|)asf atib 4)pifSMr>-*-^ tlii^tuwf antrl^optoits Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924050995533 ^ LlBRi.'^^i^.^^^EX DATEbUE ' TT^w^w GAYiORD ,.,RfllNTH))NllRA ^^^i>^^^^^^^^^^^ Q[merimn Cburtf) ^Utcl^ts, BiograpI)tcal anU Btb-^ ItograpiJtcal, of t|)e Bt0l)op0 of tje :amertcan Cfturcl), tottl) a ^xtlmimx'p €00ap on tlje i^i0tonc episcopate ann SDocumentarp :^nnal0 oftljetntroDucttonof tl)e i^ngltcan line of 0ucce00ton tnto :^mertca 3151? ISfttlliam ^tebens ^errj> l3(j5]^op Of fotoa anb il^tsttortograp^er of ttie Emectcan Cliurc^ ^ m* q» Cl^e Cl^tijitfan Uttvatmt Co. Copyright, 1897, By The Christian Literature Company. CONTENTS. PAGE Advertisement vii Preface ix Introduction xi Biographies : Samuel Seabury i William White 5 Samuel Provoost g James Madison 11 Thomas John Claggett 13 Robert Smith 15 Edward Bass -. 17 Abraham Jarvis 19 Benjamin Moore 21 Samuel Parker 23 John Henry Hobart 25 Alexander Viets Griswold 29 Theodore Dehon 31 Richard Channing Moore .' 33 James Kemp 35 John Croes 37 Nathaniel Bowen ' 39 Philander Chase 41 Thomas Church Brownell 45 John Stark Ravenscroft 47 Henry XJstick Onderdonk 49 William Meade 51 William Murray Stone 53 Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk 55 Levi Silliman Ives 57 John Henry Hopkins 59 Benjamin Bosworth Smith 63 Charles Pettit Mcllvaine 65 George Washington Doane 67 James Hervey Otey 69 Jackson Kemper 7i Samuel Allen McCoskry 73 Leonidas Polk 75 William Heathcote De Lancey 77 Christopher Edvi^ards Gadsden 79 iii CONTENTS. PAGE William Rollinson Whittingham 8i Stephen Elliott 83 Alfred Lee 85 John Johns 87 Manton Eastburn 89 John Prentiss Kewley Henshaw 91 Carlton Chase 93 Nicholas Hamner Cobbs 95 Cicero Stephens Hawks 97 William Jones Boone 99 George Washington Freeman loi Horatio Southgate 103 Alonzo Potter 105 George Burgess 107 George Upfold 109 William Mercer Green 1 1 1 John Payne 113 Francis Huger Rutledge '. 115 John Williams 117 Henry John Whitehouse 119 Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright 121 Thomas Frederick Davis 123 Thomas Atkinson t 125 William Ingraham Kip 127 Thomas Fielding Scott 129 Henry Washington Lee 131 Horatio Potter 133 Thomas March Clark 135 Samuel Bowman 137 Alexander Gregg 139 William Henry Odenheimer 141 Gregory Thurston Bedell 143 Henry Benjamin Whipple 145 Henry Champlin Lay 147 Joseph Cruikshank Talbot 149 William Bacon Stevens 151 Richard Hooker Wilmer 155 Thomas Hubbard Vail 157 Arthur Cleveland Coxe 159 Charles Todd Quintard 163 Robert Harper Clarkson 165 George Maxwell Randall 167 John Barrett Kerf oot 1 69 Channing Moore Williams 171 Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer 1 73 George David Cummins 1 75 William Edmond Armitage 177 Henry Adams Neely 1 7g Daniel Sylvester Tuttle 181 CONTENTS. V PAGE John Freeman Young 183 John Watrus Beckwith 185 Francis McNeece Whittle 187 William Henry Augustus Bissell 189 Charles Franklin Robertson 191 Benjamin Wistar Morris 193 Abram Newkirk Littlejohn 195 William Croswell Doane 197 Frederic Dan Huntington 199 Ozi William Whitaker 201 Henry Niles Pierce 203 William Woodruff Niles 205 William Pinkney 207 William Bell White Howe 209 Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe 211 William Hobart Hare 213 John Gottlieb Auer 215 Benjamin Henry Paddock 217 Theodore Benedict Lyman 219 John Franklin Spalding 221 Edward Randolph Welles 223 Robert Woodward Barnwell Elliott 225 John Henry Ducachet Wingfield 227 Alexander Charles Garrett 229 William Forbes Adams 231 Thomas Underwood Dudley 233 John Scarborough 235 George De Normandie Gillespie 237 Thomas Augustus Jaggar 239 William Edward McLaren y 241 John Henry Hobart Brown 243 William Stevens Perry 24S Charles Clifton Penick 249 Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky 251 Alexander Burgess 253 George William Peterkin 255 George Franklin Seymour 257 Samuel Smith Harris 259 Thomas Alfred Starkey 261 John Nicholas Galleher 263 George Kelly Dunlop 265 Leigh Richmond Brewer 267 John Adams Paddock 269 Cortlandt Whitehead 271 Hugh Miller Thompson 273 David Buel Knickerbacker ^75 Henry Codman Potter ^77 Alfred Magill Randolph 279 William David Walker 281 CONTENTS. PAGE Alfred Augustin Watson 283 William Jones Boone 285 Nelson Somerville Rulison 287 William Paret 289 George Worthington 291 Samuel David Ferguson ;, 293 Edwin Gardner Weed 295 Mahlon Norris Gilbert '. 297 Elisha Smith Thomas 299 Ethelbert Talbot 301 James Steptoe Johnston 303 Abiel Leonard 305 Leighton Coleman 307 John Mills Kendrick 309 Boyd Vincent 311 Cyrus Frederick Knight 313 Charles Chapman Grafton 315 William Andrew Leonard 317 Thomas Frederick Davies .' 