 
 
 1M%... ■.-...-. 
 
 Results of vibration — 
 Assume .1450 
 
 Increased light — K.f, increase 
 in efficiency of labor. As- 
 sume labor equals ^2 value 
 of contents— $.50,000 
 
 Vermm losses. . .... 
 
 Protection against business 
 losses due to fire at J'2% 
 on value of 30% of build- 
 ing and contents, or $60,- 
 000 
 
 Total Yearly Charges 
 
 $11,3.50 
 
 $<).325 
 
 Annual Saving of Concrete Over Mill Building — 
 $11,350— $9,325=$2,025.00 
 
 Therefore a concrete building costing originally 10% more than a 
 mill building saves 2% each year. Capitalize this saving at 6% and it 
 represents $33,750. In other words a concrete building costing $143,750 
 is just as economical as a mill building costing $100,000, i. 
 could afford to pay ^Z'^i% more for a concrete building. 
 
 an owner 
 
K A n N SYSTEM OF li E I N f H C E D CO N C R E T E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 48 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Specifications for Reinforced Concrete 
 
 General 
 
 Where shown on drawings or caHed for in the specifica- 
 tions, Reinforced Concrete shall be used. 
 
 No system of reinforced concrete will be considered which 
 is not of recognized standing, and which has not been used 
 successfully for five years on important work. 
 
 Work may be carried on only under foremen and superin- 
 tendents who have had thorough experience in this class of 
 work. 
 
 Structural Drawings 
 
 Parties submitting proposals must furnish drawings indi- 
 cating their method of calculation, arrangement and nature of 
 the steel reinforcement for the various structural members 
 indicated, and no proposition will be considered without such 
 calculations and drawings. 
 
 Materials 
 
 Samples of all materials must be submitted and approved 
 by the Architects before same are used. All materials re- 
 jected for this work must be immediately removed from the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Cement 
 
 1. All cement furnished for this work is subject to inspec- 
 tion and tests as hereinafter specified. 
 
 2. Inspection and tests shall be conducted by Laboratory 
 selected by Architect and at the cost and expense of Con- 
 tractor. 
 
 3. All inspection and sampling shall be made by the 
 Laboratory at the point of manufacture, sending samples to 
 its laboratory for tests, and only cement that has been pre- 
 viously accepted will be allowed on the work. 
 
 4. In cases where special conditions make inspection at 
 factory impracticable, inspection at the job may be substi- 
 tuted, subject to approval of Architect. When job inspec- 
 tion is permitted, the cement shall be delivered at the job at 
 least two weeks before required for use, so as to allow ample 
 time for necessary tests by the Laboratory, and proper care 
 taken to separate the individual cars that they can be easily 
 identified if found unsatisfactory. A suitable place must be 
 provided for the storage of all cements, and no cement shall 
 be used that has absorbed sufficient moisture to cause the 
 
 44 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C O M P .-I N Y 
 
 cement to granulate or hecome lumpy when thoroughly 
 dried. 
 
 5. The cement will be accepted at the work packed in 
 stout paper, cloth or canvas sacks. Each package sliall he 
 plainly labeled with the name of the brand and mai^ufacturer. 
 Any package broken or containing damaged cement may be 
 rejected or accepted as a fraction package at the option of 
 the Engineer in charge of the work. 
 
 6. The cement shall be tested in strict compliance with 
 the methods specified in the Standard Specifications of the 
 American Societx* for Testing Materials, and only cement 
 that passes all requirements of tliese specifications shall be 
 used. 
 
 Fine Aggregate 
 
 The sand, or fine aggregate, shall consist of grains of any 
 moderately hard rock passing, when dry, a screen having 
 four meshes to the linear inch. It sliall be clean, well graded 
 from coarse to fine, with coarse particles predominating, and 
 free from vegetable loam and other deleterious matter. 
 
 All sand, to be approved, must show when mixed with 
 Portland cement in proportion of one ( 1 ) part of cement to 
 three (3) parts of sand, by weight, a tensile strength of at 
 least se\'enty per cent (70'^'q) of the strength of a one to three 
 (1:3) mortar of the same consistency made with the same 
 sample of cement and standard testing sand. 
 
 Coarse Aggregate 
 
 Coarse aggregate shall consist of inert material such as 
 crushed stone or gra^•el which is retained on a screen having 
 one-quarter inch (^i") diameter holes. The particles shall 
 be clean, hard, sound, free from any deleterious matter, and 
 well graded from coarse to fine, to yield concrete of the great- 
 est natural density. The maximum size of the coarse aggre- 
 gate shall be such that it will not separate from the concrete 
 in placing and will not prevent the concrete fully surrounding 
 the reinforcement or filling out all parts of the forms. 
 
 All coarse aggregate shall be well wetted immediatcK' 
 before being used. 
 
 In case gravel is used without screening, a careful exami- 
 nation shall be made to determine the exact ratio of fine to 
 coarse aggregate, separating on a number four (No. -i) sieve, 
 and the gravel used with the cement in proportion to maintain 
 the correct ratio of cement to fine aggregate as required for 
 the particular work in which the concrete is to be used. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Proportions 
 
 All concrete for slabs and beams shall be proportioned of 
 one (1) part of Portland cement, two (2) parts of fine aggre- 
 gate and four (4) parts of coarse aggregate. 
 
 All concrete for columns shall be proportioned of one (1) 
 part of Portland cement, one and one-half (13^) parts of fine 
 aggregate and three (3) parts of coarse aggregate. 
 
 Mixing of Concrete 
 
 Proper provisions must be made to provide for the cor- 
 rect measurement and proper proportioning of all concreting 
 materials, including water. All water shall be free from oil, 
 acid, strong alkalies or vegetable matter. All concreting 
 materials shall be mixed until the cement is uniformlv dis- 
 tributed throughout the mass and the concrete uniform in 
 color. Sufficient water must be added during the mixing to 
 produce a concrete that will flow when agitated, but not so 
 wet as to permit separation of the materials in transferring 
 from the mixer to the work. 
 
 A competent foreman must be in constant attendance at 
 the mixer, to approve the proportions of materials placed in 
 the mixer and the finished batch before leaving the mixer. 
 
 Placing the Concrete 
 
 All concrete must be placed in the work immediatelv after 
 mixing and churned and agitated with suitable tools in such 
 a manner as to remove all voids and thoroughly compact and 
 densify the mass. All concrete showing a partial set before 
 placing shall not be used in any portion of the work, but re- 
 moved from the job. When concreting is once started, it 
 shall be carried on as a continuous operation until the pour- 
 ing of the section or panel is completed. If for any reason 
 the concreting should be stopped, the greatest care must be 
 taken to stop the work at such a point that the joint formed 
 will not weaken the member structurally. 
 
 All columns are to be filled a sufficient time previous 
 to the concreting of the floor construction to allow the con- 
 crete in the columns to settle to a permanent position. The 
 pouring of the columns must be one continuous operation to 
 the level of the bottom of the girder or beam supported by it. 
 
 In pouring, the concrete is to be kept well stirred or 
 puddled to prevent voids and honey-combing. 
 
T R U S S E JJ CONCRETE S T E E L C O M P A N Y 
 
 The concrete in all beams shall be placed so as to be per- 
 fectly monolithic with the adjacent slab. 
 
 When a section of the floor is once poured, it shall be left 
 entirely undisturbed until the concrete has thoroughly set. 
 
 The surface of concrete which has set, and upon which 
 new concrete is to be laid, shall be thoroughly cleaned to re- 
 move all foreign and latent materials, and coated with a creamy 
 mixture of neat cement and water, immetliatcly before plac- 
 ing new concrete. 
 
 The Superintendent in charge of the work shall mark in 
 ink on the drawings, the time and date of the pouring of the 
 different columns, girders and floor slabs. 
 
 Reinforcing Steel 
 
 Steel shall be medium, open-hearth steel to be rolled from 
 new stock and to meet the Manufacturers' Standard Speci- 
 fications. 
 
 intimate strength, 60,000 to 70,000 pounds per sq. inch. 
 
 hZlastic limit, not less than half the ultimate strength. 
 
 , , . 1,400,000 
 
 rercentage oi elongation ^rrr^ , ? ^ 
 
 Ultimate strength of steel. 
 
 Bending test, 180 degrees to a diameter eciual to thick- 
 ness of piece tested without fracture on outside of bent por- 
 tion. 
 
 All steel shall be free from paint, oil or heavy rust or scale. 
 
 All reinforcing steel shall be furnished by the Trussed Con- 
 crete Steel Company, Detroit, Mich., in accordance with the 
 Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 The main reinforcement for joists, beams, girders, or an}' 
 members subjected to combined bending moment and shear 
 shall consist of Ivahn Trussed Bars in which the shear mem- 
 bers are inclined at an angle of 45 degrees and rigidly con- 
 nected to the main tension member. There shall be sufficient 
 shear reinforcement so that the concrete shall not be obliged 
 to resist either direct tension or shear greater than GO pounds 
 per sq. in. Minimum depth of beams should not exceed 
 1/15 of the clear span. 
 
 Reinforcement for floor slabs shall consist of Kahn System 
 Reinforcing Steel as indicated on plans. Minimum dejith of 
 slab shall not exceed 1/30 of the clear span. 
 
 Vertical reinforcing for columns shall consist of Ril) Bars 
 either used in conjunction with built-up column hooping or 
 
 47 
 
K .] II N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 thoroughly tied at intervals of 12 inches as required by the 
 design. Least width of cokimn shall not exceed 1/15 of its 
 unsupported length. 
 
 Design of Reinforced Concrete 
 
 All reinforced concrete work shall be designed in accord- 
 ance with the requirements of the Trussed Concrete Steel 
 Company, Detroit, and shall conform to local regulations, 
 governing building construction. 
 
 Tile and Concrete Floor Construction 
 
 When tile and concrete construction is used for floors, the 
 tile shall be sound, hard-burned tile of uniform size. The 
 concrete joists shall be parallel, in perfect line and of the uni- 
 form width called for on plans. The concrete on top of the 
 tile must be poured at the same time as the concrete in the 
 joists and be of the same mixture. The tile shall be thorough- 
 ly soaked with water before pouring the concrete. 
 
 Centering and Forms 
 
 All forms must be strong and stiff, true, out of wind, prac- 
 tically unyielding and suiSciently tight to hold the liquid mor- 
 tar without leakage. Interior dimensions must conform to 
 the dimensions of the concrete specifications shown upon the 
 approved plans. All forms for beams, girders and lintels 
 shall be so designed that at least one side may be removed 
 without disturbing the bottom portion of the form and its 
 supports. All posts supporting forms for slabs, beams and 
 girders must rest upon wedges which may be loosened or 
 removed without producing undue stress in the floor system. 
 The forms for all columns must provide an opening at the 
 bottom for cleaning and for adjustment of the steel. The 
 opening is closed before pouring concrete. Columns over 
 14' in height and under 18" square shall have an intermediate 
 opening or pocket, and the pouring started therefrom. All 
 shavings, chips, sawdust and other forms of foreign matter 
 shall be removed before the concrete is placed in the forms. 
 
 Removal of Centering 
 
 Centering shall not be removed until the concrete has 
 thoroughly .set and is of sufficient strength to carry its own 
 weight together with whatever live load is liable to come on 
 the construction. No false work shall be removed without 
 the approval of the architect or_engineer in charge. 
 
 48 
 
r R I- s s r. D a o ,v c r /■: t e steel c o ^[ p a n y 
 
 Rclore removing the temijorary supports of the beams and 
 girders, at least one side of the adjacent cokimn form and one 
 side of the girder form shall be removed in order to expose 
 the concrete to view and permit thorough exaniination and 
 determination of the condition of soundness and hardness. 
 Beams and girders shall remain supported ftjr at least two 
 weeks after all other false work has been removed during 
 fa\-oral)le conditions for hardening, and columns shall not be 
 gi\-en their full loading in less than h\'e weeks. 
 
 Freezing Weather 
 
 Placing concrete in freezing weather shall Ije avoided 
 whene\'er possible and, when necessary, sufficient precaution 
 shall be taken to prevent the concrete freezing — such as heat- 
 ing the l)uilding with salamanders, ccjvering the concrete 
 with sawdust, straw or manure, and heating the materials. 
 All concrete which is frozen shall he removed. The centering 
 shall not be removed until the concrete has thoroughly set 
 and aged. 
 
 Hot Weather 
 
 All concrete laid during ihe hot \\-eather shall be thcjroughly 
 wet with clean water at least twice each day diu'ing the first 
 week after ].)lacing. 
 
 Precautions on Removing Centering and Con- 
 creting During Freezing Weather 
 
 The most exacting care must lie exercised in reni'j\'ing 
 centering, to be aljsolutely certain that the concrete is prop- 
 erly set and hardened. This is particularly true during the fall 
 and winter months, when weather conditions are not favorable 
 for the normal setting and hardening of concrete. 
 
 During summer months with warm tem|_)eratures, the 
 hardening of C(jncrete occurs at normal rate, and while the 
 strength of the concrete should be fully determined before 
 any centering is remo\'ed, the same extraordinary care is not 
 so important as during colder months. 
 
 Concrete that will harden at normal rate abo\-e a temper- 
 ature of 51) ° F. will be slowly retarded in setting with tem|icr- 
 
Kill :\ S y S r E M OF R E 1 A' /•' O li C E D C N C R E T E 
 
 atures approaching freezing. At 40° F. the cement remains 
 quite inactive and a great deal longer time must be permitted 
 for the hardening at the much slower and retarded rate. 
 
 It is recommended in placing concrete, particularly in 
 the colder weather, to make provisions for pouring a number 
 of 6" test cubes at the same time the concrete is placed. 
 These test cubes should be left in the forms and kept under 
 exactly the same conditions of weather exposure as the con- 
 crete, so as to be certain that the rate of hardening proceeds 
 precisely the same as in the structural concrete. 
 
 A sufficient number of such test cubes should be made so 
 that duplicates may be crushed at intervals, to determine by 
 actual test the exact development of strength in the concrete. 
 Do not consider the removing of any forms until the compres- 
 sive strength of the concrete indicates that it is sufficiently 
 hardened to permit removing the forms with perfect safety. 
 In testing the cubes care should be taken to conduct the com- 
 pressi^'e test as soon as the cubes are brought into the labor- 
 atory and not permit them to remain in a warmer tempera- 
 ture for any great length of time, as this would yield results 
 higher than the actual strength of the the concrete in the work. 
 
 In placing concrete in winter, it is highly important that 
 the aggregate used be entirely free from frost and preferabh- 
 should be heated, so as to proxide with the heated water a 
 resultant temperature in the concrete as placed of about 
 100° F. This initial temperature, supplemented by the heat 
 developed in the crystallization of the cement, will insure 
 good normal setting, pro\'ided that the concrete is so pro- 
 tected as to a^-oid too rapid radiation and loss of heat. 
 
 To keep gravel free from frost and in good working condi- 
 tion, perforated steam pipes should be forced at inter\-als into 
 the pile of gravel and fed with a good supply of steam. When 
 available, heavy canvas should also be placed o\'er the gravel 
 so as to avoid rapid radiation of the heat contributed liy the 
 inserted steam pipes. 
 
 As a lurther precaution, in the very coldest and most un- 
 certain weather, it is recommended to insert in the soft con- 
 crete as poured, a small copper tube about -^ j" in diameter, 
 to accommodate a laboratory tube thermometer. The end 
 of the pipe inserted in the concrete should be closed with a 
 cork to prevent the concrete running into the tube, while the 
 
r R u ,v .V /■: I) c o \ c u !■: r i; s r e e i, c o m p i x )' 
 
 thermometer should l)e held in the tube through a perforated 
 eork. A temperature reaclini;- should Ije taken as soon as the 
 C(jncrete is plaeecl and alsci at regular inter\-als, and eareful 
 record kept of the actual temperatures of the concrete, par- 
 ticularly (luring the first 72 hours. 
 
 In any case where it is known that concrete has Ijeen 
 Irozen throughout or fairl\- deep into the mass, it should be 
 r(.>mo\'ed and re|)laced with new concrete. II the frost has 
 penetrati'd the concrete to only a depth of '§ or I4", it will 
 not be serious, but e\X'ry possible method should be employed 
 to determine that the penetration of the frost is limited to 
 this depth. 
 
 Where the concrete has been slightly frozen it should be 
 enclosed and heat provided with salamanders to draw the 
 trost out of the concrete and permit ^'ery careful examin- 
 ation to be made to ascertain to what extent the con- 
 crete has been injured. I'nder no conditions remove the 
 forms from concrete that has lieen at all frosted, until heat 
 has been provided of sufficient duration and temperature to 
 draw all frost and moisture out of the concrete, so that a fair 
 examinati(jn can be made and its actual condition determined. 
 
 The physical examination of concrete before the forms are 
 removed should not be ccjnfined to the top, but small sections 
 of the forms should be remo\-ed fr(jm the underside anfl the 
 exact condition of the concrete carefulK' obser\-ed on strik- 
 ing w'ith a hammer. Concrete that is properly set and hard- 
 ened should ring with the distinct clearness characteristic of 
 a good, hard, dense mass. If there is any aj^parent dcadness 
 or dullness to the concrete on striking with a hammer, the 
 removal of forms should be delayed until the concrete has 
 sufficiently hardened to resound with a good, sharp, clear 
 ring. 
 
 If the superintendent in charge of the work is not tuUy ex- 
 perienced in examining concrete, so as to be positively cer- 
 tain regarding the strength necessary for the remo^'al oi forms, 
 the services of experienced men should be pro\"ided to care- 
 fully examine the concrete and pass upon the advisability of 
 removing the centering. 
 
 Under no circniiiKianccs should an attempt he made to remove 
 any centering until it is absolutely and positirely determined be- 
 yond any question oj doubt that the strength of the eonerete has 
 developed sufficiently to entirely avoid any sagging or deflection 
 in the members and any possible failure. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Grvishing Strength of Concrete 
 
 The conipressi\'e strength of concrete \'aries with the 
 materials, the age, the mixture and chmatic conditions, and 
 where possible should be determined by tests. Otherwise the 
 following values submitted by the Joint Committee on Con- 
 crete and Reinforced Concrete may be considered as very 
 conservative for good materials and good workmanship. 
 
 Table of Strengths of Different Mixtures of Concrete 28 Days of Age 
 
 (In pounds per square inrli) 
 
 AGGREGATE 
 
 Mixtures: Cement, Sand and Agg 
 
 regate 
 
 1:1:2 
 
 1:1':;:3 
 
 2800 
 
 2500 
 
 ISOO 
 
 700 
 
 1:2:4 ' 1:21^:.'') 
 
 1:3:6:2 
 
 Granite, trap rock 
 
 Gravel, hard limcstune and 
 
 ::;::!00 
 yooo 
 
 2200 
 
 soo 
 
 2200 1800 
 
 2000 1600 
 
 1500 1200 
 
 600 ' 500 
 
 1400 
 1300 
 
 Soft limeblone and sandstone. 
 Cinders 
 
 1000 
 400 
 
 Cinder concrete should never be used in the main mem- 
 bers of the structure, such- as girders, beams, columns, and 
 footings, because of its variation in strength and the diffi- 
 culty of securing material of uniformly, satisfactory quality. 
 Cinder concrete may be used for fire protection and some- 
 times for short-span slabs (}r arches between steel beams. 
 
 The inhles ihroughoid this hooJi are invariabhj based on the use 
 of stone concrete, with 1:2:4 mixture for slabs, beams and foot- 
 ings, and 1:13^:3 mixture for columns. 
 
 Modulvis of Elasticity 
 
 Report of Joint Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 
 
 "It is recommended that in computations for the position 
 of the neutral axis and for the resisting moment of beams 
 and for the compression of concrete in columns, the ^-alue of 
 the modulus of elasticity of concrete be assumed as : 
 
 (a) One-fifteenth of that of steel, when the strength of the concrete 
 
 is taken as 2200 lbs. per sq. in. or less. 
 
 (b) (.)ne-t\velfth of that of steel, when the strength of the concrete is 
 
 taken as greater than 2200 lbs. per scp in. or less than 21100 lbs. 
 per sq. in., and 
 
 (c) One-tenth of that of steel, when the strength of the concrete is 
 
 l:Ucen as greater than 2900 lbs. per sq. in. 
 
 ,V. B. — The raluc of 1 / I'l is used tJiroiKjhoui this booh-. 
 
T R U S S I;. D CO N CRETE STEEL C () M p ./ jV )' 
 
 Allowable Stresses, Methods of Design, Etc. 
 
 Monolithic Action 
 
 It is difficult in rL-inf(jrced concrete woric U) adopt an arbi- 
 trary tlieory of design and fixed working stresses, which shall 
 apply t(j structures of every class. To design correctly, each 
 particular problem should have indi\'idual attention and 
 methods of design adopted accordingly. Concrete work being 
 built monolithic should be treated accordingly and not ana- 
 lyzed into separate units, as is done with ordinary materials 
 where units are dealt with. The great additional strength of 
 a monolithic construction of this kind is apparent. If any 
 particular part of a floor is heavily loaded, the floor adjacent 
 will come to its assistance and will distribute the concentrated 
 loading o\'er a large area of floor space. 
 
 Effect of Vibration 
 
 In the case of \'ibratory loadings, such as caused by mo\'- 
 ing machinery, actual e-\:i.)erinients ha\-e shown that concrete 
 absorbs the shock better than any other luiilding material. 
 The Kahn System has been used in many such structures and 
 there is not the least tremor noticeable when machinery is in 
 operation. 
 
 Strength Due to Arch Action 
 
 Reinforced Concrete, when l:)uilt continuously o\'cr a large 
 floor area, has great additional strength due to interior arch 
 action in the concrete. This arch action will in itself carry 
 consideraljle load without causing any stress in the reinforce- 
 ment. This, of course, is more marked in a floor where the 
 depth is large compared with the span, than where the reverse 
 is true. It would, therefore, seem proper to design a deep 
 floor, supported on all sides by similar construction, with 
 greater working stresses than a thin, isolated panel unsupported 
 by adjacent construction. 
 
 Other points to be considered in this connection are the 
 Cjuality of the materials and the grade of workmanship. 
 
 The methods of design, stresses and tables presented in 
 this book ha\'e been purposely made A-ery conservative to 
 avoid misuse and may be varied to meet the special conditions 
 or recjuirements of the designer. The additional strength due 
 to monolithic construction, arch action, and tensile strength ol 
 concrete, is entirely neglected in the calculations and thus an 
 additional factor of safet>' is given to all work designerl on 
 this basis. 
 
 53 
 
Kill A S Y S r E M <) /■• RE I i\' E () li C ED CO N C R E T E 
 
 Theory of Reinforced Concrete Work 
 
 The following theoretical analysis is based on the use of 
 what is known as the "Straight Line" formula. This is a 
 formula which is daily becoming more generally adopted and 
 is embodied in the building requirements of almost all Ameri- 
 can cities and those of the Prussian Government. It is 
 recommended by the most authoritative text books and has 
 the advantages of simplicity and directness. It corresponds 
 with the accepted theory of flexure as applied to other mate- 
 rials and is admittedh' correct within allowable working 
 stresses. If the theory errs at all, it errs on the side of safety. 
 
 This theory is based on the following assumptions: 
 
 \st. A section plane before heading remains plane after 
 bending; that is, the stress on any fibre is directly proportional 
 to its distance from the neutral axis. 
 
 2nd. The tensile strength of the concrete is enlirehj neglected. 
 
 Srd. There are no initial .drains in the beam. 
 
 4:th. All shearing strai^i is cared for and there is no slipping 
 between the concrete and the steel. 
 
 5th. The modulus (f elasticity of concrete in compression 
 is constant. 
 
 Moment of Resistance of Simple Beam 
 
 CEfi/TEfi 0F_ 
 
 COMPRESSION 
 
 neuTRAL Ay s 
 
 -^I 
 
 Fig. No. 1. 
 
 Referring to figure: 
 
 d =distance from extreme compressed fibre to cent^T of steel. 
 
 X tl =distance from the extreme compressed filire to the neu- 
 tral axis. 
 
 X =ratio of depth of neutral axis to depth (d) of steel. 
 
 k d = distance from center of compression of concrete to cen- 
 ter of steel. 
 
 k = ratio of this distance to depth of beam (d). 
 
 1) =l)rea(lth ot beam. 
 
 :A 
 
r R r s s E I) c n c k e t e s r e f. i. c o m r ./ ,v ) 
 
 Es iiKjdulus (jf elasticity of steel. 
 
 Re modulus of elasticity of concrete. 
 As =^ area ol steel reinforcement. 
 
 p := ratio of area of steel to area of concrete='— ^ 
 
 bd. 
 
 c ^ compressi\-e stress in extreme filire of concrete. 
 
 f tensile stress in steel. 
 
 RM^ moment of resistance of beam. 
 
 BM^= bending moment. 
 
 The total compression in the lieam must ecjual the total 
 tension. Kcjuating these forces: 
 
 ' ■) c b X d ^^ 1) 1) d f or 
 I2CX pf 111 
 
 According' to assumption 1st above 
 
 --- "" 121 
 
 f ■ m(l-x) ' ' 
 
 Combining ec|uations [1] and [2| 
 
 ^2'^" ^= m (1-x) p, whence 
 
 X = -pm + I (pni)2 + 2 pm |3| 
 
 Again comljining [1] and [2] 
 
 1 c2 m , , , 
 
 2 f (f + cm) 
 
 The stress strain cur\X' being a straight line, the center of 
 
 2 
 
 compression is located -^.x d above the neutral plane. 
 
 Taking moments about the neutral axis: 
 
 RM= K^ c x2 + pf (1-x) bd 
 
 Taking moments about the center of the steel: 
 c x bd^ f, x\ , c x bd^ 
 
 0-3) 
 
 Taking moments about the center ol compression in the 
 concrete : 
 
 RM- C 1-4 I d As f=k d As f 
 
 0-t) 
 
 From equation [7] it is at once evident that the moment 
 of resistance of a concrete beam is dependent onh' on the fac- 
 tor (/,■), the area (jf reinforcement, the depth of the lieam, and 
 
A- A H N S y S T E J\[ OF RE I N F O R C E D CO N CRETE 
 
 r 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 lU 
 
 a. 
 < 
 
 
 
 <n 
 
 a. 
 
 Ml 
 
 a. 
 <0 
 
 Q 
 
 2 
 D 
 
 0. 
 
 a. 
 
 a. 
 
 lOocn 
 
 lU -300 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 
 (T 
 
 a 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 .lO .20 .JO 40 .50 .60 .70 .SO .SO IPC IJ O l^O i;jO 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF REINFORCEMENT 
 
 FiR. Nn. 2. 
 
 56 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 TOP or BEAM 
 
 O 
 
 05 
 
 10 
 15 
 20 
 25 
 JO 
 35 
 40 
 45 
 50 
 55 
 60 
 65 
 70 
 75 
 80 
 85 
 90 
 95 
 100 
 
 ^5 
 
 ^^ 
 
 :SS 
 
 i«h^ 
 
 i<>~:<>°^aaH1Hfc 
 
 ; = f31 
 
 ::S& 
 
 •Ll^^'1t 
 
 imi'- 
 
 S: 
 
 >h 
 
 o: 
 
 £; 
 
 a 
 
 <i<>l'?f«^l:j:h^l■^ 
 
 iA± 
 
 ((3 
 
 ^3?3^ 
 
 t5 = 
 
 .25 .50 75 100 125 I.50 1.75 2.00 225 Z50 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF REINFORCMENT 
 
 Fig. No. 3. 
 67 
 
A- ./ // A' S Y S T I: M F R !■ I A' /■ () R C J'. D C A' C R E /' /; 
 
 the allowable stress in the steel, with this important proviso 
 — that the allowable compressive stress in the concrete is not 
 exceeded. This allowable stress will not be exceeded if the 
 percentage of steel is kept below the value as determinediby 
 equation (4). It will be seen from equation (4) that if we 
 assume a value for (f) equal to 16,000 pounds per sq. in., and 
 also values for (m), that curves can be plotted showing the 
 relation between the percentage of the metal and the compres- 
 si^•e stress in the concrete. 
 
 In Figure 2, page 56, these curves are shown for values of 
 (m) equal to 10, 12 and 15 and based on a stress in the steel 
 equal to 16,000 pounds per sq. in. 
 
 From these tables it will be seen that if the percentage of 
 steel does not exceed 1 per cent, for good rock concrete, there 
 is no danger of the concrete failing by compression. 
 
 The factor (kd) in equation (7) is the distance between the 
 center of compression of the concrete and the center of the 
 steel. It depends entirely for its value on the position of the 
 neutral axis. From the equation (3) it is seen that the posi- 
 tion of the neutral axis is dependent entirely on the percen- 
 tage of the reinforcement and the \-alues of (m). 
 
 Again assuming (m) equal to 10, 12 and 15, in equation 
 (3), cur^•es as shown in figure 3 on page 57 are drawn showing 
 the position of the neutral axis for various percentages of 
 metal. From these curves the value of the factor (k) are 
 readily obtained and are shown properly plotted in the same 
 figure. An inspection of these curves will show at a glance 
 that for all ordinary practical percentages of reinforcement 
 this factor (k) does not vary appreciably. It reduces to a 
 value equal to .86 when the percentage of metal equals 1 per 
 cent. For all lower percentages of metal its \-alue is greater. 
 It is, therefore, a very safe assumption to reduce our equa- 
 tion (7) to the following simple formula: — 
 
 R M = .86 d As f [8] 
 
 or for f =16,000 poumls per sip in. 
 
 R M = 13,760 d As [9] 
 
 For isolatetl beams the percentage of reinforcement )nust 
 not exceed 1 per cent fm- good rock concrete. This does not 
 apply to beams with double reinforcement and T beams, 
 which will be treated later. 
 
 5S 
 
/• A' / s s i: I) c () A (, n /, r i. s r ii i-: t, c o m p i s v 
 
 Double Reinforcement 
 
 In the case ol isnlaled beams, w hen the percentage of tensile 
 reinforcement exceeds f per cent., it is ctistomary to pro\'icle 
 compressi\-c reinforcement to take care of this excess. The 
 formulae lor design of heams with donlile reinforcement, as 
 ordinarily presented in text l)(joks, are so complicated and 
 involved as to Ijc of little jiractical \'aliie. The following 
 method ol (Jetermining the amount of conipressi\-e reinforce- 
 ment is simple, cliret't and accurate. 
 
 Assume an extreme filjre stress of 750 pounds ]ier scp in. 
 It will 1h' necessary to place the compression steel at some 
 distance, iisualh- aliout 1 'fO d, below the top of the beam, and 
 the compression in the concrete at this plane will be, say (>()() 
 poimds i)er scp in. As m = 1 "i the compressi(jn in the steel will 
 be about 1),(I(H) pounds per sc]. in., or somewhat more than 
 one-half the allowable stress of steel in tension. From this it 
 is seen that for each sc|uare inch of reinforcement in excess ol 
 the allowed percentage in an isolated beam, there should be 
 provided aboul 1.7") scp in. of conipressi\-e reinforcement. For 
 this purpose the most con\-enient steel possif)le is the center 
 sheared Kahn Trussed Bar, the wel.) members of which bind the 
 bar securely inlo the l.ieam and resist e\'ery tendency' to btickle. 
 
 The netitral axis in the beam remains in the same location 
 as in the simple beam, as the allrjwable unit stresses are the 
 same, and the location of the neutral axis is determined In' 
 eriuation (2). The steel in compression being placed above 
 the center of compression in the simple beam, the \alue of the 
 factor (fc) would tend to be increased, so that equation (',)) can 
 be used with perfect safety in this case. To summarize: — 
 
 //( the case (if isolated beams, in irliich the pvreeiilaqe nf ten- 
 sile rei nftieceineni exeeeds 1 per eeiit., jiroride cdiiipre-^swc reiii- 
 Jiirceinent equal in area to 1.7.') times the cvccss area of ten.tiir 
 rei rijorcenieid. Then deKKjn Ijij eiiuation {'■>). 
 
 In no ease slamid the total area of steel in eoni pres.sian e.rceed. 
 7-'7'',' of find in tension. 
 
 T Beams 
 
 When beams or girders are built so as to h.irm part of a 
 floor construction, the floor slab will act with and may be con- 
 sidered part of the same. In the construction of such a floor 
 the concrete in the beam and slal) must be placed contintiously, 
 so that the two will Ije perlectly united. 
 
 In the design of "T" beams there are four considerations, 
 which go\x'rn the width of floor slab, thai ma\- be consitlered 
 
K .-I H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 as acting as the compressive flange of the beam. It is assumed 
 in this cHscussion that sufficient steel has been provided in 
 tension and that the beams are spaced sufficiently far apart, 
 so that the spacing of beams will not determine the width of 
 slab available. With these assumptions the four points in the 
 design, each of which must be in\'estigated and satisfied, are: 
 (See figure 4.) 
 
 1st. Shear along the plane tii ii. 
 2nd. Shear along the planes m o and n p. 
 3rd. Span of beam as affecting witUh of T. 
 4th. Strength in compression. 
 
 In regard to the first three of these considerations it is 
 possible to make a complete analytic discussion, but the prac- 
 tical results of such an analysis are alone of value to the 
 designer. The following conclusions are sanctioned by good 
 authority and conservative practice. 
 
 1st. In order that the beam shall be safe in shear along 
 the plane //; /; the width of slab computed as compression flange 
 should not be greater than .5 times the width of the beam, i. e., 
 b' must not exceed 5b. 
 
 2nd. b' must not exceed b + 10 td. 
 
 3rd. b' must not exceed 1-3 of the span of the beam. 
 
 4th. The width of flange necessary for compression is de- 
 pendent on the ratio of the area of the tensile reinforcement in 
 the bottom of the beam to the rectangular area of concrete bd. 
 
 The table given on page 61 shows the width of flange neces- 
 sary in the terms of the width of beam, for various percentages 
 of reinforcement and ratios of slab depths. This table is based 
 on the following theoretical analysis: 
 
 Extreme fibre stress in concrete in compression, c =750 
 pounds per sq. in. 
 
 Tensile stress in steel =10,000 pounds per sq. in. 
 
 m=15. ^ ^ 
 
 From equation 2, page 55 . 
 
 Soh'ing, a- =.413. 
 
 The stress at lower edge of slab = ~' — c 
 
 X 
 
 60 
 
 X 
 
 m (1-x) 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Ratio of Width of "T" to Width of Beam Required for 
 Varying Percentages of Steel and Depths of Slab 
 
 Maxinmni Compression in Extreme Fibre = 750 Pounds |ier 
 sriiiare ineh. 
 
 Stress at [^oints E(|iiiflistant from Neutral Axis, same at all 
 Points of T. 
 
 (t) 
 
 Ratio of 
 depth of 
 
 
 Percenta 
 
 ;e of Area of Steel, (A), tu 
 Area of Concrete, (bd). 
 
 RECT-VNiaJL 
 
 \R 
 
 
 Slab to 
 
 depth of 
 
 Steel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wi 
 
 ''^■1 
 
 3''4 
 
 
 134 
 
 1'2 
 
 1^4 
 
 2 
 
 2M 
 
 2J2 2^4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .05 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.4 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 1.7 
 
 '^ ij 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .15 
 
 1.5 
 
 l.!» 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.S 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.7 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .20 
 
 1.4 
 
 l.S 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.8 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 
 
 .25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.8 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 .30 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1) 
 
 2 2 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.8 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 .35 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 •1.7 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 .40 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 3.6 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.1 
 
 .413 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 3.t> 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.1 
 
 XDTE: — For all ratios greater than .413, has same value as 
 
 h 
 given f(jr .413. 
 
 .\()TF;: — Table gives values of - 
 
 See Figure 4, page 60. 
 
 61 
 
K A 11 ,\ s r s r E .1/ i) F R E I \ /•■ (> li C E 1) C ,v i: R E r E 
 
 Total compressive stress = 
 
 -^r- c b X (I + --^ (h -b) ;- - ctd. 
 
 Total tensile stress = 1(5,000 p h d, 
 
 , , ■ r b' 
 tquating and solving tor — r— 
 
 32,000 p-cx 
 
 ■^-1 + "2x-t 7 
 b c t 
 
 X 
 
 Substituting values of c and x above. 
 1)' _ 32,000 p-310 
 
 b " ~^(.826-t) 1810 t, 
 
 When the lower edge of the slab falls below the neutral axis, 
 the analysis of the beam is the same as for a simple beam (jf 
 width b' and depth d. 
 
 An inspection of the table will show that, under ordinary 
 conditions of design, the slab will supply sufficient compressi^•e 
 reinforcement. In case it does not, steel must be provided in 
 compression, as indicated under design for "Double Reinforce- 
 ment," page 59. 
 
 As the center of compression in the T beam will be rela- 
 tively higher, or equally as high, as in the simple beam, the 
 equation for moment of resistance for a simple beam may be 
 used safelv in the design of T beams, i. e., 
 
 R M = .86 f Asd = 13,760 A.sd. 
 
 The designer will readily see that shear plays an important 
 part in beam design and that shear reinforcement must be 
 provided. This shear reinforcement should be rigidly con- 
 nected to the main tension member, so that its stress ma\' 
 be transferred directly to this member. The Kahn Trussed 
 Bar, with its rigidly connected diagonals, accomplishes this 
 result in a simple, adequate and economical manner. 
 
 Design of Beam Limited by Compression in Concrete 
 
 The theory of design for beams, presented up to this point, 
 has been based on a safe working stress of 16,000 pounds per sq. 
 in. in the steel in tension and an extreme fibre stress of 750 
 pounds per sq. in. in the concrete in compression. It has been 
 shown that where the percentage of tensile reinforcement is 
 less than 1 per cent, the compressive stress .will be less than 
 750 pounds and therefore need not be considered. 
 
 62 
 
V R (' ,S' \ /: D C () \ C li F. T E S T E F. L C (> M I' .! X Y 
 
 In llic pre'X'ioiis disciissioa, whert- more tlian 1 ptT rent, ol 
 reinlorcL-nienl is i'c(|uired, the extreme filjre stress is limited to 
 750 pounds, either by the use of compressi\'e reinforeement or 
 by making the Ijeams T section. 
 
 On rare f)ccasions, in the case of isolated beams and Hoor 
 slabs, the percentage exceeds 1 per cent, and it is not found 
 practical to use either of the two alternati\-es just mentioned. 
 Under such circumstances the moment of resistance of the 
 beam is limited by the extreme fibre stress (750 pounds) in the 
 concrete, irrespective of the stress in the tensile reinforcement. 
 The moment of resistance is then determined by equation ((i) 
 page 55, i. e. : 
 
 x \ cxbd" /, X \ ex As d 
 
 The table given on page 64 gives the computed \'akie of the 
 moments of resistance and position of neutral a.xis for \-arious 
 percentages of reinforcement, based on this formula. 
 
 The designer should remember that it is usually decidedly 
 uneconomical of material to design so as not to fully develop 
 the strength of the steel reinforcement. Such a design should 
 be avoided wherever possible. 
 
 RM 
 
 O-O'f'-O-^) 
 
 Scclion of Shipping Yards at our Voungstown Shops. 
 
K A II N SYSTEM OF RE I N F R C ED CONCRETE 
 
 Moments of Resistance of Beams 
 
 When the design is limited by the compression of the concrete 
 
 and the full tensile strength of steel is not developed. 
 
 Percentage of 
 Reinforcement 
 
 Position of 
 Neutral Axis 
 \''allies of X. 
 
 Mt.)MEN'T Of 
 
 KESIST.^.N'CE 
 
 DependiiiK on 
 Area of Steel 
 
 12620 dAs 
 
 Depending on 
 Area of Concrete 
 
 1.1',, 
 
 0.4.327 
 
 139 bd' 
 
 1.2';;, 
 
 0.4404 
 
 1 1880 dAs 
 
 142 bd- 
 
 1.3';;, 
 
 0.4502 
 
 11220 (lAs 
 
 146 bd- 
 
 i-i'ro 
 
 0.4712 
 
 10G40 dAs 
 
 149 bd' 
 
 i.o':„ 
 
 0.482.5 
 
 10120 dAs 
 
 152 bd- 
 
 i-<i':o 
 
 0.4932 
 
 9660 dAs 
 
 155 bd= 
 
 1.7';;, 
 
 0.5033 
 
 9240 dAs 
 
 1.57 bd' 
 
 1.8"o 
 
 0.5129 
 
 8860 dAs 
 
 159 bd' 
 
 1.9';,. 
 
 0..5220 
 
 8510 dAs 
 
 162 bd' 
 
 2.0% 
 
 0.5307 
 
 8190 dAs 
 
 164 bd-' 
 
 2.1% 
 
 0.5389 
 
 7890 dAs 
 
 166 bd' 
 
 2.2% 
 
 0,5468 
 
 7620 dAs 
 
 168 bd' 
 
 2.3% 
 
 0..5545 
 
 7370 dAs 
 
 170 bd' 
 
 2.4';, 
 
 0.5617 
 
 7130 d.As 
 
 171 bd' 
 
 2..5% 
 
 0.5687 
 
 (iOlO dAs 
 
 173 bd' 
 
 2.6';, 
 
 0..57.55 
 
 6710 dAs 
 
 174 bd' 
 
 2.7';;, 
 
 0.5819 
 
 05 10 dAs 
 
 176 bd' 
 
 2.8% 
 
 0.5S82 
 
 6330 dAs 
 
 177 bd' 
 
 2S)% 
 
 0..5942 
 
 6160 dAs 
 
 179 bd' 
 
 3.0';;, 
 
 0.6000 
 
 6000 dAs 
 
 ISO bd' 
 
 Columns '■', and 4 give equal 
 
 ^'aIues for niome 
 
 It of resistance. 
 
 i\olc in column 3 the decri'a.sing 
 
 tensile stress in ll 
 
 e sleel and the 
 
 consequent loss in economy. 
 
 
 
 Where percentage is l';,j or le 
 
 ss, RM = 13760 
 
 1 As. 
 
 64 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P A N Y 
 
 Shear in Reinforced Concrete Beams 
 
 The vertical shear at any section of a beam is the reaction 
 at one end minus that part of the load lying between the end 
 and the section. It is shown in mechanics that at any point 
 in a beam the vertical unit shear is equal to the horizontal 
 unit shear. 
 
 \NEUTRM AXIS 
 
 Fit;. X.I. .-.. 
 
 The distribution of the shearing stresses on the vertical 
 section of a beam of homogeneous material is shown in figure 
 No. 5. It will be noted that the shear varies as the ordinates 
 to a parabola with the maximum shear at the neutral axis and 
 equal in magnitude to 3/2 the mean unit shear. 
 
 The distribution of shearing stresses on a vertical section 
 of a reinforced concrete beam is shown by figure Xo. 6. The 
 
 Compression Sheor.ng 5trcsa 
 
 FiK- No. fi. —Distribution of Horizontal and Vertical .Slicar. 
 
 shear distribution in the beam of homogeneous material is 
 similar to that of the reinforced concrete beam, except for that 
 portion of the curve below the neutral axis. As no tension is 
 considered as acting in the concrete there will be no change in 
 the intensity of the horizontal and vertical shearing stresses 
 below the neutral axis, whereas in the beam of homogeneous 
 material the intensities vary as shown by the figure. 
 
 In the fle.xure of a simple beam the upper fibres are com- 
 pressed and the lower fibres are stretched in amounts propor- 
 tionate to the distance of these fibres Irom the neutral axis. 
 
 From the above it is evident that at every point of a beam 
 there exists a horizontal and \ertical shear and also a longi- 
 tudinal tension or compression. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 By combining the bending moment stresses with the 
 shearing stresses at the various points in a beam lines of so- 
 called principal stress are drawn as shown in figure No. 7. At 
 
 Neufml 
 
 A%is 
 
 Lines of Tinsile Stress ■ 
 
 Compressive Stress - 
 
 Fig. No. 7. — Lines of Stress in a Beam Under Fle-xure. 
 
 the center of the span the tensile and compressive stresses are 
 horizontal ; but as the ends are approached the lines of tensile 
 stress incline upwards and those of compressive stress incline 
 downwards, so that at all points away from the center of the 
 span these stresses have both horizontal and vertical com- 
 ponents. The horizontal components reach a maximum at the 
 center of the span and the vertical at the ends. 
 
 It will be noticed from the above figure that the lines of 
 tension stresses incline up and away from the center at an 
 average angle of 45 degrees, while the lines of compressive 
 stresses cross these tension lines at right angles and incline 
 down toward the ends of the span. 
 
 If the fundamental idea of reinforcing the concrete for 
 tension is carried out, it is evident that steel members travers- 
 ing the lines of principal tension stresses must be included in 
 the design. If these members are to carry stresses they must 
 be connected to some part of the structure that is capable of 
 receiving it. The main tension member in the bottom of the 
 beam provides such a connection, and it is only natural that 
 this main tension member be utilized for this purpose. The 
 web members of the Kahn Trussed Bar are rigidly connected 
 to the main bar so that there can be no slipping at the connec- 
 tion. These web members extend up into the compressed 
 area of the concrete and the upper portion is gripped and held 
 in place not only by the adhesion to the concrete, but also by 
 the thrust in the concrete acting at right angles to the axis of 
 the web member. A complete truss is thus formed with ten- 
 sion flange of steel, compression flange of concrete and steel 
 tension diagonals rigidly held at either end. 
 
 Merriman in his text book on mechanics gives an expres- 
 sion for maximum diagonal tension as t^ ^^s+ j/ }^s'-^+v'-, 
 where "t" is the diagonal tensile unit-stress, "s" is the hori- 
 zontal tensile unit-stress existing in the concrete, and "v" is 
 the horizontal or vertical shearing unit-stress. The direction 
 
 66 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 of this maximum diagonal tension makes an angle with the 
 horizontal equal to one-half the angle whose cotangent is J^^,. 
 
 If there is no tension in the concrete, this reduces to t^v, 
 and the maximum diagonal tension makes an angle of 45 de- 
 grees with the horizontal, and is equal in intensity to the verti- 
 cal shearing stress. 
 
 When the diagonal tensile stresses developed becomes as 
 great as the tensile strength of the concrete, the beam will fail 
 by diagonal tension, provided there is no metallic web rein- 
 forcement. The accompanying cut gives the typical form 
 which this failure takes. As the value of the maximum 
 diagonal tensile stress developed in a beam is, by equation 
 (t=V2S+|/jk4^+v'^), dependent upon the horizontal tensile 
 stress developed at the same point, it is difficult to compute 
 its actual amount. The best method seems to be to compute 
 the horizontal and vertical shearing unit-stress, and make all 
 comparisons on the basis of this value. 
 
 Bessemer Steel, High Carbon, Deformed Bar. 
 
 See report of Boston Transit Commission. June .30. '04. 
 Fracture sliowing mettiod of failure, due to sliear, which occurs almost invariably 
 when horizontal reinforcement alone is used. Steel stretched only to its elastic limit. 
 
 WS^^^^^Mm^mm^i 
 
 
 ^^^'^^^s^sss* i _.r-V;'^"\ --.*•"' -'.-^ aim,.*: 
 
 fB/^^^^KKK^KI^^KKtKSKS^KMKiSifni^a^ 
 
 
 Beam Reinforced with Kahn Trussed Bar. 
 
 See Eng. News. vol. L, p. 349. See Eng. Record, vol. 48, p. 465. 
 
 Note that when tested to destruction the steel pulled in two. 
 
 Ultimate strength of steel developed. 
 
 67 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF R E I N F R C ED CONCRETE 
 
 Pieces Under Direct Compression 
 
 Unhooped Columns 
 
 In combining steel and concrete to resist compression, 
 tiieoretically tlie load is borne by the two materials in a ratio 
 determined by their relative modulii of elasticity. With this 
 ratio 1 to 15 and a safe stress in the concrete of 500 pounds 
 the steel will carry 7500 pounds per square inch. The natural 
 disposition of this reinforcing steel is near the periphery' of 
 the column. In this position the reinforcing steel will take 
 up whatever secondary stresses may occur caused by the pos- 
 sible eccentric application of the applied loads, or by unequal 
 settlement of the footings. 
 
 The longitudinal reinforcing rods consisting of Rib Bars 
 should be stayed at intervals of 12 inches with No. 3 (}^ inch 
 diameter) wire extending around the column. 
 
 Columns loaded unsymmetrically, and especially corner 
 columns, should be figured with lower unit stresses. On 
 account of the monolithic nature of construction it is some- 
 what difficult to say just what eccentricity a certain loading 
 gives. In outside columns there is, undoubtedly, an eccentric 
 load, and this should be provided for in the design by allowing 
 a lower fiber stress. 
 
 Least width of column should not exceed 1/15 of its unsup- 
 ported length. 
 
 Sec page 116 for safe loads on square columns. 
 
 Hooped Columns 
 
 Hooped columns, as developed by M. Considere, consist 
 of a number of longitudinal bars arranged on the circumference 
 of a circle with a steel band wrapped around these bars in 
 spiral turns, varying from 1 to 3 inches apart, depending 
 upon the design. This form of reinforcement increases the 
 compressive strength of the concrete greatly and enables it to 
 withstand much greater deformation and unit stresses. Con- 
 sidere shows that plain concrete under compressive stresses 
 tends to fail by splitting longitudinally and bulging laterally. 
 By enclosing it in a spiral wrapping of sufiiciently small pitch 
 the lateral bulging is resisted and the concrete will not onlv 
 stand higher stresses without failure, but will also undergo 
 much greater shortening. For a theoretical discussion of this 
 subject the reader is referred to "Experimental Researches on 
 
T R V S S E D C O ,V CRETE STEEL C O M F A N Y 
 
 Reinforced Concrete," by Armand Considcre, published by 
 the McGraw Publishing C"o. under date of 1906. 
 
 The table on page 117 is leased upon tlie theory as devel- 
 oped by Considcre. Tliis theory is outlined by the following 
 formula : 
 
 P=Ac Fr. + m F,.(As + 2.4 h.^). 
 
 Where P^safe load on column. 
 
 Fo:^load per sc;. in. on net section of core. 
 
 Ar=net area of concrete inside of hooping. 
 
 modulus of elasticity of steel. 
 
 modulus of elasticity of concrete. 
 
 A,<i =Total area of cross section of vertical rods. 
 
 As'=area of cross section of imaginary vertical rods having 
 same quantity of steel as the hooping. 
 
 The following values are used in figuring the tables: 
 
 Fe=750 lbs. 
 
 m:=1.5. 
 
 Least width of column should not exceed 1/15 of its unsup- 
 ported length. 
 
 Shop-niude Column Hooping (See page 24). 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Bending Moments 
 
 Reinforced concrete differs from the ordinary types of 
 building construction in that it is iDuilt continuous and mono- 
 Hthic. For this reason, girders and slabs must be designed to 
 a large extent as continuous structures and provision must be 
 made to take care of the negative bending moments occurring 
 at the supports. This is done in practice by inverting Kahn 
 Trussed Bars in the top of the concrete over the support. 
 
 It will often be found that in order to make the construc- 
 tion perfectly continuous in accordance with the accepted 
 theory of continuous beams, the negative bending moment 
 over the support will exceed the positive bending moment at 
 the center of the span. 
 
 Theoretically, for beams uniformly loaded, the proper 
 requirements in regard to strength will" be satisfied when the 
 bending moment at the center of the span plus one-half the 
 sum of the negative bending moments at the supports is 
 equal to Wl. 
 
 W = total uniform load on beam; 1 =span of beam. 
 
 The steel and concrete must be properly designed to take 
 care of the bending moments at all points. 
 
 It is often found impractical, however, to design beams for 
 perfect continuity, but authorities are agreed that a certain 
 amount of continuity may be figured on. 
 
 The bending moments adapted in the various tables of 
 this publication are purposely made conservative to prevent 
 misuse and do not represent the minimum standards of good 
 practice. 
 
 Rectangular Floor Slabs 
 
 When a slab is built in, or freeh' supported on four sides 
 the loads are carried in two directions to the supports and 
 the slab is reinforced accordingly. Let, 
 
 .4=longer span of panel. 
 fi=shorter span of panel. 
 
 il/=Bending moment for slab supported on two sides only. 
 
 70 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Then the bending moment for longer span^T-^ 
 
 Bt 
 
 A-i + B-t 
 
 M and 
 
 ihe bending moment for shorter span=^^" 
 
 A4 
 
 M. 
 
 The greatest bending moment will always be that f(jr the 
 shorter span. The curve shown below indicates the value of 
 these two factors for varying proportions of length and breadth 
 of panel. 
 
 14 1.5 
 VALUE or 
 
 1.6 1.7 
 
 LCNQTH 
 BBZADTH 
 
 71 
 
K A H \ SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 o -, 
 o 
 
 6^' 
 
 U-i biD 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE S T E E I. CO M P A N Y 
 
 :s'-' fSS^ mr9^ Mriii " 
 
 /-Mmf^'Vm\ 
 
 
 
 c o ^ 
 
 _£3 kin dj 
 
 ■ s" 
 g (£■< 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 waffii 
 
 Ej-»i 
 
 \ M"*?! 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'n 
 
 
 hf 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 p^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 rrl 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 74 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P A N Y 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Lake Superior Iron & Chemical Co., Manistique, Mich. 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Sidings and Roof. 
 
 Merchants' Storage Warehouse, Ues Moines, la. 
 Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. Wetherell & Gage, .\rcliitects 
 
 7(i 
 
TRUSSED C i\ C R E T E S T E E L C M P A N Y 
 
 "The Daylight Store" of Owen & Co., Detroit. 
 Kahn Sy.-item Reinforrcd Concrete, ,\lbert Kahn, .Architect, Ern.st Wilby, Associate. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF R E I N F O R C ED CO N CRETE 
 
 rf -131 
 
 o ^ 
 
 (M a, 
 
 > 
 
 f. 
 
 6 
 
 
 78 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO M I' A N Y 
 
 X 
 
 Y, 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Kahn System Flat Ceilings, Dodge Bros., Detroit. 
 No projecting beams or brackets. United Steel Sasti for Windows 
 
 Flat Ceilings (Kahn System), Continental Motor Mfg. Co., Detroit. 
 Alliert Kaiin, Architect. Ernst Wiltiy, Associate. 
 
 80 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Flat Ceilings, Burroughs Adding M ichinc Lo , Dclroit 
 United Sttel Sash lor \^'lndn\\s 
 
 Kahn System Flat Ceilings, American Electrical Heater Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Also United Steel Sash. 
 
 Albert Kahn, .Architect. Ernst Wilby, Associate. 
 
 81 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Storehouse, Portland Railway, Light & Power Co., Portland, Ore. 
 Kahn System Flat Ceilings with Brackets; also United Steel Sash. 
 
 Standard Furniture Co., Herkimer, N. V. 
 Kahn System Flat Ceilings with Brackets; also United Steel Sash. 
 
 82 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Floredome Construction, Mt. Tabor School, Portland, Ore. 
 
 Thomas Jones, Architect. 
 
 Flat Ceilings of 1- lorcdome ConsLruction, 
 
 Packard Service Building, Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Parkinson Si Bergstrom, Architects. I'. O. Engstrum Co., Contractors. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 "Floretyle Construction, Alta Planing Mill, Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 Simple Centering for Floretyle Construction. 
 
 Woodward-Clark Building, Portland, Ore. 
 
 Doi'le, Patterson & Beach, Architects. 
 
 84 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Floretyle Construction showing work partly concreted and untlcrsidc 
 before plastering, Fidelity Building, Cedar Rapids, la. 
 
 85 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Kahn System Cantilever Slabs, D. Sommers & Co. Building, Indianapolis. 
 
 Robush & Hunter, Architects. 
 
 Kahn System Cantilever Slabs, Flanders Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 vVlbert Kahn, Architect. Ernst Will"iv, .Associate. 
 
 IS6 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Reinforced Hollow Tile Floors — 32 Feet Spans for Girders and Beams. 
 Packard Motor Car Co , Detroit. 
 
 Albert Kahn, Architect. Ernst Wilby, Associate. 
 
 Kahn System Solid Concrete Slabs and Intermediate Beams. 
 White Garage, San Francisco. 
 McDonald &. Applegarth, Arciiitects 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Kahn System Girders with spans of 74 feet 8 inches. 
 Foundry of Williams-White Co., Moline, 111. 
 
 55-foot Spans, built Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 Plant of Geo, N. Pierce Co., Buffalo, X. >'. 
 
 Lockwood, Greene & Co., Architects. 
 
 88 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Bulk^Sodai^torage Bin, Solvay Process Co., Delray, Mich.) 
 
 Kahn System Reinforced Concrete 
 
 C. E. Herbert, Engineer 
 
 Coal Bins, Diamond Crystal Salt Co., St. Clair, Mich. 
 
 Kahn System Reinforced Concrete 
 
 Weil & Shaw. Engineers 
 
 Ki) 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Explanation of Tables for Floor Slabs 
 
 The tables for Floor Slabs, pages 91 to 106, are computed 
 
 for Bending Moments equal to 1/10 wF. To take care of this 
 
 partial continuity, reinforcement must be provided in the 
 
 top of the slab over the supports, equal in area to J^ of the 
 
 area of the steel in center of the span. Greater continuity can 
 
 be figured on by using a smaller Bending Moment at the 
 
 center and increasing the top reinforcement over the supports 
 
 to take care of the increased negative Bending Moment. 
 
 For slabs which merely rest on supports, the Bending Moment 
 
 should be taken at }/§ wl'. In all such cases, where the 
 
 wP 
 Bending Moment is ^f~r— (K, having any value) the safe live 
 
 loads carried by the slab will then equal : 
 10 
 
 X loads in table + I -j-r 1 | '^ weight of slab per sq. ft. 
 
 In this way the tables may be used with any value of Bend- 
 ing Moment. 
 
 The loadings given in tables for slabs are safe live loads 
 per square foot. The full dead weight of the slab has been 
 deducted in every case in preparing the tables. All slabs are 
 computed for stress in steel of 16,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 All floor slabs should have a thickness equal to at least 
 1/30 of the clear span. 
 
 The tables given indicate only general types of design. 
 Other arrangements of reinforcement, hollow tile, Floretyles, 
 etc., will suggest themselves and can be readily computed. 
 Our engineers will be glad to suggest the most economical 
 construction in each individual case. 
 
 Note that we have not given any tables for flat ceiling 
 designs of solid concrete. In this type of construction each 
 individual building must be analyzed separately, so that 
 general tables are unsatisfactory. Our Engineers have had a 
 wide experience in flat ceiling designs of all types, including 
 solid concrete, terra cotta tile, Floretyle, etc., and will gladly 
 make specific suggestions for any definite construction. 
 
 9U 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 4" Slab 32 "xl'2" Kahn Trussed Bars, Area = 0.41 sq. in. 
 
 Load 
 
 in 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 18.9 
 16.8 
 15.1 
 
 8 
 
 19.4 
 16.6 
 14.4 
 
 12.8 
 
 9 
 
 18.3 
 15.3 
 13.1 
 
 10 
 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 300 
 350 
 400 
 
 20.5 
 17.1 
 14.6 
 
 12.8 
 
 18.7 
 14.9 
 
 
 12.4 
 10.6 
 
 
 11.4 
 10 1 
 
 B. il/.- "^ '" 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 10.7 
 9.4 
 S.3 
 
 R. M. =0.86x3.25 x 0.41 x 16000 
 Maximum Spacing = 16" 
 Minimum Spacing = 12.6" 
 
 11.4 
 
 m." Slab 1 
 
 2"xl}2"Ks 
 
 Jhn Tru 
 
 ssed Bars, Area = 0.41 sq. in. 
 
 Load 
 
 in 
 
 Pounds 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 18.5 
 16.2 
 14.4 
 13.0 
 10.9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 1.50 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 300 
 350 
 400 
 500 
 
 19.4 
 16.6 
 14.5 
 12.9 
 
 18.9 
 17.0 
 14.2 
 12.2 
 
 17.0 
 14.0 
 12.8 
 11.4 
 
 16.4 
 13.7 
 11.8 
 
 16.8 
 13.6 
 11.3 
 
 9.8 
 8.6 
 
 10.4 
 9.2 
 8.3 
 
 10.3 
 8.6 
 
 9.3 
 
 8.2 
 
 B M. ^^ 
 
 10.7 
 9.5 
 
 7? 71//" n ^(t v^ 
 
 7^ vo ill vififinn 
 
 10.6 
 
 Maximum Spacing = 16" 
 
 
 
 
 Minimu 
 
 m spacii 
 
 Ig - lU. 
 
 1 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 5" Slab 
 
 }2"xU'2 
 
 " Kahn Trussed Bars, Area =0.41 sq. in. 
 
 Load in 
 Pounds 
 
 SPAN IN FEET | 
 
 6 
 
 21.5 
 18.5 
 16.2 
 14.5 
 11.9 
 10.1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 17.7 
 15.0 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 50 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 300 
 350 
 400 
 500 
 600 
 
 20.8 
 18.8 
 15.8 
 13.6 
 11.9 
 10.6 
 
 17.8 
 15.9 
 14.4 
 12.1 
 10.4 
 
 18.5 
 
 18.0 
 14.6 
 12.4 
 
 15.1 
 12.3 
 10.4 
 
 
 16.0 13.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 9.0 
 
 14.1 
 12 6 
 
 11.4 
 10.2 
 
 9.4 
 8.4 
 
 
 11.4 
 9.6 
 
 9.2 
 
 
 
 
 ,n I' 
 
 8.2 
 
 B. M. = ^, 
 
 9.1 
 
 8.2 
 
 R. M. =0.86x4.25 x 0.41 x 16000 
 
 8.7 
 7.4 
 
 
 Maximum Spacing = 16" 
 Minimum Spacing = 9.7" 
 
 6" Slab 
 
 l2"xll^ 
 
 ' Kahn Trussed Bars, Area =0.41 sq. in. 
 
 Load in 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 
 8 
 
 1S.7 
 17.0 
 14.4 
 12.5 
 10.9 
 9.8 
 8.1 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 300 
 350 
 400 
 500 
 
 18.6 
 16.5 
 14.8 
 13.4 
 11.4 
 9.8 
 8.7 
 
 17.2 
 
 16.8 
 16.7 14.0 
 14.2 11.9 
 
 14.4 
 11.9 
 10.2 
 
 8.9 
 7.9 
 
 12.4 
 10.3 
 
 8.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 8.9 
 
 7.6 
 
 15.1 ! 12.5 
 13.4 11.0 
 12.0 9.9 
 
 10.4 
 9.3 
 
 7.7 
 
 8.3 
 
 7.2 
 
 1 
 
 10.9 
 
 9.0 
 
 7..i 
 
 
 9.2 
 8.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 wl' 
 
 
 B.M.- j,-| 
 
 7.0 
 
 R. M. =0.86x5.25 x 0.41 x 16000 
 
 7.7 
 6.4 
 
 Ma 
 Mil 
 
 (cimum 
 iniuni 
 
 Spacin 
 Spacin 
 
 g = 16 
 
 g = 7.t 
 
 
 See explanation of tables p. 90. 
 
 92 
 
T R U S S E D C N C R E T E S T E E I, C M P A A' Y 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 7" Slab \"x2{\." Kahn Trussed Bars, Area =0.79 sq. in. 
 
 
 SP.W l.\ KKET 
 
 Load 
 ia Pounds 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 13 
 
 14 15 16 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 16.8 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.0 
 
 14.2 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.11 15.8 13.0I 12.2 1 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 18.4 
 
 15.9 13.9 
 
 12.21 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 1 
 
 16.5 
 
 14. 2| 12.4 
 
 
 175 
 
 ' i 17.5 14.S 
 
 12.9 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 19.0 
 
 15.9 13.6 
 
 11.7 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 
 19.5' 16.1 
 
 13.6 11.6 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 17.0 14.(l| ll.S 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 18.6 IS.ol 12.4i 
 
 
 
 
 400 16.6 13. 5| 11.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 . 17.4 ]3.S| 11.2' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 600 
 SCO 
 
 14.9| 11.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. 5l 
 
 1 
 
 — ' — ■ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - - 
 
 
 
 w 1' 
 
 B. M. = 
 
 10 
 
 li, M. =o.si)x() X 0.79 X lliOOO 
 
 Ma.ximum Spacing = Ki" 
 
 Minimum Spacing- 13.2" 
 
 See explanation of tables p. 90. 
 
 93 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 8" Slab ^4"x2t^" Kahn Trussed Bars. Area = 0.79 sq. in. 
 
 Load in 
 Pounds 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 6 ! 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 18.2 
 15.9 
 14.1 
 12.7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 350 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 1000 
 
 1200 
 
 1400 
 
 
 19.9 
 17.1 
 13.3 
 
 19.0 
 15,8 
 13.5 
 
 19,2 
 17,1 
 15.3 
 12,8 
 
 15.3 
 13.4 
 11.9 
 
 13,0 
 11.4 
 
 11,2 
 
 9.8 
 
 10.1 
 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 16.3 
 14.1 
 
 17.3 
 14.2 
 12.0 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 
 10,9 
 
 10,5 
 
 10.9 
 9.2 
 
 
 10.4 
 
 
 
 
 Loadlin 
 Pounds 
 
 
 
 SPj 
 
 \N IN FEET 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18.0 
 15.4 
 13.4 
 11.9 
 
 18 
 
 16.1 
 13.7 
 12.0 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 13.0 
 
 50 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 
 
 
 17.6 
 15.8 
 14.3 
 13.1 
 
 17.2 
 15.3 
 13,8 
 12.5 
 11.4 
 
 17.4 
 15.2 
 13.4 
 12,1 
 
 14.4 
 12,3 
 
 11.1 
 
 10,7 
 
 18,3 
 
 10,6 
 
 10,7 
 
 17.9 
 15.3 
 
 16.6 
 15.2 
 13.0 
 
 11.0 
 10.0 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 Maxinu 
 Minimu 
 
 m Spacing — 
 n Spacing = 
 
 16" 
 11.2" 
 
 
 B. M. 
 Ti.M.= 
 
 ~ 10 
 0.86 X 7 X 0,7 
 
 ) X 16000 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90 
 
 94 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 10" Slab U"x2 
 
 1^" Kahn Trussed Bars. 
 
 Area = 
 
 0.79 
 
 sq. in. 
 
 Load in 
 Pounds 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 1 
 
 6 i 7 i 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 1 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 125 
 
 ! 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17.7 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.1 
 
 175 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.9 
 
 14.8 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.1' 15.6 
 
 13.6 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.4 
 
 15.6 
 
 13.5 
 
 11.8 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.2 
 
 13.8 
 
 11.9 
 
 10.4 
 
 350 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.8 
 
 17.2 
 15.5 
 
 14.4 
 13.1 
 
 12.3 
 11.1 
 
 10.6 
 9.6 
 
 9.3 
 
 8.4 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 1000 
 
 
 17.8 
 
 16.6 
 13.7 
 
 19.5 
 16.8 
 13.1 
 10.8 
 
 15.8 
 13.6 
 10.6 
 
 13.0 
 11.2 
 
 8.8 
 
 10.9 
 9.4 
 
 9.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 8.0 
 
 7.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 
 1200 
 1400 
 
 20.6 
 17.9 
 
 15.1 
 13.1 
 
 11.6 
 10.1 
 
 9.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.9 
 
 1 
 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 Ponnds 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 9.2 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 17.4 
 
 17.3 
 15.4 
 
 17.7 
 15.4 
 13.7 
 
 15.9 
 13.9 
 12.3 
 
 14.4 
 12.5 
 11.1 
 
 13.1 
 
 11.9 
 
 10.9 
 9.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 11.4 10.3 
 lO.li 9.2 
 
 8.7 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 300 
 350 
 
 15.6 
 14.2 
 13.0 
 11.9 
 10.3 
 9.1 
 
 13.8 
 12.5 
 11.4 
 10.6 
 9.1 
 
 12.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 10.2 
 
 9.4 
 
 11.1 
 
 10.1 
 
 9.2 
 
 10.0 
 9.1 
 
 9.1 
 
 S.2i 
 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 8.3j 
 
 
 
 
 8.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 
 8.1 
 
 8.1 
 
 Maximum Spacin 
 
 g = 16" B.M. = 
 
 wl' 
 
 
 
 ~ 10 
 
 1 
 
 Minimum Spacin 
 
 g =9" R. M. = 0.86 X 9 X 0.79 .x;i6000 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Spacing of Bars in Inches for, Various Safe Live Loads 
 Per Square Foot 
 
 12" Slab 34"x2i^" Kahn Trussed Bars. Ar ea = 0.79 sq.in. 
 
 Load in 
 Pounds 
 
 75 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 1 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 16.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.9 
 
 15.1 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17.3 
 
 15.4 
 
 13.7 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15.9 
 
 14.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 12.9 
 
 11.5 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 17.7 
 
 15.4 
 
 13.6 
 
 12.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 
 17.9 
 
 15.5 
 
 13.5 
 
 11.8 
 
 10.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 15.9 
 
 13.7 
 
 11,9 
 
 10.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 8.3 
 
 350 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 1000 
 
 1200 
 
 1400 
 
 16.3 
 14.0 
 12.1 
 
 : 18.2 
 
 18.6 15.3 
 19.8 16.0 13.2 
 15.6 12.6 10.4 
 
 16.8 
 15.2 
 12.9 
 11.1 
 
 S.S 
 7.2 
 
 14.3 
 
 13.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 12.3 
 
 11.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 8.2 
 
 10.7 
 9.7 
 8.2 
 7.1 
 
 9.5 
 
 8.6 
 7.2 
 
 S.4 
 7.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 6.8 
 
 6.4 
 
 6.3 
 
 6.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 12.9 
 
 11.0 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.4 8.6 
 
 6.2 
 
 8.9 
 
 7.3 
 
 6.2 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.4 
 
 
 Load in 
 Pounds 
 
 SP.\N IN FFET 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 15.4 
 13.6 
 
 21 
 14.0 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 i 28 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 17.1 
 15.1 
 
 12.7 
 
 11.6 
 
 10.7 
 
 9.8 
 
 8.7 
 
 9.1 
 
 81 
 
 8.4 
 7.5 
 
 7.9 
 
 7.3 
 
 12.4 11.3 
 
 10.3' 9.5 
 
 1 7.0 6.5 
 
 100 
 
 13.t 
 
 12.3 
 
 11.1 10.1 
 
 9.3 8.5 7.S'! 7.2 
 
 6.7! 
 
 125 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 250 
 
 12.3 U.l 
 11.2 10.2 
 IO.4I 9.4 
 
 10.1, 9.2 
 
 9.2 8.4 
 8.5| 7.7 
 
 8.4 
 7.7 
 7.1 
 
 7.7 
 7.1 
 
 7.l| 6.6 
 1 6.5 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6. J 
 
 ! 
 
 9.t 
 
 8.- 
 
 ) 8.C 
 1 7.C 
 
 7.9 i:: 
 
 6.5 
 
 I 
 1 1 
 
 6.9 6.L 
 
 300 
 
 7.. 
 
 ) 6.7 
 
 
 i 1 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 
 id' 
 
 Maximum Spacing" = 16" 
 
 .... ., . T r)// 
 
 B. M. = Minimum Spacing = 7. 2' 
 
 10 R. M. = 0.86 X 11 X 0.79 x 16000 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 96 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Safe Live Loads in Pounds per Square Foot for Slabs 
 Reinforced with Rib Metal 
 
 Span 
 
 3-Inch Slab 
 
 MESH 
 
 .') 
 
 (j 
 
 824 652 
 
 447 351 
 
 273 212 
 
 179 136 
 
 122 90 
 
 85 61 
 
 286 
 
 170 
 
 107 
 
 69 
 
 45 
 
 455 
 240 
 140 
 
 87 
 54 
 
 394 
 
 206 
 
 119 
 
 71 
 
 43 
 
 Feet 
 
 31 2-Inch Slab 
 
 MESH 
 
 732 
 454 
 309 
 211 
 152 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 / 
 
 539 
 
 412 
 
 345 
 
 290 
 
 330 
 
 255 
 
 2()(i 
 
 170 
 
 022 
 
 l(i9 
 
 134 
 
 109 
 
 148 
 
 110 
 
 84 
 
 m 
 
 104 74 
 
 55 
 
 41 
 
 73 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 248 
 
 144 
 
 90 
 
 53 
 31 
 
 4-Inch Slab 
 
 41 p-Inch Slab 
 
 Span 
 
 in 
 Feet 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 MESH 
 
 Span 
 
 in 
 Feet 
 
 MESH 
 
 856 
 
 630 
 
 494 404 
 
 339 
 
 531 
 
 386! 299' 241 200 
 
 354 
 
 253 
 
 193' 153 
 
 124 
 
 248 
 
 174 
 
 130 98 
 
 79 
 
 179 
 
 122 
 
 88 65 
 
 49 
 
 131 
 
 86 
 
 59 41 
 
 28 
 
 97 
 
 61 39 24 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 
 281 
 l(i9 
 103 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 978 
 
 720 
 
 5(i6 
 
 60(i 
 
 441 
 
 342 
 
 406 
 
 291 
 
 '^22 
 
 284 
 
 199 
 
 lis 
 
 204 
 
 140 
 
 101 
 
 150i 99 
 
 68 
 
 HI: 70 
 
 45 
 
 83 
 
 49 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 32 
 
 
 462, 
 
 2761 
 
 176 
 
 114' 
 
 75 
 
 48 
 
 29i 
 
 398 
 
 229 
 
 143 
 
 91 
 
 333 
 
 194 
 
 118 
 
 73 
 
 43 
 
 23 
 
 5-Inch Slab 
 
 6-Inch Slab 
 
 Span 
 
 in 
 
 IFeet 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 i:-! 
 
 
 
 MESH 
 
 
 2 3 4 
 
 5 6 
 
 1682 
 
 1101811 
 
 637 521 
 
 1056 
 
 684 498 
 
 386.il 2 
 
 714 
 
 456 327 
 
 250,198 
 
 510 
 
 320|225 
 
 168 
 
 130 
 
 376 
 
 23lll58 
 
 114 
 
 85 
 
 285 170113 
 
 88 
 
 55 
 
 219 126 80 
 
 52 
 
 33 
 
 171 94 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 134 69 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 
 105 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Span 
 
 in 
 Feet 
 
 MESH 
 
 438 376 
 
 258 
 
 162 
 
 103 
 
 65 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 
 219 
 
 134 
 
 83 
 
 49 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 2057 1347 
 
 98S 
 
 780 (i38 
 
 1292 837 
 
 lilO 
 
 474 383 
 
 877, 561 
 
 4031308 1 244 
 
 625 
 
 393 
 
 277 
 
 207,160 
 
 460 
 
 283 
 
 194 
 
 141 
 
 105 
 
 349 
 
 209 
 
 139 
 
 96 
 
 68 
 
 269 
 
 155 
 
 99 
 
 64 
 
 42 
 
 210 
 
 116 
 
 69 
 
 41 
 
 22 
 
 165 
 
 86 
 
 47 
 
 23' 
 
 130 
 
 63 
 
 29 
 
 
 102 44 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 ; 538 458 
 
 i31.S'269 
 
 ; 199 165 
 
 1 126 102 
 
 80 61 
 
 48 34 
 
 25 
 
 B. M. = 1/10 \v 1". Stress in steel = 16,000 pounds per s[|iKire inch. 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Live Loads in Pounds per Square Foot for Slabs 
 Reinforced with 4-Rib Hy-Rib 
 
 (See also Table Below.) 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Moment 
 
 
 
 SPAN 
 
 IN FEET 
 
 of Slabs 
 
 No. 
 
 of resist- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above 
 base of 
 
 4-Rib 
 Ily-Rib 
 
 ance per 
 foot of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sheathing 
 
 
 width 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .5 
 
 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 " thick 
 
 2S 
 
 96.5 
 
 76 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 2(i 
 24 
 
 115.5 
 1540 
 
 93 
 128 
 
 48 
 68 
 
 27 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1'/' thick 
 
 2S 
 
 1S3S 
 
 152 
 
 77 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 2li 
 
 2205 
 
 186 
 
 96 
 
 56 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 2940 
 
 254 
 
 134 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 " thick 
 
 2S 
 
 2675 
 
 09-7 
 
 115 
 
 65 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 2(:; 
 
 3210 
 
 271 
 
 143 
 
 83 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 4280 
 
 370 
 
 198 
 
 IIS 
 
 74 
 
 48i 
 
 
 
 2'," thick 
 
 2S 
 
 4125 
 
 350 
 
 184 
 
 106 
 
 65 
 
 40 : 24 
 
 slab 
 
 2() 
 
 4950 
 
 42f 
 
 227 
 
 134 
 
 84 
 
 54 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 6(i00 
 
 57,^ 
 
 312 
 
 188 
 
 122 
 
 82 5() 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 " thick 
 
 2S 
 
 6150 
 
 533 
 
 284 
 
 168 
 
 106 
 
 68 44 
 
 27 
 
 slab 
 
 2() 
 
 7380 
 
 647 
 
 248 
 
 209 
 
 135 
 
 89 60 
 
 39 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 9S40 
 
 874 
 
 476 
 
 290 
 
 192 
 
 130 92 
 
 04 
 
 44 
 
 
 3H" thick 
 
 2S 
 
 7275 
 
 633 
 
 338 
 
 199 
 
 127 
 
 82 53 
 
 33 
 
 18 
 
 
 slab 
 
 2(i 
 
 8730 
 
 768 
 
 414 
 
 248 
 
 161 
 
 107 72 
 
 48 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 11640 
 
 1038 
 
 566 
 
 344 
 
 228 
 
 156 110 
 
 78 
 
 54 
 
 38 
 
 Maximum Spans for 4-Rib Hy-Rib as Centering 
 
 To support various thicknesses of wet concrete. For greater spans 
 use temporary supports 
 
 Gauge of 
 4-Rib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 
 
 THICKNESS OF SL,\B 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 5' 0" 
 4' 3" 
 3' 11" 
 
 lJ/2" 
 
 4' 0" 
 3' 6" 
 3' 2" 
 
 2" 
 
 3' 6" 
 3' 0" 
 2' 9" 
 
 2 1/2" i 3" 
 
 31 
 
 2" 
 
 4" 
 
 No. 24 
 No. 26 
 No. 28 
 
 3' 2" 2' 10" 
 2' 9" 2' 6" 
 2' 6" 2' 3" 
 
 2' 
 
 8" 
 4" 
 1" 
 
 2' 6" 
 
 T' li" 
 
 See page 26 lor description of 4-Rib Ily-Rib. 
 
 98 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Safe Live Loads in Pounds per Square Foot for Slabs 
 Reinforced with Deep-Rib Hy-Rib 
 
 
 
 
 (See also Table below) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Moment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Slabs 
 
 No. 
 
 of resist- 
 
 
 
 SPAN IN F 
 
 <Jtl 
 
 
 
 above 
 
 Deep- 
 
 ance per 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 base of 
 slieathing 
 
 " thick- 
 
 Rib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 2ti 
 
 foot 
 of widtii 
 
 3(JS0 
 
 4 
 
 Ids 
 
 5 
 99 
 
 6 
 61 
 
 7 8 
 39, 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 4100 
 
 190 
 
 112 
 
 71 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 4.520 
 
 211 
 
 127 
 
 81 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2" thick 
 
 26 
 
 45(00 
 
 207 
 
 122 
 
 76 
 
 48 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 6090 
 
 287 
 
 173 
 
 111 
 
 73 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 7(.)80 
 
 339 
 
 206 
 
 134 
 
 90 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 ■ > 
 
 " thick 
 
 26 
 
 5790 
 
 266 
 
 157 
 
 98 
 
 62 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 7710 
 
 366 
 
 221 
 
 1431 
 
 95' 64 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 9630 
 
 4ti6 
 
 285 
 
 188j 
 
 128 S9 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2" thick 
 
 26 
 
 7000 
 
 323 
 
 191 
 
 120 
 
 77 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 9330 
 
 444 
 
 269 
 
 174 
 
 1 17 80 
 
 54 
 
 3() 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 11670 
 
 564 
 
 347 
 
 228 
 
 157 111 
 
 78 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 " thick 
 
 26 
 
 8250 
 
 3S2 
 
 226 
 
 142 
 
 92i 59 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 10980 
 
 524 
 
 3 IS 
 
 206 
 
 139 
 
 95 
 
 65 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 1 3740 
 
 667 
 
 410 
 
 270 
 
 186 
 
 131 
 
 93 
 43 
 
 67 
 24 
 
 4(5 
 
 
 4 
 
 ■/' thick 
 
 26 
 
 9450 
 
 43S 
 
 260 
 
 164 
 
 107' 69 
 
 1 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 12600 
 
 601 
 
 366 
 
 23,S 
 
 160 110 
 
 75 
 
 51 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 15750 
 
 766 
 
 471 
 
 311 
 
 214, 151 
 121^ 79 
 
 107 
 
 77 
 29 
 
 55 
 
 37 
 
 .5 
 
 " thick 
 
 26 
 
 10680 
 
 49(i 
 
 295 
 
 1S7 
 
 50 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 14220 
 
 6S0 
 
 414 
 
 270 
 
 182 125 
 
 86 
 
 59 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 17790 
 
 866 
 
 533 
 
 353 
 
 242 171 
 
 1 
 
 136' 89 
 
 123 
 
 56 
 
 89 
 33 
 
 62 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 .," thick 
 
 26 
 
 11880 
 
 552 
 
 330 
 
 209. 
 
 
 slab 
 
 24 
 
 15840 
 
 759 
 
 462 
 
 301 
 
 203 140 
 
 97 
 
 66 
 
 43 26 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 19S00 
 
 964 
 
 .594 
 
 393 
 
 270 192 
 
 138 
 
 99 
 
 70 49 
 
 Maximum Spans for Deep-Rib Hy-Rib as Centering 
 
 To support various thicknesses to wet concrete. For greater spans 
 ^use temporary supports. 
 
 Gauge of 
 Deep-Itib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 No. 22 
 No. 24 
 
 No. 26 
 
 2" 
 5' 6" 
 5' 0" 
 4' 4" 
 
 
 
 THICKNESS OK SLAB 
 
 
 
 2' 9" 
 5^0""'"^ 
 4' 6" 
 3'10" 
 
 3" 
 4' 6" 
 4' 0" 
 3' ()" 
 
 ' 3 14" ' 4" 113" 5" 
 
 5}.2" 
 
 3' 4" 
 3' 0" 
 
 2' 8" 
 
 6" 
 3' 2'' 
 2' 10" 
 2' 6" 
 
 4' 2" 3'11" 3' 9" 3' 7" 
 3' 9" 1 3' 6" 3' 4" , 3' 2" 
 3' 3"|3' 1" 2'11"|2' 9" 
 
 Sec page 26 for description of Deep-Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 99 
 
KAHN SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Live Loads in Pounds per Square Foot for Square 
 
 Panels of Steel Floredome Construction 
 
 of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Dli 
 
 PTil 
 
 0" Dome + 
 2" Concrete 
 
 s 
 
 ' Dome + H)" Dome + 
 ' Concrete 2" Concrete 
 
 12" Dome + 
 2" C^oncrete 
 
 *VVt. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 floor in 
 pounds 
 pr sq.ft 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 82 
 
 - 
 
 Bars 
 
 Bars and 
 nested 
 
 m c 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 Bars and 
 nested 
 
 Bars and I 
 nested 
 
 n 
 
 Id 
 '/I ^ 
 
 -a 
 
 cq c 
 
 ■d 
 G 
 rt-Td 
 
 Td 
 
 a 
 
 li 
 
 o 
 
 
 P 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 
 |l 
 
 _ 
 
 rt 
 UJ 
 
 S 2 
 
 ' Kahn 
 ib Bars 
 
 ' Kahn 
 ib Bars 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 5« 
 
 3« 
 
 (5 
 
 j^ 
 
 ys. 
 
 j,'^ 
 
 ^K"?! 
 
 
 >5 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1- 
 
 2160 
 
 
 
 H;3 
 
 cm:; 
 
 y, -t 
 
 
 s 
 
 515 
 
 6S0 
 
 833 
 
 1004 
 
 1094 
 
 1322 
 
 1565 
 
 1757 
 
 1920 
 
 2460 
 
 2570 2920 
 
 3360 
 
 
 9 
 
 396 
 
 527 
 
 644 
 
 781 
 
 849 
 
 1027 
 
 1220 
 
 1372 
 
 1515 
 
 1700 
 
 1940 
 
 2020 2300 
 
 2650 
 
 
 10 
 
 311 
 
 418 
 
 512 
 
 623 
 
 675 
 
 820 
 
 977 
 
 1100 
 
 1210 
 
 1360 
 
 1554 
 
 1620 1850 
 
 2130 
 
 
 11 
 
 249 
 
 336 
 
 414 
 
 506 
 
 548 
 
 667 
 
 797 
 
 S9S 987 
 
 1113 
 
 1277 
 
 1337 1521 
 
 1759 
 
 
 12 
 
 202 
 
 274 
 
 341 
 
 418 
 
 452 
 
 552 
 
 661 
 
 746 821 
 
 926 
 
 1061 
 
 1105 1263 
 
 1454 
 
 
 13 
 
 163 
 
 225 
 
 281 
 
 347 
 
 374 
 
 460 
 
 551 
 
 624 684 
 
 772 
 
 888 
 
 922 1057 
 
 1219 
 
 H 
 
 14 
 
 134 
 
 187 
 
 235 
 
 291 
 
 313 
 
 381) 
 
 465 
 
 527 
 
 578 
 
 655 
 
 753 
 
 7SL 895 
 
 1039 
 
 W 
 W 
 
 15 
 
 110 
 
 157 
 
 200 
 
 249 
 
 266 
 
 330 
 
 400 
 
 454 
 
 498 
 
 565 
 
 651 
 
 674' 774 
 
 898 
 
 16 
 
 91 
 
 132 
 
 170 
 
 213 
 
 228 
 
 284 
 
 346 
 
 394 
 
 430 
 
 490 
 
 565 
 
 585 
 
 672 
 
 783 
 
 •£ 
 
 17 
 
 75 
 
 111 
 
 144 
 
 182 
 
 194 
 
 244 
 
 29S 
 
 340 
 
 371 
 
 423 
 
 491 
 
 507 
 
 585 
 
 682 
 
 
 IS 
 
 61 
 
 94 
 
 123 
 
 157 
 
 167 
 
 211 
 
 259 298 
 
 324 
 
 370 
 
 430 
 
 443 
 
 514 
 
 600 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 79 
 
 104 
 
 135 
 
 143 
 
 182 
 
 226 
 
 260 
 
 283 
 
 324 
 
 377 
 
 386 
 
 458 
 
 525 
 
 0. 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 67 
 
 90 
 
 118 
 
 124 
 
 159 
 
 198 
 
 228 
 
 250 
 
 287 
 
 333 
 
 344 
 
 400 
 
 470 
 
 
 21 
 
 31 
 
 55 
 
 77 
 
 102 
 
 105 
 
 138 
 
 173 
 
 202 
 
 218 
 
 251 
 
 296 
 
 302 
 
 354 
 
 418 
 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 4(3 
 
 66 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 122 
 
 154 
 
 ISO 
 
 195 
 
 225 
 
 266 
 
 270 
 
 317 
 
 374 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 38 
 
 55 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 105 
 
 134 
 
 158 
 
 171 
 
 198 
 
 235 
 
 240 
 
 282 
 
 335 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 31 
 
 47 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 92 
 
 119 
 
 140 
 
 151 
 
 178 
 
 211 
 
 212 
 
 250 
 
 299 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 SO 
 
 105 
 
 125 
 
 134 
 
 158 
 
 190 190 
 
 226 
 
 272 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 94 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 142 
 
 171 
 
 171 
 
 205 
 
 246 
 
 Joists are 4" wide at base and spaced 2'-li2" e. to c. in Ijoth directions. 
 
 Safe Live Loads for Rectangular Panels are equal to one-half the sum 
 of loads opposite each span in above table. F"()r instance: l^ancl 8x16 
 feet, 6" Dome + 2" Concrete, reinforced with ^a"^ I'a" Kahn bars. 
 Safe live load per sq. ft. = 515^+ 9 j_ ^ .^^y^ ^^^ 
 
 *Weight of floor given abo\-e does not include weight of ceiling. 
 See page 18 for full description^of Floredome construction. 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 100 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Safe Live Loads in Pounds per Square Foot for Steel 
 Floretyle Construction of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 0" Ty 
 
 le + 
 
 
 S" Tylr; + 
 
 ll)"Tyle 
 
 + 
 
 12' 
 
 Tyl.- + 
 
 ^Wt. of 
 
 
 J" Concrt^Lc 
 
 
 
 I Concrete 
 
 2" Concrete 
 
 2" 
 
 Concreti' 
 
 
 
 floor in 
 pounds 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 4G 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 persQ.ft 
 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 -0 
 
 
 t3 
 
 ■a 
 
 d 
 
 •a 
 
 d 
 
 -0 
 
 T3 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 rt-d 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 a G 
 
 cq 
 
 m 
 UJca 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 W d 
 
 
 m d 
 
 ffi d 
 
 _Q 
 
 3 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 5" 
 
 5^ 
 
 P 
 
 1^ 
 5« 
 
 -S "1 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ X) 
 
 ^ oD 
 
 , JD 
 
 , JD 
 
 ^ X! 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 , Jl' 
 
 
 ^-; 
 
 \,g 
 
 ^■S 
 
 "i: 
 
 >'g h; 
 
 -[55 
 
 H:S 
 
 H55 
 
 "12 S 
 
 H^S 
 
 H:S 
 
 "Kf=^ 
 
 H52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -H^ CI 
 
 
 CU 
 
 c-u 
 
 c<i; 
 
 ci ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 'y. 
 
 .^ " 
 
 ^x ^1 
 
 
 y.^ y. 
 