319 Anson Rogers Graves 321 William Ford Nichols 323 . Edward Robert Atwill 325 Henry Melville Jackson 327 Davis Sessums 329 Phillips Brooks 331 Isaac Lea Nicholson 335 Cleland Kinloch Nelson 337 Charles Reuben Hale , 339 George Herbert Kinsolving 341 Lemuel Henry Wells , 343 William Crane Gray 345 Francis Key Brooke 347 William Morris Barker 349 John McKim 351 Frederick Rogers Graves 353 Ellison Capers 355 Thomas Frank Gailor 357 William Lawrence 359 Joseph Blount Cheshire 361 Arthur Crawshay AUiston Hall 363 John Brockenbrough Newton 365 John Hazen White 367 Frank Rosebrook Millspaugh 369 Peter Trimble Rowe 371 Lewis William Burton 373 Joseph Horsfall Johnson 375 Henry Yates Satterlee 377 Gershom Mott Williams 379 James Dow Morrison 381 Chauncey Bunce Brewster 383 Robert Atkinson Gibson 385 ADVERTISEMENT. The interest surrounding the first complete collection of photo- graphs of American bishops published warrants a brief recital of the difficulties involved in gathering them. The aim to secure the best, as well as the latest, likeness had frequently to be hmited to securing any likeness at all ; for certain of the bishops never sat for portraits. It is generally believed, for example, that no portrait was ever made of Bishop Dehon, al- though a very rare silhouette exists. By diligent searching, how- ever, a poor photograph was discovered, from which a pen-and-ink drawing was made, which is reproduced on page 30. Neither Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan's very full collection, nor any other that we know of, possesses a photograph of this prelate. Bishop Madison was never known to have sat for a portrait, and tradition says that the painting of that diocesan now in the possession of Mrs. S. M. Chamberlayne, of Richmond, Va. (through whose kind permission we secured a photograph from this painting), is in reality a portrait of his daughter, who strongly resembled him, taken after her father's death. Bishop Whittingham's portrait was not painted during his lifetime, although a daguerreotype was taken about 1845. Mrs. Rollinson Colburn, of Washington, D. C, a personal friend of Bishop Whittingham, made pencil-sketches of him in 187 1, while he was visiting at her home, from which a large (copyright) portrait was painted after his death, in 1879. Huntington painted his portrait from the old daguerreotype ; but as this represents the bishop in his younger days, it has been thought well to photograph the very ex- cellent likeness by Mrs. Colburn, which she has generously allowed us to do. The painting was praised by Archbishop Trench and Bishop Pinkney, and is now reproduced for the first time. Brand, in his biography of Whittingham, having made use of Huntington's work. We are also indebted to another member of this family — Miss Colburn — for our photographs of Bishops Green and Pinkney, taken from portraits painted by her, and truer in representation than hitherto published ones. Bishop C. M. Williams was one of viii ADVERTISEMENT. those who would never sit for a portrait. His hkeness appears in a group ; but as the reproductions were unsatisfactory, a pen-and-ink sketch was made from the photograph. Besides our portraits of Madison, Whittingham, Green, and Pinkney, taken from oil-paintings by photography, six others were produced in the same way, viz., those of Robert Smith, Jarvis, Kemp, H. U. Onderdonk, Stone, and Gadsden. In cases where photographs are not known, or where they lack merit, we have, wherever it has been possible, made use of engrav- ings. Twenty-nine of our portraits ha\e been so taken. Of these the following were engraved by J. C. Buttre : White (from Sully's painting), Provoost, Claggett, Bass, Hobart, Griswold, R. C. Moore, Croes, Bowen, P. Chase, Brownell, Ravenscroft, McIIvaine, Otey, De Lancey, Henshaw, Freeman, Wainwright (from Brady's paint- ing), and Cummins. The portrait of the senior Boone is from an engraving by Sartain, from Mooney's painting, and the likeness of Bishop Polk is also from an engraving by Sartain, and is used by permission of Dr. William H. Polk, of New York. The portraits of Bishops Meade and B. T. Onderdonk are from engravings by Neil and Ormsby respectively. The following are from engravings by unknown artists : Seabury, Benjamin Moore, Parker, Ives, Davis, and Hopkins. All other illustrations are from photographs furnished by the bishops themselves, by members of their families, or by authorized photographers. We are under obligations to the Rev. F. D. Jaudon, of Manston, Wis., and to the Rev. E. H. Porter, of Newport, R. I., for the loan of photographs and engravings from their collections, and to Mr. Rollinson Colburn, of Washington, D. C, for material assistance in many ways. Acknowledgments should also be made to the Rev. Samuel F. Jarvis, of Brooklyn, Conn., for the use of the large por- trait of Bishop Jarvis, taken from the only painting of that prelate in existence; to Mr. D. E. Huger Smith, of Charleston, S. C, for a photograph of Bishop Smith, taken from the painting in possession of his brother, Mr Robert Tilghman Smith ; to the Rev. F. Chase, of Scarsdale, N. Y., for our likeness of Bishop Carlton Chase ; and to the Rev. Montgomery Schuyler, of St. Louis, Mo., for that of Bishop Hawks. PREFACE. The story of the introduction of the Anghcan episcopate into America is full of incident. Tiie lives of the men who have filled the office of bishop in the American Church are at once interest- ing and instructive. The contributions they have made to Ameri- can literature, even in the midst of absorbing labors and constant cares, are both creditable and important. To tell the story of the struggle for the episcopate, to record briefly the lives of the bish- ops of the United States, and to furnish comprehensive lists of their literary works, is the object of this work. The dry skeleton of dates and facts has been clothed with such incidents and remarks as shall afford to the reader an understanding of their characters and the circumstances molding and influencing their lives. This has been attempted in the spirit of historical impartiality. The effort has been made to supply the means for correctly estimating both the men and the measures marking their official careers. Besides the biographical sketches of the nearly two hundred priests who have been called to the office and administration of a bishop in the Church of God, we give, somewhat in detail, the story of the efforts, dating back to the early days of American discovery and settlement, made in this land and across the sea to secure for the colonial Church the completion of the three orders of the min- istry, and the privilege and power of self-reproduction and self-rule. To this we add the documents which give the succession of the American bishops, connecting them through Aberdeen and Lam- beth with the see of Canterbury, and back to the apostles and to the great Shepherd and Bishop of souls. An essay on " The His- toric Episcopate " is added, embracing in simple statement and in the briefest possible compass the results of the litest scholarship respecting this question. The purpose of this paper is to give to those who are seeking a basis for Church unity an authoritative presentation of the Chicago- Lambeth propositions, and a defense of the position taken therein. There are papers on the episcopal suc- cession in the Roman Catholic Church in the United States and on the Methodist " superintendency " of America, of which latter Thomas X THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. Coke, LL.D., and Francis Asbury were the first appointments by the founder of Methodism, John Wesley. The intelligent reader will find in these pages much to convince him that the episcopate in the United States, like that of other days and in other lands, has maintained the dignity of the order, and by labors, devotion, and consecrated lives has well and wisely ruled that portion of the Holy Catholic Church committed to its charge. Of these men of God it can truly be affirmed that their learning, their labors, their lives, will be found to have been freely, fully given pro salute hominiim et pro ecclesia Dei. Bishop's House, Davenport, Ia., Feast of the Ascension, A. D. 1895. INTRODUCTION. THE HISTORIC EPISCOPATE. The critical examination of the New Testament writings for notices of tiie polity of the kingdom of heaven Christ set up when tabernacled in the flesh plainly indicates that the ultimate earthly authority there recognized was that exercised by the apostles, in the name of, and as representing, their Master, their Lord, their King, and that the means for the transmission of this authority was by the imposition of apostolic hands. The Church already existed. The kingdom of heaven had long had its rulers and its rules. In other words, the principle of individual overseership or episcopacy, exercised by the apostles first, and by apostolic delegates afterward, and gradually taking shape in most easily recognized and definite form, is found in the New Testament Scriptures as an existing fact, while we may search their pages in vain for any indication of the principle of presbyterian parity or of congregational democracy. Few and scattered as are the New Testament allusions to the polity of the Church in the days in which the apostles were still present on the earth, the trend of each and all of these passages is evident. The source of power in the Church was not from the people or of the people ; it was from above ; and in these scanty notices we see apostohc rule gradually merging into episcopal authority and power. The exercise of the commission of their Master — " As the Father hath sent Me, even so send I you " — by the Twelve, chosen not by the company of believers, but by the Lord Himself ; the solemn in- vestiture of Matthias — not by the people, but by the Eleven acting under divine guidance — with the office from which Judas fell ; the choice of the great apostle to the Gentiles by the Head of the Church Himself — " an apostle, not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father"; ' the headship of the Church at Jerusalem, as well as the title of " apostle," so plainly accorded 1 Galatians i. i. xii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. by St. Paul to "James, the Lord's brother," who was evidently not one of the Twelve ; the absence of any hint that the apostolate was to be limited to the Twelve, and, on the other hand, the application of the title to Barnabas,^ to Andronicus and Junia,^ probably to Sil- vanus,^ and to others by St. Paul ; the condemnation of " false apos- tles " ; the committal by St. Paul of the charge of the Churches he had founded to Timothy and Titus ; the latest messages of the Head of the Church, not to the people, but to the rulers, the " angels," the individually responsible heads of the apocalyptic Churches — these are each and all parts of that vast network of scriptural testimony uniting with its countless meshes the Church's chief Shepherd and Bishop of souls with the threefold ministry and the polity of the kingdom of heaven which, ere the death of the last of the apostles, St. John, was universally established throughout the Church of Christ. It is the judgment of Dr. Lightfoot, late bishop of Durham, that " history seems to show decisively that before the middle of the second century each church or organized Christian community had its three orders of ministers — its bishop, its presbyters, and its dea- cons. On this point there cannot reasonably be two opinions."