 ;-i ->5 
 
 k! CI 
 
 K '^ 
 
 ■A CI 
 
 
 V;^^i 
 
 ^i^ "'-^ 
 
 '>'-''-t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 -'- 
 
 -' 
 
 -f 
 
 -~ ' .o"* 
 
 -f 
 
 _"" 
 
 -f 
 
 „t 
 
 w"^ 
 
 ?r^ 
 
 -!■ 
 
 "' 
 
 s 
 
 213 
 
 295 
 
 355 
 
 438 
 
 4l-i7| 574 
 
 679 
 
 759 
 
 S42 
 
 939 
 
 10(iO 
 
 1123 
 
 1268 
 
 1444 
 
 •' 
 
 100 
 
 224 
 
 271 
 
 337 
 
 359 
 
 444 
 
 527 
 
 589 
 
 (i54 
 
 732 
 
 829 
 
 874 
 
 992 
 
 1130 
 
 10 
 
 121 
 
 174 
 
 212 
 
 265 
 
 282 
 
 351 
 
 419 
 
 469 
 
 520 
 
 582 
 
 6fi0 
 
 697 
 
 794 
 
 905 
 
 11 
 
 93 
 
 136 
 
 168 
 
 212 
 
 226 
 
 282 
 
 338 
 
 380 
 
 421 
 
 473 
 
 538 
 
 567 
 
 645 
 
 739 
 
 12 
 
 72 
 
 IDS 
 
 135 
 
 171 
 
 182' 230 
 
 276 
 
 312 
 
 346 
 
 389 
 
 443 
 
 467 
 
 534 
 
 611 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 86 
 
 109 
 
 140 
 
 148 189 
 
 228 
 
 260 
 
 287 
 
 324 
 
 369 
 
 389 
 
 446 
 
 513 
 
 H !■* 
 
 42 
 
 69 
 
 88 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
 156 
 
 191 
 
 217 
 
 240 
 
 273 
 
 312 
 
 328 
 
 377 
 
 434 
 
 g 1 15 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 71 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 131 
 
 160 
 
 183 
 
 203 
 
 231 
 
 266 
 
 279 
 
 321 
 
 371 
 
 g 1 16 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 58 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 109 
 
 135 
 
 155 
 
 172 
 
 197 
 
 221 
 
 238 
 
 275 
 
 320 
 
 Z ' 17 
 
 
 33 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 91 
 
 115 
 
 132 
 
 147 
 
 168 
 
 196 
 
 205 
 
 238 
 
 277 
 
 ; 1 18 
 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 54 
 
 55 77 
 
 97 
 
 113 
 
 125 
 
 145 
 
 169 
 
 176 
 
 206 
 
 241 
 
 2 ' 19 
 
 
 
 29 
 23 
 
 44 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 45 64 
 36 53 
 
 ,S2 
 70 
 59 
 50 
 42 
 34 
 
 97 
 83 
 71 
 61 
 52 
 43 
 
 107 
 02 
 
 78 
 (i7 
 57 
 48 
 40 
 33 
 
 125 
 107 
 93 
 80 
 69 
 59 
 50 
 42 
 
 146 
 127 
 110 
 
 96 
 ,S4 
 72 
 63 
 54 
 
 152 
 132 
 115 
 100 
 
 87 
 74 
 64 
 55 
 
 179 
 156 
 136 
 119 
 105 
 91 
 
 210 
 184 
 162 
 142 
 126 
 111 
 
 ' 21 
 
 22 
 0;J 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 22 
 
 44 
 3(i 
 29 
 
 
 
 ; : ; . 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '>lj 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 36 
 
 80 97 1 
 
 2fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^2 
 
 30 
 
 69 
 
 86 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 All jf)ists are 4" wide at base and spaced 2'-0" c. to c. 
 B. iM. = 1/10 wl-. 
 
 *Weight of tloor given does not include weigiit of ceiling. 
 See page 19 for full description of Floretyle Construction. 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 101 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Live Loads per Square Foot for Hollow Terra Cotta 
 Tile Floors of Various Thicknesses 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 einforced with ^ 
 
 ."xli 
 
 -," Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 
 
 
 Depth 
 
 cu d 
 m o 
 
 "J 
 
 — O 
 
 :G o 
 
 +1 
 
 rd o 
 
 +1 
 
 :^ o 
 HO 
 
 <L1 C 
 
 -■;= o 
 
 H 
 
 + g 
 
 :^ O 
 HO 
 
 '^ o 
 aj a 
 r^ O 
 HO 
 
 H 
 
 4-J 
 
 HO 
 
 :^ O 
 HO 
 
 
 ■^.H 
 
 ^05 
 
 b^ 
 
 Sdci 
 
 00^ 
 
 DO 01 
 
 2 
 
 o'i^ 
 
 bci 
 
 C-] 
 
 C5^ 
 
 ClCl 
 
 Wk-IU. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 floor in 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 54 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 63 75 
 
 87 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spacing 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 G 
 
 37S 464 
 
 565 
 
 651 
 
 752 S3S 
 
 852 
 
 93sll024 
 
 1039 
 
 11 
 
 25 1211 
 
 
 7 
 
 2GS 
 
 328 
 
 403 
 
 462 
 
 538 
 
 598 
 
 612 
 
 672! 732 
 
 747 
 
 807 867 
 
 
 s 
 
 19G 
 
 239 
 
 297 
 
 340 
 
 398 
 
 442 
 
 456 
 
 499 
 
 542 
 
 557 
 
 600. 643 
 
 
 <) 
 
 147 
 
 178 
 
 225 
 
 256 
 
 303 
 
 335 
 
 349 
 
 380 
 
 412 
 
 427 
 
 458 490 
 
 
 10 
 
 112 
 
 135 
 
 173 
 
 196 
 
 235 258 
 
 272 
 
 295 
 
 319 
 
 334 
 
 357 380 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 SO 
 
 103 
 
 135 
 
 152 
 
 184, 202 
 
 216 
 
 233 
 
 250 
 
 265 
 
 282 299 
 
 
 12 
 
 GG 
 
 78 
 
 106 
 
 118 
 
 146 159 
 
 173 
 
 185 
 
 197 
 
 212 
 
 225 237 
 
 z 
 
 13 
 
 
 59 
 
 S3 
 
 92 
 
 IIG 125 
 
 139 
 
 148 
 
 157 
 
 172 
 
 181 190 
 
 z 
 
 14 
 
 
 44 
 
 G5 
 
 71 
 
 92 98 
 
 112 
 
 118 
 
 124 
 
 139 
 
 145 151 
 
 p- 
 
 15 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 73 77 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 113 
 
 117 121 
 
 
 IG 
 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 58 59 
 
 73 
 
 75 77 
 
 92 
 
 94 96 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 59 74 
 
 75 75 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 59 
 
 58 57 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 47 
 
 45 42 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 33 30 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 «./■ 
 
 
 B. 
 
 M. = 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 •i^'>Vr■.■^;- '■;■"-■-'■'•:;■■?.' 
 
 ■ ■■:!■■• ■■!;^:''. '• ^ V 
 
 
 
 ','■'.'.::■.'■ 1 
 
 l—l 
 
 1 B^H 
 
 H 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 BIH ^^H 
 
 ^^^1 ^HH 
 
 ^I^H ^^^H 
 
 ■^^■i 
 
 wmmwam 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 102 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Safe Live Loads per Square Foot for Hollow Terra Cotta 
 Tile Floors of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Reinforced with i /'xl' /' Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 + b 
 
 + S 
 
 + 1 
 
 +s 
 
 + 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 + b 
 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 
 72 O 
 
 :=: 
 
 
 ^ O 
 
 ~ o 
 
 ~ o 
 
 
 :^ o 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 rz o 
 
 
 
 HO 
 
 HO 
 
 HU 
 
 HO 
 
 HO 
 
 HO 
 
 ^ 
 
 HO 
 
 HO 
 
 H 
 
 HO 
 
 HO 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 '^C'l 
 
 o^ 
 
 'bc'i 
 
 00^ 
 
 GC C-l O 
 
 b^ 
 
 bc^i 
 
 =■} 
 
 
 C-5CI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r-H 
 
 '"' 
 
 Weight of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Floor 
 in PoLinrls 
 
 39 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 71 58 ! 70 
 
 82 
 
 68 
 
 SO 
 
 92 
 
 Per sq. ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spacing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17" C. to C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 () 
 
 352 
 
 433 
 
 524 
 
 606 
 
 700 
 
 780 1 793 
 
 874 
 
 950 
 
 964 
 
 1046 
 
 1128 
 
 
 7 
 
 249 
 
 304 
 
 372 
 
 429 
 
 498 
 
 555 
 
 568 
 
 (i24 
 
 679 
 
 693 
 
 748 
 
 804 
 
 
 S 
 
 181 
 
 221 
 
 273 
 
 314 
 
 368 
 
 408 
 
 421 
 
 461 
 
 501 
 
 515 
 
 554 
 
 594 
 
 
 9 
 
 135 
 
 164 
 
 205 
 
 236 
 
 279 
 
 308 
 
 321 
 
 350 
 
 378 
 
 392 
 
 421 
 
 450 
 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 123 
 
 157 
 
 180 
 
 215 
 
 236 
 
 249 
 
 270 
 
 291 
 
 305 
 
 326 
 
 348 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 77 
 
 9:-i 
 
 122 
 
 136 
 
 167 
 
 184 
 
 197 
 
 211 
 
 226 
 
 240 
 
 2.55 
 
 271 
 
 
 12 
 
 59 
 
 70 
 
 94 
 
 106 
 
 131 
 
 143 
 
 156 
 
 166 
 
 177 
 
 191 
 
 202 
 
 213 
 
 13 
 
 
 52 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 103 
 
 111 • 124 
 
 131 
 
 139 
 
 153 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 '^. 
 
 14 
 
 
 38 
 
 5() 
 
 61 
 
 80 
 
 86 99 
 
 104 
 
 108 
 
 122 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 62 
 
 65 78 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 98 
 
 100 
 
 103 
 
 < 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 49 j 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 in 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 35 ■ 48 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 37 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 
 HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ivli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3. M. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 1U3 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Live Loads per Square Foot for Hollow Terra Cotta 
 Tile Floors of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Reinforced with %"x2-^\;" and l'^2"'^^H" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 2t"ii" 
 
 BARS 
 
 + 1 
 
 .~ o 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 l,U21" 
 
 1 
 
 11 c 
 rr o 
 HU 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 +1 
 ^ o 
 
 
 Depth 
 
 +1 
 — o 
 
 +1 
 — o 
 
 ^ O 
 
 Tile + 
 Concrete 
 
 Tile + 
 
 Concrete 
 
 +1 
 
 at c 
 rz: o 
 HO 
 
 +1 
 
 ■rz o 
 
 ! 
 
 1 :^ o 
 ! HU 
 
 
 Q='C^ 
 
 yioi 
 
 bo^ 
 
 (M<N 
 
 C^Ol 01 Ol 
 
 bcv) 
 
 a:^i 
 
 OM 
 
 , OICJ 
 
 : ciJo 
 
 Weight of 
 
 Floor 
 in Pounds 
 Per sq. ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 68 
 
 78 
 
 toC- 
 
 87 
 
 98 104 
 
 61 
 
 71 
 
 82 
 
 92 
 
 108 
 2167 
 
 Spacing 
 
 : — 10" (_ 
 
 1.5" 
 
 13" 
 
 C to C- 
 
 1018 
 
 
 
 827 
 
 1208 
 
 
 S 
 
 686 
 
 887 
 
 1090 
 
 1293 
 
 1374 
 
 1595 
 
 639 
 
 
 9 
 
 528 
 
 687 
 
 845 
 
 1003 
 
 1065 
 
 1238 
 
 492 
 
 63S 
 
 786 
 
 935 
 
 1687 
 
 
 10 
 
 416 
 
 543 
 
 669 
 
 796 
 
 844 
 
 983 
 
 387 
 
 504 
 
 621 
 
 739 
 
 1347 
 
 
 11 
 
 334 
 
 437 
 
 540 
 
 643 
 
 681 
 
 795 
 
 309 
 
 404 
 
 499 
 
 595 
 
 1094 
 
 
 12 
 
 271 
 
 357 
 
 441 
 
 526 
 
 556 
 
 651 
 
 250 
 
 329 
 
 406 
 
 485 
 
 902 
 
 
 13 
 
 222 
 
 294 
 
 364 
 
 436 
 
 459 
 
 539 
 
 204 
 
 269 
 
 334 
 
 399 
 
 752 
 
 
 U 
 
 182 
 
 244 
 
 303 
 
 363 
 
 383 
 
 451 
 
 167 
 
 222 
 
 276 
 
 332 
 
 634 
 
 
 15 
 
 152 
 
 204 
 
 254 
 
 306 
 
 321 
 
 379 
 
 138 
 
 185 
 
 230 
 
 277 
 
 53S 
 
 
 16 
 
 127 
 
 171 
 
 214 
 
 257 
 
 270 
 
 320 
 
 114 
 
 154 
 
 193 
 
 233 
 
 460 
 
 H 
 
 17 
 
 106 
 
 144 
 
 181 
 
 218 
 
 228 
 
 272 
 
 94 
 
 128 
 
 161 
 
 196 
 
 395 
 
 
 IS 
 
 88 
 
 121 
 
 153 
 
 185 
 
 193 231 
 
 77 
 
 107 
 
 135 
 
 165 
 
 341 
 
 u. 
 
 19 
 
 73 
 
 101 
 
 129 
 
 157 
 
 163 197 
 
 63 
 
 88 
 
 113 
 
 138 
 
 295 
 
 'A 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 85 
 
 109 
 
 133 
 
 137 167 
 
 51 
 
 73 
 
 94 
 
 116 
 
 256 
 
 'A 
 
 21 
 
 49 
 
 71 
 
 92 
 
 113 
 
 116 142 
 
 
 59 
 
 77 
 
 97 
 
 ooo 
 
 < 
 
 c/) 
 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 58 
 
 76 
 
 95 
 
 97' 121 
 
 
 48 
 
 63 
 
 SO 
 
 192 
 
 23 
 
 
 47 
 
 63 
 
 SO 
 
 SO 101 
 
 
 38 
 
 51 
 
 65 
 
 167 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 38 
 
 52 
 
 ()(i 
 
 66 S5 
 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 145 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 54 
 
 53 70 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 125 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 43 
 
 41 1 57 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 107 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 31 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 C^r, 
 
 B. 1 
 
 \I. = 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10" ' a" 
 
 Tile Tile 
 
 on 1 on 
 Edge Edge 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 104 
 
T R U S S E D C O N C R E T E S T E E L C M I' -1 N Y 
 
 Safe Live Loads per Square Foot for Hollow Terra Cotta 
 Tile Floors of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Reinforced with ^2'^l2' and 34"x2x\" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 Spaced Alternately 
 
 D KPT 11 
 
 Tile + 
 Concrete 
 
 +1 
 
 ^ o 
 
 ho 
 
 ■u 
 
 +1 
 
 a; d 
 ■■= O 
 
 HO 
 
 ■it 
 
 + S 
 ~ o 
 
 Tile + 
 Concrete 
 
 — 5 
 HO 
 
 +1 
 
 " 5 
 
 :^ o 
 
 
 ^Cl 
 
 b« 
 
 '-^-' 
 
 v.^ 
 
 V.z\ 
 
 
 C 01 
 
 2^ 
 
 J.C, 
 
 Weight of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moor 
 in Pounds 
 Per SQ. ft. 
 
 50 
 
 47 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 87 
 
 Spacing 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi" c. to c. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 7 
 
 447 
 
 5S3 
 
 (wS 
 
 787 
 
 880 
 
 987 
 
 1080 
 
 1189 
 
 1282 
 
 
 S 
 
 353 
 
 435 
 
 505 
 
 589 
 
 658 
 
 740 
 
 809 
 
 893 
 
 961 
 
 
 9 
 
 267 
 
 334 
 
 387 
 
 454 
 
 505 
 
 571 
 
 623 
 
 ()90 
 
 741 
 
 
 10 
 
 20f) 
 
 262 
 
 302 
 
 357 
 
 396 
 
 450 
 
 489 
 
 544 
 
 584 
 
 11 
 
 l(:i3 
 
 208 
 
 239 
 
 285 
 
 316 
 
 360 
 
 391 
 
 437 
 
 467 
 
 12 
 
 129 
 
 167 
 
 191 
 
 231 
 
 255 
 
 292 
 
 316 
 
 355 
 
 379 
 
 f-^ 
 
 V.'> 
 
 103 
 
 135 
 
 154 
 
 188 
 
 207 
 
 239 
 
 258 
 
 291 
 
 310 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 82 
 
 110 
 
 125 
 
 155 
 
 169 
 
 197 
 
 212 
 
 241 
 
 255 
 
 
 ir, 
 
 ()4 
 
 90 
 
 101 
 
 128 
 
 138 
 
 163 
 
 174 
 
 200 
 
 211 
 
 y. 
 
 i(i 
 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 105 
 
 113 
 
 136 
 
 144 
 
 167 
 
 175 
 
 y. 
 
 17 
 
 
 60 
 
 (;6 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 113 
 
 118 
 
 139 
 
 145 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 116 
 
 120 
 
 X 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 (i3 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 wl' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /) 
 
 . M. = 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 105 
 
K A If N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Live Loads per Square Foot for Hollow Terra Cotta 
 Tile Floors of Various Thicknesses 
 
 Reinforced with ^2 "xl'2" and /4 "x2i^" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 Spaced Alternately 
 
 Depth 
 
 :=: 
 
 r^ 
 HO 
 
 
 := 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 HU 1 
 
 r= S 
 HO 
 
 ~ 
 
 HO 
 
 := 
 
 
 ^c-i 
 
 -.2-^ 
 
 bc^ 
 
 V. ^ 
 
 X ^t 
 
 3" 
 
 S^' ] 
 
 v.-^ 
 
 ric-i 
 
 Weight of 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Pounds 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 59 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 92 
 
 Per sq. ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spacing 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 " C. to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 44 ii 
 
 544 
 
 635 
 
 734 
 
 821 
 
 921 
 
 1008 
 
 1109 
 
 1196 
 
 
 8 
 
 329 
 
 405 
 
 472 
 
 548 
 
 612 
 
 689 
 
 753 
 
 830 
 
 894 
 
 
 9 
 
 250 
 
 310 
 
 361 
 
 421 
 
 469 
 
 529 
 
 577 
 
 (>:-59 
 
 6S7 
 
 
 10 
 
 193 
 
 242 
 
 280 
 
 330 
 
 366 
 
 416 
 
 452 
 
 503 
 
 539 
 
 
 11 
 
 151 
 
 191 
 
 222 
 
 262 
 
 290 
 
 331 
 
 359 
 
 402 
 
 430 
 
 
 12 
 
 119 
 
 153 
 
 177 
 
 211 
 
 233 
 
 267 
 
 289 
 
 325 
 
 346 
 
 H 
 
 13 
 
 94 
 
 123 
 
 142 
 
 171 
 
 188 
 
 217 
 
 234 
 
 265 
 
 281 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 74 
 
 90 
 
 114 
 
 139 
 
 152 
 
 178 
 
 191 
 
 217 
 
 230 
 
 u. 
 
 If) 
 
 5S 
 
 80 
 
 92 
 
 114 
 
 123 
 
 146 
 
 155 
 
 179 
 
 188 
 
 /. 
 
 16 
 
 
 65 
 
 74 
 
 93 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 127 
 
 148 
 
 155 
 
 "A 
 
 17 
 
 
 51 
 
 59 
 
 76 
 
 SO 
 
 98 
 
 103 
 
 122 
 
 126 
 
 < 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 100 
 
 103 
 
 X 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 ()4 
 
 66 
 
 81 
 
 S3 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 ()6 
 
 66 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 . M. = 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 90. 
 
 106 
 
T li U S S E D a O A' C li E T E STEEL C U M P ,1 N V 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bar 
 Note ri:^idl\- connected shear members. 
 
 Detail of \\"iiiilo\v P"raining Into Concrete Lintel Beam. 
 
 .r^ 
 
 Cross Section Rtinforced Hollow Tile Floor. 
 
 «iJbb:1mb ||1{|.|l|aBj~ an '■■'■■'■■'■■'■a|''iiiil|fla'aa|lBB' ■■!'■■'■■ ||.l||ii{| aB'pjj 
 ILLBB^Ba U y U BBl._aa.-._B|i- BB-aai aauaalaB-iaa- aa'-'Ba. ■■LaH^an U U U.BB tj 
 
 L_. ,.. . .; 
 
 pu»ys$U::£y:;Us::y':s'L>ssl]C£lss:b^:5iy::~£^ 
 
 Detail of Framing Reinforced Concrete Coiunin.'s, Beams and Floors. 
 
 1U7 
 
A' .:/ // N S Y S T E ]\[ OF R E I iV FORCED C N C R E T E 
 
 Explanation of Tables of Safe Loads for Beams 
 
 The tal)les for beams on pages 100 to 115, give the loads in 
 pounds, uniformly distributed for all usual spans, based upon 
 a fibre stress of 16,000 pounds per square inch in the steel. 
 
 These loads include the weight of the beam, which must be 
 deducted in order to arrive at the net load which the beam will 
 carry. 
 
 The carr\'ing capacities in the tables are based on beams freelv 
 
 Wl 
 supported at the ends and uniformlv loaded ; that is, BA'I =-p^ — 
 
 o 
 
 In building construction it is usual to take advantage of 
 continuous action and to provide reinforcement at the top of 
 the beam over the supports. 
 
 For continuous beams, the Bending Moment at the center 
 
 of the spans mav be considerably reduced. If the value of this 
 
 Wl 
 Bendmg Moment is taken as— r^, the safe loads given in 
 5 K ' ^ 
 
 tables must be multiplied by — and reinforcement must be 
 
 provided in top of beams over both supports at least equal in 
 
 K-S . , , , . 
 
 area to — trmes the area ot steel at center ol span. 
 
 o 
 
 Where the area of steel reinforcement exceeds one per 
 cent, of the area of the concrete, above the steel the beam 
 must be made of T section. This can be readily done by 
 using table on page 61 for ratio of width of T to width of beam. 
 
 For beams carrying plastered ceiling, it is found by exper- 
 ience that their depth should be at least 1-1.3 of the clear span; 
 where this limit is exceeded there is danger of the ceiling 
 cracking. 
 
 These tables show beams reinforced with two Kahn bars 
 alone, and also with two Kahn bars with an additional Rib 
 Bar bent over the supports. Other combinations of rein- 
 forcement will suggest themselves so that any size and condi- 
 tion of loading can be readily provided for. Our engineers 
 will gladly furnish detailed suggestions on the design of rein- 
 forced concrete beams. 
 
 The web members must be bent up at an angle of at least 
 45 degrees with the main section and should be of sufficient 
 length to reach nearly the top of beam. For standard and 
 special lengths of diagonals, see pages 14 to 17. 
 
 108 
 
r li u s s E D c o N a r e r e s t e e l c o m p a n v 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with Two '^,^"x2i^" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 Area = 1.58 sq. in. 
 
 
 DEPTH IN 
 
 NCIIliS (D) 
 
 Span 
 
 IN 
 
 Feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 j [ 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1(1 12 
 
 14 Ui 
 
 l.S 
 
 124 
 
 KiG 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 10!) 
 
 14.^> 
 
 181 
 
 217 
 
 
 
 (17 
 
 12'.1 
 
 161 
 
 103 225 2,58 
 
 10 
 
 
 110 ' 145 
 
 174 203 232 
 
 11 
 
 
 10(_i 132 
 
 1,5,S 1,S4 211 
 
 12 
 
 
 97 
 
 121 
 
 145 ; 109 193 
 
 1.:; 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 134 150 178 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 124 145 100 
 
 1,-1 
 
 
 
 (17 
 
 110 135 155 
 
 IC, 
 
 
 
 
 109 127 145 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 102 : 119 13C) 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 97 1 113 129 
 
 1!) 
 
 
 
 
 107 122 
 
 2(1 
 
 
 
 
 101 110 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 97 110 
 
 ■y'} 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 \OTE-- 
 
 — Make Beam of T Sectiun. 
 il (U'|jth of {"iuam in inclu-s. 
 117 
 
 8 
 
 —For B. M. = — r.- above loads 
 
 
 /) =Tot 
 B. M. = 
 NOTE:- 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 '4- 
 % 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 must 
 
 K 
 
 3e multiplied by 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 4-2" 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 ^8" 
 
 T 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 1(19 
 
A' A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED C O N C RE T E 
 
 Safe Total Load in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with Two ^ji"\2y^" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 and One ^,i" Rib Bar. Area 2.14 sq. in. 
 
 
 
 
 DEPTH IN INCHE.S (D\ 
 
 
 Span in 
 Feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 2(1 
 
 •)0 
 
 24 
 
 !) 
 
 174 
 
 218 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.57 
 
 196 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 143 
 
 178 
 
 214 250 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 131 
 
 164 
 
 196 1 229 
 
 262 
 
 294 
 
 
 Y.i 
 
 
 151 
 
 181 
 
 211 
 
 242 
 
 272 .302 
 
 332 
 
 14 
 
 
 140 
 
 168 
 
 196 
 
 224 
 
 252 280 
 
 308 
 
 ir, 
 
 
 131 
 
 157 
 
 183 
 
 209 
 
 235 
 
 262 
 
 288 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 172 
 
 196 
 
 221 
 
 245 
 
 270 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 139 ! 162 
 
 185 
 
 208 
 
 231 
 
 254 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 153 
 
 174 
 
 196 ; 218 
 
 240 
 
 li) 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 165 
 
 186 207 
 
 227 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 157 
 
 177 196 
 
 216 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 168 1 187 
 
 206 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 142 
 
 161 1 178 
 
 196 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.54 171 
 
 188 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 1()3 
 
 180 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 141 157 
 
 173 
 
 2(5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 151 
 
 166 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 145 
 
 160 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 154 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 NOTE:— Make Bean 
 
 of T ^■ 
 
 ecliun. 
 
 
 Z>=TotaI dcjith (jf Bt 
 11'/ 
 
 am in 
 
 ■h 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 s^;#-y>:i 
 
 /:#>:■:?. 
 
 W^'W. 
 
 ?v"?j2. 
 
 B. M. = {, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -mm 
 
 m 
 
 :■«'.■ F- a? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 NOTE:— Fur B. M. = 
 
 Wl , 
 = -r. al 
 
 )()\-e loads *^ 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 must be niul 
 
 tiplied 
 
 
 
 
 — s" 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 110 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with Two l^ ■/''^'^^ i" Kalin Trussed Bars 
 Area = 2.82 sq. in. 
 
 
 DEPTH IN INCHES (D) 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Feet 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 259 
 
 111 
 302 
 
 18 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 21(3 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 199 
 
 239 
 
 278 
 
 318 
 
 358 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 185 
 
 222 
 
 259 
 
 296 
 
 332 
 
 370 
 
 406 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 172 
 
 207 
 
 241 
 
 276 
 
 310 
 
 345 
 
 379 
 
 414 
 
 448 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 194 
 
 226 
 
 259 
 
 291 
 
 323 
 
 356 
 
 388 
 
 420 
 
 453 
 
 17 
 
 
 182 
 
 213 
 
 244 
 
 274 
 
 304 
 
 335 
 
 365 
 
 39(i 
 
 426 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 201 
 
 230 
 
 258 
 
 287 
 
 316 
 
 345 
 
 374 
 
 402 
 
 19 
 
 
 190 
 
 218 
 
 245 
 
 272 
 
 300 
 
 327 
 
 3.54 
 
 381 
 
 20 
 
 
 181 
 
 207 
 
 233 
 
 258 
 
 284 
 
 310 
 
 33() 
 
 362 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 197 
 
 222 
 
 246 
 
 271 
 
 295 
 
 320 
 
 345 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 188 
 
 212 
 
 235 
 
 259 
 
 282 
 
 305 
 
 329 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 202 
 
 225 
 
 247 
 
 270 
 
 292 
 
 315 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 194 
 
 216 
 
 237 
 
 258 
 
 280 
 
 302 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 207 
 
 228 
 
 248 
 
 2(i9 
 
 29(J 
 
 2G 
 
 
 
 
 
 199 
 
 219 
 
 239 
 
 258 
 
 278 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 191 
 
 211 
 
 230 
 
 249 
 
 2()S 
 
 2S 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,S5 
 
 203 
 
 221 
 
 240 
 
 258 
 
 2« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 196 
 
 214 
 
 232 
 
 250 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 189 
 
 207 
 
 224 
 
 241 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 217 
 
 233 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 194 
 
 210 
 
 226 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 188 
 
 204 
 
 219 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 198 
 
 213 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 192 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 201 
 
 •Ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19(i 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 i 
 
 191 
 
 .\(JTE:— Made B 
 /^=Total depth d 
 
 earn of T Sefli(jn. 
 f Beam in inches. 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 '"J 
 
 
 A.'/ 
 
 
 li 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 1(7 , , D u 
 
 '•\ V 
 
 
 .XOTE:— For B. 1\ 
 
 I. = -f^ abo\'e loads 
 K 
 
 ■'i^ 
 
 l 1- 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 • , , K 
 
 ■_. '^ 
 
 'I^.A 
 
 %:- 
 
 '^2" 
 
 must be inultipl 
 
 led b; 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 — 10 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 Ill 
 
A' // /-/ A' S Y S T E M OF REIN F O R C E D C N C R E T E 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with two lio"x2i4" Kalin Trussed Bars 
 and One ^4" Rib Bar. Area 3.38 sq. in. 
 
 
 DEPTH IN INCHES iD) \ 
 
 Span in 
 Feet 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 2(i 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 286 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 266 
 
 310 
 
 3.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir, 
 
 246 
 
 289 
 
 330 
 
 372 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 232 
 
 271 
 
 310 
 
 348 
 
 387 
 
 426 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 219 
 
 2,5.5 
 
 292 
 
 328 
 
 365 
 
 400 
 
 438 
 
 474 
 
 510 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 241 
 
 27.5 
 
 310 
 
 344 
 
 379 
 
 413 
 
 448 
 
 482 
 
 517 
 
 1!) 
 
 
 228 
 
 261 
 
 294 
 
 326 
 
 359 
 
 392 
 
 424 
 
 45(i 
 
 489 
 
 20 
 
 
 217 
 
 248 
 
 279 
 
 310 
 
 341 
 
 .372 
 
 403 
 
 434 
 
 465 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 236 
 
 266 
 
 295 
 
 324 
 
 354 
 
 384 
 
 413 
 
 443 
 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 254 
 
 282 
 
 310 
 
 338 
 
 366 
 
 394 
 
 4'^3 
 
 2:-! 
 
 
 
 216 
 
 243 
 
 ■2m 
 
 296 
 
 323 
 
 350 
 
 377 
 
 404 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 232 
 
 258 
 
 284 
 
 310 
 
 336 
 
 362 
 
 387 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 223 
 
 248 
 
 272 
 
 298 
 
 322 
 
 347 
 
 372 
 
 2() 
 
 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 262 
 
 286 
 
 310 
 
 334 
 
 357 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 229 
 
 253 
 
 27(i 
 
 298 
 
 321 
 
 344 
 
 2.S 
 
 
 
 
 
 221 
 
 244 
 
 2()(i 
 
 288 
 
 310 
 
 332 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 257 
 
 278 
 
 299 
 
 321 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 227 
 
 248 
 
 268 
 
 289 
 
 310 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 260 
 
 280 
 
 300 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 232 
 
 252 
 
 271 
 
 291 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 244 
 
 263 
 
 282 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 237 
 
 255 
 
 274 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 248 
 
 26() 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 258 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 234 
 
 ■'5'' 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 228 
 
 245 
 
 NOTE:— Mak-c B 
 D=Total depth 
 
 earn of T Section. 
 ' Beam in inches. 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 B.M.-'-^ 
 
 
 1,' 
 - 
 
 t .^n 
 
 '0 '-'^ 
 
 , f'^y^. 
 
 r 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 * ■,> 
 
 ■ /fl 
 
 
 N'OTP:.— For B. R 
 must be niiiltipl 
 
 T TH , , , 
 1. = -r^ abo\'e load.s 
 K 
 
 led by — — 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 Mi*. 
 
 f i 
 
 L 
 
 
 .... I. 
 
 
 8 
 
 ^ // — f<x, 1 
 
 See explanationof tables page 108. 
 
 112 
 
TRUSSED CO ^' CRETE S T E E I. C M P A N Y 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly ,g 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Reinforced with Two l^i"x2^^" Kahn Trussed Bars. Area =4 sq. in. 
 
 DEPTH IX IXX'HES iD) 
 
 18 I 2S.-) 
 
 10 I 270 
 
 2U '■ 2.-i7 
 21 
 
 24 
 2.5 
 26 
 27 
 2S 
 29 
 •30 
 31 
 ■?.■:>. 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 NOTE:— 
 
 Make Beam (_)f 
 T Section. 
 
 D = Total ricpth of 
 Beani in inrlics. 
 
 H. M. = 
 
 XOTK:— Im.i- I'.. M. 
 
 IN 
 
 20 
 367 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 326 
 
 408 
 
 448 
 
 
 
 
 30f) 
 
 348 386 
 
 425 
 
 463 
 
 .502 
 
 
 
 294 
 
 330 367 
 
 404 
 
 440 
 
 477 
 
 514 
 
 
 2S0 
 
 314 349 
 
 384 
 
 419 
 
 454 
 
 489 i .524 
 
 
 267 
 
 300 334 
 
 367 
 
 400 
 
 434 
 
 467 
 
 500 
 
 534 
 
 2.5.5 
 
 287 i 319 
 
 351 
 
 383 
 
 415 
 
 447 
 
 479 
 
 .510 
 
 
 27.5 
 
 306 
 
 336 
 
 367 
 
 398 
 
 428 
 
 459 
 
 4S9 
 
 
 264 
 
 294 
 
 ,323 
 
 352 
 
 382 
 
 411 
 
 440 
 
 470 
 
 
 282 
 
 310 
 
 339 
 
 367 
 
 39,5 
 
 423 
 
 452 
 
 
 272 
 
 299 
 
 326 
 
 353 
 
 380 
 
 408 
 
 435 
 
 
 262 
 
 288 
 
 314 
 
 .341 
 
 367 1 393 
 
 419 
 
 
 
 278 
 
 304 
 
 329 
 
 354 
 
 380 
 
 405 
 
 
 
 269 
 
 294 
 
 318 
 
 342 
 
 367 
 
 391 
 
 
 
 
 284 
 
 308 
 
 331 
 
 355 
 
 379 
 
 
 
 
 275 
 
 298 321 
 
 344 
 
 367 
 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 289 311 
 
 280 302 
 
 272 294 
 
 286 
 
 334 
 324 
 314 
 306 
 
 356 
 346 
 336 
 326 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 278 
 
 298 
 
 318 
 
 
 
 *I 
 
 ^-/2— -I 
 
 Wl , , , , , • ,■ I 1 '^ 
 
 --,-.--al)o\e loafls must lie mull nilui I ii\- ^, 
 
 Iv 8 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 113 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with Two I''^"x2'i4," Kahn Trussed Bars 
 and One 1" Rib Bar. Area = 5 sq. in. 
 
 Span in 
 
 FEliT 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 24 
 2.5 
 26 
 27 
 2,S 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 3.5 
 3(j 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 DEPTH IN INCHES (Dl 
 
 IS 20 
 
 40S 
 386 
 367 
 350 
 334 
 319 
 
 435 
 414 
 394 
 376 
 360 
 345 
 331 
 
 4.58 
 436 
 416 
 399 
 382 
 367 
 353 
 340 
 327 
 
 481 
 458 
 439 
 421 
 404 
 389 
 375 
 361 
 349 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 524 
 
 
 500 
 
 .541 
 
 478 
 
 518 
 
 458 
 
 496 
 
 440 
 
 476 
 
 423 
 
 458 
 
 407 
 
 441 
 
 393 
 
 426 
 
 379 
 
 411 
 
 367 
 
 397 
 
 355 
 
 385 
 
 344 
 
 373 
 
 334 
 
 361 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 341 
 
 30 I 32 34 36 
 
 582 
 558 
 535 
 515 
 493 
 476 
 458 
 444 
 429 
 415 
 402 
 390 
 378 
 368 
 358 
 348 
 339 
 
 599 
 573 
 550 
 .530 
 510 
 492 
 475 
 4()0 
 445 
 430 
 418 
 405 
 394 
 383 
 373 
 3G3 
 3.54 
 345 
 
 638 
 610 
 588 
 565 
 544 
 524 
 500 
 489 
 474 
 458 
 445 
 432 
 420 
 408 
 397 
 386 
 376 
 369 
 
 6.50 
 624 
 600 
 577 
 557 
 538 
 520 
 503 
 487 
 473 
 459 
 446 
 433 
 421 
 410 
 ; 400 
 l390 
 
 NOTE: — Make Beam of T Sectiun. 
 1^ = Total depth of Beam in inche.s. 
 
 Wl 
 B.M. =-,--■ 
 
 NOTE;— For B. M. 
 
 iiiiisl l>e nuihiplied by 
 
 ^^^ 1 
 
 ,. al)o\'el()ads 
 
 K 
 K 
 
 8 ' 
 
 
 ■j-^. 
 
 f f. 
 
 -/£- 
 
 1 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 114 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C M P A N Y 
 
 Safe Total Loads in Hundreds of Pounds Uniformly 
 Distributed for Concrete Beams 
 
 Reinforced with Two 2"x3'2" Kahn Trussed Bars 
 Area = 6 sq. in. 
 
 Span i.n 
 
 
 
 Dlil'TII 
 
 IN INCHES (D) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 2(3 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 484 
 
 528 
 
 572 
 
 016 
 
 
 
 2(i 
 
 4fJ(i 
 
 508 
 
 550 
 
 593 
 
 ()35 
 
 
 27 
 
 448 
 
 489 
 
 530 
 
 571 
 
 612 652 
 
 
 28 
 
 432 
 
 472 
 
 511 
 
 550 590 629 
 
 668 
 
 29 
 
 418 
 
 456 
 
 493 
 
 531 569 607 
 
 645 
 
 30 
 
 404 
 
 440 
 
 477 
 
 514 550 587 
 
 624 
 
 31 
 
 
 42(j 
 
 402 
 
 497 532 568 
 
 604 
 
 32 
 
 
 413 
 
 447 
 
 482 516 550 
 
 585 
 
 33 
 
 
 400 
 
 434 
 
 467 500 534 
 
 567 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 421 
 
 453 48() 518 
 
 550 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 409 
 
 440 472 503 
 
 535 
 
 3(i 
 
 
 
 
 428 459 489 
 
 520 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 417 446 476 
 
 506 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 406 1 435 464 
 
 492 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 424 452 
 
 480 
 
 40 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 413 440 
 
 468 ■ 
 
 NOTE:— P 
 D = Total 
 
 vlal^c lie 
 Jepth of 
 
 mi of T 
 
 Seeliiin. 
 
 % 
 
 
 ; T *'■ ', '> 
 
 ^^i 
 
 1 1 
 
 l\ 
 
 Beam in 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 
 (It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 'W 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 B. M. = 
 
 Wl 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ifi.. 
 
 
 — n 
 
 Jt 
 
 NOTE:— 1 
 
 'urQ. M 
 
 Wl 
 " K 
 
 i|](ive lo 
 
 ids must be multiplied b\- 
 
 K 
 
 8 
 
 See explanation of tables page 108. 
 
 115 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Safe Loads in Thousands of Pounds for Square, 
 Stayed Colvimns of Reinforced Concrete 
 
 No. of 
 Verti.-als 
 
 4 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 4 1 6 
 
 6 8 
 
 10 
 
 IK" 
 
 Size of 
 Rib Bars 
 
 Vs" 
 
 ?4" 
 
 ^"L's" 
 
 -'*" 
 
 1" 
 
 %" IJ^" 
 
 1" llVs'llVs" 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 S8 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 105 
 
 108 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 15 
 
 109 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 119 
 133 
 149 
 
 122 
 135 
 152 
 
 12() 
 140 
 156 
 
 130 
 
 144 1 147 
 160 163 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 12,S 
 
 129 
 
 
 16 
 
 139 
 
 144 
 
 145 
 
 
 17 
 
 155 160 
 178 
 19() 
 
 161 
 179 
 
 197 
 
 165 
 
 168 
 186 
 
 172 
 19(J 
 208 
 
 176 179 
 194 197 
 212 215 
 
 186 
 204 
 222 
 
 233 
 
 
 18 
 » 19 
 
 183 
 201 
 
 204 
 
 t 20 
 c 21 
 
 1, 23 
 
 210 
 236 
 
 217 
 237 
 259 
 
 221 
 241 
 263 
 286 
 
 224 
 
 228 
 
 232 235 
 
 242 
 262 
 284 
 307 
 
 253 
 
 273 291 
 295 313 
 
 354 
 
 244 
 
 248 
 
 252 
 
 255 
 
 266 , 270 
 
 274 
 
 297 
 
 277 
 
 289 
 
 293 
 
 300 
 
 318 
 
 336 
 
 |,25 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 312 
 336 
 
 316 
 340 
 
 320 
 344 
 
 323 
 347 
 
 330 
 
 341 
 365 
 
 359 
 383 
 
 377 
 401 
 
 354 
 
 '■" . 2G 
 
 
 
 
 362 
 
 366 
 
 370 
 
 373 
 
 380 
 
 391 
 
 409 
 
 427 
 
 'iri 
 
 27 
 2S 
 
 
 
 
 
 393 
 
 397 
 424 
 
 400 
 427 
 
 407 
 434 
 
 418 
 
 436 
 463 
 
 454 
 481 
 
 '420 
 
 445 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 452 455 
 
 462 
 
 473 
 
 491 
 
 509 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 482 i 485 
 
 492 
 
 503 
 
 521 
 
 539 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mi; 
 
 523 
 554 
 
 534 
 
 552 
 
 570 
 601 
 
 ! .32 
 
 NOTE:— 
 
 
 565 
 
 583 
 
 
 33 
 
 Minimum Vertical Steel = 'a'.o- 
 
 586 
 
 597 615 
 
 633 
 
 
 34 
 
 3.") 
 
 Middle Heavj' Line indicales 1% 
 
 Vertical Steel. 
 Maximum Vertical Steel = '2'' _i% 
 
 (Steel Carrying 25% of Load.) 
 
 619 
 
 630 648 
 6()5 ' 683 
 701 719 
 
 666 
 701 
 
 1 o(J 
 
 737 
 
 Abov*. 
 
 loads couunuted by formulae: 1 
 
 Safe Load =500 (Ac + 15 As.) 
 
 Ac -- Area of Concrete. As=Arfa of W'vtii'Lil Steel. 
 
 Stress on Concrete = 500 lbs. per sq. in. Vvr other stresses on concrete, Safe 
 
 Loads will be proportional. 
 Concrete mixture for columns; 1:13^:3 — \'ertical Steel is stayed everv 12 
 
 inches with No. 3 I r^ in. diameter) wire, extending around coUniin. 
 Least width of ('olumn should not exceed 1-L5 of its unsupported leni^th. 
 Reduce Loads for eccentric loading, bending strains, etc. 
 See iiage OS for Discussion of LTnhooped Columns. 
 
 IKi 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO M P A N Y 
 
 Safe Loads Carried by Hooped Cokimns 
 
 SAFE 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LOADS 
 
 
 V 
 
 uJS 
 
 So 
 
 ^ rt 
 
 ^c S 
 
 ■— ^' 
 
 " i- 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 5 te 
 
 o.i: 
 
 "l^i 
 
 tj q 
 
 In Pounds 
 
 OQ 
 16" 
 
 (35 
 
 
 N ;- -i^ 
 
 CLhKU 
 3'.," 
 
 125000 
 
 12" 
 
 6 
 
 = ,v" Rib Bar 
 
 J. 1, 
 
 150000 
 
 IS" 
 
 14" 6 
 
 ■•s" Rib Bar 
 
 -K;; 
 
 y '" 
 
 175000 
 
 18" 
 
 14" ; 6 
 
 i'i" Rib Bar 
 
 
 ;i " 
 
 200000 
 
 20" 
 
 10" 6 
 
 = .s" Rib Bar 
 
 A" 
 
 3 " 
 
 225000 
 
 20" 
 
 16" 6 
 
 'k" Rib Bar 
 
 T5 
 
 ;i " 
 
 
 20" 
 
 1«" 1 6 
 
 H" Rib Bar 
 
 _5." 
 
 2 1.." 
 
 250000 
 
 20" 
 
 16" 6 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 A" 
 
 2' .." 
 
 
 20" 
 
 16" 
 
 6 , "," Rib Bar 
 
 ;i " 
 
 
 275000 
 
 20" 
 
 10" 
 
 6 ' 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 3 s" 
 
 2' ■■" 
 
 
 22" 
 
 18" 
 
 6 ' U" Rib Bar 
 
 i\. " 
 
 
 300000 1 22" 
 
 IS" 
 
 
 
 !•«" Rib Bar 
 
 "I'V " 
 
 
 22" 
 
 IS" 
 
 6 
 
 I " Rib Bar 
 
 ■' n" 
 
 
 325000 22" 
 
 IS" 
 
 6 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 •'»;; 
 
 
 22" 
 
 IS" 
 
 6 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 
 2 ' ■■" 
 
 350000 ■ 22" ' IS" 
 
 8 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 !S" 
 
 2 ' "•." 
 
 24" 20" 
 
 8 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 i'u " 
 
 
 375000 24" 2(1" 
 
 6 
 
 I'i" Rib Bar 
 
 
 
 
 24" 20" 
 
 8 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ii s" 
 
 
 
 24" 20" 
 
 6 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ' ^ ',' 
 
 2 ' ■." 
 
 400000 
 
 21" 20" 
 
 6 
 
 II4" Rib Bar 
 
 
 
 24" 1 20" 
 
 8 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ''■\" 
 
 2' ■/' 
 
 24" 
 
 20" 
 
 6 j 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ■^h" 
 
 
 425000 24" 
 
 20" 
 
 8 
 
 fs" Rib Bar 
 
 ■' s" 
 
 2' ■." 
 
 
 24" 
 
 20" 
 
 S 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ;i " 
 
 
 450000 
 
 24" 
 
 20" 
 
 S 
 
 1 • ,," Rib Bar 
 
 :'.s 
 
 
 
 20" 
 
 22" 
 
 s 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ■'n" 
 
 2 ' ■/' 
 
 475000 20" 
 
 22" 
 
 8 
 
 l'.^" Rib Bar 
 
 '■'> ^" 
 
 2' '" 
 
 20" 
 
 22" 
 
 8 
 
 I " Rib Bar 
 
 ■.'. ^if 
 
 
 500000 20" 
 
 22" 
 
 8 
 
 1'.^" Rib Bar 
 
 ■' \" 
 
 
 2S" 
 
 24" 
 
 8 
 
 1 " Rib Bar 
 
 ■' s" 
 
 
 525000 20" 
 
 22" 
 
 10 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 ''.h" 
 
 
 28" 
 
 24" 
 
 8 
 
 1",5" Rib Bar 
 
 ^ s" 
 
 
 550000 1 28" 
 
 24" 
 
 10 
 
 1 's" Rib Bar 
 
 ■',s" 
 
 
 28" 
 
 24" 
 
 8 
 
 1',^" Rib Bar 
 
 •'■ y_" 
 
 2' ■/' 
 
 575000 28" 
 
 24" 
 
 10 
 
 l'«" Rib Bar 
 
 ■' s" 
 
 2' '" 
 
 28" 24" 
 
 8 
 
 1 "h" Rib Bar 
 
 ■'s" 
 
 
 GOOOOO 28" 24" 
 
 10 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 '''\" 
 
 2 " 
 
 28" 1 24" 
 
 8 
 
 1 ' 3" Rib Bar 
 
 ■N" 
 
 11.." 
 
 625000 28" 24" 
 
 10 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 ■' s" 
 
 1 1." 
 
 650000 30" 20" 
 
 10 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 ''' \" 
 
 2 " 
 
 675000 1 30" 2i;" 
 
 11) 
 
 1 's" Rib Bar 
 
 ; y" 
 
 2 " 
 
 30" 20" 
 
 8 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 ■'s" 
 
 J './' 
 
 700000 30" 20" 
 
 10 
 
 I'.s" Rib Bar 
 
 '■'■ ^" 
 
 1 './' 
 
 32" ' 28" 
 
 10 
 
 1'.," Rib Bar 
 
 '■'' ^ " 
 
 2 ' ■/' 
 
 750000 30" 1 20" 
 
 10 
 
 I'j" Rib Bar 
 
 ■'n" 
 
 I'/' 
 
 32" ! 28" 
 
 10 
 
 11.4" Rib Bar 
 
 ■' s" 
 
 2 ' ■'" 
 
 32" 1 28" 
 
 10 
 
 1 ' s" Rib Bar 
 
 Vn 
 
 2 " 
 
 800000 32" 28" 
 
 10 
 
 1'4" Rib Bar 
 
 
 I 1." 
 
 34" 30" 
 
 10 
 
 I's" Rib Bar 
 
 ■'s" 
 
 2 " 
 
 850000 34" 30" 
 
 10 
 
 II4" Rib Bar 
 
 y%" 
 
 2 " 
 
 34" 30" 
 
 10 
 
 I'a" Rib Bar 
 
 y%" 
 
 1.'-" 
 
 Concrete mixture for these columns should be 1:1 '2:^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 Above table is for hooped columns loaded symmetrii 
 
 all\-; leduce lo 
 
 -ids 
 
 for eccentric loading, bending strains, etc. 
 
 
 
 Least width of column should not exceed 1/15 of its 
 
 insupporLed len 
 
 4th, 
 
 Due allowance must be made for eccentric loadint^, b 
 
 ending, ete. 
 
 
 See page 08 for Theory of Hooped Columns. 
 
 
 
K A H N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 i 
 
 ID 
 
 erf 
 
 
 ^ i-H (M c<) CI (M CI CI CI CI c) c^i CI CI CI CI c^ <ci c<i (M ca 
 
 ^^ ^x y^ y. y- y- ^x y. y y y y y y y y y y y y y 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 ^2222332SSJ^g3^§?32§?J?^cS?^ 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 tin 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 Q 
 
 O O O ^ Cl ?0 (Xi CC ro ^ ^ O ^H Ol Cl CO ^ LO lo to o 
 
 J J .1 .1 .1 .' .1 .i .1 J J .i J .' .' .' .1 .' .1 .' .1 
 
 b b ^ w ^ ^ ^ ;h w w ^ ^1 CI ^-1 CI ^) CI c) CI CI CI 
 
 Si 
 
 btboooifocoosocDOiOcoocnofococbcvo 
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J 
 
 c/5 
 
 CQ 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 -I- 
 
 ^.« 
 
 s a 
 ^ w 
 
 erf 
 
 a; 
 
 
 6 
 
 22^;5'2:2:i:'S2gg?5J5S?'i'?5SS?i?;j6^s;s' 
 
 O 
 
 z: 
 
 g 
 
 tin 
 
 O 
 W 
 
 
 b O O ^ CI CO i^ to CD i> I^ Cl C5 CO ill LO lo b J-- t^ CC' 33 
 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 { 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 otDOcbbcoa:'Oco030coc!3bcoooocococoo 
 
 II 1 .1 1 1 1 II 
 
 C/) 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 erf 
 
 <A 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 
 6 
 
 2; 
 
 -t ■j:> ci ci -t< rtH c/D ci C3 CD cC":o CO CO O' CI CI -t^ M^ o ■^' y 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ oq c) ci c;i -. ^ ^ ci ci C5 ci ci ci ci CI 
 
 7- 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 w 
 
 c7^ 
 
 D. 
 
 Q 
 
 o o ^ CO ^ to b t- cci C3 ctj ^M ^ b t^ CO. C-. o w « b ^ 
 
 TiiiiiiiiiiT'T'iiiiTT^ii 
 
 b -^ ^ « ^ ^ --- ^ -^ ~-H ^^ ;h ^^ C, ~C4 C, ^1 CI 01 ^1 ?0 CO 
 
 1-. 
 
 CO 
 
 ^i.0OcDOr^r--Q0C/)G0C^C^OOOOr-H^,-H^01Cl 
 
 Soil \\\lue 
 
 PER 
 
 Sq. Foot 
 
 
 C 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooo 
 oooooooooooooooooooooo 
 oooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 no 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO M P A N Y 
 
 t3 
 u 
 
 Ih 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 [ 1 
 
 1 
 
 I- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "T 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ?o 
 
 
 
 ?? 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 
 
 
 ^ --f^ -* '^ 
 
 lO uo 
 
 'O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L-_ 
 
 l_- 
 
 ?^ 
 
 ?^ 
 
 T^ 
 
 ?^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■^ — ^ 
 
 1^- - 
 
 ■i.— -. - 
 
 
 :, 
 
 :- 
 
 :. 
 
 :,-. 
 
 "K"S 
 
 -t 
 
 -t-t 
 
 H: 
 
 -,t 
 
 -e 
 
 h: 
 
 «j^ 
 
 "!^ 
 
 < 
 
 ..1'^ 
 
 A'^ 
 
 "i^ 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
 ^;^ 
 
 __^x 
 
 CI CI C] CI CI 
 
 ■/• y- y- y y 
 
 CI 
 
 y. 
 
 Cl 
 
 CI 
 
 y 
 
 Cl 
 
 y. 
 
 Cl 
 
 y 
 
 (^i 
 ^x 
 
 y 
 
 Cl 
 
 Cl 
 
 y 
 
 Cl 
 
 Cl 
 
 o 
 
 ^- 
 
 ^ 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 •^o 
 
 }' 
 
 \'- 
 
 V 
 
 V) 
 
 ?7. 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;i-^ 
 
 ■;_, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 oo 
 ^1 ^1 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^1 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^'r 
 
 J 
 
 1' 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 T 
 
 Cl 
 
 ^1 
 
 ~\ 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 y 
 
 ■-■"1 
 ^1 
 
 'O LO lO -C -O --^ -^ 1^ 1^ t^ l^ l^ I^ 'Ji X 
 
 
 7i 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 "4, 
 
 -H ^ --H -— 1 Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl C] CI Cl Cl Cl CJ Cl Cl Cl 
 
 ^xxxx;^xx^>^xxx>^;^><xx;^xx 
 
 -H|c(rHXi«|c-i-H;rin|-*c^|-?^]'li:^|-l'mH'c^|-ei:^|-n^H^|-l<(^i-f-^|Tt<mH<ra|ti«|-tico|-iio:i-t( 
 
 ■w 00 'jO X' -H O OO X O O O O O Cl -t^ O QO X O C 1 
 T— I r— I .-H .— I 1— ( T— I i-H ,— 1 Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 N O 
 
 Q 
 
 O' O ^ o ^ i^o It' r^ X' X cr. cr.' o ^ 'i^ o '^ ^ c 1 c 
 
 i 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 O O O '— 1 — - ^ --H —1 —1 >-* i-H ^ ■—( --H --H 01 Cl Cl Cl Cl 
 
 
 c? 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 
 
 
 -r^ -t^ -H »o ic 'io CO o "-0 o I-- h- 1>- r^ t^ 00 oc ijO c/j ^X' 
 
 w^ 
 
 Mfc 
 
 — H ^ T-H ^H ^1 ri ^1 '-■1 ^) r-j ^i (^1 c^ Cl Cl Cl Ci C] Cl Cl Cl 
 
 y, y. y. y.'y.'y, y.'y, y. y, y. y. y. y, y, y, -y. y, •^. y. y. 
 
 ;=; 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 LO 
 
 
 r-- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Cl Cl 
 
 1 1 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO - 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 ^1 
 
 J" 
 
 T 
 
 ^1 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^( 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 C! 
 
 
 Cl Cl 
 
 Cl 
 
 Cl c 
 
 T 
 
 o 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^1 
 
 to 
 ^1 
 
 J"' 
 
 T 
 
 CO 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 o 
 ^1 
 
 J ^ 
 
 I 5,= = ^t,^ 
 
 K ^ 1 
 
 
 - I.^ cr, X iX' Xi a: ^. 
 
 o -i ^ \ 
 
 oJ 5 o 
 
 ooooooooooooooooooooo 
 oc:ooooo®ooooooooooooo 
 
 o ifi o *c o ic o ir; o iTj o ir; o >r o in o tc o If. o 
 
 121 
 
K AH N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Quantities of Ma 
 
 terial for One Cubic Yard of Rammed 
 Plain and Reinforced," 
 
 PERCENT 
 
 Proportions 
 
 BY P.ARTS 
 
 Proportions 
 
 BY VOLUMFi 
 
 
 .50% Broken 
 
 Stone Screened to 
 
 Uniform Size 
 
 
 c 
 S 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 (US iJ 
 
 o G o c 
 
 Is 
 
 U If! 
 
 if! 
 
 
 
 Bbl. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Cu. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 99 
 
 Bbl. 1 Cu. 1 Cu. 
 Yd. 1 Yd. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 5.7 
 
 3.19 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.67 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3.S 
 
 7.6 
 
 75 
 
 2.85 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 9.5 
 
 61 
 
 2.57 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.90 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 11.4 
 
 51 
 
 2.34 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.99 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 2 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 7.6 
 
 93 
 
 2.49 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.70 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 9.5 
 
 76 
 
 2.27 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 11.4 
 
 64 
 
 2.09 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.88 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 13.3 
 
 55 
 
 1.94 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 4 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 15.2 
 
 49 
 
 l.,S0 
 
 0.38 
 
 1.01 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 17.1 
 
 44 
 
 1.69 
 
 0.36 
 
 1.07 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5.7 
 
 19.0 
 
 40 
 
 1.59 
 
 0.34 
 
 1.12 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 75 
 
 1.89 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 
 •2 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 13.3 
 
 65 
 
 1.76 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.87 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 7.(i 
 
 15.2 
 
 57 
 
 1.05 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.93 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 17.1 
 
 51 
 
 1.55 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.98 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 7.1) 
 
 19.0 
 
 47 
 
 1.47 
 
 0.41 
 
 1.03 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 7.6 
 
 20.9 
 
 43 
 
 1.39 
 
 0.39 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 (5 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 22.8 
 
 40 
 
 1.32 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.11 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 11.4 
 
 87 
 
 1.72 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.73 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 13.3 
 
 75 
 
 1.62 
 
 0.57 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 4 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 15.2 
 
 60 
 
 1.52 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.86 
 
 
 1 2.5 4.,5 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 17.1 
 
 60 1.44 0.51 
 
 0.91 
 
 
 1 1 2.5 5 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 19.0 
 
 54 1.37 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.9(i 
 
 
 1 2.5 1 5.5 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 20.9 
 
 49 1.30 
 
 0.46 
 
 1.01 
 
 
 1 2.5 ; 6 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 22.8 
 
 46 1.24 
 
 0.44 
 
 1.05 
 
 
 1 ' 2,5 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 24.7 
 
 42 ' 1.18 
 
 0.42 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 1 2.5 
 
 7 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 26.6 
 
 40 1 1.13 
 
 0.40 
 
 1.11 
 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 15.2 
 
 76 ' 1.42 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 1 I 3 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 17.1 
 
 68 1.34 
 
 0.57 
 
 0.85 
 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 19.0 
 
 61 1.2S 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.90 
 
 
 1 ' 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 20.9 
 
 .56 1.22 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.94 
 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 22.8 
 
 52 11.0 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.98 
 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 (5.5 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 24.7 
 
 48 i 1.12 
 
 0.47 
 
 1.02 
 
 
 122 
 
TRUSSED CO .V C R E T E S T E E L C M P J A" i^ 
 
 Concrete Based on a Bbl. of 3.8 Cu. Ft. from "Concrete, 
 Taylor & Thompson. 
 
 \C,E OF \-()lDS IX BRCJKEX STCIXE OR GRA\ 1:L 
 
 A\ERAG 
 
 -1.')' , 
 
 K C0N'LHT[O.N-S 
 
 
 -111' , 
 
 .30', 
 
 SCIEXTIFR- 
 
 ^LLV G 
 
 R.\DHU MiXTUR 
 
 > 
 
 
 c 
 
 e 
 
 
 o 
 
 7. 
 
 -i 
 
 Sand 
 SLone 
 
 C 
 
 "C 
 
 in 
 
 X 
 
 1 -2 
 
 X 
 
 ^ Bbl. 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd, 
 
 Bl)l. 
 
 Cu. , Cu. 
 Yd. Yd. 
 
 Bbl. 
 
 2.78 
 
 Cu. 
 _Yd. 
 
 0.39 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 TibT! CiT 
 
 Yd_ 
 
 Cu, 
 Yd, 
 
 
 3.0S 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.65 
 
 2.97 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.59 
 
 2.62 0,37 
 
 0,55 
 
 
 2.73 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.77 
 
 2.62 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.74 
 
 2.43 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.68 
 
 2.26 0.32 
 
 0,64 
 
 
 2.45 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.86 
 
 2.34 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.82 
 
 2.15 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.99 l).2,S 
 
 0,70 
 
 
 2.22 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.94 
 
 2.12 
 
 0.30 ' O.VtO 
 
 1.93 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.82 
 
 1.77 (1.25 
 
 0,75 
 
 
 2.40 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.68 
 
 2.31 
 
 0.49 0.()5 
 
 2.16 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.61 
 
 2.03 0,43 
 
 0,57 
 
 
 2.1S 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.77 
 
 2.09 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.74 
 
 1.94 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.68 
 
 1,S() 0,38 
 
 0,63 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.91 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.81 
 
 1.76 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.74 
 
 1.63 0.34 
 
 0,(i4 
 
 
 1.84 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.76 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.61 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.4S 0.31 
 
 0,73 
 
 
 1.71 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.63 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.92 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.3(i 0,29 
 
 0,77 
 
 
 1.60 
 
 0.34 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.51 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.37 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.S7 
 
 1,25 0,26 
 
 0,79 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.32 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.42 
 
 0.30 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.28 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.90 
 
 1,17 0,25 
 
 0,82 
 
 
 1.81 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.74 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.74 
 
 l,(il 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.6S 
 
 1,50 0,42 
 
 0,63 
 
 
 1.68 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.61 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.73 
 
 1,3,S 0,39 
 
 0,6S 
 
 
 1.57 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.88 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.38 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.78 
 
 1,27 0,36 
 
 0,72 
 
 
 1.48 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.41 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.89 
 
 1.28 
 
 0.36 
 
 O.Sl 
 
 1,1,S l).:',3 
 
 0,75 
 
 
 1.39 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.32 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.93 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.84 
 
 1.10 ().:',i 
 
 0,77 
 
 
 1.31 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.25 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.03 i 0.29 
 
 0,S0 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 0..35 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.18 
 
 0.33 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.06 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.97 0,27 
 
 0,82 
 
 
 1.66 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.70 
 
 1.60 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.68 
 
 1.49 
 
 0..52 
 
 0.63 
 
 1,40 0,19 
 
 0,5!l 
 
 1.55 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.49 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.73 
 
 1.38 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.68 
 
 1,2>I 0,15 
 
 (),l'.l 
 
 
 1.46 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.82 
 
 1.40 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.79 
 
 1.29 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.73 
 
 1,19 ! 0,42 
 
 0,67 
 
 
 1.37 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.31 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.83 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.76 
 
 1,11 0,39 
 
 0,70 
 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.92 
 
 1.24 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.S7 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 1,04 0,37 
 
 0,73 
 
 
 1.23 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.95 
 
 1.17 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.91 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.83 
 
 0,',IS 0,34 
 
 0,76 
 
 
 1.17 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.99 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.85 
 
 0,92 0,32 
 
 0,7,s 
 
 
 1.12 
 
 0.39 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.06 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.88 
 
 0,,SS 0.31 
 
 0,,S0 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.99 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.90 
 
 0,S3 0,29 
 
 0„S2 
 
 1.36 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.77 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.7:; 
 
 1.21 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.68 
 
 1,12 0,47 
 
 o,(;:; 
 
 1.28 
 
 0..55 
 
 0.81 
 
 1.23 
 
 0..52 
 
 0.7S 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.72 
 
 1,05 0,14 
 
 0,lili 
 
 1.22 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.17 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.S2 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.75 
 
 0.99 0.42 
 
 0,70 
 
 1.16 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.90 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.78 
 
 0.93 , 0,39 
 
 0,72 
 
 
 1.11 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.05 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.81 
 
 o,s,s ' o,:',7 
 
 0,7 1 
 
 i 1.06 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.39 
 
 ().S4 
 
 o„s4 o,:'.5 
 
 0,77 
 
 123 
 
K A II N SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 Materials for One Cvibic Yard Compact Plastic Mortar 
 Based on Barrel of 3.8 Cu. Ft. 
 
 From "Concrete, Plain and Reinforced" 
 By Taylor & Thompson 
 
 REL.4TIVE 
 
 Proportions by 
 
 P.\RTS 
 
 
 Relative 
 
 Proportions by 
 
 Volume 
 
 Paclced 
 Cement 
 Barrel 
 
 Loose 
 
 Sand 
 
 Cubic Yard 
 
 Cement 
 
 Sand 
 
 
 Cement Sand 
 Barrel ' Cubic \'ard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 8.31 
 
 
 1 ' -J 
 
 
 1 ! 1.9 
 
 6.73 
 
 0.47 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 1 j 3.8 
 
 5.01 
 
 0.71 
 
 1 m 
 
 
 1 1 5.7 
 
 4.00 
 
 0.84 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 1 ' 7.0 ' 3.32 
 
 0.93 
 
 
 91 :^ 
 
 
 1 1 9.r, 1 2.84 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 11.4 2.48 
 
 1.05 
 
 
 3' 2 
 
 
 1 ;' 13.3 '' 2.20 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 1 15.2 , 1.98 
 
 1.11 
 
 
 4' 2 
 
 
 1 17.1 1.80 
 
 1.14 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 1 19.0 1 1.6.5 
 
 1.16 
 
 
 5J;2 
 
 
 1 20.9 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.18 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 22.8 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.19 
 
 
 6K2 
 
 
 1 24.7 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.21 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 26.6 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.21 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 1 1 28.5 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.22 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 30.4 
 
 1 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.24 
 
 NOTE: — Variulion in 
 
 (he fineness of the cement and the 
 
 santl, and 
 
 in the consistency 
 
 of the mcjrlar, may affect the valui 
 
 •s by 10 Si 
 
 in either direction. 
 
 
 
 Cement — as packed b}, 
 
 manufacturer. 
 
 
 Sand — loose. 
 
 
 
 124 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 CD 
 CO 
 
 o o o o o o o o o o o o o 
 
 OiOOLOOiOOLOOiOOLOO 
 
 c 
 
 O Oi O O ■— 1 .— < CI <M CO CO Tt^ 'i^ lO 
 
 r-- 
 
 CO 
 
 ot>'^'-Ha:iocooc/Duociair^ 
 LOGi'*cncooocoooc-ii:^(McO'-i 
 
 co 
 
 oococ.a>oo--;^2222:2; 
 
 CD 
 
 CI 
 
 CO 
 
 ^g§:^iSg?5!S:^gg^g?? 
 
 ■Ot 
 
 t^ t^ GO GO iX) Ol CO O O i-H ■— 1 CI CI CI CO 
 
 IC 
 
 'CO 
 
 ^feggSSiSSggJ^SIc^^^gg 
 
 z^ 
 
 a3tDt^i:~i>»c«cncnooow^coci 
 
 CO 
 
 CI 
 
 
 ^S?iSSSS^?§§?§K^SS??5 
 
 tOiOCOCOt-t^t^OOOOOOCKOiOOOrtrt 
 
 --t^ 
 
 
 g8§l,-3g§g^ggf;5!S§fo;2^^^. 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ioioiQcocooi>i>i>oocorocDCnooo 
 
 CO 
 
 01 
 
 OC0 550CO^OC0 550C0 520COj20COgO 
 
 -rfi 
 
 -7< tH ■* lO lO lO CO -^ CO !■- t^ !>(» CO CO O-J CJ3 O: O 
 
 CO 
 
 o, 
 
 oq 
 
 ?§feSSSgS5g?.2gpig??S§Sgii^ 
 
 CD 
 
 CO CO CO ■* -i< ^ LO LO lO -O CD CO t- t^ 1> t^ W 00 OD OC 
 
 CT 
 
 CO 
 1—1 
 
 oi 
 
 f2§??3gS^S§r^gS^gfe3^§^§K§?? 
 
 C^ CO CO CO CO ^ '^ Tt^ lO LQ lO LQ CD CO '--O CO t^ t-- 1> CO GO 
 
 CI 
 
 ■DO 
 
 SgK§SgS8^SS§^g;2§^gi2§Sg [^ 
 
 CI CI CI CO CO CO CO Tt^ -^ '^ Tf^ UO LO LO i-O CO CO CD '-C' t^ t^ I> --H 
 
 2 
 
 Ki?^^feS^??gg8?3::?feg^S5gK§gi^5 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ oq CI oj cq 0^ CO CO CO 00 ^ ^ Tt< ^H ^ LO i-o o o CD CO CD CO 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 c^gi2§3?SSSS^ggggg?i'-Jfeg§g5^SS'fe 
 
 ,— 1 -— 1 ,— 1 ,— 1 CI CI CI O CI CO CO 00 CO CO tH '^ ^ '^ '^ lO lO LQ LO uo 'i --< 
 
 §^?§gfeS?§^S?S!SS§^S?g&S§8^?SSfeSg|S 
 
 ,^ ^ ^ ^ -H -( 01 CI o) oq oi oi CO CO CO CO CO CO ■* ^ ^ ^ ■* ^ uo 
 
 
 o 
 
 gS?S^SSSfec^Sg?1SgSSg§g?S^SKS§!= 
 
 to 
 
 lO 
 
 ^ w ^ ^ ^ rt 1-1 C5 cq Cl C] Cl Cl C5 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO -* -cf 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ^g!oSg§S?lS?^g5SS§^?i?S^gfeSSS^?i?S 
 
 lO 
 CO 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cq CI c) cq CI CI CI cq CI CO 00 CO CO 
 
 
 ;?^gg5SSS?g§§^SS?^gS5BSSg8§^Sc^^g 
 
 
 ^^^^^w^^^rH^wcicicic cicicq 
 
 ^ 
 
 ww^^^ w^^^-i www 
 
 c/5 
 
 
 125 
 
A' A H N SYSTEM OF R E I N F R C E D C O N C RE T E 
 
 Index of Kahn System Standards 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Accuracy of Installation 11 
 
 Aggregate, Specifications for 45 
 
 Allowable Stresses 53 
 
 Appearance^of Buildings 40 
 
 ArchJAction of Beams 9 
 
 Arch*Action,', Strength Due to.. 53 
 
 Armour Plates 29 
 
 Beams, Concrete in 125 
 
 Beams, Design Limited by Compres- 
 sion 62 
 
 Beams, Moment of Resistance 54 
 
 Beams, Safe Loads for 109-115 
 
 Beams, Shear in 65-67 
 
 Beams, ■'T" 59-61 
 
 Bending Moments 70 
 
 Bin for Solvay Process Co 89 
 
 Bureau of Printing and Engraving. . . .74 
 
 Cantilever Slabs, Flanders Bldg 86 
 
 Cantilever Slabs, D. Sommers & Co. . . 86 
 Carrying Capacity of Beams. . . . 109-115 
 Carrying Capacity of Columns. . , 116-117 
 
 Carrying Capacity of Slabs 91-106 
 
 Cement Specifications 44 
 
 Centering, Removal of 48-49 
 
 Centering Specifications 48 
 
 Certainty of Calculation 10 
 
 Chemical Products 35 
 
 Collapsible Column Hooping 24 
 
 Columns, Concrete in 125 
 
 Columns, Details 118 
 
 Columns, Safe Loads for 116-117 
 
 Columns, Theory of 68 
 
 Comparative Cost of Reinforced 
 
 Concrete and Structural Steel 43 
 
 Comparative Cost of Wood and Rein- 
 forced Concrete 42 
 
 Compression, Direct 68 
 
 Compressive Strength of Concrete. . . .52 
 Concrete in Beams and Columns .... 125 
 
 Concrete Defined 5 
 
 Concreting During Freezing Weather . . 49 
 
 Construction of Ford Motor Co 72 
 
 Continuous United Sash 32 
 
 Corner Beads 28 
 
 Crushing Strength of Concrete 52 
 
 Curb Bars 29 
 
 Damp[iroofings 35 
 
 Daylighting 39 
 
 Designs for Reinforced Concrete 13 
 
 Details of Columns and Footings. . . . 118 
 
 Details of Hollow Tile Floors 107 
 
 Diagram for Location of Neutral .Axis. 57 
 Diagram for Rectangular Slabs. ..... .71 
 
 Diagram for Stress in Beams 56 
 
 Direct Compression, Pieces under 68 
 
 Dodge Bros. Plant. 73 
 
 Doors. United Sash 32 
 
 Double Reinforcement 59 
 
 Economy of Kahn Bars 11-12 
 
 Economy of Reinforced Concrete. ... .41 
 
 Engineering Department 13 
 
 Estimating Table 125 
 
 Expansion Joint Protector 29 
 
 Explanation of Beam Tables. 108 
 
 Explanation of F"ooting Tables 118 
 
 Explanation of Slab Tables 90 
 
 Factories 
 
 . . .33,38,39,40,72,73,78,80,81,82,88 
 
 Fireproofness of Kahn Bars. 10 
 
 Fireproofness of Reinforced Concrete 36 
 
 Fire at Dayton Motor Car Co 36 
 
 Flat Ceilings: 
 
 American Electrical Heater Co 81 
 
 Burroughs Adding Machine Co 81 
 
 Continental Motor Co 80 
 
 Dodge Bros... 80 
 
 Portland Ry., Light & Power Co . . .82 
 
 Standard Furniture Co 82 
 
 Floors for Los Angeles Creamer\- 22 
 
 Floors, Safe Loads for 91-106 
 
 Floor Slabs — Rectangular 70 
 
 Floredomes 18 
 
 Floredome Construction: 
 
 Mt. Tabor School 83 
 
 Packard Service Building. 83 
 
 Safe Loads for 100 
 
 Floretyles 19 
 
 Floretyle Construction: 
 
 Alta Planing Mill 84 
 
 Fidelity Building 85 
 
 Safe Loads for 101 
 
 Woodward-Clark Building. 84 
 
 l^-ootings 118-121 
 
 Freezing Weather Reciuirements, . . . . .49 
 
 Government Buildings 74 
 
 Gravel Specifications 45 
 
 Hollow Terra Cotta Tile 34 
 
 Hollow Terra Cotta Tile Floors: 
 
 Details of.. 107 
 
 Packard Motor Car Co 87 
 
 Safe Loads for 102- 106 
 
 Hooping for Columns 24 
 
 Hooped Columns. 68 
 
 Hooped Columns, Safe Loads for. . . . 117 
 
 Horizontal Reinforcement 7 
 
 Hot Weather Requirements. 49 
 
 Hotel Marlborough-Blenheim 75 
 
 Hudson Alotor Car Co, , 40 
 
 Hy-Rib 26 
 
 Hy-Rib Slabs. Safe Loads for 98-99 
 
 Hy-Rib Roofs and Sidings. 76-78 
 
 Inserts: 
 
 Brown-Lipe-Chapiu Co 30 
 
 Burroughs Adding Machine Co 30 
 
 For Concrete Work 30-31 
 
 Packard Motor Car Co 30 
 
 Installation of Kahn Bars 11-12 
 
 Interior Beechnut Packing Co 39 
 
 Interior Packard jMotor Car Co 38 
 
 Internal Stress Action. . , 9 
 
 Kahn Adjustable Inserts 31 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bars: 
 
 Described 6 
 
 Footing Tables 119-121 
 
 Safe Loads for Beams 109-115 
 
 Safe Loads for Slabs 91-106 
 
 Sections of 15-17 
 
 126 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL C iM P .1 N Y 
 
 Kahn Trussed Hats: ^-ontiinipil 
 
 Shearinc ol 14 
 
 Strength of. Certainty of Calcula- 
 tion, Accuracy of Placinii, 
 Economy', l-'ireproofness. Shock- 
 
 proofness, Workmanship 8-12 
 
 Theory of 6-'> 
 
 Lake Superior Iron & Chemical Co, , 7(» 
 
 Lath, Metal 27 
 
 Loads, Carried by. 
 
 Columns 116-117 
 
 Concrete Beams 109-115 
 
 Floredome Construction. . , . 100 
 
 Floretyle Construction 101 
 
 Hollow Tile Floors 102-106 
 
 Hy-Rib Slabs 98-9") 
 
 Kahn Bar Slabs 91-96 
 
 Rib Metal Slabs 97 
 
 Long Span Girders: 
 
 Geo. N. Pierce Co SH 
 
 Williams-White Co. Foundry SS 
 
 Loose Stirrup Reinforcement 7 
 
 Materials for one \'d. of Concrete , 122-123 
 
 Materials for one i'd. of Mortar 124 
 
 Materials, Specifications for. . . , 4^-45 
 
 Methods of Design 5i 
 
 Methods of Reinforcing Concrete. . , 7-9 
 
 Mixing Concrete 46 
 
 Modulus of Elasticity. 52 
 
 Moment of Resistance of Beams 54 
 
 Monolithic Action 53 
 
 One-Story Factories 78 
 
 Paints, Technical 35 
 
 Partitions, United Sash .^2 
 
 Pivoted LTnited Sash 32 
 
 Placing Concrete 46 
 
 Precautions for Concreting duri[l^ 
 
 Freezing Weather 49-51 
 
 Properties of Kahn Bldg. Products. 15-35 
 
 Proportions of Concrete 46 
 
 Proportions of Materials for 
 
 Concrete 122-123 
 
 Proportions of Materials for Mortiir .124 
 
 Rectangular Floor Slabs 70 
 
 Reinforced Concrete, Defined 5 
 
 Reinforced Concrete more Economical 
 
 than Mill Constructuion 41 
 
 Reinforcing Concrete, Methods of. . .7-9 
 Reinforced Concrete Specifications. 44-49 
 Reinforced Concrete, Theory of, , .54-71 
 
 Reinforcing Steel Specifications 47 
 
 Removal of Centering. 48-49 
 
 Resisting Moment of Beams 54 
 
 Rib Bars 25 
 
 Rib Bars in Columns 116-117 
 
 Rib Lath 27 
 
 Rib Metal 20-23 
 
 Rib Metal Slabs. Safe Loads for 97 
 
 Rib Steel Stair Treads 34 
 
 Rib Studs 28 
 
 Rigidly Connected Web Members 8 
 
 Safe Live Loads on Slabs 91-106 
 
 Safe Loads for Columns 116-117 
 
 Safe Loads for Concrete Beams. .109-115 
 
 Sand, Specifications for 45 
 
 Sash, United Steel 32-33 
 
 Saw-tooth Roofs. Ford Motor Co 78 
 
 PAt.i-; 
 Sections of Kahn Trussed Bars, . .15-17 
 
 Shearing of Kahn Trussed Bars 14 
 
 Shear Alember Rigidh' Connected 8 
 
 Shear in Reinforced Concrete Beams 
 
 65-67 
 
 Shockproofness 11 
 
 Slabs. Carrying Capacity of 91-106 
 
 Sliding LTnited Sash iS 
 
 Solid Concrete Slabs, White Garage ... 87 
 Specifications for Reinforced Concrete 
 
 44-49 
 
 Stadium. Syracuse Uni\-ersity 79 
 
 Stair Treads 34 
 
 Stairwaj'. Minnesota State Fair 79 
 
 Steel Corner Beads 28 
 
 Steel Floredomes 18 
 
 Steel Floretyles 19 
 
 Steel Specifications 47 
 
 Stirrup (Loose) Reinforcement 7 
 
 Stone, Specifications for 45 
 
 Store of Owen & Co 77 
 
 Strength of Kahn Bars 8 
 
 Strength of Reinforced Concrete. . , ,.. .37 
 
 Stresses, Internal 9 
 
 Studs, Steel 28 
 
 Tables for: 
 
 Beams Limitei.1 b\- Compression. . 64 
 Comparative Cost of Reinforce<.i 
 
 Concrete and Structural Steel. . . .43 
 Comparati\*e Cost of Wood and 
 
 Reinforced Concrete 42 
 
 Estimating 125 
 
 Floredome Construction 100 
 
 Floretyle Constructiun 101 
 
 Footings 119-121 
 
 Hy-Rib Slabs 98-99 
 
 Loads on Concrete Beams .... 109-115 
 
 Materials for Concrete 122-123 
 
 Materials for Mortar 124 
 
 Rib Metal Slabs 97 
 
 Safe Loads for Columns 116-117 
 
 Slabs, Kahn Trussed Bars 91-96 
 
 "T" Beam Design 61 
 
 Terra Cotta Tile Floors 102-106 
 
 "T" Beams 59-61 
 
 Technical Paints 35 
 
 Tests on Beams with Deformed Bars 
 
 and Kahn Bars 67 
 
 Tests on Kahn Bars 8 
 
 Tests for Nichol, Dean & Gregg 37 
 
 Theory of Reinforced Concrete. . , . 54-71 
 Tile and Concrete Floor Specifications. 48 
 
 Tile Floors, Safe Loads for 102-106 
 
 Tile, Hollow Terra Cotta 34 
 
 Truss Action of Beams 9 
 
 Trussed Bars. See Kahn Trussed Bars. 
 
 Trus-Con Armour Plates 29 
 
 Trus-Con Chemical Products 35 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars 29 
 
 Trus-Con Inserts 30-31 
 
 Unhooped Columns 68 
 
 Unhooped Columns, Safe Loads for.. 116 
 U. S. Government Laboratory Bldg. . .74 
 LTnited Steel Sash 32-33 
 
 \'ibration Resistance. 
 
 ,38,53 
 
 Warehouse for Merchants' Storage 
 
 Co 76 
 
 Waterproofings 35 
 
 Workmanship with Kahn Bars 11 
 
 127 
 
Rigidly Connected 
 Diagonal Shear Reinforcement 
 
 (Kahn Trussed Bars) 
 
 versus 
 
 Loose Vertical Stirrups 
 
 Report of 
 Tests on Reinforced Concrete Beams 
 
 made at the University of Wisconsin 
 Madison, Wisconsin 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company 
 
 Detroit. Michigan 
 
 Offices in Principal Cith:s 
 
KAHN SYSTEM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 OBJECT OF TESTS 
 
 This series of tests was made in the laboratory for testing 
 materials of the University of Wisconsin in the Spring of 1907, 
 by Messrs. G. T. Newton and W. L. Rowe. 
 
 The object of the tests was to determine the relative effi- 
 ciency of reinforcing bars with inclined rigidly connected shear 
 members — Kahn Trussed Bars — and bars with loose stirrups. 
 
 The quality of reinforcing steel used in all tests is medium 
 open hearth steel. The average tensile tests of these bars show 
 an elastic limit of 39,650 lbs. and an ultimate strength of 67,400 
 lbs. per sq. in. The comparative beams were made exactly equal 
 in every respect, in the size of the beams, quality of steel, area 
 of the main reinforcement, amount of shear reinforcement and 
 method of loading and testing. 
 
 In part of the beams, the shear reinforcement is bent up at 
 an angle of 45 degrees and part at an angle of 90 degrees with 
 the axis of the main bar. 
 
 The design of the beams, method of loading, reinforcement, 
 and remarkable results of these tests are shown clearly in figures 
 and tables which follow. Tests were made under the supervision 
 of Martin O. Withey, C. E., Instructor of Mechanics, University 
 of Wisconsin. Complete detailed report of these tests is published 
 in Bulletin 197 of the University of Wisconsin, Engineering ser- 
 ies, Volume 4, No. 2. 
 
 Similar tests are being made in various other university 
 laboratories. Preliminary reports received from them confirm 
 the Wisconsin tests and in some cases indicate even more 
 remarkable results. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 Extract from Report of 
 MARTIN 0. WITHEY, C. E. 
 
 INSTRUCTOR IN MECHANICS. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 
 
 Bulletin No. 197 of the University of Wisconsin 
 
 "In the beams with loosely attached web members 
 and straight horizontal reinforcement, no rods bent up, 
 the final failure occurred through slipping of rods either 
 before or just after the yield point of the metal was passed, 
 when the load fell oflf rapidly. This did not occur in 
 tests of the beams with rigidly attached web members. 
 Beams N 1, N3, N6, N7, NIO and N12, (all reinforced 
 with loose stirrups) failed through slipping of rods in tlie 
 manner mentioned. Beams N 2, N 4, N 5, N 8, N 9 and 
 Nil (Kahn Bar Beams) failed in tension at the center. 
 In these latter beams, the steel was stressed^ considerably 
 beyond the yield point and failure was very sloiv, as 
 shown by the deflection curves. 
 
 In beams N5 and N9 the prongs of the Kahn bar 
 were bent up at an angle of 1+5 degrees, while in beams 
 N8 and Nil they were bent up vertical. The former 
 shoiv considerably greater strength than the latter beams. 
 Beams reinforced with inclined loose stirrups show a 
 small increase in strength over those in which the 
 stirrups were set vertically." 
 
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 Design of Beams, Method of Loading, and Cracks. 
 
 (From Bulletin No. 197 of the University of Wisconsin.) 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
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 (From Bulletin No. 197 of the University of Wisconsin.) 
 
 7 
 
OTHER ADVANTAGES 
 
 OF THE 
 KAHN TRUSSED BAR 
 
 These tests prove conclusively the necessity of Kahn Trussed 
 Bars with rigidly connected diagonal shear members in any 
 structure in which strength, stability, and general safety are a 
 consideration. 
 
 The rigid connection of shear members is also necessary for 
 fireproof ness. The effect of fire on concrete is to attack the 
 exposed portion and to weaken the bond between the concrete 
 and the steel. This means that where loose stirrups are used, 
 the strength of the concrete beam is destroyed. With Kahn 
 Trussed Bars, this bond is not necessary for strength, as the 
 shearing strains in the concrete are transferred directly to the 
 main tension bar by the rigid connection of the shear members. 
 (See Dayton Motor Car Co. Fire Bulletin.) 
 
 Tests have shown that the bond between the concrete and 
 steel is weakened by repeated loading and unloading of a beam. 
 This means that in any structure subject to vibration or shock, 
 such as bridges, factories, etc., rigidly conMected shear rein- 
 forcement should be used. The explosion in the Prest-0-Lite 
 factory at Indianapolis furnishes an excellent example of this 
 kind. (See Prest-0-Lite Bulletin.) 
 
 The labor expense in the field of attaching loose stirrups to 
 main bars very greatly increases their expense. The Kahn 
 Trussed Bar is a complete unit in itself, is handled in one piece, 
 and embodies the main bar and rigidly connected shear ihembers, 
 in one bar. 
 
Reinforced Concrete 
 Bridges and Culverts 
 
 Expansion Joint Protector 
 for Concrete Roads 
 
 Steel Edge Protector 
 for Concrete Curbs 
 
 Concrete Sewers, Retaining 
 Walls and Docks 
 
 Illustrations, Theory and 
 Designing Data 
 
 Copyright igi3 
 
 By Trumd Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company 
 detroit, michigan 
 
o 
 
 
 Cm 
 -f 
 
Concrete on the High^vays 
 
 Reinforced concrete bridges are absolutely permanent, 
 growing stronger with age, and eliminating the expense of 
 painting and repairs. The same roadway continues over 
 the bridge without break or change. Such bridges are free 
 from vibration and noiseless. Their exceptional strength 
 and rigidity practically eliminate wash-outs. The princi- 
 pal materials and the labor employed in the construction 
 are secured locally, so that the tax-payers' money stays in 
 his own communit}'. 
 
 These exclusive features of reinforced concrete bridges, 
 insure maximum economy and account for their great popu- 
 larity. All types of designs in spans from culverts to 150 
 ft. arches are found in increasing numbers everywhere. 
 
 The severe conditions of bridge loading necessitate 
 particular attention to the reinforcement of the concrete. 
 The heavy moving loads cause great strain on the shear 
 members, which must transfer this strain to the main 
 tension member by a positive rigid connection, independent 
 of the adhesion of the concrete. The rigid connection of 
 the shear members in the Kahn Bar takes care of this 
 strain, and insures accurate placing of all reinforcement. 
 
 This publication illustrates a few Kahn System bridges 
 of various types and gives typical designs for all ordinary 
 spans. We will furnish the complete, detailed design of 
 the reinforced concrete for any bridge in which the Kahn 
 System of Reinforcement is used. 
 
 Sewers, retaining walls, docks, dams, etc., are also 
 indicated in this book. Structures of this kind demand 
 individual treatment, which our Engineers are in a position 
 to furnish at all times. 
 
 Concrete roads are steadily becoming more popular, 
 because of their low cost of construction and of up-keep. 
 Experience has demonstrated the necessity for expansion 
 joints properly protected with metal plates, such as the 
 Trus-Con Armor Plate indicated on pages 40 to 43. 
 
 Concrete Curbs are low in cost, and have proven par- 
 ticularly efficient when the corners are protected with metal 
 plates, such as the Trus-Con Curb Bars, on pages 44 to 47. 
 
 Kahn Building Products include everything for the 
 reinforcement of concrete, also HY-RIB and METAL 
 LATH for plaster and stucco. United Sash for windows, 
 Waterproofings, Finishes, and other Building Specialties. 
 
4 KAIIN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 A 
 
 Shearing of Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 STANDARD SHEAR— Middlc'portion left unsheared. 
 
 CENTP:R shear— Entire bar sheared to center. 
 
 -_Z 
 
 ONE WAY shear — All diagonals sheared inclining in one direction. 
 
 SPECIAL SHEARING— As directed by purchaser. 
 
 Sketches marked (*) show shearing with diagonals alternating, as 
 provided on 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, 3(5 and 48 inch diagonals. 
 
 Sketches marked (f) show shearing with diagonals opposite, as 
 provided on inch diagonals onh'. 
 
 Length of Diagonals 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 Size 
 
 Standard Lengtli^ 
 
 Special Lengtlis 
 
 1 i"x\ 1 ./' 
 
 6" 
 
 S", 12" 
 
 
 54"x2A" 
 
 12" 
 
 S", IS", 24", . 
 
 ;o" 
 
 iirx2M" 
 
 24", 30" 
 
 12", IS", 3(1" 
 
 
 l'h"x234" 
 
 30" 
 
 IS", 24", 30" 
 
 
 2 "x3i./' 
 
 30" 
 
 24", 30", 48" 
 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bars are manufactured from the highest grade of 
 open-hearth steel and are shipped cut to exact length ordered. Bars 
 up to 00 feet in length are carried in stock at Youngstown, Ohio. Any 
 desired length of diagonal or type of shearing can be furnished. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 Sections of Kahn Trussed Bars 
 
 D X B 
 
 l^"xlj2" 
 
 k"'x2A" 
 
 Weight per 
 Lineal Foot 
 
 1.4 lbs. 
 2.7 lbs. 
 
 Area 
 
 0.41 sq. in. 
 0.79 sq. in. 
 
 D X B 
 
 li2"x2M" 
 
 lM"x2M" 
 
 2 "x3i^" 
 
 Weight per 
 Lineal Foot 
 
 4.S lbs. 
 
 6.8 lbs. 
 
 10.2 lbs. 
 
 Area 
 1.41 sq. in. 
 2.00 sq. in. 
 _?.00 sq. in. 
 
KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 
 
 Reinforced Concrete Bridges 
 
 Reinforced concrete bridges are built of ^-arious types 
 depending on the length of span, the amount of loading, 
 and the requirements of the particular locations. 
 
 Flat slabs or plates spanning directh' between the 
 abutments without any supporting beams are used o\'er 
 small o]3enings. 
 
 On longer spans the girder bridge with comparatively 
 thin concrete floor slab is used. The cantile\-er bridge is a 
 \ ariation of the girder design in which the loads are carried 
 principally by cantilever action over the support. 
 
 The arch bridge is employed in long spans and is built 
 in the form of a continuous section arch ring or merely a 
 rib. Bridges of all these types have been built extensively 
 for highway, electric car and railway traffic. 
 
 Highway Box Culverts and Girder Bridges 
 
 Flat slabs or culverts resting directly on the abutments 
 are employed in spans of from 4 to 16 feet. The construc- 
 tion is simple and can be readily installed. Either of the 
 two smaller sizes of Kahn Trussed Bars are used for rein- 
 forcement, and these bars are gi\'en a bearing of from 6 to 
 12 inches in the abutments. To take care of temperature 
 and shrinkage stresses, small Rib Bars are placed over and 
 at right angles to the Kahn Bars. On page 9 is given the 
 tabulated design for A-arious spans, computed for heavy 
 highway loadings. 
 