* The same distinguished scholar, in commenting on the position oc- cupied by St. James, the brother of the Lord, in the Church of Jerusalem, after expressing his conviction that " he was not one of the Twelve," asserts that " the episcopal office thus existed in the mother-church of Jerusalem from very early days, at least in a rudi- mentary form";^ while the government of the Gentile churches, 1 " The apostleship of Barnabas is beyond question. St. Luke records his consecra- tion to the office as talking place at the same time with, and in tlie same manner as, St. Paul's (Acts xiii. 2, 3). In his account of tlieir missionary labors he again names them together as ' apostles,' even mentioning Barnabas first (Acts xiv. 4, 14). St. Paul himself also in two different epistles uses similar language. In the Galatian letter he speaks of Barnabas as associated with himself in the apostleship of the Gentiles (ii. 9) ; in the first to the Corinthians he claims for his fellow-laborer all the privileges of an apostle, as one who, like himself, holds the office of an apostle and is doing the work of an apostle (ix. 5, 6). If, therefore, St. Paul has held a larger place than Barnabas in the gratitude and veneration of the Church of all ages, this is due, not to any superiority of rank or office, but to the ascendancy of his personal gifts, a mere intense energy and self-devotion, wider and deeper sympathies, a firmer intellectual grasp, a larger measure of the spirit of Christ." — Bishop Lightfoot's " Epistle to the Galatians," pp. 96, 97. 2 " On the most natural interpretation of a passage in the Epistle to the Romans (xvi. 7), Andronicus and Junia, two Christians otherv^'ise unknown to us, are called distinguished members of the apostolate — language Mdiich indirectly implies a very considerable exten- sion of the term." — Ibid., p. 95, 3 " In I Thessalonians ii. 6, again, where ... he speaks of the disinterested labors of himself and his colleagues, adding, ' though we might have been burdensome to you, being apostles of Christ,' it is probable that under this term he includes Silvanus, who had labored with him in Thessalonica, and whose name appears in the superscription of the let- ter."— /^k/. * Bishop Lightfoot's " Dissertation on the Christian Ministry," appended to his " Com- mentary on the Philippians," p. 184. 5 Ibid., p. 196. INTRODUCTION. xiii though presenting no distinct traces of a similar organization, ex- hibits " stages of development tending in this direction." ^ Light- foot, who discusses this subject with singular moderation and fair- ness, concedes that the position occupied by Timothy and Titus, whom he styles " apostolic delegates," " fairly represents the func- tions of the bishop early in the second century." ^ Even admitting with Lightfoot that "James, the Lord's brother, alone, within the period compassed by the apostolic writings, can claim to be re- garded as a bishop in the later and more special sense of the term," and that " as late, therefore, as the year 70 no distinct signs of epis- copal government ha\-e appeared in Gentile Christendom," still it must be acknowledged, in the language of the same authority, that " unless we have recourse to a sweeping condemnation of received documents, it seems vain to deny that early in the second century the episcopal office was firmly and widely established. Thus, dur- ing the last three decades of the first century, and consequently during the lifetime of the latest surviving apostle, this change must have been brought about."'' Again and again does this great scholar refer to the fact of the early and general establishment of episcopacy " from the apostles' times." For example, he asserts that " the evidence for the early and wide extension of episcopacy throughout proconsular Asia, the scene of St. John's latest labors, may be considered irrefragable." * And again, " These notices, be- sides establishing the general prevalence of episcopacy, . . . estab- lish this result clearly : that its maturer forms are seen first in those regions where the latest surviving apostles, more especially St. John, fixed their abode, and at a time when its prevalence cannot be dis- sociated from their influence or their sanction." ^ And again, " It has been seen that the institution of an episco- pate must be placed as far back as the closing years of the first cen- tury, and that it cannot, without violence to historical testimony, be dissevered from the name of St. John."^ "It will appear," continues Lightfoot, " that the pressing needs of the Church were mainly instrumental in bringing about this result, and that this de- velopment of the episcopal office was a providential safeguard amid the confusion of speculative opinion, the distracting effects of per- secution, and the growing anarchy of social life, which threatened not only the extension but the very existence of the Church of Christ." ''' With this cumulative presentation of the proofs of the historic episcopate from the writings of the leading scholar of the age, we may be prepared for the bishop's summing up of the whole matter among the closing words of his " Dissertation on the Chris- tian Ministry " : " If the preceding investigation is substantially cor- 1 Lightfoot's " Christian Ministry," p. 196. 2 mj,^ p. igy. 3 Hid., p. 199. * Ibid., p. 212. 5 Jbid., pp. 225, 226. 6 Ibid., p. 232. 1 Ibid. xiv THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. rect, the threefold ministry can be traced to apostolic direction ; and short of an express statement we can possess no better assurance of a divine appointment, or at least a divine sanction." ^ In even stronger language, in his sermon before the Wolverhampton Church Congress, he asserts that the Church of England has " retained a from of church government which had been handed down in un- broken continuity from the apostles' times." With these statements and these proofs the language of the Ordinal of the Book of Common Prayer is in strict accord : " It is evident unto all men diligently reading Holy Scripture and ancient authors that from the apostles' time there have been these three orders of ministers in Christ's Church — bishops, priests, and dea- cons." The full meaning of this statement appears in the fact that it is the requirement of the canon law of the Church, as well as of the Ordinal, that " no man shall be accounted or taken to be a law- ful bishop, priest, or deacon, in this Church, or suffered to execute any of the said functions, except he be called, tried, examined, and admitted thereunto according to the form hereafter following, or hath had episcopal consecration or ordination." In the judgment of Lightfoot, as evidently in the intention of the Ordinal, the " his- torical episcopate " includes the apostolical succession — the threefold ministry communicated by the imposition of hands and continued "in unbroken continuity from the apostles' times." To quote the language of Mr. Gladstone : " In the latter part of the second century of the Christian era the subject" of the apos- tolical succession " came into distinct and formal view ; and from that time forward it seems to have been considered by the great writers of the Catholic body a fact too palpable to be doubted, and too simple to be misunderstood." ^ We have thus far dealt merely with the proofs of the historic episcopate as indicated in the New Testament and as existing dur- ing the lifetime of St. John. We turn to the witness of history to the fact that our Lord instituted in His Church, by succession from the apostles, a threefold ministry, the highest order of these minis- ters alone having the authority and power to perpetuate this min- istry by the laying on of hands. The Church of Jerusalem, the mother of us all, as we have al- ready seen, presents the earliest instance of a bishop in the sense in which the word was understood in post- apostolic times. The rule and official prominence of St. James, " the Lord's brother," is recognized both in the Epistles of St. Paul and in the Acts of the Apostles. That which is so plainly indicated in the canonical Scrip- tures is supported by the uniform tradition of the succeeding age. 1 Lightfoot's " Christian Ministry," p. 265. 2 Gladstone's " Church Principles Considered in their Results," p. 189. INTRODUCTION. xv On the death of St. James, which took place immediately before the war of Vespasian, Symeon succeeded to his place and rule. Hegesippus, who is our authority for this statement, and who rep- resents Symeon as holding the same office with St. James, and with equal distinctness styles him a bishop, was doubtless born ere Sym- eon died. Eusebius gives us a list of Symeon's successors. In less than thirty years — such were the troubles and uncertainties of the times — there appear to have been thirty occupants of the see. On the building of ^Elia CapitoHna on the ruins of Jerusalem, Mar- cus presided over the Church in the holy city as its first Gentile bishop. Narcissus, who became bishop of Jerusalem in the year 190, is referred to by Alexander, in- whose favor he resigned his see in the year 214, as still living at the age of one hundred and sixteen — thus in this single instance bridging over the period from the time when the Apostle John was still living to the date when, by universal consent, it is conceded that episcopacy was established in all quarters of the world. Passing from the mother-church of Jerusalem to Antioch, where the disciples were first called Christians, and which may be regarded as the natural center of Gentile Christianity, we find from tradition that Antioch received its first bishop from St. Peter. We need not discuss the probabilities of this story, since there can be no doubt as to the name standing second on the list. Ignatius is mentioned as a bishop by the earliest authors. His own language is conclusive as to his own conviction on this point. He writes to one bishop, Polycarp. He refers by name to another, Onesimus. He contem- plates the appointment of his successor at Antioch after his decease. The successor whose appointment Ignatius anticipated is said by Eusebius to have been Hero, and from his episcopate the list of Antiochian bishops is complete. If the authenticity of the entire catalogue is questionable, two bishops of Antioch at least, during the second century, Theophilus and Serapion, are confessedly his- torical personages. With reference to