 Girder bridges are most often used in spans of from 12 
 to 50 feet, although spans as great as 70 feet have been 
 built in this way. The design usually consists of a rein- 
 forced slab supported b}- girders projecting underneath. 
 Many bridges have been built, however, in which the girders 
 are extended above the floor to form a hand rail on either 
 side of the roadway. The floor slab would then span 
 the width of the roadway between these girder rails. 
 
 The cantilever bridge is built for longer spans than the 
 girder bridge. The secret of its great carrying capacity 
 lies in its great depth at the abutment. At the center of 
 the span, the girder is shallow gi^'ing ample headroom 
 where required. The cantile\"er design should not be con- 
 
KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 fused with an arch as there is no thrust and the reactions 
 are all vertical. 
 
 The hand rail or balustrade for the concrete bridge can 
 be built of reinforced concrete, ornamental iron, or plain 
 gas pipe, as desired. 
 
 The experienced builder knows that there is no class 
 of structure subjected to such severe conditions of loadings 
 and rough usage as a bridge. Therefore, only the best 
 concrete should be used and this concrete must be rein- 
 forced for the severe stresses coming upon it. The shearing 
 stresses are very great, due to heavy moving loads and 
 shear reinforcement must be provided. This shear rein- 
 forcement should be rigidly attached to the main tension 
 member. The adhesion of the concrete cannot be depended 
 upon. The bond between the concrete and steel is com- 
 pletely destroyed by the repeated loading and unloading 
 of the stress in the steel.* That the Kahn Trussed Bars 
 are especially suited for such work is evident. 
 
 Designs of girder bridges, spans 12 to 40 feet for 16 and 
 18 ft. roadways, are given on pages 10 and 11. 
 
 Showing Application of Kalan Trussed Bar to Culvert Construction. 
 
 *See "The Fatigue of Concrete," by I. D. Van Ornum, M. A. S. 
 C. E., Proceedings A. S. C. E. Dec. 1906. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 Slab Highway Bridges of Culverts 
 
 lV/a'//r c/ /?oai/ivai/ 
 
 
 lj.: -. u ;• r: y ?,4.4^,r :ii-..4^^- vii ^^■:i4^.^ 
 
 Cross Ssction 
 
 Designed to Carry Concentrated Load of 15-Ton Roller or 
 Uniform Load of 100 Pounds Per Sq. Ft. 
 
 
 
 KAHN TRUSSED BARS 
 
 RIB 
 
 !A RS 
 
 _ Span 
 in Feet 
 
 Thickness 
 of Slab 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Size Spacing 
 
 Size 
 
 Spacing 
 
 4 
 
 G" 
 
 }4"xl W' 12" 
 
 \" 
 
 24" 
 
 6 
 
 G" 
 
 i.,"xli," S" 
 
 h" 
 
 24" 
 
 S 
 
 7" 
 
 3,"x2A" ' 12" 
 
 h" 
 
 24" 
 
 10 
 
 8" 
 
 34"x2A" 11" 
 
 /»" 
 
 24" 
 
 12 
 
 9" 
 
 »4"x2-fV" 10" 
 
 ■',/' 
 
 24" 
 
 14 
 
 10" 
 
 ^4"x2^" 9" 
 
 ;=s" 
 
 24" 
 
 Rib Bars are placed over and at right angles to Kahn Triissefl Bars 
 
10 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 Girder Highway Bridges 
 
 
 h^-. 
 
 ^"T* 
 
 ^^^S^^Z 
 
 Designed to Carry Concentrated Load of 15-Ton Roller or 
 Uniform Load of 100 Pounds Per Sq. Ft. 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 BEAM A 
 
 BEAM B 
 
 Size 
 
 KAHN TRUSSED BARS 
 
 Size 
 
 KAHN TRUSSED BARS 
 
 Standard 
 Sheared 
 
 Center 
 Sheared 
 
 Standard 
 Sheared 
 
 Center 
 Sheared 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 12 
 
 10"xl6" 
 
 2 
 
 'i"x2A" 
 
 
 M"x2A" 
 
 12"xl6" 
 
 2 
 
 li.,"x2ii" 
 
 
 •'■4"x2A" 
 
 14 
 
 10"xl6" 
 
 2 
 
 M"x2^" 
 
 *1 
 
 1^2"x2i4" 
 
 12"xl6" 
 
 9 
 
 13'2"x2,i4" 
 
 
 lio"x2j4" 
 
 16 
 
 10"xl8" 
 
 o 
 
 13 2"x2l4" 
 
 
 «"x2A" 
 
 r2"xlS" 
 
 2 
 
 l}{."x2ii" 
 
 *1 
 
 1.^4"x234" 
 
 18 
 
 12"xlS" 
 
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 I'2"x2l4" 
 
 
 3i"x2tV" 
 
 14"xl8" 
 
 2 
 
 13'4"x2«" 
 
 
 13 2"x2l4"' 
 
 20 
 22 
 24 
 26 
 
 12"x20" 
 12"x22" 
 12"x22" 
 12"x24" 
 
 2 
 2 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 l}lj"x2j-i" 
 l}/2"x2M" 
 lM"x2M" 
 lM"x2?i" 
 
 
 I,i2"x2.i4" 
 
 M"x2A" 
 l}''2"x2M" 
 
 14"x20" 
 14"x22" 
 14"x22" 
 14"x24" 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 lM"x2M" 
 lM"x2^" 
 2 "x3i^" 
 2 "X3I2" 
 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 lM"x2M" 
 lJ^"x2M" 
 li-2"x2M" 
 
 28 
 
 12"x26" 
 
 2 
 
 lM"x2?i" 
 
 
 lJ^"x2M" 
 
 14"x26" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x3 I ," 
 
 
 2 "x33/2" 
 
 30 
 
 12"x2S" 
 
 2 
 
 lM"x234" 
 
 
 lM"x2M" 
 
 lG"x28" 
 
 2,2 "x3;2" 
 
 
 2 "x3i2" 
 
 32 
 
 12"x30" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x3K" 
 
 
 h"'x2A" 
 
 16"x30" 
 
 2 2 "X334'" 
 
 
 2 "xSJ^" 
 
 34 
 
 14"x30" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x33^" 
 
 
 l'2"x2M" 
 
 16"x30" 
 
 3 
 
 2 "x3M" 
 
 2 
 
 34"x2A" 
 
 36 
 
 14"x32" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x3i-^" 
 
 
 13 2"x2M" 
 
 16"x32" 
 
 3 2 "x3i^" 
 
 3 
 
 M"x2A" 
 
 38 
 
 14"x34" 
 
 o 
 
 2 "x3J.;" 
 
 
 Ij2"x2i4" 
 
 18"x34" 
 
 3 2 "x3>lj" 
 
 2|l}2"x2M" 
 
 40 
 
 14"x36" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x3,i2" 
 
 
 li*4"x234" 
 
 lS"x36" 
 
 3 2 "X3I2" 
 
 2 li.^"x2ii" 
 
 *Bars full length. 
 
 FLOOR SLAB— 6" thick reinforced with '2"xl'2" 
 Kahn Trussed Bars, spaced 12" c. to c and 3^," Rib 
 Bars spaced 10" c. to c. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 11 
 
 Girder Highway Bridges 
 
 W.a'/fy of ^fo. 
 
 Designed to Carry Concentrated Load of 15-Ton Roller or 
 Uniform Load of 100 Pounds Per Sq. Ft. 
 
 _. 
 
 BEAM A 
 
 Size 
 
 
 BEAM B 
 
 
 Size 
 
 KAHN TRUSSIiD BARS 
 
 kjmin trussed bars 
 
 Standard 
 
 
 Center 
 
 Si. 
 
 NDARD 
 
 Center 
 
 
 Sheared 
 
 No. 
 
 She.\rei> 
 Size 
 
 Sii 
 
 EARED 
 
 Sheared 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 No. 
 
 Size 
 
 r2:in"xi()" 
 
 2 
 
 h"x2tk" 
 
 
 J4"x2^" 
 
 12"xl6" 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2"x2l4" 
 
 
 54"x2A" 
 
 14 10"xl6" 
 
 2 
 
 ^'4"x2A" 
 
 
 ii.=;"x2i4" 
 
 12"xl6" 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 2"x2l4" 
 
 
 Il2"x2l4" 
 
 1(3 
 
 10"xl8" 
 
 o 
 
 ll2".N2l4" 
 
 
 ^'4"x2A" 
 
 12"xl8" 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2"x2l4" 
 
 *1 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 18 
 
 12"xl8" 
 
 2 
 
 li^'V^U" 
 
 
 '4"x2i^" 
 
 14"xl8" 
 
 o 
 
 1- 
 
 4"x234" 
 
 
 l>^"x2M" 
 
 20 
 
 12"x20" 
 
 2 
 
 i3 2"x2M" 
 
 
 I'2"x2l4" 
 
 14".x20" 
 
 o 
 
 1- 
 
 4"x234" 
 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 22 
 
 12"x22" 
 
 2 
 
 Ii2"x2i4" 
 
 
 Ii9"x2i4" 
 
 14".x22" 
 
 9 
 
 1- 
 
 4"x234" 
 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 24 
 
 12"x22" 
 
 2 
 
 l:'4"x234" 
 
 
 ^4"x2,^" 
 
 14"x22" 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 "x3i.," 
 
 
 Il2"x2l4" 
 
 26 
 
 12"x24" 
 
 2 
 
 l?i"x234" 
 
 
 Il-2"x2l4" 
 
 14"x24" 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 "x3}2" 
 
 
 Ij2"x2l4" 
 
 28 
 
 12"x26" 
 
 2 
 
 l^i"x2M" 
 
 
 li'2"x2J4" 
 
 14"x2(i" 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 "x3i.>" 
 
 
 2 "x3i 2" 
 
 3(J 
 
 12"x2S" 
 
 2 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 
 134"x234" 
 
 16"-x28" 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 "X312" 
 
 
 2 "x3i./' 
 
 3"^ 
 
 12"x30" 
 
 2 
 
 2 "x3i2" 
 
 
 :'4"-x2,^" 
 
 16"x30" 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 "x3K" 
 
 
 2 "x3}2" 
 
 34 
 
 14"x30" 
 
 9 
 
 2 "x33.^" 
 
 
 I'2"x2i4" 
 
 16"x30" 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 "x3}2" 
 
 2 
 
 34"x2iL" 
 
 36 
 
 14"x32" 
 
 2 2 "x3i^" 
 
 
 13^"x2M" 
 
 16"x32" 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 "x3>^" 
 
 3 
 
 M"x2i^" 
 
 38,14"x34" 
 
 2 2 "xSig" 
 
 
 Ii,"x2i4" 
 
 18"x34" 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 "X3I2" 
 
 
 
 11^x214" 
 
 40 14"x36" 
 
 2 2 "x33i" 
 
 t 
 
 
 13i"x23,4" 
 
 lS"x36" 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 "X3I2" 
 
 2 
 
 Iii"x2i4" 
 
 *Bars full length. 
 
 FLOOR SLAB— 6" thick, reinforced with i^'^Pg" 
 Ivahn Trussed Bars, spaced 12" c. to c. and ^g" Rib 
 Bars spaced Ki" c. to c. 
 
KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 Covers for Railway Box Culverts 
 
 Cooper's E 50 Loading 
 
 
 o a; 
 
 C.-5 
 Q 
 
 'j-i 
 
 Size of 
 Kahn Bars 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Size of 
 Kalm Bars 
 
 ex 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 s 
 
 34"x2A" 
 
 10.0 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 1'2' 
 
 'x234" 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 s 
 
 ^4"x2A" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 1.1 2 
 
 ',x2ii" 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 ^4"x2A" 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 20 
 
 oo 
 
 1'2' 
 
 'X2I4" 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 ?4"x2t\" 
 
 s.o 
 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 154 
 
 ^23^" 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 '4"x2A" 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 1>*4 
 
 '^2h" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 ^4"x2A" 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 
 IM 
 
 'x2U" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 40 
 
 11 
 
 !'4"x2A" 
 
 7 . 5 
 
 
 40 
 
 27 
 
 IM 
 
 'x2h" 
 
 8.0 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 :'4"x2,^" 
 
 10 . 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 1^=4 
 
 'x2h" 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 54"x2xV" 
 
 S.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 1?4 
 
 '^•2h" 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 ?4"x2tV" 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 iU 
 
 'x2h" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 ^4"x2i%" 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 'X3I2" 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 «"x2A" 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 'X3}2" 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 35 
 
 14 
 
 ?4"x2A" 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 'x3i.," 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 j4"x2iV" 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 'X3I2" 
 
 11.0 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 :'4"x2iV" 
 
 7.5 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 'x33-2" 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 ^4"x2xV" 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 'x3U" 
 
 12 . 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 l>2"x2M" 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 'X3I2" 
 
 11.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 li/2"x2M" 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 'X3I2" 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 1^2"x2M" 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 'x332" 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 35 
 
 IS 
 
 134"x2M" 
 
 13.0 
 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 'x3'4" 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 
 lM"x2Ji" 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 'x33 2" 
 
 9.5 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 U2"x23i" 
 
 10.0 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 o 
 
 "x3 4" 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 Ii."x2i4" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 "xSia" 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 132"x2j4" 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 O 
 
 "xV;" 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 lh/'^'2h" 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 "x33 2" 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 I'2"x2l4" 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 o 
 
 "x3i.," 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 li'4"x234" 
 
 10.5 
 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 "X3I2" 
 
 8 5 
 
 
 40 
 
 23 
 
 l:'4"x234" 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 2 
 
 "x332" 
 
 S.O 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEl. CO.. DETROIT 13 
 
 Railroad Box Culverts 
 
 Box culverts for railroad work are similar to highway 
 culverts except that they must be built much hea\-ier to 
 carry the greatly increased loading coming upon them. 
 The side walls are usually reinforced to withstand the earth 
 pressure due to dead and live loads. If sufficient abutment 
 is provided for this wall at the base, it may be designed as 
 a simple slab supported at the top and bottom. In this way 
 the walls can be greatly reduced in thickness over what 
 would be required for a plain concrete wall. 
 
 The footings for culverts are determined l)y local con- 
 ditions. It will often be found necessary to carry an 
 inverted slab continuous between the side walls in order 
 to provide ample bearing for the heavy loads coming on 
 these foundations. Under such circumstances this floor 
 slab would be of the same strength as the co^'er slab, with 
 the bars inverted in the top of the slab. 
 
 In the calculation of moments in culverts, a li\-e load 
 is assumed of 50,000 pounds on axles, 5 feet centers, 10,000 
 pounds per foot of track. This load may be taken as 
 distributed uniformly over ties 8 feet long. The manner 
 in which this live load will l)e distributed when it reaches 
 the culvert cover will depend (jn the nature of the overlying 
 material. In this discussion it will be assumed that the 
 line of zero stress in the embankment due to live load is 
 much more nearly vertical than the ordinary angle of 
 repose of the material and it will Ije taken to follow a slope 
 of 1^ to 1. 
 
 For a fill of less than 2 feet, the impact allowance should 
 be 100 per cent. ; between 2 feet and 4 feet, 75 per cent. ; 
 above four feet an allowance of 50 per cent, will be made. 
 
 Pl = unit pressure on cover per sq. ft. due to live load. 
 Pd = unit pressure on cover per sq. ft. due to dead load. 
 P = Pl + Pd. 
 
 Total load per lineal foot = 10,000 pounds, adding 50 
 per cent, for impact. = 15,000 pounds. 
 
 30,000 
 15,000 
 
 (h\ 30,0 
 8 + - lor Pl = 
 2/ h + 
 
 1(3 
 
14 KAIIN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 Pd = 100 h. 
 
 300,000 
 
 P = + 100 h = total superimposed load per 
 
 h + 16 sq. ft. on cover. 
 
 On page 12 will he found table of design of cul\Trt tops. 
 The designs for sidewalls are determined by local conditions 
 of soil, drainage, etc., and cannot be con^'eniently tabulated. 
 When a floor slab is used continuous between side walls, its 
 design is merely the invert of the culvert co^•er. 
 
 Arch Bridges 
 
 The arch bridge of reinforced concrete is built either in 
 the form of a continuous section arch ring, or as an arch 
 rib. The reinforcement for arches is placed in two layers, 
 one near the intrados, the other near tlie extrados with 
 the diagonals interlacing. Attention is called to the perfect 
 lattice girder effect produced by the interlacing of the dia- 
 gonals, making the entire structure act as a monolith, under 
 any condition of loading. The reinforcement being cur^'ed 
 into an arch form, its first tendency when under stress is 
 to straighten, and this will occur unless it is restrained 
 from doing so by rigidly attached diagonals extending well 
 into the concrete. This makes the Kahn Trussed Bar 
 especially adaptable for work of this kind. 
 
 The continuous section arch has the same thickness of 
 rib throughout its width. The thickness is a ininimum at 
 the center, increasing in thickness to a maximum, at the 
 abutments. It is frequently possible and advantageous 
 to build these abutments hollow instead of a solid block 
 of concrete. The hollow abutment consists of a series of 
 buttresses carried down to a good foundation and usually 
 connected at the base by a thick reinforced slab. The 
 earth fill between the buttresses tends to insure stability. 
 As the strength of the arch is based on the in"imobility of 
 its abutments, these abutments must be carefulh' designed 
 and carried to a foundation of unquestioned \-alue or 
 founded on piles. 
 
 Usually the earth fill is placed directly on the arch ring. 
 Occasionally in long spans, a complete superstructure of 
 reinforced concrete cokunns, girders and slabs is built on 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 15 
 
 the arch ring to carry the roadway. The adMUilagu oi this 
 design is the greath' reduced loading to l>e carried and the 
 consequent reduction in the thickness of the arch ring. 
 This is an important consideration in long span work. 
 
 The arch rilj design is usually built supporting a rein- 
 forced concrete superstructure such as Broad River Bridge, 
 page 28. Otlierwise these ribs may consist of a series of 
 spandrel sections with reinforced beams or slabs, spanning 
 between the to]:)S of them, such as bridges on pages 2 and 23. 
 
 There is no doubt that the best guides to the design of 
 arch bridges are existing structures that ha\"e proven satis- 
 factory. The use of empirical formula giving results that 
 agree with current practice is therefore justifiable. 
 
 One method of designing an arch giving approximate 
 results, is to determine the crown thickness (C) by the use 
 of an empirical formula. Make the thickness of the ring 
 at the quarter points equal from I34C to IJ2C, and place 
 steel near both intrados and extrados, the total net section 
 of which is equal to .M% of the area of the crown section 
 of the arch ring. 
 
 The f(.)llowing formula for crown thickness proposed liy 
 F. F. Weld, C. E., in Engineering Record, No\'ember 4tli, 
 1905, based on a study of many existing arches and original 
 designs, is inserted for the use of those who do not care to 
 make a more thorough in\^estigation of the ])roposed arch. 
 It will l)e found useful in determining a trial arch ring h)r 
 the more rigorous methods. 
 
 S L F 
 
 C = -V^ d + -I- 
 
 10 200 400 
 
 C = Crown thickness in inches, 
 
 S = Clear span in feet, 
 
 L = Live load per square foot, 
 
 F = Weight of fill at crown per sq. ft. 
 
 Among the more elaborate methods for determining 
 the stresses in an arch without hinges ma>' be mentioned 
 the gra])hical, of which an excellent discussion is gi\-en in 
 Prof. Cain's "Steel Concrete Arches & Domes," and also in 
 "Reinforced Concrete," by Chas. F. iVIarsh. The analyt- 
 ical method which follows is condensed from Prof. Chas. 
 E. Greene's "Trusses and Arches," Part III. 
 
16 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 Typical Highway Arch Bridges 
 
 Rise = 1/10 Span 
 
 Clear 
 
 Span 
 
 IN Feet 
 
 2U 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 Crown 
 Thickness 
 
 S" 
 10" 
 12" 
 131 2" 
 15" 
 
 163^2" 
 
 18" 
 20" 
 22" 
 24" 
 2G" 
 
 Steel in Intrados 
 and extrados 
 
 Kahn Bars 
 
 Spacing 
 
 ^4 
 1'2 
 1'2 
 
 1'2 
 
 VA 
 
 1^2 
 1'2 
 
 'x2-iV" 1(3" c. to c. 
 'x2i5" I 14" c. to c. 
 'x2i>ii" I 12" c. toe. 
 'X2I4" 18" c. to c. 
 'X2I4" 1(3" c. toe. 
 'x2;4" 15" c. to c. 
 'x2H" 14" c. toe. 
 'x2,i4" 13" e. to e. 
 X2I4" 12" c. to c. 
 
 U" c. to e. 
 
 10" e. to c. 
 
 Concrete ! Concrete in 
 
 in Arcli Abutments 
 
 Cubic Feet Cubic Feet 
 
 XL" 
 '^1 , 
 
 ■2 X^U 
 
 700 
 
 2000 
 
 1050 
 
 2800 
 
 11)00 
 
 3400 
 
 2250 
 
 4000 
 
 3000 
 
 5000 
 
 3800 
 
 6000 
 
 4800 
 
 7000 
 
 5800 
 
 8000 
 
 0900 
 
 9000 
 
 8200 
 
 10000 
 
 9500 
 
 11000 
 
 Note — The arehes in this talile arc designed for a rise of 
 not less than 1-10 the span, a Hve load of 150 pounds 
 per sq. ft. and a moderate earth fill over the crown. 
 
 Width of roadway — 16'0" in the clear for all spans. 
 
 Spandrel walls to be reinforced with 
 
 Kahn 
 
 Bars spaced 2'0" c. to c. 
 
 Amounts of concrete in abutments are rough approxi- 
 mations as local conditions govern. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 
 
 17 
 
18 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 Design of Parabolic Arches 
 Without Hinges 
 
 SPAN TO BE DIVIDED INTO 10 EQUAL PANELS 
 
 Let the span be di\'ided into ten equal panels and points 
 of division numbered from one to nine. 
 
 w =load in points at point under consideration. 
 
 c = one-half span (in feet), 
 
 k =rise of arch (in feet), 
 
 ?w = ratio between load (w) and bending moment, taken 
 from table, 
 
 M =bending moment due to load at point under con- 
 sideration =m c IV. 
 
 h =ratio between load and thrust produced, from table, 
 
 c 
 H = thrust produced by load = h — w. 
 
 k 
 — indicates tension in extrados. 
 + indicates tension in intrados. 
 
 In order to make plain this method of calculation, and 
 the use of the table, let it be assumed that it is desired to 
 design a highway bridge having a clear span of 60 feet and 
 a rise of 6 feet to carry a live load of 100 pounds per sq. ft. 
 
 The weight of the fill at the crown is assumed to be 
 200 pounds per sq. ft. Substituting these values in the 
 empirical formula for crown thickness gives 14.7 inches. 
 
 Lay out the center line of the proposed arch for the 
 given span and rise, divide it into ten equal parts, number- 
 ing them as shown in the figure. 
 
 In arch design it is customary to figure the loads and 
 stresses for a section of the bridge one foot wide, for, having 
 determined the necessary section on this basis, the bridge 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 19 
 
 Arches — Table No. 1 
 
 Parabolic Rib Fixed At Ends. Values Of "?k" At Points 
 
 ■3 
 Cm 
 
 POSITION OF LOAD "IF" 
 
 9 S 
 
 1 ' 
 7 6 5 ' 4 3 
 
 2 I 1 
 
 
 
 + .022 +.004 
 
 + .095! + . 096 
 
 + .062 —.073 
 
 —.128 
 
 —.121 
 
 1 
 
 + .006 +.016 
 
 + .019 +.011 
 
 —.006 —.026 —.036 
 
 —.018 
 
 + .051 
 
 2 
 
 —.005— .017 
 
 —.031 —.040 
 
 —.037 
 
 — .017| + .028 
 
 + .107 
 
 +.028 
 
 3 
 
 —.012 i— .03.5 
 
 —.054 —.056 
 
 —.031 
 
 + .026 
 
 + .119 
 
 + .048 
 
 + .011 
 
 4 1— .013 —.037 
 
 —.050 —.037 
 
 + .012 
 
 + .104 
 
 + .036 
 
 + .004 
 
 —.002 
 
 5 —010 —.024 
 
 —.020 +.016 
 
 + .094 
 
 + .016 
 
 —.020 
 
 —.024 
 
 —.010 
 
 6 
 
 — .002: + .004 
 
 + .036 +.104 
 
 + .012 
 
 —.037 
 
 —.0.50 
 
 —.037 
 
 —.013 
 
 7 
 
 + .011 +.048 
 
 + .119 +.026 
 
 —.031 —.0.56 !— .054 
 
 —.035 —.012 1 
 
 8 
 
 + .028! + . 107 
 
 + .028 —.017 
 
 —.037 —.040 —.031 
 
 —.017 
 
 ^.005 
 
 9 
 
 + .0511— .018 
 
 —.036 —.026 
 
 —.006 
 
 + .011 +.019 
 
 + .016 +.006 
 
 10 —.121— .128 
 
 i 
 
 —.073 
 
 + .062 
 
 + .096 +.095 
 
 + .064 +.022 
 
 VALUES OF "h" FOR VARIOUS POSITIONS OF LOAD "W" 
 
 ■3 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 7 ' 6 
 
 5 
 
 4,312 
 
 1 
 
 
 .061 
 
 .192 
 
 .331 
 
 .4.32 
 
 .469 
 
 .432 
 
 .331 ' .192 
 
 .061 
 
 From Prof. C. E. Greene's "Trusses and Arches," Part III. 
 
 60 0' SPAN DIVIDED INTO 10 EQUAL PANELS 
 
 I I 
 
 I'll 
 I I 1 I 
 
 CENTER line: •>! ARCH RING (par ABOLA.\ 
 
KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 may be made as desired. This of course does not apply 
 
 Here the loads and stresses 
 
 ARCHES— TABLE No. 2 
 
 1 
 
 Weight of 
 .-Vrch Ring 
 
 Weight of 
 Fill 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 1800 
 
 6000 
 
 7800 
 
 2 
 
 1600 
 
 2400 
 
 4000 
 
 3 
 
 1400 
 
 1600 
 
 3000 
 
 4 
 
 1300 
 
 1300 
 
 2600 
 
 5 
 
 1200 
 
 1200 
 
 2400 
 
 6 
 
 1300 
 
 1300 
 
 2600 
 
 7 
 
 1400 
 
 1600 
 
 .3000 
 
 8 
 
 1600 
 
 2400 
 
 4000 
 
 9 
 
 1800 
 
 6000 
 
 7800 
 
 to bridges having arch ribs, 
 are determined for each rib. 
 
 Compute the loads that 
 would come at each of these 
 points for an arch ring one 
 foot wide if the weight of 
 the structure and fill were 
 concentrated at them, and 
 tabulate as in table No. 2. 
 
 To find the bending mo- 
 ment at any point, as No. 
 7, proceed as in table No. 3. 
 
 In column No. 1 are the 
 points in order. Column 
 No. 4 contains the factors 
 "m" found opposite No. 7 
 of table No. 1. The half span c and weights W, from table 
 No. 2, are given in columns No. 2 and 5 opposite their 
 respective points. The bending moment in foot pounds is 
 given in column No. 6. The algebraic sum of these moments 
 gives the bending moment at point 7 for the unloaded arch. 
 The moments due to the live load are computed in the 
 same way. If a street car loading is specified it may be 
 reduced to an equivalent uniformly distributed load by 
 means of equivalent load diagram. 
 
 The live load is usually assumed to extend from one 
 abutment to the center of the span, but may be placed 
 in such positions as would give the greatest stresses at 
 the points under consideration, if such loadings are likely 
 to occur when the bridge is actually in use. For example, 
 by an inspection of the signs of the co-efficients in Table 
 No. 1 it will be seen that for the maximum negative 
 moments at point 7 the live load should not extend quite 
 to the center of the span. 
 
 The assumed live load of 100 pounds per sq. ft. extend- 
 ing from the right abutment to the center of the span 
 gives a load of (300 pounds concentrated at each of the 
 points 9, 8, 7 and 6 and 300 pounds at .5. These weights 
 are entered in column 7 of table No. 3, "hi" and "c" 
 remaining the same; column 8 gives the resulting moments. 
 This sum added to the moment of the unloaded arches 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 21 
 
 Table No. 3 
 
 Moments and Thrusts in 60 Ft. Highway Arch— 
 Section One Foot Wide. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 4 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 10 
 
 11 12 Vi 
 
 'o 
 
 Ph 
 
 9 
 
 c 
 30 
 
 
 - 
 
 = Dead 
 : ^ Lu,\DS 
 
 \A\V. I.DAIJ 
 
 (JN Ru.n 1 
 
 I.iVE Road 
 i)x Left 
 
 '■6 > \ t ~ 
 
 k 
 6 
 
 'f. cd 
 
 1 
 
 + .011^7800 
 
 M - 
 m.c.W, 
 
 +2.570 
 
 " - m.c.W, 
 
 ^^ = m.cAV, 
 
 ^ " !-| 
 
 600, +200 
 
 ' 1 
 
 .0(il 8400 2560 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 + .048 4000 
 
 +5760 '6001 + 860 
 
 .192 40001 4420 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 + .1191 3000 
 
 + 1071016001+2140 
 
 
 .331 ,3600 5960 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 + .026 2600, +2170 600+470 
 
 
 .432 3200 0910 
 
 .'S 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 —.031 2400'— 2230 '300—280 
 
 300 
 
 -280 .469 3000 7030 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 —.0.56126001—4410 
 
 
 (iOO 
 
 —1010.432 32001 6910 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 —.0.54| 3000,— 4800 
 
 
 600—970 .331 3600' .5900 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 —.03.5 4000'— 4200 
 
 
 600—030 .192 460o' 4420 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 —.012 7800—2800 
 
 
 600:~22O .061 S400 2560 
 
 
 +2710 +3390 —3110 40730* 
 
 
 
 +2710 +271 
 
 ) 
 
 +0100 # — 40 
 
 )% 
 
 
 XoTE — Maxiniuin p(jsi(i\-c nionient at point Xo. 7 =- 
 
 
 6100 ft. lbs. 
 
 
 Maximum negative moment at point No. 7 = — 400 
 
 
 ft. lbs. 
 
 
 Maximum horizontal thrust of section considered 
 
 
 =46730 lbs. 
 
KAIIiS SYSTEM REINFOHCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 gives a total positive moment due to both dead and live 
 loads at this point. 
 
 The maximum negative moment is found by placing the 
 live loads upon the other half of the bridge, as in columns 
 9 and 10, and taking the algebraic sum of the moments 
 due to both live and dead loads. 
 
 The necessary amount of steel reinforcement may be 
 found by the formula RM =.86 d Asf., where — f =allowed 
 stress in steel. As =area of steel; d =distance from center 
 of steel to opposite surface of arch rib, and RM = resisting 
 moment of section which must be at least equal to the 
 bending moment produced by the loads. The steel is 
 assumed to take only tension and the concrete only com- 
 pression. Allowance should be made for the fact that 
 there is no tension in the arch rib unless the line of action 
 of the resultant thrust passes outside of the middle third 
 of the section; in other words, unless M^HZ>d^~6. 
 
 The horizontal thrust is a maximum when the arch is 
 fully loaded and is found by means of the factors gi^■en at 
 the foot of table No. 1. The results are tabulated in the 
 last three columns of table No. 3. The sum gives the max- 
 imum horizontal thrust exerted upon the abutments by the 
 loaded arch. This combined graphically with the dead 
 weight of the half span and fill gi^'es a resultant thrust 
 which is in turn combined with the weight of the abutment 
 and superimposed earth. This latter resultant gives the 
 amount and direction of the thrust of the abutment upon 
 its foundation. In order that there may be no overturning 
 tendenc>' this resultant should pass within the middle third 
 of the base. 
 
 If the assumed abutment does not meet these conditions 
 a new length of base should be assumed and the new posi- 
 tion of the resultant determined. 
 
 In case the arch ring is not parabolic in form, but does 
 not depart widely from the parabola, this method of com- 
 putation may be employed by determining a new span for 
 the arch, which, with the given rise, will gi\-e the same 
 area between the springing line and the neutral surface 
 cur\'e as would be included between the same elements if 
 the curve was a parabola, or recourse may l)e had to one 
 of the graphical methods where the description of the 
 cur\e is of less consequence. 
 
TRLSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 
 
 23 
 
24 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 RICHMOND & CHES. 
 
 Hermann Foucnee, Engineer. Rn 
 
 A World Famous struclurc, 
 2,800 feet long— IS to 70 i 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 :e bay ry. a-iadU'CT 
 
 Ya. John T. Wilson. Cnritr.TCtr, 
 
 IN System Reinforced Cniicrete. 
 — girrler spans up to 07 feet. 
 
26 K.ltIN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 BRIDGE, HILLIARY ROAD, RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 Suppi-TtiiiK girders extend alxive roadway forming railings fo 
 Note continuous unbroken roadway tlirotigh Ijridge. 
 Built Kahn S^'stkm J-leinforced Concrete. 
 
 Inidge 
 
 '■■it ::■»>- -^ 
 
 BRIDGE OVER MESHOPPEN CREEK, WYOMING CO., PA. 
 
 Sm rrrr & VVi:li.s, Engineers. 
 27 feet :; inches Icmg, IS iv 
 
 F. 1>. 
 System J\< 
 
 !unnm:le, (\intract(ir. 
 inforced Concrete. 
 
TRCSSEU CONCRETE S 
 
 ■■_ STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 B^?.^- BRIDGE, WORCESTER MAS'; 
 Built Kahn System Rpmf„™i7-..' i^i/}^' 
 
 System Reinforced Cone 
 
 GIRDER BRIDGE, 
 ELsie, Mich. 
 Built Kahn System 
 Rein forced (^oncrete. 
 
28 KAIIN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 BRIDGE OYER BRANCH OF BROAD RU'ER 
 Cnnnecting Ashevillo, N. C, with West Asheville. 
 
 Tntal lengdi, 9^1 feet 110 spniis). Arch spans ov 
 spans nf 31 tn 5;) feet. 
 
 Bnilt 
 
 .'er 140 feet. Cnvde 
 to Kaiin System Reinfmced Concrete. 
 
TRLSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
30 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 ■J 
 
 H 
 
 2; 
 o 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 ^; 
 
 w 
 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 [In 
 
 W 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 31 
 
 ui 
 
 |C 
 
 
 f^ffl 
 
 
 ^^^K^ 
 
 
 i';p^| 
 
 
 ' M i 
 
 
 ' '■ ' '% 
 
 
 
 
 i ^■^■F«PTw*r^ 
 
 
 
 
 i f 
 
 
 
 >^^ 
 
 j i^^H. ^mL 
 
 .«&- 
 
 "' ^^K^V^/mt 
 
 <-• 
 
 u^^KU 
 
 •JS 
 
 HHh^H 
 
KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 PALLISTER TUNXEL FOR CANADIAN PACIFIC R. R. 
 Vancouver, E. C. 
 
 Built Kahn System Reinforceil Ccmcrtte. 
 
 i^^^^&i 
 
 DAM ACROSS BLUE RT\'ER, Beatrice, Neb. 
 
 Beardslee & BuocKWAY, Engineers. liuilt Kahn System EeinfoiceJ Concrete. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 
 
 33 
 
 CULVERT FOR SOUTHERN RAILWAY 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 5.^) feet wide and carries four tracks. 
 Btiilt Katin System Reinforced Concrete. 
 
34 K.IIIN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE DOCKS 
 
 Z 5 
 
 U m 
 
 2 a 
 
 2; 
 
 'A 
 
TRISSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 35 
 
 Rib Metal 
 
 Rib Metal consists of a series of nine straight bars or ribs rigidly 
 connected by cross members formed from tlic same sheet of steel. 
 These cross members accurately space and thoroughly anchor the main 
 bars in the concrete, providing a perfect reinfurcemcnt against tem])era- 
 ture and shrinkage strains. 
 
 The ribs span in the direct line of the greatest strain and are stiff 
 and rigid, assuring their accurate location in the concrete. 
 
 Rib Metal is furnished in flat sheets for floors, roofs, walls, \'auUs, 
 etc., or bent to exact cur\'e for arches, condtiits, se\A'ers, reser\"oirs, 
 tanks, etc. 
 
 Rib Metal 
 
 Properties of Rib Metal 
 
 Area of One Rib =.09 Sq. In. (9 Ribs in One Sheet) 
 
 Size 
 No. 
 
 VVidtli of 
 
 Standard 
 
 Stieet 
 
 Square Fec-t 
 
 per Lineal 
 
 Foot 
 
 .\rea per l^^oot 
 of Widtli 
 
 .54 scp in. 
 
 Weigiit per 
 Stiuare Foot 
 
 1.025 lbs. 
 
 2 
 
 16" 
 
 1.33 
 
 .3 
 
 24" 
 
 2.00 
 
 .36 sq. in. 
 
 1.340 lbs. 
 
 4 
 
 32" 
 
 2.67 
 
 .27 sq. in. 
 
 .997 lbs. 
 
 5 
 
 40" 
 
 3.33 
 
 .216 sq. in. 
 
 .792 lbs. 
 
 fi 
 
 48" 
 
 4.00 
 
 .18 sq. in. 
 
 .6.55 lbs. 
 
 7 
 
 56" 
 
 4.67 
 
 .1.54 sq. in. 
 
 .557 lbs. 
 
 8 
 
 64" 
 
 .5.33 
 
 .135 sq. in. 
 
 .484 lbs. 
 
 All lengths up to IS feet. Furnished in Hat or cur\-cd sheets 
 
36 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERTS 
 
 CONCRETE CULVERTS 
 
 Height i'6to5-o" 
 Ta ble of DiriENSiON S 
 
 2 
 
 
 If 1- 
 
 a, g 
 
 2-0- 
 
 6" 
 
 12" 
 
 Mo. 6 
 
 .3' 0" 
 
 6" 
 
 12' 
 
 N<3 3 
 
 4-ci' 
 
 fi" 
 
 \r 
 
 No 3 
 
 5'-o' 
 
 6" 
 
 12" 
 
 No 3 
 
 \-,e-'4 
 
 LONGITUDINAL SeCTION 
 
 CONCRETE DITCH CROSS/NG 
 
 w 
 
 ; ^^^ffjbl Metal Reinforcement 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 Department of Highways 
 
 STANDARD STRUCTURES 
 
 For State and County Highways 
 
 Cross 
 Section 
 
 
 7\^ic~^ 
 
 ! t 
 
 11 
 
 pftj: 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 37 
 
 M^^AI'e/aA 
 
 -^/i>Me!h/ 
 
 Concrete Sewers Reinforced with Rib Metal 
 
 
 (Table 
 
 gives 
 
 size of Rib Metal for various depths of fill) 
 
 Size 
 (D) 
 
 T 
 
 (in.) 
 
 E 
 (in.) 
 
 DEPTH OF FILL OVER SEWER | 
 
 OFt. 
 
 7 Ft. \ S Ft. 
 
 9 Ft. 
 
 10 Ft. 
 
 12 Ft. 
 
 14 Ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 »7" 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 ,s 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 3(1" 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ■:;i" 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 :;«" 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 >.; 
 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 :;»" 
 
 1 
 
 r^ 
 
 ,s 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 42" 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 (i 
 
 (1 
 
 i; 
 
 (> 
 
 IS 
 
 45" 
 
 5 
 
 « ' 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 48" 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 ,s 
 
 7 
 
 U 
 
 (i 
 
 Ci 
 
 U 
 
 c. 
 
 54" 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 « 
 
 i; 
 
 ;> 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 m" 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 eii" 
 
 li 
 
 8 
 
 R 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 I'l" 
 
 l> 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 :j 
 
 
 3 
 
 7S" 
 
 7 
 
 '( 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 ■) 
 
 
 8J" 
 
 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 ■A 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 '> 
 
 9 
 
 
 Sit!" 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 'I 
 
 
 *TI J? 
 
 RIB METAL .SEAA'ER, L.-\ke Pleas.ant, Minn. 
 
 L. W. RuNDLFuTT, Engineer. J. II. Dmnaiiuk, Contractor. 
 
38 KAHN SYSTEM REINFORCED CONCRETE IVALLS 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 39 
 
 Earth Pressures 
 
 
 
 Angle of Repose 
 
 = 0= 33 Degrees 
 
 
 
 Depth 
 
 Total 
 
 Inclined 
 
 Press. 
 
 Total 
 Hor. 
 Press. 
 
 Hor. 
 Press, 
 per Sq. 
 
 Foot 
 
 Total 
 Depth Inclined 
 Press. 
 
 Total 
 Hor. 
 Press. 
 
 59:-;5 
 
 Hor. 
 
 Press. 
 
 per Sq. 
 
 Foot 
 
 5 
 
 335 
 
 280 
 
 112 
 
 23 
 
 70S0 
 
 516 
 
 (3 
 
 480 
 
 405 
 
 135 
 
 24 i 7710 
 
 6460 
 
 538 
 
 7 
 
 655 
 
 550 
 
 157 
 
 25 ' 8365 
 
 7015 
 
 5(il 
 
 S 
 
 855 
 
 720 
 
 180 
 
 26 9045 
 
 7585 
 
 583 
 
 9 
 
 1085 
 
 910 
 
 202 
 
 27 9755 
 
 8180 
 
 606 
 
 10 
 
 1340 
 
 1120 
 
 224 
 
 28 10490 
 
 8800 
 
 (i28 
 
 11 
 
 1620 
 
 1355 
 
 246 
 
 29 
 
 11255 
 
 9435 
 
 650 
 
 12 
 
 1930 
 
 1615 
 
 269 
 
 30 
 
 12040 
 
 10100 
 
 673 
 
 13 
 
 2260 
 
 1895 
 
 291 
 
 31 
 
 12860 
 
 10780 
 
 696 
 
 14 
 
 2625 
 
 2200 
 
 314 
 
 32 
 
 13700 
 
 11490 
 
 718 
 
 15 
 
 3010 
 
 2525 
 
 337 
 
 33 
 
 14705 
 
 12220 
 
 741 
 
 16 
 
 3425 
 
 2870 
 
 359 
 
 34 
 
 15455 
 
 12960 
 
 763 
 
 17 
 
 3865 
 
 3245 
 
 381 
 
 35 
 
 16390 
 
 13745 
 
 785 
 
 18 
 
 4335 
 
 3635 
 
 404 
 
 36 
 
 17340 
 
 14540 
 
 808 
 
 19 
 
 4830 
 
 4050 
 
 426 
 
 37 
 
 18315 
 
 15360 
 
 830 
 
 20 
 
 5350 
 
 4490 
 
 449 
 
 38 
 
 19275 
 
 16200 
 
 853 
 
 21 
 
 5900 
 
 4950 
 
 471 
 
 39 
 
 20350 
 
 17065 
 
 875 
 
 22 
 
 6475 
 
 5430 
 
 493 
 
 40 
 
 21410 
 
 17950 
 
 896 
 
 Eart 
 
 h Level. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 Inclined 
 
 Pressure 
 
 cos o eh~ 
 — —I 
 
 338 c7/- 
 
 
 2(1 +sinp v2)' 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 Hor. Pre 
 
 ssure = 1 
 
 1.22 h- acting at depth = 
 
 rjl 
 
 
 Note 
 
 : e = 10 
 
 lb. per c 
 
 u. ft.; /i = Depth. 
 
 
 
40 
 
 TRUS-CON ARMOR PLATE 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 41 
 
 Tfus-Con Armoi' Plate 
 
 The Expansion or Contraction Joint Protector 
 
 The plate that overcomes the only weak point in the concrete road 
 or pavement because it is the plate that prevents rutting and chipping 
 of the joint. 
 
 The Trus-Con Armor Plate is the high grade open-hearth steel plate 
 that permanently protects the joint in your road from breaking down; 
 the plate that wears with the rest of the pavement and thus provides 
 at all times a smooth, even surface at the joint without ruts or bumps. 
 This plate does this at a cost to you which is saved in the first repair 
 work necessitated by the unprotected joint or by the irregular cracks 
 caused by omission of contraction joints. 
 
 CURVED TO CROWN OF PAVEMENT 
 
 For convenience in shipping and handling, Trus-Con Armor Plates 
 are supplied as indicated in lower illustration above. The prongs are 
 readily transformed, on the job, to the form indicated in the upper 
 illustration. 
 
 Our plates, manufactured from the very best grade of open-hearth 
 steel, a good tough steel, are just the right composition to take the 
 extra heavy wear at the joint; will not fracture and will wear down 
 with the roadway. 
 
 Standard size of plate is 2l2 inches wide, rg inch thick and any 
 reasonable length. Other sizes can be furnished. Plates are curved to 
 pitch or crown of pavement. 
 
TRUS-COi\ ARMOR PLATE 
 
 Two Trus-Con 
 
 Armor Plates in 
 
 place, protecting 
 
 the joint with H 
 
 inch asphaltum felt 
 
 for filler, cutting entire 
 
 depth of pavement. 
 
 Necessity for Joints and Their Protection 
 
 While we realize that concrete road paving" is but now gaining promi- 
 nence, it is a fact that this type of construction has passed through its 
 first experimental .stage and that many conclusions can be drawn 
 relative to its use. 
 
 It is admittedly the best pa\'ement, cost considered, so far evolved 
 for roads and streets subjected to medium weight traffic. It can be 
 laid for appro.ximately $1.2.5 or less per square yard. The results 
 obtained in Wayne County, where 70 miles of concrete road have now 
 been laid, arc so satisfactory that thirty miles more will be placed in 
 1913. 
 
 Cracks must arbitrarily be made across the roadway or else irregular, 
 unsightly cracks will develop naturally, due to the fact that concrete 
 contracts and expands from the action of both temperature and mois- 
 ture. Not being a plastic material the pavement will cither pull itself 
 apart or else must be provided with expansion or contraction joints 
 placed at such inter^'als as will allow of this constant movement with- 
 out damage to the mass. 
 
 The crack or joint thus formed is, unless properly protected, the 
 weakest point in the roadway. This is genet-ally admitted by all who 
 have hacl experience in concrete road building. Under the action of 
 traffic the exposed edges quickly chip off continually becoming larger 
 until a rut is formed seriously damaging the pavement. 
 
 The Trus-Con Armor Plate, used in connection with asphaltum felt 
 or plastic asphaltum as shown in accoinpanying illustration, provides 
 an elastic material to absorb the expansion or to allow of uniforin 
 contraction. This steel plate protects and insures even, gradual wear 
 of the so-called "weakest part of the road," so that it now really 
 becomes the strongest, since it allows the road to overcome the tendency 
 to fracture, and eliminates the "weakness" by forcing the joint to wear 
 uniformly without checking. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO.. DETROIT 43 
 
 Superiority of Trus-Con Armor Plate 
 as a Protector 
 
 The ideal expansion joint protector must combine tine following 
 features: 
 
 1st. Thick enough, deep enough and hard enough to protect the edge 
 against which it is placed, not only for one year hut for the life of the 
 pavement. 
 
 2nd. Of the proper temper to receive blows and not fracture, and 
 to wear evenly with the road surface. 
 
 ord. Be simple of installation. 
 
 4th. Cheap enough to permit of common use. 
 
 5th. Provide strong enough bond with face of road slab so that it 
 can never cleave away imder traffic pressure. 
 
 The prongs, formed from the plates, are sheared at the ends so as 
 to provide a positive lug to thoroughly anchor the plate to the concrete. 
 Note that the plate cannot separate from the concrete without pulling 
 the prongs in two. Compare this with other methods which depend 
 merely on the adhesion of the concrete. Without thorough anchorage 
 the plates separate from the concrete and the concrete at the joint 
 chips and breaks down, the same as with the unprotected joint. 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Plates are superior to angles, and similar devices. 
 The angle is placed with one leg extending over the pavement about 3 
 inches. This 6-inch surface of steel is slippery and the cost very great, 
 which together with other objections, eliminates the angle from con- 
 sideration, since a more efficient plate is at hand for less money. 
 
 Installation of Trus-Con Armor Plate is accomplished by clamping 
 the two bars together with a layer of asphaltum felt of desired thickness 
 between, the felt cutting entire depth of pavement. (See illustration 
 on opposite page.) Or if preferred a steel plate is placed temporarily 
 between the two Armor Plates and is removed after concrete is pour- 
 ed, the space then being filled with plastic asphaltum. Either process is 
 satisfactory, will allow of expansion and will prevent joint filling with 
 grit ; although felt method is somewhat cheaper. The assembled plates 
 are held in place at exact grade line by being attached temporarily to 
 side grade boards and supported bjr pins driven into subgrade. Com- 
 plete specific directions will be given covering entire operation. 
 
 These pages give but an outline of our method of protecting the 
 contraction or expansion joint and show only in a general way the 
 make-up and use of the Trus-Con Armor Plate. Special informa- 
 tion covering individual requirements will be given to anyone contem- 
 plating the construction of concrete paving. Complete information, 
 suggestions, etc., will be furnished upon request. 
 
44 
 
 TRUS-CON CURB BAR 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar 
 
 The Real Concrete Edge Protector 
 
 ^^ CURB Baf( ,, 
 
 Recognizing tlie demand for a really efficient concrete edge pro- 
 tector that could be manufactured and placed upon the market at a 
 reasonable cost, we some time ago evolved the Trus-Con Curb Bar. 
 We claim for this Bar the element of the best possible, most economi- 
 cal arrangement of every particle of steel used to protect your con- 
 crete curbs, shipping platforms, step nosings, entrance and interior 
 columns, or in short, any concrete edges exposed to strain incident to 
 moving bodies, or as in curbs, to the added strain of temperature. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 45 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar 
 
 The Real Concrete Edge Protector 
 
 Manufactured from two pieces of highest grade open hearth steel, 
 securely welded together and hot galvanized after forming. 
 
 Supplied in two standard sizes: 
 
 No. 1 — Plate rs inch thick, periphery 2H inches wide. 
 
 Anchor Bolt 3 2-^3 inches. 
 No. 2 — Plate Ye inch thick, periphery 1'-^^ inches wide. 
 
 Anchor Bolt ' ' 
 
 inches 
 
 Standard lengths 8, 10 and 12 feel. 
 
 The two designs of Trus-Con Curb Bar are our standard ones, and 
 we have found from experience that one or the other of them will satisfy 
 practically all conditions. However, when necessary to comply with 
 city ordinances and special conditions, we are preparefl to manufacture 
 this Bar in other sizes to meet all requirements. 
 
 Universal Application of Trus-Con 
 Curb Bar 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars are recommended for all cxposerl corners of 
 concrete construction, such as walls, pilasters, platforms, stairs, side- 
 walks, curbs, bridges, shipping rooms, freight sheds, etc., etc. We will 
 gladly give you our recommendations and prepare details of the use 
 of Trus-Con Curb Bar in any particular work. 
 
 Trus-Con Cur)) 
 Bar on sliipping 
 platforms and stairs. 
 
4-6 
 
 TRUS-CON CURB BAR 
 
 &: 
 
 '*# 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 » ^ 
 
 f> 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^^ -. 
 
 f 
 
 =a' 
 
 - ^ 
 
 V 
 
 # "". 
 
 y* ^ 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 ^■.' * 
 
 
 * - 
 
 y .^ 
 
 Trus-Cnn Curb Bar in its most importiirt IilIiI making possi))le 
 tlie efficient concrete cuil) 
 
 Concrete Curbs Protected by 
 Trus-Con Curb Bars 
 
 Consider the finished, neat appearance given to a street by such a 
 protected and finished curb. Checked, rutty curbs arc unsightly; a 
 Trus-Con Armored Curb is proof against cracking and withstands more 
 shock and wear than the best stone or granite. .'\ curb carefully laid 
 and protected with these bars is mechanically perfect, and will sta\- 
 e.xactly as placed under all conditions. 
 
 Consider the fact that this construction will cost about one-half 
 the ordinary granite or stone curbing, where individual sections are 
 from four to six feet long, and the ends are sure to get out of alignment. 
 
 We feel confident that every engineer and land owner in our cities 
 appreciates the economy of a concrete curb and would advocate its 
 use, provided they could procure a protector that would protect abso- 
 lutely and yet not be exorbitant in price. The Trus-Con Curb Bar 
 .satisfies both of these conditions through its comparatively low first 
 cost, its ease of installation and its large galvanized wearing surface. 
 
TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO., DETROIT 
 
 47 
 
 The Trus-Con Curb Bar Protects all 
 Concrete Edges 
 
 The Kahn System of Reinforcing and Finishing Concrete in prac- 
 tically all of its thousands of applications, is known the world over, and 
 is represented by offices in practically every large city on the globe. 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar is one of the Kahn Building Products and we submit 
 the following reasons as its claim of superiority, for your consideration 
 and its adoption. 
 
 1. The very best possible arrangement of a minimum amount of 
 steel to secure most satisfactory results. 
 
 2. The very best grade of steel for the purpose, heavily galvanized, 
 and an anchorage to the concrete that is absolute, and one that becomes 
 an actual reinforcement in addition. 
 
 3. Simplicity of installation, as no special tools or detached parts 
 whatever are required. 
 
 4. Ability to distribute shock throughout the whole body of 
 concrete. 
 
 F). Low cost, occasioned by the fact that it is manufactured in our 
 own immense factory and on our own machinery. 
 
 We invite correspondence regarding the uses of Trus-Con Curb Bar, 
 as well as our other products. State your conditions, and we will 
 recommend the size of Bar that, in our opinion, would give best results. 
 We will be pleased to quote you prices and terms. 
 
 BENT TO CURVE. Our shops furnish Trus-Con Curb Bars 
 curved to any reasonable radius to satisfy all conditions of 
 street intersections, etc. 
 
 Xdte how perfectly the Tnis-Con Curb Bar is arlaiited for curved 
 curbs at street intersectious. 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Arches, Design of, Parabolic. .18 to 22 
 
 Arch Bridges 14 to 22 
 
 Beaverton, Mich. D.\.m and 
 
 Bridge 29 
 
 Blue River Dam, Beatrice, Neb. 32 
 
 Bridges, Arch 14 to 22 
 
 Bridges, Highw.a.y 7 to 11 
 
 Bridges, Reinforced Concrete. 6 to 33 
 Broad River Bridge, Asheville, 
 
 N- C 28 
 
 Broad Street Bridge, Rich- 
 mond, Va 6 
 
 Charley Creek Viaduct, 
 
 Wabash, Ind 17 
 
 Choptank Bridge, Greensboro, 
 
 Md 6 
 
 Concrete Curbs 44 to 47 
 
 Concrete Edge Protector 44 to 47 
 
 Concrete on Highways 3 
 
 Concrete Roads 40 to 43 
 
 Culverts, Highway 7 to 9 
 
 Culverts with Rib Metal 36 
 
 Culverts, Railway 12 to 14 
 
 Culverts. Southern Ry., 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 33 
 
 Curb B.\r, Trus-Con 44 to 47 
 
 Curbs, Concrete 44 to 47 
 
 Curved Trus-Con Curb Bar. . . 47 
 Dam across Blue River, Bea- 
 trice, Neb 32 
 
 Dam and Bridge, Beaverton, 
 
 Mich 29 
 
 Design of Parabolic Arches. . .18 to 22 
 Diagonals of Kahn Bars, 
 
 Length of 4 
 
 Docks, Northampton, Engl.\nd. 34 
 
 Earth Pressures 39 
 
 Elsie, Mich, Girder Bridge. ... 27 
 
 Expansion Joint Protector. ,. .40 to 43 
 
 Girder, Highway Bridges 7 to 11 
 
 Highway Arch Bridges 16 
 
 Highway Culverts AND Bridges 7 to 11 
 HiLLiARY Road Bridge, Rich- 
 mond, Va 26 
 
 Joints, Protection of 40 to 43 
 
 Kahn Bars, Length of 
 
 Diagonals 4 
 
 Kahn Bars, Sections of 5 
 
 Kamn Bars, Shearing or 4 
 
 Lake Park Bridge, Milw.vukee, 
 
 Wis 2 
 
 Length of Diagonals, K.\hn 
 
 Bars 4 
 
 Messina, Sicily, Bridge 31 
 
 page 
 Meshoppen Creek Bridge, Wy- 
 oming Co., Pa 26 
 
 Nelson Street Viaduct. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 23 
 
 New York State St.xndard 
 
 Culverts 36 
 
 North.\mpton, Engl.'Und, Docks. 34 
 Pallister Tunnel, Vancouver, 
 
 B. C. 32 
 
 Parabolic Arches, Design of... 18 to 22 
 
 Pier, Santa Monica, Cal 34 
 
 Plates for Protecting Joints. .40 to 43 
 
 Pressures of Earth 39 
 
 Properties of Kahn Bars 4 and 5 
 
 Properties of Rib Metal 35 
 
 Protector. Concrete Edges. .. .44 to 47 
 Protector for Expansion 
 
 Joints 40 to 43 
 
 Railway Box Culverts 12 to 14 
 
 Reinforced Concrete Bridges.. 6 to 33 
 Retaining Wall, Milwaukee, 
 
 Wis 38 
 
 Rib Metal 35 to 37 
 
 Richmond and Chesapeake B.\y 
 
 X'iaduct 24 and 25 
 
 Roads, Concrete 40 to 43 
 
 Santa Monica Pier, Santa 
 
 Monica, Cal 34 
 
 Sections, K.\hn Bars 5 
 
 Sewers, with Rib Metal 37 
 
 Seymour, Wis., Bridge 30 
 
 Shearing of Kahn Bars 4 
 
 Shipping Platform and Stairs . 45 
 
 Si-AB Highway Bridges, table of 9 
 Southern Ry. Culverts, 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 33 
 
 Tables of Earth Pressures. ... 39 
 Tables of Girder Highway 
 
 Bridges 10 and 11 
 
 Tables of Highway Arch 
 
 Bridges 16 
 
 Tables of N. V. State Culverts 36 
 
 Tables of Railway Culverts . . 12 
 
 Tables of Rib Metal Sewers. . 37 
 Tables of Slab Highway 
 
 Bridges 9 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Pl.\.te 40 to 43 
 
 Tri.'s-Con Curb Bar 44 to 47 
 
 Tunnel for Canadian P.vcific 
 
 Ry 32 
 
 Worcester, M.\ss., Arch Bridge 27 
 Wall, Retaining. Milwaukee. 
 
 Wis 38 
 
 Yoshida Bridge, Yokohom.\. 
 
 Japan 31 
 
EARTHQUAKE-PROOF 
 CONSTRUCTION 
 
 A DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECTS 
 OF EARTHQUAKES ON BUILDING 
 CONSTRUCTION WITH SPECIAL 
 REFERENCE TO STRUCTURES OF 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 BY 
 LEWIS ALDEN ESTES 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL COMPANY 
 
 Detroit, Mich., U. S. A. 
 
 1911 
 
Copyright, 1911 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich., U. S. A. 
 
 T. C. S. Co. Press. 
 Pohl— horm 445. 
 Sept. 1911—3500 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 I. The Cause of Earthquakes 7 
 
 II. The Action of Earthquake Eorces !J 
 
 Buildini^s 9 
 
 Chimne3's 1(1 
 
 Bridges 10 
 
 Underground Construction 11 
 
 III. Earthquake — ^Proof ConstructidU in Reinforced 
 
 Concrete 13 
 
 Buildings 1:5 
 
 Bekins \'an & Storage Co 20 
 
 Other Buildings, California 24 
 
 Jamaica 20 
 
 Messina 30 
 
 Philippine Islands 33 
 
 Chimneys 34 
 
 Bridges 3? 
 
 Underground Construction 42 
 
 IV. Fireproofing" 44 
 
 References 4.5 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 Bekins Van & Storage Co., San Francisco, Cal 6 
 
 Tillman & Bendel Building, San Francisco, Cal 12 
 
 Christian Science Temple, Pasadena, Cal 18 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine Company, Kingston, Jamaica 26 
 
 Government Rum Warehouses, Kingston, Jamaica... 28 
 
 Nathan Sherlock & Company, Limited, Kingston, 
 
 Jamaica 28 
 
 Army and Navy Club, Manila, P. 1 32 
 
 Ponte Regina Elena, Messina, Sicily 36 
 
 Yoshida Bridge, Yokohama, Japan 40 
 
EARTHQUAKE-PROOF CONSTRUCTION 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The following pages have been prepared with the 
 purpose of presenting the opinions of some of the leading 
 geologists, engineers and structural seismologists upon 
 the most desirable form of construction for zones of high 
 seismicity. While our own experience has given us very 
 definite convictions relative to earthquake-proof and fire- 
 proof construction, it has been our earnest aim to present 
 in a fair and open-minded manner the conclusions of 
 accepted authorities. It is not our purpose to condemn 
 other forms of construction, save where the weight of 
 evidence is so overwhelming as to make it our dut)- as 
 engineers to warn against them; but rather it is our 
 desire to emphasize the necessity for, and show the 
 means of obtaining ideal earthquake-proof construction. 
 
 We wish to acknowledge and express our sincere ap- 
 preciation of much valuable assistance rendered in the 
 preparation of this work by Dr. W. H. Hobbs, of the 
 Universit}- of Michigan, without whose suggestions many 
 valuable references would undoubtedly have escaped notice. 
 
 We have given the preparation of this book our thor- 
 ough attention, and have reviewed carefully the works 
 of em'inent seismologists both in this country and abroad, 
 especially those who have studied the very able writings 
 of the Japanese investigators to which we have not had 
 personal access. 
 
 The italics throughout the work are ours. 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 BEKINS VAN AND STORAGE CO., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 
 Ralph Warner Hart, Architect. 
 
 The most prominent reinforced concrete building in the San 
 Francisco earthquake and fire, April 18, 1906. Universally com- 
 mended by seismologists and engineers. 
 
 Bulletin No. ;!2-! of the Uuitci Stales Cco!:'>gical Survey on the Elfeef of ihc 
 San Francisco Earlliqitakc aiid Fi}-e. says: 
 
 "The building in process of construction by the liekins \'an & Slorape Com- 
 pany at the corner of i;5th and ^Mission St. was the only example of the ]iurc type 
 of reinforced concrete in the city. Two of the six floors were erected, the walls 
 being made of brick, laid in lime mortar, and the floors and columns of ' reinforced 
 concrete. The walls were badly cracked by the earthquake but the reinforced con- 
 crte was not injured." (See page 20.) 
 
 In completing the building, the walls, as well as the intei ior. were built of 
 reinforced concrete according to the Kahn System. 
 
THE CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES 
 
 In connection with the discussion of earthquake-proof 
 construction, it will not be out of place to review very 
 briefly, the causes underlying seismic activity. 
 
 Earthquakes and volcanoes are both indications of 
 mountain-buildino- forces which are l^'ought into action, 
 probably bv the contraction of volume of the earth and 
 the consequent wrinkling of the outer shell as it adjusts 
 itself to a diminished core. The older theory that earth- 
 quakes were a direct result of volcanic action seems now 
 untenable, as observations do not show so intimate a re- 
 lationship to exist. To quote Professor Hobbs: 
 
 "Regions of volcanoes are subject to earthquakes, yet 
 some of the heaviest earthquakes have aii'ected a region 
 distant from an}' volcanic A-ents. Again, great volcanic 
 outbursts are inaugurated by light earthquakes, but great 
 earthquakes produce as a rule, no perceptible, immediate 
 effect upon the actiA-ity of neighboring volcanoes. * * *' 
 In short, it would appear that both earthquakes and vol- 
 canic activity are different indications of the operation of 
 a more fundamental geological process — mountain forma- 
 tion with its concomitant manifestation in changes of 
 level." 
 
 Earthquakes are then, the direct result of adjustments 
 of the earth's crust. The faulting or slipping resultant 
 from the internal stresses may be evident at the surface 
 in the form of a fissure or fault trace, or may be miles 
 below the surface, and made manifest only in the tremors 
 of the earth. The movement along the fault line may be 
 either vertical or horizontal or a combination of both. 
 Native rock, although it may be profoundly shattered, 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 usually suffers comparatively little displacement from the 
 temblor, but surface earth and especially "made" ground, 
 and marshy, boggy earth are often shaken like jelly in a 
 bowl, or made to undulate with a wave-like motion. It 
 is this latter feature which is so destructive to buildings, 
 bridges and underground construction, and which renders 
 of the utmost importance a careful investigation of the 
 features of a design which shall be ideally earthquake- 
 proof. 
 
 The design of earthquake-proof structures is largely 
 an empirical matter and no form of construction, however 
 perfect it may seem in theory, should be given confidence 
 until it has been tested by seismic disturbances of con- 
 siderable magnitude, and proven its worth. Further, 
 individual reports on the condition of structures which 
 have passed through earthquakes should be accepted with 
 considerable reservation, as the personal equation enters 
 very largely into work of this character, and statements 
 are often made by men of unquestioned veracity and pro- 
 fessional standing which are absolutely contradictory. 
 This implies no intentional misstatement on their part, 
 but is merely a striking illustration of the psychological 
 fact that judgment, uncolored by personality, is impossi- 
 ble, especially when judgment is largely influenced by 
 observation. 
 
 We have endeavored, therefore, to draw the material 
 for this work from as great a variety and as large a num- 
 ber of sources as possible, and will introduce for this 
 reason, what may seem at first account to be an unneces- 
 sarily large nimiber of references. 
 
II. 
 
 THE ACTION OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES 
 
 The forces which act upon all forms of construction 
 as a result of seismic disturbances are first ; those result- 
 ing from the inertia of the structure and the consequent 
 vibration, and second ; direct shear, as a result of a differ- 
 ential movement of the ground. 
 
 Buildings : — The principal damage to buildings sub- 
 jected to the first type of stress previously mentioned, 
 that is, stress due to vibration, results from the fact that 
 the different parts of the structure A'ibrate with different 
 periods. As a clear exposition of this principle, we quote 
 Professor Hobbs: 
 
 "A building in the throes of an earthquake tends to 
 vibrate like an inverted pendulum, or more frequently, 
 like a series of them, since it is usuall}- constructed of 
 different materials, each having its own natural period of 
 vibration. Not only do the different materials correspond 
 to different vibration periods, but if there are wings or 
 extensions to the main portion of the building, these parts, 
 in so far as they vibrate as units, will further have differ- 
 ent periods from the main portiiDu. ft is this diff'erence 
 of vibration period which gives rise to differential internal 
 or 'racking' stresses, tending to destroy the integrit}^ of 
 the structure. //' all parts can be so firmly joined together 
 that the building iiioz'es essentially as a nnit. it may be said 
 to he earthquake-proof." 
 
 If the diff'erential mo\ement of the earth is large and 
 of deep origin, as over a main fault, no structure can with- 
 stand the stresses, but if it is merely a movement of the 
 surface layer, the probability of damage may be reduced 
 to a minimum by proper design. 
 
 9 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 Professor Omori and Professor Milne both point out 
 that the movement at the surface of the earth, especially 
 in "made" ground or marshy districts, is much greater 
 than at a short distance below the surface. In fact the 
 experiments of Professor Alilne showed, during a severe 
 earthquake in 1885, an amplitude of motion at the bottom 
 of a pit ten feet deep only one thirt_v-fourth of the move- 
 ment at the surface. The liability to destruction of build- 
 ings with shallow foundations situated on unstable earth, 
 is at once apparent. The vibration of the surface layer is 
 often accompanied by what may be termed "secondary 
 shear," resulting from a differential movement along a 
 line between earth of dift'erent densities. 
 
 A rotational movement is often induced in buildings, 
 monuments, etc., occurring through the combination of 
 earth vibrations of difTerent amplitude and direction, or 
 perhaps, as Milne points out in "Seismology," caused by 
 a rectilinear motion of the ground which is not parallel 
 to a plane of symmetry of the structure. Distortional 
 stresses caused in this manner are very destructive to 
 structures not designed to withstand their effect. 
 
 Chimneys: — Chimneys of brick, tile, or masonry, in 
 fact of all types not securely reinforced longitudinally, 
 are almost invariably destroj^ed by earthquakes. This is 
 one of the most frequent causes of the disastrous fires 
 which usually follow temblors and in consequence, chim- 
 ney design merits the most careful attention. 
 
 Bridges: — It is well known that banks of streams under 
 seismic vibration will approach each other. As Professor 
 Hobbs points out : — "Whether occupied by streams or not, 
 it seems to be clear that the vicinity of valleys is marked 
 by unusual surface compression in a direction at right 
 angles to the valley." The effect of this movement on a 
 bridge is to exert compression which will cause the bridge 
 either to buckle, or to push apart the tops of the abut- 
 
 10 
 
Eartiiquake-Proof Construction 
 
 ments, or to shear the anchor bolts or the abutment itself 
 along a plane of weakness. 
 
 Underground Structures: — The action of seismic move- 
 ments upon underground structures, as tunnels, sewers 
 and pipes is extremely difficult of prophecy. It embraces 
 vibratory motion in hard ground or rock, undulatory 
 motion and compacting in loose earth, and differential 
 movement between strata of different density. Construc- 
 tion to withstand the above forces must be capable of 
 undergoing tension, compression and direct shear, or else 
 be so flexible as to be non-resistant. 
 
 11 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 12 
 
III. 
 
 EARTHQUAKE-PROOF CONSTRUCTION IN 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 The general action of seismic forces having been out- 
 lined, we come now to a consideration of the essentials 
 of a construction to best withstand these forces. 
 
 Buildings. 
 
 The prime requisite for a stable building is a deep and 
 firm foundation. Where ground solid enough for con- 
 crete footings of either the ordinary or "spread" type is 
 not available, piles should be used. Milne emphasizes 
 the value of a free basement to prevent damage to the 
 building through the movement of the surface earth, which, 
 as previously discussed, is much greater than at a short 
 distance underground. C. G. Knott recommends trench- 
 ing all around buildings, or especially on the side from 
 which earthquake shocks usually come. 
 
 The next essential quality a building should possess is 
 stifTness. The frame should be strong and well tied 
 together, to obtain as nearly as possible the "monolithic" 
 condition, so that the building will vibrate as a unit. How 
 perfectly all-reinforced concrete construction fulfills this 
 condition may be gathered from the following comments 
 in the report of A. E. H. Herschel, Building Surveyor of 
 Kingston, Jamaica, to the Colonial Secretary of Jamaica : 
 on the effects of the earthquakes of April 13th and May 
 14th, 1910, on the buildings at Cartago and San Jose, 
 Costa Rica, with recommendations on earthquake-resist- 
 ing construction. 
 
 13 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 "This (reinforced concrete) is the onh' material which 
 really satisfies all the requirements mentioned above. Its 
 strength begins where the strength of ordniary unrein- 
 forced brick work ends, for in the reinforced concrete, no 
 allowance is made for the strength of concrete in tension. 
 The steel takes all the tensional stresses. So this ma- 
 terial combines the durability and fire-resisting qualities 
 of masonry with the tensional strength and ductility of 
 steel, and above this it possesses certain qualities which 
 are peculiarly its own. It has greater resilience or power 
 to resume its original shape quickly, than any other build- 
 ing material and it can be bent without failing to an ex- 
 tent which would surprise anyone who has not seen it, 
 
 "It is tnily monolithic , that is to say, it has no joints 
 and it forms a light building for the loads it can carry. 
 As regards its durability, all that can be said is that it 
 appears to get stronger the older it is, and this process 
 appears to go on for an indefinite period." 
 
 From Bulletin 324 of the L'. S. Geological Survey on 
 the California Earthquake ; an article by Richard L. Hum- 
 phrey : 
 
 "While reinforced concrete structures were few in the 
 zone of seismic disturbances, these few stood the test by 
 earthquake and fire in a highly satisfactory manner. 
 Rigidity and stiffness and a high fire resistance are in- 
 herent qualities of concrete, and this material proved 
 admirably suited to resist these extraordinary tests. 
 
 "Concrete, especially reinforced concrete, because of 
 its great adhesive strength and reinforcing metal, proved 
 more satisfactory than any other material. Its solid, mono- 
 lithic structure produces a successful earthquake-resisting 
 material, inasmuch as it moves as a unit; moreover, it offers 
 a maximum resistance to fire." 
 
 From the same bulletin, a report by John S, Sewell : 
 
 "From the effect on the fortifications, and on mono- 
 lithic and massive concrete structures elsewhere, as indi- 
 
 14 
 
Earth quake-Proof Construction 
 
 cated by the details taken from the report of Pro- 
 fessors Marx and \\'ing, it seems justifiable to conclude 
 that a solid monolithic concrete strnctiirc of any sort is 
 secure against serious damage in any earthquake country, 
 unless it should happen to lie across the line of slip ; in 
 that case, the damage might be fatal or it might not; 
 depending altogether on the amount of the slip and the 
 intensity of the forces that accompanied it." 
 
 From "La Science de wSeismologique," by Comte de 
 jMontessus de Ballore, probably the leading blench seis- 
 mologist : 
 
 "The building (reinforced concrete) will become a 
 monolith and it is justifiable to su])]jose that there lies the 
 solution of the problem for construction in earthquake 
 countries. * * * Reinforced crmcrete seems to be the 
 best material in all cases. We had expressed our con- 
 victions some time ago and our opinion seems to have 
 been borne out." 
 
 Charles Derleth, Jr., Professor of Structural Engineer- 
 ing in the Univcrsit}- of California, in his report upon the 
 San I~rancisco earthquake, published in "The California 
 Earthquake of 190G," edited by Da\-id Starr Jordan, says: 
 
 "The little San Francisco evddence that one finds, con- 
 sidering also a few reinforced structiu-es, or partially 
 reinforced structures in other places, such as Oakland 
 and Palo Alto, leads one to the conclusion that buildings 
 scientifically designed in reinforced concrete present ad- 
 mirable qualifications for earthquake resistance. There is 
 no reason wdiy reinforced C(jncrete cage constructed build- 
 ing's of at least six or eight stories in height should not 
 
 C) O '-:■ 
 
 be built in San Francisco. A reinforced concrete structure, 
 when intelligently designed, generously proportioned, and 
 honestly built, is a monolith of great coherence and high 
 elasticity, combining the very properties best able to resist 
 earthquake vibration." 
 
 15 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 When buildings are subjected to the "racking'' motion 
 of earthquakes, the weak points of construction are at 
 once apparent. Poorly designed, loosely constructed, and 
 inadequately braced buildings collapse like a house of cards. 
 Professor Derleth and other investigators mention the 
 shearing of rivets in the tower of the Union Ferr}' Build- 
 ing and in the basement of the Flood Building at the 
 time of the San Francisco earthquake. In the case (jf the 
 Union Ferry Building, the rivets which sheared were in 
 the tie rod and wind strut connections, and in the base- 
 ment of the Flood Building a number of rivet heads were 
 sheared off in the connections between the girder beams 
 and column shelf angles upon which the beams rested. 
 Soule, in his report on the California earthquake, printed 
 in the bulletin of the U. S, Geological Sur\-ey, mtnitioned 
 the fact that after the earthquake, bolts and rivets in 
 the Union Trust Building were found to be loose and 
 some were sheared off. Sewell, in a report printed in 
 the same bulletin, calls attention to the empty rivet holes 
 in the wind strut connections in the tower of the City 
 Hall, although he was not able to determine whether the 
 rivets had been sheared off or omitted entirely by a care- 
 less erecting gang. To those who are prone to extol the 
 skill with which steel frame buildings are erected, his 
 statement that "The latter will seem a plausible suppo- 
 sition to anyone familiar with the way in which an a^•er- 
 age erecting gang does its work," will be of interest. In 
 this connection, it may be pointed out that in a reinforced 
 concrete structure, there is not possible tliat concentration of 
 shear ivhich may occur at a rii'eted joint. 
 
 The most general cause for the failure of buildings 
 results from the dilierential motion which occurs through 
 the inadequate bonding or tying together of the various 
 portions of the structure. The words of Professor Ilobbs, 
 in this regard cannot be improved upon. 
 
 16 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 "Wliere roof l^eams have not lieeii ]jruperly tied at the 
 bottom, the vertical component of the shock results in a 
 sudden settling of the roof, causing it to spread at the 
 base and 'kick' over the walls. When floors are not prop- 
 erly anchored to the walls, the horizontal component of 
 the shock causes these heavy masses to be thrown against 
 the walls like battering rams, so that the building is 
 wrecked in parts. In a similar wav, roofs, when not 
 properh' anchored to the walls, are slid over them, and 
 being left without support, collapse.'' 
 
 Hea\-y roofs, as of adobe, which are unfortunately so 
 common in earthquake countries, are a menace in times 
 of seismic actiA'ity and are always a principal cause of 
 damage and loss of life. The center of gravity of the 
 building should be kept as low as possible to minimize 
 the effect of the inertia of the structure. 
 
 In a reinforced concrete building, which is of all t3rpes 
 of construction the most monolithic when proj^erly built, 
 there are especial features of design which should be care- 
 fully considered. All Ijeams, columns and floor slabs 
 should be thoroughly tied together and a liberal amount 
 of steel placed in the slabs o\-er the supports to take care 
 of the negative moment and also to act as a safety factor 
 in the event of reversal of stress due to shock. Careful 
 attention should be given to the adequate bonding of the 
 roof beams to the columns. Column reinforcement should 
 be carried well down and anchored in the footings, which 
 should be hea\'ih' reinforced and founded on firm ground. 
 Outside walls and partitions should be of reinforced con- 
 crete, the reinforcement extending well into the surround- 
 ing beams and columns. 
 
 Terra cotta and hdlhiw tile partitions and floors did 
 not gu'c satisfaction in the Calif(jrnia disaster, either as 
 earthquake-resisting or fireproof materials. Derleth says: 
 "The earthquake certainly did very much more damage 
 to tile partitions in San Francisco than is generally ad- 
 
 17 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 18 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 mitted. These partitions have little strength and are 
 readily collapsible. Tlicy hare no clastic continuitv." 
 
 1 he report of the committee of the San Francisco 
 Association of Members of the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers (Trans. American Society C. E., \'oI. .j'.j, 11)07 ), 
 states: "In the case of partitions, those of terra cotta 
 tiling were ever}'where cracked and opened. It an^jnnted 
 to practical destruction in most cases." 
 
 ^Ir. Humphrey, in the Bulletin of the Geological Sur- 
 vey previously mentioned, reported the failure of the terra 
 cotta floor tiling in the Chronicle and Union Trust Com- 
 pany's buildings due to the falling i;ff of the lower webs 
 of the tile. Alany other similar instances are mentioned 
 in the same bulletin. 
 
 An essential feature of beam and girder construction 
 is the use of rigidly connected shear members. While it 
 is never safe to rely upon the adhesion of the concrete, 
 as is the case when loose stirrups are used, it is doubly 
 insecure when the building may l)e subjected to sudden 
 shock. Air. J. S. Sewell has admirably co\'ered this point 
 in the Prciceedings (jf the American Society of Civil En- 
 gineers, September, 1909, in which he states: 
 
 "If it is unsafe to count on the tensile strength of the 
 concrete to resist horizontal tension, it is equally vmsafe 
 to count on it lor diagonal tension or for shearmg stresses 
 in the web. The ultimate solution is to provide a com- 
 plete system of inclined web members rigidly attached to 
 the horizontal reinforcement and designed and spaced to 
 take all the tensile web stresses ; and thev should extend 
 to the top of the beam and be designed so that their ad- 
 hesion in the compressed part of the concrete will de\'elop 
 their full strength." 
 
 The basis of all conclusions, and the only way in wdiich 
 the truth of the foregoing remarks may be borne out, is 
 by the citation of actual structures which have success- 
 fully passed the earthquake test, and the following ex- 
 
 19 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 amples are submitted as being typical of the behavior of 
 reinforced concrete construction. 
 
 Bekins Van and Storage Company's Warehouse : — 
 
 Among the buildings which passed through the California 
 earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906, there is none which 
 has been so universally mentioned and discussed as the 
 above structure. There had been a great deal of oppo- 
 sition to reinforced concrete, due to the influence of the 
 labor unions, and this structure was the only building in 
 San Francisco which approached a true type of this form 
 of construction. The brick walls adopted by the archi- 
 tect under protest, as a concession to the brick layers' 
 union, were shattered, thus indicating the severity of the 
 shock but otherwise the building was unharmed by the 
 earthquake and succeeding fire. As this structure has 
 been deemed so important b}' seismologists in the discus- 
 sion of earthquake-resisting construction, the comments 
 of investigators will undoubtedly be of interest. 
 
 A letter from the architect of the above building to 
 the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, written five days 
 after the earthquake, afterwards printed in Engineering 
 News, Volume 55, 1906, Page 520: 
 
 "You ma_v be interested to know tliat the warehouse I 
 have under construction here, using your bars, is up two 
 stories — the third fioor slab being finished four days be- 
 fore the earthquake — and that not a crack of any kind is 
 visible in the columns of first story, or the beams and 
 slabs of second floor. I made as careful an examination 
 as possible from the floor, and am more than delighted 
 with its condition. 
 
 "Because of the influence of the bricklayers' union, the 
 city authorities refused us a permit for this building until 
 we conceded brick walls. These walls are so badly 
 cracked that probably one-third of same must be rebuilt. 
 
 20 
 
EarthquakE'Proof Construction 
 
 // zi'e had had reinforced conerete outside walls, I am confi- 
 dent that the earthquake ivould have done no damage to this 
 building. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 April 23, 1906. R. W. Hart, Architect." 
 
 From the same volume of Engineering News we quote 
 from an article by Maurice Couchot, on page 622 : 
 
 "The warehouse mentioned was being built of brick 
 walls with interior columns and floors of reinforced con- 
 crete. The columns had hooped reinforcement, the beams 
 were reinforced with Kahn Bars, and the floor slabs had a 
 remforcement of twisted bars running in both directions. 
 The arrangement of the girders gave floor panels about 
 1-5x16 feet. The effect of the earthquake on the building 
 was to shatter the brick walls so that something like 
 one-half of them Avill have to be rebuilt, and to do no 
 damage to the reinforced concrete work.'' 
 
 From Bulletin No. 324, of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
 entitled "The San Francisco Earthquake and P^ire ;" a 
 report by Richard L. Humphrey on the "Effects of the 
 Earthquake and Fire on Various Structures and Structural 
 Materials" : 
 
 "The building under process of construction by the 
 Bekins Van and Storage Company, at the corner of Thir- 
 teenth and ^fission Streets, was the cjn\y example of the 
 pure type of reinforced concrete in the city. Two of the 
 six floors were erected, the walls being made of brick 
 laid in lime mortar, and the floors and columns of rein- 
 forced concrete. 
 
 "The walls were badly cracked by the earthquake but 
 the reinforced concrete was not injured. Considera1)le 
 furniture stored in the building was burned and the heat 
 slightly blistered the under surface of the concrete floor, 
 which was still green at the time of the disaster." 
 
 21 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 From the same bulletin, a report by John S. Sewell on 
 "The Effects of the Earthquake and Fire on Buildings, 
 Engineering Structures and Structural Materials" : 
 
 "The warehouse of the Bekins Van and Storage Com- 
 pany, in process of construction, had reinforced columns 
 and floor construction and brick walls. The walls were 
 badly damaged by the earthquake, but the reinforced con- 
 crete ivas absolutely iininjiired." 
 
 From the same bulletin, a report by Frank Soule on 
 "The Earthquake and Fire and Their Effects on Structural 
 Steel and Steel Frame Buildings": 
 
 "There are two opposing parties in the matter of fire- 
 proofing in San Francisco — those who have favored the 
 hollow tile system and those who believe in concrete as 
 the best fireproofing material. The Bekins \^an and Stor- 
 age Company's warehouse, the only building of consider- 
 able size in the city constructed of reinforced concrete, 
 has already been mentioned as resisting the action of the 
 earthcjuake and fire. In this building the concrete acted 
 as a perfect fireproofing protection for the steel. * * * * 
 
 "There was in San Francisco, at the time of the earth- 
 quake, only one building of considerable size constructed 
 of reinforced concrete. This fact was due to the opposi- 
 tion of certain labor unions to the use of this material in 
 place of brick and stone. The building referred to is that 
 of the Bekins Van and Storage Company at 1!)0 West 
 Mission Street. This building had outside walls of brick, 
 but was massively constructed on the interior with col- 
 umns, beams and floors of reinforced concrete. It was 
 originally intended to carry it to a height of four stories, 
 but on account of the earthquake which occurred during 
 construction, the building was finished to include only 
 the second story. [It has since been fully completed to 
 a height of six stories, as evidenced by the illustration 
 herein reproduced]. At the time of the fire, the per- 
 manent doors of iron were not in place and the fire 
 
 22 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 gained access to the front or south room, where \'er\' 
 slight damage was inllicted. The entire main interior 
 and tlie goCMls sldred therein were nnliarmed and tlie 
 building has lieen in continuous use since completion. 
 The brick building adjoining, howe\'er, was badly injured 
 by the earthquake and was afterwards Ijurned." 
 
 From the Engineering Record, \T)lume '>■'>, 1900, an 
 article Isy J. B. Leonard on "The Effect of the California 
 Earthquake on Reinforced Concrete"; 
 
 "Plxteridr and interior \-iews are gi\'en of the Bekins 
 Van and Storage Compan^''s l)uilding on A\'est Mission 
 Street, near Thirteenth. This building is constructed of 
 reinforced concrete columns, girders, l)eams and slabs, 
 with exteriiir brick supporting walls. It was imder con- 
 struction at the time of the earthquake, there being but 
 three of the six proposed floors completed. The concrete 
 for the l)asement floor and cohmms was comjileted Feb- 
 ruary 1st, the second story columns and second floor on 
 March "Joth, the third floor columns and third floor on 
 April 12th. A careful examination of the concrete por- 
 tion of the building fails to re\'eal any sign of injury or 
 cracks as a result of the earthc|uake, \vhile the exterior 
 brick walls have suffered se\'erely. One bay at the front 
 of the building was filled wdth highly inflammable goods 
 which were destroj'ed bv the fire. The eft'ect of the fire 
 on the underside of the second fl(jor was to pit the con- 
 crete onlv sufficiently tn expose a small portion of the 
 bars, in a few places, but did n(")t seem to aft"ect the 
 strength of the floor. This concrete was less than one 
 month old. The owner of the building intends, if the 
 new City C)rdinance permits, to replace the brick exterior 
 walls with reinforced concrete. The conservatism of the 
 previous btiilding ordinances com|)elled him, much against 
 his wishes, to build originally with brick exterior walls. 
 Mr. Ralph Warner Flart was the architect." 
 
 23 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 While it was naturally a source of considerable satis- 
 faction to the Trussed Concrete Steel Company that this 
 structure was built Kahn System, the point to be espe- 
 cially emphasized is that it was a reinforced concrete 
 structure "intelligently designed and honestly built," and 
 that it has received the commendation of every investi- 
 gator of importance. 
 
 Other Buildings — California: — Although there were no 
 other structures of any considerable size of reinforced con- 
 crete in the district visited by the California earthquake, 
 the comments on some of the smaller buildings are of 
 value. 
 
 Quoting further from Mr. I..eonard's article in the 
 Engineering- Record : 
 
 "In other sections near the cit}' there were small struc- 
 tures built entirely of reinforced concrete. These recek'ed 
 the full force of the earilnjnakc and shozced no damage there- 
 from. They seemed to have ridden the wa\es or vibra- 
 tions, as one occupant describes it, as though they were 
 so many cast-iron boxes rising and falling en bloc, with 
 an entire absence of the rumbling and grinding noise 
 which was prevalent in all other classes of construction. 
 
 "An inquiry among architects and engineers together 
 with my own observations, have failed to reveal any 
 instance of failure on the part of reinforced concrete. Its 
 general behavior has been such as to make it the most 
 favorably considered material for the rebuilding of San 
 Francisco by the investing public." 
 
 From a letter to the Trussed Concrete Steel Co., writ- 
 ten by one of the leading architects in San Francisco: 
 
 "Up to the present time (May 1, 190U), our examina- 
 tions have shown that concrete, in any form, has stood 
 the earthquake and fire perfectly. Terra cotta, in a few 
 buildings where we used it, was not satisfactory. The 
 library we have just completed out of the city, suffered 
 
 24 
 
Earth quake-Proof Construction 
 
 a severe shock. There is not a crack showing. It was 
 built entirely of Kalm reinforced concrete. 
 
 (Signed) William E. Curlett." 
 
 At the Leland Stanford University there was pre- 
 sented a splendid proof of the superiority of reinforced 
 concrete over brick construction. Quoting again from 
 Bulletin 324, of the U. S. Geological Survey; J. S. Sewell's 
 report : 
 
 "The buildings of the third class at the Stanford Uni- 
 versity were built of concrete. The girls' dormitory had 
 concrete walls and timber interior construction, and in 
 the central jiortion ni the Leland Stanford Junior Museum, 
 the oldest part of the building, the walls and interior 
 construction were of reinforced concrete. There were 
 two wings Iniilt of brickwork with reinforced concrete 
 floor construction. It is reasonable to suppose that the 
 intensity of the force applied to this building by the 
 earth(|uake was nearly uniform over the entire structure. 
 The two brick wings were practically shaken down, suf- 
 fering, I should judge, more than iifty per cent damage. 
 The reinforced concrete central portion, viewed from the 
 exterior, seemed absolutely undamaged. In the interi(.)r 
 a few cracks had opened up, but the}' were not of serious 
 consequence. I should judge that a few thousand dollars 
 would easily cover all the repairs to this part of the build- 
 ing. Its valuable contents were, to a large extent, thrown 
 to the floors and smashed, involving a considerable loss, 
 but the structure itself suffered almost no injury. The 
 only damage to the girls' dormitory was caused by a 
 chimney that toppled over and crashed down through the 
 roof, doing some damage on the inside. The concrete 
 wall shovi'ed (;ne or two cracks which however, were said 
 to be shrinkage cracks that had appeared soon after the 
 building was finisherl. The earthquake apparently had 
 caused no visible damage of any sort in the exterior 
 walls." 
 
 25 
 
Earthql'ake-Pkoof Construction 
 
 26 
 
Earthquake- Proof Coxstkuction 
 
 The eminent Italian engineer, M. de Palo, during his 
 \isit to Costa Rica subsequent to the earthquake in that 
 coiuitry, made the following remarks. 
 
 "\'ery little had been done in San Francisco prior to 
 I'JUt; in reinforced concrete, and the whole number re- 
 duced itself to two buildings: one at the Leland Stan- 
 ford Universit\' and the other in the lower part of the 
 cit}-, a four-story building intended as a warehouse for 
 machinery. Both ciinstrtictions supp(jrted the earth move- 
 ment admirably and it is interesting to note what hap- 
 pened at the Stanford University. The building was con- 
 structed on pilasters and footings to a height of two 
 stories, the third terminating in a cupola. Possibly from 
 a poorly conceived idea of econom}', the spaces between 
 the pilasters were filled with brick walls. When the 
 shock came, the reinforced concrete remained intact, 
 while the brick walls were totally shattered. This ex- 
 ample in itself is sufficient to recommend this type of 
 construction, which now has l)een adopted in nearly all 
 countries, especially those in zones of high seismicity." 
 
 The discussion of the beha\'ior of buildings in the Cal- 
 ifornia earthquake may well be closed by the following 
 W("irds from an editorial which appeared in the Engineer- 
 ing News, \'olume .")."), lOOG, No. 'i\. 
 
 "Reinforced concrete made an enviable record in the 
 recent California earthquake disaster. No one, we believe, 
 will dispute this statement who reads with an open mind 
 the accounts of the behavior of this material published in 
 this and preceding issues of Engineering News, It is true, 
 of course, that there was not a large amount of reinforced 
 concrete construction within the area of greatest damage 
 and that the buildings in which it existed were not large 
 or loft"\', but this does not remove the fact that ri-cry rein- 
 forced eoiierete building in the district z'isitcd by the earth- 
 quake and fire is still standing, with only minor damages to 
 be repaired," 
 
 27 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 W 
 
 3 
 O 
 J3 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
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 u 
 
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 o 
 
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Eartiiquake-Proof Construction 
 
 Jamaica: — The disaster of January 14, lOOT, in Jamaica, 
 left standing- in that city, according to the report of Comte 
 de Montessus de Ballore, in his "La Science de Seismo- 
 logique," only two structures, both cf reinforced concrete. 
 At any rate the behavior of structures nf this material was 
 such that at present practically every building in Kings- 
 ton of any importance is of reinforced concrete and of 
 these, a very large percentage are of Kahn S)'stem, 
 
 As an instance of the action of concrete structures, 
 note the following letter written b_v the owner of an estate 
 in Port Antonio, published in Cement Age, March, 1907, 
 in connection witli an article entitled "A Concrete House 
 in the Jamaica Earthquake." 
 
 "I write }-ou to let you know that the house at 'Folly' 
 and all the other concrete erections upon the place have 
 passed through the late earthquake without showing the 
 least crack or shake. From the accounts in the papers, 
 which are all derived from sources desirous of minimizing 
 the violence of the shock upon the north side of the 
 island, you will get a ver}' false idea of it. Perhaps the 
 relation of the following fact will enable a'Ou to appreci- 
 ate the damage of moA-ement to which \\'e were subjected. 
 
 "C)wing to misjudgment of proper time of repairs, 
 when we arri\-ed here we found A-ery little water in our 
 reservoir, which was soon consumed. An unparalleled 
 drought followed, and we have not had a drop of fresh 
 water since about the first of January. Consequently, we 
 have used our bath tubs all OA^er the house as tanks for 
 salt water for use in flushing the water closets. At the 
 time of the earthqtiake, all bath tubs put tn such use Avere 
 about half full of sea water. In every case a considerable 
 part of the water was splashed over the sides or ends of 
 the bath tubs upon the floor of the bath rocims. The 
 rumbling noise which momentarily preceded the first and 
 heaviest shock, and which seemed like the passage of a 
 train of cars over the roof, droA'e us out of doors, and it 
 
 29 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 seemed as though the house must be shaken to pieces. 
 But we soon returned to it to ascertain what damage had 
 been done, and found onh' the bath room floors flooded, 
 as I have stated. 
 
 "I give you this information l^ecause it is a great sat- 
 isfaction to feel so much security in the strength anfl 
 solidity of our house. 
 
 Very truly vours, 
 
 Alfred Mitciiell." 
 
 The buildings on this estate, besides the main resi- 
 dence, which was about 240 feet in length, over all, in- 
 cluded a ten-room house one storv high, for the coach- 
 man and other white employees on the estate, a stable 
 about 90 feet by 56 feet with a court yard in the center, 
 two pavilions located at points commanding attractive 
 views, power house, reservoir for domestic water supply, 
 a bridge of 'o')-ioot span, and a gate lodge commanding the 
 entrance to the pri\ate grounds. All of these buildings 
 were constructed of reinforced concrete and as the owner 
 states, suffered no injury. No better example of successful 
 earthquake-resisting construction can be found anywhere 
 than this group of structures, including as it did a A-ariety 
 of types, and it is con\'incing evidence of the worth of the 
 materials used in their construction. 
 
 Messina. — In connectirm with the disaster of December 
 28, 1908, there appeared the following statement in the 
 Paris edition of the New York Herald. 
 
 "The only buildings that remain standing in the citv 
 are a lunatic asylum and four or five houses built of rein- 
 forced concrete. It is a strange sight to see these houses 
 standing unharmed amid the ruins.'' 
 
 Tiie report of Professor Nakamura nn the ^lessina 
 earthquake mentions that a reinforced concrete floor in a 
 rubble masonry house fell without breaking when the 
 
 30 
 
Earth quake-Proof Coxstruction 
 
 masonry wall cnllapscd ami that a reinforced ci;ncrete res- 
 ervoii at a little distance from Messina was absolutel}' 
 undamaged. 
 
 The Royal Commission, ai^pointcd by the Italian Gov- 
 ernment to in\-estigatc the -Messina earthquake and to 
 prepare a set of regulations fr)r construction in districts 
 of high seismicit}-, reported that "of four reinforced con- 
 crete structures in Messina none were injured," and called 
 especial attention to the fact that the covering (jr cuh'ert 
 of reinforced concrete over the stream I'ortalegni where 
 it ran through the city, did not co!lap\se under the A\-eight 
 of the debris. 
 
 As a result of the destruction of Calabria in 1!HJ,") and 
 of Messina, in 1!)0S, the ".^ocieta Crjoperatix'a Lombarda 
 di La\"ori Pufjblici" opened a competition for the study 
 and application of s}-stems of construction best adapted to 
 localities sul^ject t(j earthquakes. The awarding commit- 
 tee was selected In" the College of luigineers and Archi- 
 tects of Milan, and comprised the leading seismologists, 
 architects and engineers in Italy. ( )\-er two himdred in- 
 diA'iduals and firms from all o\'er the ci\'ilized world com- 
 peted and presented ])lans, svjccifications and mridels of 
 structures. The awarding committee reported in part as 
 follows : 
 
 "The t\'pe of structure ^^d^ich appears to predominate 
 among the plans su])iuitted for buildings of a permanent 
 character is of 'baraccate' construction: including the sim- 
 ple and (jriginal structure of 'Bourbon baraccate' made of 
 a cage of wood buried in masonry, and the later form de- 
 signed in accord with modern methods, in which the steel 
 alone or in combination with concrete, brick, or ceiuent 
 block, produces with e(|ual facility, and with greater safety, 
 the degree of stability ensured by the wood skeleton. 
 Finally plans were submitted of a true and proper mono- 
 lithic construction in reinforced concrete, Avhich in this 
 instance, attracted the attention of the ablest engineers on 
 
 31 
 

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 32 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 account of the ease with which this material adapts itself 
 to the solution of every [jroblem of construction." 
 
 The first three prizes awarded in this competition were 
 for structures of reinforced concrete. 
 
 Mario Baratta, one of the m(jst eminent seismologists 
 in Europe, in his report "Le Nuo\'e Costruzioni in Ca- 
 labria," says of reinforced cimcrete: 
 
 ''This system, in my opinion, represents where it is 
 an economic possibility, the best solution of the complex 
 problem of construction in countries subject to earth- 
 quakes. Walls, ceilings, and roofs of reinfdrced concrete 
 make a monolithic mass which has for its especial property 
 the ability to resist the greatest seismic shocks and to 
 undergo deformation without endangering the safety of 
 the inhabitants of the building." 
 
 Philippine Islands. — The large amount cif reinforced 
 concrete work that has been done in the Philippines is an 
 indication of the confidence with which this material is 
 regarded in an earthquake country. A letter from Mr. 
 fiarr)" Alhm, late Supervising Architect for the V. S. Army 
 in the Philippines, to the Trussed Concrete Steel Co., is 
 of interest in this connection. jMr. x\ll)'n was also archi- 
 tect of the Armv & Xavy Club and Associate Architect of 
 the Manila Hotel, concerning which he writes: 
 
 "Gentlemen : — You may be interested to know that the 
 Army and Navy Club which was ])ractically completed, 
 and the Manila Hotel which was well under way, both 
 withstood the effects of the recent eruption of [Mount Taal 
 in Januarv, 1911, without any damage whatever to the 
 buildings. During the eruption, !)G4 distinct shocks were 
 recorded in Alanila of which at least -iO were strongly and 
 generally felt. Concrete construction generally through- 
 out the city was uninjured by the shocks, but it was a 
 source of especial satisfaction that the green concrete of 
 these two large buildings stood up perfectly. 
 
 33 
 
Earthouake-Proof Construction 
 
 "Reinforced concrete is the standard form of construc- 
 tion in the Islands, and the behavior of the structures men- 
 tioned, both of which were built Kahn system, has gone 
 a long way towards convincing the most skeptical. 
 Eastern Engineering Company, 
 
 (Signed) Harry Allyn, 
 
 General Manager." 
 
 Innumerable other instances might be noted, but those 
 given are sufficient to prove that reinforced concrete struc- 
 tures "intelligently designed and honestly built" will suc- 
 cessfully resist earthquake shocks. It is a remarkable in- 
 dication of the worth of the material that structures of re- 
 inforced concrete stood up where buildings of other ma- 
 terials failed, but the most significant fact is that there 
 is on record, in the numerous works which have been re- 
 viewed, no instance of the failure of a reinforced concrete 
 structure ; with the exception of the Cyclorama, on Straw- 
 berry Hill, in San Francisco, which failed through the un- 
 dermining of the foundation, caused l^y a slip of the earth 
 amounting to five feet or more, and not through any fault 
 of the construction itself. 
 
 Chimneys. 
 
 The falling of chimneys is one of the most dangerous 
 and at the same time common features of seismic disturb- 
 ances. The heavy masses of brick and masonry crashing 
 through the roof and floors of a building often cause the 
 collapse of the entire structure and heavy loss of life, 
 whereas if the chimney had not broken ofl:", the damage 
 might have been of a less severe character. During the 
 California earthquake, brick chimneys on school buildings 
 fell upon roofs and passed through every floor to the base- 
 ment. If the hour had been later and the schools filled, 
 as usual, the loss of life would have been terrible. 
 
 .34 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 Chimneys of brick, tile and masonry are practically 
 never reinforced adequatel}', and the ratio of the height 
 to the base being large, are very susceptiljle to earthquake 
 shock. A steel stack securely guyed is fairly safe against 
 shock, but it is non-fireproof and the disastrous fires which 
 have followed earthquakes have shown this to be quite 
 as prime a consideration as ability to resist seismic move- 
 ment. 
 
 The remarks of ]. S. Sewell, in the bulletin of the Geo- 
 logical Surve}' on the San Francisco disaster, previously 
 mentioned, are to the point. 
 
 "Chimne3's seemed to be shaken down everywhere ; 
 even where there was no other damage, this result was 
 almost tmiversal. The chimneys, as a rule, were built of 
 bricks laid in lime mortar, and generally broke off at a 
 point where they came through the roof. Reniforced con- 
 crete chimneys with a terra cotta lining would be very lit- 
 tle more expensive than the kind that were ordinarily built 
 in San Francisco, and would have suffered very much less 
 damage. * '■' * * Appearances seemed also to warrant the 
 conclusion that in the vibration, some chimneys were 
 brought up short against the roof framing and thus caused 
 to break off at this point. If there had been a little more 
 room for relative vibration between the chimney and the 
 framing, it seems possible that some of these chimneys 
 would not have fallen. The best way to prevent such 
 damage is to build the chimneys of reinforced concrete or 
 some other material that has both rigidity and great ten- 
 sile strength. Such chimneys would not ordinarily break 
 off even though they jostled against the roof timbers." 
 
 Still better results will be obtained when the roof and 
 chimney are of the same material and tied together in one 
 monolithic mass. 
 
 Derleth says: "Chimneys in San Francisco were built 
 of brick and very often without cement in the mortar. 
 With few exceptions, the chimneys were thrown down by 
 
 35 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 ; o 
 
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 w 
 
 lu ^ 1-1 in 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 36 
 
Earth quake-Proof Construction 
 
 rupture within the middle third of the height. A number 
 of li\'es were lost by tailing power-house chimneys. In 
 the future, I believe chimneys should be built of reinforced 
 concrete." 
 
 Reinforced concrete chimneys, being monolithic and 
 adequately reinforced to resist bending, are ideal for dis- 
 tricts subject to earthquakes, and the material safety en- 
 sured b}- their use should absolutely prohibit any other 
 type. 
 
 Bridges. 
 
 Almost without exception, bridges have suffered dam- 
 age through the tendency of the banks of a stream to 
 approach each other under seismic shock. To escape de- 
 structi(jn therefore, the bridge must be capable of resist- 
 ing extraordinary compression and longitudinal shear, or 
 must be provided with a plane of weakness at one or both 
 abutments where a differential movement may take place 
 without serious injury to the structure. If the latter 
 scheme is adopted, the bridge will slide over its abutments 
 and will be damaged to some extent, the amount depend- 
 ing upon tlie nature of the vibration in the bridge and 
 whether the vertical component of the shock is sufficient 
 to cause the bridge to jump from its seat, but if the struc- 
 ture is a UKjnolithic mass which has sufficient strength to 
 resist the stress caused by the earth flow, it will be un- 
 injured. Here again a deep foundation carried well dowr 
 below the region of surface movement is essential. 
 
 Tile damage to bridges during earthquakes has always 
 been \'er}' hcav)-, although the subject has received sur- 
 prisinglv little attention from seismologists. In the Alino- 
 Owari earthquake of 181)1, in Japan, a brick railwa}' bridge 
 near the liiwajima ri\-er failed; the abutments pushed up 
 and back and the arch Ijroke into two quadrant-shaped 
 masses and collapsed int(j the river. The great Kisogawa 
 bridge, consisting of long span through trusses carried on 
 
 37 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 massive piers, was seriously damaged, and the foundations 
 were sheared, as one writer says, "like sticks." Of this 
 structure Milne and Burton say: "The lateral shifting of 
 the foundation, by which the distances between piers has 
 been reduced, has been the result of a permanent compres- 
 sion which, had the bridge been represented by a line 
 across the river bed. would have contorted it into one 
 or more snakelike bends." 
 
 The five-span truss bridge over the Nagaragawa 
 river in Japan, damaged by the same earthquake, is per- 
 haps the most remarkable example on record of the action 
 of a bridge under earth flow. The piers at the adjacent 
 ends of two of the trusses collapsed, letting the ends of 
 the trusses fall into the river bed, the other piers failing 
 partially by longitudinal displacement. Despite this, and 
 the additional fact that the middle spans suffered consid- 
 erable lateral movement, the connections between trusses 
 were unbroken and the bridge was still continuous, thus 
 indicating the remarkable shortening that must have oc- 
 curred in the distance between banks. 
 
 In the California earthquake the Salinas highway 
 bridge, an ordinary single-span truss, is a typical exam- 
 ple. In this case one abutment was not disturbed, but the 
 other was bent back at the top and the ground underneath 
 moved out toward the river, an estimated distance of six 
 feet. 
 
 Professor Hobbs has investigated this subject thor- 
 oughly in "A Study of the Damage to Bridges During 
 Earthquakes," published in the Journal of Geology, Vol. 
 16, 1908. 
 
 The following extract from J. B. Leonard's report in 
 the Engineering Record, previously mentioned, illustrates 
 the action of reinforced concrete bridges in California at 
 the time of the earthquake. 
 
 "The reinforced concrete bridge at Pollasky, consisting 
 of ten 75-foot spans, together with wings, a total length 
 
 38 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 of 780 feet, described in the Engineering Record of Feb- 
 ruary Si, 190G, sliows no defect whatever from the earth- 
 qualvc. The 112 foot arch designed by the writer, which 
 was built across Dry Creek in Stanislaus County, near 
 the City of Modesto, also passed through the temldor 
 without showing the slightest sign uf crack or failure." 
 
 i'rulessors Marx and Wing noted in the vicinity of the 
 fault, a number of concrete bridges, all of which were un- 
 injured. Attention has already been called to the bridge 
 on the estate of Mr. Alfred Mitchell in Jamaica, which 
 suffered no damage from the shock, and to the concrete 
 covering over the Portalegni river in Messina which stood 
 up under the weight of the debris. Mr. Humphrey, in 
 the Bulletin of the Geological Survey, reported: ''At the 
 bottom of Strawberry Hill is a bridge crossing over Stow 
 Lake. This bridge is made of concrete and shozued no 
 signs of cracking although the batiks of the lake slipped into 
 the zvatcr. 
 
 As examples of two modern and contrasted types of 
 earthquake-resisting bridges, photographs of the "Ponte 
 Regina Elena" in Messina, and the Yoshida bridge, now 
 under construction in Japan, are here reproduced. In 
 connection with the former, an article appeared in The 
 Engineering News, June 4, 1910, entitled, "A Reinforced 
 Concrete Girder Bridge in an Earthquake Region." 
 
 "At Alessina, Sicily, where such havoc was wrought 
 by an earthquake a year and a half ago, there has been 
 erected recently a rather attractive bridge of reinforced 
 concrete, shown by the photographic view herewith. 
 This bridge, incidentally, is one of the first perma- 
 nent structures to be completed in the rebuilding of the 
 city. It is known as the Ponte Regina Elena. Special ef- 
 fort was made to give it an attractive finish by ornamen- 
 tation of the girder faces as w^ell as in the disposition of 
 the general outline of the structure. The simple gas-pipe 
 
 39 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 *!*■ ,■!. Is limy 
 
 40 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 railing is not out of harmony with the heavier appearance 
 of the bod}' of the bridge. 
 
 "While the bridge was constructed by Italian contrac- 
 tors, M. G. Cervello & Co., of Palermo and Messina, an 
 American type of reinforcement, that of the Trussed Con- 
 crete Steel Co.. of Detroit, Alich., was employed. The 
 central span of the Ijridge is 3!J.4 ft. (1,2 m.) in the clear, 
 and each of the two side spans is 12. fi ft. (3.8.5 m.) in the 
 clear. The deck of the bridge is 2-4. G ft. {7.0 m.) wide, of 
 which 30 ins. on either side is represented by the overhang 
 of the sidewalk, the main outside girders being 19.7 ft. 
 (6.0 m.) out to out. There are five longitudinal girders, 
 spaced 3.77 ft. (1.1-5 m.) apart in the clear. Each girder is 
 32 ins. deep (including the 5-in. floor slab) ; the outside 
 girders are 10 ins. thick, the others 12 ins. The end fillet- 
 ing of the girders contains diagonal reinforcing bars ar- 
 ranged like brackets, and these are tied to the up-and- 
 down reinforcement of the piers." 
 
 The Yoshida bridge was designed by the Trussed Con- 
 crete Steel Co., and is being erected under the supervision 
 of Dr. Ishibashi, City Engineer of Yokohama. It consists 
 of a central arch span of 60 feet with smaller arch spans 
 at each end of twenty-five feet. On account of the dam- 
 age from earthquakes, special precautions were taken in 
 the design, to preserve the monolithic character of the 
 structure when subjected to seismic shocks, by carrying 
 the arch reinforcement well down into the piers and by 
 changing the lapping of the steel in the intrados so as to 
 alternate the same on either side of the crown, thereby 
 reducing the laps by half at any one point. 
 
 Structures such as these will resist the compressive ac- 
 tion of the banks of the stream and as the foundations are 
 carried well down to firm ground (in the case of the Yo- 
 shida bridge, piles are used), the surface earth will flow 
 around the abutments and will not cause serious damage. 
 
 41 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 Underground Construction. 
 
 A very serious result of the flow of surface earth, due 
 to seismic shocks, is the destruction of gas and water 
 mains and sewers. Aside from grave sanitary aspects, the 
 city is practically at the mercy of the disastrous conflagra- 
 tions which, following earthquakes, often do more dam- 
 age than the temblor itself. Professor Derleth's words on 
 this subject are of great value, although there is a difTer- 
 ence of opinion as to the advisability of his plan of a 
 flexible pipe instead of a stiiT monolithic construction. 
 
 "The brick sewers (in San Francisco) were universally 
 helpless to resist destruction in these regions, and the 
 cast iron water and gas pipes fared no better. I believe 
 reinforced concrete sewers in these districts would have 
 shown much greater resisting qualities, but I am con- 
 vinced that even such material could not withstand the 
 earthquake stresses on the dividing line between made and 
 filled ground. At such points, flexible joints might have 
 helped the sewer and water pipes, but it is difficult to 
 conceive of a practical means for procuring flexibilitv at 
 any point in a brick or concrete sewer. Moreover,; it 
 would be requiring a power of prediction not resting in 
 human beings to determine the proper location for flex- 
 ibility. Important water pipes, wherever possible, should 
 avoid soft ground by going around it and those that must 
 traverse filled areas should be of riveted steel or wrought 
 iron with flexible joints at intervals. Greater prol>al;iility 
 of resistance to rupture might be further ensured bv en- 
 casing pipes traversing the most treacherous ground in 
 tunnels of reinforced concrete with suitable clearance be- 
 tween the pipe and the tunnel walls. An added advan- 
 tage of this scheme would be ease of inspection." 
 
 The practicability of this plan for important pipes was 
 proven in the recent earthquake m Mexico, as the tunnels 
 of reinforced concrete in Mexico City gave perfect protec- 
 
 42 
 
Earth quake-Proof Construction 
 
 tion to the pipes contained therein, while conduits out- 
 side the city failed generally. 
 
 The report of the committee on sewers of the Ameri- 
 can Society of Civil Engineers contained in the general 
 report upon the San Francisco earthquake (Trans. A. S. 
 C. E., Vol. LIX, 190rj, states that "In San Francisco a 
 reinforced concrete sewer, on a pile foundation where the 
 ground does not furnish suitable support, will probably^ 
 give the best satisfaction." 
 
 The mimolithic character of concrete conduits is a more 
 effectual insurance against earthquake shocks than any 
 number of flexible joints which, however well designed, 
 can take up only a ver}' limited amount of differential 
 movement. Note the l)ehavior of a concrete culvert con- 
 nected with the San Andreas dam in California, as set 
 forth by Sewell in the Bulletin of the Geological Survey. 
 
 "A concrete culvert was connected with this dam and 
 one of the worst transverse cracks noted ran diagonally 
 over the cuh'crt, but the culvert itself was uninjured.'' 
 
 The beha\-ior of a flexible joint in this instance would 
 have l)een at least problematical. The remarkable stiff- 
 ness of concrete conduits and tunnels and the impossibil- 
 ity of concentration of stress as at riveted joints (accord- 
 ing to Derleth, the Crystal Springs conduit in California 
 was broken at the "transverse circular riveted joints" and 
 the Pilarcitos conduit, in a distance of three miles, had 
 nineteen ruptures, e\"er\- one of which occurred at "trans- 
 verse riveted joints") are convincing reasons for the em- 
 ployment of this material in underground structures. 
 
 43 
 
IV. 
 FIREPROOFING 
 
 The problem of adequate fireproofing is of the most 
 extreme importance and especially in districts of high 
 seismicit)', as disastrous fires resulting from fallen chim- 
 neys and broken electrical connections almost invari- 
 ably follow earthquake shocks and frequently cause far 
 greater damage than the temblor itself. There is so 
 much conclusive evidence and such unanimity of opinion 
 on the superiority of reinforced concrete as a fireproofing 
 material, and metal window sash with wire glass as a 
 further protection, that it is not necessary to enter upon 
 an extended discussion. The basis of the fireproofing qual- 
 ity of concrete is of course, the fact that the coefficients 
 of expansion of concrete and steel are practicallv the 
 same and that there is consequently no tendency for the 
 concrete to crack away from the steel. The necessity for 
 metal window sash and wire glass was well demonstrated 
 in San Francisco where many buildings which were other- 
 wise fireproof were gutted by fires that found entrance 
 through unprotected openings. The methods of protec- 
 tion against fire and the need thereof are now well un- 
 derstood by architects and engineers. 
 
 The immense destruction of property and the terrible 
 loss of life in the disasters in Calabria and Messina, Cal- 
 ifornia. Jamaica and Costa Rica in the last few years have 
 shown the urgent necessity for a thorough study of the 
 problem of earthquake-resisting construction, and have 
 indicated the solution to be the general employment of 
 reinforced concrete structures "intelligently designed and 
 honestly built." 
 
 44 
 
REFERENCES 
 
 HoDBS, W. H. — Engineering- and Building Construction in 
 Eartliquake Countries; Engineering Magazine, 
 Vol. XXXVII, No. 6, September, 1909. 
 
 A Study of the Damage to Bridges During 
 Earthquakes. Journal of Geology, Vol. 16, 1908, 
 pp. G36-G53. 
 
 Milne, John. — Seismology. 
 
 CoAiTE DE ]\IoNTESSus DE Bai.lore. — La Scieuce de Seis- 
 mologique. 
 
 Knott, C. G. — Physics of Earthquake Phenomenon. 
 
 KiKUCHi, Baron. — Seismological Investigations in Japan. 
 
 Jordan, David Starr. — The California Earthquake of 1906 ; 
 containing articles by David Starr Jordan, John 
 Casper Branner, Charles Derleth, Jr., G. K. Gil- 
 bert, Stephen Taber, F. Omori, Sc. D., H. W. 
 Fairbanks, and Mary Austin; published 1908, by 
 A. M. Robertson, San Francisco. 
 
 American Society of Civil Engineers. — Report of the 
 General Committee and Six Special Committees 
 of the San Francisco Association of Members of 
 the American Societ}^ of Civil Engineers upon the 
 San Francisco Earthquake of April 18, 1906. 
 Trans. \'ol. 59, 1907', pp. 208-329. 
 
 Geological Survey. — Bulletin No. 324, U. S. Geological 
 Survey, The San Francisco Earthquake and Fire 
 of April 18, 1906. Articles by G. K. Gilbert, R. 
 L. Humphrey, J. S. Sewell, Frank Soule, and J. 
 A. Holmes. 
 
 Herschel, a. E. FI. — Report on the Effects of the Earth- 
 quakes of April 13, and Alay 4, 1910, on the 
 Buildings at Cartago and San Jose, Costa Rica, 
 with Recommendations on Earthquake-Resisting 
 Construction. A. E. H. Herschel, Building Sur- 
 ve3'or, Kingston, Jamaica. 
 
 45 
 
Earthquake-Proof Construction 
 
 CoucHOT, Maurice G. — Reinforced Concrete and Fireproof 
 Construction in the San Francisco Disaster. En- 
 gineering News, Vol. 55, 1906, p. 622. 
 
 Day, C. E. — The Effect of the San Francisco Earthquake 
 on a Reinforced Concrete Floor Slab. Engineer- 
 ing News, Vol. 55, 190G, p. 694. 
 
 M. DE Palo. — Ya no Hay que Temer Temblores y Con- 
 strucciones, published in "La Prensa Libre," San 
 Jose, Costa Rica, June 21, 1910. 
 
 Relazione della Giuria. — Concorso per Costruzioni Edili- 
 zie, nelle Regioni Italiane soggette a movimenti 
 sismici, indetto dalla Societa Cooperativa Lom- 
 barda di Lavori Pubblici, sotto gli auspici del 
 Collegio degli Ingegneri e Architetti di ).Iilano, 
 published Milan, 1909. 
 
 Maganzini et al. — Relazione della commissione incaricata 
 di studiare e proporre norme edilizie obljligatorie 
 per i comuni colpiti dal terremoto del 28 dicem- 
 bre, 1908, e da altri anteriori. Giornale del Genio 
 Civile, Rome, 1909. 
 
 Mario Baratt.a. — Le Nuo\e Costruzioni in Calabria, pub- 
 lished, Modena, 1908. 
 
 Engineering News. — .\ Reinforced Concrete Girder 
 Bridge in an Earthquake Region. Engineering 
 News, June 4, 1910. 
 
 Leonard, John 15. — The Effect of the California Earth- 
 quake on Reinforced Concrete. Engineering Rec- 
 ord, Vol. 53, 1906. 
 
 Engineering News Editoriae. — Suggested Plans for Re- 
 inforced Concrete Earthquake-Resisting Fireproof 
 Building Construction. Engineering News, Vol. 
 55, 1906, No. 21. 
 
 Cement Age. — A Concrete House in the Jamaica Earth- 
 quake ; Cement Age, March, 1907. 
 
 4fi 
 
HY-RIB 
 
 ROOFS - FLOORS- WALLS 
 SIDINGS-PARTITIONS 
 CEILINGS-FURRING 
 
 SILOS — TANKS — CONDUITS 
 
 CONCRETE WITHOUT FORMS 
 
 ^uildins 
 Product" 
 
 TENTH EDITION 
 April, 1913 
 
 Copyright 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH. 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 U 
 6 
 
 h 
 
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 U 
 
HY-RIB 
 
 Hy-Rib is a steel sheathing stiffened by rigid high ribs. 
 The ribs and the lath are manufactured from a single sheet 
 of steel, making it a complete unit of lath and studs. 
 
 No forms are required where Hy-Rib is used in con- 
 crete floors and roofs as the ribs give sufficient strength 
 and rigidity. In walls and partitions Hy-Rib does away 
 with the use of studs. The lath surface is straight and 
 true and the expansion is such as to provide a perfect 
 clinch with a minimum amount of plaster. 
 
 Uses for Hy-Rib are found in every field of building 
 operation — in construction work of all kinds, Floors, Roofs, 
 Walls, Partitions, Ceilings and Furring. Curved Hy-Rib, 
 bent in our shops, is used for Arched Floors, Culverts, 
 Conduits, Sewers, Silos, Tanks, Reservoirs, and Tunnels. 
 
 Hy-Rib greatly reduces the cost of building work 
 because it does away with expensive field lal)or and forms, 
 and saves time in erection. 
 
 Hy-Rib makes possible permanent, enduring, fireproof 
 construction that is more economical than wood, which 
 burns and rots. 
 
 The following pages indicate only the more general 
 applications of Hy-Rib. We will gladly furnish detailed 
 suggestions showing how Hy-Rib can best be used on 3'our 
 own particular work. 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 OTA^pAPni Ohe:e.to fe'-ove-o-T io'-o:--ia-o" 
 
 In Tr.g.nmi ATE LE/i6Tn5 Will B^ Cut rgcn UP.6EK. 
 STmpARD LEnaT HSAT.D V-CLLB&CwiTOEDrm^SAKE 
 
 , /yoOTAhPARD l-lLrvyT}l 
 
 J^Ron >^KlCKTMCiy 
 ARE^ CUT- 
 
 POP. A^ULM. 
 
 roe. AEXIK ri-OORCOrtSTRXICTIOH 
 
 ArsvTHina rRor\ A Kadiusof I'-r 
 Up TO A Fl-A-r ftnE&T 
 CAM !!!>£ FOK-nisrtED 
 /\n-( FtoR.Tion.oig. ■" 
 
 .SEar\gJAT OF A Cl gcUE^ 
 
 FLgoK- r^- yH.-^Tg ocTinr^ 
 
 Str^w BoAf^D 
 
 OHIPPEP ir\ 
 ■Straw Boajzd 
 
 
 
 PiKTrtOD OF ..ttKIPT^rlQ 
 
 0/iLY V^MEn. Sn^E-Ta 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib is supplied b_v our shops in any of the 
 types of bending here shown. Note method of bundHng 
 for shipment. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 THE THREE TYPES OF HY-RIB 
 
 4-RIB HY-RIB. Ribs 13/16 in. liigh; 3}4 in. apart. 
 
 3-RIB HY-RIB. Ribs 13/16 in. high; 7 in. apart. 
 
 DEEP-RIB HY-RIB 
 
 apart. 
 
 Type of Hy-Rib 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib 
 3-Rib Hy-Rib 
 Deep-Rib Hy-Rib 
 
 Gauge Nos. 
 U. S. Standard 
 
 Spacing 
 of Ribs 
 
 3 ■-2" 
 
 7" 
 
 7" 
 
 Heiglit ' Width 
 of Ribs 1 of Sheets 
 
 24, 26, or 28 
 24, 26, or 28 
 22, 24, or 26 
 
 \¥ 1 14" 
 IVx" \ 14' 
 
 Standard Lengths, 6, 8, 10, and 12 feet. 
 
 Interm-ediate and shorter lengths are cut witliout charge but any 
 waste is charged to tlie purchaser, Hy-Rib sheets Interlock at sides 
 and ends. In orderin.?-, no allowance need be made for sidelaps as 
 these are provided in the Hy-Rib. Allow 2 inches for end laps where 
 splice occurs over support?; otherwise, eight inches. 
 
 4-Rib and 3-Rib Hy-Rib is shipped in bundles of 16 sheets; Beep- 
 Bib Hy-Rib in bundles of 8 sheets. 
 
 Hy-Rib is supplied either painted or unpainted. 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 HY-RIB BENT TO CURVE 
 
 Our shops are equipped with special rolls to bend 4-Rib 
 Hy-Rib to any desired arc of circle with radius varying 
 from 13 inches to 20 feet. The shop bending insures 
 absolute accuracy and smoothness of curve and avoids 
 the necessity of expensive special field labor. 
 
 Curved Hy-Rib possesses all the advantages of straight 
 sheets, but in a more marked degree. Circular forms of 
 any kind are A'er}' expensive. Curved Hy-Rib does away 
 entirely with these forms and provides at the same lime 
 the reinforcement for the concrete. 
 
 Hy-Rib is supplied at small extra charge with the fol- 
 lowing types of curve : 
 
 1st. Circular — any arc with radius between 13 inches 
 and 20 feet, and covering any portion of a circle less than 
 three-quarters of the whole circumference. 
 
 2nd. Central portion straight and both ends curved to 
 the same arc. 
 
 3rd. One end of the sheet straight, the other end 
 curved. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 HAND-POWER HY-RIB BENDER 
 
 FOR CURVING EITHER 3-RIB OR 4-RIB HY-RIB 
 
 I'iciv shows 4-Rib Ify-Rib in Machine. By snbstiluling ftUcr-ccl- 
 lars, macliinc is readily adaf^ted for 3-Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 The H3'-Rib Hand-Power Bender is readily operated 
 by two men, so tliat Hy-Rib can be shipped in straight 
 sheets and curved locally. This saves greatly in freight 
 and crating charges, as curved Hy-Rib bulks largely and 
 is much more expensi\'e to pack and ship than straight 
 sheets. 
 
 The Hand-Power Bender curves Hy-Rib to any cir- 
 cular arc with radius between 13 inches and 20 feet. 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Arched Hy-Rib Floor for St. Mary's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis., 
 
 showing Hy-Rib ready for concreting and underside 
 
 before plastering. 
 
 Esenwein & Johnson, Archts. J. D. Gregg, Supervising Archt. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 onstruction and saving time in 
 
 FLOORS 
 
 Hy-Rib is used in floors in connection with any type oi 
 beam — reinforced concrete, steel, or wood. Its use is very 
 simple. Lay the Hy-Rib over the supports with the lath 
 side down and pour in the concrete from above. The con- 
 crete flows through the lath surface only enough to secure 
 a perfect clinch on the steel. The plaster is applied di- 
 rectly to the under surface. 
 
 The Hy-Rib pro\-ides in itself the furm Avurk for tlie 
 floors and the reinforcement for the concrete, greatly re- 
 ducing costs, simplifying construction and saving time in 
 erection. 
 
 Hy-Rib is manufactured 
 with a rib along each side 
 of the sheet, making a per- 
 fect interlocking splice when 
 
 two sheets are joined. A interlocking- Spllce at sides and Enda 
 ■1 -ill- r of Hy-Blb Sheets. 
 
 Similar interlocking splice 
 
 is provided at the ends by allowing the two sheets to 
 overlap. In this way absolute continuity of strength and 
 reinforcement is provided throughout the entire floor sur- 
 face. 
 
 Floors to carry heavy loads are frequently built of con- 
 crete in the form of an arch. For such work our shops 
 are equipped to provide 4-Rib Hy-Rib bent to exact curve, 
 thus the A'erv expensive circular form work is done aAvay 
 with. 
 
 Practical btiilders know that the form work is the ex- 
 pensive and troublesome part of concrete floor construc- 
 tion, whether straight or curved. The great economy and 
 convenience in using Hy-Rib, which provides in itself the 
 forms and reinforcement for the concrete, is thus apparent. 
 Hy-Rib saves time and money. 
 
 9 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 FIMSH£D FLOOK. 
 
 X 
 
 aS»!iSK*fiMSBK.!l'l5SiS4W««ZnSErai3»S»S»MS«i»<^ 
 
 Hy-Rib sheets are laid on top of steel beam, concrete poured 
 in and under surface plastered; no forms are used. Solid con- 
 crete or hollow tile may be substituted for lireproofing of steel 
 beam. 
 
 COr^CR-E-TE SLAB 
 
 Hy-Rib Floor— Type B. 
 
 Finished concrete slab is flush with top of steel beam, giving 
 greater head room below beams. Hy-Rib sheets are supported 
 on the sides of beam boxes used as forms for the steel beam 
 fireproofing. No other forms are necessary. 
 
 ,SIEEP£RS. 
 
 f/MSH£o noo/f 
 
 PIASTER' 
 
 Hy-Rib Floor— Type C. 
 
 Flat ceiling is secured by constructing Hy-Rib slab on the 
 lower flange of beam. A light cinder fill over the slab brings the 
 finished floor flush with top of steel beam, and no forms are 
 necessary. 
 
 Hy-Rib Floors with Reinforced Concrete Beams — Types A, B and C. 
 Hy-Rib sheets are supported on the sides of the beam boxes 
 used as forms for the concrete beams; no other forms neces- 
 sary. If Hy-Rib extends over concrete beams, punch out the 
 lathing between the ribs to permit filling of the beam. 
 
 10 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 OO/ACI^CTg. Sl-AB- 
 
 Hy-Rib Floor— Type D. 
 
 Ends of Hy-Rib sheets are curved (bending done in our shops) 
 and rest on lower flange of beams. Hy-Rib provides the lireproof- 
 ing of steel beams without the use of forms. With reinforced 
 concrete beams the sides of the beam boxes arc done away with 
 as the ends of the Hy-Rib sheets rest on the bottom board. 
 
 Hy-Rib Floor— Type E. 
 
 Arched concrete floors used for carrying heavy loads, 
 comes to the job bent to exact curve. Ends of sheets rest o 
 flange of beam. Concrete is poured in above and plaster 
 to the lower surface. No forms are necessary. 
 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 n lower 
 applied 
 
 , Concrete f/oor- 
 
 r/in/jh 
 
 I 
 
 '■'"^•^■V^-^-"-"-^-^-^'^'^^-'-'] 
 
 iSiiSSiSiSi*)!^ 
 
 \5taple or nm 
 
 l'^'-^^-*fr-^^ rpV-f'r'-.Vr" -'nr"i'-V-'^Tt 
 
 buMn^ paper-^ ^ 
 
 ~J0/3t 
 
 Replacing Wood Flooring with Cement, Terrazo, Tile, Etc. 
 
 In entrance ways, lobbys, halls, bathrooms, etc., in old build- 
 ings, the wood flooring is removed and building paper is tacked to 
 the joists. Hy-Rib is placed and concrete poured to proper thick- 
 ness. This concrete furnishes the necessary base for tile, terrazo, 
 or composition flooring. 
 
 11 ^ 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Under Side of Hy-Rib Floor (Type A) before Plastering 
 
 Edward Ford Plate Glass Co.. Rossford, O. 
 
 DeVore-ilcGornilcy Co., Engineers. 
 
 Under side of Hy-Rib Floor (Type C, p. 10), ready for plaster- 
 ing. District Court Flouse, Fall River, Mass. 
 
 12 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 
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 Bridge Floor of Hy-Rib before Concretinc 
 Lake Street Bridge, Applcton, Wis. 
 
 Plastering underside of Hy-Rib after being concreted above. 
 View taken at Hotel Tuller, Detroit. 
 
 13 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Arched Hy-Rib Floor in Joseph Bendt Store, Kenobha, Wis, 
 used in conjunction with reinforced concrete beams. 
 
 Arched Hy-Rib Floor — Union Street Ry. Office Building and Car 
 
 Barns, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Hy-Rib provides the form work for slab and sides ot beams. 
 
 Only formwork required is board at bottom of reinforced concrete 
 
 beam and a few lines of joists as temporary supports for Hy-Rib. 
 
 14 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 s/ffArH//^o 
 
 ARCHED FLOORS 
 
 Where floors are built to carry heavy loading, such as 
 in warehouses, power plants, etc., concrete is often built 
 in arched form. Curved Hy-Rib is especially useful in 
 such floors, as it provides the forms and the reinforce- 
 ment for the concrete. Only enough concrete flows 
 through to thoroughly grip the steel and a perfect surface 
 is provided for plastering underneath. 
 
 The shop bending does away with any special field 
 labor. All that is necessary is to set the Hy-Rib in place. 
 
 Power Station, North Adams Power Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 15 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 J2 
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 6 
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 16 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ROOFS 
 
 The construction of roofs is similar to that of floors, 
 except that the loads are lighter and a correspondingly 
 lighter construction is desirable. In this field Hy-Rib has 
 especial advantages, because it permits the use of very 
 thin slabs. Hy-Rib saves in the dead weight of the con- 
 struction, and consequently reduces the weight and cost 
 of the roof trusses. 
 
 Concrete construction has at times been rejected when 
 desired for roofs of industrial plants, solely because of the 
 prohibitive cost of the falsework when roofs are 20 to 50 
 feet above the ground. Hy-Rib saves this expensive form- 
 work, and can be readily and rapidly installed. 
 
 Corrugated iron sheets, frequently used in roofs and 
 sidings of industrial buildings, are unsatisfactory as they 
 leak, rust out in a short time, and have to be painted fre- 
 quently. Hy-Rib embedded in cement mortar is far more 
 economical and its initial cost complete is but little more 
 than corrugated iron sheets. 
 
 A roof built of Hy-Rib and concrete is fireproof, and 
 requires absolutely no expense for maintenance. 
 
 17 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 18 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 19 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 W 
 
 6 
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 a 
 
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 bo 
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 2 
 
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 20 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Deep-Rib Hy-Rib Roof, Wisconsin Mausoleum, 
 Milwaulcee, Wis. 
 
 Hy-Rib Roof for Soft Foundry Building, American Car & Foundry 
 Co., Berwick, Pa. 
 
 21 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Or, 
 
 O u 
 
 ^0 
 
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 22 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ao 
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 23 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Saw-tooth Roofs, Oliver Chilled Plow Co., Hamilton, Ont. 
 David Dickinson, Contractor. Prack & Perrine, Architects. 
 
 Hy-Rib Saw-tooth Roof and Siding. 
 Jackson Cushion Spring Co., Jackson, Mich. 
 
 24 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 * ♦ 
 
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 25 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Roofs, Fayette R. Plumb Tool Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Hy-Rib Roofs, Kempsmith Mfg. Co., West Allis, Wis. 
 26 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich 
 
 Concreting- Deep-Rib Hy-Rib on one of the buildings at our 
 Youngstovvn Plant. 
 
 Under side of Hy-Rib Roof, partly plastered. 
 Note plasterer's scaffold suspended from steel truss. 
 
 27 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Load of 1,400 lbs. per sq. ft. after Fire Test of 1700' for Four Hours. 
 
 NEW YORK FIRE TEST ON HY-RIB ARCH 
 
 (Compiled from official report of Fire, Load and Water Test made upon cinder 
 concrete Moor arches at Columbia Fire Testing Station, New York. Test was con- 
 ducted by Ira H. Woolson, E. M., in co-operation with City Building Bureaus.) 
 
 Span of segmental arch, 8 feet; thickness at crown, 4}4 inches; 
 total depth at haunches, 15 inches. Concrete — Portland cement 1 part, 
 sand 1 part, unsifted cinders 6 parts. 
 
 The concrete floor arch reinforced with Hy-Rib was subjected to a 
 continuous lire below the floor for four hours at an average tempera- 
 ture of 1700 degrees F., floor carrying at the same time a distributed 
 load of 1.50 lbs. per square foot. At the end of the four hours the 
 underside of floor while still red hot was subjected to a 1>^ indi 
 stream of cold water for five minutes. Then the upper side of the 
 floor was flooded and afterwards the stream was again applied on the 
 under side for five minutes. 
 
 After cooling, the arch was subjected to a load of 600 lbs. per 
 square foot. Later a 6 ft. wide section was cut out of the floor arch 
 and this section was loaded to 1400 lbs. per square foot. Under this 
 severe load the deflection was only % inch. 
 
 As a result of this test the Building Departments of Manhattan 
 and Brooklyn have approved the use of cinder concrete arches rein- 
 forced with Hy-Rib, 4 inches thick at the crown, for loads up to 350 
 lbs. per sq. ft. and span of 8 feet. 
 
 28 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 OF HY-RIB SLAB TABLES 
 
 Pages 30 and 31 
 
 Upper table gives safe loads carried by slab after the concrete has 
 thoroughly set. Safe loads include weight of slab. In floors and roofs 
 weight of the slab must be deducted from the loads given to deter- 
 mine the safe live load. Lower table is used to determine the load 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib will carry as centering before the concrete has set. 
 
 Example; Given a 6 ft. span to carry a safe live load of 40 lbs. 
 per sq. ft. Use tables on page 30. Opposite 2-inch slab reinforced 
 with No. 26 4-Rib Hy-Rib read 74 lbs. load. Deduct from this load 
 30 lbs. (weight of 2-inch slab + ^ in. cement plaster underneath), 
 giving safe live load of 44 lbs. 
 
 Lower table shows that No. 26 4-Rib Hy-Rib as centering will not 
 support the weight of 2 inches of wet concrete on 6 ft. span, but 
 will carry it on a span as great as 3'0". Therefore use one temporary 
 line of shoring down the center of the span. This shoring is removed 
 after concrete has set. 
 
 HY-RIB SHEATHING., 
 
 _ — '■ '— '- -■-- — ^— — — iL 
 
 Temporary Supports for HY-RIB as Used in Floors and Roofs— 
 Reqiiiired Only in Special Cases. See lower table, pages 30 and 31. 
 
 DESIGNING DATA FOR HY-RIB 
 
 Hy-Rib is manufactured from the highest grade of open hearth 
 rolled steel plates, also acid resisting "Trus-Con Ingot Metal. " 
 
 Cross-sectional areas of metal in Hy-Rib per foot of width, includ- 
 ing side laps, are as follows : 
 
 28 Gauge 26 Gauge 24 Gauge 22 Gauge 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib 165 sq. in. .198 sq. in. .264 sq. in 
 
 3-Rib Hy-Rib llOsq. in. .132 sq. in. .176 sq. in 
 
 Deep Rib Hy-Rib 177 sq. in. .236 sq. in. .295 sq. in. 
 
 29 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 4-RIB HY-RIB TABLES 
 
 SAFE LOADS IN POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT FOR SLABS 
 REINFORCED WITH 4-RIB HY-RIB 
 
 (See also table below) 
 
 (Safe loads include tveight of slab.) 
 
 (For saft- live loads, drdiict weight of slab.) 
 
 ThicKness of slabs 
 
 above 
 base of sheathing 
 
 Gauge 
 
 fio. 
 
 4-rib 
 
 I'y Rb 
 
 Moment 
 ofresist- 
 anccner 
 
 foot 
 of width 
 
 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 54 
 65 
 86 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 80 
 
 60 
 72 
 96 
 
 11 
 
 1" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=12 1b9. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 965 
 
 nss 
 
 1540 
 
 88 
 105 
 140 
 
 50 
 60 
 80 
 
 39 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 IK" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=18 1bs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 1838 
 2205 
 2940 
 
 170 
 204 
 
 272 
 
 95 
 114 
 152 
 
 61 
 74 
 
 98 
 
 43 
 51 
 68 
 
 
 
 2" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=24 1bs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 2675 
 3210 
 4280 
 
 246 
 295 
 394 
 
 139 
 167 
 222 
 
 89 
 107 
 142 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 98 
 
 54 
 72 
 
 
 2 'A' thick slab 
 
 Wt.=30 1bs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 4125 
 4950 
 6600 
 
 380 
 456 
 608 
 
 214 
 257 
 
 342 
 
 136 
 
 164 
 218 
 
 95 
 114 
 152 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 112 
 
 
 3" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=36 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 6150 
 7380 
 9840 
 
 569 
 683 
 910 
 
 320 
 384 
 512 
 
 204 
 245 
 326 
 
 142 
 171 
 
 228 
 
 104 
 125 
 166 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 123 
 
 
 3>P thick slab 
 
 Wt.=42 1bs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 
 7275 
 
 8730 
 
 11640 
 
 675 
 
 810 
 
 1080 
 
 380 
 4=;6 
 60S 
 
 241 
 290 
 386 
 
 169 
 
 203 
 270 
 
 124 
 149 
 198 
 
 95 
 114 
 152 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR 4-RIB HY-RIB AS CENTERING 
 
 To support various thicknesses of wet concrete. For greater spans 
 use temporary supports. 
 
 Gauge of 
 
 4-Rib 
 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 No. 24 
 No. 26 
 No. 28 
 
 1" 
 
 5' 0" 
 4' 3" 
 3' 11" 
 
 THICKNESS OF SLAB 
 
 1} 
 
 4' 0" 
 3' 6" 
 3' 2" 
 
 3' 6" 
 3' 0" 
 2' 9' 
 
 2%^ 
 
 y 2" 
 2' 9" 
 2' 6" 
 
 10" 
 6" 
 3" 
 
 2' 8" 
 2' 4" 
 2' 1" 
 
 2' 6" 
 2' 2" 
 1' 11' 
 
 30 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 DEEP-RIB HY-RIB TABLES 
 
 SAFE LOADS IN POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT FOR SLABS 
 REINFORCED WITH DEEP-RIB HY-RIB 
 
 (See also table below) 
 (Safe loads Include weight of slab.) 
 
 (Fur safr live loads, drduct wi'iuhl nf hlah.l 
 
 Thickness of slabs 
 
 above 
 base of sheathing 
 
 Gauge 
 No. 
 
 Deep-Rib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 Moment 
 ofresist- 
 anceper 
 
 foot 
 of width 
 
 SPAN IN FEET 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 70 
 77 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 2" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=24 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 3680 
 4)00 
 4520 
 
 192 
 214 
 235 
 
 123 
 136 
 151 
 
 85 
 
 95 
 
 105 
 
 
 2>^" thick slab 26 
 
 Wt.=30 1bs. 24 
 
 per sq. ft. 22 
 
 4560 
 6090 
 7080 
 
 237 
 317 
 369 
 
 152 
 203 
 236 
 
 106 
 141 
 164 
 
 78 
 1113 
 120 
 
 59 
 79 
 92 
 
 
 3" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=36 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 5790 
 7710 
 9630 
 
 302 
 402 
 502 
 
 193 
 257 
 321 
 
 134 
 
 179 
 224 
 
 98 
 131 
 164 
 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 
 79 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 Syi' thick slab 
 
 Wt.=42 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 7000 
 
 9330 
 
 11670 
 
 365 
 486 
 606 
 
 233 
 311 
 389 
 
 162 
 216 
 270 
 
 119 
 159 
 199 
 
 91 
 122 
 153 
 
 72 
 
 96 
 
 120 
 
 78 
 97 
 
 
 
 4" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=48 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 8250 
 10980 
 13740 
 
 430 
 572 
 715 
 
 274 
 366 
 
 458 
 
 190 
 254 
 318 
 
 140 
 187 
 234 
 
 107 
 143 
 179 
 
 85 
 113 
 141 
 
 92 
 115 
 
 94 
 
 
 4^" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=54 1bs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 24 
 22 
 
 26 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 9450 
 12600 
 15750 
 
 10680 
 14220 
 17790 
 
 492 
 655 
 820 
 
 556 
 740 
 926 
 
 314 
 420 
 
 525 
 
 355 
 474 
 593 
 
 218 
 292 
 365 
 
 247 
 330 
 413 
 
 161 
 
 214 
 268 
 
 181 
 
 242 
 302 
 
 202 
 269 
 336 
 
 123 
 164 
 205 
 
 139 
 
 185 
 231 
 
 155 
 206 
 258 
 
 97 
 
 129 
 161 
 
 110 
 146 
 183 
 
 122 
 163 
 204 
 
 78 
 105 
 131 
 
 89 
 119 
 149 
 
 99 
 132 
 165 
 
 87 
 109 
 
 98 
 122 
 
 82 
 109 
 136 
 
 91 
 
 5" thick slab 
 
 Wt.=60 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 82 
 102 
 
 5>^" thick slab 
 
 Wt,=66 lbs. 
 
 per sq. ft. 
 
 11880 
 15840 
 19800 
 
 618 
 
 825 
 1030 
 
 396 
 528 
 660 
 
 275 
 367 
 459 
 
 92 
 115 
 
 MAXIMUM SPANS FOR DEEP-RIB HY-RIB AS CENTERING 
 
 To support various thicknesses of wet concrete. For greater spans 
 use temporary supports. 
 
 Gauge of 
 
 THICKNESS OF SLAB 
 
 Deep-Rib 
 Hy-Rib 
 
 2" 2'A'' 
 
 3" 
 
 3^^" 
 
 4" 
 
 3' 4" 
 2'11' 
 
 5" 
 
 5H' 
 
 6" 
 
 No. 22 
 No. 24 
 No. 26 
 
 5' 6" ' 5' 0" 1 4' 6' 4' 2" 
 5' 0" 4' 6" 4' 0" , 3' 9' 
 4' 4' 3'10" j 3' 6" 1 3' 3' 
 
 3'11' 
 3' 6" 
 3' 1" 
 
 3' 7" 
 3' 2" 
 2' 9' 
 
 3' 4" 
 2' 8" 
 
 3' 2" 
 2'10'' 
 2' 6" 
 
 31 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 FOR HY-RIB FLOORS AND ROOFS 
 
 REINFORCING STEEL. 
 
 Provide Hy-Rib, Type , Gauge for all floors and roofs. 
 
 Place all Hy-Rib sheets with the lath surface downward. Inter- 
 lock all adjoining sheets of Hy-Rib at sides and ends. Sheets shall 
 be securely fastened together every 24 inches along the sides and 
 at every rib at the ends by wiring or by clinching of the lapped 
 ribs with special pincers. Where end splices occur between sup- 
 ports, splices in adjacent rows must be at least two feet apart. 
 Allow a lap of 2 inches where splices occur over supports, other- 
 wise 8 inches. 
 
 Hy-Rib shall be rigidly attached to steel framing by means of 
 clips or strong galvanized wire, and to wood framing by staples or 
 nails. These attachments shall be located at the interlocking side 
 splices every 21 inches for 4-Rib Hy-Rib and every 28 inches for 
 Deep Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Hy-Rib sheets shall be supported as required by lower tables, pages 
 30 and 31, while concrete is being poured, and, if necessary, temporary 
 supports shall be provided. 
 
 No loads shall be placed on Hy-Rib before concreting and not until 
 the concrete has throughly set. Planks for trucking shall be so ar- 
 ranged as to come over supports. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 The materials composing the concrete or plaster shall consist of : 
 
 (a) Portland Cement which has been carefully tested and found 
 
 to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the specifications 
 of the American Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 (b) Sand which is practically free from organic matter and uni- 
 
 formly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) Broken stone or gravel which is good, hard, dense stone — 
 
 clean and of such size as to pass through a half-inch ring. 
 
 (d) Hydrated Lime which is uniform in quality and perfectly 
 
 hydrated. 
 
 32 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 APPLICATION. 
 
 Cover the Hy-Rib sheets with a concrete made up as follows: 
 
 Portland Cement 1 part 
 
 Sand 2 parts 
 
 Broken stone 4 parts 
 
 The surface shall be floated smooth to receive a standard roofing 
 applied as directed by manufacturers. When the concrete has set 
 sufficiently plaster the under side to a thickness of f^ to 54 inch 
 with the following mixture: 
 
 Portland Cement 5 parts 
 
 Sand 12 parts 
 
 Lime Paste 1 part 
 
 The cement and hydrated lime, after being thoroughly mixed dry 
 to uniform color, shall be added to the dry sand and the whole 
 manipulated until evenly mixed. Add water to secure proper 
 working consistency and sufficient long cow hair to key. The 
 mortar shall be applied within 30 minutes from time of mixing. 
 
 PROTECTION. 
 
 The concrete work shall be thoroughly protected from too rapid 
 drying and the direct rays of the sun by means of damp burlap 
 or canvas, or by sprinkling. The concrete slab must be kept 
 thoroughly moist in this way for at least two days after placing. 
 
 EXPANSION RODS. 
 
 Where the width of the building is over 200 feet in a direction 
 at right angles to the main ribs of the Hy-Rib place 7/32 or 1/4 
 inch round rods, spaced 30 inches apart, on top of the high ribs 
 and at right angles to them. 
 
 ARCHED FLOORS 
 
 Where curved sheets of Hy-Rib are used for reinforcement of 
 concrete arches it is not necessary to interlock the sheets along 
 the sides, but side ribs shall be thoroughly wired together, other- 
 wise splice and place Hy-Rib as provided for under Floors and 
 Roofs. 
 
 33 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 34 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 WALLS AND SIDINGS 
 
 Hy-Rib plastered with cement makes a simple and 
 economical construction for walls and sidings. Owing to 
 its rigid high ribs no studs are necessary. Simply set up 
 the sheets of Hy-Rib, apply the plaster, and the wall is 
 complete. 
 
 Hy-Rib walls are ideal for sidings of industrial build- 
 ings, such as factories, power plants, car barns, etc. Such 
 a wall is much less expensive than one built of brick, tile, 
 concrete block, or the ordinary t\'pe of reinforced con- 
 crete, besides possessing all their fireproof and permanent 
 qualities. Owing to their permanence and absence of all 
 cost of maintenance, Hy-Rib walls are much more econ- 
 omical than the old style corrugated iron sheets which 
 rust out in a short time and must be painted frequently. 
 
 Hy-Rib is especially suited for siding of stucco houses 
 and for wall construction of buildings of all kinds. Occa- 
 sional posts to carry the weight of the floors are provided 
 and the Hy-Rib is attached directly to them, supplying 
 the entire wall construction. 
 
 Where hollow walls are desired an additional inside layer 
 of Hy-Rib is applied, leaving an air space between the ver- 
 tical faces. On the interior the plaster is applied directly 
 to the face of the Hy-Rib. No furring is necessary, such 
 as would be required for the ordinary brick wall. The air 
 space between the Hy-Rib sheets makes a building that is 
 easy to heat in winter and one that keeps cool in summer. 
 
 The ordinary house with wooden sidings can be given a 
 modern appearance by applying Hy-Rib sheets and plas- 
 tering with cement — the ribs supply the necessary furring. 
 A complete modern stucco house can be secured in this 
 way at little cost. 
 
 35 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Some of the Buildings at our Youngstown Plant. 
 
 Hy-Rib for Roofs and Sidings— United Sash for Windows, 
 
 Fireproof, Daylight, and Economical. 
 
 36 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 37 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 38 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 39 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings for Shaft House, Detroit Salt Works, Oakwood, Mich. 
 
 40 
 
^ussed^o^ncrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings, Smith Bros. Grain & Elevator Co., Ft. Worth, Tex. 
 Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete and United Sash. 
 
 41 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Roofs and Sidings, Gas Producer Building, Open Hearth 
 Dept., l\faryland Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings, United Sash for Windows. 
 
 Quincy Gas, Electric & Heating Co., Quincy, 111. 
 
 Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Archts. 
 
 42 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 J 
 
 9 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■w 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings, Gas Producer Bldg., Ford Motor Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings, American Automatic Railway Switcli Co., 
 Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 43 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Roofs and Sidings, Glenmore Distillery, Owensboro, Ky. 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings and Roofs, 
 Great Lakes Engineering Works, Ashtabula, O. 
 
 44 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Coach Repair Shop, New York, Westchester & Boston R. R., Xcw 
 York City. Hy-Rib Concrete Sidings — United Sash for Windows. 
 
 »*«*!'<«w(Wf r ''^^^,]fP- 
 
 Hy-Rib Sidings, Shops, Rutland Railway Co., Rutland, Vt. 
 
 45 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 San Joaquin Light & Power Co., Bakerslield, Cal. 
 Hy-Rib Sidings and Roofs. 
 
 Building No. 16, Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, O. Note simple scaf- 
 folding used for plastering Hy-Rib sidings. 
 
 46 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 
 z 
 
 .Q 
 
 K 
 
 47 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 cor?/7ecf//7f S^ee/ Sfi/c/s 
 
 -3eam 
 
 Sea 777 
 P/a/e C//p5 
 
 Ar?(^/e C//p5 I>o//ec/ 
 fo Sear72 di/ do/fs 
 
 poi/nh^ co/?cre/e 
 
 Channel or Anqle •3/ruf'^ ^s^enec/ 
 of bo ff on? in same ma/?/7er 
 
 u/a/erprooyecf ojM Thi/c^'Cori 
 C^a/erproo/rh^ P^iT^e 
 (i5ee Specryyca/roTiiJ 
 
 3eam 
 
 HOLLOW EXTERIOR 
 
 WALLS BUILT WITH 
 
 HY-RIB. 
 
 As used in connection with re 
 inforced concrete construction 
 
 Vertical Section. 
 
 Grooue /ormecf 6i^ p/acw(^ 
 6ei/e/ec/ ^fr/p^ /n co/u/nn \ 
 ^)rm5 ie/ore poi/r/ni^ co;?cre/e \ 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 /Jii^-fiu I 
 
 Horizontal Section. 
 
 48 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 1' 
 
 Beam 
 
 Plate a /pi 
 10/2 cc 
 (of each side lap) ■ 
 
 I?ecesiei /or rnserhnq 
 (/er//ral Anqle Sfrah 
 formed bi^ piacinq 
 hiocAs in form^ 
 be/ore pour/ni^ concrete 
 
 A 
 
 a/aierproq/eid w/yiz Trc/3-co.'7 
 
 -T 
 
 y- 3'/i'h 4 
 3eam 
 
 Vertical Section. 
 
 SECTION' 
 of B-B 
 
 SOLID 
 EXTERIOR 
 WALLS BUILT 
 WITH HY-RIB 
 
 As used in connection 
 with reinforced con- 
 crete construction. 
 
 Plate a/pi. 
 
 (^rooc/e wrmej ii/ 
 
 I w coli/mr? J^or/7j^ Ae/ore 
 pour/'i^i^ concre/e 
 
 B 
 
 •Sec/ion a/A-A \\ 
 
 Column 
 
 30- CC 
 
 Anifle -^■x-^' 
 
 Sec/ion a/ A'A 
 
 ^\\ /fo ^Z Gauoe To77ooe 
 
 UJooJen p/uqs '/g''(/'k' 
 30' CC ' ' 
 
 Column 
 
 Horizontal Sections. 
 
 49 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 FOR HY-RIB WALLS AND SIDINGS 
 
 ♦REINFORCING STEEL. 
 
 Provide Hy-Rib, Type , Gauge , for all walls and sidings. 
 
 Interlock all adjoining sheets of Hy-Rib at sides and ends. 
 Sheets shall be securely fastened together every 24 inches along 
 the sides and at every rib at the ends by wiring or by clinching of 
 the lapped ribs with special pincers. Where end splices occur 
 between supports, splices in adjacent rows must be at least 2 feet 
 apart. Allow a lap of 2 inches where splices occur over supports, 
 otherwise 8 inches. 
 
 Hy-Rib shall be rigidly attached to steel framing by means of 
 clips or strong galvanized wire, and to wood framing by staples 
 or nails. Such attachments shall be located at the interlocking 
 side splices between sheets and shall occur at least every 14 inches 
 for 3-Rib and Deep-Rib Hy-Rib and every loyi inches for 4-Rib 
 Hy-Rib. Where supports are over 6 feet apart, Hy-Rib sheets shall 
 be temporarily braced before plastering. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 The materials composing the plaster shall consist of — 
 
 (a) Portland Cement which has been carefully tested and found 
 
 to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the specifications 
 of the American Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 (b) Sand which is practically free from organic matter and 
 
 uniformly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, as manufac- 
 
 tured by the Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 (d) Hydrated Lime which is uniform in quality and perfectly 
 
 hydrated. 
 
 APPLICATION. 
 
 The plaster for the inside wall and for the first coat of outside 
 wall shall be made up as follows; 
 
 Portland Cement 5 parts 
 
 Sand 12 parts 
 
 Lime Paste 1 part 
 
 The cement and hydrated lime, after being thoroughly mixed dry 
 to uniform color, shall be added to the dry sand and the whole 
 manipulated until evenly mixed. Add water to secure proper 
 working consistency. The mortar shall then be thoroughly worked 
 until perfectly homogeneous. This composition shall only be made 
 up in lots that can be immediately applied, and any material that 
 has been mixed with water longer than 30 minutes before applying 
 shall be rejected. 
 
 •Wherever it is possible the structure should be so designed that the main ribs 
 of the Hy-Rib will extend horizontally. Where the ribs extend vertically place 7/39 
 in. or ]4 in. rods 30 ins. apart at right angles to the riljs. 
 
 50 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 PLASTERING OF WALLS. 
 
 Apply a first coat of this plaster, with the addition of long cow 
 hair for key, to the exterior of all walls. While this coat is still 
 wet scratch over the surface to form a key for the finish coat which 
 shall be applied after the first coat has set sufficiently hard to 
 hold it. 
 
 The plaster for the exterior finish coat shall be of the same pro- 
 portions as scratch coat except that in mixing use water to which 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing; Paste, Concentrated, has been added in 
 proportions of 1 part Paste to 12 parts water. The thickness of 
 this waterproofed mortar shall be at least 54 of an inch. Finish 
 coat shall be floated free from any porous imperfections. 
 
 The interior finish shall then consist of composition above speci- 
 fied without the addition of waterproofing and shall be trowelled 
 to a perfectly smooth finish. Total thickness of finished wall shall 
 be IJ-4 to 2 inches. 
 
 PROTECTION. 
 
 Thoroughly protect the finished work from too rapid drying and 
 the direct rays of the sun by means of damp canvas or sprinkling. 
 The finished work must be kept thoroughly moist in this way for 
 at least two days after plastering. 
 
 EXPANSION RODS. 
 
 In walls and sidings where it is found necessary to run the main 
 ribs of the Hy-Rib vertically, place 7/32 or 1/4 inch rods, spaced 
 30 inches apart, at right angles to the ribs. 
 
 SIDE WALLS REINFORCED WITH HY-RIB 
 
 (Minimum Requirements.) 
 (Ribs of Hy-Rib running horizontally.) 
 
 Spacing 
 
 of 
 Supports 
 
 Thickness 
 
 of 
 
 Wall 
 
 REINFORCEMENT 
 
 3 feet 
 
 IK" 
 
 No. 28, 3-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 6 feet 
 
 IW 
 
 No. 26, 3-rib Hy-Rib, or No. 28, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 8 feet 
 
 2" 
 
 No. 24, 3-rib Hy-Rib, or No. 26, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 10 feet 
 
 2' 
 
 No. 26, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 12 feet 
 
 9 i/X'' 
 ^ 72 
 
 No. 24, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Temporary brace should be used vertically where structural supports 
 are 6' or over. 
 
 51 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Plastering flat side of Hy-Rib Partition and view from opposite side. 
 Note perfect clinch with no dropping of plaster. 
 
 52 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 PARTITIONS 
 
 For solid partitions built either with cement, lime, or 
 patent plaster, Hy-Rib is especially suitable as reinforce- 
 ment. The ribs of the Hy-Rib take the place of the studs 
 which are otherwise necessary, and do away entirely with 
 the expense and labor of attaching sheets of lath to studs. 
 Owing to the fact that the lath and ribs are a complete 
 unit, made from a single sheet of steel, such partitions 
 have extraordinary rigidity. 
 
 All that is necessary is to set up the sheets of Hy-Rib 
 — plaster both sides — and the partition is complete. No 
 centering or studs are necessary. Thin partitions of 
 great strength and rigidity are rapidly constructed in this 
 way. 
 
 Hy-Rib presents a flat surface to work against, assur- 
 ing ease and speed in plastering, and requiring a mini- 
 mum amount of material. 
 
 Where hollow partitions are desired, two thicknesses 
 of Hy-Rib are used, separated by means of Rib Studs. 
 The sheets are placed with the lath side outward and 
 the plaster is applied to the desired thickness. 
 
 Hy-Rib is the most economical reinforcement for par- 
 tition work. It does away with expensive field labor, 
 saves plaster, and provides increased rigidity, besides 
 saving time in erection. 
 
 Detail of Door-Frfiming for Hy-Rib Partition. 
 
 (See other details, page 67.) 
 
 53 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition, Y. M. C. A. Building, Portland, Ore. 
 
 54 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ■•-Si^^^n 
 
 #■ 
 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition, Trussed Concrete Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 Note grounds for base-board and chair-rail. 
 
 55 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Calhoun Bath House, Minneapolis, IVIinn. Cecil Bayless Chapman, 
 
 Architect; F. Gottlieb A'lagney, Associate. 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition Walls are handled as a unit. 
 
 Mausoleum, Detroit Crematorium, Detroit, Mich. 
 Partitions and entire construction are Hy-Rib Concrete. 
 
 66 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Polo Grouiids, National Baseball League, New York City. 
 
 Snare & Triest Co.. Erectors. 
 
 Hy-Rib used in all Sidings, Partitions, Ticket Booths, Railings, etc. 
 
 National League Baseball Grandstand, Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Partition Walls around boxes, etc. 
 
 57 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition, Chamber of Commerce, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Partitions, Dormitory Bldg., Bishop School, La Jolla, Cali. 
 Richard S, Requa, Architect. 
 
 58 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Exterior of Partition after Test. 
 
 NEW YORK FIRE TEST ON 
 HY-RIB PARTITION 
 
 (Compiled from official report of Fire and 
 Water Test made at the Columbia Fire Testing 
 Station, New York City, upon plaster par- 
 tition reinforced witli Hy-i<ib. Test conducted 
 by Ira H. Woolson, E. M., in co-operation 
 zvith City Building Bureaus). 
 
 Partitions were of standard size re- 
 quired by the Building Specifications, 
 14' 6"x9' 6". No. 26 Gauge Hy-Rib was 
 installed in partition ; plaster used was 
 Rock Wall put on in two inside and 
 two o'ltside coats, the approximate total 
 thickness of partition being two inches. 
 The partition was subjected to a con- 
 tinuous fire for one hour, at an aver- 
 age temperature of 1700 degrees Fahr., 
 and a 1%" stream of water at hydrant 
 pressure was then thrown against it for 
 two and one-half minutes. 
 
 After the application of fire and water, 
 the final maximum deflection in the 
 Hy-Rib partition was only %", and 
 partition was in excellent condition. 
 28 Gauge Hy-Rib partitions two inches 
 for hollow partition, 
 
 In view of above test, No 
 thick solid, or with two thicknesses of metal 
 have been approved for use in the Borough of Manhattan, 
 
 59 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn BuiMing Product 
 
 r^/i doe:) ai^a(f 
 (SeeDe/a/Zj 
 
 Method of Inter- 
 locking and Punch- 
 ing Hy-Rib Sheets. 
 (See page 105 for 
 Hy-Rib Punch.) 
 
 LappecJ anc/ 
 Preisecl foi/e^/ier. 
 
 Per/ic^fy /ocAed 
 wM /fand Pc/ncA. 
 
 Uniting HY-RIB sheets by punching interlocked ribs. 
 
 60 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Raising Hy-Rib en masse with 2x4 wooden scantling in which spikes 
 are driven as shown below. The ten sheets of Hy-Rib have been 
 previously united by punching the interlocked side ribs. 
 
 End View. 
 
 Side View. 
 
 2x4 Scantling with spikes driven in slantwise. These spikes engage 
 the Hy-Rib mesh permitting a great area of Hy-Rib to be raised or 
 hoisted at one operation, as illustrated above. 
 
 61 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Temporari/ 3racir?i^ J^'' ^^'"■^. 
 
 i-c — Ni/-r7'i 
 
 -Cei7in 
 
 /forizon/-a/ U/ooc/en <3fr7pi S'niotj/ 3'-0"cc. 
 5eczjre/i/ ujjrec/ /o ri^^ec^ 5/We qf_^ 
 /fi/-r!6 a/2i^ SroceJ Ac/ s/r/ps 3 
 i^ac/rec/ /o yyoor 
 
 /f 3/r7p5 "<5 are 2 "x -4 graces £ 
 ore? no/- rei/u^rec/. 
 
 7^/i /e77?porari/ 6ri7C/o^ 
 
 75 re77?07/e(^ 125 SOOT? as 
 
 y/rs? coaT^ qfp/os/'er 
 /app/ied fo /oT'ih or 
 J/t'ot' s7i/e/Aa5 se/ 
 
 Temporary Bracing for Hy-Rib Partition Construction. This bracing 
 
 is removed after the first coat of plaster, applied to flat side, 
 
 has set. No other bracing is required. 
 
 62 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition — Dodge Bros. Power Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 Note simplicity of temporary bracing. 
 
 63 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 '^i— I 
 
 JJeTii/l of Sroooe 
 
 .5/4-^ 
 
 D 
 
 1^ 
 
 Detail of No. ^2 Gauge Tongue 
 Ancjle atCeilin(f. 
 
 11 
 
 on the keifJ?t 
 cfceiJifsq 
 ^6ee C6t) 
 
 Screws or 
 naih well 
 clwched 
 
 mi 
 
 re 
 
 (^rooue cut ojlth chisel 
 cr formed hi^ placing 
 beoeled ^fnp m hoftom 
 of forms far beams 
 
 Push //i/-nh up inii> 
 t^rooue crchar2nel in 
 ceflinq then drop same 
 infy groove or channel 
 in floor 
 
 ^M^ooden strips 3w/de:^ 
 for aTfachmerft of 
 chair rail- "^ 
 
 Qrooue Jirmed] \\. 
 by beveled ' ■ 
 Strip placed 
 in wef ' 
 
 concrefe 
 
 Woode'7 ^tf-ips ■4-'ui{de. 
 ■^for alfachmen-t of 
 base boarc) 
 
 loode-n plaas fa'^/'/e' 
 30'cc. ^ 
 
 //o iZ aau^e _ toTKjue 
 ar?<^le ^/^^^/^' 
 
 i%:to2y2' 
 
 depending ^ 
 on the height 
 of celling 
 f<5ee Caf) 
 
 ViSooden piag^ 50 '^1. 
 
 Bnl! holes m floor and 
 ceiling for the reception 
 of Luooo^en plugs, /icul 
 ^Z aaufe tonq ue 
 ar^gles fy same 
 
 '/2 %^/t.\24<^ouQe 
 Mo cZ qaage tc/2gae 
 anqle ■^x^" 
 
 x/' 
 
 about % 
 
 j7fi&// of Urooue 
 m F'/oor. 
 
 
 D 
 
 BetailofNo 22 Gaaqe Toffgae 
 Ar}(f[e at Floor 
 
 HY-RIB Partitions and Method of Attaching to Reinforced 
 Concrete Constructon. 
 
 64 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 24 Gauge Channels 
 
 For attaching Hy-Rib in partitions 
 and walls. Length — 5 feet. Sup- 
 plied in bundles of 25 channels. 
 
 22 Gauge Tongue Angles 
 
 I'"or attaching Hy-Rib in parti- 
 tions and walls. Length, .5 feet. 
 Supplied in bundles of 25 angles. 
 Spacings of tongues, 3;-j niches, 7 
 inches, IOV2 inches, or 14 inches. 
 
 I BEAM 
 
 5tCTI0N A-A 
 
 Rib Clips 
 
 For attaching top of Hy- 
 Rib partition to steel beam. 
 See also Rib Clips, page 73. 
 
 m- 
 
 ■^ ^. 
 
 lift 
 
 //oar ..»TO «o j.a-///ri^,Ar,/j. 
 
 Application of 22 Gauge Tongue Angle at Bottom of 
 Partitions and Walls. 
 Details for application at top and sides are similar. 
 65 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 1^ 
 
 Skef^ch showing 
 method of ereciinij 
 lii^-H/b pariiiion /n 
 connecrwn tv/i/; 
 Hol/ow 71 /e f/oors 
 
 Sheich sf>oiv/na 
 mefhod of erecfinif 
 Hi/- Rib par Hi/ on in 
 connection tv/th 
 wood Joists 
 
 Wire 'lon(jue i^nq/e to 
 Jionzorjta/ Mi/- Mb w/ih 
 No. /^ iv/re eyeri/ 
 2/"- 
 
 ^^^--^^ 
 
 §f-"""'i 
 
 
 
 5;^!^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 stretch stioivinij 
 method of erectinc^ 
 hi/- /?ii> partitions 
 in connection with 
 suspended ceiimas 
 
 l"^- 
 
 •■^/J} 
 
 '^"'^s ' yyooden 
 
 Hc/-/5i2)- 
 
 sfrip for fasten/no i- 
 
 ■ 'd, ■4">/i"''3"t>/oc/c~~Jl^ 
 
 Ao22i^. 7bnai/e 
 /^n^/e^'Ur'~ 
 
 i>/oc/( for 
 fasten/n(^ 
 t>aseboard 
 ey-eru Z.4'- 
 
 Ty/o methods of fasfen/n<^ /ii/-t?/i> /itrMion to rvooden fioors. 
 
 Methods of Attaching Hy-Rib Partitions at Ceiling 
 
 and Floor. 
 
 66 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 -i^ 
 
 !••. 
 
 
 i-V 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 HyRiO 
 
 H.LJ "RiD- 
 
 - Pif^cc T^ib Lain 
 hnori^ontafy 
 over I "w 2 i front 
 and btacK Tor 
 p la Stertng 
 
 -2'? IS cut to 
 r "2" csbove door 
 oponLng i:]no(run5 
 to C ©I iin g 
 
 -Detail of Verticdl- 
 -studi in JDoor Tra >-ne - 
 
 -Ja-Kr^b- 
 
 -Mori^ontcti 5ec- 
 tion of wdll be 
 
 low Sin- 
 
 2-2-- 
 
 1 1- 
 
 "-^Kib-L<ath ^- 
 
 -'."- on front '~ 
 -~l and bacKT 
 
 --1 h 
 
 
 . -1 . L 
 
 Ddor 
 
 -DCTAiLS or wmDow- 
 -FR-A/Amq dutmlj or 2'- 
 
 -E:iev^t(On of Door-- 
 
 -DE.TA1L3 or DOOK- 
 
 -TT^A/Ainq - 
 
 HY-KIB WALLS 8. FAtrriTlOnS. 
 
 Methods of Building Wooden Door and Window Frames 
 into Hy-Rib Partitions or Walls. 
 
 67 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 y\"Chann 
 floor to 
 fChannel- 
 
 c 
 
 el rrom 
 Ceiling- 
 
 B 
 
 
 Continuous 
 ^"Channel rrame— 
 
 A 
 
 Deviation of 5teel Trame 
 
 Section B.B 
 
 rChannel 
 
 STEIL r)?AME I/S 
 2" HY-£1B PAIJTI- 
 
 TI0N5 roK riKt- 
 D001?5, STILL D00R5, 
 SHUTTLES ETC, 
 
 X 
 
 2" Channel 
 
 ^g;^^ 
 
 Connection at C 
 
 FIREPROOF DOOR FRAME 
 IN HY-RIB PARTITIONS 
 
 The frame is all of steel, doing away entirely with 
 wood and leaving absolutely nothing that can burn in the 
 partition. The steel channel may be tapped, punched or 
 drilled to attach wood or metal trim, hinges, locks, etc. This 
 steel work can be procured from any good structural steel or 
 ornamental iron works. 
 
 68 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 FOR SOLID HY-RIB PARTITIONS 
 
 Provide Hy-Rib, Type — , Gauge — , for all solid partitions. Inter- 
 lock all adjoining sheets of Hy-Rib at sides and ends. Sheets shall be 
 securely fastened together every 24 inches along the sides and at every 
 rib at the ends by wiring or by clinching of the lapped ribs with special 
 pincers. Where end splices occur between supports, splices in 
 adjacent rows must be at least 3 feet apart. Allow a lap of 3 
 inches where splices occur over supports, otherwise 8 inches. 
 
 Hy-Rib shall be attached to floors and ceilings by means of 
 small angles (or channels, wooden strips, or by letting into grooves 
 according to construction of floor and ceiling) as indicated in 
 details. Where supports are over .5 feet apart, Hy-Rib sheets shall 
 be temporarily braced before plastering. 
 
 Where cement plaster is used provide 7/.32 or \\ inch rods, 
 spaced 30 inches on center, at right angles to the main ribs. 
 Where lime or patented plasters are used, rods are unnecessary. 
 
 PARTITIONS REINFORCED WITH HY-RIB 
 
 (Minimum Requirements.) 
 (Ribs of Hy-Rib running vertically.) 
 
 Heiffht 
 
 of 
 Ceilings 
 
 Thickness 
 
 of 
 Partitions 
 
 REINFORCEMENT 
 
 10 feet 
 
 m" 
 
 No. 28, 3-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 12 feet 
 
 2" 
 
 No. 25, 3-rib Hy-Rib, or No. 28, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 14 feet 
 
 2%" 
 
 No. 24, 3-rib Hy-Rib, or No. 26, 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 16 feet 
 
 2%" 
 
 No. 26, 4-rib Hy-Rib. or No. 26, deep-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 18 feet 
 
 2H" 
 
 No. 24, 4-rib Hy-Rib, or No, 24, deep-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 20 feet 
 
 y 
 
 No. 21, deep-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Temporary bracing should be used horizontally every 5 ft. for 3- 
 Rib Hy-Rib, 6 ft. for 4-Rib Hy-Rib, and 7 ft. for Deep-Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Above 25 ft., structural supports should be erected vertically in ac- 
 cordance with Side Wall Table, page 51, and the Hy-Rib run hori- 
 zontally. It may be necessary also in special cases for partitions above 
 12 ft., which will be subjected to constant vibration, such as in factories, 
 to be constructed in the same manner. 
 
 69 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Ceilings, Mount St. Josepii Academy, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 A. A. Post, Architect. 
 
 70 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Ceilings — Higli School, Alliance, O. 
 Richards, McCarty & Bulford, Archts. 
 
 CEILINGS 
 
 Hy-Rib, as used in ceilings, does away entirely with 
 the small channels, T's, angles, and studs necessary where 
 the ordinary type of lath is used. The ribs of Hy-Rib 
 give the necessary stiffness and rigidity. The great ex- 
 pense of wiring lath to a large number of separate chan- 
 nels is entirely done away with. 
 
 Hy-Rib is placed with the lath surface downward, 
 presenting a straight true surface for plastering, and re- 
 quires a minimum amount of material. 
 
 The improved form of lath provides a perfect key for 
 the plaster and prevents any chance of its dropping. 
 
 Hy-Rib sheets are supported every 4 or 5 feet either 
 directly from the construction above or by means of lines 
 of Rib Ceiling Joists, Channels, or T's. 
 
 Hy-Rib for ceilings saves time and labor in installa- 
 tion and its initial cost is lower than the ordinary lath 
 and separate channels. 
 
 71 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 '^IS^^^^Ik^^ '^slwnBSBiH^te.^ 
 
 
 _-^ 
 
 ' '^■'^ ■ -^^^- ■ v.-<!5p«?*^*^iJF ""^ of*^ 
 
 
 ^^^3l»i^...^ ^' 
 
 1 i II 
 
 mSS^^^IPPR^P^,« '^^^m^MM^ 
 
 Sfiowing Channel Supports ready for Hy-Rib. 
 
 Hy-Rib Ceiling, Hotel Tuller, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 72 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 RIB CLIP to support Hy-Rib in Suspended Ceilings. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 RIB CLIPS-Price, $1.00 per 100. 
 
 Rib Clips are shipped with one end Ijent and other end 
 straight as shown by dotted lines. In ordering- Rib Clips, 
 always give width of flange upon whicli clips are to be 
 used, or, if this is impossible, gi\'e size and weight of 
 Channel or I beam to which the clips are to be attached. 
 
 Rib Clips are particular!}- useful f(_ir supporting ceilings 
 as shown above. For use in partitions, see page f)5. 
 
 For walls, sidings and roofs, Plate Clips (see page 100) 
 are simpler, better and more economical. 
 
 73 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Q 
 
 'A'xi'/iflati 
 or /^ chan/jeis 
 3-iror 
 
 4'-/J'c.c. 
 
 ^^S^^ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 JVo. 7 a//re Aone^ers 
 
 J-0"CC. aion^ cha/3nel 
 
 wif/i No 14 ou/re. 
 
 5-0' QC alond 
 Channel (orf/^yO 
 
 f'/Axifs' flats or i'Ul 
 ■noei S-f/'or 4--II'c. c 
 
 - tt^----^^^^^ 
 
 Sk^etc/? £,howir2^ method of erec/lna N^-nh for suspended ceiiinq3 
 in connection witk concrete ^lab^ 
 
 So/tor a/ ire 
 f/c/s /ofet-^er- 
 
 'M'x/fd flairs or /'/4' ^ 
 cbanr?els J-f/or ^'-IIcc 
 
 
 _ '<^x/y/a/^ 5~0"c.c, 
 a/o/^f c/?anne/ (orf/afj 
 
 CC/re fC/er^hif^r/S 
 (y^/fy-r/^ ro ec/sry 
 c^anne/ forjVaf) 
 u/if/i M> /y Luire. 
 
 ^^^^^ 
 
 SA-e-Zph 3howu2q method of <=rect2no 
 //^-nd for 5ii-5pcnded ceilif7Q3 in 
 connection uj(th tde ^labs 
 
 HY-RIB Ceilings 
 Suspended from Solid 
 Concrete and Hollow 
 Tile Floors. 
 
 /^i^iy^f/c/h or/Uc/?anne/ 
 M/-rji \ 
 
 -•Cu^ hole w do/fom o/" 
 fi/e/Ux6 T/ien 
 /nser/- roijnj roi/ 7i 
 and /ur:^ 30° fo rece'Ue 
 hcoJreJ//a/ T ' 
 //J6. M' iMtre . , 
 
 Sketch shoujinq method of e recti r2q My-nb 
 for ^u^pe/2ded ceiUng::> in cor?nectior2 witfj 
 tlte ^/aby/pon Ol/read^ comp/e/ed. 
 
 If spans are increased, or a 
 live load is placed upon ceiling, 
 materials of a larger size than 
 those here specified must be 
 used. 
 
 74 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 -3-J/or^-J/ 
 
 alor?i^ channel. 
 
 
 *<*'*r'**"^r'^:^^^CT^ 
 
 
 6perral C/ip for 
 chann e/ (urf/a^J 
 
 ^e^ion JYo 2 J^lff/i «'//4 sa/zie ^pucrna. 
 
 ce//ir?cj/s jh coK/rpecfy'on u/f/ih arc/?ei3' so/^/'/^ q^f/oo^s 
 
 /f ipar2s are rncr-eosed, or a //'iye /oocl a p/acec/ upon ceiI:r?o, 
 ma/er/a/i of a Zander s/ze fharp /7ere specz/'/ea' ma^Z ie used. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 FOR SUSPENDED CEILINGS 
 
 Suspended ceilings shall be built of Hy-Rib attached to lines of 
 supports, as indicated in detail; supports to be 54"-^lH" flats or IJ^" 
 channels, with following spacing and Hy-Rib: 
 
 Spacing of 
 Supports 
 
 REINFORCEMENT 
 
 2'- 11" 
 3'- 11" 
 4'- 11" 
 5'- 11" 
 
 No. 28. 3-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 No. 26, 3-rib Hy-Rib or No. 28. 4-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 No. 24, 3-rib Hy-Rib or No. 26, 4-rib Hy-Rib or No. 
 
 No. 24, 4-rib Hy-Rib or No. 24, deep-rib Hy-Rib, 
 
 , deep-rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Each high rib of Hy-Rib shall be attached at each support. 
 
 Interlock all adjoining sheets of Hy-Rib at sides and ends. 
 Sheets shall be securely fastened together every 24 inches along 
 the sides and at every rib at the ends by wiring or by clinching 
 of the lapped ribs with special pincers. Where end splices occur 
 between supports, splices in adjacent rows must be at least 2 feet 
 apart. Allow a lap of 2 inches where splices occur over supports, 
 otherwise 8 inches. 
 
 75 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 7//GL/7T// OJV /J^7?/C/f 
 
 FURRING 
 
 For furring the outside or inside of walls of buildings 
 to insulate them against dampness and moisture, Hy-Rib 
 is nailed or stapled directly to the wall with the lath side 
 outward. The plaster is applied directly to the face of the 
 lath. An air space of ample size is secured back of the 
 plaster. No furring strips or studs of any kind are neces- 
 sary as these are supplied by the ribs. 
 
 An air space of 3/; inch is provided by using 3-Rib Hy- 
 Rib and one of IJ/^ inches by the use of Deep-Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Hy-Rib is extensively used as a furring for insulation 
 around boilers; in cold storage plants; and on roofs to pre- 
 vent condensation. The air space between the ribs stops 
 the conduction of heat, cold and moisture. 
 
 Hy-Rib does away entirely with the great labor ex- 
 pense of attaching loose sheets of lath to separate furring 
 strips, and saves time in construction. 
 
 76 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR FURRING 
 
 Three-Rib Hy-Rib or Deep-Rib Hy-Rib shall be placed with the 
 lath side away from wall. It shall be fastened to the wall by means 
 of staples or nails occurring- at the high ribs every ::8 inches across 
 the width of sheets and every 36 inches along their length. Inter- 
 lock all sheets at ends and sides and allow 1 inch end lap. 
 
 Alt Heidelberg, Fort Wayne, Ind. J. M. E. Reidel, Archt. 
 
 Stucco on Hy-Rib Used as Furring on Brick Wall. 
 
 77 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Cottage — E. M. & W. Ferguson, Fisher's Island, N. Y. 
 — F. E. Hine, Architect. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Residence — Dr. Tcrriberry, Fislier's Island, N. \'. 
 James Sweeney, Architect. 
 
 78 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 
 
 In Factories, Foundries, Macliine Shops, Rolling Mills, 
 Car Barns, Round Houses, Power Plants, Elevators — in 
 fact, industrial buildings of all kinds, Hy-Rib is used exten- 
 sively for siding and in floor and roof construction. The 
 cement finish gives a good, clean-cut, business-like appear- 
 ance to the building. The total absence of expense for 
 repairs makes it far more economical than the old style 
 corrugated iron sheets or wooden sheathing. 
 
 BUSINESS BUILDINGS 
 
 In Office, Store and Public Buildings, Hy-Rib finds its 
 principal uses in partition, ceiling, floor and roof construc- 
 tion. Thin solid partitions less than 2 inches in thickness 
 and of great rigidity are obtained by using Hy-Rib. Such 
 partitions are strictly fireproof and in this way buildings 
 can be subdivided into fireproof compartments, which 
 prevent the spread of fire. 
 
 Partitions built of Hy-Rib, besides possessing greatest 
 strength, are the lowest in cost of any strictly fireproof 
 method of building and are built more rapidly and with 
 less labor. 
 
 RESIDENCES, GARAGES AND 
 SMALL BUILDINGS 
 
 {See also Special Folder on Hy-Rib Garages, sent on request.) 
 The building of concrete residences and smaller buildings 
 has long been popular, owing to their permanence, fire- 
 proofness, and unusual possibilities for artistic treatment. 
 The cost has been the one item which has hindered a 
 more universal adoption of this type of building. 
 
 The cost of lumber, field labor, and special contrivances 
 necessary to carry on the ordinary type of concrete con- 
 
 79 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahti Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Residence of W. Rosberry, Roslindale, Mass. 
 