the epistles of Ignatius con- troversy has raged for centuries. Their outspoken testimony in favor of episcopacy has been regarded by the advocates of parity or of independency as a proof of their want of authenticity. But the discussion has been practically settled in our own day, and the judgment of Lightfoot, the latest and greatest commentator on these interesting remains of Christian antiquity, will be received without question by all whose opinion is worthy of consideration. He assigns these epistles to the earliest years of the second century, and he regards the testimony of Ignatius to the existence and uni- versality of the threefold ministry at the period in which he lived and wrote as conclusive. The celebrated German critic and scholar, Dr. Harnack, who characterizes Lightfoot's work as " the most xvi THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. learned and careful patristic monograph of the century," accepts the conclusions of the bishop, and concedes that the genuineness of the Ignatian letters is rendered "certain." With such a witness, thus supported by scholars confessedly occupying the foremost place for learning and critical power, we may proceed to details. In the Ignatian letters, the writer, the second bishop of Antioch, appears as a condemned prisoner traveling through Asia to his mar- tyrdom at Rome. Though each step of his progress brought him nearer to death; though the severity of his guard — " a maniple of ten soldiers," whom he designates as " leopards " — makes his last days wretchedly uncomfortable, still his journey is a triumph. On his arrival at Smyrna representatives of the churches of Ephesus, Magnesia, and Tralles unite with the flock of Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna, to do him honor. During his stay at Smyrna the aged bishop addresses four of his extant epistles to the Ephesians, to tlie Magnesians, to the Trallians, and to the Romans. The remaining three epistles, those to the Churches of Philadelphia and Smyrna, and to Polycarp, the bishop of the latter, were written from Troas, whither a deacon from Ephesus had borne him company. The saint proceeds from Neapolis to Philippi, where he is welcomed by the Church and escorted on his way, and thus he goes toward Rome. Though, in his modesty, choosing to speak of himself as " only now beginning to be a disciple," the nearness to the end evidently bringing to him new revelations of spiritual things and the life to come, he acts and writes as a man advanced in years. Doubtless he was near to man's estate when the great apostle wrote his epistles. He must have been in full maturity when Jerusalem was trodden underfoot of the Gentiles and the Church was driven from its cradle-home. He in whose life all this had transpired was now on his way to death. He fully realized that the end was near at hand. His days were numbered, and in his epistles he appears to have sought to crowd counsels of the highest moment, the dying legacy of one whose voice would soon be forever hushed in death. The points this aged saint chiefly dwells upon are two — the doctrine of the Incarnation as an historic fact, as perpetuated in sacraments, as a fundamental principle of the faith ; and the threefold ministry, the divinel}^ given rule for the Church, by which the Church itself would be recognized, and the religion of the Christ made known as something organic, real, lasting, disciplined. In his statements of the prerogative of the threefold ministry Ignatius is emphatic ; " It is meet, therefore, . . that being per- fectly joined together in one submission, submitting yourselves to your bishop and presbytery, ye may be sanctified in all things." ^ 1 "Ad Eph.," 2. In our citations we avail ourselves of Bishop Lightfoot's transla- tion. INTRODUCTION. xvii " I was forward to exhort you, that ye run in harmony with the mind of God ; for Jesus Christ also, our inseparable life, is the mind of the Father, even as the bishops that are settled in the farthest parts of the earth are in the mind of Jesus Christ. So then it be- cometh you to run in harmony with the mind of the bishop, which thing also ye do. For your honorable presbytery, which is worthy of God, is attuned to the bishop, even as its strings to a lyre." -^ " Let no man be deceived. If any one be not within the precinct of the aUar, he lacketh the bread [of God]. For, if the prayer of one and another hath so great force, how much more that of the bishop and of the whole Church ! . . . Let us therefore be careful not to resist the bishop, that by our submission we may give our- selves to God. And in proportion as a man seeth that his bishop is silent, let him fear him the more. For every one whom the Master of the household sendeth to be steward over His own house we ought so to receive as Him that sent him. Plainly, therefore, we ought to regard the bishop as the Lord Himself." '-^ " Assemble yourselves together, . . to the end that ye may obey the bishop and the presbytery without distraction of mind ; breaking one bread, which is the medicine of immortality and the antidote that we should not die." '^ " Forasmuch, then, as I was permitted to see you in the person of your godly bishop, Damas, and your worthy presbyters, Bassus and Apollonius, and my fellow-servant the deacon, Sotion, of whom I would fain have joy, for that he is subject to the bishop as unto the grace of God, and to the presbytery as unto the law of Jesus Christ. Yea, and it becometh you also not to presume upon the youth of your bishop, but according to the power of God the Father to render unto him all reverence ; . . . yet not to him, but to the Father of Jesus Christ, even to the Bishop of all. . . . For a man does not so much decei\e this bishop, who is seen, as cheat that other who is invisible."