 Hy-Rib Residence for Miss Alice Henck, Santa Barbara, Cal. 
 Thomas Nixon, Architect. 
 
 80 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 struction, makes such work expensive in small buildings. 
 Hy-Rib does away entirely with all this centering and 
 special work, greatly reducing the cost. 
 
 For small buildings such as garages, sheds, barns, etc., 
 a single thickness wall of Hy-Rib plastered with cement 
 is ample. To carry the floor and roof loads provide occa- 
 sional posts built up of steel members, wooden scantling, 
 or reinforced concrete. Hy-Rib is attached rigidly to the 
 posts by means of Hy-Rib clips, wires, or staples. 
 
 For dwelling houses an air space should be provided in 
 the outside wall. The following method for constructing 
 stucco walls, will give by far the best results, although 
 the other methods outlined are satisfactory: 
 
 fnterior Hnu/i 
 ■)VaU F/a^ter 
 -Pi b Lath 
 -/iir Sp(3ce 
 
 Atr Space 
 Z'i4'Jtud 
 
 Ny Fib 
 
 y^ ririLjh Coat Oi'' 
 
 ^Fhint wood under CGmpn/ mortar 
 With Creosote or asphalt paint 
 
 /■fc/J?ib fastened to studs- bz/ 
 Starter ot^er each ^b. 
 
 Waterproofed 
 
 Cem errt F/aster 
 
 Set up an ordinary "balloon" frame structure with 2x4 
 studding spaced 16 to 24 inches apart, and put all tem- 
 porary bracing on the inside. Fasten Hy-Rib at each rib 
 to outside of studs with staples or nails. Use 3-Rib 
 Hy-Rib with ribs extendin;:;- horizontally, and lath surface 
 against studs. Interlocking My-Rib sheets at side and ends, 
 securely wiring or clinching them every 24 inches along 
 sides and at every rib at ends. Paint the studs with creo- 
 sote or asphalt paint along the entire outer face, and at 
 least an inch back on the sides. Plaster this Hy-Rib on 
 the outside with cement mortar (mixed and applied as 
 directed on page ."0) to a thickness nf ]i< inches and give 
 it any finish desired. The last M" of plaster finish should 
 be waterproofed with Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste, Con- 
 centrated. 
 
 81 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Vertical Section Through 
 Window. 
 
 DETAILS OF 
 
 EXTERIOR WALLS 
 
 OF RESIDENCES. 
 
 Showing Hy-Rib on out- 
 side and Rib Lath on in- 
 side. 
 
 , /ff r,l 
 
 rhor L'nff 
 
 Vertical Section Through 
 Outside Door. 
 
 Horizontal Section Through Window 
 
 \fap, 
 
 
 Horizontal Section Through Outside Door. 
 
 82 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Then back plaster the Hy-Rib with similar mortar to a 
 thickness of about half an inch. 
 
 This construction insures absolute protection for the 
 steel, and when the mortar has set you have a 2-inch rein- 
 forced concrete slab, solid as rock, and much stronger and 
 more rigid than the ordinary matched sheathing of which 
 it has taken the place. 
 
 On the inside of the studding tack thin asbestos board 
 or a very heavy tarred paper, then %-inch furring strips, 
 and heavy Rib-Lath on which plaster ^'g-inch of cement 
 mortar or good plaster, and the regular finish coat. 
 
 In this way you have secured a house which possesses 
 the following advantages : 
 
 1. Practicall)' fireproof, due to the heat-resisting qual- 
 ities of the 2-inch reinforced concrete slab on outside. 
 
 2. Absolutely waterproof and dampproof. 
 
 3. Easy to heat in winter and keep cool in summer, 
 owing to the double air space in the wall. 
 
 4. Practically indestructible owing to the permanence 
 of the reinforced concrete wall. 
 
 5. No expense for maintenance, such as painting, re- 
 pairs, etc. 
 
 6. Unusual architectural beauty because of the artistic 
 effects that can be secured with stucco. 
 
 7. Low first cost. 
 
 This method outlined above gives a wall of almost un- 
 limited strength and rigidity, and is suitable for large 
 buildings. For small cottages and for structures in which 
 the total wind pressure will not be great, some saving 
 may be effected by using HEAVY BEADED PLATE 
 RIB-LATH in place of Hy-Rib, on the outside, plastering 
 it in the same manner on both sides to a total thickness 
 of l}i inches or more. (In this stucco construction it 
 must be borne in mind that the only way to insure per- 
 manence is to have a real reinforced concrete slab on the 
 
 88 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Workingmen's Cottages of Hy-Rib Concrete. 
 
 Residence of N. J. Spaulding, Ionia, Mich. 
 
 An old Wooden House Transformed into a Modern, Permanent 
 Residence hy Overcoating witli Hy-Rib and Stucco. 
 
 84 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 outside. Hy-Rib is necessary for medium and large-sized 
 residences. For smaller cottages no lath weighing less 
 than 4}4 lbs. per square yard is strong enough to properly 
 reinforce a concrete wall.) 
 
 Another method which has been extensively used in 
 our colder climates is to place on the outside of the 
 studding fg-inch matched sheathing, heavy building paper, 
 and Hy-Rib plastered with cement one inch thick and 
 properly waterproofed. The ribs of the Hy-Rib do away 
 with the necessity for furring strips, required where steel 
 lath is used. 
 
 For our milder climates the furring strips may be 
 omitted in the first two methods described and the paper 
 sheathing may be omitted in all three cases. 
 
 "OVER-COATED" HOUSES 
 
 An old, wood-frame house can be" readily transformed 
 at nominal expense into a modern concrete building by 
 the use of Hy-Rib. The Hy-Rib is placed against the 
 wood clapboards with the ribs extending horizontally and 
 the lath surface outward. The Hy-Rib sheets are inter- 
 locked at sides and ends, and securely stapled or nailed 
 to the wood sheathing at least every 24 inches in both 
 directions. Plaster the Hy-Rib with cement mortar mixed 
 and applied as directed on page 50 to a thickness of one 
 inch. The outside }\' finish plaster should be water- 
 proofed with Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste Concentrated. 
 The transformation made in a house in this way is very 
 wonderful, enhancmg the value and the life of the prop- 
 erty, and protecting it against fire. 
 
 85 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for T. H. Kane, Youngstown, O. 
 
 Ready for Plastering and Completed. 
 
 Write for Hy-Rib Garage Folder, containing complete details and 
 
 specifications. 
 
 86 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for W. E. Parker, Grosse Pointe, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for Dr. Moran, Detroit, Michi. 
 87 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Fence, Minneapolis Ball Grounds. Hy-Rib is 
 united by punching and placed a panel at a time. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Fence, E. J. Smith, Detroit, Mich. 
 Note fence is open behjw. 
 
 Hy-Rib Fence— Eriiest G. Swift, Detroit, Mich. 
 Note Hy-Rib Garage at Right. 
 
 89 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 90 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ON THE FARM 
 
 The day of the unsightly short-lived wood frame build- 
 ings is passing. In their place is coming the concrete 
 construction. The average farm is provided with no 
 means of fighting fire. This means that the slightest fire 
 may cause the total loss of a large amount of property, 
 making fireproof construction a necessity in farm buildings. 
 
 Hy-Rib, owing to its simplicity and ease of applica- 
 tion, makes it possible for concrete construction to he 
 carried on by the ordinary farm mechanic. 
 
 The sand and stone for the concrete are easily accessible 
 in the neighborhood — the Portland cement is secured 
 from local dealers. Hy-Rib is shipped in exact lengths, 
 and, where desired, bent to any curve. Its uses are found 
 in the building of houses, barns and sheds of all kinds — in 
 constructing culverts, cisterns, tanks and silos. Fences 
 are also built in this way. 
 
 We will gladly supply detailed information in regard 
 to any particular work that may be contemplated. 
 
 Hy-Rib Walls, Agricultural and Horticultural Building, 
 
 State Fair Grounds, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 Frank K. Thompson, Architect and Engineer. 
 
 91 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Fence for Van Perrine Residence, Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Chas. R. Weatherhogg, Architect. 
 
 Hy-Rib Spans Horizontally Between Reinforced Concrete Posts. 
 
 Hy-Rib Silos for J. R. Cross & Co., 
 Jersey Farm, Fairhope, Ala. 
 
 92 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 SILOS, TANKS, RESERVOIRS, 
 CISTERNS AND CHIMNEYS 
 
 [.U'rilc for Hy-Rih Concr.ic Silo Hook.) 
 
 The curved Hy-Rib sheets are set up on edge and the 
 plaster applied directly to the inner and outer surfaces. 
 No f'.:irni.> rif aiiA- kind are required. A crtical Rib P.ars 
 about 5 feet apart should be used to serve as a guide for 
 the Hy-Rib sheets and to thoroughly tie the concrete 
 work together vertically. 
 
 Hy-Rib sheets provide in themselves a thorough inter- 
 locking splice at the ends and sides. Lap the sheets at 
 least 8 inches at ends and securely fasten together each 
 spliced rib. Splices in adjacent rings should be at least 
 two feet apart. 
 
 Follow specifications for Hy-Rib walls and sidings 
 page .50 for materials and applications of plaster. 
 
 It is usually difficult to plaster a solid wall tri a greater 
 thickness than d- inches. AA'hen heavier solid walls are 
 required we recommend the use of a double la}'er of 
 Hy-Rib, pouring the concrete in between the two sheets. 
 
 Where an air space is desired on \\'al]s nf silos an 
 inner and outer layer of Hy-Rib is used with Rib Steel 
 Studs to separate them. The inner wall is plastered on 
 both sides and the outer wall on the outside on]\'. 
 
 The roof of a silo can also be built of concrete and in 
 this wav a permanent silo is secured at a cost but slightly 
 in excess of the ordinary short-lived wood construction. 
 
 93 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Silo for I. L. Snyder, Coldwater, Mich. 
 
 94 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 
 Water Tank (Hy-Rib), Jefferson Powder Co.. Birmingham, 
 Hy-Rib bent to exact curve in our shops. 
 
 Ala. 
 
 95 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 20,000 Gallon Tank, Marine Birjlogical Station, San Diogo, Cal. 
 
 Irving J. Gill, Architect. 
 
 Tank and Panels are built of Hy-Rib, Plastered with Concrete. Posts 
 
 and Girders are Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 96 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib Fan House, Birmingham Fuel Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 97 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Air Wa^liei iikkIc bj lMcCii-tr\ lingineering Co., Toledo, O. 
 Curved Hy-Rib Ready for Plastering. 
 
 
 Water-Flume for the Cia. Azucarera del Panuco, at E) Higo, Mexico. 
 Hy-Rib Ready for Concreting. 
 
 98 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 CONDUITS, FLUMES AND CULVERTS 
 
 The 4-Rib Hy-Rib is bent to perfect curve in our shops. 
 Simply set up the curved sheets on the job, and apply the 
 concrete as a plaster. 
 
 Absolute continuity of reinforcement is secured by 
 the positive interlocking of the sheets at the sides and 
 ends. No forms (the principal item of expense in con- 
 duit construction) or special field labor are required. A 
 few rods, as shown on illustration, extending the length 
 of the conduit, should be provided to keep the Hy-Rib 
 straight in line and as an additional safeguard against 
 any shrinkage and temperature cracks. Rib Bars are 
 recommended for this purpose. 
 
 Either side of the Hy-Rib may be plastered first. 
 
 99 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 PLATE CLIPS [Patented] Price, 50c per 100. 
 
 These clips are made of spring steel, and when driven on to the 
 flange of the steel work, bite into the steel, gripping it like the jaws 
 of a vise. A simple, rigid, and inexpensive method of attaching 
 Hy-Rib to structural steel. Plate Clips should be located at the inter- 
 locking side splice between sheets, 
 
 100 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Interior View of Hy-Rib Wall after receiving one coat of plaster on 
 outside. Note Plate Clips for attaching the Hy-Rib to steel frame. 
 
 101 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 I Opiate Clip 
 
 '//.•— Channel 
 
 M. 
 
 '// Opiate Clip 
 
 '/, '—I Beam 
 
 Plate Clip Cor7nectior2 aiith Hi^-Pib for Floor or Roof Construction- 
 
 Plate Clip 
 
 li'- Channel 
 
 j ^^ Pln-lf, Clip 
 Channel 
 
 Wiiiiiimmiii\ 
 
 Plate Clip Connection with Hij-Rib for Wall Construction 
 ' — Pl<:ite Clip 
 
 Plate Clip Connection ujith Hcj-Pib for Wall Construction 
 
 DETA/U OF PLATE CLIP CONNPCT/Om 
 
 102 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Plate Clips Required for Standard I Beams, 
 Channels and Angles. 
 
 Standard American Sections. 
 
 Size T Beam. 
 
 I. 
 
 STANDARD I 
 
 Weight. 
 31 5 \h^ 
 
 BEAMS 
 
 Plate Clip 
 3/8" 
 
 10" 
 
 
 25 lbs 
 
 
 . , . . 5/16" 
 5/16" 
 
 0" . . 
 
 
 •:!! lbs. 
 
 s" 
 
 
 IS lbs. 
 
 
 5/16" 
 
 I .... 
 
 G" .... 
 
 
 15 lbs. 
 
 12.25 lbs. 
 
 9.; 5 lbs. 
 
 
 1/4" 
 
 . . . . 1/4" 
 . . . . 1/4" 
 
 4" 
 
 
 r.5 lbs. 
 
 
 . . . . 1/4" 
 
 
 
 5 5 Ihs. 
 
 
 3/16" 
 
 II. STANDARD CHANNELS 
 
 Size Channel. Weight. Plate Clip. 
 
 12" 20.5 lbs 3/8" 
 
 10" 15 lbs 5/16" 
 
 9" 13.25 lbs 1/4" 
 
 s" 11.25 lbs 1/4" 
 
 7" 9.75 lbs 1/4" 
 
 6" S lbs 1/4" 
 
 5" 6.5 lbs 1/4" 
 
 4" 5.25 lbs 1/4" 
 
 4.5 lbs 3/16" 
 
 o// 
 
 III. STANDARD ANGLES 
 
 The thickness of angles governs in all cases. 
 
 Angle 3/8" thick 3/8" Plate Clip 
 
 Angle 5/16" thick 5/16" Plate Clip 
 
 Angle 1 /4" thick l/J" Plate Clip 
 
 \ngle 3/16" thick 3/16" Plate Clip 
 
 103 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 
 Punching the Hy-Rib to engage the holes in the Plate Clips. 
 
 104 
 
^Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 PRICE, $6.00. 
 
 The H y - R i b 
 
 Punch has two 
 
 uses ; 1st, for fastening 
 
 the Hy-Rib sheets rigidly 
 
 together, by merely clampins 
 
 the interlocked ribs, doing away 
 
 with all necessity for wiring; 2nd, for 
 
 punching holes through the ribs, especially 
 
 when Hy-Rib is attached to steel work by means of the 
 
 plate clips. 
 
 The use of the punch in Hy-Rib sidings is shown on 
 opposite page. The edge of the punch is lined up with 
 the edge of the plate clip, which can be readily seen 
 through the Hy-Rib mesh. The small point of the punch 
 engages in the hole of the clip and thus perfectly 
 aligns the hole in the Hj^-Rib with that in the clip. A 
 short piece of wire or a nail slipped through the hole fas- 
 tens the Hy-Rib rigidly in place. The operation is very 
 rapid and simple, and much less expensive than wiring 
 Hy-Rib to steel work. 
 
 On roofs the punch is used similarly and allows the 
 operator to stand erect while working. 
 
 105 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product 
 
 Shearing a sheet of Hy-Rib with the Hy-Rib Cutter. 
 
 106 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 (Patent Applied for.) 
 
 HY-RIB CUTTER. Price $25.00. 
 
 For Shearing All Types of Hy-Rib. 
 
 For ordinary work, where Hy-Rib must be cut to 
 various lengths, and fitted around openings, most builders 
 find it is more economical to order Hy-Rib in standard 
 lengths, and cut the sheets to the required size on the job. 
 
 The Hy-Rib Cutter is a portable shear for cutting 
 Hy-Rib sheets to any desired length. It weighs only 80 
 lbs., and can be readily carried by one man from one 
 location to another. In jobs of any size, the Hy-Rib 
 Cutter pays for itself many times over. It saves time, 
 labor and expense over the use of the ordinary tinsmith's 
 tools. Many of our representatives have Hy-Rib Cutters 
 that they can rent for use on small-sized jobs. 
 
 Hy-Rib Cutters are furnished complete, ready for 
 mounting on suitable base. The shear blades are detach- 
 able for sharpening. 
 
 The Hy-Rib Cutter is designed so as to shear either 
 .3-Rib or 4-Rib Hy-Rib without any change or adjustment, 
 and Deep-Rili Hy-Rib by merely substituting the other 
 blades furnished with the cutter. 
 
 107 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 RIB LATH 
 
 Stiffest steel lath because of the headed parallel ribs which span 
 directly between the studs ; provides a perfect clinch fur the plaster 
 owing; to tlie improved form of exj)ansion ; requires least amount of 
 plaster, with no dropping of plaster behind the lath ; presents a uni- 
 formly flat surface to plaster against. 
 
 
 BEADED PLA 
 
 TE RIB LATH 
 
 
 Grade 
 
 Si/.o of sheets 
 
 t^liects per | Yards per 
 bundle | bundle 
 
 ^Vei!rllt per sq. yd 
 
 Rib Lath No. l.\ 
 Rib Lath No. 2 A 
 Rib Lath No. 4.\ 
 
 16t(x96 in. 
 15K x96 in. 
 16'f x96 in. 
 
 16 18 
 16 IS 
 16 18 
 
 3.63 lbs. 
 4. .54 lbs. 
 5.45 lbs. 
 
 
 STANDARD 
 
 RIB LATH 
 
 
 Clrade 
 
 yi/e of sheets 
 
 bhoL-t-. pur 
 handle 
 
 Yards per 
 boudlo 
 
 ^Vei-ht per sq. yd 
 
 Rib Lath No. 1 
 Rib Lath No. 2 
 Rib Lath No. 4 
 
 20'f x9o in. 
 20Kx96 in. 
 20;f x96 in. 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 2,74 lbs, 
 3.42 lbs. 
 4.10 lbs. 
 
 
 "B" 
 
 RIB LATH 
 
 
 
 flrade 
 
 h^i/e of slieets 
 
 sheets per 
 bundle 
 
 Yards per 
 bundle 
 
 Weifrht per sq. yd. 
 
 Rib Lath No. IB 
 Rib Lath N0.2B 
 Rib Lath No. 4B 
 
 24A X 96 in. 
 24rj- X 96 in. 
 24Ax96 in. 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 2.28 lbs. 
 2.85 lbs. 
 3.42 lbs. 
 
 We recommend the use of painted lath, but can Bupply it without paint if desired. 
 
 Rib Lath Catalogue, containing compute information, sent FREE. 
 
 108 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 RIB STUDS 
 
 Rib Studs — made of the highest grade of open-hearth steel — 
 are open for the passage of conduits and pipes, and provide an 
 uninterrupted air space between the two plaster surfaces. The 
 open mesh siniplilies the wiring uf lath. 
 
 Rib Studs are made in five widths (2^:4" to 8'4") and in any 
 length up to 18 feet. (See standard stock sizes below.) 
 
 prov 
 all i 
 the 
 ham 
 
 Rib Stud Extensions, furnished for all sizes 
 ide an adjustable attachment at floors and ceilings, 
 neqnalities and saving time and money m erection, 
 ends of the Rib Studs and are clamped tight w 
 mer. 
 
 109 
 
 of Rib 
 
 taking 
 They 
 th pin 
 
 Studs, 
 
 care of 
 fit over 
 cers or 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product 
 
 DETROIT STEEI. CORNER BEAD. 
 
 RIB STBBI. CORNER BEAD NO. 1. 
 
 STEEL CORNER BEADS 
 
 All our corner beads are galvanized after forming". We furnish 
 six different types of beads in lengths from 6 to 12 feet — to meet 
 every requirement for the perfect protection of plaster corners. 
 
 DETROIT STEEIi CORNER BEAD — see illustration above. 
 
 DETROIT T-RAIL CORNER BEAD — similar to Detroit Steel Corner 
 Bead. 
 
 DETROIT SOIiID RAII. CORNER BEAD— made of special rolled sec- 
 tion with punched web. 
 
 RIB STEEIi CORNER BEAD NO. 1 — see illustration above. 
 
 RIB STEEi; CORNER BEAD NO. 3 — similar to Rib Steel Bead No. 1. 
 
 RIB PEATHER-EDGrE CORNER BEAD — for fine sharp corners. 
 
 110 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 DETROIT DIAMOND LATH 
 
 Size of Sheet, 18x96 inches. 
 
 Gauge Sheets 
 * per Bundle 
 
 Yards 
 per Bundle 
 
 Weight per 
 
 Square Yard 
 
 Plain 
 
 Weight per 
 Square Yard 
 Galvanized 
 
 No. 27 ! 15 
 No. 26 15 
 No. 25 15 
 No. 24 15 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 2.33 lbs. 
 2.5 lbs. 
 3.0 lbs. 
 3.4 lbs. 
 
 3.03 lbs. 
 3.25 lbs. 
 3.8 lbs. 
 4.3 lbs. 
 
 W^e recommend painted lath, but can supply it plain or galvanized after expansion. 
 
 FINISHING AND WATERPROOFING 
 
 Concrete construction when in exposed positions should 
 be properly finished and waterproofed by the Trus-Con 
 Chemical Products, consisting of twenty-three distinct 
 products for this class of work. Catalogue on request. 
 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 The Kahn Building Products, successfully used in over 
 fifteen thousand important structures, include the follow- 
 ing reinforcing products : Kahn Trussed Bars, Rib Bars, 
 Collapsible Column Hooping, Rib Aletal, Hy-Rib, Steel 
 Floretyles, Floredomes and Building Specialties. 
 
 STEEL SASH FOR WINDOWS 
 
 United Sash are made of deep, rolled-steel sections of 
 "•reat strength and rigidity, — cannot burn or wear out — and 
 provide increased daylighting to mteriors. Catalogue on 
 request. 
 
 Ill 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ail- Washer 98 
 
 Angles for Hy-Rib (No. 22 gauge).. 65 
 
 Arched Floors 14, 33 
 
 Attaching Partitions at Ceiling and 
 
 Floor 66 
 
 Beads, Corner 110 
 
 Bending Hy-Rib, Types of 4 
 
 Bender for Hy-Rib (Hand Power) 7 
 
 Bridge Floor 13 
 
 Business Buildings 79 
 
 Centering, Max. Spans of Hy-Rib. 30-31 
 
 Ceilings 70-75 
 
 Alinimum Requirements of 75 
 
 Details of Suspended 74 
 
 Channels for Hy-Rib (No. 24 gauge). 65 
 
 Chimneys 93 
 
 Cisterns 93 
 
 Clips, Plate 100-103 
 
 Clips, Rib 73 
 
 Conduits 99 
 
 Corner Beads 110 
 
 Culverts 99 
 
 Curved FIv-Rib 6-7 
 
 Cutter for Hy-Rib.-. 106-107 
 
 Data for Hy-Rib, General 5 
 
 Deep Rib Hy-Rib 5 
 
 Designing Data for Hv-Rib 29 
 
 Detroit Diamond Lath Ill 
 
 Detroit Steel Corner Bead 110 
 
 Door Frames in \^'alts an' P-rti- 
 
 tions 53 67-68 82 
 
 Explanation of 4-Rib Hy-Rib Tables.. 29 
 
 Farm, Uses of Hy-Rib on 90-94 
 
 Fan House 97 
 
 Fences 88-89 92 
 
 Finishing Concrete Ill 
 
 Fire Test on Hy-Rib Arch 28 
 
 Fire Test on Hv-Rib Partition 59 
 
 Floors 8-33 
 
 Arched . ..14-33 
 
 Bridge 13 
 
 Fire Test on 28 
 
 Safe Loads fr.r 30-31 
 
 Specifications for 32 
 
 Types of 10-11 
 
 Flumes 98 
 
 Four-Rib I-Jv-Kib 5 
 
 Furring 76-77 
 
 Garages 79-87 
 
 General L^ses of Hy-I>;ib 3 
 
 Hand Power ffy-Rib Bender 7 
 
 Hoisting Hy-Rib en Masse 61 
 
 Houses 78-85 
 
 Hy-Rib Described 3 
 
 Bender (Hand Power) 7 
 
 Bent to Curve 6 
 
 Clips 73-100 
 
 Cutter 106-107 
 
 General Data 5 
 
 Punch 104-105 
 
 Industrial Buildings 79 
 
 Interlocking Hy-Rib Sheets 9-60 
 
 Lath, Deti-oit Diamond Ill 
 
 Lath, Rib lOS 
 
 Loads Carried by Hy-Rib Slabs .. .30-31 
 
 Max. Spans, Hy-Rib as Centering. 30-31 
 
 Ordering Hy-Rib 5 
 
 Overcoated Houses 84-85 
 
 Partitions 52-69 
 
 Details at Ceiling and Floor 66 
 
 Door Framing Around. . .53-67-68-82 
 
 Fire Test on Hy-Rib 59 
 
 Fireproof Door Frames in 68 
 
 Minimum Requirements of 69 
 
 Specifications for Solid 69 
 
 Temporary Bracing for 62-63 
 
 With Reinforced Concrete 64 
 
 Plate Clips 100-103 
 
 Properties of Hy-Rib 5 
 
 Punching Hv-Rib Sheets 60-104 
 
 Punch for Hy-Rib 104-105 
 
 Raising Hy-Rib en Masse 61 
 
 I-ieinforced Concrete Ill 
 
 Reinforced Concrete With Hy-Rib 
 
 Partitions 64 
 
 Reinforced Concrete With Hy-Rib 
 
 Walls 48-49 
 
 Reservoirs 93 
 
 Residences 78-85 
 
 Rib Clips 73 
 
 Rib Lath 108 
 
 Rib Sleel Corner Bead 110 
 
 Rib Studs 109 
 
 Rib Stud Extensions 109 
 
 Roofs 16-33 
 
 Fire Tests on 28 
 
 Sawtooth 24-26 
 
 Safe^ Loads on Hly-Rib 30-31 
 
 Specifications for 32 
 
 Tile Stipports, Details of 23 
 
 Safe Loads for Hy-Rib Slabs 30-31 
 
 Sash (Steel) for \\'indows Ill 
 
 Sawtooth Roofs 24-26 
 
 Shipment of Hy-Rib, Methods of 4 
 
 Sidings and Walls 34-51 
 
 Specifications for 50 
 
 Alinimum Requirements for 51 
 
 Silos 92-94 
 
 Small Buildings ^ 78-37 
 
 Specifications for Ceilings, Suspended. 75 
 
 For Furring 77 
 
 For Hv-Rib Floors and Roofs 32 
 
 For Solid Partitions 69 
 
 For Walls and Sidings 50 
 
 Steel Sash for Windows Ill 
 
 Studs, Rib 109 
 
 Tanks 93-96 
 
 Temporary Bracing, Partitions. .. 62-63 
 Temporary Supports for Hy-Rib Slabs. 29 
 
 Three-Rib Hy-Rib 5 
 
 Tongue ,-Vnglcs 65 
 
 Three Types of Hy-Rib ....5 
 
 United Sash Ill 
 
 Walls and Sidings 34-51 
 
 Specifications for 50 
 
 Of Residences, Details of 82 
 
 Minimum Requirements for 51 
 
 Waterproofing Concrete Ill 
 
 Window Frames in Walls and Par- 
 titions 67-68-82 
 
Hy-Rib Concrete Silos 
 and Farm Buildings 
 
 Showing a Method whereby a Farmer can Build 
 
 Permanent Fireproof Silos and All Farm 
 
 Buildings of Concrete without 
 
 the Use of Forms 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 1913 
 
 Copyrislit, 1913 — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH. 
 
fL..: 
 
 T^ 
 
 HY-RIB CONCRETE SILO. 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 BUILD YOUR SILO OF PROPERLY 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 In placing this little buok before the xVgricultural interests, 
 we are recognizmg the fact that the silo has come to be consid- 
 ered a necessary part of f;irm equipment 1j)' e\-ery progressive 
 man who is watching each opportunity to increase the output 
 and value of his farm. 
 
 Ensilage was introduced into Lhis countr\-, purely as a dairy 
 feed. Today silage has come to be recognized In- the sheep 
 feeder, the beef man, and the general farmer as the cheapest and 
 best meat producing food obtaniablc. In this connectifui, we wish 
 to submit the following general statements as the consensus of 
 opinion of practically eyery agricultural experiment statiiju and 
 silage feeder throughout the United States. 
 
 The best milk, beef, and mutton in the United States as well 
 as those earning the greatest net profit are produced from silage. 
 The animals are, of course, not fed exclusively on silage but it is 
 because of the comparati\'e cheapness, the succulence and palata- 
 bility of silage, taken in connection with its actual food value, 
 that such high quality of milk, beef and mutton can be produced 
 so cheaply. 
 
 In 184:4 there were no more than 2 dozen silos in the whole 
 middle west. Today the number is variously estimated at ar(jund 
 three-fourths of a million, and how many in your locality arc not 
 in use ? 
 
 It is impossible to cover the wdiole field of ensilage and 
 ensilage feeding in any one book intended to reach all sections 
 of the country, because in every locality, feeding conditions vary. 
 and the predominant crops placed in the silo are different. There- 
 fore, we respectfully suggest that if deeply interested in learning 
 all yon can about the silo, particularly for your locality, write 
 to your State Agricultural Experiment Station asking them for 
 such information as you desire. Practically every experiment 
 station in the United States has by this time issued literature on 
 this subject adaptable to local conditions; or if you will write us 
 statino- your problems, we will give yon such special information 
 as you desire. 
 
 In view of the foregoing facts, we believe that the big ques- 
 tion before the farmer today, is not so much, "Do I need a silo?" 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 as it is "What hind of a silo slioiild I build?" Therefore, the 
 following pages will deal chiefly with the particular type of silo 
 as manufactured hy the Trussed Concrete Steel Conipany of 
 Detroit, namely the Hy-Rib Concrete Silo. A few pages are 
 devoted to a general treatise on farm building work, using 
 Hy-Rib concrete construction, and to the general method of 
 feeding ensilage. 
 
 Any silo to be a success must combine these features : It must 
 have perfectly air-tight, smooth and non-absorptive walls; it 
 must be permanent and as free from necessitv for repairs as 
 possible; it must be reasonable in cost and present at all times 
 a pleasing appearance. 
 
 The Hy-Rib concrete silo has been designed to meet every 
 one of these requirements, and is fulfilling all expectations. 
 
 Our first silos were in the nature of an experiment, but they 
 are universall}' proving satisfactory. Since these earlier silos 
 were erected, we ha\-e lieen eontinuallv making improvements, 
 until today we are placing on the market what is generally con- 
 ceded to be by all who have seen it, the latest and best silo 
 produced. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Silos for J. R. Cross Co., Jersey Farms, Fairhope, Ala. 
 
 Silo at right erected in 1909, the other in 1910. 
 
Kahn Building- Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 THE J. R. CROSS COMPAN^^ 
 
 F^VIRHOPE, AI.A. 
 
 rrussed Concrete Steel ( o., Detroit, MichiKaii: 
 
 Dear Sirs^Replying to your re^iuest to let ynu know something aijout Lin; 
 result of my experience _^\vith the use of HV-RIB reinfoi-ccnient, manufactured by 
 the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, of Detroit, will state that it has heen 
 satisfactory in every respect. I budt one silo with it 12 feet in diameter and 
 30 feet high, according to instructions received from the Trussed Concrete Steel 
 Company, \\hich has been used for cow-pea silage for one season with perfect 
 resLdts. This silo has been pronounced by all who have examined it as the liest 
 one they have ever seen. I am just begir.iiing the construction of another silo, 
 of about the same dimensions, and am usi'"g the same kind of reinforcement. 
 
 I have also built a milk r(M,m wilh this lIV-Riri, using in this cnnncctinn nn 
 studding, but supjiorting the roofs on the cnrner ]iosts of the building, and it is 
 pronounced l.iy every nne as lu-st-class in evi-r\- fiarticular. 
 
 I have also used it in building w ater (roughs with perfect satisfaction and 
 great economy. 
 
 I have also crir.structed about Tr> feet nf concrete culverts, laying lir^l a 
 concrete floor and then placing on same, sections of H Y-KIB bent to a pr riper 
 curve for making an arched culvert. * * * Wv found this construction very 
 chea]., no skilled labor hardly being required in mrnecLiim witli it. 
 
 I shall be pleased to give you any furthur irfnrmation in regard to the mat- 
 ter, and will also send ynu a photo <.>f the silos as soon as tbe new one which 
 is being constructed is ci>mi)lctcd. 
 
 Yours verv iruh-, 
 
 THP: J. K. CROSS CO. 
 
 Per IT. V. Rrxr,. 
 
 ''Getting Better Every Year'' 
 
 H. F. RING DAIRV COMPANY 
 
 (Successors to ]. R. fVoss Company) 
 FATRBCOPE, ALA. 
 
 Xovembcr Kith. ];.)U\ 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. Mich.: 
 
 Oentlemen — Replying to your fa\'iir of recent date, requesting infomiatiim 
 with regard to bow our silos and f)ther farm buildings erected nf 11 V-RJB ba\ e 
 endured, wish to inform you that the buildings witliout a single exception are in 
 lirst-class condition. 
 
 Our silos have been in constant use. tbe one now ba\-ing been hi led three 
 times, and the second silo erected, having been Idled t w ice. ThL'v sh<->\\- no 
 effects whatever of the action of silage juices on the inside walls, and a])]>arently 
 are becoming better each year. 
 
 Our other buildings are also in perfect condition, showing no cracks oi 
 breaks whatever. 
 
 We feel that our TTY-RIB construction has been ideal in every respect iind 
 can highly recommend it. 
 
 We would ajipreciate receiving your new literature from time to tune. 
 We are, very sincerely ynurs, 
 
 IT. F. RING DAIRY CO^^II'ANY, 
 
 (Signed) IT. F. Ring. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Jersey Farms, J. R. Cross Co., Fairhope, Ala. 
 
 A group of permanent, sanitary, dry and fireproof buildings, built of 
 Hy-Rib Concrete. Note the Hy-Rib Concrete Silos in this picture. 
 
 WHAT THE HY-RIB SILO IS 
 
 The Hy-Rib silo is a concrete silo erected without the use ot 
 forms or any temporary framework whatever, except a simple 
 square one to form the door opening and the usual scaffolding. It 
 has a continuous steel reinforcement throughout every portion of 
 wall, chute, and roof, so constructed as to resist all clement; 
 tending to break or crack it. The roof, side walls, chute, and 
 foundation arc thus made a complete unit with no openings except 
 those designed for windows and doors. (See page 2). 
 
 A great deal has been said liy competitive silo concerns pur- 
 porting to proye that all forms of concrete silos were failures, 
 and so persistently ha\'e these people attacked the best of all 
 modern building materials that many people have been unduly 
 influenced. In the ne.xt few pages we will take up and refute 
 their principal arguments and in this way prove to you what the 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Silo is; an absolutely perfect silo constructed 
 of concrete. 
 
 It is perhaps true that occasionally concrete silos have not 
 proven entirely satisfactory, but every one will agree that there 
 
 6 
 
Kahn Building; Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 is a great amount of dittcrence in the construction of concrete 
 silos, just as well as there is a great deal of difference in the 
 construction of any huilding. The whole difference lies as regards 
 failure or success in the method of construction pursued and the 
 materials selected. ( See letter from iMarionville, AIo., on page 
 '-!'■'>). Let us cite an example which is a verv representati\'e one, 
 and presents in the one case, the ty])e of construction with wdiich 
 tlie referred to criticisms deal. 
 
 At New Haven, jMichigan, we had under our oliservation the 
 past two winters two concrete silos constructed according to very 
 different designs, and the results obtained are very interesting. 
 Roth of these silos are practically the same size, l-tx^W feet, in 
 the same localities and exposed to practically the same conditions. 
 
 The one, constructed of Hy-Rib hy Mr. C. C. Corey, at no 
 time froze enough to make the silage stick to the side walls. 
 (.See ^Ir. Core\-'s letter, page '••). It at no time froze enough 
 to cause anv inconvenience whatever, and frost was to be found 
 present onlv in S inches of the silage around the wall. The other 
 silo, constructed of the so-called hollow cement block, in February 
 froze practicallv solid, ruining the balance of the feed and being 
 so destructive to the side walls that they were also ruined. 
 
 Here, then, is one comparison lietween two silos constructed 
 of concrete. The. one a porous, improperly reinforced, absorp- 
 tive wall; the other constructed of perfectly reinforced, very 
 dense, and thoroughly waterproofed concrete. 
 
 The silo of Mr. Corey's, a Hy-Rib Concrete Silo, erected in 
 the Fall of 19it9, has now passed through three very severe 
 winters, and has been perfect in every respect, thereby provmg 
 conclusively to anyone that will take the time and the opportunity 
 to go into the matter closely, the fact that a properly constructed 
 concrete silo as exemplified by the Hy-Rib Silo is perfect in 
 every respect. 
 
 7 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 A one hundred ton Hy-Rib Concrete Silo on tlie stock farm of 
 C. C. Corey, New Haven, Mich. Erected entirely by farm labor 
 without forms and at an expense no greater than for the better 
 grades of wood silos. 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 C. C. COREY 
 
 BREEDER OF 
 
 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE 
 ENGLISH BERKSHIRE SWINE 
 
 Herd Bull Pieterje Hengerveld Paul Lad, 63707. 
 
 Herd Boar Premier Bacon, 123639. 
 
 Herd Boar Baron Haven, 139412. 
 
 New Haven, Mich., Jan. 14, rjl3. 
 
 Trussed Concrcle Sleel Company, 
 
 Detroit, Midi. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Replying to yours of recent date, wish to advise you that my 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Silo lias proven perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 This silo has passed through three winters and at no time have 
 we found severe freezing of the silage. During the extreme cold 
 of 1912, we found frost in aliout S inches of the silage around the 
 wall, howCA'cr, this was not hard enough to make any silage stick to 
 the walls, and we used onh" the ordinary silage fork all winter in 
 taking out our ensilage. My neighbors have experienced considerable 
 trouble with freezing, both with the cement block and stave silos. 
 
 This silo was erected accordmg to your specification, farm lalmr 
 was used throughout and the total cost of silo complete, foundation, 
 side walls and roof, was $265.00. 
 
 The walls are fiarely three-inches th'ck and not a crack has 
 developed either inside or outside of the walls, and apparently the 
 wall is steadily becoming tougher and harder. The so-called silage 
 acids ha\'e had absolutelx- no effect upon the concrete; in fact, the 
 interior surface seems lo gradually become more smooth and hard. 
 
 I feel that I now have a silo which is absolutely permanent, fire- 
 proof, and not requiring any expense whate\'er for paintin,g. repairs 
 or adjustments. The co^t of building this silo was surprisingly low, 
 and I feel that I am making a very substantial saving every year. 
 
 I am so thoroughly satisfied with the results obtained from lu}- 
 
 Hy-Rib Silo that I should cheerfully recommend it to all who intend 
 
 building. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. C. COREY. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 SUPERIORITY OF THE HY-RIB SILO 
 
 The Hy-Rib Concrete Silo takes its name from the material 
 "Hy-Rib" of which it is manufactured and makes its claim for 
 merit, briefly upon the following advantages: 
 
 1. The absence from necessity of using any forms whatever. 
 
 2. Absolute and thorough reinforcement, both against tem- 
 perature changes and silage pressures. 
 
 3. Very dense and thoroii;^hlv watcrpyoofcd walls. 
 
 4. Nominal in cost and absolutelv impervious to the action of 
 so-called silage acids, which cannot in any way injure 
 these walls. 
 
 5. Will never recjuire repairs, becoming better as it ages. 
 
 The above facts have been proven already in more than 100 
 perfect silos without one single failure in any respect, and no 
 one can find a single weakness in the Hy-Rib Silo, for it is the 
 ideal silo from every standpoint. 
 
 Forms are entirely done away with, because Hy-Rib is an 
 extremelv stiff, firm steel sheathing, with a 3/J" deep rib every 
 three and one-half inches of the width, comes in sheets (10' or 
 12' long, lO'A" wide), curved to the diameter desired, and is 
 thoroughly locked together at sides and ends. Thus Hy-Rib 
 forms a firm foundation upon which the concrete is applied in the 
 form of a 1 :2^ waterproofed cement plaster to a total thickness 
 of from three to three and one-half inches. 
 
 Erected in this manner, a ld'x32' silo contains approximately 
 1,700 lbs. of steel reinforcement, so placed that every square inch 
 of the wall is thoroughly reinforced. The j/s" round hoops in a 
 wood silo of this size, weigh about SOO lbs. and have besides the 
 silage pressures, the swelling of the wood stave to contend with, 
 while the Hy-Rib Concrete Silo has twice the amount of steel, 
 placed in a much better manner and thoroughly imbedded in a 
 three-inch concrete wall. 
 
 We wish to lay particular emphasis upon our ability to water- 
 proof this wall. There seems to be a great deal of skepticism as 
 regards the feasibility of waterproofing, because so many value- 
 less waterproofing materials have been placed upon the market. 
 
 10 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste Concentrated, perfected by extensi\e 
 experimenting and practical experience is one of tlie Kalm Building 
 Products, and maintains their liigli standard of efficiency. 
 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste Concentrated is not a superficial 
 wasli ; it is a creamy paste, mixed thoronglily with the water used 
 to gauge the concrete and is used in the last inside and outside coat, 
 thus giving a one-half to three-quarter inch thickness of water- 
 proofing, which will never become inerfecti\-e. 
 
 Of course, it is impossible in this space to give any treatise 
 or scientific discussinn on the subject of waterproofing, but in- 
 terested parties can obtain complete information by writing for 
 the TRL'S-CO.V H.VXD-IJOOK in which Trus-Con U\itcr[^roof~ 
 ing Paste Coiicciitratcd is treated at sunie length. Hiiwever, we 
 take the occasion of copying one letter from a big, reliable institu- 
 tion in Pittsburg, Pa., wdiich shows a representative result from the 
 use of this material. 
 
 SOHO BATHS 
 
 2410 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 January .■!!, 1U12. 
 Trussed Concrete .Steel Co.. 
 
 15 Terminal Office BIdg., 
 
 Pitlsljurgh, Pa. 
 Dear Sirs — Regarding the \\atcrprno[ing nf the Srilin Baths with \our TRUS- 
 COX P.\STE. will say that the same is iierfcclly satisfactory. 
 
 Our condition was rather extreme; the building is situated in I'ifth .Xvcnue, 
 .3 stories above and 3 stories below l-"ifth Avenue. Our front wall extends down 
 36 feet below the street, being 12'A feet thick at bottom, composed of concrete. 
 
 The water backed up against the wall from springs in the hill and came 
 through a dozen ditferent places, running continually all seasons of the year at 
 mil gallons per hour. By ap>])lying a plaster coat ^i inch thick 1:3, mhxing the 
 TRUS-CON Paste to the water, we have secured i water-tight job and our walls 
 are now perfectly dry, enabling us to utilize the floors below Fifth .'Vvenue ana 
 make a swimming pool in wdiich we have used the TRUS-CON Paste with satis- 
 faction. 
 
 The walls were so dry that the carpenter thinking there was no water back, 
 drilled through the plaster coat to fasten partition, wdien instantly the water 
 gushed forth in a stream with much pressure, proving conclusively that your 
 material is a thorough waterproof, and we will always use it in our water- 
 proofing. 
 
 Vo;n-s truly, 
 
 D. P. MARSTUVLU, 
 
 Superintendent. 
 
 11 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 We cannot emphasize too strongly the method of reinforcement 
 as furnished by the Hy-Rib and take the space to give the results 
 of tests upon 2-inch thick Hy-Rib Concrete Walls, intending to show 
 the great strength of a properly reinforced thin concrete wall. 
 
 The accompanying photographs of tests were taken at Singapore, 
 and are similar to tests made in various European countries ; also 
 by the building departments of many of our large American cities. 
 
 The tank shown was built 5 feet square, 5 feet deep, of Four 
 Rib Hy-Rib, identically the same material as is used in the silos. 
 Walls were plastered 2 inches thick and allowed to cure thirty days, 
 after which 160 gallons of kerosene was poured into the tank, set on 
 fire, and allowed to burn out. 
 
 Immediately after the oil was exhausted, water was turned upon 
 these walls, with a hose, the walls were cooled as quickly as possible 
 and photograph shows tank filled with water. 
 
 This, as previously stated, is but one example of many tests 
 being conducted and should represent to you the great strength of 
 three-inch Hy-Rib concrete silo walls. 
 
 Hy-Rib Tank, ready for plastering". Fire test conducted by 
 Howarth Erskine, Ltd., Singapore, Straits Settlements. 
 
 12 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 160 Gallons of Kerosene on Fire in Tank, Resembling a Roarin<;- 
 Furnace With Terrific Heat. 
 
 Tank After Fire Test. Filled with Water \\'ithin 18 Inches of Top. 
 
 Fire Test on Hy-Rib Concrete Tank Conducted by Howarth Erskine, 
 
 Ltd., Singapore, Straits Settlements. 
 
 13 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Floating Concrete Buoys of Hy-Rib 
 
 At Kingston, Jamaica, the British Government has experimented 
 thoroughly with the use of Hy-Rib in eonnection with concrete 
 waterproofed with paste, for the manufacture of deep sea buoys 
 and has found after a year's constant use that they are floating as 
 buoyantly as at the start. 
 
 These buoys are cyhndrical in shape and built of curved 
 Hy-Rib plastered with concrete to a total thickness of 3 inches. 
 The complete buoys weigh about 5 tons each. It is an interesting- 
 fact that about a ton of ballast must be placed in the bottom of each 
 buoy in order to bring it low enough into the water to ride 
 properly. 
 
 Thus through the use of these materials, one is enabled to 
 erect a concrete silo at a reasonable expense (a silo not costing any 
 more than a stave silo of ecjual capacity) and of materials superior 
 in every way to all others. 
 
 We wish to call your attention to two more letters reproduced 
 on opposite page, written to us and to submit them as examples 
 of letters of similar nature being received from all parts of the 
 country : 
 
 14 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Hy-Rib Silo of J. R. Rogers, Litchfield, Mich. 
 
 This Silo is 12'x40', 7 feet l)elow grade to level of basement 
 floiir I if barn. Pit made by lirst excavating ami then placing Hy-Rib 
 and ponring cnncrete in space between Hy-Rib and gronnd. making a 
 six-inch wall. In this way one-lialf day was consumed in placing pit 
 Hy-Rib and pouring to surface of ground. Inside of wall is per- 
 fectly smooth for tlie full 40 feet. This silo was erected in 10 da\ s 
 Forty barrels of cement were used. Note simple scaffold. 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 
 J. R. ROGERS 
 
 Litchfield, Mich., 11-7-12. 
 
 Trus.scrl Cnncrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Midi. 
 
 Ceiillenien : 
 
 Our sihj was comitleted in line shaiie. W'e put a 
 caTivas over top and hurlap over doors with a 
 stove in bottom when it became cold last week. 
 .Several men have applied to me f<u- territory 
 in Lenawee Cimnty, btit as I have built a silo 
 costing around $300.00 (12x40') which is mak- 
 ing a very favorable impression on all who see 
 it, I wish to see you before giving territory. 
 
 Ivegarding territory for next year, should 
 like Calhoun County in addition to Hillsdale 
 and Lenawee. .\m told by many that senti- 
 ment is growing in favor of our silo here, so 
 liclievc we will do a good business next year. 
 
 ours very 
 
 12'x40' Hy-Rie Sik. for J. E. 
 Rogers, Litchfield, iSLch. 
 
 truly, 
 
 J. R. ROGERS. 
 
 C. p. STOUT 
 
 Ben Lomond, W. Va., Aug. 10, 1912 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich.: 
 
 Ge,Ule,nen-Mr. C. II. Hayman has erected a IlV-Kir. sib 
 you and I am enclosing check for which I wish you would send 
 possible a silo of the same size. 
 
 If check is not enough, kindly advise and I will remit the 
 Air Ilayman's silo makes a very line appearance and I am anxious to get 
 mine' erected this fall, so kindly give me the best shipment possible. 
 
 Sincerely yours, _ ^^,^,^ 
 
 C. P. STOUT. 
 
 I purchased of 
 me as soon as 
 
 balance. 
 
 15 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Overcomes Weakness of Wood Silos 
 
 It would be foolish for us to go into detail as advocates of other 
 silos have done, denoting the failure of all other types of silo 
 but their own, and we do not need to do so. The bad features of 
 the wood silo are already too well known to the people. We present 
 as our claim of superiority, merely the fact that the Hy-Rib Concrete 
 Silo has every good feature of the wood silo and overcomes every 
 one of its disadvantages. 
 
 A wood silo is a good investment to any farmer and will pay for 
 itself, but our contention is that if a person can get a superior silo 
 for the same money, and one which will of course give him greater 
 dividends, that is the one that he wishes to buy. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Silo for Walker Bros., Walkerville. Ont. 
 
 Note the attractive appearance oi perwaitcnt Hy-Rib Concrete Silo (at left) 
 compared witli wood silo (at right) wliich is already showing signs of deterior- 
 ation, 
 
 16 
 
Kahn B uilding Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 ELMHURST STOCK FARM 
 
 Alniuni. Mich., Xov. 2f>, l!:il2. 
 rrussc'l Cnncrttc Slc^-l Tn., 
 
 J-k-troit, Mich. 
 < icntlenien : 
 
 I have nue ut iIr- Tnis^ol Cmicrete Steel 
 (. um].any\ Ij.\'-l<Jli Siln^, ami am glad to s;.iy 
 that I have a fully established conhdence \n it. 
 It is inipervinns to innisture; (it keeps the 
 silage perfectly); it is claimet! to be lire-prouf, 
 and I believe it tu be ]}i-actically indestructible. 
 I followed out the company's blue-print very 
 closely in coiistruetinn, and can see no possi- 
 bility of its liln\\ing ibiwii frmn any wind out- 
 side of a regular cychme. 
 
 The claims made by ynnr competitors are 
 unfottnded and canimt he jmovch, in my opin- 
 
 Althnugli it IS 
 erect a m'-Rll', : 
 
 i.>r sta\e 
 Mue-]"^ 
 
 It ; 
 ints furni; 
 
 ^lderal)le more work to 
 than the ordinary wood 
 es lu) great skill, as the 
 h_\ llie company's engi- 
 
 implilics the wnrk ver-\- 
 
 nccrmg department smi]. 
 much. 
 
 I have c<.>me in cmUact with silo agents and 
 have closeh' examined ] 'radically every silo 
 constructed, and am well satisiied with the 
 merits of the ll\'d-;Jr. si in. and deem it a 
 jileasure t'' reeimiincnd it lo yai or your 
 ]iri.isiiective ]iin'c]iaNers. 
 
 W-rv trid\' \'nurs, 
 
 CTlAS. P. SCULLY, 
 
 Prop. 
 
 ELMHURST STOCK FARM 
 
 Almont, Mich., Dec. 0, 1912. 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detnut, ^licb.: 
 
 Gentlemen — ily concrete sdn is 12' in diameter and 32' G" high, the wall is 
 approximately 3" thick, put up ni '> jilasler coats, 3 coats on outside of HY-RIB 
 and 2 coats on inside of I-IY-RIP>. The fi.illowing statement will sho-\\' you very 
 closely the cost of construction: 
 1 Day digging foundation trench 1' deeri, IS" w ide on biiitom. 12" \\ ide 
 
 on top, taper on outside, t^) [jrevent frost lu'a\iii.L;- ^ 2,0i) 
 
 10 Yds. sand at ^l.oo j,er y>\. delivered 10. no 
 
 2 Yds. grout gra\'el at same price 2.00 
 
 y Yds, cobble stone oiV farm for fonndatiim and bottom 1.00 
 
 26 Bbls. cement at ^ I . I .". :^2.:^0 
 
 20 Sacks hydrated Inne at 2:'.c -kOO 
 
 Mason i days at $1.00 per day 10.00 
 
 Apprentice mason 4 days at $2. .50 per day 10.00 
 
 3 Men building foundation, putting up TiY-KIB, staging, tending masons, 
 
 etc., 11 days at $2.00 per day 30.00 
 
 2 Men putting on roof complete, S>< davs at $2.00 ])er .lav 10.0(1 
 
 Matched 1" lumber for doors TOs 
 
 1 Man making doors, '^ day at $2.00 per day l.OO 
 
 Total cost ¥121. OS 
 
 Tlic abii\'e is ver\' close cixst i.if constiucti^ni and m.aterial used in my silo 
 outside bn'-IvIB. Walerpronlmg, Roof-Seal, etc.. furni.shed l)y Trussed Concrete 
 Steel Company, of Lelroii, Mich. Estimate includes e\er\lhing. foundation, body, 
 and roof complete. 
 
 1 would say again that the silage is keeping ]ierfecll\'. 
 \ erv tridv vours. 
 
 CHAS. B. SCUFTA', Prop. 
 
 17 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 H) x30' IR -Rib ^ 1 t AIi 
 
 Wliite, *!i'ant, Michigan. 
 
 H. J. VAN ORTHWICK 
 
 Ouiiicy, Mich., Dl-c. 3n, l!'l:2. 
 (ieiitlfiiien : 
 
 I am very well pleased with the silo wliich 
 I purchased from you last September. I be- 
 lieve that tlie 1 1 V-RIB concrete silo is the 
 best form of sibj yet devisuii ;ind ] da ceil nn 
 the market. 
 
 We did not commence the erection if our 
 silo until the 13th day of Septemlier, and lillcd 
 it on the second day of (Jclober, allowing no 
 time at all for the concrete to cure; in fact, 
 we plastered on the outside all day on the 1st 
 of October, and removed (he inside sea ff obi 
 on the morning of the day that we tilled the 
 silo. 
 
 It has now been three months since (be siln 
 was 111 led and J can lind nn sigrs nf any 
 Haws or cracking. The water-in-onlii g used nn 
 the inside preverls the absor])li<Mi nl any >>( 
 the silage juices into the coucixic wiiW and 
 corse(|uent rlrying out of the ensilage next \<i 
 (be wall. 
 
 One wood silo agent who called here after 
 the silo was completed admitted (bat it was 
 the best silo he had ever seen. 
 
 In closing I will state that T w o\ild i ni 
 hesitate to reconnnend the IIA'^-RIB silo in 
 anyone wishing a silo of the highest grade al 
 a moderate price. 
 
 Sinccrelv yours. 
 
 II. J. VAX ORTTTWU'K. 
 
 18 
 
 MILO WHITE 
 
 Ot-ant. Micb., Dec. 10, 1012. 
 Ti'ussed Concrete Steel l.'ompanv, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 ( lentlemen : 
 
 Under separate cover I am sending you a 
 plinto nf my ilV-RIB silo. I am well satisfied 
 with it in <.-vuvy respect. Its durability, of 
 cnurse, is its must remarkable feature. ]\Iy 
 neigiibnrs all ]irunnur.ce it *). K. and like its 
 lieanty as well. 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
 MILO WIIITK. 
 
 WARNER BROTHERS 
 
 Almnnt. :\Iich., Jan. iMh, l!ii;i. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 < lentlemen : 
 
 The in'-l\llt Concrete Silo ]iurcbased of you 
 last sununer is gi\'ing us |ierfect satisfaction. 
 The silage keeps purfeelly and we consider il 
 the best silo we could haye built. 
 Yours very (ruly, 
 
 \^^\RX^:u brottikrs. 
 
 ^ (, TD-RiB Sdo of T-T. J. 
 (.>i'lh\\ick, Ouincy, Mich. 
 
Kahn Buildincr Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 4' 
 
 .40' irv-ii 
 
 I; Sil. 
 
 Inr T. 1 
 
 I 
 
 all & Sun. 
 
 llillsd 
 
 lie, Mich. 
 
 J. T. BALL & SON 
 
 Jlillsdale. Mich., Dec. 28, JQ13. 
 Trnsscil Concrete Sleel Cciiiipany, 
 
 Detri.il, Mich. 
 < ientleinen : 
 
 W'c are iiinrc Ihan ple^ised with the silu 
 which \ve h'liilt biNt saiiiniet". It lias pnive.i 
 s:Ui?.lactnry in every re^i^ect. We are alsu 
 much pleased with the steel duurs. 
 
 W'i.shing ti) express our satisfaction [<i you, 
 uc remain 
 
 Vonrs ver\- truly, 
 
 J. T. BALL & SON. 
 Xute: This silo has a cniicrete chule -i' x 
 ;;ii" tn within >' tif the gVi.anid where it runs 
 inlfi a IIV-Rlll concrete room S' x S' x S' high. 
 
 ROYAL C. LEWIS 
 
 Saranac, Mich., Dec. Kl, l:>[2. 
 Trussed (.'oncrete Sleel Co., 
 
 Detroit. Mich. 
 CeiUlemen: 
 
 Would like to say that my TTY-RIB Silo, 
 which I bought of you last spring, is proving 
 s.'itisfactrirv. it has not cracked any yet, and 
 ilo not think it can. I filled it this fall and it 
 IS keeping all right. It is a marvel to all who 
 sec it as to durahility and beauty. The cost 
 nf my 12 X 3G-foot silo was about two hundred 
 and 'twenty-five dollars {$225.00), and but a 
 little nmre than a frame silo. 
 
 Yiiurs verv trnU', 
 
 KnVAL C. LEWIS. 
 
 IVON L. SNYDER 
 
 Cohhvater, ^rich., Xov. ih lii 
 The Trusse(.l Concrete Steel ('<>., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 * ler tlenien : 
 
 The sib I which ^■on had constructed on 
 farm three and (medialf miles south '.'i 
 City of Ci.ddwater, Alich., has i)niven 
 satisfactory in every way, and I am very i 
 pleased with same. All who have seen 
 silo agree with me that it is the best in 
 ]iart of the countr\'. 
 
 The view of this sib. which \inir agent, 
 Fowditch, ti.Hjk while here is :i ver\- good 
 and it will give you a very good idea r 
 
 men 
 this 
 
 iNfr. 
 (iue, 
 
 f its 
 
 Ctll 
 
 very truly. 
 IV(")X L. SXVDLI 
 
 19 
 
 I2'x:ir/ Hv-KlR Silo for I. 
 Snvder, Coldwaler, Mich. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 shaoeland 
 dairy:& stock farm 
 
 Durand, Mich., Dec. Ifj, 1912. 
 
 Tvussed Concrete Sleel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 hi reply to yuur inquiry in regard to my 
 silo of concrete reinforced with Four-rib HY- 
 RIE, would say that I built that kind be- 
 cause I thought it was the best for the money, 
 and I have not changed my mind, and as far 
 as I can judge, it comes close to silo perfec- 
 tion, bemg apparently indestructible. 
 
 The time is too shnrt yet for me to judge of 
 results of frost or chemical action on the 
 walls, as this is the first year I have built my 
 silo. 
 
 As you know this is a 12 x 40-foot silo (4' 
 below grade and 3G' above, steel to bottom of 
 pit) and required 50 bbls. of cement to erect. 
 We used connncn farm labor. 
 
 Yours very truh'. 
 
 B. W. MATTOON. 
 
 12'x40' TI\ Jim =;ilu on Shade 
 
 land Dairy & Stock Farm, 
 
 Durand, Mich. 
 
 R. M. ORCHARD 
 
 ;\luscoda. W'i^., Oct. 31, 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Crmipany, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I am highly pleased with (he silo pu 
 of you and put up a year ago. The 
 was a severe one last year, but the sil 
 the test very well. It was tilled with e 
 but it froze no more in tiie cement si 
 in frame silos in the neighborhood. 
 
 When I build another silo it will be 
 saine kind. I consider them cheaper t 
 frame silo. 
 
 Will send n jtholo as soon as I can 
 one. 
 
 Yours very trulv, 
 
 R. M." ORCFF 
 
 ANDREW SCHAflF 
 
 Attica, Mich., Jan. 1, 1 9 I :^ 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Dear Sirs: 
 
 I will let you know that T 
 December 2Sth and the silage 
 good many parties are coming to see the silage 
 lor the FIY-RIB Concrete Silo is something 
 new around here, and I believe a great many 
 could be sold in this locality. 
 
 Yours trulv, 
 
 ANDRFW SCTTAAh\ 
 
 20 
 
 pened my silo 
 very fine. A 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 :'x2ri' TTv-nm Silo for TTerriiig 
 Bros., I-itcliheld. Michigan. 
 
 KISSIMMEE DAIRY CO. 
 
 Ki.ssinimec, Ma., July 20, 1912. 
 Trussed Ci.incroto Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich, 
 '.ieutlenieii : 
 
 \\"e h.'Lve just Iniislietl our concrete silo, and 
 she is a "heatil\." T)i."iid\ii]g yon. we are, 
 Yours Iruh-, 
 KISSl.M.Ml-:!-: b.MRV CO. 
 (Signed) W. \V, Carson. 
 
 .Secretary. 
 
 KISSIMMEE DAIRY CO. 
 
 Ki-siuimee, 11a., Nov. 2."., I!il2. 
 'I he Trussed Conci-ele Steel Co., 
 
 Ketroit, Mich. 
 Centlenien : 
 
 <'lir sihi has lieen in use ahont six nionl 
 .and we ha\'e heeii very greatly pleased w i 
 the results. It we ever have need of anoth 
 Silo it will certainly he a IIY-RU! one. V 
 lake pleasure in recoiTiniending it to anyoi 
 who is cor temiilating the erection i.ii a silo. 
 Ciinerete silos reinforced with in'-Rlil 
 my estimation caniu>t he imi>roved nnon. 
 Yours truh', 
 KISSIMiVlKE ll.\lRY Cl >. 
 
 11V S. S. I ILIVER, 
 
 Pres. and ilgr. 
 
 Mc 
 
 H. HAYMAN 
 
 cer's Ih Itom, W. Va., Dec. .5. 1012 
 
 Trussed (^"nlcrele Steel Co., 
 
 1 )etroit, Mich. 
 ( icntlemeii : 
 
 I am feeiling hfty head of cattle from my 
 silo and I must say it is the finest thing 1 
 have ever seen and everyone that has seen it 
 IS carried svay with it. I do not think you 
 will have any trouhle in the spring in placing 
 several orders in this locality since everyone 
 that has seen my silo says it is the most coni- 
 I'lete one they have ever seen and the cost has 
 Keen so reasonahle and the silage keeping so 
 perfectly that everyone here pronounces this 
 silo a perfect one. 
 
 I shall send you photograjih of my sih. as 
 fjuickly as I can secure one. 
 
 Thanking you for your nian\' courtesies, f 
 am 
 
 \'erv sincerely yours, 
 
 C. H. TT.\YM.\X. 
 
 21 
 
 14'x.'56' ITy.Rtb Silo for C. If, 
 
 Haynian, Mercer's f^ottom, 
 
 W. Va. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 THE MCBRIDE FARM 
 
 BURTON, MICH. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steul Co., Detroit, Mich.: 
 
 Gentlemen — I am well pleased with the HY-KIB Concrete Silo and your plan 
 of silo construction. 1 have made a thorough study of silos from every point ot 
 view, in almost every county in Michigan. As a farm institute speaker I have 
 been given the opportunity to see silos of all descriptions. The stave silo is by 
 reason of the very nature of silage exposed to conditions of moisture when 
 filled, therefore it swells, and contracts when dry. Decay is hastened by these 
 conditions. A block concrete silo made of a dry concrete mix is porous and not 
 easily held together. Its enormous weight compels a foundation rather unusual, 
 and not generally made of sufficient strength. The vitrilied clay form of silo is 
 extremely expensive and has no feature over the IIV-KIH Concrete Silo to justify 
 the extra expense, besides being difficult to bond sufficiently strong to meet the 
 best of mechanical requirements. 
 
 The IIY-RIB plastered silo I consider is mechanically correct, comjiaratively 
 light on the foundation and perfectly reinforced both perpendicularly and laterally, 
 and besides when completed is absolutely non-porous, and is a smooth, sightly 
 structure, as clean as a crock. 
 
 In cost the HY-RIB silo will be a trifle more than the cheaper grades of 
 stave silo and no more than the better grades of wood silo, viz: Redwood or 
 Cypress staves or White Pine, and will cost no more than the poured concrete. 
 I consider the HY-RIB Reinforced Silo is one of the latest achievements of me- 
 chanical and scientific skill for the farm and com|>ares well with the other grades 
 of modern farm inventions. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 JAMES M. :McBRIDE. 
 
 Two 14x30' Hy-Rib Silos on the McEride Farm, Burton, Mich. 
 
 22 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 A. BENJAMIN 
 
 MARIONVILLE, MO. 
 
 ilcc. 13, lOlJ 
 
 The Trussed CijiKrcle Sleel rMin|i;iny, Delrnil, AIichi,L;;in : 
 
 Gentlemen — The IIY-RIB, Sleel Keinfintecl, Concrete .Silo, constructed at 
 Fairview h'lirin for .\i r. I'. D. Coleiiian, is in eotnieclion \iith one of the most u'ji- 
 to-date and very he.st ei|niii]jed saintary dairy barns in the United States The 
 HY-RIH silo IS 12' diameter and :iii' (j" above grade and 4' below, inside dej.th 
 43' ti", and is nrovided wuh eleven doors for removing the silage. The chute is 
 of concrete and is :;'x:l', and j.royided «itli a built-in iron ladder. An outside, 
 builtdn, iron ladder is inovided as shown at the left of the accomiranying photo- 
 graps, for convenience m erecting the pijie of the tilling machine. The roof is of 
 concrete and was liiiished with maroon color Uoof-Seal. The e.xtericn- wall was 
 linished with gre>- color dVns-C'on .Stonetex. 
 
 do the last coat of inside ]ilaster was .added Triis-Coii \\'aler]irooling I'aste, 
 making a complete ainf waterjiroofed and jiractically indestructible silo, which' 
 ]iresents a neat amf liiiished e.xtericu-. 
 
 'idle llVdvfH Sleel Reinforced Concrete Silo is here acknowledged to be the 
 very best construction, and being absolutel>' w .aterproof, the silage keeps in per- 
 fect condition, ddie silo was finished late in the season and was filled with corn 
 that had been jiiit n]i in shocks and was very dry, so in tilling the silo, streams 
 of water were used to soak it do\\n. .\fter six weeks the top of silage was 
 taken olt and the silage was found in iierfect condition and is being fed regularly. 
 
 The IIV-RIB construction for Silos is lew in this section and is very fa- 
 vorably received. Tliere has been some trouble with iioorU- built concrete silos, 
 so the |irospects are that there will be a i.umlier of 11\'-UIB silos jiut tip here 
 this seascm. 
 
 ^'oul■s \er\' truU', 
 
 .\. Bl-:Xf.\MI.\. 
 
 ]2'x4()' Hy-Rib Silc for b'. D. Cult-man, Mariunvillc iVIc 
 
 23 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 CAVANAUSH & SHEA 
 HARDWARE & IMPLEMENT MFG. CO. 
 
 Oklahoma. Dec. If,, 1912. 
 
 Tiussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 f ieiillcmen ; 
 
 ] lave had ])hnto taken of silo while under 
 constriiciicn. Will have another i)lioLo taken 
 when it is cmiiilele and forward same to }-ou 
 
 as ix-que.stcil. Mr. , the man who Is 
 
 imlliiig this silo np, has succeeded in getting a 
 jierfc-ct joh, and it is the general oiiinion of all 
 who see this siln that it is the nnly sensihle 
 one. 
 
 Vom'S truly, 
 
 CA\'AXAUGI1 ^K- SlIMA. 
 
 14'x;;(>' Sih) for Ed. Donovan, 
 Imlay City, Mich. 
 
 Pholoiiral^h ret resells HY-RIB Cmtcrc'.c 
 Silo, crccicd by lidward W'alkii's, Allen. Mich., 
 and fysscsscs many fcciiliai' and desirahlc jca- 
 
 This sill) is ^■2' in diameter, extends It' Lie- 
 low grade and 1-""/ alxive grade. 
 
 Note thai nnc rih nf the lIV-Rli; has l.ceii 
 left exposed clear around the silo at the top, 
 Xtxt >'L-ar ^^r. ^\■atkins plans tij secure enough 
 more IIV-KIB to make a 40' ^iln, at wdiich 
 time he wdl put (in his IT V- KIR roof. Mr. 
 W'afkins is enthusiastic over Ibis type of huild- 
 irg construction anl would gladly recommend 
 it to an\lHidy ha\'ing need fur this type of 
 construction. This silo was erected in three 
 days complete. 
 
 ■xlS' Silo fnr F.ihv. Walkii 
 Allen. :\rich. 
 
 24 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 2B 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Construction of the Hy-Rib Concrete Silo 
 
 As indicated previously in this book and as shown by photo- 
 graphs on various pages of silos under construction, the Hy-Rib 
 Concrete Silo is erected by first locking together at both sides and 
 ends, standard 10 and 12-foot sheets of curved Four-Rib Hy-Rib in 
 such a manner that the entire frame work of the Hy-Rib wall be- 
 comes one united piece upon which the plaster is applied with a 
 trowel to a total thickness of from 3 to 35-^ inches. 
 
 Hy-Rib as Curvtjd for Silo and Tank Construction. Note interlocking ribs at sides. 
 
 Complete instructions are sent with each silo sold, and full de- 
 tailed drawings, showing thoroughly the construction of every portion 
 of the silo. However, to give a good general idea of the simplicity 
 of this type of construction and to explain any questions that will at 
 once arise in your mind, we will give herewith a very brief descrip- 
 tion of the construction. 
 
 The foundation wall should extend below frost, and in most 
 localities it will be necessary to go at least four feet below grade. 
 
 Cross Section of Foundation of Hy-Rib Silo. 
 
 26 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Manj" people desire to use this four feet of sub-grade to hold 
 ensilage. Therefore, we advise the use of Hy-Rib as illustrated at 
 bottom of page 26, showing the foundation excavated 10 inches larger 
 than the desired size for the silo, Hy-Rib extended to the bottom and 
 concrete poured in behind, making an 8-inch wall. The floor is laid 
 either before or after pouring the outside wall. The Hy-Rib sheets 
 are then carried on up above grade to the desired height, and the 
 whole inside plastered from bottom of foundation to top, thereby 
 securing a perfectly smooth interior wall and enabling one to build 
 foundation without the necessity of any forms whatever, and what 
 is more important, one secures a complete finished product. 
 
 Or foundation can be poured in the usual manner, and dowel 
 pins, as shown below, imbedded in the wet concrete at the e.xact 
 circle desired for the silo wall, and after the foundation of concrete 
 becomes set, the first rows of Hy-Rib sheets are wired firmly to the 
 dowel pins, thus anchoring the silo securely to the foundation. 
 
 Erecting Hy-Rib for Side Wall. Whatever method of founda- 
 tion building is followed, the erection of the side wall will be the 
 same. 
 
 Scaffolding, ft will be necessary to ha\'e a scaffold both inside 
 and outside of the silo. The method generally used is indicated by 
 photograph on page ay. Ordinary poles or 2.x6 material are erected 
 to which are nailed scaffold boards at any desired height. The in- 
 terior scaffold may be built identically the same as the exterior, al- 
 though of course, using four uprights instead of five or six. 
 
 i-. 
 
 Iv 
 
 
 Foundation laid to surface of ground, ^vit:h dowel pins for attaching first 
 course of HY-Rm. Silo of Horace Snobble, Ionia, Mich. 
 
 27 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 First plaster coat un inside. Note i 
 bond for second coat; also collapsii>le d^ 
 is applied. 
 
 etliod of rimghening snrface to provide 
 r guide to be removed after iinish coat 
 
 Finished coat on inside with coHapsilile door guide removed. Note projecting 
 steel pins above opening to which the steel door is attached. 
 
 28 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 rile Hy-Rib is now tTccted as indicated and at least 30 feet of 
 Hy-Rib may Ije erected before any plastering is done. (Note photo 
 of Snoblile Silo shown Ijelow). Or a few feet of Hy-Rib may be 
 erected, a coat of plaster put on and more Hy-Rib erected. However, 
 it nnist l.)C liorne in mind that the cement plaster will require at least 
 one-half da>- to set Ijefore more Hy-Rib is added. (Note the j-i- 
 inch Rib liars in view on page 26 wired vertically to the inside of the 
 Hy-Rib.) Our blue prints give exact location of these bars which 
 are designed to supply extra vertical rigidity to the Hy-Rib and 
 added reinforcement around the door openings. 
 
 Doors. \'iew, page -', indicates the size of our door oiienings, 
 uhich is 24x31 inches, and the spacing between doors, which is 
 ](i;^ inches. In otlier words, ytm have practically a continuous de'..r. 
 
 We have this }xar adopted a silo cimstruction wlierein heavy 
 sheet steel is used for doors and this style is very commendable 
 inasmuch as it simpdilies the construction of a silo somewhat and 
 we can sell doeirs at about ihc cost or even less than tlie purchaser 
 can make and install weieidcn doors. 
 
 The illustrations on opposite page 
 represent the construction of a section 
 of a 16-foot silo at the door opening. 
 Note the simple 1x5 inches guide at 
 the door opening which is removed 
 after plastering is completed. Illustra- 
 tions on page 30 represent the detail 
 of di.'or guide which is used in the 
 place ot one m upper view on page 28 
 if the wooden doors are tei be used. So 
 \ou will note that the only difference 
 lietween the construction of a silo lor 
 the steel door and for the wooden door 
 is that in plastering for the wooden- 
 door, you leave a 2-incli shoulder in 
 \our concrete wall into which the 
 shoulder sets, wdiile the steel door mere- 
 ly hangs on the hooks above the door, 
 as represented on opposite page and 
 falls down over the door opening, be- 
 ing held in place and producing an air- 
 tight opening by virtue of the heavy 
 pressure of the silage against the door, 
 h^rom our experience, we recommend 
 the steel door to you. 
 
 We would be pleased to give you 
 prices with and without the steel doors. 
 
 29 
 
 T-Tv-I\iB ready for first coat of 
 plaster. Silo for Horace Snoljble, 
 Ionia, Mich. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Simple Wooden Guide to Form Silo Opening for Wooden Door 
 Showing View from Outside and Inside. 
 
 30 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Plastering. The cement is applied to tlie Hy-Rib in a l:2y2 mix 
 and eacli coat, except tiie two finished coats are thoroughly scratched 
 to produce a mechanical bond for the next coat. 
 
 Waterproofing the walls. Triis-Con AVaterproofing Paste is 
 added to the water, with which you mix up your cement mortar and is 
 used only in the last one-half inch plaster coat inside and the last 
 one-half inch coat outside unless Stone-Tex is used outside. 
 
 Finishing. Stone-Tex is a uniforming, exterior coating and 
 damp-proofing product, applied to cured concrete surfaces and de- 
 signed to give them a beautiful uniform color of any of a dozen 
 shades, although we recommend cither concrete or Portland Gray. 
 
 Stone-Tex, through virtue of being made particularly for concrete 
 and brick surfaces, is very permanent and lasting and produces an 
 exceedingly smooth, finished appearing siln. 
 
 Roof. The roof of a Hy-Rib Concrete Silo is applied by erect- 
 ing eight pieces of 2x4 as roofing jo-sts upon which is laid Hy-Rib 
 sheets co\'ered with 2 inches of concrete back plastered underneath. 
 (See illustration. State Agricultural College Silo, page 33.) The 
 chute may be built in connection with the side walls using Hy-Rib 
 of any desired size, thereby making your chute side walls and roof 
 of silo one complete unit with the foundation. 
 
 As an indication of the cost of a Hy-Rib Concrete Silo, we 
 would refer you to various letters in this catalogue, particularly the 
 ones on pages 1.5 and 17. and for your further instructions, we would 
 advise that an ordinary size silo, say 14x?.3 feet, would require ap- 
 proximately .3.5 barrels of cement, 4 barrels of hydrated lime, 13 cubic 
 yards of sand and 5 cubic yards of gravel to erect complete, and this 
 sdo should be erected in approximately ten days by three men. 
 Therefore, you will see that your Hy-Rib Concrete Silo erected of 
 materials that are absolutely permanent will cost you no more, if as 
 much, as the better grades of wood silos and will give you absolutely 
 everything that can be had in any other type of silo and the added 
 features of absolute permanence and absence from necessity of repairs. 
 
 We are in a position to meet every argument that^ may^ be made 
 against this type of construction and would appreciate it if you 
 would correspond with us relative to any question which may occur 
 to you. 
 
 The foregoing directions are merely suggestions to show the 
 method of construction. Complete directions go with every sale. 
 
 Write us for prices and estimates. Remendjer you have a silo 
 without a weakness; re-read the letters on pages 5 and 9. 
 
 31 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Frame Work to Support Hy-Rib Roof. 
 
 Removed after concrete has set if desired. 
 State Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. 
 
 Hy-Rib Acts as a Form and Reinforcement for the Concrete. 
 
 Note the teini)oraiy wood frame for IIv-lviu sheets. If the wood frame- 
 work is to be removed the Hv-Rib sheets must be wired together. If S.xi-inch 
 rafters are to be left the IIv-Rtb may be nailed lightly to them and the cross 
 boards only removed. This is undoubtedly the quickest and cheapest method. 
 
 32 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit 
 
 2l),()()(} Gallun Tank, .Marine Biological Station, San Diego, Cal. 
 
 Irving J. Gill, Architect. 
 
 Tank and Tanels are built of Hy-Rib, Plastered wilh Concrete. Posts 
 
 and Girders are Kahn System Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 33 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 The following names represent some of the purchasers 
 of Hy-Rib Concrete Silos 
 
 J. N. Kale, Red Oak, Towa, 12x3(',', 
 
 JaniL',s M. McBridc, Burton, Mich., (2) 14x::iU'. 
 
 Ki.ssiinmec Dairy Co,, Kissimmee, Ida., 13x.32'G". 
 
 .1. T. Ball & Son, Hillsdale, Mich,, 14x40', 
 
 B. A. Bowdltch, Pittsford, Mich., 14x:jG'. 
 
 Dr. Kisskaden, Detroit, 12x:i4'. 
 
 Andrew .Schaaf, Attica, Mich., 12x10'. 
 
 D. L. Quirk, Ypsllantl. Mich., 13x40'. 
 
 B. A\'. Mattoon, Durand, Mich., 12x40'. 
 Mil,, White, Grant, Mich., 10x21)'. 
 
 I. L. Sn>der, Coldwater, Mich., 12x:i0'. 
 R. O. Lewis, Saranac, Mich,, 12x36'. 
 Spauldlng & Merriett, Ionia, Mich., 12x2!)'. 
 T. C. Hostettler, Me.versdale. Pa., 12x40', 
 Chas. B. Scully, Almont, Mich., 12x:;2'6". 
 Ed. D(:jn..\-an, Inday City, Mich., llxMO', 
 A\arner Bros., Inday Clt>', Mich., 10x3,:'. 
 Anton Evanstad, Dakota, N. D., 16x3,5' 
 
 C, M. Ha\'nian, Mercer's BottMui, \\". \'a., 14x36'. 
 Kavanaugli & Shea, Aha.. C)kla., isxt')'. 
 
 Chas. Land), Hillsdale, Mich., 12x2',)'. 
 
 T. M. Hoii])er, Leeksvillc, K. C, ].sx3))'. 
 
 Herring Bros., Ldchlicld, Mich., 12x2!)'. 
 
 C. E. Mitchell, Detroit, Mich.. 12x2.Vo". 
 
 H. J. Van Ortliwlck, Ouinc\-, Mich., 12x3s'o". 
 
 C. R. Dod,Lie, Cas^opolls, Mich., 16x4(1'. 
 
 Ed\\ard A\'at1<lns, Allen, Midi., 12xl,s'. 
 
 Horton Br\an. Charlnite, Mich.. 14x30.' 
 
 J. R. Rogers. Litcliheld, Mich., 12x40'. 
 
 C. P. Stout. Ben Loimnd, W, A'a., 12x32'0". 
 
 A. Benjamin, M-iriiinille, Mo., ]2x-)0'. 
 
 Dr. Edgar !\L Harris, Ne\v Haven, Mich., 12x21)'. 
 
 Buffalo BIdrs. Exchange. Buffalo. N. Y. 20x3.V, doulile wall. 
 
 Louisville Cement Co., Sellersliurg, Ind., lsx30', doulile wall. 
 
 M. R. Tillotson, Elsie. Mich., 12x1,'!' 
 
 C. C. Core}', New Haven, Midi., 14x3,2'. 
 
 Jersey Farms, Fairhope, Ala. (2), 12x32'6". 
 
 Pres. Muscoda State Banlc, Muscoda, Wis., 14x32'6". 
 
 34 
 
Kahn Building; Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Capacities of Hy-Rib Concrete Silos 
 
 Inside 
 
 Height above 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Acreajye to Fill 
 
 Amount that 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Foundation 
 
 Tons 
 
 15 Tons to the 
 Acre 
 
 should be fed daily 
 pounds 
 
 10 
 
 15'-0'' 
 
 16 
 
 1.1 
 
 525 
 
 10 
 
 IS'-S" 
 
 23 
 
 1.5 
 
 525 
 
 10 
 
 22'-0" 
 
 30 
 
 2.0 
 
 525 
 
 10 
 
 25'-8'' 
 
 37 
 
 2.5 
 
 525 
 
 10 
 
 29' -0" 
 
 44 
 
 2.9 
 
 525 
 
 10 
 
 32'-6" 
 
 52 
 
 3.5 
 
 525 
 
 12 
 
 18'-6" 
 
 33 
 
 2.2 
 
 755 
 
 12 
 
 22'-0'' 
 
 43 
 
 2.9 
 
 755 
 
 12 
 
 25'-6'' 
 
 53 
 
 3.5 
 
 755 
 
 12 
 
 29 '-O" 
 
 64 
 
 4.3 
 
 755 
 
 12 
 
 32'-6'' 
 
 75 
 
 5.0 
 
 755 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 36'-0'' 
 
 87 
 
 5.8 
 3.9 
 
 755 
 1030 
 
 22'-0' 
 
 59 
 
 14 
 
 25' 6" 
 
 73 
 
 4.9 
 
 1030 
 
 14 
 
 2^)'-0" 
 
 87 
 
 5.8 
 
 1030 
 
 14 
 
 32'-6" 
 
 102 
 
 6.8 
 
 1030 
 
 14 
 
 36'-0' 
 
 118 
 
 7.9 
 
 1030 
 
 14 
 
 sg'-e" 
 
 135 
 
 9.0 
 
 1030 
 
 16 
 
 29'-0'' 
 
 114 
 
 7.6 
 
 1340 
 
 16 
 
 32'-6" 
 
 134 
 
 8.9 
 
 1340 
 
 16 
 
 36'-0" 
 
 155 
 
 10.4 
 
 1340 
 
 16 
 
 39'-6" 
 
 176 
 
 11.7 
 
 1340 
 
 16 
 
 43'-9"' 
 
 206 
 
 13.7 
 
 1340 
 
 16 
 
 48'-3' 
 
 238 
 
 - 15.9 
 
 1340 
 
 18 
 
 32'-6" 
 
 170 
 
 11.3 
 
 1700 
 
 18 
 
 36'-0'' 
 
 196 
 
 13.0 
 
 1700 
 
 18 
 
 40'-3'' 
 
 230 
 
 15.3 
 
 1700 
 
 18 
 
 44'-9" 
 
 267 
 
 17.8 
 
 1700 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 49'-0'' 
 32'-6" 
 
 301 
 
 ' 20.0 
 
 1700 
 
 210 
 
 14.0 
 
 2100 
 
 20 
 
 36'-9" 
 
 250 
 
 16.7 
 
 2100 
 
 20 
 
 - l'-3" 
 
 293 
 
 19.5 
 
 2100 
 
 20 
 
 45'-6" 
 
 335 
 
 22.3 
 
 2100 
 
 20 
 
 50'-0" 
 
 382 
 
 25.5 
 
 2100 
 
 The following amounts should be added to the above for every 1 ft. depth of foundation. 
 
 
 Depth 
 
 Capacity Tons 
 
 Acreage to Fill 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 2 
 
 .13 
 
 12 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 3 
 
 .20 
 
 14 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 4.5 
 
 .:^0 
 
 16 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 6 
 
 .40 
 
 18 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 8 
 
 .53 
 
 20 
 
 1 Foot 
 
 10 
 
 .67 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 THE THREE TYPES OF HY-RIB 
 
 In the foregoing work on Silos we have shown liut one of the 
 numberless uses fr.r Hy-Rib and treated of but one type of Hy-Rib, 
 namely, 4-rib Hy-Rib, cur\-ed. Note the \-arious styles. 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib — Ribs 13/16 in. high; 3' 2 in. apart. 
 Width of Sheets; 10^2 ins. center to center of outside ribs. 
 
 3-Rib Hy-Rib — Ribs 13"/16 in. high; 7 ins. apart. 
 Width of Sheets; 14 ins. center to center of outside ribs 
 
 Deep-Rib Hy-Rib — Ribs IK' ins. high; 7 ins. apart. 
 Width of Sheets; 14 ins. center to center of outside ribs. 
 
 Standcrd lengths of all types: 6, 8, 10, and 12 feet. 
 
 Intermediate and shorter lengths are cut without charge, but 
 any waste is charged to the purchaser. It can also be cut on the 
 job with a pair of tinner's shears. Hy-Rib sheets interlock at sides 
 and ends. No allowance need be made for sidelaps, as these are 
 provided in the Hy-Rib. yVUow 2 inches for end laps wdierc splice 
 occurs over supports; otherwise, eight inches. 
 
 36 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 RIB LATH AND RIB STUDS 
 
 Rib Lath is similar to Hy-Rib, except that it is ligliter, dues 
 ndt have tlic deep stiffening- rib, and is used principally f.ir interim- 
 ^^■^,rk on walls and ceilings. Rib Studs are steel studding ns(,i in 
 linlliiw walls and partitions which do not support any loads. 
 
 BEADED PLATE or "A" RIB LATH 
 
 Size o£ Sheets — 15^4 x 96 inches. 
 Shipped in bundles containing 16 sheets, or 18 yards. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weight per 
 square yard 
 
 Maximum stud spacii 
 
 for wttllB 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Maximum joist ipacin 
 
 for ceilioga 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Rib I^ath No. lAi 3.63 lbs. 18 inches 
 
 Rib Lath No. 2A 4.54 lbs. j 20 inches 
 
 Rib Lath No. 4aI 5.45 lbs. | 24 inches 
 
 16 inches 
 18 inches 
 22 inches 
 
 STANDARD RIB LATH 
 
 Similar to Beaded Plate Rib Lath, but with narrower ribs. 
 
 Size of Sheets — 20^4 x 96 inches. 
 
 Shipped in bundles containing 12 sheets, or 18 yards. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weight per 
 square yard 
 
 Maximum etud Bpaclng 
 
 for walla 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Maximum joist epacine 
 
 for ceilings 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Rib Lath No. 1 
 Rib Lath No. 2 
 Rib Lath No. 4 
 
 2.74 lbs. 
 3.42 lbs. 
 4.10 lbs. 
 
 14 inches 
 16 inches 
 18 inches 
 
 12 inches 
 14 inches 
 16 inches 
 
 We recommend the use of painted lath, but can supply it without paint if desired. 
 
 37 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 -WOOD STUDS 
 
 CREOSOTE OR 
 
 ^ASPHALTPAINT- 
 
 mmm 
 
 
 SgH , . ,. 
 
 J £<<<<<<<<<TO'-!i!<'T!!'ft?i!t,, 
 ^^h<<'<i<'U'i'i.t'i:i'i'iU'i'!^' 
 
 A RIB LATH. 
 
 ON INSIDE 
 OF STUDS 
 
 ^^^S,,,_,, -,... 
 
 
 3 Sn OUTSIDE 
 OF STUDS 
 
 FINISH COAT 
 
 /tt^ijtj^^jtjv±i it^^j.'L i^'^ ^-^ > 
 
 6^^ ,*A i ,^.^^^jJ/Xj,.'j6(i^,^. 
 
 Double wall of concrete built without forms. Hy-Rib on out- 
 side of wood studs and Rib Lath on inside. 
 
 Note: The Hy-Rib should be plastered on the inside between 
 studs before applying Rib Lath to inside of studs. 
 
 38 
 
JCahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Hy-Rib in General Use on the Farm 
 
 Hy-Rib readies )-iiu in perfect, flat slieets or in enrxed sheets 
 as reqnired. and ns handled just hl<e a piece of Innilier. All that 
 you ha\-e tn ijo is to ]ilace it in its proper location and appl_\- the 
 covernig ,,f concrete, either in the form of jdaster as in walls, or 
 poured ni, as m lloors and roofs. The uses for Hy-Rib are 
 therefore unlimited. 
 
 In any place where )-ou could use lumlier or masonr_\-, Hy-Rib 
 will give lietler and more economical construction. In every 
 structure that \-ou erect on the farm there is a place where you 
 can use Hy-Rib ad\-antageously : in your farm-houses, liarns, 
 silos, root cellars, ice-houses, cisterns, \ats, septic tanks, etc. You 
 can use it in the outside walls, or the inner partitions, floors, 
 roofs, ceilings, fences, enclosures, etc. 
 
 This method of cjiistruction was first applied to l)ig cit_\- 
 huilding work, wdiere it has, in a short time, advanced to enor- 
 mous proportions, and it is e\'en Ijetter adapted to farm building 
 work. 
 
 It is impossible for us to show all Hy-Rib will do, but the 
 next few pages will ex])lain its general ajjplication and if inter- 
 ested, wc will gladly furnish you with all the details necessary to 
 enable you to handle Hy-Rib readily and satisfactorily. 
 
 Directions for Applying Hy-Rib to Walls 
 
 It is impossible to foresee all conditions under which Hy-Rib 
 will be applied to exterior walls, so the following directions are 
 for its use in general and the prospective user can adapt them to 
 his particular problem, or write us stating the situation, and we 
 will advise. 
 
 FOUNDATION. 
 
 Build foundation walls as for any frame building and fasten 
 plate in usual manner except that, where possible the foundation 
 should extend at least two inches outside of |)late in order to make 
 the finished wall and foundation flush, or foundation slightly e.x- 
 tending as shown in details on page 41. 
 
 Fasten plate to foundation wall, preferably with bolt imbedded 
 while pouring wall (sec page 41), or in any usual manner. Height 
 and size of wall will of course depend upon structure being built, 
 and the desire of the individual owners, but Hy-Rib ccjnstruction 
 will not demand any different design than that iisuall)' employed. 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 SETTING UP WOOD FRAME. 
 
 Build ^-our wood frame much the same as for wood siduig. 
 
 For Any Ordinary Barn or House 
 
 Use onhnarv spacing of supports only in most cases it will be 
 necessary to support roof entirely from the studding and, if roof 
 is of concrete, the studding will have to he somewhat closer 
 together. 
 
 For Barn or House With Double Wall. 
 
 When Rib Lath is used for inside walls the studding will have 
 to he spaced according to tables on page 37. 
 