* " Be ye zealous to do all things in godly accord, the bishop presid- ing after the likeness of God, and the presbyters after the likeness of the council of the apostles, with the deacons also who are most dear to me, having been intrusted with the diaconate of Jesus Christ." ^ " When ye are obedient to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, it is evident to me that ye are living, not after men, but after Jesus Christ. ... It is therefore necessary, even as your wont is, that you should do nothing without the bishop; but be ye obedient also to the presbytery, as to the apostles. . . . And those likewise who are deacons of the mysteries of Jesus Christ must please all men in all ways. ... In like manner let all men respect the deacons as 1 " Ad Eph.," 3, 4. '^ Ibid., 5, 6. 3 Ibid., 20. 4 " Ad Magn.," 2, 3. 5 Ibid., 6. xviii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. Jesus Christ, even as they should respect the bishop as being a type of the Father, and the presbyters as the council of God and as the college of apostles. Apart from these there is not even the name of a Church." i " For as many as are of God and of Jesus Christ, they are with the bishop; and as many as shall repent and enter into the unity of the Church, these also shall be of God. ... Be ye careful, there- fore, to observe one eucharist, for there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ and one cup unto union in His blood ; there is one altar, as there is one bishop, together with the presbytery and the deacons, my fellow -servants." ^ " Shun divisions as the beginning of evils. Do ye all follow your bishop as Jesus Christ followed the Father, and the presbytery as the apostles; and to the deacons pay respect, as to God's command- ment. Let no man do aught of things pertaining to the Church apart from the bishop. Let that be held a valid eucharist which is under the bishop, or one to whom he shall have committed it. Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be ; even as where Jesus may be, there is the universal Church. It is not lawful apart from the bishop either to baptize or to hold a love- feast, but whatever he shall approve ; this is well pleasing also to God, that everything which ye do may be sure and valid." ^ " It is good to recognize God and the bishop. He that honoreth the bishop is honored of God. He that doeth aught without the knowledge of the bishop rendereth service to the devil."* There can be no question that the writer of these extracts held clear and well-defined views both as to the existence of a visible, organized Church of Christ, and a threefold, divinely authorized ministry ruling that Church. This he deems to be the " mind of God " ; this is the " commandment " ; and so fully does he hold this view that in his dying counsels he emphasized the idea that he who would keep the " commandment " and run in accord with the divine mind must lose sight of his very individuality in the fellowship of the Church, and unhesitatingly and without reserve submit himself in action, word, or purpose to the divinely appointed rule and order of the Church. Nor is this all. He regards the threefold ministry as essential to the very being of the Church ; for, to quote his own words, as rendered by Lightfoot, "without these three orders no church has a title to the name." ^ This hierarchy, this monarchical episcopate, this established and divinely authorized rule in the king- dom of God, the aged bishop of Antioch regards as " firmly rooted," as "beyond dispute," and as coextensive with the Church. He speaks of bishops as established in " the farthest parts of the earth," " 1 " Ad Trail.," 2, 3. 2 " Ad Pliilad.," 3, 4. 3 •' Ad Smyrn.," 8. * Ibid., 9. 5 " Ad Trail.," 3. 6 ■■ Ad Eph.," 3. INTRODUCTION. xix and it is evident from his language that, in his judgment, the epis- copate is not an evolution from the presbyterate, but is from above, the ordering of God Himself. We cannot, in the space at our command, give all of the many and convincing citations from these epistles, which, as translated by Lightfoot, afford the fullest proof of our position. In the language of Canon MacColl, which has the approval of Bishop Lightfoot himself :i " The Ignatian epistles place at least two facts plainly be- yond dispute, namely, first, that diocesan episcopacy was then the universal and undisputed form of church government ; secondly, that the diocese, under the administration of its bishops, presbyters, and deacons, was the unit of the Church. The bishop stood at the sum- mit of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In him the Church was sumrned up. From him it could be reproduced." In reply to the notion that during the last three decades of the first century, and consequently during the lifetime of St. John, a change had been brought about from