 .-Vnother thing to keep in mind is that the standard lengths of 
 Hy-Rib sheet are (i, S, lo and 12 feet. Of course these sheets 
 can be cut with a pair of tinner's shears or will be cut to any 
 desired length jjy us, but studs can be arranged so as to save both 
 time and material if these conditions are kept in mind. 
 
 ATTACHING SHEETS OF HY-RIB. 
 
 Whether for single or double wall, the outside construction is 
 the same, and in double wall construction the coat between studs 
 is put on before lath is placed inside. 
 
 First paint face of studding with creosote or asphalt paint, \-ery 
 inexpensive, to prevent stud from absorbing water from the 
 concrete. 
 
 After rough framing is completed, commence attaching slieets 
 of Hy-Rib with rib side out, nailing them to supports with ordi- 
 nary two-inch staples or nails at every rib. Interlock all Hy-Rib 
 sheets at sides and ends and wire or clamp sheets together every 
 24" along the sides and at every rib at the ends. Allow 2 inches 
 for end laps when splice occurs over supports ; otherwise, S inches. 
 
 Bring ends flush at corners. y\t window and door openings 
 you will, of course, have two pieces of 2.\4's, nailed together, so 
 bring the sheets to within about an inch and a half of the inside 
 edge and nail on a square strip clear round the opening on both 
 sides to nail the inside and outside moulding to. (See details on 
 page 41). Proceed, in like manner, over whole e.xterior, remem- 
 bering that this is practically your outside sheathing to be coated 
 with concrete. 
 
 The detail of window and door jamb, page 41, is not the only 
 design possible, Ijut is one method and other suitable details may be 
 adopted. 
 
 40 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 'Zcoah Cemeni 
 P/cjster 
 
 De^^// .^/ each 
 j^/de of door 
 
 T 
 
 
 iar paper 
 
 
 Defa/i af />o/- 
 
 S^CT/O/WS ThSU h^lNDOW 
 
 / coat bacMp/askr- 
 3coa/s of 
 
 Cement Raster.-'' 
 
 ^/^", 
 
 Tar paper 
 
 ']//"^£"£>/ocJr for 
 
 A na///nq dasei^oard. 
 
 Z>eA7// af ^/^om o/ f?oor 
 
 3^cTJO/^3 Thru W'^ll 
 
 Details of Use of Hy-Rib in Walls, Roofs and Ceiling and Framing 
 Around Doors and Windows. 
 
 41 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Mixtures, Sand, Cement and Gravel, etc. 
 
 For all plastering work use the following mixture: 
 
 Sand 12 parts 
 
 Cement 5 parts 
 
 Hydrated lime 1 part 
 
 CEMENT. 
 
 Any good standard grade of cement that is of known reli- 
 ability, and that will meet the standard specifications of the 
 American Society for testing materials. Cement must be kept dry 
 and do not attempt to use cement after it has become so hard that 
 you must use a heavy weight to break it up. That kind of cement 
 will give you no more service than would so much sand. 
 
 SAND. 
 
 Use a good grade of sand for plaster work. It must be sifted 
 to remove the gravel wdiich interferes with plastering. It must 
 not contain over live per cent of soil. Soil weakens the mixture 
 and makes it a poor color for exterior work. A plaster made 
 with sand which has too much soil will not stick well or make a 
 permanent bond with *he first coat. The presence of dirt is 
 readily detected. 
 
 HYDRATED LIME. 
 
 It is necessary to use some hydrated lime in the plaster. Or- 
 dinary lump lime slaked on the job is not so good. Hj'drated lime 
 can be obtained in sacks already to mix and makes plastering much 
 more satisfactory. 
 
 These quantities are by volume, but it must be borne in mind 
 that the cement is packed in the sacks and when it is poured out 
 bulks up until a sack becomes nearly one-third greater by volume 
 so mixtures should be made to include at least one sack batches. 
 If this is not possible allow some for bulk, or better weigh the 
 cement taken, remembering that cement and sand weigh about 
 the same measure for measure. 
 
 Mix the cement and lime together first, add whole to the sand 
 and thoroughly mix dry, and then add water to proper consistency. 
 
 CONSISTENCY OF PLASTER. 
 
 Make the cement mixture wet enough to handle readily as a 
 good, sticky plaster. A very little experience will soon show what 
 this consistency should be. If too dry the plaster will not make a 
 good bond with previous coat. A lime plasterer will recognize the 
 proper consistency at once. 
 
 For first plaster coat on Hy-Rib, add clean cow hair to mix- 
 ture, before wetting. Use about one pound of hair to one sack of 
 cement. 
 
 42 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 PLASTERING. 
 
 Prepare plaster according to directions given on foregoing page. 
 
 Use a wood or steel trowel and apply first coat to rib side, using 
 only enough pressure to force plaster well into the meshes, too much 
 pressure will cause a waste on the back side which can be avoided. 
 Aim to bring hrst coat only to depth of rib. The less troweling done 
 the better. 
 
 As soon as this hrst coat is applied scratch it over with anything 
 that will roughen the surface and lielp make a bond for the next coat. 
 (A piece of Hy-Rib is good for this purpose.) Let this coat set for 
 six hours or long enough to give it enough rigidity to hold up the 
 next coat. The time of setting will depend to a great extent upon 
 the weather conditions, etc. Next apply another coat to the outside, 
 and one to the inside between the studs or vice \'ersa. For a full 
 two-inch wall a third coat will in most cases be necessary, as the 
 three generally give but 144 inches. The last coat outside can be 
 given any finish desired, but it must be w'aterproofed with Trus-Con 
 VVaterpkoofing Paste Concentrated in order to make it dampproof. 
 (Directions for waterproofing on page 44.) 
 
 Whenever it is desired to apply more coats the surface of last 
 coat should be well scratched. Do not be afraid of plaster falling 
 off, for if you have a good grade of plastering sand and have the 
 proper consistency it will stick like glue. 
 
 When it comes to applying the outside finish coat, plan to cover 
 an entire surface at one time if possible, in order to overcome any 
 distinct unsightly marks of divisicm between applications. A good, 
 smooth, evenly troweled surface is very attractive, especially where 
 a good clean grade of sand has been used. For those desiring to 
 color differently we manufacture what is known as Trus-Con Stone- 
 Te.\, a hard surface coating for concrete that becomes a part of the 
 concrete. It is applied with a brush much the same as paint to the 
 dried surface. It conies in colors ranging from white to red brick. 
 If you already have an old concrete or brick surface that you would 
 like to re-color, send fcir card showing colors and describing Stone- 
 Te.x. 
 
 Hy-Rib Siding Showing Method of Plastering. 
 43 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 WATERPROOFING. 
 
 Cement mortar and concrete are naturally porous and in order 
 to be sure of a tight job it is necessary to properly waterproof them. 
 There are a number of methods recommended by this company for 
 special conditions, but the one best adapted is what is called the 
 Integral Waterproofing Method. By this method we mix what is 
 called Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste Concentrated into the water 
 that we are using for our cement in the proportions of one part 
 paste to eighteen parts water. This is used only in the inside or 
 exposed coat for silos, tanks, etc., and the outside for walls. By this 
 method we are enabled to make a two-inch wall absolutely water- 
 proof and damp-proof, and to a great extent frost proof. Think of 
 the value of this in your silos, water tanks, cistern, barn walls, etc. 
 
 
 
 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 Trussed 
 
 Concrete Steel Co., February 13, 
 
 lOlf. 
 
 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 
 
 
 Gentlemen^It would no douht be of interest to you to 
 
 earn 
 
 that 
 
 we 
 
 consider 
 
 your TRUS-CON Waterproofing- Paste as used 
 
 by us in | 
 
 our 
 
 cement 
 
 laboratory to be highly successful. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 H. H. SCOFIELD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Laboratory of Testing Materials, 
 
 
 
 
 Purdue University 
 
 
 
 CONCRETE FLOORS AND ROOFS 
 
 Prepare concrete for rrjofs and flor.rs with the following pro- 
 portions: 
 
 Portland Cement 1 part. 
 
 Sand 2 parts. 
 
 Gravel or broken stone 4 parts. 
 
 The sand and cement should be of the same quality as speci- 
 fied for "Plaster Work," page 42. 
 
 Broken Stone and Gravel. 
 This material should be hard, close-grained, and free from dust 
 and dirt. For Hy-Rib construction for floors and roofs all stone 
 should be of such size as to pass through a half-inch ring, being 
 preferably well-graded up to this largest size. If gravel contains 
 sand, make a proper reduction in the amount of sand used. 
 
 Application. 
 Mix the sand and cement together; then add the gravel and 
 finally water, mixing until absolutely uniform throughout. Cover 
 the Hy-Rib sheets with this mixture and float the surface smooth. 
 When the concrete has set sufficiently, plaster the under side with 
 the standard mixture for plastering, page 43. 
 
 A box for enough sand to make up a two-bag mixture is 
 2'x2' in size and 11^ inches high. Bo-x for one-bag mixture 
 should be one-half this size or this one filled half full. A box 
 or barrel should be made, 3 or 4 feet by 11 ^< inches high for- a 
 two-bag mix. 
 
 Protect the concrete work from too rapid drying by means of 
 damp burlap or canvas, or by sprinkling. 
 
 44 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Concrete Dairy Barns 
 
 'Roof concrete -to b» covered 
 with o good standard roofing 
 
 -/'/^" Cement 
 Concrete on "26 
 4 Rib Hiy-Rib 
 
 ;)g' Concrete on 'ze 
 4 Rib l-lM-Rib -i 
 
 tl'Cement Vla^ter 
 on "2^ Rib Lath- 
 
 ^^-' ^ir-jr ^ 
 
 17-5 
 
 Ka 
 
 3'CcrMent Plaster 
 Wall roinforced SA'ith 
 t g4- 4-Kib i-lLj-Hib 
 Sies Silo Datoils. 
 
 eni«nt Plaster on 
 5 Rib Hc^-Rib 
 
 Section of Dairy Barn taken from our large plan of C'ljncrtte 
 Dairy Barn. The balance of this dcsian ami ritliers may he had for 
 the asking. AVc make draw-ings for buildings in which nur mate- 
 rials are used. 
 
 Concrete Hen Houses 
 
 A good, sanitar}", concrete hen-house can always be readil\' kept 
 clean and is always a genjd investment. The use of Hy-Rib and Rib 
 Lath filastered with cement makes such buildings comparatively inex- 
 pensive. The walls in this case are built with studs covered with 
 Hy-Rib on the rjuts:de and plastered with cement. In the same wa,\- 
 the inside of the studs is covered with Rib Lath and plastered with 
 cement. The roof is built with joists covered with Hy-Rib and con- 
 crete aliove, and Rib Lath and cement plaster below. This gives a 
 complete air-space around the entire hen-house which keeps out the 
 cold and dampness. 
 
 45 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 46 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Milk Houses 
 
 We have a design prepared for a good, standard milk house 
 whieh is too large to show here, hut will be mailed upon request. 
 
 Tliis design shows in detail a strictly modern, model milk 
 house, easily built and at low cost. The walls consist of wood 
 studding, covered with Hy-Rib and Rib Lath and cement plaster, 
 as described in this book. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Ice Houses 
 
 The hrst reciuirement in a properly constructed ice house is 
 that the walls and roofs should provide a maximum insulation 
 against heat. Wc have prepared drawings for two kinds of ice 
 houses, a part of one being shown here. This type of construc- 
 tion provides a perfect insulation against heat. 
 
 ^Pib'Z6Hli Vit 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Ice House. 
 
 47 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 
 Hy-Rib Milk House and Dairy lliarn on Clovercroft Farm, Lan- 
 sing, ]\Tich. 
 
 48 
 
Kahn Buildi ng Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Hog Barns 
 
 A\ e have a inimljer of complete plans of modern con- 
 crete Hog Barns, which will be sent free to- those 
 interested. 
 
 Individual Concrete Hog Houses 
 
 ^'-Roof concrete to be cover 
 
 v/ith a good standard) roofing. 
 
 ^2<t Rods \e<ii 
 
 Part of Design of Individual Hog House. 
 
 Complete details on request. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Water Troughs 
 
 Concrete troiigiis are alwax's more desiralile than wooden 
 troughs because they are clean and sanitar\-, never get sour even 
 with wet feed, and do not rot and become infested witli germs. 
 They last forever and do not require re|)lac'ng from time to 
 time. Hy-Rib is especially useful in Iniilfling such troughs, as 
 no centering is required, greatly reducing their cost. We have a 
 number of typical designs for both rectangular and circular 
 troughs. The Hy-Rib is shipped bent to exact curves for round 
 troughs. Concrete is applied in the form of a plaster directly to 
 the Hy-Rib sheets. Tlie troughs are waterproofed h\ the use of 
 TruS'Cox \A",\teri'Roofing Paste CoNCEMTR,\TEn in the plaster 
 coats on the iinier side of the troughs. 
 
 49 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 3 Sbs aT^tb Hu Fib 
 
 
 ?■ a- 19 
 
 ""^-^5) 
 
 a!l:'Si:vy!■V^■'^v^:■ ■:■*■:■' 
 
 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Cisterns 
 
 Concrete for cisterns has many advantages because it is 
 lithic and can be made absolutely waterpoof. It is absolutely 
 and sanitary and permanent in every way. 
 
 50 
 
 mono- 
 clean 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co.. Detroit. 
 
 bfi v-. ^-z) J£^ 
 
 
 "> o -_. 5,5 '"' 5 ■- -.S 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 HY-RIB CONCRETE GARAGES 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for T. K Kane, ^'oungstown, O, Read\' for Plaster- 
 ing and Completed. Write for Hy-Rib Garage Folder. 
 
 52 
 
Kahn Building Products — Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Old Wooden Houses Transformed into Modern Permanent Residences by 
 Overcoating with Hy-Rib and Stucco 
 
 0\ercoatc(l Residence L.f C. liewick, Detroit, ;\[icli. 
 
 Overcoatcd Residence of X. T. Spaulding. Ionia. .Midi. 
 
 53 
 
Hy-Rib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Flumes 
 
 In the irrigation districts of California, Colorado and other 
 western and southwestern states, flumes of different sizes must be 
 built to carry the water to the orchards and gardens. 
 
 ff the water is run through ditches in the ground a large 
 amount is lost by seepage into the earth. To save this water, 
 flumes should be built of concrete in all sizes from the main canal 
 to the small ditch which carries water into the orchard or garden. 
 
 These concrete flumes are easily and cheaply built by using 
 curved Hy-Rib as a reinforcement and key for the concrete. No. 
 26 4-Rib Hy-Rib is bent to curve at our Shops and when received 
 is simply placed in position in the ditch and covered with cement 
 plaster. 
 
 May be any 
 
 leng 
 
 24"ct.i 
 th up to 6'0 
 
 AVater 
 
 -Boltotn of Ditch 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Farm Bridges and 
 Culverts 
 
 The many ditches, large and small, that run through a farm must 
 have bridges over them so the farmer will be able to go from one 
 field to another. With Hy-Rib these small bridges and culverts are 
 easil\- and quickly built. The footings are built of concrete and the 
 Hy-Rib placed upon them, then the concrete road-bed is poured upon 
 the Hy-Rib, which acts as centering and reinforcement. 
 
 Bridges and culverts up to 6 feet span are built with Hy-Rib as 
 shown in drawings. 
 
 We have many designs for reinforced concrete bridges of all 
 spans and types. 
 
 54 
 
Kahn Building Products— Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit. 
 
 Consider that CONCRETE is fast coming to be tlie accepted 
 material by iliose wlio know. Concrete means permanency and 
 sanitary conditions, eliminating disease and vermin which result in 
 loss ot live stock. It prevents destruction of food by rats uu^ 
 mice, waste m feeding, and is better than insurance for it cannot 
 be harmed by fire or flood. Concrete is more economical in the 
 long run for farmers to use, than any other building material, for 
 wood becomes weaker through exposure, and steel and iron be- 
 come rusty through dampness, while concrete becomes stronger 
 as the years roll on. 
 
 Build of concrete and ynu need have no fear for the future, 
 no constant worry as to where the mijney is coming from to pay 
 for this repair this month ;ind that up-keep cost next. Once 
 built with concrete and built right, and you have a jnli that will 
 last forever. 
 
 Immense concerns like the TRUSSED CONCRETE 'STEEL 
 COMPANY have studied the question of reinforcing and finish- 
 ing concrete and brought the subject down to an e.xaet science, 
 as is attested by the steadily increasing number of immense struc- 
 tures, depending solelj' for their stability upon very light but e.x- 
 ceptifjnally strong concrete slaljs and beams. These structures 
 are standing and will remain standing, after all others fall, Ijecause 
 they are so constructed as to enable them ti 
 ditions tending to break or crumble them. 
 
 Concrete must have a skeleton of steel t 
 A slab or wall of concrete 3 inches thick with its firndy imbedded 
 skeleton of Hy-Rib is permanent. Changes in temperature do not 
 affect it since the steel resists their destructive action, making 
 the construction impervious both to the hottest fires and coldest 
 degrees of frost, and better and more enduring than an 8-inch wall. 
 
 Because of the above facts, and the added fact that no feirms 
 are required for our system of farm buildings, Hy-Rib concrete 
 construction becomes one that must appeal to every thinking, pro- 
 gressive farmer. 
 
 A few of the uses for Hy-Rib on the farm: 
 
 n- 
 
 overcmne all 
 
 it enduring 
 
 lake 
 
 Residences 
 
 Walls, Partitions and Roofs 
 
 Conservatory Walls and 
 
 Benches 
 Fences, Windbreaks, etc. 
 Laundry Tubs 
 Benches 
 Dairy Barns 
 Horse Barns 
 Sheep Barns 
 Piggeries 
 Outside Pig Cots 
 Granaries 
 Poultry Houses 
 Shops 
 Sheds of All Kinds 
 
 Silos 
 
 Ice Houses 
 
 Tanks — Underground, Elevated 
 
 and Supply 
 Watering Troughs, etc. 
 Cisterns 
 Well Holes 
 Culverts 
 Bridges 
 Water Flumes 
 Cess Pools 
 Septic Tanks 
 Water Filters 
 Charcoal Burners 
 Pig Troughs, etc. 
 Mixing Vats 
 
 55 
 
Hy-Kib — Concrete Construction Without Forms. 
 
 OTHER KAHN BUILDING PRODUCTS 
 FOR THE FARM 
 
 Kahn Trussed Bar is a special rolled steel bar with rigidly 
 connected diagonal members. These bars are used for reinforc- 
 ing concrete girders, beams and arches of considerable span in 
 bridges and building work. 
 
 Rib Bar is a special steel section with ribs extending around 
 the bar at frequent intervals to firmly grip into the concrete mass. 
 They are frequently used in conjunction with Hy-Rib and rein- 
 forcing work generally. 
 
 Other reinforcing steel includes Rib Metal, a sheet of rods 
 rigidly connected and spaced by cross members, and Spiral Hoop- 
 ing for reinforcing columns. 
 
 United Sash are made of deep, rolled steol sections, which have 
 greatest strength and do not obstruct the light. They give greatest 
 possible t'lreproofness, daylighting, and permanency to window con- 
 struction. 
 
 '%■: 
 
 Two 
 
 Tvus-Con 
 
 /Vrmcir Plates 
 
 in place, protecting 
 
 the joint with !4 inch 
 
 asphaittnn felt for tiller, cut- 
 
 tnic entire dejith of pa,'ement. 
 
 Trus-Con Armor Plate. A steel plate that protects the expan- 
 sion joint, in concrete paving, from chipping and breaking down under 
 traffic. 
 
 Trus-Con Curb Bar. .A. galvanized steel bar for protecting con- 
 crete curbs, columns, shipping jilat forms, stair nosings and all exposed 
 concrete edges. 
 
 Trus-Con Chemical Products. A complete line of dampprooting 
 and finishing products for concrete. 
 
 Building Specialties. Inserts for attaching equipments to con- 
 crete walls, hollow Iiiiilding tile, post caps, joist liangcrs, etc. 
 
 .56 
 
HY-RIB and CONCRETE 
 ON THE FARM 
 
 Showing how to construct all farm buildings 
 
 o£ concrete without the use of forms, 
 
 making them permanent, fireproof 
 
 structures at very low cost 
 
 A Valuable Guide for all Building Work 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 1912 
 
 Farm Building Department 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 DETROIT, MICHIGAN 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 tn rt C 
 
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Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Concrete for Farm Buildings 
 
 Concrete when properly handled is recognized by the 
 practical farmer of today as the most satisfactory mate- 
 rial obtainable for all forms of building work, just as the 
 most experienced builders in all places have adopted it 
 for their immense buildings, bridges, and other structures. 
 
 The advantages of concrete are well known : Absolute 
 protection against fire and decay; absence of repairs; sav- 
 ing of insurance; practical indestructibility; cleanliness 
 and vermin-proofness — all resulting in greatest economy. 
 
 With the awakening of the farmer to the possibilities 
 of his business has come the desire to build permanently. 
 In this work the farmer has found no better material, 
 when properly used, than concrete. 
 
 The use of concrete by the farmer has grown enor- 
 mously during the last decade, but it has been pretty 
 largely restricted to the building of floors, walks, founda- 
 tions, retaining walls, etc. The reason for this is found 
 in the fact that it has been necessary to erect forms mak- 
 ing heavy cumbersome walls, at great expense. 
 
 What would it mean to you as a progressive farmer to 
 be able to have a poultry house, piggery, a silo or any 
 farm building, built of concrete and know that you could 
 avoid all the present objections to concrete for such l3uild- 
 ings. To do away with expensive, clumsy forms, which 
 are difficult and costly to erect and avoid damp, cold 
 walls much thicker than necessary? To obtain perma- 
 nent concrete buildings at very low cost? 
 
 The method perfected l)y The Trussed Concrete Steel 
 Company, employed in the erection of the building on 
 opposite page, enables you to use concrete in your build- 
 ing operations much the same as you would lumber. You 
 are enabled to overcome practically all the present objec- 
 tions to building with concrete. We give you a method, 
 fully explained in this book, whereby you can erect your 
 buildings of an everlasting material at a cost comparing 
 very favorably with wood and much less than brick. 
 
 3 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 100-Ton Silo for Stock Farm of C. C. Corey, New Haven. Mich. 
 
 Farm labor used exclusivclj' in erection. No forms used. Cost 
 no more than a stave silo. Average thickness of wall, three inches. 
 (Read Mr. Corey's letter on next page.) 
 4 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 C. C. COREY 
 
 BREEDER OF 
 
 HOLSTEIN-FREISIAN CATTLE 
 ENGLISH BERKSHIRE SWINE 
 
 Herd Bull Pietcrje Hengerveld Paul Lad, 62707. 
 
 Herd Boar Premier Bacon. 123030. 
 
 Herd Boar Baron Haven, 139412. 
 
 New Haven, Mich., December 8th, 1911. 
 
 To Whom It May Concern: 
 
 My concrete silo was built over a year ago by plastering 
 over Hy-Rib supplied by the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 
 Detroit, Mich., and is today in perfect condition. This silo has 
 been filled the second time and is entirely satisfactory in every 
 way. 
 
 It has given perfect service and keeps the ensilage first-class, 
 there being no waste after the top is taken ofi. 
 
 It has shown no sign of cracking, regardless of the fact that 
 I filled it before it had time to fully cure or season. 
 
 1 have had absolutely no trouble with the silage freezing, 
 while my neighbors have experienced considerable trouble with 
 both the cement block and wood silos. 
 
 I feel that I now have a silo which is absolutely permanent, 
 fireproof, and will not require any expense for painting, repairs 
 or adjustments. The cost of Ijuilding this silo was surprisingly 
 low, and I feel that I am making a very substantial saving every 
 year. 
 
 1 am so thoroughly satisfied with tlic results obtained from 
 my Hy-Rib silo that I should cheerfully recommend it to all who 
 intend building. Yours truly, 
 
 C. C. COREY. 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Silos for J. R. Cross & Co., 
 
 Jersey Farm, Fairhope, Ala. 
 Erected Without the Use of Forms. 
 
 We have perfected a sj-stem of integral waterproofing 
 for cement whereby a three-inch wall can be made abso- 
 lutely impervious to moisture, and more frost proof than 
 any other form of silo construction. These silos are per- 
 fect from a silo standpoint, and everlasting- ; are free from 
 danger of blowing down, and do not require repairs. 
 
 Think what this means to you in your silo: your first 
 cost is the only cost. These silos are an ornament to any 
 farm. 
 
 Send for our Silo Book which tells you all about this 
 form of silo construction. 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 THE J. R. CROSS COMPANY 
 
 FAIRHOPB, ALA. 
 
 May 6, 1910. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Michigan: 
 
 Dear Sirs — Replying to your request to let you know some- 
 thing about the result of my experience with the use of Hy-Rib 
 reinforcement, manufactured by the Trussed Concrete Steel Com- 
 pany, of Detroit, will state that it has been satisfactory in every 
 respect. I built one silo with it 13 feet in diameter and .'10 feet 
 high, according to instructions received from the Trussed Con- 
 crete Steel Company, which has been used for cow-pea silage for 
 one season with perfect results. This silo has been pronounced 
 by all who have examined it as the best one they have ever seen. 
 I am just beginning the construction of another silo, of about 
 the same dimensions, and am using the same kind of reinforce- 
 ment. 
 
 I have also built a milk room with this Hy-Rib, using in this 
 connection no studding, but supporting the roofs on the corner 
 posts of the building, and it is pronounced by every one as first- 
 class in every particular. 
 
 I have also used it in building water troughs with perfect 
 satisfaction and great economy . 
 
 I have also constructed about 75 feet of concrete culverts, 
 laying first a concrete floor and then placing on same, sections 
 of Hy-Rib bent to a proper curve for making an arched culvert. 
 * * * VVe found this construction very cheap, no skilled labor 
 hardly being required in connection with it. 
 
 I shall be pleased to give you any further information in 
 regard to the matter, and will also send you a photo of the silos 
 as soon as the new one which is being constructed is completed. 
 
 Yours very truly. THE J. R. CROSS CO. 
 
 Per H. F. Ring. 
 
 NOTE. — The silo mentioned is /-'' in diameter and 30' high. The walls ore 
 solid, s" thick, plastered with Portland Cement Mortar, according to our standard 
 specifications. 
 
 24 Gauge Hy-Rib was nsed with %" Rib Bars running vertically, spaced 3' 0" 
 center to center. The roof is of tile. The down chute is of 12" sewer pipe. The 
 total cost exclusive of tile roof was two hundred dollars ($200.00). 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 HY-RIB 
 
 The erection of the foregoing" buildings and silos, 
 without forms, has been made possible through the use of 
 a metal product called Hy-Rib. 
 
 Hy-Rib is made by rolling deep stiffening ribs into a 
 flat sheet of high grade steel and so perforating and ex- 
 panding the spaces between that a perfect surface is pro- 
 vided for the application of concrete in the form of plaster. 
 
 No forms are required where Hy-Rib is used to make 
 side walls, floors, roofs, partitions, etc., as the ribs give 
 sufficient strength and rigidity to hold the wet ctmcretc 
 or mortar which, when fully set, makes a thoroughlv re- 
 inforced concrete slab. 
 
 The usual method for making side walls is to set up a 
 frame work of studding, fasten the Hy-Rib sheets to it, 
 and then plaster to the desired thickness. Two inches is the 
 usual thickness for side walls, and this thickness is more 
 serviceable, lasting and satisfactory in many ways than 
 the old st}-le si.x or eight-inch poured wall. It is damp- 
 proof and waterproof, made so b}- our integral method, 
 which is practically impossible in a poured wall except at 
 much greater expense. 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 w/U 
 
 Hy-Rib is manufac- 
 tured with a full sized 
 rib along each side of the 
 sheet, making a perfect in- 
 terlocking splice when 
 two sheets are joined. A 
 
 similar interlocking splice interlocking Splice at Sides and Ends 
 . , , , , o^ Hy-Bil) Sheets. 
 
 IS provided at the ends 
 
 by allowing the two sheets to overlap. In this way abso- 
 lute continuity of strength and reinforcement is provided 
 throughout the entire floor or wall surface. 
 
 Where Hy-Rib is used 
 
 Hy-Rib reaches you in perfect, flat sheets or in curved 
 sheets as required, and is handled just like a piece of lum- 
 ber. All that you have to do is to place it in its proper 
 location and apply the covering of concrete, either in the 
 form of plaster as in walls, or poured in, as in floors and 
 roofs. The uses for Hy-Rib are therefore unlimited. 
 
 In any place where )rou could use lumber or masonry 
 Hy-Rib will give better and more economical construction. 
 In every structure that you erect on the farm there is a 
 place where you could use Hy-Rib advantageously ; in 
 your farm-houses, barns, silos, root cellars, ice-houses, 
 cisterns, vats, septic tanks, etc. You can use it in the 
 outside walls, or the inner partitions, floors, roofs, ceilings, 
 fences, enclosures, etc. 
 
 This method of construction was first applied to big 
 city building work, where it has, in a short time, advanced 
 to enormous proportions, and it is even better adapted to 
 farm building work. 
 
 It is impossible for us to show all Hy-Rib will do, but 
 the next few pages will explain its general application and 
 if interested, we will gladly furnish you with all the de- 
 tails necessary to enable you to handle Hy-Rib readily and 
 satisfactorily. 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 THE THREE TYPES OF HY-RIB 
 
 4-Rib Hy-Rib— Ribs 13/16 in. high; 3^2 in. apart. 
 
 Width of Sheets: 10^< ins. center to center of outside ribs. 
 
 Furnislied in three thicknesses of Steel — ^Gauge Nos. 24, 26, or 28. 
 
 3-Rib Hy-Rib— Ribs ISVlC in. high; 7 ins. apart. 
 
 Width of Sheets: 14 ins. center to center of outside ribs. 
 
 Furnished in three thicknesses of Steel — Gauge Nos. 24, 26, or 28. 
 
 Deep-Rib Hy-Rib — Ribs IJj ins. high; 7 ins. apart. 
 
 Width of Sheets: 14 ins. center to center of outside ribs. 
 
 Furnished in three thicknesses of Steel — Gauge Nos. 22, 24, or 26. 
 
 Standard lengths of all types: 6, 8, 10, and 12 feet. 
 
 Intermediate and shorter lengths are cut without charge, but 
 any waste is charged to the purchaser. Tt can also be cut on the 
 job with a pair of tinner's shears. Hy-Rib sheets interlock at sides 
 and ends. No allowance need be made for sidelaps, as these are 
 provided in the Hy-Rib. Allow 2 inches for end laps where splice 
 occurs over supports; otherwise, eight inches. 
 
 10 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 HY-RIB BENT TO CURVE 
 
 Our shops are equipped to liend 4-Rib Hy-Rib to any 
 desired arc of circle with radius varying from i:! inches 
 to twenty feet. The shop bending gives absolute accuracy 
 of curve and insures the sheets going together readily. 
 
 Curved Hy-Rib possesses all the advantages of straight 
 sheets, but in a more marked degree. It is expensive to 
 build forms for a round water tank or a circular arch for 
 an underground cistern of any kind. Curved Hy-Rib does 
 away with this necessity for forms and makes the finished 
 product many times stronger and more durable. 
 
 Hy-Rib is supplied with the following kinds of bend- 
 ing, enabling you, by connecting the sheets together, to 
 build almost any form or size of tank. 
 
 1st. Circular — any arc with radius between 13 inches 
 and 20 feet, and covering any portion of a circle less than 
 three-quarters of the whole circumference. 
 
 2nd. Central portion straight and both ends curved to 
 the same arc. 
 
 3rd. One end of the sheet straight, the other end 
 curved. 
 
 11 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 ^WOOD STUDS 
 
 CREOSOTE OR 
 
 ;;j^PH ALT PA I NT- 
 
 
 V ..'.■■'.'- 
 
 , ja?««i 
 
 '^ RIB LATH. 
 
 ON INSIDE 
 OF STUDS 
 
 
 
 ;%««K««»!«as*iEJ««f s r<« : 
 
 ^■,ki<^«W■^*«*«<*f«*fff■^>''■*<^■ 
 
 .:-«««:«iM'«"^^'^'^^ 
 
 ^CRATCH COAT -< 
 
 "^ ON OUTSIDE 
 OF STUDS 
 
 FINISH COAT I 
 
 
 Double wall of concrete built without forms. Hy-Rib on out- 
 side of wood studs and Rib Lath on inside. 
 
 Note: The Hy-Rib should be plastered on the inside between 
 studs before applying Rib Lath to inside of studs. 
 
 12 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Directions for Applying Hy-Rib to Walls 
 
 ^ It is impossible to foresee all conditions under winch Hy-Rib 
 will be applied to exterior walls, so the following directions are 
 for Its use in general and the prospective user can adapt them to 
 his particular problem, or write us stating the situation, and wc 
 will advise. 
 
 FOUNDATION. 
 Build foundation walls as for any frame building and fasten 
 plate in usual manner except that, where possible the foundation 
 should extend at least two inches outside of plate in order to make 
 the finished wall and foundation flush, or foundation slightly ex- 
 tending as shown in details on page 14. For "over-coated" 
 houses, where the siding already extends outside the wall, the 
 bottom sheet can be bent underneath the siding and plastered flush 
 with the wall. 
 
 Fasten plate to foundation wall, preferably with bolt imbedded 
 while pouring wall (see page 14), or in any usual manner. Height 
 and size of wall will of course depend upon structure being built, 
 and the desire of the individual owners, but Hy-Rib construction 
 will not demand any different design than that usually employed. 
 
 SETTING UP WOOD FRAME. 
 
 Build your wood frame much the same as for wood siding. 
 
 For One-Story Barns, Sheds, etc., with Single Wall. 
 
 Spacing of Supports 
 
 Less than 3 feet. 
 3 feet to 6 feet. . 
 
 Thickness of Wall. Reinforcement. 
 
 ]J4 inches I No. 28, 3-rib Hy-Rib 
 
 13/i inches ] No. 26, 3-rib Hy-Rib 
 
 Space supports according to above table, or use 2x4's spaced 
 according to general building practice from 16 to 24 inches apart 
 in which case no special arrangements need be made for support- 
 ing roof. 
 
 If the studs are three feet apart in side walls a concrete roof 
 on buildings not over sixteen feet in width can be supported with 
 safety by using two 2x4's nailed together as top wall plate. The 
 idea of studding is to support the Hy-Rib side walls and the roof, 
 so apply your knowledge of the supports necessary to sustain ordi- 
 nary roofs. 
 
 When a span greater than sixteen feet is desired, consult our 
 
 engineers. 
 
 13 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 l^oof Concrefe ^o h& coyere^ 
 
 if2coah Cement 
 P/aster 
 
 Look/na Doyyn Upon J/de\k\ 
 Wall ihomn<f ipacmif &J 
 
 Of sTi/as ere. «--<5 $ cs 
 
 -Uir paper 
 
 /'n^/£:i^e 
 
 De/^// a/ each 
 s/de of doty 
 
 oi/h/de — ^ 
 
 iar paper 
 /ns/a'e 
 
 De/a// be/ivi'fn 
 Do:/b/e Mrx^yv 
 
 /nside 
 Defail at i>o/- 
 forn of lY/hdciv 
 
 Secr/o/^s Th/su IViNpoyv 
 
 / coc7t bac^p/aste' 
 Scoafs of 
 Cement P/aster-^ 
 
 Deih// a/ tqe 
 of door 
 
 ^y/4-Ao/i- 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 "i feg- a/?/b /7i/-/?/i 
 Detai/ a^ ia//am of £>oor 
 
 Tar paper 
 
 I'^Z" Slock for 
 na/tinif daseboard. 
 Wall Plate. 
 
 fjoor-. 
 
 ^y|0-^o^lt4 
 
 ■/rnbed jo/st 
 in concrete 
 
 ^ECTIO/W3 ThffSU h^^Li. 
 
 Details of Use of Hy-Rib in Walls, Roofs and Ceiling and Framing 
 Around Doors and Windows. 
 
 14 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 For Any Ordinary Barn or House Two Stories in Height 
 
 Follow practically the same spacing of supports only in most 
 cases it will be necessary to support roof entirely from the stud- 
 ding and, if roof is of concrete, the studding will have to be some- 
 what closer together. 
 
 For Barn or House With Double Wall. 
 
 When Rib Lath is used for inside walls the studding will have 
 to be spaced according to tables on page 20. 
 
 Another thing to keep in mind is that the standard lengths of 
 Hy-Rib are 6, 8, ID and 12 feet. Of course these sheets can be 
 cut with a pair of tinner's shears or will be cut to any desired 
 length by us, hut studs can be arranged so as to save both time and 
 material if these conditions are kept in mind. 
 
 ATTACHING SHEETS OF HY-RIB. 
 
 Whether for single or double wall, the outside construction is 
 the same, and in double wall construction the coat between studs 
 is put on before lath is placed inside. 
 
 First paint face of studding with creosote or asphalt paint, very 
 inexpensive, to prevent stud from absorbing water from the 
 concrete. 
 
 After rough framing is completed, commence attaching sheets 
 of Hy-Rib with rib side out, nailing them to supports with ordi- 
 nary two-inch staples or nails at every rib. Interlock all Hy-Rib 
 sheets at sides and ends and wire or clamp sheets together every 
 24" along the sides and at every rib at the ends. Allow 2 inches 
 for end laps when splice occurs over supports ; otherwise, 8 inches. 
 
 Bring ends flush at corners. At window and door openings 
 you will, of course, have two pieces of 2x4's, nailed together, so 
 bring the sheets to within about an inch and a half of the inside 
 edge and nail on a square strip clear round the opening on both 
 sidles to nail the inside and otitside moulding to. (See details on 
 page 14.) Proceed, in like manner, over whole exterior, remem- 
 bering that this is practically your outside sheathing to be coated 
 with concrete. 
 
 The detail of window and door jamb, page 14, is not the only 
 design possible, but is one method and other suitable details may be 
 
 adopted. 
 
 • 15 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
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 16 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 PLASTERING. 
 
 Prepare plaster according to directions given on page 52. 
 
 Use a wood or steel trowel and apply first coat to rib s;dc. 
 using only enough pressure to force plaster well into the meshes, 
 too much pressure will cause a waste on the back side which can 
 be avoided. Aim to bring first coat only to depth of rib. 'I"he 
 less troweling done the better. As soon as this first coat is ap- 
 plied scratch it over with an}-thing that will roughen the surface 
 and help make a bond for the next coat. (A piece of Hy-Rib is 
 good for this purpose.) Let this coat set for six hours or 
 long enough to give it enough rigidity to hold up the next coat. 
 The time of setting will depend to a great extent upon the weather 
 conditions, etc. Next apply another coat to the outside, and one 
 to the inside between the studs or vice versa. For a full two-inch 
 wall a third coat will in most cases be necessary, as the three 
 generally give but 1^"- The last coat outside can be given any 
 finish desired, but it must be waterproofed with Trus-Con W.\ter- 
 PROOFING Paste in order to make it danipproof. (Directions for 
 waterproofing on page .54. 
 
 Whenever it is desired to apply more coats the surface of last 
 coat should be well scratched. Do not be afraid of plaster falling 
 off, for if you have a good grade of plastering sand and have the 
 proper consistency it will stick like glue. 
 
 When it comes to applying the outside finish coat, plan to cover 
 an entire surface at one time if possible, in order to overcome any 
 distinct unsightly marks of division between applications. A good 
 smooth, evenly troweled surface is very attractive, especially where 
 a good clean grade of sand has been used. For those desiring to 
 color differently we manufacture what is known as Trus-Con 
 Stone-Tex, a hard surface coating for concrete that becomes a 
 
 17 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 18 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Bu ilding Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 part of the concrete. Tt is applied witii a brush much the same as 
 paint to the dried surface. It comes in colors ranging from white 
 to red brick. If you already have an old concrete or brick surface 
 that you would like to re-color, send for card showing colors and 
 describing Stone-Tex. 
 
 INTERIOR WALLS. 
 
 For the interior wall apply the lath in same manner as you 
 did the Hy-Rib, and plaster inside. Apply two scratch or rough 
 coats and one finish coat. This gives an extremely hard, durable 
 wall. The interior walls can be given an attractive, washable, 
 sanitary finish in several tints by using Trus-Con Asepticote. 
 
 ROOFS. 
 
 Framing the Roof — Put up the roofing joists in much the 
 same manner as though roofing boards were to be applied except 
 that it will be necessary to use somewhat heavier rafters. A two 
 by six or eight will carry on most spans. Study the details of 
 designs which we will send you, or consult our engineers for 
 advice in constructing large roofs. 
 
 After the joists are in place fasten on the sheets of Hy-Rib 
 with rig side up in the same manner as for side walls. Follow 
 same directions as to splicing or lapping at ends and sides. Run 
 sheets around over the ends of joists and back under eaves until 
 they join on to side wall. Otherwise ends of joists may be left 
 exposed if preferred. 
 
 CONCRETING ROOFS. 
 
 Apply the mixture described under "Mixtures for roofs and 
 floors (page 53) to the top of sheets, as shown on page 44, to a 
 thickness of one and one-half inch. Plaster around end of rafters 
 and underneath whole roof with plaster as used in side walls. 
 This gives you a perfect concrete roof. 
 
 The concrete surface should be swept clean and a roofing ap- 
 plied in accordance with the manufacturers' standard specifications. 
 This is important so as to prevent roof from leaking. 
 
 FLOORS. 
 
 Floors are treated similarly to roofs except that you are liable 
 to have varying weights to carry, and very heavy ones may 
 require special designs. 
 
 More complete directions will be found on our special plans. 
 
 Write us about anything you do not understand. 
 
 19 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 RIB LATH AND RIB STUDS 
 
 Rib Lath is similar to Hy-Rib, except that it is lighter, does 
 not have the deep stiffening rib, and is used principally for interior 
 work on walls and ceilin,s;s. Rib Studs are steel studding used in 
 walls and partitions which do not support any loads. 
 
 BEADED PLATE or "A" RIB LATH 
 
 Size of Sheets — 15^ x 96 inches. 
 Shipped in bundles containing 16 sheets, or 18 yards. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weight per 
 square yard 
 
 Ma:timom atud spaciDg 
 
 for walla 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Maximum joist ipaclne 
 
 for ceilineB 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Rib IvBth No. lA 
 Rib I,ath No. 2A 
 Rib Lath No. 4 A 
 
 3.63 lbs, 
 4.54 lbs. 
 5.45 lbs. 
 
 18 inches 
 20 inchei 
 24 inches 
 
 16 inches 
 18 inches 
 22 inches 
 
 STANDARD RIB LATH 
 
 Similar to Beaded Plate Rib Lath, but with narrower ribs. 
 
 Size of Sheets — 30^ x 96 inches. 
 
 Shipped in bundles containing 12 sheets, or 18 yards. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weight per 
 square yard 
 
 Maxinrnm atud ipaclne 
 
 tot wall. 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Maximum joist spacine 
 
 for ceillnea 
 
 (center to center) 
 
 Rib Lath No. 1 
 Rib Lath No. 2 
 Rib Lath No. 4 
 
 2.74 lbs. 
 3.42 lbs. 
 4.10 lbs. 
 
 14 inches 
 16 inches 
 18 inches 
 
 12 inches 
 14 inches 
 16 inches 
 
 We recommand the use of p&inted lath, but can supply it without paint if desired. 
 
 20 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 RIB STUDS 
 
 Rib Studs— made of the highest grade of open-hearth steel- 
 are open for the passage of conduits and pipes, and provide an 
 uninterrupted air space between the two plaster surfaces. The 
 open mesh simplifies the wiring of latli. 
 
 Rib Studs are made in five widths (2^" to 8'4") and in any 
 length up to 18 feet. (See standard stock sizes below.) 
 
 Rib Stud Extensions, furnished for all sizes of Rib Studs, 
 
 fhe 3° rf .h. Rib sfud. and .re damped ilgW w,.h p.ncera o. 
 hammer. 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 22 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 CONCRETE BARNS 
 
 Good, sanitary barns are a real economy. They pro- 
 vide a dry, well ventilated and uniform temperature shel- 
 ter, insuring the greatest productiveness and vitality of all 
 classes of stock. Poorly built barns are very expensive 
 because of their dampness, lack of ventilation and constant 
 necessity for repairs. With the improved Hy-Rib Con- 
 crete designs of barns, such barns can be built very in- 
 expensively and besides giving the best possible protection 
 to the stock, are fireproof, and no repairs are necessary. 
 We can treat the walls so that they become damp-proof 
 and wear resisting. Any design of barn can be readily 
 adapted to our system of construction since the materials 
 are handled very much like lumber. 
 
 The walls are built according to general directions for 
 single and double walls; the roof as for general roof con- 
 struction. 
 
 It is impossible for us to show many plans, but the 
 general idea can be grasped and then applied to any par- 
 ticular building. 
 
 We have plans for many types of barns, and will send 
 these if you tell us just what you are interested in. 
 
 23 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
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 24 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 25 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 W 
 
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 26 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 27 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 28 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Smith Bros. Grain & Elevator Co., Ft. Worth, Texas. 
 
 All beams and supports are of Kahn System reinforced con- 
 crete. Sidings and roofs are concrete, reinforced with Hy-Rib. 
 The unfinished panels at the top show the Hy-Rib in place ready 
 for plastering. The windows are United Steel Sash. 
 
 29 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Glenmore Distillery, Owensboro, Ky. 
 
 Arched Hy-Rib roof and sidings sliown in all stages of 
 
 construction. 
 
 Hy-Rib Building at Hudson Motor Car Co. Plant, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 30 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Shop for Lars Backe, Thief River Falls, Minn. 
 
 Carpenter Shop, Hudson Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Hy-Rib Roofs and Sidings. 
 
 The photographs on these two pages represent a black- 
 smith shop, distiller}-, power house, and carpenter shrp 
 respectively. They arv excellent structures, giving the 
 \-ery best of satisfaction, and show the wide field for this 
 method of building of C(jncrete without forms. The budd- 
 ings are attractn-e and efficient. Note particularl)- the 
 arched Hy-Rib roof and side walls of the Glenmore Dis- 
 tillery. 
 
 31 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Residence of W. Rosberry, Roslindale, Mass. 
 
 Residence for Miss Alice Henck, Santa Barbara, Cal. 
 
 Thomas Nixon, Architect. 
 Any finish desired may be given the last coat of plaster. The 
 
 plain natural concrete color is very pleasing, and after being 
 waterproofed is unexcelled in durability. 
 
 32 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 RESIDENCES, GARAGES AND 
 SMALL BUILDINGS 
 
 {Sec also Special Folder on Hy-Rib Garages, sent on request) 
 
 The building- of concrete residences and smaller buildings 
 has long- been popular, owing to their permanence, fire- 
 proofness, and unusual possibilities for artistic treatment. 
 The cost has been the one item which has hindered a 
 more universal adoption of this type of building. 
 
 The cost of lumber, field labor, and special contrivances 
 necessary to carry on the ordinary type of concrete con- 
 struction, makes such work expensive in small buildings. 
 Ky-Rib does away entirely with all this centering and 
 special work, greatly reducing the cost. 
 
 For small buildings such as garages, sheds, barns, etc., 
 a single thickness wall of Hy-Rib plastered with cement 
 is ample. To carry the floor and roof loads provide occa- 
 sional posts built up of steel members, wooden scantling, 
 or reinforced concrete. Hy-Rib is attached rigidly to the 
 posts by means of Hy-Rib clips, wires, or staples. 
 
 For dwelling houses an air space should be provided in 
 the outside wall. The following method for constructing 
 stucco walls, will give by far the best results, although 
 the other methods outlined are satisfactory: 
 
 'Interior /Znis/? 
 -k^all F/a^ier 
 -Piblath 
 -Air Space 
 ■JSuildin^^ fijper 
 Air Space 
 2'i4'Jiud 
 - Cem ent Alortar 
 ffy ^ib 
 
 y4 finish Ccpat o' 
 Wat&rnroofed 
 Cem ent F/<as^er 
 
 / v^int ivood under ceinerf mortar 
 / With Creosote or asphaU paiini 
 
 
 /fc/-J?ib fasierred to j-tuds hy 
 Staple-r oye'r each Fib. 
 
 Set up an ordinary "balloon'' frame structure with 2x4 
 studding spaced 16 to 24 inches apart, and put all tem- 
 porary bracing on the inside. Fasten Hy-Rib to outside 
 of studs with 2J-4-inch staples over each rib. Use 3-Rib 
 Hy-Rib with ribs extending horizontally and lath surface 
 
 33 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Workingmen's Cottages of Hy-Rib, Tampa, Florida. 
 
 Hy-Rib Residences, Detroit, Mich. 
 During Construction. 
 
 34 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 against studs. Interlock Hy-Rib slieets at side and ends, 
 securely wiring or clinching them eAfcry 2-i inches along 
 sides and at every rili at ends. Paint the studs with creo- 
 sote or asphalt paint along the entire ijutcr face, and at 
 least an inch back cm the sides. Plaster this iHy-Rib on 
 the outside with cement mortar (mixed and applied as 
 directed on page ,52) to a thickness of 1 '/j inches and gi^'c 
 it any finish desired. The last ^4" of plaster iinish should 
 be waterproofed with Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste. 
 Then back plaster the Hy-Rib with similar mortar to a 
 thickness of about half an inch. 
 
 This construction insures alisolute protection for the 
 steel, and when the mortar has set you have a 2-inch rein- 
 forced concrete slab, solid as rock, and much stronger and 
 more rigid than the ordinary matched sheathing of which 
 it has taken the place. 
 
 On the inside of the studdmg tack thin asbestos board 
 or a very heavy tarred paper, then /,^-inch furring strips, 
 and heavy Rib-Lath on Avhich plaster rs-inch of cement 
 mortar or good plaster, and the regular iinish coat. 
 
 In this way you have secured a house which possesses 
 the following advantages : 
 
 1. Practically fireproof, due to the heat-resisting qual- 
 ities of the 2-inch reinforced concrete slab i. n outside. 
 
 2. Absolutelv waterproof and damp-proof. 
 
 .3. Easy to heat in winter and keep cool in summer, 
 owing to the double air space in the wall. 
 
 4. Practicallv indestructihdc owing to the permanence 
 of the reinforced concrete wall. 
 
 5. No expense for maintenance, such as painting, re- 
 pairs, etc. 
 
 6. Unusual architectural beauty because of the artistic 
 effects that can be secured with stucco. 
 
 7. Low first cost. 
 
 35 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Overcoated Residence of C. Bewick. Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Cement Stucco used over old wooden house. 
 
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 "^■"•^•^•rrnT' 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 
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 Old Wooden House Transformed Into Modern Permanent 
 Residence by "Overcoating." 
 
 Cyrus E. Lothrop, Grosse Pointe, Mich,, Owner. 
 
 Burrowes & Wells, Architects. 
 
 36 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 The use of Hy-Rib on Exteriors outlined on pre- 
 ceding pages, gives a wall of almost unlimited strength and 
 rigidity, and is suitable for large buildings. For small 
 cottages and for structures in which the total wind pres- 
 sure will not be great, some saving may be effected by 
 using HEAVY BEADED PLATE RIB-LATPI in place 
 of Hy-Rib, on the outside, plastering it in the same man- 
 ner on both sides to a total thickness of 1'4 inches or 
 more. In this stucco construction it must be borne in 
 mind that the only way to insure permanence is to have 
 a real reinforced concrete slab on the outside. 
 
 Tell us about the house you intend building, and we 
 will send various plans. 
 
 "OVER-COATED" HOUSES 
 
 5heaihing 
 Sidling 1 
 
 Wa ierproofecf 
 Cement Plaster—^ 
 Air Space- 
 
 An old, wood-frame house can be readily transformed 
 at nominal, expense into a modern concrete building by 
 the use of Hy-Rib. The Hy-Rib is placed against the 
 wood clapboards with the ribs extending horizontally and 
 the lath surface outward. The Hy-Rib sheets are inter- 
 locked at sides and ends, and securely stapled or nailed 
 to the wood sheathing at least every 24 inches in both 
 directions. Plaster the Hy-Rib with cement mortar mixed 
 and applied as directed on page 52, to a thickness of one 
 inch. The outside •%" finish plaster should be water- 
 proofed with Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste. The trans- 
 formation made in a house in this way is very wonderful, 
 enhancing the value and the life of the property, and pro- 
 
 tecting it against fire. 
 
 37 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 38 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Mendelssohn Club. Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Cement Siding before and after plastering. 
 
 39 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Walls, Hotel for Sanchez & Haya Real Estate Co., 
 Tampa, Fla. 
 
 Hy-Rib Fence— Ernest G. Swift, Detroit, Mich. 
 Note Hy-Rib Garage at Right. 
 
 40 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 
 
 
 "Y— : 
 
 Hy-Rib Fence for Van Perrine Residence, Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Chas. R. Weathcrhogg, Architect. 
 Hy-Rib Spans Horizontally between Reinforced Concrete Posts. 
 
 HY-RIB CONCRETE FENCES 
 
 Solid conci-ete fences are ttseful on the farm to serve 
 as wind-breaks, and also as ornamental enclosures around 
 farm houses, etc. Their construction with Hy-Rib is very 
 simple, as no centering or false-work is necessary. Hy- 
 Rib fences can be built to any height desired, and are of 
 two types; one with the entire walls solid, and the other 
 a fence consisting of a series of concrete rails. 
 
 The former fence consists of 8x8 inch concrete posts, 
 which are usually cast on the ground and set in place with 
 panels between them. The posts are provided with nar- 
 row slots into which the Hy-Rib is inserted. The posts 
 are ordinarily set so as to accommodate sheets of Hy-Rib 
 from 6 to 13 feet in length. For the solid fence the Hy- 
 Rib is all set in place and plastered with cement mortar 
 on both sides to the required thickness. The fence with 
 openings between the concrete boards is built similarly, 
 except that the Hy-Rib sheets are separated the required 
 number of inches apart. 
 
 The top of the fence may be finished with a rail and 
 cap, either built in place or cast previously, or the top of 
 the' fence may be left perfectly plain. 
 
 Write for details of fences. 
 
 41 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for T. H. Kane, Youngstown, O. 
 
 Ready for Plastering and Completed. 
 
 Write for Hy-Rib Garage Folder, containing complete details 
 
 and specifications. 
 
 42 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Hy-Rib Garage for W. E. Parker, Grosse Pointe, Mich. 
 
 C. Howard Crane, Architect. 
 
 HY-RIB CONCRETE GARAGES 
 
 The Hy-Rib garage is one that should appeal to any- 
 one desiring a fireproof neat building. The examples 
 here shown are of steel frame work. Wood studding and 
 joists may be used, slightly reducing the cost. We have 
 standard drawings for the ones shown here, but will make 
 drawings for any particular design desired. 
 
 The construction is the same as for any siding and 
 roof, and so general directions for building sidings and 
 roof's will apply. Each individual case will, of course, 
 call for a little ^Jififerent method, but no more so than if 
 lumber was used throughout. 
 
 Any type, design or size of garage can be economically 
 built with Hy-Rib construction. 
 
 We will gladly make detail drawmgs of any special 
 p-arage for which Hy-Rib is ordered. 
 
 We have distributing centers for Hy-Rib m nearly 
 every section of the country or can ship promptly from 
 our Youngstown shops. 
 
 43 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
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 44 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 TESTS 
 
 A series of tests on concrete slalis reinforced with 
 Hy-Rib were condncted at the yards nf the Afichigan Bolt 
 & Nut Works by the Michigan Technical Laboratory at 
 Detroit. These tests showed unexpected strength — more 
 than we recommend in our tables. 
 
 The test slabs were built during cold weather, and 
 were subjected to test loads within 21 to 28 days after- 
 ward. Test blocks of concrete, mixed at the same time, 
 showed that the concrete had not nearly developed its 
 full compressive strength ; otherwise, even .greater carry- 
 ing capacities would undoubtedly ha^e been secured. Pig 
 iron was used on test. 
 
 Above slab is 2 inches thick, reinforced with 2S gauge 
 Hy-Rib, spanning 4 feet and carrying a load 4,311 pounds 
 equal to 613 pounds per sq. ft. of slab. 
 
 This amount of concrete without its reinforcing of Hy- 
 Rib would bear practically no weight. A wall constructed 
 in this manner is thus made extremely stri.mg and capable 
 of resisting ver}' heavy pressures. Consider what this 
 means to you in your silo, tank or other building work. 
 
 45 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 
 &--i<r-^'-'--i^^lgr-^ 
 
 Hy-Rib Partition, Trussed Concrete Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Note grounds for base-board and chair-rail. 
 
 46 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 PARTITIONS 
 
 For solid partitions built either with cement, lime, or 
 patent plaster, Hy-Rib is especially suitable as reinforce- 
 ment. The ribs of the Hy-Rib take the place of the studs 
 which are otherwise necessary, and do away entirely with 
 the expense and labor of attaching sheets of lath to studs. 
 Owing to the fact that the lath and ribs are a complete 
 unit, made from a single sheet of steel, such partitions 
 have extraordinary rigidit)-. 
 
 All that is necessary is to set up the sheets of Hy-Rib 
 — plaster both sides — and the partition is complete. No 
 centering or studs are necessary. Thin partitions of great 
 strength and rigidity are rapidly constructed in this wa}-. 
 
 Hy-Rib presents a flat surface to work against, assur- 
 ing ease and speed in plastering, and requiring a mini- 
 mum amount of material. 
 
 There are several methods of fastening the Hy-Rib 
 sheets at the top and bottom, but we furnish light tongue 
 angles for that purpose. .Support sheets temporarily, while 
 plaster is applied to rib side, after which plaster to a 
 thickness varying from one and one-half to two and one- 
 half inches. 
 
 Where hollow partitions are desired, two thicknesses 
 of Hy-Rib can be used. The sheets are placed with the 
 lath side outward and the plaster is applied to the desired 
 thickness. 
 
 Hy-Rib is the most economical reinforcement for par- 
 tition work. It does away with expensive field labor, 
 saves plaster, and provides increased rigidity, besides sav- 
 ing time in erection. 
 
 Detail of Door-Framing for Hy-Rib Partition. 
 
 47 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 L ^m, imsBim ' ' '■' 'ft"rii!iiiiDi£iuiiiiiiiiijj.,iiS 
 
 Plastering Flat Side of Hy-Rib Partition and View from Opp. Side 
 
 Note perfect clinch with no dropping- of plaster. 
 
 Interior of Concrete Barn. 
 
Hy-Rib— A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Test. 
 
 These photographs show the gj-ea-t Hre-resisting 
 qualities of a tzvo-inch HV-RIB concrete slab. 
 
 NEW YORK FIRE TEST ON 
 HY-RIB PARTITION 
 
 Made by Prof. Ira H. Woolson for 
 City Building Bureaus. 
 
 Partitions were of standard size re- 
 quired by tlie Building Specifications, 
 14' 6"x9' 6". No. 26 Gauge Hy-Rib 
 was installed in partition; plaster used 
 was Rock Wall, put on in two inside 
 and two outside coats, the approxi- 
 mate total thickness of partition being 
 two inches. The partition was subjected 
 to a continuous fire for one hour, at an 
 average temperature of 1700 degrees 
 Fahr., and a V/i" stream of water at 
 hydrant pressure was then thrown 
 against it for two and one-half minutes. 
 
 After the application of fire and 
 water, the final maximum deflection 
 in the Hy-Rib partition was only %". 
 and partition was in excellent condition. 
 No. 28 Gauge Hy-Rib partitions two 
 two thicknesses of metal for hollow 
 
 Exterior of Partilion after 
 
 In view of above test, 
 inches thick, solid or with ■ ,, t, u f at i, ,, 
 
 Dn have been approved for use m the Borough of Manhattan. 
 
 partition 
 
 49 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 ^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 St~. ^^^=z 
 
 ^g^!^an - =:::r- 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 
 Water Tank (Hy-Rib), Jefferson Powder Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
 Hy-Rib bent to exact curve in our shops. 
 Constructed of one section of Hy-Rib, plastered to a thickness 
 of 3J/2", and thoroughly waterproofed with Trus-Con Waterproof- 
 ing Paste. 
 
 50 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Tanks 
 
 Build the foundation in same manner as if forms were to be 
 used in construction. Eitlier set the lower sheets, after having 
 been wired together at end laps, in the wet concrete or set pieces 
 of iron rods into the foundation every three feet at the exact line 
 the sheets will cover and after the foundation has set, put on the 
 Hy-Rib wiring it to the rods with soft wire. For small tanks, 
 which are elevated or placed on a wood foundation or are to be 
 moved: Set up the sheets and wire a bottom of Hy-Rib to them, 
 so that sides and bottom will be formed of a continuous sheet of 
 Hy-Rib. Next place a layer of cement on the floor at the spot 
 where tank is to set, and immediately place the Hy-Rib on to it, 
 working the bottom well into it, pour in a layer for the bottom 
 and plaster up sides as per directions following. If it is desired to 
 move the tank from this foundation, grease well the floor under 
 the tank or place heavy paper. For comparatively small tanks, of 
 2 or 3 hundred gallons capacity, no additional reinforcement will 
 be necessary, but for larger ones J^-inch Rib-Bars should be placed 
 up the inside of the tank well wired to the Hy-Rib, and spaced 
 every three feet apart. Special designs should be made for large 
 tanks, which this office will furnish. 
 
 Silos 
 
 The silo is comparatively simple of erection, and is somewhat 
 similar in construction to that of a circular tank. Hy-Rib Silos 
 have a three-inch wall, and preserve the silage much better than 
 wood silos. They will never crack or break out either from tem- 
 perature or pressure. Complete directions, specifications, etc., in 
 our Silo Hand Book. 
 
 Underground Cisterns, Reservoirs, etc. 
 
 The steel takes the place of all bricking and form work, and 
 so in general application the Hy-Rib will be built up complete, 
 set in place in the excavation, and plastered on inside only. Thi 
 foundation is first made and then follow directions as for tanks. 
 It is usually best to excavate only enough to allow of the Hy-Rib 
 setting in place, with plenty room left to fill in after the concrete, 
 applied to inside, has set. If, however, the reservoir is a large one 
 and it is not practicable to set the sheets up outside, dig the hole 
 large enough to admit of a man working around the Hy-Rib frame 
 while putting together. 
 
 51 
 
 e 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Mixtures, Sand, Cement and Gravel, etc. 
 
 I''or all plastering work use the following mixture: 
 
 Sand 12 parts 
 
 Cement 5 parts 
 
 Hydrated lime 1 part 
 
 CEMENT. 
 
 Any good standard grade of cement that is of known reli- 
 ability, and that will meet the standard specifications of the 
 American Society for testing materials. Cement must be kept dry 
 and do not attempt to use cement after it has become so hard that 
 you must use a heavy weight to break it up. That kind of cement 
 will give you no more service than would so much sand. 
 
 SAND. 
 
 Use a good grade of sand for plaster work. It must be sifted 
 to remove the gravel which interferes with plastering. It must 
 not contain over five per cent of soil. Soil weakens the mixture 
 and makes it a poor color for exterior work. A plaster made 
 with sand which has too much soil will not stick well or make a 
 permanent bond with the first coat. The presence of dirt is 
 readily detected. 
 
 HYDRATED LIME. 
 
 It is necessary to use some hydrated lime in the plaster. Or- 
 dinary lump lime slaked on the job is not so good. Hydrated lime 
 can be obtained in sacks already to mi.x and makes plastering much 
 more satisfactory. 
 
 These quantities are by volume, but it must be borne in mind 
 that the cement is packed in the sacks and when it is poured out 
 bulks up until a sack becomes nearly one-third greater by volume 
 so mixtures should be made to include at least one sack batches. 
 If this is not possible allow some for bulk, or better weigh the 
 cement taken, remembering that cement and sand weigh about 
 the same measure for measure. 
 
 Mix the cement and lime together first, add whole to the sand 
 and thoroughly mix dry, and then add water to proper consistency. 
 
 CONSISTENCY OF PLASTER. 
 
 Make the cement mixture wet enough to handle readily as a 
 good, sticky plaster. A very little experience will soon show what 
 this consistency should be. If too dry the plaster will not make a 
 good bond with previous coat. A lime plasterer will recognize the 
 proper consistency at once. 
 
 For first plaster coat on Hy-Rib, add clean cow hair to mix- 
 ture, before wetting. Use about one pound of hair to one sack of 
 cement. 
 
 WORK OF PLASTERING. 
 
 Apply first coat, with hair, to the rib side, aiming to come 
 only to depth of rib with this coat. While it is wet scratch 
 over v/ell with any tool that will cut rough grooves and ridges to 
 
 52 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 make a mechanical bond for next coat, A piece of Hy-Rib will 
 do this very nicely. 
 
 As soon as lirst coat has set enough to hold weight of more 
 plaster apply a second coat to the outside and one to the inside. 
 This coat need not have any key of hair, but should be well mixed 
 and of good, smooth working consistency, and quite wet. These 
 three coats will make your wall about two inches thick. If a 
 greater thickness is required, scratch over the side to which it is 
 to be added. For water tanks, etc., the greater thickness should 
 be on the inside — for walls of cisterns practically all on the inside 
 — for walls of barns, etc.. all i)ut one coat on the outside or ril) 
 side. 
 
 Do not trowel the first coats much, leave them rough; it will 
 be better for the plaster commg later, and if you have a fairly good 
 grade of sand and a good wet mix you will get a perfect bond 
 without troweling. The last coat should be troweled smooth and 
 floated on, covering as much surface as possible during one job, as 
 this will prevent streaks appearing. 
 
 Thoroughly protect the finished work from too rapid drying 
 and the direct rays of the sun by means of damp canvas or sprink- 
 ling. The finished work must be kept thoroughly moist in tliis way 
 for at least two days after plastering. 
 
 CONCRETE FLOORS AND ROOFS 
 
 Prepare concrete for roofs and tlorirs with tlic following pro- 
 portions: 
 
 Portland Cement 1 part. 
 
 Sand '.i parts. 
 
 Gravel or broken stone 4 parts. 
 
 The sand and cement should be of the same quality as speci- 
 fied for "Plaster Work," page 52. 
 
 Broken Stone and Gravel. 
 This material should be hard, close-grained, and free from dust 
 and dirt. For Hy-Rib construction for floors and roofs all stone 
 should be of such size as to pass through a half-inch ring, being 
 preferably well-graded up to this largest size. If gravel contams 
 sand, make a proper reduction in the amount of sand used. 
 
 Application. 
 Mix the sand and cement together; then add the gravel and 
 finally water, mixing until absolutely uniform throughout. Cover 
 the Hy-Rib sheets with this mixture and float the surface smooth. 
 When the concrete has set sufficiently, plaster the under side with 
 the standard mixture for plastering, page 52. , 
 
 A box for enough sand to make up a two-bag mixture is 
 2'x2' in size and lll^ inches high. Box for one-bag mixture 
 should be one-half this size or this one hlled half fu k A box 
 or barrel should be made, .3 or 4 feet by IVA inches high for a 
 
 two-bag mix. . , , . , r 
 
 Protect the concrete work from too rapid drymg by means ot 
 damp burlap or canvas, or by sprinkling. 
 
 53 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 WATERPROOFING. 
 
 Cement, mortar and concrete are naturally porous and 
 in order to be sure of a tight job it is necessary to prop- 
 erly waterproof them. There are a number of methods 
 recommended by this company for special conditions, but 
 the one best adapted is what is called the Integral Water- 
 proofing Method. By this method we mix what is called 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste into the water that we are 
 using- for our cement in the proportions of one part paste 
 to twelve parts water. This is used only in the inside or 
 exposed coat for silos, tanks, etc., and the outside for 
 walls. By this method we are enabled to make a two- 
 inch wall absolutely waterproof and dampproof, and to a 
 great extent frost proof. Think of the value of this in 
 your silos, water tanks, cisterns, barn walls, etc. 
 
 Exterior Finishes. 
 
 There are a great many kinds of finishes or methods 
 of finishing concrete work designed to fit dilTerent tastes 
 and conditions. Smooth Finish, Rough Cast, Slap Dash, 
 Pebble Dash, Broom Dash Finish, etc. 
 
 Any of the above may be given a more attracti\'e and 
 uniform appearance by coating with our Trus-Con Stone- 
 Tex a cement coating furnished in several colors. 
 
 Interior Finishes. 
 
 Interiors of cement walls and floors can be made 
 smooth, hard and dustless through the use of our floor 
 and wall enamels. 
 
 54 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Complete Building Plans are Free 
 
 The few detail drawinq-s in the balance of this book are 
 only suggestions as to methods of planning and erecting 
 various buildings using Hy-Rib. We have plans for other 
 buildings and there are a great many uses for Hy-Rib not 
 mentioned in this book. Write us about your plans and 
 we will adapt Hy-Rib to ydur particular requirements. 
 
 -Roof concrete to b« covered 
 with a good standard roo-fing 
 
 - /'/a" Cement 
 Concrete on **" 26 
 4 Rib liiy-Rib 
 
 Section of Dairy Barn taken from our large plan of Concrete 
 Dairy Barn The balance of this design and others may be had tor 
 the asking. We make drawings for buildmgs m wnich our mate- 
 rials are used. 
 
 55 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Dipping Vats 
 
 Dipping vats are now found generally on farms. 
 Dipping animals rids them of ticks, lice, mites, fleas, and 
 as a cure for Texas Fever, lip and leg disease and scabies. 
 A concrete vat is absolutely permanent and is thoroughly 
 waterproof and moisture proof, so as to prevent the loss 
 of the liquid chemicals which are so expensive. The de- 
 sign of the vat we have prepared is along the lines of the 
 recommendation of the best authorities among practical 
 farmers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^te^«J^# 
 
 A Poultry House of Modern Design. 
 
 Photograph by courtesy of New York College of Architecture, 
 Cornell University. 
 
 Concrete Hen Houses 
 
 A good, sanitary, concrete hen-house can always be 
 readily kept clean and is always a good investment. The 
 use of Hy-Rib and Rib Lath plastered with cement makes 
 such buildings comparatively inexpensive. The walls in 
 this case are built with studs covered with Hy-Rib on the 
 outside and plastered with cement. In the same way the 
 inside of the studs is covered with Rib Lath and plas- 
 tered with cement. The roof is built with joists covered 
 with Hy-Rib and concrete above, and Rib Lath and 
 cement plaster below. This gives a complete air-space 
 around the entire hen-house which keeps out the cold and 
 dampness. 
 
 56 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Milk Houses 
 
 We have a design prepared for a good, standard milk liouse 
 which is too large to show here, but will be mailed complete upon 
 request. 
 
 This design shows in detail a strictly modern, model milk 
 house, easily built and at low cost. The walls consist of wood 
 studding, covered with Hy-Rib and Rib Lath and cement plaster, 
 as described in this book. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Ice Houses 
 
 The lirst reauirement in a properly constructed ice honse is 
 that the walls and roofs should provide a maximum insulation 
 against heat. We have prepared drawings for two kinds of ice 
 houses, a part of one being shown here. This type of construc- 
 tion provides a perfect insulation as:ainst heat. 
 
 ^rP>b'X.6Hii 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Ice House. 
 
 57 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 
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Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product— Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Hog Barns 
 
 The swine breeder of today who \vishes best returns 
 knows that he must proteet the herd in suitable build- 
 ings and not expose them tn the cold blasts of winter or 
 the glaring sun of summer. <Jne of the most conven- 
 ient designs for a hug-liduse is where the whole herd is 
 sheltered under one n oi and where bedding, feed, water, 
 etc., are con^■enicntl}' located. 
 
 \A'e ha\'e a nunilier df complete plans of mi3dern con- 
 crete lliig llarns, which will be sent free to those 
 interested. 
 
 Individual Concrete Hog Houses 
 
 Tliere are some lireeders who prefer the outdoor in- 
 di\'idual house large enough fiir onh' one sow and her 
 litter, \vith a grass hjt of at least one-half acre where the 
 sow and pigs may always be 1)_y themselves. This plan 
 insures both abundant pasture lor the sow and litter as 
 well as plcnt\' of room for the necessary exercise and has 
 the ad\-antage of always ail'ording clean cpiarters for the 
 pi"S and freedom from disturbance f(.ir sows farro\\'ing. 
 
 -Roof concrete to be covered 
 
 'ith Cl good standard roofing. 
 
 Part of Design of Individual Hog House. 
 
 Complete details on request. 
 59 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Flumes 
 
 In the irrigation districts of California, Colorado and other 
 western and southwestern states, flumes of different sizes must be 
 built to carry the water to the orchards and gardens. 
 
 If the water is run through ditches in the ground a large 
 amount is lost by seepage into :he earth. To save this water, 
 flumes should be built of concrete in all sizes from the main canal 
 to the small ditch which carries water into the orchard or garden. 
 
 These concrete flumes are easily and cheaply built by using 
 curved Hy-Rib as a reinforcement and key for the concrete. No. 
 26 4- Rib Hy-Rib is bent to curve at our Shops and when received 
 is simply placed in position in the ditch and covered with cement 
 plaster. 
 
 Water-Flume for the Cia. Azucarera del Panuco, at El 
 Mexico. Hy-Rib Ready for Concreting. 
 
 60 
 
 Higo, 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 [] I [I — Hgi^dlc W * Rod 
 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Cisterns 
 
 Concrete for cisterns has many advantages because it is mono- 
 lithic and can be made absolutely waterpoof. It is absolutely clean 
 and sanitary and permanent in every way. Hy-Rib has many 
 
 61 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 advantages. It comes from our Shops bent to the exact circle and 
 is merely set in place and the concrete plaster applied directly to 
 it to the required thickness. It does away entirely with the ex- 
 pensive form work and the unsatisfactory plan of attempting to 
 plaster against loose earth. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Water Troughs 
 
 Concrete troughs are always more desirable than wooden 
 troughs because they are clean and sanitary, never get sour even 
 with wet feed, and do not rot and become infested with germs. 
 They last forever and do not require replacing from time to 
 time. Hy-Rib is especially useful in building such troughs, as 
 no centering is required, greatly reducing their cost. We have a 
 number of typical designs for both rectangular and circular 
 troughs. The Hy-Rib is shipped bent to exact curves for round 
 troughs. Concrete is applied in the form of a plaster directly to 
 the Hy-Rib sheets. The troughs are waterproofed by the use of 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste in the plastered coats on the 
 inner side of the troughs. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Septic Tanks 
 
 Cesspools, or pits dug into the ground to take care of refuse 
 from bathrooms, etc., are the greatest spreaders of disease on the 
 farm. By building an inexpensive septic tank, all danger from 
 sewage is removed. Septic tanks are nothing but long, under- 
 ground, water-tight cisterns through which the sewage passes 
 very slowly and evenly. Located underground, they are warm 
 and dark, providing ideal conditions for development of the bac- 
 teria, little germs which eat up the sewage and render it harmless 
 in much the same way as another kind causes cider to ferment. 
 To prevent the bacteria (which live in the frothy sludge) from 
 being disturbed, crosswalls, called baffle boards, are placed to 
 break up the current of the inflowing sewage. The purified sew- 
 age, merelv clean water, may be discharged into the farm drain 
 tile. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Water Filters 
 
 A concrete filter for obtaining pure water may be built of 
 Hy-Rib and cement plaster. No. 2li 4-Rib Hy-Rib is used and 
 the sheets are wired together every 12 inches at the side laps and 
 to tlie Y/33 inch round rods at each rib at the corners. This is 
 
 62 
 
Hy-Rib — A Kahn Building Product — Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 necessary if the filter sets above ground, as the water pressure 
 from inside would force the sides apart. A base of concrete may 
 be laid and the Hy-Rib frame set upon it or the frame turned 
 upside down and the bottom plastered. After it has set the filter 
 may be turned over and the rest plastered. Trus-Con Watek- 
 VROOFINC Paste should he used in the water used in mixhio- the 
 concrete to make the filter waterproof. 
 
 Hy-Rib Concrete Farm Bridges and 
 Culverts 
 
 The many ditches, large and small, that run throtigh 
 a farm must have bridges over them so the farmer will 
 be able to go from one field to another. With Hy-Rib 
 these small bridges and culverts are easily and quickly 
 built. The footings are built of concrete and the Hy-Rib 
 placed upon them, then the concrete road-bed is poured 
 upon the Hy-Rib, which acts as centering and reinforce- 
 ment. 
 
 Bridges and culverts up to G feet span are built with 
 Hy-Rib as shown in drawings. 
 
 We have many designs for reinforced concrete bridges 
 of all spans and types. 
 
 63 
 
Concrete Construction Without Forms 
 
 Consider that CONCRETE is fast coming to be tlie accepted 
 material by those who know. Concrete means permanency and 
 san'tary conditions, eliminating disease and vermin with resulting 
 loss of live stock. It prevents destruction of food by rats and 
 mice, waste in feeding, and is better than insurance for it cannot 
 be harmed by fire or flood. Concrete is more economical in the 
 long- run for farmers to use, than any other building material, for 
 wood becomes weaker through e-xposure, and steel and iron be- 
 come rusty through dampness, while concrete becomes stronger 
 as the years roll on. 
 
 Build of concrete and you need have no fear for the future, 
 no constant worry as to where the money is coming from to pay 
 for this repair this month and that up-keep cost next. Once 
 built with concrete and built right, and you have a job that will 
 last forever. 
 
 Immense concerns like the TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL 
 COMPANY have studied the question of reinforcing and finish- 
 ing concrete and brought the subject down to an exact science, 
 as is attested by the steadily increasing number of immense struc- 
 tures, depending solely for their stability upon very light but ex- 
 ceptionally strong concrete slabs and beams. These structures 
 are standing and will remain standing, after all others fall, because 
 they are so constructed as to enable them to overcome all con- 
 ditions tending to break or crumble them. 
 
 Concrete must have a skeleton of steel to make it enduring. 
 A slab or wall of concrete 2 inches thick with its firmly imbedded 
 skeleton of Hy-Rib is permanent. Changes in temperature do not 
 affect it since the steel resists their destructive action, making 
 impervious both to the hottest fires and coldest degrees of frost," 
 and better and more enduring than an 8-inch wall. 
 
 Because of the above facts, and the added fact that no forms 
 are required for our system of farm buildings, Hy-Rib concrete 
 construction becomes one that must appeal to every thinking, pro- 
 gressive farmer. 
 
 A few of the uses for Hy-Rib on the farm: 
 
 Residences 
 
 Walls, Partitions and Roofs 
 
 Conservatory Walls and 
 
 Benches 
 Fences, Windbreaks, etc. 
 Laundry Tubs 
 Benches 
 Dairy Barns 
 Horse Barns 
 Sheep Barns 
 Piggeries 
 Outside Pig Cots 
 Granaries 
 Poultry Houses 
 Shops 
 Sheds of All Kinds 
 
 Silos 
 
 Ice Houses 
 
 Tanks — Underground, Elevated 
 
 and Supply 
 Watering Troughs, etc. 
 Cisterns 
 Well Holes 
 Culverts 
 Bridges 
 Water Flumes 
 Cess Pools 
 Septic Tanks 
 Water Filters 
 Charcoal Burners 
 Pig Troughs, etc. 
 Mixing Vats 
 
 64 
 
RIB LATH 
 
 for 
 
 Stucco and Plaster in Sidings, 
 Partitions, Ceilings and Furring 
 
 RIB STUDS 
 
 for 
 
 Hollo\v Walls and Partitions 
 
 ^KAHN 
 
 Fifth Edition 
 1913 
 
 Copyright 1913, Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH. 
 
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 View of Old Wooden House 
 
 Same Residence After "OvercoatinK" with Rib-Lath and Stucco 
 
 Old Wooden House Transformed into Modern Permanent Residence 
 by "Overcoating" with Rib-Lath and Stucco. 
 
 Cyrus E. Lothrop, Grossc Pointe, Mich., Owner. 
 Burrowes and Wells, Archts. 
 
A WORD TO BUILDERS 
 
 The ad\'antages of duralsility, permanence, speedy erec- 
 tion, low initial cost, freedom from repairs, and frreproof- 
 n.ess have resulted in the use of reinforced concrete in 
 man}- thousands (jf Iniildinys all o\-er the country. It is 
 more especially with the applications of this fireproof ma- 
 terial to smaller buildings, such as residences, garages, 
 etc., that the present booklet is concerned. 
 
 By the use of Rib Lath and Hy-Rib, concrete construc- 
 tion, considering its fireproofness and permanence, be- 
 comes more economical than wood. Where wood lath is 
 inflammable and adds to the danger by communicating the 
 flames, metal lath cann(.it burn and stops the spread of fire. 
 Wood lath abs(jrbs moisture, expands and cracks the 
 plaster, while metal lath prevents the appearance of cracks. 
 
 Wood lath rots and becomes a breeding place for germs 
 and insects, while metal lath does not decay, and is ver- 
 min-proof. Lastly, metal lath is more economical than 
 wood lath because of the growing scarcity of lumjjer and 
 the saving in mortar and labor of installing. These are 
 important features not to be overlooked by the prospective 
 builder. 
 
 Rib Lath and Rib Studs are used with great success in 
 buildings of all types: schools, office buildings, stores, 
 hotels, apartment houses, puljlic buildings, factories, ware- 
 houses and residences, being well adapted for partitions, 
 ceilings, furring and stucco. 
 
 Rib Lath and Rib Studs are included in the KAllN 
 BUILDING PR(JDUCTS, which have been used in over 
 fifteen thousand structures of all types in every part of the 
 world. KAHX BUILDING PR(;')DUCTS are a cumplete 
 line for reinforcing concrete, fireproofing, steel sash for 
 windows, waterproofing and finishes for concrete, building- 
 specialties, etc. Special catalogues on any of these sub- 
 jects will ])e sent on request. 
 
 3 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Note the great stiffness and rigidity of Rib Lath 
 Sheets shown are 8 feet long. 
 
 Plastering Rib Lath. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 RIB LATH 
 
 Rib Lath consists of a series of parallel steel ribs which 
 are deeply corrugated or beaded. In application these 
 ribs act as small steel beams spanning between the studs 
 and giving the lath extraordinar}' stiffness and rigidit)-. 
 (Jwing to this stift'ness, the studs may be placed a much 
 greater distance apart than with the ordinar^■ forms of 
 lath, thus saving in the cost of studding and the labur of 
 installation. 
 
 Rib Lath is furnished either in cipen hearth steel or in 
 acid-resisting "I'rus-'Con Ingot ]\Ietal.'' 
 
 Rib Lath is so expanded as to pro\'ide a perfect clinch 
 or key for the plaster. The key thoroughly anchors the 
 plaster to the lath allowing only a minimum amount of 
 plaster to flr)w through. Xo plaster is wasted by its drop- 
 ping behind the lath. 
 
 Rib Lath presents a uniformly flat and rigid surface, so 
 that plaster can be compacted agamst it without loosen- 
 ing any of the surrounding plaster. 
 
 Rib Lath is shipped flat and owing to its rigidity Is 
 very eas}' to handle and install. Un account (if its i)ar- 
 allel ribs, Rib Lath is easily bent to conform to the out- 
 line of cornices, coves, and other ornamental work, and 
 can be readily cut to an}' recpiired \vidth or length. 
 
 The side edges cif Rib Lath are straight and true, and 
 the ends cut square, doing away with waste cif material in 
 lapping. A double-width rib is pro\'ided along the sides, 
 so that no allowance need be made for side laps in order- 
 ing Rib Lath. Other metal laths have irregular edges 
 causing a loss of S'/c to 109; of material in lapping. 
 
 Rib Lath is manufactured in three t}-pes — Standard 
 Rib Lath, Beaded Plate Rib Lath and "B" Rib Lath. Each 
 of these types is manufactured in three weights. 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 STANDARD RIB LATH 
 
 Standard Rib Lath is of medium weight and the one 
 most generally useful in building work. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Sizu of 
 
 Shei'ts 
 
 Shi-L'ts per 
 Blind:..- 
 
 Yards per 
 Bundle 
 
 W<icht per 
 Square Yard 
 
 Rib Lath No. 1 
 Rib Lath No. 2 
 Rib Lath No. 4 
 
 ZOX" X 96" 
 20)4:" X 96" 
 20 "I" X 96" 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 18 
 IS 
 18 
 
 2.74 lbs. 
 3.42 lbs. 
 4.10 lbs. 
 
 We recommend the uie of painted lath, but can supply it without paint if detired. 
 
 "B" RIB LATH 
 
 "B" Rib Lath is designed the same as Standard Rib 
 Lath, but with somewhat greater expansion. 
 
 Grade 
 
 Rib Lath No. IB 
 Rib Lath No. 2B 
 Rib Lath No. 4B 
 
 Size of 
 
 Sheets 
 
 Slleets per 
 
 Bundle 
 
 24i=," X 96" 
 24/v" X 96" 
 24/'," X 96" 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 Y'ards per 
 Bundle 
 
 WeislU per 
 Square Yard 
 
 18 
 IS 
 18 
 
 I 2.28 lbs. 
 
 I 2.S5 lbs. 
 
 3,42 lbs. 
 
 W« recommend the use of painted lath, but can supply it without paint if desired. 
 
 6 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 BEADED PLATE or "A" RIB LATH 
 
 This is unquestionably the best lath on the market. 
 Though somewhat heavier and, therefore, more expensive 
 than Standard or "B'' Rib Lath, all things considered it 
 is really more economical, as it permits of wider spacing 
 of the studs and in plastering effects a very great saving in 
 labor and material. 
 
 Beaded Plate Rib Lath is especially well adapted for 
 heavy work and suspended ceilings. 
 
 Cr.idr 
 
 
 Siz..' of 
 Sllr.'tS 
 
 Sh. 
 B 
 
 ,'ts p.-r 
 undli; 
 
 Yards prr 
 Bi.ndir 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 Wrillllt prr 
 
 Sciiiarr \"ard 
 
 Rib Lath Xn 
 Rib Lath Xn 
 Rib Latli X.I 
 
 2.\ 
 4A 
 
 15-4:"x 96" 
 l,S"+"x 96" 
 1 .5 '+ " X 96" 
 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 
 .x6o lbs. 
 4.,U lbs. 
 .x4,S 11 IS. 
 
 Wo recommend the u«e of painted lath, but can (upply it without paint if desired. 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 RIB STUDS 
 
 Rib Studs — made of the highest grade of open-hearth steel — 
 arc open for the passage of conduits and pipes, and provide an 
 
 uninterrupted air space between the two plaster surfaces. The 
 open mesh simplifies the wiring of lath. 
 
 Rib Studs are made in five widths (2^" to Sy^") and in any 
 length up to 18 feet. (See standard stock sizes below. 1 
 
 Jf 
 
 Rib Stud Extensions, furnished for all sizes of Rib Studs, 
 
 provide an adjustable attachment at floors and ceilings, taking care of 
 all inequalities and saving time and money in erection. They fit over 
 the ends of the Rib Studs and are clamped tight with pincers or 
 hammer. 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 w 
 
 11 
 
 RIB 
 
 STUDS V 
 
 H 
 
 kahn™l::;°!"»^e' 
 
 trussed' bar'-"" ' ln.!!;j;'<'BcElllNG. 
 
 Hollow Walls or Partitions 
 Rib Lath wired to Rib Studs 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Residence of J. P.. Book, Jr., Detroit, Mich. 
 Rib Lath Partitions, Ceilings and .Purrino. 
 
 10 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 CEILING 
 
 CONCRETE 
 
 DOOR JAMB 
 
 HOLLOW FIREPROOF PARTITIONS 
 
 Rib Studs are set in place, being attaclied to tlie floor 
 and ceiling l")y means of Rib Stud Extensions or wooden 
 strips. Rib Lath is wired directly to the studs and plas- 
 ter applied to the face of the lath on both sides of partition. 
 
 Rib Lath saves 339; to 50';^ of cost of studding and 
 erection of studs and lath. 
 
 Rib Lath saves at least 25% in labor and material for 
 plastering. Plaster will not go through it and drop down 
 behind. 
 
 11 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 mmm: 
 
 
 12 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 CEILINGS 
 
 Beaded Plate Rib Lath is exceptionally good for ceil- 
 ings, as it is \'ery stiff and prevents the plaster from drop- 
 ping off or the ceiling from sagging down. 
 
 The total cost of plastering our Beaded Plate Rib Lath 
 on ceilings is actually less than half the cost of plastering 
 any ordinary open mesh lath, and the completed job is 
 twice as strong and durable. Beaded Plate Rib Lath 
 saves 25% in material and .50% in labor over ordinary 
 light laths. 
 
 Rib Lath is either nailed or wired to the supports pro- 
 vided in the ceiling. 
 
 Hy-Rib is frequently used for suspended ceilings, as it 
 combines in one sheet lath and channel supports. (See 
 Hy-Rib Catalog.) 
 
 FURRING 
 
 Owing to the improved design. Rib Lath can be used 
 against flat surfaces without requiring furring strips, to 
 pro^'ide space for the clinching of the plaster. However 
 where an air-space is required, as an insulation against 
 dampness, heat or cold, furring strips must be applied to 
 the wall surfaces. Rib Lath is attached directly to these 
 furring strips. 
 
 The great stiffness of Rib Lath permits of a greater 
 spacing of furring strips than for ordinary laths, and thus 
 causes a very considerable saving in labor and time. 
 
 Rib Lath is especially suited to ornamental work, as 
 it conforms readily to any desired molding and provides 
 a rigid support for the plaster. 
 
 Hy-Rib combines in one sheet both lath and furring 
 strips. (See Hy-Rib Catalog.) 
 
 13 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 ABOUT SPECIFYING 
 
 Architects and owners in specifying metal lath should specify the 
 weight per square yard and not the gauge of the metal. Different 
 laths of the same gauge have 100% variation in weight, due to dif- 
 ference in amount of expansion. It is the amount of metal per 
 square yard that counts in the strength and durability of the con- 
 struction, not the gauge of the metal. Insist on having a definite 
 weight of lath, the full value of what you arc paying for. 
 
 Rib Lath is manufactured in nine different weights (shown on 
 pages 6 and 7), which include the two heaviest laths on the market. 
 If you want to be sure of l)est results, specify Rib Lath. Beaded 
 Plate Rib Lath is usually the most economical Lath to use. Its 
 exceptional rigidity reduces the cost of plastering, often saving an 
 entire coat of plaster. The supports may be placed a greater dis- 
 tance apart, saving not only in the supports themselves, but also in 
 the labor and time necessary to attach the Lath. 
 
 Have your spcciiications for Metal Lath read as follows : "For 
 all Metal Lath provide Rib Lath No. . ., manufactured by the 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, Detri^it, the Lath to he securely 
 fastened to supports." In specifying Rib Lath indicate the type and 
 number desired, such as Rib Lath No. 1-A. All Lath should be 
 dipped or painted before shipping, so as to protect it from the ele- 
 ments before installation in the \V(.irk. 
 
 Metal Lath should be specified for all interior work — partitions, 
 ceilings and furring in office and store liuildings; schools, liotels and 
 public buildings; factories, warehouses and industrial Ijuildings; in 
 fact, in any building of importance. Metal Lath cannot Iiurn, can- 
 not rot, and prevents cracking" and staining of plaster. 
 
 Metal Lath should Ije specified for stucco work in residences, 
 both for new buildings and for over-coating frame houses to secure 
 concrete exterior. Wood Lath is not at all satisfactory in exterior 
 work, as it absorbs moisture, expands and contracts, causing the 
 stucco to crack. The use of Rib Lath with stucco applied as indi- 
 cated in the specifications on next page will insure good results. 
 
 Metal Lath should be specified for interiors of all high class 
 residences, and for ceilings in any bouse costing over $.5,000.00. 
 Wood Lath absorlis moisture from the plaster causing streaks and 
 cracks in the finished work Metal Lath overcomes these difficulties, 
 and cannot burn. Also as a fire protection. Metal Lath should be 
 specified for ceilings of basements, particularly over furnace rooms 
 and coal bins. 
 
 Remember that Rib Lath will always insure the most satisfac- 
 tory and economical plaster and stucco work. Rib Lath is preferred 
 by all owners, architects and contractors wdio have had any experi- 
 ence with it. 
 
 14 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CEMENT STUCCO 
 ON RIB LATH 
 
 1. General— All stucc. shall be applied to Rib Lath manufac- 
 tured by the 1 russed Lonerete Steel Co., Detroit. It is the intent of 
 these specilications to obtain a sound, iieniianent and wateriiroof 
 stucco. 
 
 3. Materials — The materials composing the stucco shall con- 
 sist of: 
 
 (a) Portland Cement which has been carefully tested and 
 found to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the Specilications 
 of the American Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 (b) Sand which is practically free from organic matter and 
 uniformly graded in size from coarse to line. 
 
 (c) Idydrated lime that is uniform in quality and perfectly 
 hydrated. 
 
 _(d TiaiS-COX WATERPROOFING PASTE COXCEX- 
 TRATEL) as manufactured bj- the Trus-Con Lalioratories. 
 
 3. Proportions— Idle pr.ii.(;rtinns of the above specibed ma- 
 terials by volume, shall be live (5) parts of cement, twelve liJ; 
 parts of sand, and one (1) part of hydrated lime. One (1) part 
 of the TRUS-CON WATERPROOFING PASTE CONCEN- 
 TRATED shall be added to every eighteen (IS) parts of water 
 used to temper the mortar. 
 
 4. Mixing — The cement and hydrated lime, after being thor- 
 oughly mi.xed drjr to uniform color, shall be added to the dry sand 
 and the whole manipulated until evenly mixed. The dry mixture 
 shall then be tempered to the correct workine consistency with 
 water to which TRUS-COX WATERPROOFING PASTE COX- 
 CENTR.^TED has been added in proportion specified. The mortar 
 must be thoroughly worked until perfectly bmnogeneous. This com- 
 position shall only be made up in lots that can be immediatel\- ap- 
 plied, and any material that has been mi.xed with water over thirty 
 (.30) minutes before applying shall be rejected. 
 
 5. Application — All walls shown on elevation for stucco 
 finish shall be two-coat work. The first coat shall be prepared as 
 specified above, with the addition of long cow hair for keying 
 when applied to metal lath. The face of the first coat shall be 
 thoroughly scratched over to form a key for the finish coat, wdiich 
 shall be applied to a total thickness of one inch (1"), wdien the 
 first coat has set sufficiently hard to safely hold it. The finish 
 coat shall be carefully floated free from any porous imperfections. 
 
 When plastering over a masonry surface, special care must 
 be taken to thoroughly saturate the masonry with water and the 
 plaster applied at once. 
 
 6. Drying — Special care shall be taken to avoid too rapid 
 drying. If in direct rays of the sun, it shall be protected with a 
 damp canvas or burlap, and wdien sufficiently resistive, shall be 
 frequently sprinkled with water. 
 
 7. No exterior plastering shall be permitted until all interior 
 partitions are studded up and completely braced. 
 
 15 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 16 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 RIB LATH FOR STUCCO HOUSES 
 
 Whether for cottage or mansion there is no method of 
 building which produces such an artistic, pleasing, and 
 home-like appearance as a properly designed house with 
 stucco walls. Such a wall is much less costly than brick 
 or stone, and much more economical than wooden sheath- 
 ing which is short lived and requires the expense of fre- 
 quent painting. 
 
 A stucco wall built of cement, waterproofed with 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste and reinforced with Hy- 
 Rib and Rib Lath, is hre-resisting, damp-proof and per- 
 manent. 
 
 The following method for constructing stucco walls, 
 will give by far the best results, although the other meth- 
 ods outlined are satisfactory. 
 
 fnterior /7ms/7 
 Mill F/ajter 
 
 -Air ypace 
 -SuUdtng filper 
 Air Space 
 Zi^'Jtud 
 Cern ent /H or tar 
 
 y4 finish Coat of 
 Waterproofed 
 Cem emt f^/aster 
 
 Vilini 
 With 
 
 wood under cement inoriar 
 Creosote or asphciti paint 
 
 ffc/l?ib fastened to studs by 
 Stacter ot^^r eaati Fib 
 
 Set up an ordinary "balloon" frame structure with 2.x-t 
 studding spaced It; to 54 inches apart, and jiut all tem- 
 porary bracing on the inside. Ivasten Hy-Rib at each nb 
 to outside of studs with 2;^-inch staples or nails. Use 3- 
 Rib Hy-Rib wdth ribs extending hori.zontal and lath sur- 
 face against studs. Interlock Hy-Rib sheets at sides and 
 ends securely wiring or clinching them every -'l\ inches 
 along sides and at every rib at ends. Paint the studs with 
 creosote or asphalt paint along the entire outer face, and at 
 least an inch back on the sides. Plaster this Hy-Rib on 
 the outside with cement mortar (mixed and applied as 
 
 17 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Buildino; Product. 
 
 Vertical Section Through 
 Window. 
 
 DETAILS OF 
 
 EXTERIOR WALLS 
 
 OF RESIDENCES. 
 
 Showing Hy-Rib on out- 
 side and Rib Lath on in- 
 side. 
 
 Vertical Section Through 
 Outside Door. 
 
 Horizontal Section Through Window. 
 
 Horizontal Section Through Outside Door. 
 18 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 directed on page 15) to a thickness of ly'z inclies and give 
 it any iinish desired. The last o4" of plaster finish should 
 he waterproDted with Trus-Con Waterprorifing I'aste Cun- 
 ccntrated. Then back j^laster the Hy-Rib with similar 
 nidftar ti i a thickness of about half an inch. 
 
 'i his construction insures absolute protection for the 
 steel, and when the mortar has set vou have a 2-inch rein- 
 fiirced concrete slab, solid as rock, and much str(jnger and 
 more rigid than the (jrdinar\" matched sheathing and lap 
 siding cif which it has taken the place. 
 
 ( )n the inside of the studding tack thin asljestos board 
 cir a very hea\'y tarred paper, then 's-inch furring strips, 
 and I^ib Latli, i ai which apph" ■^s-inch of cement nmrtar nr 
 good plaster (free from pure g}"psum) and the regular finish 
 ciiat. 
 
 In this way you will secure a house which possesses 
 the folh.jwing advantages: 1. Practically fireproof, due to 
 the heat-resisting ciualities of the 2-inch reinforced con- 
 crete slab on outside. 2. Absolutely waterproof and damp- 
 proof. 3. Easy to heat in winter and keep cool in sum- 
 mer, owing to the double air space in the wall. 4. Prac- 
 tically indestructible, owing to the permanence of the re- 
 inforced concrete wall. o. No expense for maintenance, 
 such as painting, repairs, etc. ti. Unusual architectural 
 l)eaut\- because of the artistic effects that can be secured 
 with stucco. T. Low first cost. 
 
 This method outlined above gives a wall of almost un- 
 limited strength and rigidity, and is suitable for large 
 buildings. For small cottages and for structures in which 
 the total wind pressure will not be great, some saving 
 may be eft'ected by using Heavy Beaded Plate Rib Lath 
 in place of Hy-Rib, on the outside, plastering it in the 
 same maimer on both sides to a total thickness of 1 '4 
 inches or more. In this stucco construction it must be 
 remembered that the only way to insure permanence is 
 to have a real reinforced concrete slab on the outside. 
 
 19 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Mendelssohn Club, Detroit, Mich. 
 Rib Lath for Siding befure and after Plastering 
 
 20 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hy-Rib is necessary fijr medium and large-sized residences. 
 Fur smaller cottages no lath weighing less than 4>^ lbs. 
 per square yard is strong- enough to properly reinforce a 
 concrete wall. 
 
 OET/ilLED APPLICATION OF RIB LATH FOR STUC- 
 CO ai/EP WOOD SHE/ITHINQ AND FOR INTERIOR 
 — PLASTER FINISH - 
 
 Another method which has been extensively used in 
 our colder climates is to place on the outside of the stud- 
 ding J^-inch matched sheathing, heavy building paper, fur- 
 ring, and Rib Lath, plastered 1 inch thick with cement 
 mortar properly waterproofed. This method though more 
 expensive, has not the strength, durability, or fireproof- 
 ness of the method first described. 
 
 For our milder climates the furring may be omitted in 
 the first two methods described and the paper sheathing 
 may be omitted in all three cases. This reduces the cost 
 still further. 
 
 RIB LATH INTERIORS 
 
 Rib Lath should he used in place of wood lath in all 
 interior plaster work, so as to protect interior decora- 
 tions from cracks and iliscolorations. \\'(iod lath absorbs 
 moisture from the plaster and in expanding causes cracks. 
 This absorption leaves the plaster over the lath much 
 drier than that between the lath, giving a streaked and 
 dirty appearance to the plastered surface. In considera- 
 tion of its many advantages. Rib Lath is the most econom- 
 ical material for plastering. 
 
 21 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 22 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 -Jheathing 
 -Sidincf 
 -Rib Lath 
 
 Wa terproo fed 
 Cement Pla3ter—i^ 
 Wood n/rrinq 3tri, 
 
 n£T/lJLCD /IPPUCflTION Or RIB LMTH rOR CTl/CCO 
 
 "OVER-COATED" HOUSES 
 
 An old wood frame bviilding can be readily transformed 
 at nominal expense into a fine, stucco-finished building by 
 the use of Rib Lath. Wood furring strips are nailed ver- 
 tically on the sides of the Innlding, and the Rib Lath nailed 
 to these with the ribs in a horizontal direction. 
 
 The cement stucco plaster is applied directly to the Rib 
 Lath. This plaster should be the same as that indicated 
 for building walls and sidings, and the outer three-quarter 
 inch finish waterproofed with Trus-Con Waterproofing 
 Paste Concentrated. The last cuat may be of a smonth, 
 rough or pebble dash finish, as desired. 
 
 It is customary to remoA-e all ornamental and fancy 
 wood trimmings frcmi the house, as the lieauty of the 
 stucco lies in its plainness of line. Around the eaves and 
 other portions which are more or less cut up. nur Rib 
 Lath can be readily fitted and the stucco applied. The 
 transformation made in a house in this way is very won- 
 derful, enhancing the value and life of the property and 
 protecting it against fire. 
 
 An old, English half-timbered effect may be obtained 
 by nailing a board to the sheathing that will come out 
 flush with the finished concrete; after the plastering is 
 finished, nail a finishing board on top of this with a lap 
 that will extend one inch over the plaster. 
 
 23 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Overcoated Residence of C. Bewick, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Rib Lath used over old wooden house. 
 
 f,% ■ -^ 
 
 
 '^y*. 
 
 wuM^. >' 
 
 
 ^k 1 J 
 
 -V .; 
 
 n- . 
 
 bBPV^^X'^ ^^ffiijl 
 
 .;V 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Biiiif- 
 
 1 f-'M 
 
 :% 
 
 P 
 
 y ri, ^ J 
 
 
 Rib Lath Residence for F. L. Spaulding, 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal. S. Munson, Architect. 
 24 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 SOLID PARTITIONS 
 
 Rib Lath may be used in connection with steel studs 
 for solid cement or plastered partitions. When so used it 
 is far more economical than the ordinary lath as it per- 
 mits of a wider spacing of the studs, and supplies a straight, 
 true surface to plaster against. 
 
 Hy-Rib, however, is the ideal reinforcement for solid 
 partitions since it combines both lath and studs in one 
 sheet. A wall built with Hy-Rib is much stronger and 
 is less expensive than the ordinary method of lath and 
 channels. (See Hy-l^il) Catalogue.) 
 
 4-RIB 
 HY-RIB 
 
 HY-RIB 
 
 A self-centering reinforcement for concrete floors and 
 roofs — a unit of lath and studs for walls and partitions. 
 
 Three types of Hy-Rib are supplied; 4-Rib Hy-Rib, 3- 
 Rib Hy-Rib and Deep Rib Hy-Rib. 
 
 Spacing Height Widtliof Gauge Nos. 
 of Ribs of Ribs , Sheets U. S. Standard 
 
 Standard Lengttis 
 
 4-Rib HY-RIB. ...I 3>^ 
 3-Rib HY-RIB....^ 7" 
 
 Deep Rib HY-RIB 7" 
 
 1'2 
 
 10>^" 24, 26 or 28 
 14" 24, 26 or 28 
 14' 22, 24 or 26 
 
 6', 8', 10' and 12' 
 6', 8', 10' and 12' 
 6', 8', 10' and 12' 
 
 Intermediate and shorter lengths are cut without charge, 
 but any waste is charged to the purchaser. 
 
 Complete Hy-Rib Catalogue mailed free on request. 
 
 DEEP 
 RIB 
 HY-RIB 
 
 25 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Buildinc; Product. 
 
 DETROIT STEEI. COBNEB BEAD. 
 
 BIB STEBI^ COBKBB BEAD NO. 1. 
 
 STEEL CORNER BEADS 
 
 All our corner Ijeads are sal^'i-mi^^ed aftei- forming"- ^A'e furnish 
 six different t^'pes of loeads in lengths fronr 6 to 12 feet — to meet 
 e\ery requirement foi' tlie perfeot protection of plaster corners. 
 
 DETBOIT STEEI, COBITER BEAD — see illustration above. 
 
 DETBOIT T-BAIL COBNEB BEAD — similar to Detroit Steel Corner 
 Bead. 
 
 DETBOIT SOIiID BAIIi COBNEB BEAD — made of special rolled sec 
 tion with punclied weli. 
 
 BIB STEEL COENEB BEAD NO. 1 — see illustration at)Ove. 
 
 BIB STEEIi COBNEB BEAD NO. 2 — similar to Kill Steel Read No. 1 
 
 BIB PEATHER-EDGE COBNEB BEAD — fiU' fine sharp corners. 
 
 26 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 DETROIT DIAMOND LATH 
 
 Size of Sheet, 18x96 inches. 
 
 
 Gauge Sheets 
 " per Bundle 
 
 Yards 
 per Bundle 
 
 Weight per 
 
 Square Yard 
 
 Plain 
 
 2.33 lbs. 
 2.5 lbs. 
 3.0 lbs. 
 3.4 lbs. 
 
 Weight per 
 Square Yard 
 Galvanized 
 
 3.03 lbs. 
 3.25 lbs. 
 3.8 lbs. 
 4.3 lbs. 
 
 No. 27 1 15 
 No. 26 15 
 No. 25 ' 15 
 No. 24 15 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 We recommend painted lath, but can supply it plain or galvanized after expantion. 
 
 FINISHING AND WATERPROOFING 
 
 Concrete construction when in exposed positions should 
 be properly finished and waterproofed by the Trus-Con 
 Cliemical Products, consisting- of twenty-three distinct 
 products for this class of work. Catalogue on rc(|Ufst. 
 
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 
 
 The Kahn liuilding Products, successfully used in over 
 fifteen thousand important structures, include the follow- 
 ing reinforcing products: Ivahn Trussed Bars, Ril) Bars, 
 Collapsible Column Hooping, Rib ^fetal. Idy-Ril), Steel 
 ]'diiret_\des, Horedomes and Building Specialties. 
 
 STEEL SASH FOR WINDOWS 
 
 L'nited Sash are made of deep, rolled-steel sections of 
 great ^trcngth and rigidiU', — cannot inum or ^^•ear out — and 
 j)r(i\-i(le increased daylighting to interiors. Catalogue on 
 request. 
 
 27 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Instruccion Publica Bldg., Cuban National Exposition, Havana Cuba 
 Rib Lath Used Throughout. 
 
 Band Stand, Culian National Exposition, Havana, Cuba. 
 Dome Constructed of Rib Lath. 
 
 28 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich, 
 
 Building for Cuban National Exposition, Havana, Cuba. 
 Rib Lath Used Tlirou»"hout. 
 
 Lobby, House of Representatives, Havana, Cuba. 
 
 Step] Columns Fireproofed with Rib Lath and Plaster. 
 
 Floors Built KAHN .SYSTEM Reinforced Concrete. 
 
 29 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 c<i 
 
 O 
 
 i- 
 
 o 
 x: 
 
 30 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich, 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 Co 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 J3 
 
 
 31 
 
Rib Lath— A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Maskey Building, San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Havens & Toepke, Archts. Thos. H. Day's Sons, Contrs 
 Rib Lath used Tliroiighout. 
 
 32 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Rialto Building, San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Bliss & Faville, Archts. Floodl.urg & :\IcCaffery, Cuntrs. 
 Rib Lath and Rib Studs Partitions Throughout. 
 
 33 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Sloane Building, San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Reid Bros., ;\rchts. Thompson-Starrett Co.. Contrs. 
 Rib Lath used Throughout. 
 
 34 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 O'Connor & Moffatt Building, San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Rcid Bros., Archts. 
 Hy-Rib and Rib Lath used Throughuut. 
 
 35 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 36 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ?>! 
 
Rib Lath — A Kahn Building Product. 
 
 Elkan Gunst Building, San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Lansbui'gh & Joseph, Architects. Jas. Stewart Company, 
 Rib Lath and Rib Studs used Throughout. 
 
 Lontr; 
 
 38 
 
Trussed Concrete Steel Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 39 
 
INDEX OF CONTENTS 
 
 Advantages of Kil; J.atli 5 Reinforced Concrete 27 
 
 "A" Rib I-ath 7 Residences 2, 16-24 
 
 Beaded Plate Rib Lalb 7 Rib Lath 
 
 Beads, Corner 23 Advanttiges of 5 
 
 "B" Rib Lath 6 I Jescrilied 5 
 
 Ceilings 12-13 Interiors 21 
 
 Cohnnns, Fire proofed 29 Plastering 4, 15 
 
 Corner Beads 23 Properties of 6-7 
 
 Deep-Rib My-Rib 25 Residences 2, 16-24 
 
 ] >eseri])tion of Rib Ltith 5 Specifications 14-15 
 
 Detroit Diamond Lath Z? Rib Steel Corner Iiead 26 
 
 Detroit Steel Corner Bead 26 Rib Studs 8-9 
 
 Extersicns for Rib Studs 8-9 " Stud Extensions 8-9 
 
 Finishing and Waterproofing 15, 2/ Schools 30-31 
 
 Fire])roofed Cohnnns 29 Solid Partitions 25 
 
 Four-Rib Lly-Rib 25 Siiecilications for Rib 1 ath 14 
 
 Furring 12-13 " " Stucc. 15 
 
 IL.llou- Partitioi s 9-11 Standard Rib Lath 6 
 
 llnllow Walls 9-11 Steel Sash for Windows 27 
 
 ITv-RiB 25 Stiffness of Rib Lath 4 
 
 Interiors with I-!ii) Lath 21 Stucco Houses 2,16-24 
 
 Over-Ccated Houses 2 23. 24 Stucco Specifications for 15 
 
 Partitions. Hollow 9-11 Studs, Rib 8-9 
 
 Solid 25 Three-Rib Hy-Rib 25 
 
 Plastering Rib Lath 4, 15 Lnited Sash for Windows 27 
 
 Pro)ierties of Detroit I liamond Lalh 27 Walls Hollow 9-11 
 
 '■ Hv-Rib 25 Waler|To..lnig and Finishirc 15,27 
 
 ■' Rib Lalh 6-7 Winch.vis, Steel Sash 27 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 OF BUILDINGS 
 
 Band Stand, Cuban Nat'l Exposi- ' I'Ci.nnor-Muttatt Bldg., San Fran- 
 
 ticm, Havana, Cuba 28 cisco. Calif 35 
 
 Cuban National Exi)osition Building. Orvis Ring Sch<.nil. Rtno, Neva.... 30 
 
 Havana, Cuba 29 Residence nf: 
 
 Elkan Gunst Building, San Francisco, C. Bewick, Detnnt, iMicb 24 
 
 Calif , 38 .1. B. Bnnk, Jr., Detroit, Micb. . . 10 
 
 Grace Hospital, J)etruit, Micb 12 Frank Bruen, Tam])a, Fla 22 
 
 Higb School, Asbland, Ore 31 11. A. KvU, St. Paul, Minn 16 
 
 High Scbool, Reno, Neva 31 Cvrus E. Lotbrop, (irosse Pointc, 
 
 House of Providence, I )elrnlt. Micb, 36 Micb 2 
 
 House of Representatives, lla\ana, ]■". L. Spaubling, Eos Angeles, 
 
 Cuba 29 Calif 24 
 
 Histruccion Publica Building, Cuban Riallo Buililing, San Francisco, Calif. 33 
 Nat'l Exposition, Flavana, Culja. . 28 Sbjane Building, San Francisco, Calif. 34 
 Maskey Building, San Francisco. \V. ^; 1,. E. R. K. Freight Car Re- 
 Calif 32 pair Sbo])s, Ir<^nvi1le. 39 
 
 Mendelssohn Club, Detroit. Micb... 20 V. iE C. A, Buiblirg, Portland, ( tre. 37 
 
 Mt. Rose School, Reno, Neva 30 
 
TRUS-CON 
 PRODUCTS 
 
 FOR STRUCTURAL WORK 
 
 WATERPROOFINGS 
 DAMPPROOFINGS 
 TECHNICAL PAINTS 
 
 Buildih 
 Producl 
 
 THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES 
 
 DAMPPROOFINGS — WATERPROOFINGS — TECHNICAL PAINTS 
 
 TRUSSED CONCRETE STEEL CO. 
 
 HOME OFFICE: DETROIT, MICHIGAN. 
 
 FACTORIES: DETROIT. MICHIGAN; AND CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 
 SALES OFFICES AND DISTRIBUTORS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES 
 
-So 
 
 o_ 
 
 H o 
 
 o > 
 
 o 
 
WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING 
 
 Waterproofing has an essential and important applica- 
 tion in practically all construction work. 
 
 Water, as one of our greatest natural agencies, is not 
 only constructive, but decidedly destructive. 
 
 The problems dealing with its perfect insulation are 
 worthy of the same careful scientific consideration as any 
 other important question of engineering design. 
 
 Waterproofing Engineering deals primarily with the 
 methods and means of treating our structures so as to effi- 
 ciently and effectively protect them against the discom- 
 forting and disintegrating action of water. 
 
 In the technical and practical consideration of the gen- 
 eral subject of protecting our structures against the action 
 of water, it is advisable to consider this large subject as 
 divided in two separate divisions of DAMPPROOFING 
 and WATERPROOFING. 
 
 DAMPPROOFING 
 
 Dampproofing should correctly be confined to the consideration of 
 the methods and means of keeping water and dampness out of the super- 
 structure of buildings. The subject of dampproofing deals with exterior 
 exposed walls above grade line. 
 
 The application of correct dampproofing methods insures exterior 
 walls which are not affected by the general disintegrating action of water, 
 and interiors which are perfectly free from the unsanitary, disagreeable 
 and discomforting effects of dampness. 
 
 WATERPROOFING 
 
 Waterproofing, in its literal interpretation, should correctly apply to 
 methods and means of treating sub-terra construction and structures 
 intended for retaining and containing water, under and against hydro- 
 static head. Consistent with this definition, waterproofing would apply 
 directly to the treatment of foundations, tunnels, reservoirs, cisterns, 
 standpipes and similar structures. 
 
 The following tabulation very simply indicates the two above sub- 
 divisions of the general subject of protection against water, with the most 
 important methods in each class. 
 
 PROTECTION 
 
 .\GAINST 
 
 WATER 
 
 f (a) Transparent Coatings. 
 DAMP- -J (b) Opaque Decorative Coating.s. 
 
 PROOFINt; I (c) Special Bituminous Coatings. 
 
 f (1) J^owdered 
 I pounds ad( 
 
 I dry cement. 
 
 la) Intpgral I (2) Liquid or 
 
 Compounds 
 I directl.v to 
 
 WATER- 
 PROOFINti 
 
 (b) Alenibrani 
 
 Paste 
 addeil 
 water. 
 
 (1) Coal Tar Product.? 
 
 (2) Asphaltic Product.?. 
 
 (3) Special CV.mposi- 
 tiona. 
 
TRUS-CON ChoiTiical I.aboratory 
 Research aiiJ Experiment al Section 
 
 TRUS-CON Physical Laboratory 
 Tesling Di\'ision 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 DAMPPROOFING Product Page 
 
 Transparent treatment applied to ex- 
 terior exposed masonry walls TRUS-CON Por-Seul :i:; 
 
 Opaque, decorative coating applied to 
 
 exterior masonry walls TRUS-CON Stone-Tex ■2:; 
 
 Specification Mi 
 
 Special bituminous coating applied to 
 
 the interior of exposed walls TRUS-CON Plaster Bond. . :;7 
 
 Specification s.") 
 
 WATERPROOFING 
 
 Integral method used throughout the 
 entire concrete mass, applicable for 
 foundations, tunnels, reservoirs, 
 
 cisterns, tanks, etc TRUS-CON Waterproofing 
 
 Paste 7 
 
 Specification 7',) 
 
 Integral method applied in a water- 
 proofed plaster coat TRUS-CON Waterproofing 
 
 Paste 7 
 
 Specification-Stucco 77 
 
 Specification-Foundations M 
 
 ENAMELS AND INTERIOR FINISHES: 
 
 For general wood, metal, brick and 
 
 plaster walls TRUS-CON Asepticote .-7 
 
 Specification ''■' 
 
 For highest quality enamel finish 
 
 Undercoating. . ,' TRUS-CON Asepticote r,7 
 
 Enamel coating TRUS-CON Sno-Wite r,:; 
 
 Specification ■'"■'^ 
 
 For general industrial plants TRUS-CON Industrial 
 
 Enamel ^'■' 
 
 Specification '''■' 
 
 Hospitals, Sanitariums, etc TRUS-CON Hospital 
 
 Enamel ... ''^ 
 
 Dairies, Creameries, etc TRUS-CON Dairy Enamel. (-7 
 
 Concrete Floors TRUS-CON Floor Enamel. Ar, 
 
 Specification '■''■ 
 
 PROTECTION OF IRON AND STEEL 
 
 Exposed to elementary conditions. . . .TRUS-CON Bar-Ox No. 7 li'.i 
 
 Specification "- 
 
 Brine and condenser pipes, coils, etc TRUS-CON Bar-Ox No. 1-1. 7(i 
 Stack Enamel, Boiler Front Enamel. .TRUS-CON Bar-Ox No. 121 ,1 
 Acid Conditions TRUS-CON Bar-Ox No. is 71 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Sijiitli Bros. 
 Grain Elev.ator, 
 Furt Worth, Tex. 
 Foundations 
 and Stucco Sidinj^.s 
 Waterproofed with 
 TRU.S-CON Water- 
 proofing Paste. 
 
 Scliwood Park 
 Swinmiirig I'(]o|, 
 Porthiiid, Oi'egoii. 
 TRUS-CON Paste 
 Used in All Concret 
 
 i ink 1 ffLrson Powder .Mills, 
 Biinnnghara, Alabama. 
 W i( rpr -if I \Mfh TKTTS-CON PaHic 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON WATERPROOFING PASTE 
 CONCENTRATED 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concentrated is significant in 
 that it most efficiently combines in one product all the essentials ol a 
 perfect waterproofing. 
 
 (1) It is simple to use; 
 
 (2) Readily mixed with the gauging water; 
 
 (3; IVIost economical waterproofing compound; 
 
 (4) Colloidal in composition; 
 
 (.')} Has a record of positive results. 
 
 1 — Simple to use. TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concen- 
 trated is added directly and simply to the water used to temper the 
 dry mixture of cement and aggregate to be waterproofed. This method 
 eliminates the expensive labor cost involved in the mixing of the powder 
 waterproofings with the dry cement. The necessity of the preliminary 
 dry mixing of the powder compounds also materially delays the work 
 and substantially adds to the actual cost. The simplicity in the use of 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concentrated makes this product 
 the most economical, since practically no additional labor cost or delay 
 in the work is necessary in its use, 
 
 2 — Readily mixed with the Gauging Water. The reason TRUS- 
 CON Waterproofing Paste Concentrated is manufactured in paste 
 form is to permit its direct addition to gauging water so that it may be 
 carried uniformly and evenly to every part of the mortar or concrete 
 
 In any process endeavoring to produce a perfect mixture, it is funda- 
 mentally necessary that the body to be distributed be of such a nature 
 that it is readily miscible with the distributing medium. A perfect 
 mixture cannot be produced with ordinary oils and water, as the former 
 are natural water repellents, and this property renders it impossible to 
 obtain an even, uniform, physical distribution in water. 
 
 The greater number of dry powders offered for waterproofing pur- 
 poses are chemically insoluble soaps with more or less hydrated lime. 
 It is an inherent natural characteristic of metallic salts of fatty acids, 
 such as these compounds, to show a distinct and marked repellent action 
 to water. As water, to which they are repellent, must necessarily act 
 as the distributing medium, it is quite obvious that it is practically im- 
 possible to obtain thoroughly uniform and even results, and the first 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 principle of integral waterproofing, namely homogeneous distribution 
 of the compound employed, is violated. 
 
 Regardless of the careful effort that is made to mechanically mix 
 the dry compounds throughout the dry cement and aggregate, it is cer- 
 tain that when the water is added to temper the mass, the waterproofing 
 compounds, due to their repellent nature and lighter gravity, will be 
 expelled from portions of the mass and be concentrated and stratified 
 in other sections, entirely destroying the even, uniform distribution that 
 may have originally been established through the careful dry mixing of 
 the compounds with the dry cement. As the fluidity of the concrete 
 increases, the resistance to flow throughout the mass naturally decreases, 
 and the tendency of the dry repellent powder to be segregated is pro- 
 portionately increased, making waterproof results the more impossible. 
 
 The condition is ciuite similar in principle to an attempt to evenly 
 mix and hold in distribution fine pulverized cork. It is obvious that 
 when the mass is very heavy and dry, the cork is entrapped and mechan- 
 ically held, but as soon as any fluidity is produced by the addition of 
 sufficient water to temper the concrete to normal consistency, the cork, 
 due to its repellent nature, naturally works itself to the top of the mass, 
 entirely destroying the original distribution. 
 
 It is to be emphasized that the very first consideration and essential 
 in the selection of a waterproofing compound should be to determine 
 the ease with which the product is originally miscible with the gauging 
 water, to insure its perfect and even distribution throughout the mass 
 to be waterproofed. 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concentrated is so treated in 
 manufacture as to insure a product that is most readily miscible with 
 the water, in fact, almost instantly diffuses throughout the water, in 
 which it remains in vmiform and even suspension, insuring the use of 
 the product in a constant and fixed proportion throughout the entire 
 work. 
 
 In the process of hardening, TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste 
 Concentrated assumes repellent properties which are even greater than 
 the products which originally possess this property, and has the advan- 
 tage of being uniformly and evenly distributed in the work, so that its 
 effect is entirely uniform. TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Con- 
 centrated is the pioneer in the recognition of this valuable and essential 
 principle in integral waterproofing. 
 
 FURDUE 
 
 UNIVER 
 
 SITY 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l''i.'l.iru:u\\ 
 
 13, 
 
 1911 
 
 
 Tiie Trussed Coiicretu .Slcol Co., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Detroit, Midi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gentlemen — It would no donht 
 
 lie ot iul 
 
 ■resi to 
 
 j-ou to lei 
 
 rn 
 
 .hat 
 
 we 
 
 consider your TRUS-CON Wulerpr 
 
 .>olin^ i^as 
 
 e as us. 
 
 1.1 h\- us in 
 
 OUT 
 
 cem 
 
 mt 
 
 laboratory to he highly snccossfuL 
 
 ^"rrN lrul\ 
 11. tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . WCOFlEhD, 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.aborato 
 
 ■.\- for Testing Materials, 
 
 
 
 
 Ptirdue 
 
 University 
 
 
 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 MOST ECONOMICAL WATERPROOFING 
 COMPOUND 
 
 '■'> — The Most Economical Waterproofing Compound. The re- 
 quirement for the greatest possible economy in general waterproofing 
 work has been fully met in the concentration of TRUS-CON Water- 
 proofing Paste. 
 
 This product, when used in the proportions recommended, affords 
 a lower unit cost than any other integral waterproofing treat- 
 ment. 
 
 The use of this product in so lean proportions, with absolute certainty 
 of results, is provided by the elimination from its constituency of all 
 inert fillers such as hydrated lime, clay, silica, etc., which are the bases 
 of most integral waterproofing pastes and powders. Only materials of 
 the greatest activity and intensity in providing waterproofness are em- 
 ployed, and these are especially treated in manufacture to develop their 
 maximum waterproofing value. 
 
 The low cost of perfect waterproofing results with this product 
 permits the more general use of waterproofing, not only for conditions 
 where waterproofness is the first consideration, but for all worlc where 
 waterproofness is beneficial. 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, is the first 
 waterproofing to combine in one product thorough simplicity and prac- 
 ticability in use and the lowest unit material cost, which only justly 
 entitles it to recognition as the standard product. 
 
 4 — Colloidal in Composition, A careful study of the chemical and 
 physical processes which take place when Portland cement is mixed with 
 water, makes it clearly evident that a waterproofing compound, to give 
 satisfactory results, must necessarily be of a colloidal nature. The pro- 
 cess of setting and hardening of Portland cement mortar and concrete 
 is not alone a process of solution, hydration and recrystallization, but 
 is supplemented by the formation of a colloidal substance, which sur- 
 rounds and protects the crystals of cement that bind the particles of 
 sand and stone together. 
 
 The partial degree of waterproofness which is characteristic of Port- 
 land Cement mortar and concrete is due entirely to the presence of this 
 colloidal body. In its absence there would be no medium to protect the 
 crystallization against the action of water, which would tend to gradually 
 soften, dissolve and disintegrate the mass, when subjected to actual 
 practical exposure. 
 
 This colloidal substance, however, is never formed in sufficient quantity 
 to entirely fill out all the voids in the mass, and it is accordingly the func- 
 tion of an efficient integral waterproofing not only to intensify the forma- 
 tion of the colloid originating from the cement itself, but to add a sufficient 
 quantity of colloid so as to fill out the voids and impart to the concrete 
 sufficient density to render it absolutely impermeable. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 It is a further essential of an efficient integral waterproofing that the 
 body not only be originally colloidal, but have the property of indefinitely 
 retaining its colloidal development. Such absorbent colloids as clay, 
 hydrated lime, aluminum hydroxide, etc., which have been used with 
 very questionable success, have been found in time to dehydrate, losing 
 their colloidal development, and are very slow and inactive in reverting 
 to the colloidal condition. This behavior undoubtedly explains the very 
 inconsistent results obtained with products of this character, as in some 
 cases, where conditions are particularly favorable for maintaining the 
 colloidal condition, results will be quite satisfactory, but generally, where 
 there is any opportunity for the drying out of the colloid, the water- 
 proof ness is destroyed. 
 
 Cuncrete Fuuutaiii Ba.4iii 
 below has been waterproofed 
 with TRUS-CON Waterproofing 
 Paste as specified on page 79. 
 
 ])reitniej-or Flo 
 Whop, Detroit. 
 Burrowes & Wells 
 Architects. 
 
 Interior Breitnieyer Flower Shop 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, is not only a 
 most perfect colloidal body, but is manufactured from raw materials that 
 contribute a most permanent condition to the colloid, and the results 
 with this product are thoroughly reliable and permanent. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 In addition to tlie pevmanency of tlie colloidal condition of the pro- 
 duct, It IS further essential that the product be of such a nature that it 
 will not decrease the strength of the mortar or concrete in which it is 
 employed. No engineer can conscientiously be favorable toward sacri- 
 hcing strength tor waterproofness, particularly when this condition is 
 not necessary. 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, working in the 
 closest conjunction with the colloid originating in the cement itself, per- 
 fectly hlling out the voids, not only renders the concrete waterproof but 
 increases the strength rather than in any way reducing it. 
 
 Compounds containing large percentages of free fats, soluble soaps 
 active silicic acid compounds, etc., invariable materially reduce the 
 strength, due to the fact that these products react seriously with the con- 
 stituents m the cement and very materially interfere with the normal 
 process of hardening that is essential to develop the full strength. 
 
 Positive in Results. TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Con- 
 centrated, is no experimental product. The large number of important 
 and extensive operations in which this product has been most successfully 
 used, has thoroughly and unciuestionably demonstrated that a product 
 that represents the scientific pertectness and technical correctness of this 
 material will invariable give the most dependable and satisfactory results 
 in actual practice. 
 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, has a very wide 
 field of usefulness. In its practical application to waterproofing condi- 
 tions, it can be added to the water used to temper the concrete used 
 throughout the mass of the work, or it can be concentrated in a plaster 
 coat in the surface of the structure. 
 
 Use TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, in concrete 
 work of all kinds — in foundations, dams, tunnels, reservoirs, tanks, floors 
 and all similar structures. 
 
 On the succeeding pages are given in complete detail general specifica- 
 tions for the use of TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, 
 and upon request we will be pleased to furnish special specifications, giv- 
 ing in detail the application of this remarkable product to any special 
 waterproofing condition. We offer you the advantages of our experience 
 in pioneering concrete construction, together with the special study and 
 attention which we have given to the subject of waterproofing, in solving 
 your problems. Our suggestions and recommendations are given to you 
 without any obligation. 
 
 McLaughlin & hulsken 
 
 Architects 
 
 J.ima, Ohio, Sept, U, lOKI. 
 
 The Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Gentlemen— In regard to our experience in the use of your waterproofing 
 
 compound, we expect to use twelve tons of your TRUS-CON Waterproofing 
 
 Paste in one of our buildings, and are pleased to state that we have no hesi- 
 
 tancy in heartily recommendin£ j^ame. 
 
 Yours very trulv, 
 
 McLaughlin & hulsken. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 The fiA'o-niiUion gallon Auxiliary Reservoir, at A3lic\'ille, North Carolina. 
 Thoroughli,' and permanently waterproofed by using TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste. 
 
 A CONVINCING REPORT 
 
 "Thiy reinforced concrete leservoir, liniilt to insure an auxiliary or emer- 
 gency supply for the water system of Asheville, N. C'., has a capacity of 5,- 
 0(J0,(3(.)0 gallons of water. The reservoir is 150 feet in diameter at the bottom 
 and is 40 feet deep. The wall is three and one-half feet thick at the bottom 
 and tapers to a thickness of eight inches at the top. 
 
 "As originally constructed the reservoir was not satisfactory, but has 
 been broiight to stand a thorough test and has just been accepted by the city 
 after additional work, which was done by ^Ir. Ceorge H. Davidson, a con- 
 tractor of Asheville. The bottom of the tank, when Mr. Davidson began 
 work on it, was from two to six inches thick with concrete filling up the cre- 
 vices and the entire floor of the tank was cracked very badly. The sides of 
 the tank were originallj" built in 5-foot sections, and at these seams there 
 was a constant leakage. At some places there were cracks up and down the 
 wall, while nearly all of the wall was porous and water seeped tlirough. Mr. 
 Da\'idson broke out all of the old bottom entirely around for a distance (jt 
 t\\ii feet from the walls, going down to solid rock and cleaning out all cracks 
 and crevices. He then filled all with good concrete mixed with TRUS-CON 
 Waterprooiing Paste to the level of the old floor. On top of this lie laid tlic 
 ,X-inrli floor with V^-inch reinforcing steel, fiUed with TRUS-CON Water- 
 proofing- Paste and concrete, as per TRUS-CON specifications, using fiftei-n 
 lv;irr(d.s of the Paste in the bottom. He then cut out all joinls on the w;ill 
 ;irid idled them with cement mortar mixeil with TRUS-CON Waterproofing^ 
 Paste. 
 
 "Mr. Da\"idsMn's contract was 'no pay if not water-tight* after a 
 test of 90 days with reservoir full of water ; and at the end of 90 days the 
 mayor and five aldermen examined the reservoir and foimd that he had com- 
 plied with his contract and made good. Quite a number of outside firms 
 made bids for waterproofing of this reservoir, the lowest bid of these being 
 in the neighborhood of $20,000, while the cost under Mr. Davidson's plan 
 was $11,400, anrl he made some money. A number of firms making water- 
 proofing material solicited this business, but after demonslratious and ex- 
 amining the nierits of the various wa.tcr[)ronf nintcrials, Mr. Davidson told 
 me that he had decided that TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste was 
 the best material to use; and he used it and made good." 
 
 N. BUCKNl'iR, 
 Sec'y Asheville Hoarrl of Trade. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH, 
 
 SOHO BATHS 
 2410 Fifth Avenue. Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 .„ , ^ Januarv -ii, lH i'J.. 
 
 1 russed Concrete Steel Co., 
 15 Terminal Office Bldg., 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 f^t;^r,/^irs— Regarding the waterproofing of the Soho Baths with \-our 
 J-RUtS-CON PASTE, will say that the same is perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 Our condition was rather extreme; the building is situated on Fifth Ave- 
 nue, 3 stories above and 3 stories below Fifth Avenue. Our front wall 
 extends down 36 feet below the street, being 123,12' feet thick at bottom, com- 
 posed of concrete. 
 
 The water backed up against the wall from springs in the hiU and came 
 through a dozen different places, running continually all seasons of the year 
 at 100 gallons per hour. By applying a plaster coat M inches thick 1 :2, mixing 
 the TRL'S-CON Paste to the water, we have secured a water-tight job and 
 our walls are now perfectly dry, enabling us to utilize the fioors below Fifth 
 Avenue and make a swimming pool in which we have used the TRUS-CON 
 Paste wath satisfaction. 
 
 The walls were so dry that the carpenter thinking there was no water 
 back, drilled through the plaster coat to fasten partition, when instantly the 
 water gushed forth inja stream with much pressure, proving conclusively 
 that your materia\ is a thorough waterproof, and we will always use it in our 
 waterproofing. 
 
 Youra truly, 
 
 D. P. MARSHALL, 
 Superintendent, 
 
 Swimming Poo!, Soho Public Baths, Pittsburgh 
 Tftnk, and Walls, above waterproofed with TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Brunett Falls Manufacturing Co., Cornell, Wis. 
 
 All concrete subject to hydrostatic pressure waterproofed with 
 
 TRUS-COxV WATERPROOFING PASTE, Concentrated. 
 
 ^ >^v^j;&;:^isafes^airti^fe;^*<ag?^ 
 
 City Reservoir, St. Charles, Mo. 
 Watrrproofed with TRUS-CON WATERPROOFING PASTE. Concentrate 
 
TI£E TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING TRUS-CON 
 
 WATERPROOFING PASTE 
 
 CONCENTRATED 
 
 Only ordinary care and reasonable attention are necessary to obtain 
 the very best results with this product. 
 
 In the general integral waterproofing ot mass concrete, TRUS- 
 CON Concentrated Paste should be employed in the proportion of 
 one (1) part of Paste to thirty-six C'S) parts of water, which provides 
 the most economical waterproofing available. In the proportion of 
 one (1) part of Paste to thirty-six (36) parts of water, only fn<c (.5) imunds 
 of Coiicentraled Paste are regutred per euhic yard of coiierete.' 
 
 For conditions that are particularly extreme, due to small mass 
 or especially high pressure, the Concentrated Paste should, be used 
 in the proportion of one (1) part of Paste to twenty-four (24) parts 
 of water; but under average conditions of waterproofing the Paste 
 can be employed in the proportion of one to thirty-six (1:36) as recom- 
 mended above. 
 
 For a waterproofed cement plaster coat, the Concentrated Paste 
 should be employed in the proportion of one (1) part of Paste to eighteen 
 (18) parts of water. 
 
 Best results are obtained by thoroughly mixing one part Paste 
 with an equal volume of water and while stirring vigorously add suffi- 
 cient more volumes of water to give proportions required above. 
 
 The milky solution resulting from the mixture of Paste and water in 
 the above proportion should be used in place of clear water to temper the 
 dry mixture of cement and aggregate. 
 
 In case the mixture of Paste and water is allowed to stand for any 
 interval between using, it should tie most thoroughly stirred to insure an 
 even and uniform solution each time just before using. The Paste diffuses 
 so readily that this imposes no rnlilitionat trunble, as oery little agitation 
 will insure its perfect distribution . 
 
 The following table gives the quantities of cement, sand and TRUS- 
 CON Waterproofing Paste Concentrated required for a 1 :2 water- 
 proofed plaster coat to cover 100 square feet of surface. 
 
 PROPORTIONS 
 
 1 part Cement 
 
 2 parts Sand 
 Area 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Thick- 
 ness 
 
 Bbis. Cu. yds. 
 Cement ' Sand 
 
 1.00 
 0.75 
 0.50 
 
 15 
 
 .28 
 .21 
 .14 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 120 
 90 
 60 
 
 Gals. 
 
 14.5 
 10.9 
 
 7.3 
 
 Pounds 
 P»ste 
 
 6.4 
 
 4.8 
 3.2 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS 'HAND BOOK 
 
 Headgatos Mt. Tabor Reservoir, Portland, Oregon 
 Waterproofed with TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste 
 
 Inter-Ocean Steel Plant, Chicago, 111, 
 Stucco Sidings Waterproofed with TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 W. H. SIEVERLING, C. E. 
 General Contractor. 
 
 Springfield, Ohio, August 3rd, 1910. 
 The Tru.s»ed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 (icntlcmen— Rc^oirding the waterproofing jou furnished for the Spring- 
 field hight. Heat & Power Co.'s new consolidated power house, will say that 
 lu'arl}- two tons of "THUS-CON WATERPROOFIXG PASTE" were used 
 
 The situation seemed hopeless, as I had not only to contend with numer- 
 ous living springs, flowing through the power plant, coming up from the fissures 
 and .seams of limestone cliffs out of wdiich the foundations were blasted, but 
 also high waters from a turbulent creek, ISowing by the plant. I had as much 
 as eight (S) feet of water in the basements about all last winter and si>ring. 
 
 After much pumping and building of sheep troughs and sumps, and us- 
 ing plenty of TRUS-CON WATERPROOFING PASTE incorporated into 
 the concrete for walls, floors and top coat, I succeeded in getting a PER- 
 FEC)TLY dry basement for their electrical machinery. 
 
 I like to use TECS-CON Paste, because with the average conmion labor 
 you can get, it is easier to use and get results than with an.v other water- 
 proofing that requires intelligent, if not expert, manipulation. 
 
 I can assure ,\-ou that the Light Company is more than satisfied, as we iia\c 
 had some high waters since, and ever^'thing proved water-tight. 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 W. H. SIEVERLING. 
 
 RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE COMPANY 
 135 Adams Street 
 
 Chicago, Sept. 27, Itllll. 
 The Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Gentlemen — Referring to your inquir.v relative to the TRUS-C(J.V 
 W.SlTERPROOFING PASTE we used in Chicago last winter, beg to say that 
 this was used in connection with the foundation for a building for Mr. E. S. 
 Shepard located at Fairbanks Court, Erie Street, Chicago. We had ver>- 
 good success indeed with your product, and found same entirely satisfactor\' 
 for the iiur])Ose rcfjuired. 
 
 \'erj' truly .\-ours, 
 RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE CO. 
 H. D. Raymond. Asst. Treasurer. 
 

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THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 HARDY & ARONS 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 
 The Trussed r',,niTel,. Si. d Cn , 
 Detrcit, Midi, 
 Gentlemen — Ever since tjie erei'linn of llie Colonial Buihlinii, coiner of 
 Third and Grimes Streets, Ihc li^isirnent has been useless because "of t)ic t^real 
 seepage of water through tlie \\;ills and cement floor, 
 
 _ We contracted with the Dayton Fiber Plaster Co., of this city, to make 
 this basement water-tight and damp-proof with your products. They applied 
 a ^4" coating of cement mortar on these walls and a 2" cement floor, using 
 your Waterproofing Paste in the water with which thi.s material was mixed. 
 The stirface thus treated amounted to about 10,000 square feet. Our base- 
 ment is now absolutely dry, and we cannot too highly recommend your pro- 
 rlucts. Respectfully \'ours, 
 
 ' JI.\RDV & AROXS, 
 
 PALMER CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK. COMPANY 
 
 Wruhington, 1). C, M::y IS, lillu. 
 The Trussed Concrete Steel Co,, 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen — We think that your TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste 
 the best thing that has yet come to our knowledge. 
 Yours very truh^ 
 
 H. S, PAr,^tER. 
 
 WAUKESHA CONCRETE BLOCK & MATERIAL CO. 
 
 Waukesha, Wis., Jrdy 21, 1910. 
 We believe your TRUS-COX Waterproofing Paste to be superior to 
 other preparation.s we have used. 
 
 Very truly, 
 WAUKESHA CON. BLOCK & MAT, CO. 
 
 ARTHUR L. PILLSBURY, ARCHITECT. 
 
 Bloomington, 111., Sept. i;:i, 19111, 
 Your shipment of TRUS-CON Waterproofing Pa.ste duly received and 
 have used -nitli what seems to be good results. 
 
 We have also instructed the Davis Ewing Concrete Company to use this 
 material on some floor work which they have for a client of mine, and I think 
 it is going to give just the satisfaction that we want. 
 
 Yours sincereh', 
 
 ARTHUR I.. PILLSBUR\", 
 
 BICKES & KLUNPP, 
 900 E. North Street. 
 
 Decalur, 111,, .Jan. 27, 1911. 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. , - , 
 
 Gentlemen— We are in the concrete business, and are making banal 
 
 vaults. We were told that if we used . , . . WaUrproofi.no Powdn- 
 
 we could make these vaults waterproof, but we find by filhng the vaults with 
 water that thev leak like sieves, and that the waterproofing powder comes up 
 to the 'top as the concrete is poured. After the vaults have set you can scrape 
 the powder off witli your finger, and it leaves the concrete full of soft places. 
 
 We do not care to risk any more labor or material with powder water- 
 proofing, but want vou to send us prices on your Waterproofing Paste. We 
 have pSured a box about 12 inches square, using TRUS-CON Waterproofing 
 Paste: and upon filling same with water, note that the outside keeps P"ffJ-t 
 drv In using the powder waterproofing, we gave the same careful attentior 
 to the mixing We first mixed the cement and waterproofing compound 
 throUBh a fine sieve, and m»de sure that the dry mixture was perfectly uni- 
 r„,^ Very truly yours, 
 
 f°™- BICKES 4 KLUNPP. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
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THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIEIS, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 A FEW STRUCTURES WHERE 
 TRUS-CON WATERPROOFING PASTE 
 
 HAS BEEN USED 
 
 Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit and Philadelpliia. 
 
 Ford Motor Car Company, Detroit, Midi. 
 
 Lozier Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Hudson Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Granim Motor Car Co., Lima, Ohio. 
 
 City Reservoir, Hancock, Mich. 
 
 City Reservoir, Asheville, N. C. 
 
 City Reservoir, CoiTey%'ilIe, Kans. 
 
 City Reservoir, Fort Dodge, Iowa. 
 
 City Reservoir, Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 City Reservoir, St. Charles, Mo. 
 
 Reservoir, Ledbetter Mfg., Rockinghani , N. C. 
 
 Lighting Plant, Springfield, Ohio. 
 
 Mexican Light & Power Co., Mexico City, Mexico. 
 
 Westinghouse Lamp Factory, Watsessing, N. .]. 
 
 Grain Elevator, Fort Worth, Texas. 
 
 General Electric. Co., Schnectady, N. Y. 
 
 Goldfield Milling & Transportation Co., Goldfield, Nev. 
 
 Ohver Chilled Plow Works, South Bend, Ind. 
 
 Rogers-Brown Ore Co., Deerw'ood, Minn. 
 
 Markham Air Rifle Co., Plymouth, Mich. 
 
 Seaboard Air Line Ry., Portsmouth, Va. 
 
 Beckett Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. 
 
 Western Electric Co., New York City, and elsewhere. 
 
 Inter-Ocean Steel Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Jefferson Powder Co., Birmingham, Alabama. 
 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Southern lly. 
 
 Magee Theatre, Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 Hartman Furniture Co., Warehouse, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Anderson Forge Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Quartermaster's Department, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Kling Brewery, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Capitol City Brewery, Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Great Lakes Engineering Co., Ashtabula, Ohio. 
 
 Brunett Falls Mfg. Co., Cornell, Wis. 
 
 Continental Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Central Market Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Government Light House Caissons, Detroit River. 
 
 Pere Marquette R. R., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Grand Rapids & Indiana R. R., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Edward Ford Plate Glass Co., Rossford, Ohio. 
 
 Dodge Bros. Plant, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Detroit Free Press Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Press Building, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Oil Well Supply Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Hamburger Building, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Soho Public Baths, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, New Castle, Pa. 
 
 Y M. C. A. Swimming Pool, Red Wing, Minn. 
 
 Y M C. A. Smmming Pool, Fostona, Ohw. 
 Sellwood Park, Swimming Pool, Portland, Oregon. 
 Water Tank, Cojimar, Cuba. 
 
 Revere Rubber Co., Chelsea, Mass. 
 
 Goodyear Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio 
 
 Rubber Regenerating Co., Mishawaka, Ind. 
 
 Cook Brewing Co., Evansville, Ind^ 
 
 Frick & Lindsay Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Pres-O-Lite Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Heider Manufacturing Co., Carroll, Iowa. 
 
 Lima State Hospital, Lima, Ohio. ., m v 
 
 International Time Recording Co., Endicott, N_ Y . 
 
 Concordia Ice & Cold Storage Co., Concordia, Kans. 
 
 Calhoun Bath House, Minneapolis, Mmn. 
 
 Panama Canal Zone, Central America. 
 
 State Fair Bldgs., Dallas, Texas. 
 
 81 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
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THE ^rR,US-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 This product is a higlily specialized liquid cement coating for damp- 
 proofing, protectmg and beautifying exterior stucco, concrete, brick and 
 masonry surfaces of all kinds. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX is a remarkably fine product. It is formu- 
 lated in an unusually careful manner, after exhaustive scientific investi- 
 gation and many practical tests, so as to meet the most exacting physical 
 and chemical requirements of a masonry surface. In this product there 
 is provided a coating of maximum durability and efficiency. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX is recommended to be used double coat. 
 
 The first coat sinks deeply into the surface, pores, hair cracks, etc., 
 where it hardens and binds itself with the wall, so as to become a unit 
 part of it. The second coat, applied over this, seals and conceals the 
 pores and hair checks in a positive manner, so that there is no possible 
 chance for further absorption of moisture. In this way the surface is ren- 
 dered absolutely dampproof and moistureproof. 
 
 The dampproofing efficiency of TRUS-CON STONE-TEX is not only 
 evident in eliminating the saturated appearance of the treated area after 
 rain, and the tendency of the surface to become stained and unsightly, 
 but by excluding dampness from the wall, maintains a perfectly dry and 
 sanitary condition on the interior. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX thoroughly uniforms and equalizes the 
 color of the surface and imparts a finish of a stone-like texture of the most 
 artistic and attractive nature. The integrity and distinctive appearance 
 of a masonry surface are entirely retained by the use of TRUS-CON 
 STONE-TEX, as this product dries to a perfectly flat, uniform finish 
 without any tendency to gloss or give a painted appearance to the sur- 
 face. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX should not be classed with ordinary oil 
 paints. It does not contain any linseed oil or white lead and is prepared 
 with particular regard, not only to its toughness and durability, but with 
 respect to its immunity to the alkalies in concrete and masonry surfaces, 
 upon which it is to be applied. Unlike ordinary oil paints, it is not 
 sensitive to saponification, which is the common cause of failure, dis- 
 integration, flaking and peeling on concrete, brick and masonry. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX provides a hard weather-resisting and 
 protecting shell, which not alone lies on the surface, but which, because 
 of its penetrating qualities, secures a positive and cohesive bond. It is 
 used under the most rigid exposure tests and conditions. It has stood 
 with perfect satisfaction the ravages of the elements, for several years. 
 
 The pleasing colors in which STONE-TEX may be had, gives a 
 splendid selection and satisfiespractically any requirement in this regard. 
 
 The covering capacity of TRUS-CON STONE-TEX is about 100 sq. 
 ft. to the gallon, for double coat work, on a surface of average porosity. 
 The covering capacity is variable, depending largely upon the roughness 
 and porosity of each particular piece of work. The material is shipped 
 ready to use, and works out in a free and easy manner under the brush. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Twenty-one Barrels TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 Used on buildings Great Lakes Engineering Co., Ashtabula, Ohio 
 
 MACDONALD & APPLEGARTH, ARCHITECTS, 
 San Francisco, California 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 
 
 Chemical Products Department, 
 Detroit, Mien. 
 Gentlemen— The TRUS-CON STONE-TEX, which you shipped me from 
 Detroit, has given such entire satisfaction that I feel it incumbent upon me 
 to express my appreciation. We specialize in Reinforced Concrete and in- 
 variably coat the exterior to prevent the entrance of dirt in its pores. We 
 have used all of the ites — -tites and other mixtures called waterproofing. One 
 coat of your material, however, has taken the place of two of any of these 
 others and the result is a stone-like surface in appearance and a proof against 
 moisture and dirt. 
 
 We hope to be able to give you many orders for this maLerial. 
 \'er>- trulj' :voura, 
 
 KENNETH MACUONALD, JR. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 it.>^- 
 
 '«<*«■ 
 
 II illlil 11 1 i*' i Wmh: 
 
 ^jijTppfmiiiB 
 
 Residence of W. E. Biddle, Arncsbury, Mass- 
 Stucco treated with TRUS-CON STONE-TEX. 
 
 Reierriuy to tlie two coats of Trus-Con STOXE-TEX tliat you have 
 appiied to my stucco iiouse. piease be advised ttiat it is my opinion ttiat 
 the appearance of the cement worlc has been greatiy improved. In piace 
 of the cofor streaks, there is now a uniform color over the entire house of a 
 pleasing soft shade. 
 
 The cracks have all been filled up, and if this finish will stay on as well 
 as I have every reason to think it wdll do, there is no question but what tbi^ 
 sort of treatment of cement houses is desirable from every point of view. 
 
 W E. BIDDLE. 
 
 "Please ship at once another 50 gallon barrel of your TRTLTS-CON STONE- 
 TEX, Pure White, for use on the Montgomery County Court House. The 
 architects and committee are well pleased with results from the material 
 that you have already furnished." \XDFHSON 
 
 Painter and Decorator, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Residence E. H. Brown, Crosse Pointe Fiirms, Mich. 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX used to dampproof and uniform stucco. 
 
THE TRUS-CUN PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Brown Business College, Jackson-ville, III. 
 Before Coating with TKUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 Same as above after Dampproofing and Uniforming with TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 26 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 ALL PLEASED WITH STONE-TEX 
 
 Mr. n™an Foiigner, .4ugU3t 23, 1912. 
 
 -0 Alafli^.in .Square, Nortli. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Dear Sir — In reply to your recent request that I permit Mr. Williams to 
 
 "'?1'^'ii^^V- ^""^"e at Sutton Manor, New Rochelle, N. Y., recently finisherl 
 
 with TRLb-CON STONE-TEX, I would say that it would afford rae great 
 
 giSSf"";? *°j;^7f Mr- Williams call, and I will certainly enthusiastically endorse 
 
 The beautiful appearance of my house is a subject of admiration of all my 
 neighbors and is a source of more than usual satisfaction to me inasmuch as 
 the house presented such a frightful appearance before. 
 
 If I can be of any service to you, you may call upon me at any time. You 
 can say for me that I am very well pleased indeed with Stone-Tex. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 GEO. S. MACDONALD. 
 
 Greenville, Mo., Feb. l.j, 1912. 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Coniiian\', 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen — At this place the County Court House officials instructed 
 me to test the sample of TRIT,S-CON STONE-TEX you sent me and let them 
 know the result, w^hich I did, and they have ordered the material put on the 
 Court House. 
 
 They meet again in a few daj-s and are going to re-construct the Jail, and 
 expect you will receive another order for more material. 
 
 I can say this much for STONE-TEX. I have used material for painting 
 for fifteen years, but have never gotten hold of anything that answers the 
 purpose for brick work like .STONE-TEX. 
 
 I will use all of j'our material I can on the County ,Iail, for I am more 
 than pleased, and so is the Countj' Court, with the work of STONE-TEX. 
 
 Ver\" truly \'ours, 
 
 EDWIN PARKER. 
 
 Painter. 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo.. June 29, 1912. 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 Gentlemen — W^e have had such good success with the Hrst lot of STONE- 
 TEX that we have used, that we w^ant to tell you about it. 
 
 On one of the hne residences of the City, two different preparations haii 
 been applied to the stucco, but in neither instance was the material applied a 
 success. 
 
 We took this job when the hou.se was in a very bad condition onaccount of 
 the two previous coatings. We applied two coats of STONE-TEX, andithaa 
 made an elegant looking job. The owner is exceedingly well pleased and 
 
 If your STONE-TEX gives such a good result on a job like the alove.we 
 have no fear of it working anj-where. 
 
 Yi-rv trulv ^-ours, 
 
 BENNETT & PURKETT. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, Durango, Colo., July 3, 1912. 
 
 Chemical Products Dept., 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 Gentlemen — Two years ago I painted the exterior of my cottage with J'our 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX, Concrete Gray. I now have need for five gallons 
 more to use on a portion of the wall that is discolored by smoke, etc., and 
 would ask you to ship this at once. ,. . , 
 
 I am very much satisfied with the effect and wearing qualities of your 
 .STONE-TEX and have recommended it to several parties. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 K. A. GAGG, Cashier. 
 First National Bant 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Residence Mrs. Cora Powers, St. Petersburg, Fla 
 Coated with TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 
 Detroit, Mich, 
 Gentlemen— I am very much pleased with the STONE-TEX which makes 
 a very nice stone finish of solid color and adds greatly to the beauty of the wall. 
 I would be pleased to recommend it to any one. It adds to the appearance as 
 nntch as the danjpproijfness of the house. 
 
 Ydura vfvv tnil\-. 
 
 C. B. SIMOXSON. 
 
 BarifToft, Mirh. 
 
 Residence C. B. Simonson, Bancroft, Mich. 
 Masonry and Concrete Block Walls Coated with TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 (See above letter) 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 ftniifh Al'iin Sirect AI E. Church, High Point, X- *-'- 
 Cmformed and Dampproofed with TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 
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THE TRUS-CON^LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH 
 
 THEY ALL USE TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 Hershey Chocolate Co., Horshev, Pa 
 
 lUinois Glass Company, Alton, It! 
 
 Detroit Salt Works, Delray, Mich. 
 
 Bingham's Hotel, Harbor Springs, Mich. 
 
 Montgomery County Court House, Montgomery Ala 
 
 May Irwin Residence, Irwin Island, N. Y. 
 
 M. P. Molter Piano Factory, Hagerstown Md 
 
 American Railways Co., Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 H. W. Hoyt Residence, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Beech-Nut Packing Company, Canajoharie, N Y 
 
 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Carnegie Steel Company, Pittsburg, Pa 
 
 0._& W. Thum Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Princeton University, Princeton, N. J, 
 
 U. S. Government Liglit Houses. 
 
 Crescent Hotel, Aberdeen, Wash. 
 
 American Wire & Steel Company, Pitt.sburgh, Pli. 
 
 Lincoln County Court House, Carrizoza, N, M, 
 
 Rialto Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Fullerton Ave. Theatre, Chicago, III. 
 
 Great Lakes Engineering Co., Ashtabula, Ohio. 
 
 R. V. Kuser Residence, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Princeton Worsted Mills, Trenton, N. .J. 
 
 Elks Temple, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Wayne County Court House, Green^dlle, M(... 
 
 Brown Business College, Jacksonville, liL 
 
 Glenmore Distilleries Co., Owensboro, Ky. 
 
 Edison Illuminating Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Portland Railway Light & Power Co., Portland, On^. 
 
 Altoona & Logan Fuel & Electric Co., AUoona, I'a. 
 
 Boyer-Campbell Bklg., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Childrens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Charleston Consolidated Railway & Lislit Co., r'hurlcsidn, : 
 
 Trinity Cotton Oil Co., Dallas, Tex. 
 
 First National Bank, Taylor, Texas. 
 
 Holy Trinity Rectory, Swanton, Vt. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Reserve, La. 
 
 Hospital for the Insane, Jackson\'ille, La. 
 
 Merchants and Farmers Bank, South Emporia, Va. 
 
 Marathon Paper Milts Co., Rothschild, Wis. 
 
 Massey Business College, Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 American Automatic By. Switch Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 U. S. Army & Navy Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark, 
 
 Arctic Mining & Power Co., Emigrants Gap, Calif. 
 
 Associated Oil Co., San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 Speckles Residence, Coronado Beach, Col. 
 
 State School of Mines, Golden, Colo. 
 
 Gulf Novelty Works, St. Petersburg, Fta. 
 
 Atlanta National Bank Btdg,, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Augusta Orphan Asylum, Graeewood, Ga. 
 
 Oakwood Cemetery, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Mausoleum, Detroit, Mich.; Waterloo, la.; Mcehanii'svill-', 
 
 iVlankato, Minn. 
 St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Chicago, 111. 
 Park Commission Power House, Dubuque, la. 
 Williamson MiUing Co., Clay Center, Kans. 
 Loretto Academy, Loretto, Ky. 
 Old Prentice Distillery, McBrayer, Ry._ 
 American Lady Corset Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Detroit & Toledo Shore Line R. R. Co., Dotroil, Mich. 
 Penn Iron Mining Co., Vulcan, Mich. 
 High School, Wyandotte, Mich. 
 Pennsylvania R. R. Co., Jersey City, N. J. 
 Monmouth Hotel, Spring Lake, N. J. 
 .Jos. Fallert Brewing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 St. Ann's Rectory, Hornell, N. Y. 
 High Point Veneering Co., High Point, N, C. 
 Tidewater Power Co., Wilmington, N. C. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 r 
 
 
 City Hall at Grand Rapids, Michigan, treated with TRUS-CON POR-SEAL 
 
 Residence of Paul Gray, Detroit, Mich. Dampproofed with TRUS-CON POR-SEAL 
 
 8? 
 
THE TRU S-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON POR-SEAL 
 
 A transparent liquid for dampproofing exterior masonry walls without 
 changing the physical appearance and texture of the coated surface. 
 
 TRUS-CON Por-Seal is particularly adapted for dampproofing ex- 
 terior surfaces above grade which are giving trouble, due to the continu- 
 ous penetration of water through the wall, causing a damp and unsanitary 
 condition on the interior. Also for treating exterior porous stone, either 
 natural or artificial, to preserve them from superficial decay, due to the 
 absorption of water and other atmospheric impurities which cause general 
 disfiguration of the surface and slow, progressive disintegration resulting 
 from expansion of the water held in the pores on freezing. 
 
 TRUS-CON Por-Seal is practically water-white and shows no ten- 
 dency to stain the surface, as is generally the case with such dampproof 
 coatings. Very special care is taken in the selection of the raw materials 
 used in Por-Seal so as to obtain a product that will be practically free from 
 any color that would stain the surface over which it is applied. 
 
 The remarkable efficiency of TRUS-CON Por-Seal is due to the very 
 special synthetic, water-repellent compound which forms the basis of 
 materials used in the manufacture of this product. The synthetic base 
 is combined with a special combination of solvents, w'hich afford the very 
 maximum content of repellent base in the final product. 
 
 The characteristic efflorescence, or white alkali stains which so fre- 
 ciuently occur on masonry surfaces, can be ehminated by the proper ap- 
 plication of TRUS-CON Por-Seal. Efflorescence is a direct result of 
 the absorption of water into the surface, with the subsequent solution 
 of the soluble alkalies, which are in turn brought to the surface by the 
 water and deposited as crystalline salt on the evaporation of the water. 
 By treating the surface with TRUS-CON Por-Seal, its absorbent nature 
 is eliminated and there is no opportunity for water to penetrate to the 
 interior, to dissolve out the alkalies and carry them to the surface. 
 
 As a brick surface is much more dense and close in texture than the 
 average concrete surface, it is necessary to supply a special formulation 
 of TRUS-CON Por-Seal for treating brick. The content of solids 
 should be adjusted to the porosity of the surface, so as to be certain that 
 the pores are entirely filled and sealed, without leaving an excess of 
 solids deposited on the exterior. 
 
 In ordering this product for treating brick, it is well to specify TRUS- 
 CON BRICK Por-Seal, so as to be certain of obtaining the correct 
 material. 
 
 TRUS-CON Por-Seal is easily applied with a brush, similar to paint, 
 in liberal application, so as to permit the proper absorption and penetra- 
 tion of the product to thoroughly fill every pore of the surface. For 
 best results two liberal coats of Por-Seal are recommended. As this pro- 
 duct is very markedly repellent to water, it is essential that it only be ap- 
 plied to a surface that is absolutely dry, so as to insure the proper depth 
 and completeness of the deposition of the repellent base in the pores of the 
 surface. On a surface of average porosity one gallon will efficiently 
 dampproof approximately 125 square feet, applied in two coats. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCT vS HAND BOOK 
 
 Mergentahlcr 
 Linotype 
 Building, 
 rooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 AJl Exterior Concrete and SLucco Walls on above Buildings 
 Dampproofed with TRUS-CON POR-SEAL 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 WHAT OTHERS SAY OF 
 TRUS-CON POR-SEAL 
 
 "About three years ago we received from you one can of 
 TRUS-CON Por-Seal, and might say that we have experimented 
 on our stone here and find that it l^eeps the moisture out of the 
 stone. 
 
 "We tui-n out 40,000 to 50,000 cu. ft. of stone annually and 
 your Por-Seal has proven to be very satisfactory in retaining the 
 color of the stone, a trouble which has proven very serious in 
 the past." KETTLE RIVER CO., Sandstone, Minn. 
 
 "We beg to advise that we received the sample of your 
 TRUS-CON Por-Seal and, after testing same, have found it the 
 best we have ever used. We shall be pleased to have you ship 
 us at once one fifty-gallon barrel of this fluid." LARSON- 
 DANIELSON CONSTRUCTION CO., Laporte, Ind. 
 
 "We beg to advise you that the TRUS-CON Por-Seal, which 
 we ordered from you, proved satisfactory and when we are in 
 the market again for material of this kind, will be glad to favor 
 you with our order." INDIANA SPRINGS CO., Kramer, Ind. 
 
 "We recently put in a stock of your TRUS-CON Chemical 
 Products and so far are having very good results, waterproofing 
 the only two contracts that have come up." (The material used 
 was TRUS-CON Por-Seal.) E. E. NEFF & CO., El Paso, 
 Texas. 
 
 "Would say that we have used your TRUS-CON Por-Seal 
 as per instruction and thus far it has filled the bill. " SUPERIOR 
 ART STONE CO., Dayton, Ohio. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 a 
 z 
 o 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 2;. 
 
 H.2 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON PLASTER BOND 
 
 This product is a special bituminous coating for dampproofing all 
 exposed walls. Its use provides a continuous dampproofing element in 
 all such walls, which perfectly insulates the interior from any evidence 
 of dampness. On application to the surface it is partiahy absorbed into 
 the pores, thoroughly sealing them and establishing a most inseparable 
 bond. 
 
 The presence of the bituminous coating deeply deposited in the pores, 
 aflords a positive and efficient bar against the continuous penetration 
 of any moisture absorbed from the exterior exposed surface. 
 
 TRUS-CON Plaster Bond is so formulated as to indefinitely remain 
 flexible and tacky after being applied to the wall, and will furnish a tenaci- 
 ous and permanent bond to a scratch coat of plaster trowelled directly 
 on it. This property of Plaster Bond obviously serves the exceUent and 
 economical purpose of eliminating the necessity of furring and lathing, 
 thereby increasing the cubic area of available space and overcoming the 
 disagreeable features associated with such an air space. The continuous 
 coating of TRUS-CON Plaster Bond on the interior of an exposed wall 
 contributes a fair degree of insulation, which, although not eciuivalent to 
 an air space, yet for a great number of applications, is sufficient. 
 
 /( is to he eiiiplirndzcd thai the priiiic Jniifiioii aj TRUS-CON Plaster 
 Bond is to -jyroviite a eoiitiii nous iloiii pprvoj rooliinj on otl exposed wedls, 
 and lis speeiot Jrotiirr ,,f hntdnif/ a euol uf ptost, e oppti<d itirretlji tn il is 
 a. useful but iltst i nettij seemidonj eoiisoh.rol ion to itx donippniojimj ejlleieiieij. 
 As this prodnel is fmojonooitidli/ o doni pin;,uf euotinij, d is onli/ rceom- 
 mended for treolimj intermr of oj: posed rerto:ol n-idtx. It iioii/ lie nseil on 
 interior partitions fir its tmnding eapoeilij, tint irr dn imt ij, nerottij ree- 
 otnmend it for use nn ei.iliiifp: and siniidor snifoeis mi o tninionlot plane. 
 
 TRUS-CON Plaster Bond is applicable to any masonry surface and 
 should correctly be applied only to a dry surface, so as to insure the proper 
 absorption and penetration into the wall. As continuity is absolutely 
 necessary for satisfactory results, from Plaster Bond, special care should 
 be taken to insure a continuous coating between floor levels and the 
 ceilings below, and in cases where this is not possible, we recommend 
 that the coating be carried back about ten (10) inches on the ceiling be- 
 fore plastering. 
 
 TRUS-CON Plaster Bond is applied with a brush similar to paint and 
 must present an even, uniform, black appearance before being coated with 
 plaster. In cases where the first coat penetrates deeply into the surface, 
 it is very necessary that a second coat be applied so that the entn-e area 
 will have the most even, uniform, black appearance. 
 
 On surfaces of average porosity it is entirely safe to estimate the cover- 
 ing capacity of TRUS-CON Plaster Bond at 7.5 square feet per gallon. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 The 
 
 Industrial 
 Works, 
 Bay City, 
 Mich. 
 
 ()\iir a Tliniisaii(l(;alloii.s THUS-CON' PLASTER RONDused in I lusr huiMinK 
 
Wiisl,. 
 
 Wash. 
 
 M-.. 
 
 
 ;ros,s,. I'L 
 
 ■'arms, M 
 
 nee, Sa.rasi 
 
 hi, Fla. 
 
 THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 JUST A FEW PLASTER BOND REFERENCES 
 
 Tlaj Inclusl.iial Works, Hay City, Alirl, 
 Free Press Bids., Detroit, Mich. 
 Spelhnan Art Stuiiius, Detroit, Mieh. 
 Lipmau & Wolfe BMe., Portland, Ore 
 Woodward & Chirk Bldit., Porthiiid, Cre. 
 Holtz Biiildinti, I'orth'ind, (Jri-. 
 Calhoun Hotoh Se 
 Seattle Taxii'al. < '. 
 Y. M. C. A., Si ,1, 
 R. H. Page Resid- 
 
 T. M. Worcester I- 
 
 Paxton Resitleii.e, Lake Forest III 
 
 McNulty Bros., Chieajjo, III. 
 
 .States Plastering Co., Chicago, III. 
 
 L. M. Grant Rosi,lenee, Contoocook, \. I 
 
 Princeton Univcrsit\-, Princeton, N. .1. 
 
 PubHc School at Fremont, Ohio. 
 
 Public Scliool at Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Farmers' Bank P-ldtz , Sumter, N. < '. 
 
 Algoneiuin IIol,l, lJa\ion, Cihio. 
 
 Puhlie School, Lima, ( ihio. 
 
 Home Teleph.nie Bid;;., Kansas Civ. Mo 
 
 Diesel-Weininer Cigar Co., Delphos, l ihi. 
 
 Hydro-carbon Company Buihlire_r, Wiciiil 
 
 Castle Gould Fslales, Castletoii, .N V 
 
 Rescue ^lis.diiii, Sioux ( *iti , I, 
 
 Library, Lojranspo 
 
 Lilirary, Middlelo 
 
 Christian Unixersi 
 
 Luna Theatre, Da 
 
 Howard Hotel, Sioux I ' 
 
 Halstead Street Bai 
 
 Puhlie Schools, Well 
 
 First National Bank Building, l';i,rnsyill,.. Pa, 
 
 Woodward Iron C,i Biilh.bngs, \\'oodward, Ala 
 
 Brown Apartiiieiil , lies Moines, Iowa. 
 
 Ceo. DayifLori',- UniMiiigs, I'ifi-hnrg, I'a. 
 
 \ ( 'it 
 
 Ind. 
 tiln 
 l.\an 
 
 1 , 1 
 
 las 
 
 1 'ilN 
 , Cfi 
 
 L 
 
 uirg 
 
 P; 
 
 OFFICE OF S. G. COOMBS, GENERAL CONTRACTOR, 
 524 Fifth Ave. W., Seattle. 
 
 Caine-Grimshaw Co., 
 Seattle, Wa.sh. 
 
 Gentlemen — For the prcs(.'nt IjiulJing whicli I have now uinlcr cnslruc- 
 tion, a garage for the Seattle Taxicab Company, at Nintli anil \'\ki' .Strcc'i-, in 
 this city, I will require at least one fiftj^-gallon barret of thi.' satin' black TPil'S- 
 CON PLASTER BOND, manufactured by tlie Trussed (\.ncn-i>- Sn-d ("'■>., 
 that your firm supplied in consi(l(.Tal)le quanlif.y fur Mic ciii-lil-shn-y (..\illinun 
 l)uilding which I completed last sprinp;- 
 
 This is to request that you be particular U> have in stock Lhis sauiu TPl'S- 
 CON brand, as it gave splendid satisfaction to the architect and to the plasterni-, 
 and I believe it is entireh- the best composition of its kind that I ha"\x' e\'er 
 used on any of my work. This material has entirely protected the plaster 
 from discoloration on the Calhoun building, although the brick wahs on 
 which it was applied were very wet during the winter and at the tinie the 
 plastering was done. The plasterer furthermore tells me that this PLASTER 
 BOND acts as a perfect bond between the brick or concrete work and the 
 plaster which is directly applied to these outside walls. 
 
 If the material will please the architect and owner, who look at the hn- 
 ished work, the plasterer, who is spreading the plaster, and the plastering 
 contractor, who is interested in both the time and results, it is certainly good 
 enough for me and, if you have not this same TRUS-CON in stock, be sure 
 to get it for rue. 
 
 Verv truly yours, 
 
 S. G. COOAIBS 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 The Detroit Free Press BuilchuK D Ir it AIi I i„ m 
 InaiiJe ot all exterior walls damppioofed with li-il b CON PLAbTLrv I.(JND 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON FOUNDATION COAT 
 
 A liquid bituminous cement of iieavy consistency adapted for damp- 
 proofing general substructural work under earth filling. 
 
 This product is to be used for conditions where hydrostatic pressures 
 are comparatively light and where more com]5licated or elaliorate water- 
 proofing methods are not considered necessary. 
 
 ' TRUS-CON FOUNDATION COAT is applied with a large brush or 
 mop over the dry masonry surface, penetrating into the pores of the 
 surface and providing a continuous dampproof coating over the treated 
 area. The very special penetrative and adhesive properties of this pro- 
 duct insure the most tenacious bond to the inasonry, remaining tough 
 and elastic under wide variations in temperature. 
 
 TRUS-CON FOUNDATION COAT is not only much more efficient 
 but generally more economical than a coal tar pitch for treating exterior 
 masonry walls under earth filling. The use of pitch requires considerable 
 investment in apparatus and also expense in preparation, which are 
 eliminated in the use of TRUS-CON FOUNDATION COAT. Coal tar 
 pitch also tends to solidify in contact with the cold masonry surface and 
 in the chilled condition cannot penetrate into the wall sufliciently to 
 establish a satisfactory bond. TRUS-CON FOUNDATION COAT, be- 
 ing liquid and highly penetrative, is not affected when applied to the cold 
 wall, but penetrates deeply and bonds itself most securely. 
 
 Under light requirements, as on basement and cellar foundations, a 
 single coat brushed or mopped on is absolutely proof against the absorp- 
 tion of dampness. In cases where conditions are more severe, it is best 
 practice to use two coats to be absolutely certain of perfect continuity, 
 A gallon will cover approximately 100 square feet, single coat, and about 
 60 square feet double coat. 
 
 Just a Few Foundation Coat Jobs 
 
 Vitagraph Co. of .\merica, New York Cil\-. 
 
 Pennsylvania Water Supply., McCalLs Ferry, Pa. 
 .\rncrican Injector Co., Detroit, Mieh. 
 
 Uncle Sam Macaroni Co., Tec\iiii.'.i>li, Mich. 
 
 
 
 State Normal Schools, Winona, Minn, 
 
 
 
 Htmibolclt High Scliool. St. Tatil, ,\Iiii 
 
 n 
 
 
 Dicsel-Wcniiiier C'ig.ar Co.. Del 
 
 i.lMI.S 
 
 (.11 
 
 Mnr|ili>-- Potter Bhl.c, 
 
 l)r 
 
 I'M 
 
 :oward Hotel, Sioux City, Iowa, 
 
 
 
 Pubhc Service Station, WauliCgan, 111. 
 
 
 
 Woo.hvard Iron Co , Woodward, Ma. 
 
 
 
 Ilud.son .Molor Car Co., Detroit, Aiirlj. 
 
 
 
 Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich 
 
 Peninsular Engraving Bldg., Detroit, Mi^li 
 
 Flanders Office Bldg., Detroit, Michigan, 
 
 Davies Manufacturing Co., /Mhance, Ohio. 
 First National Bank Bldg., Ebensburg, Pa. 
 
 41 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 3 c[^ 
 
 «^8 
 
THE^TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE BACKING 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE BACKING is a black dampproof coating for 
 treating the unexposed sides of cut stone. 
 
 In the absence of any dampproofing or insulating treatment, the 
 sensitive stone absorbs moisture carrying elements of the mortar, re- 
 sulting in serious staining and discoloration. To avoid this staining, all 
 surfaces of the cut stone which come in contact with the masonry should 
 be painted with TRUS-CON STONE BACKING. This applies to the 
 top, bed, sides and back of the stone, to within one inch (1") of the face. 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE BACKING can be used most successfully for 
 backing all types of Hmestone, granite, marble or any building stone 
 which is absorbent and which otherwise would be seriously stained when 
 laid in cement mortar. 
 
 The product is furnished ready for use and should be applied to the 
 stone with a paint brush. The stone should be coated at least 24 hours 
 before being set. After the stone is erected, the mortar joints on the 
 back should be well coated with STONE BACKING, so as to insure the 
 thorough continuity of the dampproof course. 
 
 This product has met with remarkable success in comparative tests, 
 having been approved by the Government for use on Government work 
 when other competing products were rejected. 
 
 When applied in one even, uniform, heavj- coat, a gallon will cover 
 between ]2o and 1.50 square feet. 
 
 OFFICE OF SUPERVISING ARCHITECT 
 Washin£>:ton, D, C. 
 
 .J. Ilrnry MiUcT, Inc., 
 
 100 Dover Street, 
 
 Baltimore, Mil. 
 
 yir — lleferi-ing to your letter of the I'.iih tiltlmo, .subniittiiig .^amjtle.^ for 
 approval in connection with your contract for the Bureau of Engraving and 
 Printing Building, you are advised that the following is approved for u,se 
 wherever material of such character is required by your contract; 
 TRUS-CON STONE BACKING, made by Trussed Concrete Steel Company. 
 A copy of this letter will be sent to the Superintendent, who will forward 
 to this office, for identification, samples representing the approved materials 
 delivered on the site for use in the work. 
 By direction of the Supervising Architect. 
 
 Eespectfully, 
 
 (Signed) GEO. O. VON NERTA, 
 Chief of Technical Division 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 
 
 
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 ^M 
 
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 1 
 
 Michigan Motor Sales Co., Garap^c, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Treated T^-ith TRUS-CON Floor Enamel 
 
 Sub-Power Station, M. C. R. R., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Treated with TRUS-CON Floor Enamel 
 
 SCOTTISH RITE CATHEDRAL, 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 'T have used your TRUS-CON Floor Enamel on all the cement floors 
 in the Seottish-Rite Cathedral, and will aay that I am extremely pleased with 
 the results obtained. 
 
 It not only entirely does away with the dust and gives the floors a tile- 
 like finish, but it also seems to fuse with the cement, and hardens the floors, 
 some of which were very soft and porous. I most cheerfully recommend 
 TRUS-CON Floor Enamel to any one having cement floors, which need 
 protection against dusting and staining." 
 
 W. S. SPONHAUER, Custodian. 
 
 Scottish Rite Cathedral, 
 
 Ft. Wayne. Ind. 
 
 TreaS'-d with TRUS-CON Floor Enamel 
 
 ]Mar,\'land Shoe Company, 
 
 Cumberland, ]\ld. 
 
 Treated with TRUS-CON Floor Enamel 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 This product is especially adapted for finishing and rendering dustless 
 cement floors in hospitals, asylums, power plants, hotels and all similar 
 institutions, where concrete floors are common. 
 
 The natural tendency of a cement floor to continually dust is decidedly 
 unsanitary, due to the suspension of dust particles in the air, acting as 
 vehicles for germ distribution. 
 
 In power houses, the constant deposition of dust very seriously in- 
 creases the wear of the frictional parts of the machinery, particularly 
 electrical equipment, such as dynamos, motors, generators, etc. 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL produces a tough, hard, elastic and 
 reasonably durable finish on cement floors. It affords a most perfect and 
 attractive enamel finish, that insulates and protects the floor from direct 
 contact with the friction and abrasion of traffic, which would otherwise 
 tend to continually granulate and dust the surface. 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL perfectly protects the floor from 
 staining, due to the absorption of oils, greases and other foreign matter, 
 insuring the freedom of the floor from unsightly staining. 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL is appHed with a brush to the floor, 
 according to the directions appearing on page 91 of this book which 
 should be most carefully observed, to obtain the best results. 
 
 COVERING CAPACITY 12.5 square feet per gallon, two coats. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN SMELTING & REFINING COMPANY 
 SMELTERS & REFINERS OF METALS 
 
 Chicago, 111., November 9, 1912 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co. 
 Peoples C-js Bldg. 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The Tru3-Con Floor Enamel and Primer which we ordered from you 
 sometime ago has filled the bill. Instead of having a dusty, dirty and bad 
 appearing floor we now have a nice clean maroon colored floor and our 
 Laboratory is also free ot dust which naturally comes from the ordinary 
 cement floor. 
 
 Having some other floor which we wish to improve, we are herewith 
 enclosing order lor 
 
 7 Gal. Tile Red Floor Enamel 
 .5 " Floor Primer. 
 
 Please deliver the material to us fit our plant, 41st and Lowe Ave., and 
 bill on Mr. David Blum, president of our Company for same, sending invoice 
 to the address above given. 
 
 Very truly. 
 
 Great Western Smelting & Refining Co. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR PRIMER 
 
 This product should be employed as a priming coat under TRUS- 
 CON FLOOR ENAMEL when coating any floor laid directly on the 
 ground. It penetrates into the surface, and on hardening perfectly seals 
 the pores and INSULATES the ENAMEL from contact with any alkali 
 brought into solution by water absorbed into the concrete from the sur- 
 rounding soil. 
 
 In the manufacture of TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL the greatest 
 care is taken to so treat and manipulate the materials entering into its 
 composition as to insure the greatest immunity to alkalis, and extensive 
 practical tests have demonstrated that under normal conditions of use 
 it is in no way affected by the causticity characteristic of a concrete 
 surface. 
 
 However, in the case of a cement floor laid directly on the ground, 
 water is absorbed into the concrete, dissolving the alkali, and in this 
 concentrated form so intensifies its action that it is the best practice 
 to use a material such as our FLOOR PRIMER to completely protect 
 the ENAMEL from the action of the alkali. 
 
 TRUS-CON FLOOR PRIMER does not protect the ENAMEL by 
 any chemical action with the alkali which would tend to neutralize and 
 fix it, but it is considerably more efficient in providing a continuous in- 
 sulation through which it is impossible for the alkali to pass and come in 
 contact with the ENAMEL. 
 
 # 
 
 tall 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 HIGH PRAISE FOR TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 WILLIAM EARL RUSS 
 ARCHITECT, 
 
 Dayton, Ohio, 
 
 Trussed Concrete f^tuel Co , 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Gentlemen — Some time ^ince, at \our .sulicitatiun I tried out vour THUS- 
 CON" FLOOR ENAAIEL. 
 
 Since the first trial I have been using it on every bit of concrete floor 
 ■which I have, ranging from armored concrete factorv buildings to buidings 
 of the class of the Da>i;ou Country Club and the Moritgomery County Mem- 
 orial Building. 
 
 In every case I have been absolutely satisfied with it from all points of 
 view. I find that it not only wears like iron, but that apparently it actualh- 
 toughens the cement floor finish. In addition to these very valuable qual- 
 ities it makes a floor look well and easily kept in a clean, sanitary condition. 
 This is so much the case that where I have used it in my finer buildings, such 
 as those referred to, I have felt for the first time that a concrete floor could be 
 used in such buildings and made to appear on a par with the other better 
 class materials which compose them. 
 
 This letter is written to express my appreciation of tin.- product, and as.si.st 
 ,\ou, if possible, in interesting others in a good thing. I wish to add that it 
 is of i]]y own volition and not at ^'our request. 
 
 Xqtv trulv ^'nl|^s, 
 
 W. K. KUSS, 
 
 KUNZELMANN-ESSER COMPANY 
 
 HOUSE FURNISHERS, 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 \A^estern Lime ^t Cenimt Co , 
 City. 
 
 Gentlemen— We have u.sed Ihr TPaS-COX CnSi 'KETE GRAY ELOi >n 
 ENAMEL on six floors of our new building at Second a\'enue and Mltciu'll 
 street, which is used as a furniture show room, and are certainh' very much 
 pleased with the results obtained. 
 
 The FLOOR ENAMEL, which was put down in November, 1910, show.s 
 no traces of wear and has done away entirely with the dusting of the floors 
 and certainly gives them a pretty, finished, clean appearance and actuallj- 
 seems to harden the floors. 
 
 We are highly satisfied with the TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL and we 
 are pleased to say" that the one coat of the TRUS-CON FLOOR ENA^IEL 
 has covered our floors better than two coats of competitive make. 
 
 I pcrsonall\' believe it is the best material of its kind for this use. 
 
 I have had samples of a number of different makes, but there is not an- 
 other of them that has given us the wear and has covered flic floor so well as 
 the TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL. 
 
 Yours \-er\' trul\-, 
 
 KUNZELMANN-ESSER CO. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 PRINTERS LIKE TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 "Regarding the merits of your TRUS-CON Floor Enamel, we wish to 
 say, the fact that we have been sending you new orders for the Enamel from 
 time to time is proof positive that it is answering our purpose nicely. We 
 have now a liberal coat over our entire pressroom floor and we find that besides 
 protecting the concrete, it also keeps down the dust in the room to a minimum, 
 which any one familiar with the printing business will appreciate. Inciden- 
 tally, the Enamel adds to the appearance of our pressroom " A^MERICAN 
 COLORTYPE CO., Chicago. 
 
 "We have tested out your TRU8-C0N Floor Enamel and apparently it 
 has proven better than anything we have tried. As a further test you ma,\' 
 send us 10 gallons. Should this give satisfaction, we will give you an order 
 for all we shall require on our concrete floors and wc have considerable area 
 to cover." A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Medina, Ohio. 
 
 "Please send us ten more gallons of TRUS-CON Floor Enamel to apply 
 on some floors. That which i'ou have alread\' sent is giving good rr8ult.'^ '' 
 A. I. ROOT COMPANY, Medina, Ohio. 
 
 "Having finished the floors of our printing department with TRUS- 
 CON Floor Enamel, we wish to express our entire satisfaction with same. 
 It gives the floor a hard smooth surface, thereby eliminating all dust. If you 
 see fit, vou may use this testimonial at your pleasure." CURTIS AD\^ER- 
 TISING COiMPANY, Detroit, Mich, 
 
 "We have used your TRUS-CON Floor Enamel on the Crist Pubhshing 
 Co.'s building, and found it very satisfactory. Previously to placing this 
 material in the above building, we experimented with same on our cellar 
 floor, having given same a thorough test. By the results of this test, also by 
 the success we had with this material on the floors of the Crist Publishing 
 Co.'s building, we feel that we can conscientiously recommend same for the 
 purpose for which it is intended and claimed for by you." GRIFFITHS 
 & PIERCE, Utica, N. Y. 
 
 ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, PRINTERS, 
 418-426 West 25th Street, New York. 
 
 Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1012 
 Mr. Herman Fougncr, 
 
 25 East 26th Street, 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Dear Sir — The writer while President of the Souvenir Post Card Company 
 (a subsidiary company at that time controlled by us) used your TRUS-COi^ 
 FLOOR ENAMEL on their office and shipping room floor to his entire satis- 
 faction; so much that he has on several occasions recommended your product 
 to others, and in.sofar as is known, with entire satisfaction to these various 
 people. 
 
 We know of nothing as good and expect to continue using your product 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 ISAAC H. BLANCHARD COMPANY, 
 
 By A. J. Browne, Treasurer. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SCHOOLS PRAISE TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 "TRUS-CON Floor Enamel of which you furnished us 300 gals, for our 
 new Chemical Building, gave entire satisfaction Ijoili in spreading qualities 
 and in finish." I'XIVERSITY OF MICHIG-A.N, -\nn .\rlior, ilich. 
 
 "We have used TRUS-CON Floor Enamel and it seems to he just wliat 
 we want. We .shall order some more of it shortly." BO.\RD OF EDUC.V- 
 TION, Rochelle Parlv, N. J. 
 
 "Used one half barrel Floor Enamel, concrete grey, and one half harr.d 
 of Floor Primer at the new Le-uds School in Boston on the basement floors anil 
 it is verv satisfactory." H, H, ATWOOD, ARCHT , Dorehesler, Ifass. 
 
 "Regarding the TRUS-CON Floor Enarnel, would say that the five gallons 
 received and tried on the new school building floor, seems to hold up all right 
 and the chances are that the Board wiU put this on entire concrete floors of 
 building. We believe this the best material tried to date." BOARD OF 
 EDUCATION, Lorain, Ohio. 
 
 "We have used some of your materials on the Seymour Indiana High 
 School, and wish to know more about same as we were well pleased with the 
 results." W. H. ISGRIGG & SONS, CONTRACTORS, Grecnsburg, Ind 
 
 "We have made a test of the TRUS-CON Floor Enamel which you so 
 kindly sent us. I find that it gives a nice smooth finish to the floor, and, 
 also gives a nice appearance." ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
 Guelph, Ontario. 
 
 "Having seen your TRUS-CON Floor Enamel on the floor of the Carroll 
 Robins School, I am anxious to have it applied to th*- basement floor of the 
 Richmond Hill High School, New York City, where I am a teacher of physical 
 training. Practically all the New York public schools have concrete and 
 cement basements and gynnasium floors and there is a large opening for 
 business." MONTAGUE GA:\I.M0N. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 THEY ALL USE TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 Poatum Cereal Company, Battle Creek, Mich. 
 
 American Colortype Co-., Chicago, III. 
 
 Gillette Safety Razor Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Packard Motor Car Company, Detroit, Albany', Ne\\' 
 
 Pittsburgh, Philadelphia. 
 Hudson Motor Car Company, Detroit, Mich. 
 Chalmers Motor Company, Detroit, Mich. 
 Lozier Motor Car Company-, Detroit, Mich. 
 Grabowsky Power Wagon Company, Detroit, Mi(;h. 
 Inter-State Automobile Co., Muncie, Ind. 
 Michigan Steel Boat Co., Detroit, Alich. 
 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 Princeton University, Princeton, N. .1. 
 Kansas Agricultural Coilege, Manhattan, Kans. 
 University of Wiscon.sin, Niadison, Wis. 
 Johns Hopkins Universit\-, Baltimore, Md. 
 College of Physicians :ind Surgeons, Philadelphia, J^a, 
 J. L. Mott Co., Pluml:iing Supplies, Trenton, Pa, 
 American Bell Telephone Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 Beaver Power Building, Dayton, Ohio. 
 Montgomery County Slemorial Bldg., Dayton, Ohio. 
 Byron Weston Paper Company, Dalton, Mass. 
 Richardson Paper Company, Lockland, Ohio. 
 Central Paper Companv, Muskegon, Mich. 
 National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Detroit Sulphite Fibre Company, Delray, Mif^h. 
 Massachusetts State Infirmary, Tewksburj^, Mas.s. 
 Minnesota School for Epileptics, Mankato, Minn. 
 Edison Illuminating Co., Delray and Detroit, Mich, 
 Shredded Wheat Company, Kansas City, Mo, 
 Conkey & Company, Hammond, Ind. 
 Speedwell Motor Car Company, Dayton, Ohio, 
 National Cash Register Company, Daj'ton, Ohio, 
 University School, Detroit, Mich. 
 Curtis Advertising Company, Detroit, Mich. 
 Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company, Buffalo, N, Y, 
 F, I. A, T. Automobile Co,, Poughkeepsie, N, Y. 
 Gramm Motor Car Company, Lima, Ohi(.i, 
 Polk Sanitary Milk Company, Indianapolis, Ind, 
 King's tlospital, Detroit, Mich. 
 West Side Hospital, Detroit, Mich. 
 Hampton College, Hampton, Va, 
 U. S, Government Bureau of Chemistry. 
 U. S, Revenue Cutter Service, 
 U, S. Forestry Department, 
 U, S. Navj' Department. 
 U, S. Post Ofiice Department. 
 U. S. Engineering Service. 
 Nixon Theatre, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 New Theatre, New York City. 
 National Theatre, Detroit, Mich. 
 Majestic Theatre, Pottsville, Pa. 
 Rensselaer Institute, Rensselaer, N. Y, 
 Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, ()iit 
 Soldiers Home, Dayton, Ohio, 
 Chase Rolling Mills, Waterbur>-, Conn, 
 Lehigh A'allry Coal C')mpany, Wilke.sbaiTc, Pa. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 THEY ALL USE TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 Liirline Baths, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 American Locomotive Works, Dimkirk, N. W 
 
 Harlan & liollingsworlh Car Shops, Wiiniinjiton, Del. 
 
 Michigan Central Railroad, Detroit, Midi, 
 
 American Tobacco Co., Clarkaville, Tcnn. 
 
 Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, X. J. 
 
 Meriwether Hospital, Asheville, N. C, 
 
 St. Bonis Dairy Company, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Crane & Breed Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Uhio. 
 
 Board of Education, Trenton, N. J., Roclielle Bark, N. J., 
 
 South Beach, Conn., Astoria, Ore., Everett, Wash,, 
 
 Creensburg, Ind., Wyandotte, Mich., Lorain, Ohio, 
 
 Trenton, N. J., Boston, Mass. 
 Foxborough State Hospital, Foxborough, Mass. 
 Diipont-DeNemours Bowder Co., Wilmington, Dei. 
 Rollins College, Winton Park, Fla. 
 American Car & Foun(.lrv Co., St. Charles, M<>. 
 C, R. L & P. R. R., Chicago, 111. 
 Ceneral Electric Co., Bittsfield, Mass. 
 New Jersey State Hospital, Trenton, N. J, 
 Solvay Process Company, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Detroit River Tunnel Company, Detroit, Mich. 
 Adler Sanitarium, San Francisco, Cal. 
 Brownsvihe Paper Company, Brownsville, N. Y. 
 Great Western Bower Company of California, Oakland, Sacra 
 
 San Francisco, MarysviUe, 
 Crowell Publishing Co., Springfield, Ohio. 
 Jones Memorial Hospital, Jamestown, X, Y. 
 Garford Company, Elyria, Ohio. 
 Robert Burns Ho.spital, Chicago, 111. 
 Allegheny Light Co., Bittsburgh, Ba. 
 Bortland Ry. Light & Power Co.. Portland, Ore. 
 Commonw^ealth-Edi.son Co., Chicago, 111. 
 Commonwealth Power Co., Kalamazoo, IMich. 
 Edison Illuminating Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Spreckles Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
 Newhall Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
 Towde Maple Products Co., St. Baul, Minn. 
 Drake Marble & Tile Co., St. Paul, Minn. 
 Highlands Apartments, Washington, D. C. 
 M. A. Winter Bldg., Washington, D. C. 
 Washington Market Co., Washington, D. C. 
 N. Y. I11-1 ii iitMH! for Deaf & Dumb, New Ynck City 
 Episcnp:.! I l<-i'ii'i!. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Auto Sal'-- '"'rM-jfirrdion, Philadelphia, l':i. 
 Enterprise Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, P.i. 
 U. S. Naval Home, Pliijadeiphia, Pa. 
 Coli.'rieum, Chicago, III. 
 Peoples Gas Bldg., Chicago, 111. 
 Michigan Lubricator Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Speaker-Hints Brinting Plant, Detroit, Mich. 
 Universal Motor Truck Co., Detroit, Mich, 
 Bronx Refrigerating Co., Ncw^ Y'ork City. 
 Omaha Van & Storage Co., Omaha, Nelv 
 Huffrier Bros., Charleston, W. Va. 
 Ib.nie Di.stilling Co., Charleston, W. "S a. 
 Odd Fellows Home, Cullman, Ala. 
 Waterworks Power House. Spokane, Wash. 
 Waterworks Power House, Detroit. IMich 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 THE TEXTURE OF CEMENT FLOORS INFLUENCES 
 TREATMENT WITH FLOOR ENAMEL 
 
 The treatment that should be employed in the application of TRUS- 
 CON FLOOR ENAMEL will vary somewhat with the texture and gen- 
 eral physical properties of the particular surface to be treated. 
 
 The first essential to obtain satisfactory results is to insure the thor- 
 ough absorption and penetration ot the first coat into the surface, so as 
 to establish a firm and inseparable bond. On surfaces which are quan- 
 titatively dry, porous and open in texture, the FLOOR ENAMEL on 
 application is absorbed well into the surface. Under such favorable 
 conditions of penetration, the FLOOR ENAMEL becomes practically 
 an integral part of the surface and there is no opportunity for any 
 scaling or peeling of the coating. 
 
 On a highly trowelled surface that is dense and close in texture, the 
 penetration without special care and treatment is necessarily small, and 
 instead of the coating obtaining a firm anchorage and bond by absorp- 
 tion, it remains as a superimposed film. The coating in the natural 
 process of drying assumes extreme hardness, which is essential for satis- 
 factory results, but in the absence of proper bond to the surface to 
 support and reinforce it, the coating will soon crack and scale off under 
 the abrasion and pressure of traffic. 
 
 Figure No. 1 shows photomicrograph made in our technical laboratory 
 of a fairly porous cement finished surface. On a floor of this type there 
 is no trouble experienced in obtaining proper penetration and absorption 
 of the coating into the surface, establishing a bond that will insure most 
 satisfactory results. From Figure No. 1 it is also easily evident that if 
 the floor should be moist and damp, the result would be unsatisfactory, 
 as the presence of the moisture in the pores would naturally repel the 
 coating and make it impossible to penetrate to a depth ess. -^'al to 
 establish a firm solid key. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Figure No. '2 shows photomicrograph of a dense cement finished 
 floor. The pores in a surface of this character are comparatively small, 
 as the thorough troweUing of the surface concentrates the colloidal con- 
 tent of the cement on the surface and tends to close and seal the pores. 
 
 On a surface of this character TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL ap- 
 plied in standard consistency would develop very little penetration. In 
 the absence of penetration the coating over the surface, when subjected 
 to service, would show more or less tendency to crack and scale. 
 
 In such conditions, where the floor is dense, the greatest care must 
 be exercised to insure the greatest possible penetration. It is advisable 
 in these cases to coat the floor lightly with spirits of turpentine, and 
 follow with a first coat of TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAJVIEL which has 
 been slightly thinned with the addition of turpentine, so that the pres- 
 ence of the thinner on the walls of the pores will tend to draw the EN- 
 AMEL deeper into the surface than would otherwise result. 
 
 Care must also be taken to avoid the application of TRUS-CON 
 FLOOR ENAMEL over a cement finished floor that is soft and weak 
 and not strong enough to resist the crushing pressure of traffic over the 
 surface. In such cases, when the floor is subjected to service, particu- 
 larly heavy trucking, the surface, due to its intrinsic weakness, will 
 crush under the load and form scales, destroying the decorative effect 
 and general efficiency of the FLOOR ENAMEL treatment. 
 
 Figure No. 'i shows photomicrograph of the back of a small scale 
 indicating the failure of the ENAMEL, due to the superficial weakness 
 of the surface of the floor over which the ENAMEL was applied. It is 
 evident from the photomicrograph that the back of the scale is coated 
 continuously with cement, which represents the surface of the floor to 
 which the ENAMEL has very firmly and inseparably adhered and 
 results would have been thoroughly satisfactory if the floor had been 
 firm and sound. 
 
 We are pleased to submit .special suggestions and recommendations 
 for the use of our ENAMEL on floors of varying texture and porosity 
 and as -x result of our extensive experience and study of this subject 
 assure the very best results. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "It. 
 
 ■J' 
 
 Highly magnified cross-section of a cement fioor, showing the rough 
 uneven contour that characterizes the direct wearing surface. 
 
 The small particles on the extreme projections of the surface are nat- 
 urally broken off under the abrasion of trafl'ic, continually forming dust. 
 The pores occuring at the base of the depressions in the surface very 
 readily absorb water in any attempt to clean the floor, with the result 
 that the surface is saturated with moisture for some time after cleaning. 
 
 The application of TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL provides the 
 thorough sealing of all the pores of the floor, rendering it positively non- 
 absorbent and easily cleaned and washed and kept in a thoroughly san- 
 itary condition. 
 
 The FLOOR ENAMEL also fills the depressions, providing greater 
 evenness to the floor and a continuous film over the projecting particles, 
 insulating them from direct friction with traffic that would otherwise 
 cause them to granulate. 
 
 The presence of the ENAMEL in the pore^; and depressions of the 
 surface serves also to strengthen and reinforce the surface, so that tfie 
 fine projecting particles will not crush and break down under the crush- 
 ing strain of traffic and service over the floor. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 un Parlor, lilair Countv Insane Hospital, llollnlavsljurg, P 
 
 Walls treated with TRUH-CON A.SEPTK'OTE. 
 
 Concrete Floor coated with TRUS-CON FLOOR ENAMEL, 
 
 Columns,, 
 
 Larlinc Baths, San Francisco, California 
 idconies and Girders Finished with TRXIS-COX ,\SEFTIGOTE 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 
 This product perfectly meets all the requirements of modern hygiene, 
 for a sanitary, washable, aseptic and durable finish for the decoration of 
 interior walls. Modern progress in general sanitation has condemned the 
 use of wall paper and water soluble paints, for interior decorations. 
 
 Wall paper, due to^its fibrous and absorbent nature, with its attendant 
 sizing and paste, affords a serious culture bed for the growth and multi- 
 plication of disease germs. Similarly, cold water paints due to their 
 high content of glue, casein, dextrin and similar organic materials, offer 
 serious nutrient media for the growth of fungi and moulds, which contri- 
 bute an unsatisfactory and unhygienic environment. Wall paper cannot 
 be'washed nor fumigated, without destroying its decorative effect; while 
 cold water paints are only temporary, very soon failing, scaling and peeling 
 from the surface, and leaving a most unsightly and unattractive appear- 
 ance. 
 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE is absolutely free from all organic matter 
 that would ofi'er any possible nutrition for the growth of germs, and is un- 
 questionably the most satisfactory product for interior decoration, con- 
 sistent with the requirements of modern hygiene. 
 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE is manufactured from specially selected 
 non-poisonous pigments which have been most carefully and thoroughly 
 ground in a vehicle subjected to special treatments and manipulations. 
 The absolutely inert nature of the pigments used in the manufacture of 
 Asepticote, insures the perfect safety in the use of this product for any 
 interior work, with no possibility of the suspension of particles of the 
 coating in the air that might affect, and even be toxic to dehcate tissues. 
 
 The special vehicle used in the manufacture of Asepticote, insures 
 continual washing and cleaning of the coating, without affecting the 
 general attractiveness of the finish. 
 
 The number of the soft tones in which TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE is 
 manufactured, offers various possibihties for obtaining the most attrac- 
 tive, artistic and decorative effects. The even, uniform, soft and velvety 
 effect exceeds in its attractiveness any other method of interior finish. 
 There are no evidences to show laps, brush marks, or the uneven finish 
 that is so characteristic with lead and oil, and which requires stipplmg 
 to eliminate. The perfect ease with which TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 can be applied, and the uniform, opaque and dense finish, makes this 
 product considerably more economical than a flattened lead and oil. 
 
 The perfect saritary qualities of Asepticote, supplemented with the 
 very even washable and durable finish which it produces, in the minimum 
 number of coats, makes this product the most economical and eflicient 
 coating for general use in finishing the interior of residences, schools, 
 public buildings, sanitariums, hospitals and similar structures. 
 
 On a surface which has been properly prepared, with a sizing coa i 
 TRUS-CON Alkali-Proof Wall Size, as stated in the directnis TRL 
 CON ASEPTICOTE will cover approximately 200 sq. ft. . - gallon, tvj 
 coats. See complete>pecification3 on page S7. 
 
Blair County Insane Hospital, Hol]id,avsbur<i, Pa. 
 TRUS-CON AyEPTICOTE used tlirouKhout this Institution 
 
 THE NEW JERSEY SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF 
 WILLIAM G. NEWCOMB 
 
 Storekeeper 
 
 Trc-niftn, \. .}., July 15t]i, 1912. 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 Gentlemen — In order to o^'ereoIne whitewashed wall conditions, I ordered 
 10 gallons of your Alkali-Proof Wall Size and 10 gallon TRUS-CON Asepti- 
 cote (white) for use as a trial in this institution. I had the walls thoroughb' 
 scraped leaving them black, scaly and rough, but I have obtained splendid 
 results and the quantity mentioned covered 3,735 square feet, double coat, 
 an average of 373.5 square feet per gallon. The work was done by pupils 
 of the institution under my instruction, some of the lun'S never havinjz done 
 3n\' jiainting |)rp"\"ioiisly. 
 
 ^"<JU^s \-fr\ trul\", 
 
 ■\V1TJ.IAM C. .\P_:AVC(.)MB. 
 
 ';ate Model and Normal Schools. Trenton, N. J. 
 ior walls contci wiDi TRUS-CON ASICFTICOTE 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH- 
 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE PLEASES EVERY ONE 
 
 "Ovir walls are made of very porous material and I think that the sami.>le 
 of TKUy-CON Asepticote which you sent, and whieh we used in the rooms as 
 set fortii, makes a good finish. 
 
 1 have been slow to make up my mind just what Wall Finisli tn usr, hut 
 it -si-rms to me that from the walls of the rooms wo have finished, \ou(h was 
 the most satisfactory." BLAIR rOTNTY HOSPITAT. FOR. TMI.': rN.SANE, 
 Hollidaysburg, Pa., Dr. If, J. Snnmirr, Sn|it 
 
 "Your TRCS-CON Asejilieote proved \-er>' satisfactory to us, and we 
 want now to apply your TRl'S-C'ON' Floor Enamel to our fourteen toilet 
 rooms an.l oblige, BROAD STREET NATIONAL BANK, Trenton, N, J. 
 
 "The buff color TRU.S-CON Asepticote used on the interior walls of 
 the Prospect Street Presbyterian Church is higlii>- satisfactory,', and tlic rom- 
 mittee wish to have the cement floor in basement treated tvilli \'oiir l'"loor 
 Enamel." HARRY A. HILL, ARCHT., Trenton, N. J. 
 
 "I rccei\-ed the Wall Size and the Asepticote \\hi(di .\ou sent, ine ai the 
 State Normal Schools. 
 
 These materials gave perfect satisfaction to the room I coated for a sample 
 demonstration — came out like a piece of velvet. The heads of the school are 
 much pleasec' and have ordered a barrel of Concrete Grey Asepticote and a 
 barrel of Wall Size and an additional gallon of Wall Size. If it was not so 
 late, they would order five barrels. They are s^ing to let the rest of the work 
 go over until next term. If their painter will make the material eorne out 
 as nicely as I liave done, no one can ever si'l! thcin an-\-thing \<\\\. 'TKUS- 
 CON.' 
 
 The head painter at the Normal told the PriTii;ij.)al it was impossible to 
 get such a job with oil paint and that it could onlj- be procured with TRUS- 
 CON.' We just show them the goods and there vou are." A, .1, COMPTON, 
 Trenton, N. J. 
 
 "Wo nrd'-red 15 gallons of your TRUS-CON A.septicote sometime ago, 
 and have found it very sati.sfartory." LAKEWOOD FARM, CMucago, 111. 
 
 "Enclosed find order for immediate shipment of TRUS-CON Asepticote. 
 Your materials have always given me satisfaction, and I look for good results 
 with this Asepticote." WILLIAM J. SCALES, ARC^HT., Glen Falls, N. Y. 
 
 "All rooms and floors of the Chesterfield Hotel are treated nitli TRUS- 
 CON Asepticote, Floor Enamel, etc. as it is Mr. Hanrahan's inlenti<tn (o do 
 all rooms throughout house and Rathskeller. It is the rcDresentative hotel 
 of the city, it being the only Rathskeller in the city. We have also used 
 TRUS-CON Asepticote in the Banking House of the Merchants & Farmers 
 Bank, Emporia, Va., also the sporting goods store of D. W. Branch wdiich 
 is the' leading establishment of the kind in the city, 
 
 I would like also to mention the handsome new residence of Mr. E. O. 
 Wyatt, Jr., St. Andrew St., this city. I expect a lot of handsome orders m 
 the next few days among which will be the handsome stores of A. Rosenst ick 
 & Co Dry Goods the leading estabhshment of its kind in Virginia, .-^nd - 
 handsomest store building in Ya. CHAS. R, WALSH, Petersburg, 
 
 "The TRUS-CON Anepticotc has been on our Fort Worth _w- ..le 
 
 time and so far it shows no sign of scaling off. It looks as if' .^ng to 
 
 serve the purpose." SWIFT & COMPANY, Chicago, III. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Publir ,Scli..ols, U,juv,,r F,.,lls, P;i. 
 iDlenoi- Walla Di-forutrcl nitli TKl'S-CON ASE PTK 'OTE. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SOME TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE CUSTOMERS 
 
 Princeton University, Princeton, N J. 
 
 Jackson-Walker Bldgs., Wichita, Kas. 
 
 U. S. Army and Navy Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark. 
 
 Blair County Insane Asylum, HolUdaysbiirg, Pa. 
 
 Board of Health Building, Detroit, Alich. 
 
 Z. & W. M. Crane Paper Mills, Dalton, Mass. 
 
 C. A. Edgarton Mfg. Co., Shirley. Mass. 
 Rochclle Gas Company, Rochelle, 111. 
 Shirley- Annex, Denver, Colo. 
 
 Nortli Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, N, Dak. 
 
 N. J. State Normal & Model Schools, Trenlnn, N. J. 
 
 Pennington Seminary, Pennington, N. J. 
 
 Postoffice, San Francisco, California. 
 
 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Alder Sanitarium, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Western Electric r'oriipan\", New York City. 
 
 Peoples BrewtT},', Trenton, N, J. 
 
 Sloman Fur House, Detroit, Mioh. 
 
 Swift & Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Broad Street Bank Bldg., Trenton, N. J, 
 
 Garford Manufacturing Company, Eh-ria, Oliio. 
 
 Edison Illuminating Company', Di-troit, r^Iifh. 
 
 Texas Company, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 State Reformatory, Rahway, N. J. 
 
 Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Cornwells, Vn. 
 
 Jersey\'ille Telephone Co., .Jersei'\'ille, 111. 
 
 Armour & Co., Fort Worth, Texas. 
 
 Blue Valley Creamery, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Chicago Club, Chicago, 111. 
 
 National Malleable Castings Co., Melrose Park, 111 
 
 Bolivar Public School, Otterbein, Ind. 
 
 Flynn Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa. 
 
 Des Moines Club, Des Moines, Iowa, 
 
 Electric Building, Portland, Ore, 
 
 Chesterfield Hotel, Petersburg, Va. 
 
 Mausoleums, Waterloo and Mechanicsville, la. 
 
 Fall City Tannery, Louisville, Ky, 
 
 Central Christian Church, Shreveport, La. 
 
 Rumford Falls Power Co., Rumford, IMc. 
 
 Calvert Lithographing Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Grace Hospital, Detroit, IVIich. 
 
 Cumberland County Hospital, Bridgeton, N. .1 
 
 Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, N, J. 
 
 Carnegie Warehouse, Newark, N. J, 
 
 Monmouth Hotel, Spring Lake, N. J, 
 
 Fireproof Film Co., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Knox Gelatine Co., Johnstown, N. Y. 
 
 Jjoose- Wiles Biscuit Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Port Huron Creamery, Port Huron, :\Iich, 
 
 Algonquin Hotel, Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 BlufTton Light & Water Works. BlufTton, <.)hin. 
 
 Payne Motor Car Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Public School, Beaver Falls, Pa. 
 
 Terminal Railway Warehouses, Pittsburg, Pa 
 
 Schmidt Building, Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Deere & Co., MoHne, Illinois. 
 
 Public Schools, Beaver Falls, Pa. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Co., Pittsburg, I'a. 
 
 Westinghouse Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Arnfeld Building, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 D. K. E. Fraternity House, Hamilton, N. Y. 
 Raritan Hotel, New Brunswick, N. J. 
 Owen Building, Detroit, Michigan. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE 
 
 The success of the results from the use of any interior coating, depends 
 upon the carefulness with which the surface is prepared. 
 
 TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE is particularly formu- 
 lated to work most efficiently with TRUS-CON Asepticote, to thoroughly 
 uniform the suction and provide the most satisfactory foundation over 
 which TRUS-CON Asepticote can be applied, with most even and uni- 
 form results. Practically all newly finished walls are characterized by a 
 distinctly variable suction, some portions being extremely hard, tending 
 to minimize the absorption of any coating applied over them, while the 
 soft parts absorb the finish and leave an uneven and mottled effect. 
 Painters recognize the necessity of using a sizing coat, to thoroughly uni- 
 form the porosity of the surface, so as to minimize the number of coatings 
 which are necessary to give the most even and uniform results. 
 
 Glue size, while permissible with water soluble coatings, is very un- 
 satisfactory as a sizing coat under washable, sanitary coatings. The 
 composition of the vehicle in the washable coatings dry hard and dense, 
 and cause the glue to crawl and peel, resulting in the failure of the coat- 
 ing. Any moisture present in the wall will soften the glue and tend to 
 destroy the bond and adhesion of the coating to the surface, with the 
 resultant failure evidenced by scaling and peeling off the surface. 
 
 Gloss oil is equally unsatisfactory, due to its sensitiveness to the action 
 of moisture, and its tendency to anneal with the coating applied over it, 
 and be inefficient in uniforming the suction of the surface, for which it is 
 intended. 
 
 For the most dependable results, a moisture-resisting and durable 
 product such as TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE should be 
 employed. The additional expense involved in the use of ALKALI- 
 PROOF WALL SIZE as compared with the cheaper sizes, is fully com- 
 pensated for by the increased durability and service which will result 
 from .the finish that is applied over it. 
 
 In treating new walls, to be finished with TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 it is recommended that all patches and cracks be thoroughly filled with 
 Plaster of Paris, which, when hardened and set, should be given a light 
 coat of shellac, and after treating the entire surface, sized with a coating 
 consisting of one part of the ASEPTICOTE, of the color desired, com- 
 bined with three parts of TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE. 
 This will give a tinted foundation over which TRUS-CON ASEPTI- 
 COTE can be applied, with most even and uniform results, and be en- 
 tirely certain of its inseparable and permanent bond to the treated area. 
 
 Refei ..,j uie full directions for the use of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 for additional .nstructions to be observed in its application, page S7. 
 
 TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE, on a surface of average 
 porosity, will cover approximately 200 sq. ft. per gallon. 
 
THE TjRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE 
 
 This product is an enamel coating of the very highest quality, for 
 finishing the interior surfaces of wood, metal and plaster. It produces 
 an enamel finish with a brilliancy of tone, softness, whiteness and lustre 
 that cannot be excelled. The extreme ease and smoothness with which 
 Sno-Wite flows out under the brush, gives a finish absolutely free from 
 brush marks, or grain, resembling a porcelain surface. 
 
 The very special properties of TRUS-CON SNO-WITE are the result 
 of the extreme care taken in the particular grinding of imported pigments 
 with a vehicle that is specially compounded from gums and oils of the 
 very highest quality. The special fineness of the pigments and the char- 
 acter of the vehicle, insure a product of maximum elasticity, and one 
 which will show no tendency to crack, craze or peel from the surface. 
 
 The formulation of TRUS-CON SNO-WITE insures the maximum 
 brilliancy to the initial clear, pure whiteness of the finish. The very 
 highest grade of select fossilized gums are so expertly combined with oils, 
 to produce the vehicle used in the manufacture of this product, that the 
 natural characteristic of white enamels to slowly yellow is practically 
 eliminated. 
 
 Careful comparative tests, conducted by impartial master painters, 
 have repeatedly demonstrated that the whiteness, lustre, covering cap- 
 acity and free working qualities of TRUS-CON SNO-WITE excel 
 domestic and imported enamels. The remarkable qualities of Sno-Wite 
 to retain its whiteness, show no tendency to craze, and give no trouble 
 from laps or brush marks in application, can only be appreciated by 
 careful trial in comparison with other products. 
 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE is used for finishing the interior of resi- 
 dences, hospitals, hotels and similar structures. 
 
 The easy, smooth-flowing quaUties of TRUS-CON SNO-WITE, in- 
 sure the maximum covering capacity, and the final cost of this product 
 is no greater than with cheaper enamels of markedly interior quality. 
 
 On a surface properly prepared to receive TRUS-CON SNO-WITE, 
 one gallon will cover .500 square feet as a conservative estimate. 
 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE can be supplied so as to give a gloss, egg- 
 shell, or flat finish, and on orders, care must be taken to specify the 
 character of finish desired. In all cases where the finish is not distmctly 
 stated, the gloss will be shipped. 
 
 The best results with TRUS-CON SNO-WITE can only be obtained 
 when the surface to be finished has been properly undercoated, so as to 
 provide an even, uniform found■.^tion over which the Sno-Wite can be 
 applied and develop its full quality. 
 
 Full directions and specifications for finishing wood, met?l Dud plas+er 
 surfaces with TRUS-CON SNO-WITE, to insure the verv finest work, 
 will be found in this book on pages S.S and 89. 
 
 Liquid and panel samples of TRUS-CON SNO-Y/ITE will be fur- 
 nished to master painters, architects and owners who are mterested m 
 the very highest quality enamel. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
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THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL 
 
 This is the modern practical finish for the interior of industrial plants. 
 It corrects the many weaknesses of cold water paints, and adds many new- 
 advantages invaluable to the efficient treatment of factory interiors. 
 
 No progressive manufacturer can fail to appreciate the di "ect economy 
 and practical advantages of TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL, in 
 providing the most sanitary, durable finish with raa.ximum light-reflecting 
 properties. The high enamel finish, characteristic of INDUSTRIAL 
 ENAMEL insures the utilization of all the available light in the interior, 
 by reflecting it directly upon the machinery and parts of the plant where 
 it is most needed. The reduction in artificial lighting cost is a distinct 
 and valuable economy in actual manufacturing expense. 
 
 TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL shows no tendency to peel, 
 flake and dust ofl the surface, tending to injure the machinery and very 
 often the manufactured products, as is the case with cold water paints, 
 which, under the very slightest vibration and shock of the machinery, 
 flake and dust, causing continual annoyance and expense. 
 
 The general nature of TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL in- 
 sures the greatest service and durability. While with cold water paints 
 the surface must be continually recoated, in order to retain the finish in 
 any acceptable condition, INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL indefinitely remains 
 in good condition. The economy in the use of INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL 
 is evident, when consideration is given to the labor expense involved in 
 applying frequent coatings of cold water paints, as compared with one 
 application of TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL, 
 
 The hard, smooth, enamel surface provided by INDUSTRIAL 
 ENAMEL, can be readily washed and cleaned, and kept in a thoroughly 
 sanitary and aseptic condition. The product contains no organic matter, 
 such as is always present in cold water paints, which would afford nutri- 
 tion and development of dangerous germs. 
 
 The density, opacity and body of INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL, com- 
 bined with its exceptional spreading capacity, makes it a decidedly eco- 
 nomical product, as the enamel finish can be obtained with only two 
 undercoatings on either a porous wood, or masonry surface. While a 
 lead and oil coating soon turns distinctly yellow, due to the inherent 
 characteristic of all drying oils to develop this property when applied 
 to interiors, TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL indefinitely retains 
 its brilliancy and its capacity for the diffusion of natural sunlight. IN- 
 DUSTRIAL ENAMEL contains no poisonous pigments, and does not 
 present the objectionable points resultinr from the use of lead and oil. 
 
 Investigation of the economy and iency of ' RUS-CON INDUS- 
 TRIAL ENAMEL will convince any ant . " nd. nt, interested 
 in the productiveness of his organizatK ■, thai "■ brighter and 
 
 whiter interior, flooded with sunshine ^d the .,,.^. ■ of i \ture's 
 
 out-of-doors, can be had with TRUS-CON INDUSTRIE JNAf. '^.h. 
 
 Standard specifications for the treatment of interior 'faces ' var- 
 ious nature with TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL, e given ^m- 
 pletely on pages 89 and 90 in this book. 
 
 Sample panels, showing the exact nature and texture of the finish, 
 will be furnished on request, and full recommendations, specifications 
 and estimates of cost prepared for all special cases. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 '!sM?^«vS^',.-^^,^... 7-.v_ :-r-r- 
 
 Arnfeld Building, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Exterior Walls Finished with TRUS-CON Edelweiss 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON EDELWEISS 
 
 This product is a very special white gloss enamel, for finishing ex- 
 terior surfaces. In application, it flows as freely and smoothly as a long 
 oil varnish, having no tendency to show brush marks, or laps. 
 
 TRUS-CON EDELWEISS produces a finish that will not turn yellow, 
 scale, crack or lose its gloss under continual exposure to elementary con- 
 ditions. It is applicable for finishing exterior metal, wood, brick, or 
 concrete surfaces, and under proper manipulation, with supplementary 
 undercoatings, produces a finish in texture and attractiveness excelling 
 that of the very highest class terra cotta enamel. 
 
 TRUS-CON HOSPITAL ENAMEL 
 
 Applicable for providing the most attractive sanitary finish on in- 
 terior of hospitals, sanitariums and similar institutions, where a perfectly 
 washable, durable, aseptic coating is essential. 
 
 The special formulation of TRUS-CON HOSPITAL ENAMEL, in- 
 sures a maximum degree of permanency on interior work, when subject 
 to occasional washing with strong antiseptic and disinfecting solutions, 
 together with frequent washings with soap and water. 
 
 The coating produced on the drying of TRUS-CON HOSPITAL 
 ENAMEL is of the very closest and densest texture, so as to offer ab- 
 solutely no opportunity for the lodgment of any germs. It is positively 
 aseptic and contains no material that would offer nutrition, or media 
 for the growth of any bacteria. 
 
 TRUS-CON HOSPITAL ENAMEL will indefinitely retain its per- 
 fectly white appearance, and under proper application with appropriate 
 undercoatings, will permanently hoW its bond to the surface, showing no 
 indications of cracking, chipping, or peeling. 
 
 TRUS-CON HOSPITAL ENAMEL has been tested very carefully, 
 and due to the most excellent results under trial tests, is being specified 
 and used with most splendid results by a great number of architects who 
 have taken opportunity to observe the special quahty jf this product. 
 
 TRUS-CON DAIRY ENAMEL 
 
 There are no foods that require closer care, or more sanitary environ- 
 ment in preparation, than dairy products. The most exacting care should 
 be exercisecl by dairymen to protect the general health of the public de- 
 pending upon them for their various dairy products, to insure that they 
 are prepared under the most hygienic and aseptic conditions. This re- 
 quires that the usual porosity of a wood or masonry surface may be re- 
 placed by a dense, permanent, sanitary enamel, that can be continually 
 washed and cleaned, and maintained in the highest condition of cleanli- 
 
 TRUS-CON DAIRY ENAMEL has been specially formulated to 
 meet the requirements of dairymen, for finishing the interior of their 
 buildings, to provide the most attractive and sanitary enamel finish. 
 
 This product is particularly opaque and dense, and requires a very 
 minimum number of coats to provide a most satisfactory enamel finish 
 There is no product available that compares favorably with TRUS-CON 
 DAIRY ENAMEL in providing a most attractive, sanitary and economi- 
 cal finish, for very general application in dairy and creamery structures. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON BAR-OX NO. 7. 
 
 This product is particularly formulated as a protective coating for 
 structural steel, bridges, and general steel and iron surfaces exposed to 
 natural elementary conditions. 
 
 The efficiency and effectiveness of any method of protection must 
 obviously be based on the correctness of the conception and appreciation 
 of the principles operative in the process of corrosion. 
 
 The extensive and apparently conclusive research work conducted 
 in connection with the conception, development and ultimate substantia- 
 tion of the electrolytic theory, has resulted in this explanation of the 
 process of corrosion being most generally accepted. 
 
 The one essential fact emphasized by the interpretation of the elec- 
 trolytic theory is the absolute necessity of the presence of water to pro- 
 vide the hydrogen in order that the corrosion may start. 
 
 The protection of iron and steel against corrosion is simply and 
 literally a problem of waterproofing, and its solution will depend upon 
 providing coatings which particularly excel in their water-resisting and 
 water-shedding qualities, so as to provide the most even, continuous and 
 impervious insulation over the surface, positively and effectiA'ely pro- 
 tecting it from any possible contact with moisture. 
 
 The vehicle employed in the manufacture of TRUS-CON BAR-OX 
 No. 7 is the acme of our experimental work on the synthesis of the most 
 impenetrable film, and acc>.rdingly offers the most efficient and effective 
 medium of insulating an iron or steel surface over which it is applied from 
 contact with water. 
 
 The pigments employed in the manufacture of TRUS-CON BAR-OX 
 No. 7 are selected in consideration of their inhibitive properties, and are 
 so quantitively combined as to produce the maximum inhibitive capa- 
 city. In the mechanical preparation of these pigments, the greatest 
 possible care is taken to so regulate their physical dimensions as to pro- 
 vide a granularmetric composition that will impart the maximum de'^sity 
 to the film, which supplementary to the natural water-resisting qua -es 
 of the vehicles, offers the most certain protection against the pes. 
 absorption or penetration of moisture. 
 
 The formulation of TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 7 in the strictest 
 compliance with the most advanced principles of the protection of iron 
 and steel against natural corrosion, makes this product the most efficient 
 coating for treating all iron and steel surfaces, such as structural steel 
 frames, bridges, viaducts, tanks, and similar structures which are ex- 
 posed to the natural elementary conditions. 
 
 The easy-flowdng qualities of this product insure the maximum cover- 
 ing capacity, consistent with providing a film of sufficient thickness and 
 density to obtain thorough and dependable protection. 
 
 TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 7 is regularly manufactured in the three 
 standard colors, of RED, GREEN and BLACK. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR IRON AND 
 STEEL UNDER SPECIAL CONDI- 
 TIONS OF EXPOSURE 
 
 The very general application of iron and steel in the several arts is so 
 varied that no one protective coating could be efficient for the various 
 conditions of service and exposure to which the metal is subjected. 
 
 Obviously, the properties of the protective coating appHed to a steel 
 bridge must be different from a product employed for protecting steel 
 subject to conditions of high temperature or active chemical conditions. 
 
 It is accordingly necessary to determine accurately the conditions to 
 which the protective coating will be subjected and treat raw materials 
 best suited to develop the properties required by the particular condi- 
 tions. 
 
 Our BAR-OX coatings include products for practically every condi- 
 tion to which iron and steel are subjected and require protection against 
 natural corrosion. The great success which our BAR-OX products have 
 given is due entirely to the great care which has been taken in deter- 
 mining in every case all the conditions to which the coating will be 
 subjected and formulating the several products so as to most satisfac- 
 torily and efficiently meet every possible condition. 
 
 BAR-OX No. 14. 
 
 BRINE AND CONDENSER PIPES, COILS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 The efficient protection of iron and steel pipes when exposed to the 
 active corrosive conditions in refrigerating plants, is a very important 
 prob im for manufacturers having such installations in connection with 
 their plants. 
 
 TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 14 has been very carefully formulated, 
 with a full understanding of the exact conditions and requirements of an 
 efficient protective coating for coils, condensers, and, in fact, all iron 
 work in connection with brewing, ice-making and general refrigerating 
 plants. 
 
 This product will stand a high heat, show no tendency to become 
 brittle or lose its perfect adhesion to the metal when cold, and is thor- 
 oughly immune to the action of moisture, thereby efficiently protecting 
 and insulating the surface from the active conditions of corrosion. 
 
 TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 14 is regularly manufactured in black, but 
 can be supplied in\lark maroon and green. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 BAR-OX NO. 21 
 
 Stack Enamel, Boiler Front Enamel 
 
 This product is particularly adapted as a protective coating for iron 
 and steel which in practical use are subject to a comparatively high 
 degree of heat, such as smoke stacks, boiler fronts, etc. 
 
 The product most perfectly combines in one product resistance to 
 temperature conditions and ability to stand continual exposure to ex- 
 treme conditions, without showing any tendency to peel, crack or blister. 
 
 The product flows and spreads most easily and is especially in favor 
 for treating boiler and engine fronts, due to the very attractive appear- 
 ance which it gives in addition to its remarkalile durability. 
 
 BAR-OX NO. 28 
 
 Acid and Alkaline Conditions 
 
 This product is particularly adapted for coating metal that is subject 
 to active chemical conditions. It is efficient for treating metal tanks 
 which are subject to the action of weak acids. 
 
 Also recommended as a final coat in painting structural steel to be 
 embedded in concrete. The coatings most generally used for painting 
 structural steel are sensitive to saponification when coming in contact 
 with strong alkali, and if a final coat such as BAR-OX No. 28 is not ised, 
 the coating will be entirely destroyed in contact witli the strong alkali 
 always present in concrete. 
 
 The very best practice for treating structural steel to be embedded 
 in concrete is to use TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 7 for the first and 
 second coats, to obtain the very fullest inhibitive value from this product, 
 followed with BAR-OX No. 2S as the final coat, which will perfectly 
 protect the BAR-OX No. 7 from any injury due to the alkali present in 
 the concrete. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 A FEW TRUS-CON BAR-OX USERS 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Pere Marquette Railroad Co,, Detroit, iMich. 
 
 Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Ry. Co., Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Vandalia Railroad Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Illinois Theatre, Chicago, III. 
 
 Baseball Grandstand, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Several Bridge.s, Grosse Pointe Farms, Midi. 
 
 Large Steel Bridge, Marietta, Ohio. 
 
 Terminal Warehouse, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 City Waterworks Dept., Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, III. 
 
 The Russell Co., Massillon, Ohio. 
 
 Board of Public Works, Battle Creek, Mich. 
 
 Missouri Pacific Ry. Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Imperial Porcelain Works, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Star Porcelain Works, Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Robt. H. IngersoU & Bro., Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Arctic Mining & Power Co., Emigrant Gap, Calif. 
 
 Illinois Theatre, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Koh-I-Nor Laundry, Munsey, Indiana. 
 
 The Mutual Electric Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 American Foundry & Machine Co., Plarnilton, Ohio. 
 
 New Port Mining Company, Ironwood, Mich. 
 
 Street Railway Co., Detroit, Alichigan. 
 
 Pubhc Lighting Plant, Detroit, Micliigan. 
 
 Illinois Steel Company, Chicago. 
 
 The Morton Mfg. Co., Muskegon Heights, Mich. 
 
 The Ingalls Iron Works Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 V/EST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY 
 Department of Chemistry. 
 
 Morgantown, W. Ys.., June 7, !OHl. 
 
 Analytical and Physical ChL.-iiistry, 
 F. L. Kortright, D. S. C. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Gentlemen — Replying to your letters of .January 20th_, 1910 and of earlier 
 dates, I am pleased" to inform you that your special paint (BAR-OX), wa.-^ 
 the most satisfactory of all of the samples tested, and that I have reconi- 
 mended its use on the work in hand. 
 
 Very truly j'ours, 
 
 F. L. KORTRIGHT. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 TRUS-CON ROOF-SEAL 
 
 This product has a very universal application for correcting roof 
 troubles. It stops the rusting and corrosion of tin and metal roofs, and 
 enlivens and revives the life of any felt roof. It is, in fact, applicable to 
 any roof that is becoming porous and requires a product that will pene- 
 trate into the pores, completely sealing them, and providing a new con- 
 tinuous coating over the entire root that will be waterproof, and possess 
 qualities which will endure against the cold and frost of our winters and 
 the scorching sun of our summers. 
 
 TRUS-CON ROOF-SEAL is manufactured from the very best grades 
 of natural asphaltum, blended with a special combination of oils, which 
 insures a product that will give a coating of the greatest elasticity, tough- 
 ness and durability. 
 
 The number of coats of TRUS-CON ROOF-SEAL required will de- 
 pend upon the particular conditions existing on the roof to be treated. 
 If in some places the roof is especially porous, these parts should receive 
 a special application of a liberal quantity of TRUS-CON ROOF-SEAL, 
 so that the unusually porous parts can be well filled up with TRUS-CON 
 ROOF-SEAL and a continuous coating provided over the entire area. 
 
 TRUS-CON ROOF-SEAL will cover 200 square feet on metal roofs, 
 about 1.50 square feet on a good felt roof, while it will require at least a 
 gallon for every 100 square feet on a porous absorbent roof. 
 
 LEFFLER & BLAND 
 Contractors for 
 Brick and Stone Work 
 Setting Mantles, Etc. 
 
 Marion. Ohio, August .5, 1912 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Co., 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 Gentlemen — Your TRUS-CON Roof-Seal is all you claim for it and we 
 arc very much pleased with the results. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 LEFFLER & BLAND, 
 
 By C. W, Leffler. 
 Narberth. Pa. 
 
 Trussed Concrete Steel Company, 
 408 Crozer Building, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Gentlemen — For your information, desire fo .itate that the TRUS-CON 
 Roof-Seal which i'ou furnished me a couple of months ago i? without doubt 
 the best roofing paint I have used in my fifteen years' experience as a painter. 
 Your paint seems to spread farther and smoother, and closes up the pores 
 better than anything I know of, and you can rest assured that vou will L^et 
 all my future orders. 
 
 Wiafiing J'ou continued success, I atn, 
 
 \'fry trul\' vours. 
 
 E .1 HOOU, 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 TRUS-CON IRONITE FLOORING 
 
 Nature of Material: 
 
 A finely ground metallic powder, possessing the property of combin- 
 ing with the oxygen of the air, expanding so as to fill out and close the 
 pores and interstices of any cementitious composition in which it is used. 
 Purpose of Product; 
 
 For use in laying the top surface of cement floors, to impart a greater 
 hardness and resistence to wear. 
 Directions for Use; 
 
 (1) The very first essential in the use of TRUS-CON IRONITE 
 FLOORING is to insure a most even and uniform mixing of the dry 
 powder with the dry cement. The quantity of IRONITE to be added 
 to the dry cement varies from fifteen (15) to twenty-five (25) per cent., 
 depending upon the service to which the floor will be subjected. For 
 the very best results, twenty five (25) pounds of TRUS-CON IRONITE 
 FLOORING should be most evenly and uniformly mixed with each bag 
 of cement. The mixing should be continued untfl there is absolute 
 certainty of obtaining the most uniform and even distribution of the 
 powder throughout the dry cement. Good results cannot be obtained if 
 this very essential point of thorough mixing is not carefully observed 
 
 (2) The dry mixture of cement and TRUS-CON IRONITE FLOOR- 
 ING should be again thoroughly mixed with the dry sand, used in the 
 regular proportion of 1:2. 
 
 (3) After thorough mixing of the Ironized cement with the dry 
 sand, the mixture should be thoroughly tempered with water, to the 
 correct consistency for applying cement finish. 
 
 (4) The top surface should correctly be applied at the same time as 
 the main body of concrete, or at least while it is still green, so as to 
 insure a solid bond of the top finish to the concrete. 
 
 (5) The thickness of the top finish will depend upon the service to 
 which the floor is subjected, varying between one-quarter and one inch. 
 For general conditions, a thickness of one-half inch is the regular practice. 
 
 As the efficiency of the product is a direct result of the thorough and 
 complete oxidation of the material, so as to fill out the pores of the mass, 
 it is very necessary that the floor be kept thoroughly wet for a week or 
 ten days after laying, so as to accelerate the oxidation and development 
 of the product. 
 
 Thickness of 
 
 Quantities Ironite Flooring 
 
 No. Lbs. of Ironite Flooring 
 
 Top Coating 
 1" 
 
 to Cement Used 
 
 15% 
 20% 
 25% 
 
 per 100 sq. ft. 
 
 57.0 
 
 7(3.0 
 95.0 
 
 H" 
 
 15% 
 20% 
 25% 
 
 42.8 
 57.0 
 71.3 
 
 Vi" 
 
 15% 
 20% 
 
 25% 
 
 28.5 
 38.0 
 
 47.5 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 Stucco Sidings Waterproofed with TRUS-CON PASTE 
 Great Lakes Engineering Works, Ashtabula, O. 
 
 Stucco Sidings Waterproofed with TRUS-CON PASTE 
 Shops, Rutland Railway Co., Rutland, Vt. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR 
 WATERPROOFED CEF4ENT STUCCO 
 
 1. Intent — It is the intent of these specifications to obtain a sound, 
 permanent and waterproof stucco. 
 
 2. Materials— The materials composing the stucco shall consist of: 
 
 (a) Portland Cement which has been carefully tested and found to 
 satisfactorily meet the requirements of the Specifications of the American 
 Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 (b) Sand which is practically free from organic matter and uniform- 
 ly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) Hydrated lime that is uniform in quality and perfectly hydrated. 
 
 ;d) TRUS-CON Watsrproofiiig Paste Concentrated as manufac- 
 tured by TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 3. Proportions — The proportions of the above specified materials by 
 volume, shall be five (5) parts of cement, twelve (12) parts of sand, and 
 one (1) part of hydrated lime. One (1) part of TRUS-CON Water- 
 proofing Paste Concentrated shall be added to every eighteen (IS) 
 parts of water used to temper the mortar. 
 
 4. Mixing — The cement and hydrated lime, after being thoroughly 
 mixed dry to uniform color, shall be added to the dry sand and the whole 
 manipulated until evenly mixed. The dry mixture shall then be tempered 
 to the correct working consistency with water to which TRUS-CON 
 Waterproofing Paste Concentrated has been added in proportion 
 specified. The mortar must be thoroughly worked until perfectly hom- 
 ogeneous. This composition shall only be made up in lots that can be 
 immediately applied, and any material that has been mixed with water 
 over thirty (30) minutes before applying shall be rejected. 
 
 5. AppHcat;.3n — All walls shown on elevation for stucco finish shall 
 be two-coat work. The first coat shall be prepared as specified aV 
 with the addition of long cow hair for keying when appl' lett 
 
 The face of the first coat shall be thoroughly scratched over orrr 
 for the finish coat, which shall be applied to a total thickness jf on> 
 (1"), when the first coat has set sufficiently hard to safely hold it. 
 finish coat shall be carefully floated from any porous imperfections. 
 
 When plastering over a masonry surface, special care must be taken 
 to thoroughly saturate the masonry with water and the plaster applied 
 at once. 
 
 6. Drying- — Special care shall be taken to avoid too rapid drying. If 
 in direct rays of the sun, it shall be protected with a damp canvas or 
 burlap, and when sufficiently resistive, shall be frequently sprinkled with 
 water. 
 
 7. No exterior plastering shall be permitted until all interior parti- 
 tions are studded up and completely braced. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 IrOU/VDAT/O/V ^ALl i^^ATCRPROOFED 
 -\THROUG/iOUT W/TH 
 [TRUS-COfi WATERPROOFING PASTE 
 
 Wftterprjonna Mass Concrete by Inh'tcral I\Ii'tho<] 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATERPROOFING 
 
 MASS CONCRETE BY INTEGRAL 
 
 METHOD 
 
 Applicable to Standpipes, Cisterns, Reservoirs, Founda- 
 tions and Similar Structures 
 
 1. Intent — It is the intent of these specifications to obtain a water- 
 tight concrete structure. 
 
 2. Method — Water-tightness shall be secured by the addition of 
 TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, as manufactured 
 by the TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, Detroit, Michigan to all water 
 used to temper the dry mixture of cement and aggregate in proportions 
 and mixed as directed below. 
 
 3. Ingredients and Proportions for Concrete — The concrete com- 
 posing the main body of the structure shall consist of one (1) part cement, 
 two (2) parts of sand, and four (4) parts of stone, each to meet the fol- 
 lowing requirements : 
 
 (a) The cement shall be a high grade Portland, which has been care- 
 fully tested and found to satisfactorily pass the requirements of the 
 Standard Specifications of The American Society for Testing Materials, 
 and preferably ground so that eighty per cent (80%) shall pass a standard 
 two hundred (200) mesh sieve. 
 
 (b) The sand shall consist of spherical grains of any hard rock that is 
 practically free from clay, absolutely tree from organic matter, and uni- 
 formly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) The stone shall be screened from gravel, and shall for sixty per 
 cent (60%) of its bulk be uniformly graded between diameters of one 
 (1) and one and one-half (IJ2) inches, and for forty per cent (40%) of 
 its bulk be uniformly graded between diameters of one-quarter (li) ' "^d 
 one (1) inch. A hard crushed trap rock may be substituted for gravel 
 it screened to meet the requirements indicated. 
 
 4. Mixing — The dry mixture of cement, sand and stone in the above 
 proportions shall be tempered to a medium wet consistency with water 
 to which one (1) part of TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concen- 
 trated has been added as directed by the manufacturers, for every 
 thirty-six (36) parts of water. 
 
 5. Placing All the concrete shall be placed in one continuous opera- 
 tion 'each pouring being thoroughly spaded to insure uniform density. 
 In cases where joints are absolutely unavoidable, very special care shall 
 be taken to clean and roughen the old surface and have it thoroughly 
 wet and slush-coated immediately before placing additional concrete. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 £>;:;0/ 
 
 ■-!?■: 
 
 ■'■■.■'ft'',' ■•'(> 
 
 ':;^::;;fc^:-..py 
 
 ■p.- 
 
 
 .■<:3,-: 
 
 (%.' CEMENT PL A5TER COAT 
 XwATERPROOEED WITH 
 {jRUS-CO/y WATERPROOFING PASTE 
 
 ( 2" CEMENT FINISH WATERPROOFED 
 j UWITtl TRU5-C0N WATERPROOFING PA5TE 
 
 Waterprooljnt!; Concrota or Masonry by Means of 
 Wnfcrprooferl ['kisler Coat Applied to Interior Surfaces 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATERPROOFING 
 
 CONCRETE AND GENERAL MASONRY 
 
 STRUCTURES BY MEANS OF 
 
 WATERPROOFED PLASTER 
 
 COAT 
 
 Applicable to Cisterns, Reservoirs, Foundations, Base- 
 ments, Tunnels, Subways and Similar Structures 
 
 1. Intent — It is the intent of tliese specifications to obtain a water- 
 tight structure. 
 
 2. Method — Water- tightness shall be secured by plastering the in- 
 terior surface of the structure with a continuous coat of Portland cement 
 mortar waterproofed with TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste Concen- 
 trated as manufactured by the TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 3. Ingredients and Proportions of Waterproofed Plaster Coat — 
 
 The mortar composing the plaster coat shall consist of one (1) part of 
 cement and two (2) parts of sand, to meet the following requirements: 
 
 (a) The cement shall be a high grade Portland, which has been care- 
 fully tested and found to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the 
 Standard Specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials, 
 and preferably ground so that eighty per cent (80%) shall pass a stand- 
 ard two hundred (200) mesh sieve. 
 
 (b) The sand shall consist of spherical grains of any hard rock- that 
 is practically free from clay, absolutely free from organic matter, and 
 uniformly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 4. Preparation of the Coating — The waterproofed cement mortar 
 shall be prepared by thoroughly tempering (to required consistency) a 
 dry mixture of one (1) part of cement and two (2) la'ts rf sa H, witi 
 water to which TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste ^ <ce ' ^ed h ■ 
 been added in the proportion of one (1) part of Paste to eig teen (i- 
 parts of water, as directed by the manufacturers. 
 
 5. Preparation of Surface to be Coated — Before plastering the 
 cement mortar on the hardened concrete, the surface of same shall be 
 treated as indicated in the following: 
 
 (a) The hardened surface shall be mechanically roughened by chip- 
 ping and very thoroughly cleaned with a heavy wire broom, so as to re- 
 move all dust and dirt. A jet of steam shaU be employed to clean the 
 wall, if available. 
 
 (b) To the mechanically cleaned surface apply with a large acid 
 brush, a liberal coat of one to ten (1:10) solution of Hydrochloric Acid, 
 (Muriatic Acid). Allow the acid to remain until it has exhausted itself, 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 1 
 
 In applying water- 
 proofed plaster coat to 
 either interior or exterior 
 of brick wall the acid 
 treatment is unnecessary. 
 Surface should be thor- 
 oughly wet before apply- 
 ing plaster coat. 
 
 (% CE ME r^T PLASTER COAT 
 \ WATERPROOFED iV/TH 
 \tRU5-C0N WATERPROOFIfiG PA5TE 
 
 {£' CEMENT n/V/5/r' h/ATERPROOFED 
 {{WITH TRUS-CO/V IVATERPROOF/m PA5TE 
 
 Waterproofing Concrete or Masonry hy Means of Waterproofed 
 Plaster Coat Applied to Exterior Surface 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 which will require at least ten minutes. Apply a second coat of acid 
 solution if the first does not sufficiently clean and expose the surface of 
 the aggregate. 
 
 (c) With a hose under good pressure, slush the surface so as to remove 
 the salts and loose particles resulting from the action of the acid. Con- 
 tinue the slushing until the old concrete is thoroughly cleaned and soaked 
 to its full hydrometric capacity. Thoroughly wire-brush the surface so 
 as to remove the particles which have been loosened by the action of the 
 acid. 
 
 (d) To the cleaned saturated surface apply with a strong fibre brush 
 a coating of pure cement mixed to a thick creamy consistency with water 
 to which TRUS-CON Waterproofing Paste has been added in the 
 proportion of one (1) part of Paste to eighteen (IS) parts of water. Rub 
 in vigorously so as to fill all crevices and cavities produced by the action 
 of the acid. 
 
 6. Application of Coating to Sides — Immediately after applying 
 the above slush coat, the first coat of waterproofed cement mortar shall 
 be applied to a thickness of three-eighths of an inch (5-g") directly on the 
 slush coat, and well trowelled and rubbed into the crevices of the surface. 
 This first coat shall be lightly scratched before showing initial set. Before 
 this first coat has reached its final set, the second coat shall be applied, of 
 equal thickness, so as to give a full average thickness of three-quarters of 
 an inch (%")■ Most special care shall be exercised to apply this finish 
 coat before the first coat has reached its final set. The finish coat shall 
 be thoroughly floated to an even surface, and subsequently trowelled 
 free from any porous imperfections. 
 
 7. Floor Coating — The floors shall be prepared and treated exactly 
 as indicated above, and finished with a waterproofed cement mortar to 
 a thickness of two inches (2"). Special care shall be exercised to bond 
 the wall coating to the floor coating, so as to make the waterproofed 
 coating continuous over the entire surface. 
 
 8. Pressure — Where water is running through the waU, proper drain- 
 age must be provided by driUing holes and inserting tubes in the waU, to 
 concentrate the flow of water. With the pressure relieved, the water- 
 proofed plaster coat shall be applied to the drained portions of the wall. 
 The drainage pipes shall remain open until the waterproofed plaster coat 
 has thoroughly set and is capable of resisting the pressure by its own 
 adhesive strength, when the drainage pipes shall be closed with suitable 
 plug and overcoated with waterproofed plaster coat. 
 
 9. Inspection — When hardened, the waterproofed plaster coat shall 
 be sounded with a light hammer and all loose and defective plaster shall 
 be cut out and replaced. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 )^!^m0WW{W?WWWW7^: 
 
 Dampproofirig Exposed Walls bv Continuous CoatinR of 
 TRUS-CON Plaster Bond 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE USE OF 
 TRUS-CON PLASTER BOND 
 
 General, — 
 
 The inside surface of all exposed walls of the entire building shall be 
 given one uniform application of TRUS-CON PLASTER BOND as 
 manufactured by THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, Detroit, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Continuous Coating, — 
 
 Special care shall be taken to make the coating of PLASTER BOND 
 perfectly continuous over the entire surface. Where practicable, the 
 coating of PLASTER BOND shall be run continuously between the floor 
 and ceiling levels. In cases where the PLASTER BOND cannot be run 
 continuously back of the floor construction, it shall be applied back on 
 the ceiling for at least twelve (12) inches from the wall. 
 
 Portions For Re-touch Coat, — 
 
 All portions of the wall which are particularly absorbent shall be given 
 a re-touch coat of TRUS-CON PLASTER BOND, so that the entire 
 coated area will have an even uniform black appearance. 
 
 Coating Cut-outs, — 
 
 Special care shall be taken to coat all portions of the wall where there 
 is any cutting out to permit the passage of pipes subsequent to the ap- 
 plication of the PLASTER BOND. 
 
 Application Plaster, — 
 
 The plaster shall not be applied until twenty-four hours after the 
 wall has been coated. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR DAMPPROOFING AND 
 UNIFORMING EXTERIOR MASONRY SUR- 
 FACES WITH TRUS-CON STONE-TEX 
 
 1. Condition of Surface: 
 
 (a) The surface to be coated shall be absolutely dry. 
 
 (b) The wall shall be thoroughly brushed with a stiff broom, to 
 remove all dirt or loose particles of any nature that would interfere with 
 the direct bond of the finish with the surface. 
 
 (c) TRUS-CON STONE-TEX shall not be applied over any surface 
 that has been previously painted, if the old coating shows any indications 
 of cracking, peeling or scaling from the surface. All defective paint must 
 be entirely scraped and burnt off the surface before re-coating. 
 
 2. Preparation of TRUS-CON STONE-TEX: 
 
 (a) The top of the package shall be entirely cut out to permit the 
 thorough stirring and mixing of the contents. The goods shall be stirred 
 with a stiff paddle until the pigment is evenly and uniformly mixed with 
 the liquid. 
 
 (b) No additional thinning or alteration of any nature shall be made 
 to the goods as originally opened, as they are prepared in the correct 
 consistency for use. 
 
 (TRUS-CON STONE-TEX is especially heavy in body and consis- 
 tency, but spreads with remarkable ease, and under average conditions 
 requires absolutely no thinning.) 
 
 (c) If, on continued standing and exposure to the air, the material 
 becomes heavy in body, due to the evaporation of the volatile material, 
 it shall be thinned with the minimum amount of spirits of turpentine, to 
 give a body equivalent to the original consistency. 
 
 3. Application of Coating: 
 
 (a) The first coat of TRUS-CON STONE-TEX shall be applied in 
 an even, uniform coating, brushing well into the pores of the surface, to 
 insure the greatest penetration and absorption, essential for the most 
 satisfactory bond. In rare cases, where the surfaces are exceptionally 
 dense, a very small amount of turpentine shall be added to the first coat 
 of STONE-TEX to intensify the penetration. 
 
 (b) After the first coat has been allowed 72 hours to become perfectly 
 hard and dry, a second coat shall be applied, to give the most uniform and 
 efficient dampproof finish. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPLYING 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 
 1. Condition of Surface: 
 
 (a) All walls to be finished shall be permitted sufficient time to become 
 perfectly hard and thoroughly dry, before the application of TRUS-CON 
 ASEPTICOTE. 
 
 (b) All cracks and uneven places shall be filled up with a Plaster of 
 Paris Paste, and allowed to become perfectly set and dry. 
 
 2. Preparation of TRUS-CON ASFPTICOTE. 
 
 (a) The top of the package shall be completely cut out, so as to permit 
 the most thorough stirring and mixing of the contents. 
 
 (b) Pour the excess of liquid on top of the pigment into a separate 
 can, and after thoroughly stirring the pigment, return the original liquid 
 while constantly stirring, so as to insure the most perfect mixing of the 
 pigment with the liquid. 
 
 (c) If on continued standing and exposure to the air, the material 
 becomes thick and heavy due to evaporation of the volatile material, it 
 shall be thinned wdth the minimum amount of turpentine, to give a body 
 equivalent to the original consistency. 
 
 3. Application of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE. 
 
 (a) All new walls, either smooth or sand finished, shall be given an 
 even, uniform coating of TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE, 
 to which should be added ASEPTICOTE of the color to be used, in the 
 proportion of one part of ASEPTICOTE to three parts of SIZE. This 
 coating of SIZE should be allowed at least twenty-four hours to become 
 perfectly hard and dry before additional coats are applied. 
 
 Old walls which have been finished with Kalsomine or Cold Water 
 Paint must be thoroughly washed. If such walls have been sized with a 
 glue size, this must also be removed and the wall treated the same as a 
 new wall. In case the wall has been treated with a varnish size, it will 
 not be necessary to apply a coat of TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF 
 WALL SIZE. 
 
 (b) After the above sizing coat has dried for at least twenty-four 
 hours, apply the first coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE. This should 
 be flowed on with the best quality wall brush and smoothed off lightly to 
 a uniform even coat. 
 
 (c) After the first coat has been given at least twenty-four hours to 
 dry and harden, apply the second coat just as it is received in the package, 
 being sure to stir thoroughly. Add no thinner or other liquid to this 
 second coat. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPLYING 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE 
 
 Genera? : 
 
 With an enamel of the very special quality and properties of TRUS- 
 CON SNO-WITE, the finest finish can only be obtained when the 
 surface to be coated has been properly prepared with preliminary under- 
 coatings. For the very finest enamel finish, the specifications given 
 below, with undercoatings as indicated, are recommended. 
 
 For New Plastered Walls 
 
 Condition of the Surface: 
 
 (a) All walls shall be permitted a sufficient time to become perfectly 
 hard and thoroughly dry before coating, 
 
 (b) All cracks and uneven places shall be filled up with Plaster of 
 Paris paste, and when hardened, coated with shellac and allowed to dry 
 thoroughly, before the sizing coat is applied. 
 
 Sizing Coat: 
 
 To thoroughly uniform the suction of the wall and provide a founda- 
 tion over which the undercoatings can be applied, to give the most uni- 
 form and even results, the walls shall be given a uniform coating of 
 TRUS-CON ALKALI-PROOF WALL SIZE, to which shall be added 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE, WHITE, in the proportion of one part of 
 Asepticote to three parts of Size. This coating of Size should be allowed 
 at least twenty tour (24) hours to become perfectly hard and dry. 
 
 Undercoatings : 
 
 (a) After the above sizing coat has dried for at least twenty-four (.24) 
 hours, a first coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE, White, shall be ap- 
 plied, flowing on with the best quality of wall brush and smoothed off 
 lightly to a uniform, even coat. 
 
 (b) After the first coat has been given at least twenty-four (24) 
 ours to dr, and harden, the second coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE 
 
 on"ll ' appli' . in the same consistency in which it is received in the 
 package, being sure to thoroughly stir. 
 
 (c) For the very finest enamel finish, a third coat of TRUS-CON 
 ASEPTICOTE shall be applied after the second coat has become thor- 
 oughly hard and dry. 
 
 Finishing Coats: 
 
 (a) After the third coat has become absolutely dry and hard, sand 
 well and apply TRUS-CON SNO-WITE in an even, uniform coat, as 
 taken from the original can, without dilution. 
 
 (b) A second coat of TRUS-CON SNO-WITE shall be applied after 
 the first coat has been allowed seven (7) days in which to harden, and the 
 surface has been thoroughly sanded with 00 Sandpaper. 
 
T HE T RUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 For New Wood Work 
 
 Condition of the Surface: 
 
 (a) The surface must be absolutely clean, and free from all moisture. 
 All cracks, nail holes, or imperfections on the surface shall be uniformed 
 with putty in a workman-like manner. 
 
 (b) Where the wood contains knots, or shows any evidence of pitch, 
 a coating of white shellac shall he applied. 
 
 Undercoatings: 
 
 Three coats TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE, White, shall be applied, as 
 specified in this specification under term of "New Plastered Walls." 
 
 Enamel Coating: 
 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE shall be applied in two coats, as fully speci- 
 fied in this specilication for the enameling of "New Plastered Walls." In 
 cases where economy is a very special consideration, the second coat of 
 TRUS-CON SNO-WITE can be eliminated. 
 
 For Old Work 
 
 (a; In usuig TRUS-CON SNO-WITE for refinishing an old surface. 
 which has been previously painted, or enameled, very special care shall 
 be taken to be certain that the old paint is in sound condition, free from 
 any indication of cracking, peeling, or loosening from the surface, so as 
 to provide a dependable foundation over which TRUS-CON SNO-WITE 
 can be applied with the best results. 
 
 (b) Before applying TRUS-CON SNO-WITE, the surface shall be 
 thoroughly sanded with No. 1 sand paper, and in case the old coating is 
 not uniformly and evenly finished, the surface shall be given a coating of 
 TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE, White, before enamehng with TRUS-COt' 
 SNO-WITE. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF 
 TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL 
 
 For Brick and Masonry Surfaces 
 
 Condition of the Surface: 
 
 No coating shall be applied until the brick and concrete work has had 
 plenty of opportunity to thoroughly harden and become perfectly dry. 
 
 The excess of mortar betw-een the bricks shall be removed, and the sur- 
 face thoroughly cleaned and made as uniform as practicable. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 First Coat: 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX shall be applied in an even, uniform 
 coating, brushing well into the pores of the surface to insure the greatest 
 penetration and absorption essential for the most satisfactory bond. 
 
 Second Coat: 
 
 After the first coat of TRUS-CON STONE-TEX has been allowed 
 seventy-two (72) hours to become perfectly hard and dry, a coat of TRUS- 
 CON ASEPTICOTE, White, shall be applied, flowing on with the best 
 quality of wall brush and smoothing off lightly to a uniform, even coat. 
 
 Third Coat: 
 
 After the coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE has had opportunity to 
 dry and harden, a finish coat of TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL 
 shall be carefully applied in a thoroughly workman-like manner. 
 
 Materials: 
 
 TRUS-CON STONE-TEX, ASEPTICOTE and INDUSTRIAL 
 ENAMEL, as specified in this work, shall be products manufactured 
 under these names by THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, Detroit, 
 Michigan. 
 
 All products shall be used as received from the manufacturer. If, on 
 continued standing, the materials become a little thick and heavy, they 
 shall be thinned with a very minimum amount of pure turpentine. 
 
 For Wood Surfaces 
 
 Condition of the Surface: 
 
 (a) All wood surfaces shall be allowed full opportunity to thoroughly 
 season and dry out before the application of any coating. 
 
 (b) All cracks, nail holes and surface imperfections shall be puttied up 
 to give a most uniform surface. In places where the wood contains knots, 
 or pitch of any kind, apply one coat of white shellac, 
 
 ."irr'- Coat: 
 
 TRJ3-C0N ASEPTICOTE, White, shall be applied, rubbing well 
 into the pore5 to insure proper penetration and bond, and slightly 
 smoothed off to uniform, even coat. 
 
 Second Coat : 
 
 After the first coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE has been given at 
 least twenty-four (24) hours to dry and harden, a second coat shall be 
 carefully applied, to provide an even, uniform foundation for the applica- 
 tion of the enamel coating. 
 
 Third Coat: 
 
 After the second coat of TRUS-CON ASEPTICOTE has become 
 thoroughly hard and dry, the surface shall be finished with a uniform 
 coating of TRUS-CON INDUSTRIAL ENAMEL. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH, 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR 
 ENAMELING A CEMENT FLOOR 
 
 1. The Condition of the Floor: 
 
 (a) The floor to be coated shall be ABSOLUTELY DRY, 
 
 lb) The floor shall be swept clean of all dust and loose particles with 
 a good stiff broom or brush, WITHOUT DAMPENING. 
 
 (c) The floor shall be practically free from all oils, greases or any 
 similar foreign matter, that would in any way interfere with the most 
 perfect penetration of the Enamel into the pores of the surface. 
 
 2. The Preparation of TRUS-CON Floor Enamel: 
 
 (aj The top of the packages shall be completely cut out, so as to per- 
 mit the most thorough stirring and mixing of the contents. 
 
 (b) Pour the excess of liquid, from top of pigment, into a separate 
 can, and after thoroughly stirring the pigment, return the original liquid, 
 while constantly stirring, so as to insure the most perfect distribution of 
 the pigment throughout the vehicle. 
 
 (c) TRUS-CON Floor Enamel shall not be reduced with any thinner, 
 when used from a freshly opened package on a floor of average porosity, 
 In case the floor is exceptionally dense, the Enamel shall be very slightly 
 thinned by the addition of a very small amount of turpentine, so as to 
 insure proper penetration of the Enamel into the pores, necessary to 
 obtain a satisfactory bond, 
 
 (d) In case the enamel shall become thick on being allowed to stand 
 in the open package exposed to the air, it shall be reduced to brushing 
 consistency by the addition of a small amount of strictly pure spirits of 
 turpentine. Very special care shall be taken to cover the package, when 
 not being used, and avoid evaporation as far as possible, so as to eliminate 
 the necessity of thinning, 
 
 3. Application to the Floor: 
 
 (a) All floors laid directly on the ground, or in position to absorb 
 water directly from surrounding conditions, shall be given a liberal "oai 
 of TRUS-CON Floor Primer, before applying the Enamel. The iioor 
 Primer shall be allowed at least lM hours to dry and harden, before coating 
 with Enamel. 
 
 (b) TRUS-CON Floor Enamel shall be applied directly to the dried 
 surface with a good, stiff, solid 4-inch paint brush. Special care shall be 
 exercised to exert enough pressure on the brush in application, so as to 
 force the Enamel into the surface pores, permitting it to bond itself most 
 securely and inseparably with the floor. 
 
 (c) A second coat of Enamel shall be applied after the first coat has 
 become perfectly hard and dry, which will require at least 48 hours, 
 
 (d) The finishing coat shall be allowed at least 48 hours to become 
 dry and hard, before use, and should then not be severely used, until it 
 has had at least a week for more perfect hardening. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FOR 
 PAINTING STRUCTURAL STEEL 
 
 1. Ge 
 
 All metal to be painted shall be perfectly dry and thoroughly cleaned 
 — free from all rust, scale, grease or foreign matter of any kind. 
 
 2. Shop Coat: 
 
 (a) All surfaces riveted together at the shop shall be thoroughly 
 coated with TRUS-CON BAR-OX No. 7 RED, before assembling. 
 
 (b) Immediately after the riveting on work is completed it shall be 
 given one thorough, uniform coat of the above product. 
 
 (c) All surfaces which are to be riveted together in erection shall 
 receive coat of BAR-OX No. 7 GREEN, before leaving the shop. 
 
 (d) All work shall be painted at least forty-eight (4S) hours before 
 shipment is made. 
 
 3. Field Coat: 
 
 (a) As soon as steel is erected apply the finishing coat of BAR-OX 
 No. 7 BLACK, brushing out thoroughly, so as to provide a most uniform 
 continuous coating. 
 
 (b; .Ul parts which are not readily accessible after erection shall be 
 given a coat of BAR-OX No. 7 BLACK, before placing. 
 
 (c) All portions which have been injured by abrasion in shipment or 
 erection shall be re-coated with BAR-OX No. 7 and allowed to become 
 perfectly dry before applying the finishing coat. 
 
 4. Bar-oX No. 7: 
 
 BAR-OX No. 7, as specified on this work, shall be the product manu- 
 factured under this name by THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES. 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 
THE TRUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY 
 WATER BENEATH FLOORS AND AGAINST WALLS 
 
 Hydrostatic Head — 
 Feet 
 
 Pressure 
 
 per Sqiiare Inch — 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Litting Pressure 
 
 per Square Foot 
 
 (Under Floor— Lbs. 
 
 Average Pressure 
 per Square Foot on 
 Wall Surface Affected. 
 —Lbs. 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.21 
 
 31.2 
 
 15.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 . 43 
 
 (i2 . 5 
 
 31.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 so 
 
 125.0 
 
 62 5 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.30 
 
 187 . 5 
 
 93 . 7 
 
 4.0 
 
 1 . 73 
 
 2.50.0 
 
 125.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.17 
 
 312.5 
 
 1 56 . 2 
 
 6.0 
 
 2 . 60 
 
 375.0 
 
 187.5 
 
 S.O 
 
 3.47 
 
 500.0 
 
 250.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 4.34 
 
 625.0 
 
 312.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 5.21 
 
 7.50.0 
 
 375 . 
 
 15 
 
 6.51 
 
 937 . 5 
 
 468 . 7 
 
 20.0 
 
 8.68 
 
 1250.0 
 
 625 . 
 
 25.0 
 
 10.85 
 
 1562.5 
 
 781.2 
 
 30.0 
 
 13.02 
 
 1875.0 
 
 937 . 5 
 
 40.0 
 
 17.36 
 
 2500 . 
 
 12.50.0 
 
 60.0 
 
 26.04 
 
 3750.0 
 
 1875.0 
 
 80.0 
 
 34 . 72 
 
 5000,0 
 
 2500 . 
 
 100.0 
 
 43 40 
 
 6250 
 
 0125.0 
 
 MATERIALS FOR ONE CUBIC YARD COMPACT 
 
 PLASTIC MORTAR BASED ON BARREL 
 
 OF 3.8 CU. FT. 
 
 Cement 
 
 Sand 
 
 Packed Cement 
 Bbl. 
 
 Loose Sand 
 Cu. Yd. 
 
 
 
 
 8.31 
 
 
 
 Yi 
 
 6 . 73 
 
 0. 
 
 
 1 
 
 5.01 
 
 0.', i 
 
 
 iH 
 
 4.00 
 
 0.84 
 
 
 2 
 
 3.32 
 
 0.93 
 
 
 2H 
 
 2 . 84 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 . 48 
 
 1.05 
 
 
 3i<; 
 
 2.20 
 
 1.08 
 
 Note. — Variation in tlie fineness of the cement and tl]e sand and in 
 the consistency of the mortar, may affect the values 10% in either di- 
 rection. 
 
 Cement — as paclted by manufacturer. 
 
 Sand — Loose. 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 
 QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL FOR ONE CUBIC 
 
 YARD OF RAMMED CONCRETE BASED 
 
 ON A BARREL OF 3.8 CU. FT. 
 
 
 
 PERCENTi 
 
 Broken 
 Screened to 
 iform Size 
 
 \G 
 
 E ( 
 
 )F VOIDS 
 
 Jo Average 
 onditions 
 
 40% 
 Gravel 
 
 VQCr 
 
 Proportions „' J^ 
 by Parts ^tone 
 
 45 
 C 
 
 Cement 
 Sand 
 
 0) c 
 
 2 B 
 
 Bbl. 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 C 
 
 GO 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 o 
 +^ 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 0.67 
 
 s 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 Bbl, 
 
 3.08 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 0.43 
 
 <D 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 Cu. 
 Yd. 
 
 C ' ._, CD 
 CD 1 ^ C 
 
 PM , Cu. Cu. 
 |^°'-'Yd. Yd. 
 
 i2.97i0.42 0.63 
 
 1 1 
 
 1.5 3 
 
 19 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.65 
 
 1 1 
 
 O '7 
 
 S5 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 2 
 
 73 
 
 0.38 
 
 () . 77 
 
 l2. 6210.37 0.74 
 
 1 1 
 
 2.5 2 
 
 57 
 
 . 36 
 
 0.90 
 
 o 
 
 45 
 
 0.34 
 
 0.86 
 
 2.340.33 0.82 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 2 
 
 34 
 
 . 33 
 
 0.99 
 
 '> 
 
 22 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.94 
 
 |2.12l0.300.90 
 
 1 1.5 
 
 2 2 
 
 49 
 
 0..53 
 
 0.70 
 
 o 
 
 40 
 
 0.51 
 
 • 0.68 
 
 12.31:0.49 0.65 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 2,52 
 
 27 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.80 
 
 o 
 
 IS 
 
 . 46 
 
 0.77 
 
 ,2.090.440.74 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 '■> 2 
 
 09 
 
 0.44 
 
 O.SS 
 
 ■> 
 
 00 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.84 
 
 |1. 9110. 400. 81 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 . 5 1 
 
 94 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 84 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.91 
 
 ,4.76l0.37'0.87 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 ■i |1 
 
 SO 
 
 . 38 
 
 1.01 
 
 
 71 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.96 
 
 1.630.340.92 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 4.51 
 
 fi9 
 
 . 36 
 
 1.07 
 
 
 (10 
 
 0.34 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.510.320.96 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 1 
 
 59 
 
 . 34 
 
 1.12 
 
 
 50 
 
 0.32 
 
 1.06 
 
 11. 4210.301. 00 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 1 
 
 S9 
 
 . 53 
 
 O.SO 
 
 
 81 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.740.49 0.74 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 3 . 5 1 
 
 70 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.S7 
 
 
 68 
 
 0.47 
 
 . S3 
 
 1.610.45 0.79 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 4 . 1 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.93 
 
 
 57 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.S8 
 
 4.500.420.84 
 
 1 '^ 
 
 4.5' 1 
 
 55 
 
 . 44 
 
 0.98 
 
 
 48 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.410.400.89 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 5 1 
 
 47 
 
 0.41 
 
 1.03 
 
 
 39 
 
 . 39 
 
 0.98 
 
 1.320.370.93 
 
 1 2 
 
 5.5|1 
 
 39 
 
 . 39 
 
 1.08 
 
 
 31 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.25;0.35 0.97 
 
 1 '^ 
 
 (i 1 
 
 32 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.11 
 
 
 25 
 
 . 35 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.180.331.00 
 
 1 2.5 
 
 3 1 
 
 72 
 
 0.61 
 
 . 73 
 
 
 (.i6 
 
 58 
 
 0.70 
 
 1.000.500.68 
 
 • 1 2.5 
 
 3 . 5| 1 
 
 62 
 
 , 57 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 55 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.490.520.73 
 
 : 1 , 2.5 
 
 4 1 
 
 52 
 
 0.54 
 
 . 86 
 
 
 46 
 
 0.51 
 
 . S2 
 
 1.400.490.79 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 4 . 5i 1 
 
 44 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.91 
 
 
 37 
 
 0.4S 
 
 0.87 
 
 1.310.46 0.83 
 
 
 2.5j 
 
 5 1 1 
 
 37 
 
 . 48 
 
 0.96 
 
 
 30 
 
 . 46 
 
 . 92 
 
 1.240.440.87 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 5 . 5;' 1 
 
 30 
 
 0.46 
 
 1.01 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 . 95 
 
 1.17 0.410.91 
 
 1 2.5 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 0.44 
 
 1.05 
 
 
 17 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.99 
 
 1.110.390.94 
 
 1 1 2.5 
 
 . 5 
 
 
 IS 
 
 0.42 
 
 1 . 08 
 
 
 12 
 
 0.39 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.060.370.97 
 
 1 1 2.5 
 
 7 
 
 
 13 
 
 . 40 
 
 1.11 
 
 1 
 
 07 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.010.36:0.99 
 
 1 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 42 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.80 
 
 
 30 
 
 . 36 
 
 0.77 
 
 1.30 0.55'0.73 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 34 
 
 0.57 
 
 0.85 
 
 
 28 
 
 . 55 
 
 O.Sl 
 
 1.23,0.520.78 
 
 I ' 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 28 
 
 . 54 
 
 0.90 
 
 1 
 
 OO 
 
 . 52 
 
 0.S6 
 
 1.1710.490.82 
 
 1 : 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 oo 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.94 
 
 
 16 
 
 49 
 
 90 
 
 1.110.470.86 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 !1 
 
 16 
 
 . 49 
 
 9S 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.94 
 
 1 .050.440.89 
 
 
 3 
 
 6.5 1 
 
 12 
 
 0.47 
 
 1 . 02 
 
 
 00 
 
 . 45 
 
 0.97 
 
 1.010.430.92 
 
 From "Concrete, Plain and Reinforced" by Taylor and Thompson, 
 
THE^RUS-CON LABORATORIES, DETROIT, MICH. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 AI.KALI-PROOF WALL .SIZE iy2 
 
 Specifications K7 
 
 ASEPTICOTE ".'./."'-'.'./.'.'.'.'/.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.['../. 67 
 
 Illustrationa r)('i-5S-6U 
 
 Reports Ti.^-ryj 
 
 Specification ,S7 
 
 Users )il 
 
 BAR-OX 
 
 For Acid-Proofing 71 
 
 For Boiler Fronts 71 
 
 For Bridges (59 
 
 For Brine and Condenser Pipes 71) 
 
 For Exposed Iron and Steel (jli 
 
 For Smoke Stacks 71 
 
 For Structural Steel (59 
 
 Illustrations f;S-7J 
 
 Reports 7y 
 
 Specifications 92 
 
 BASEMENTS,' WATERPROOFING', '. '. .'',',',' 79-,8'l' 
 
 BRIDGE COATING ii9-92 
 
 CISTERNS, WATERPROOFING 79-Nl 
 
 DAIRY ENAMEL G7 
 
 DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFINfJ :i 
 
 DAMPPROOFING, DEFINITION OF :; 
 
 DAMPPROOFING WAT,LS L'H-:i:i-:i7 
 
 DEFINITION WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPlioOFING :■; 
 
 DUST-PROOFIXG FLOORS Li-91 
 
 EDELWEISS, EXTERIOR ENAMEL,. 57 
 
 Illustration (ill 
 
 ENAMELING FLOORS 4,Wll 
 
 ENAMELING WALLS • r,:;-(l.';-U7 
 
 FINISHING WALLS 2:i-,57-a2-6:j-03-07-3C,-s7-NS-.S9 
 
 FLOOR ENAAIEL -ir, 
 
 Illustrations 4i-4li 
 
 Primer 40 
 
 Reports 44- l.'.-17-4.s^!) 
 
 Specifications 91 
 
 Users .111-51 
 
 FLOOR HARDENER 7.5 
 
 FLOOR PRIMER 4G 
 
 Specifications 91 
 
 FOUNDATION COAT 41 
 
 LTsers 41 
 
 FOUNDATIONS 7-11-79-xl 
 
 HARDENING FLOORS "■'> 
 
 HOSPITAL ENAMEL l-' 
 
 INDUSTRIAL ENAMEI 11. 
 
 Illustrations 5 V 
 
 Specifications .~^9 
 
 Users 54 
 
 IRONITE FLOORING 7.j 
 
 Quantities "■' 
 
 Specifications "■-' 
 
 METAL COATING 5s-r,;l-7(l-71-!i2 
 
 PASTE, WATERPROOFING 7 
 
 Directions L5 
 
 Illustrations 6-10-12-l:3-14-10-l.S-2l_l 
 
 Quantities 1 -^ 
 
 Reports .S-1 1-12-13-17-19 
 
 Specifications 77-79-.yi 
 
 Users ' - - - 
 
 PHOTOMiCROGRAP'HS OF CEMENT FLOORS 52 
 
 PLASTER BOND, DAMPPROOFING PAINT 37 
 
 Illustrations ■^'-''■^S"*'^ 
 
 85 
 ■ ■ 39 
 
 Reports. 
 Specifications . 
 
 Users .. . 
 
 S5 
 
THE TRUS-CON PRODUCTS HAND BOOK 
 INDEX— Continued 
 
 PLASTER COAT 
 
 7-77-81 
 
 POR SEAL EXTERIOR TRANSPARENT COATING 
 
 33 
 
 
 32-34 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 QUANTITIES CUBIC YARD CONCRETE 
 
 94 
 
 QUANTITIES CUBIC YARD MORTAR 
 
 ROOF-SEAL 
 
 93 
 
 74 
 
 
 74 
 
 SIZE 
 
 U2-S7 
 
 SNO-WITE ENAMEL 
 
 63 
 
 
 ... 8S 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, DAMPPHOOFING. 
 
 85 
 
 
 86 
 
 Exterior Foundation Walls (Foundation Coat) 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, FINISHING EXTERIOR WALLS 
 
 41 
 
 86 
 
 
 67 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS FINISHING INTERIOR WALLS 
 
 .87-8.1-89 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, FLOORS 
 
 91 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 79-81 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, STRUCTURAL STEEL 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS, WATERPROOFING 
 
 92 
 
 79-81 
 
 
 77-81 
 
 
 79-81 
 
 Floors 
 
 79-81 
 
 
 79-81 
 
 
 79-81 
 
 Tunnels 
 
 79-81 
 
 
 79-81 
 
 
 77 
 
 STONE BACKING 
 
 43 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 42 
 
 STONE-TEX — Extrriur Wall Fini.Ji 
 
 23 
 
 
 22-24-2.5-26-28-29 30 
 
 
 24-2.5-27-28 
 
 
 86 
 
 Users 
 
 31 
 
 STUCCO 
 
 23-86 
 
 
 23-33-86 
 
 
 7 77 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
 TABLES 
 
 Pressures by Varying Water Heads 
 
 M.'iter; Required Cubic Yards Mortar 
 
 Mater' Required Cubic Yards Concrete 
 
 TESTS 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 IS 
 
 TEXTUF ■ CEMENT FLOORS 
 
 53 
 
 Illust ... 
 
 
 WALL 1 
 
 57 62 63 64 65 67 
 
 Ext „ 
 
 23-67-86 
 
 
 
 WALL SIZE 
 
 62-87 
 
 WATERPROO'aNG: 
 
 7-79 
 
 Plaster Coa^ 
 
 7 SI 
 
 
 7 77 
 
 WATERPROOFING, DI ION OF., 
 
 3 
 
 WATERPR(])OFING PA. 
 
 
 WATER PRESSURE . . 
 
 93