a presbyterate governed by apostles to diocesan episcopacy, Canon MacColl interprets Bishop Lightfoot's contention as follows : " If episcopacy ' was firmly and widely established ' during the lifetime of the latest surviving apostle, it can hardly be disputed that it is the form of church government which is according to the mind of Christ. ' The latest surviving apostle ' — ' the disciple whom Jesus loved ' — must have learned, dur- ing the forty days' intercourse with the risen Saviour before the ascension, the mind of his Master on so vital a question, and it is simply inconceivable that he should have sanctioned any ecclesiasti- cal polity which was not in full harmony with his Lord's instruction while ' speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God.' " ^ From the words of Ignatius, so clear, so strong, so abundant, we turn to the testimony of Irenaeus, who was born not later than A.D. 130. He asserts that in his youth he " sat at the feet of Poly- carp, who had been appointed by the apostles a bishop for Asia in the Church of Smyrna," and that he had listened to the discourses in public and private of this venerable man, whose very looks and ways, he assures us, were indelibly impressed upon his mind. Ire- naeus further claims that he had opportunities of instruction from Asiatic " elders," some of whom, he tells us, had been disciples of the apostles. With these means of learning the traditions of the Church in Asia Minor, as shaped by no less an authority than St. John himself, the latest living of the apostoHc band, Irenaeus, while yet a young man, and probably prior to Polycarp's martyrdom (circa A.D. 155), removed from Asia to Rome. At the latest, in the year 177, when persecution visited the churches of southern Gaul, 1 " Christianity in Relation to Science and Morals," third edition, 1890, pp. xxv., 258. 2 Acts i. 3. XX THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. Irenasus was a presbyter of Lyons, and was elevated to the see of the martyred bishop Pothinus. There is . record of his visiting Rome prior to his entrance upon the episcopal office, as well as afterward, his object in each case being to promote the peace of the Church. Thus fitted by circumstances as well as by his character to know and maintain the " traditions of the elders," we find in his writings, to quote the language of the latest authority on this sub- ject, the Rev. Charles Gore, in his work on " The Ministry of the Christian Church," " the picture of the universal Church, spread all over the world, handing down in unbroken succession the apostolic truth ; and the bond of unity, the link to connect the generations in the Church, is the episcopal succession."^ The language of Irenasus is clear and determinate with reference to the succession of the bishops to the authority and rule exercised by the apostles in the Church ; and " because it would be tedious . . to enumerate the succession of all the churches," he gives that of the Church of Rome, and records the committal of the episcopate by the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul to Linus (a.D. 68), and then the succession from him of Anencletus (a.D. 8o), Clement (A.D. 92), Evarestus (a.D. 100), Alexander (A.D. 109), Xystus (a.D. 119), Telesphorus the Martyr (a.D. 128), Hyginus (a.D. 139), Pius (a.D. 142), Anicetus (A.D. 157), Soter (a.D. 168), and at length, in his own day, of Eleutherus (a.D. 177)." Certain discrepancies which confessedly exist in the various lists of Roman bishops which have come down to us may be explained by assuming the existence in the very first ages of two distinct Churches, one Jewish and one Gentile, at Rome. Lightfoot, while claiming that " no more can safely be assumed of Linus and Anencletus than that they held some prominent position in the Romish Church," ' adds that " the reason for supposing Clement to 'have been a bishop is as strong as the universal tradition of the next ages can make it." It in no way detracts from this admission with respect to Clement that Lightfoot regards him rather as " the chief of the presbyters than the chief over presbyters," and consequently not in the position of irrespon- sible authority occupied by his successors, Eleutherus (a.D. 177) and Victor (a.D. 189), or even by his contemporaries, Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna. With Victor, apparently the first Latin prelate who held the bish- opric of Rome, a new era begins. The line of ecclesiastical descent is now clearly defined, and by the participation in each consecration of three or more of the episcopal order, required by the early can- 1 Gore's " Ministry of the Christian Church," chap, iii., p. 119. 2 Iren., iii., 3. The dates we have given to the successive incumbents of the see of Rome are from Lightfoot. 3 " Commentary on the Philippians," " The Christian Ministry," p. 2ig. INTRODUCTION. xxi ons and continued with scrupulous exactness till the modern view of episcopacy as held by the papacy permitted at times the substi- tution of the papal authority for the presence of more than a single consecrator, there have been knitted together the meshes of that vast network which in its comprehensiveness includes the Church's chief rulers from the very first, and by the multitude of interlacing lines of succession makes any serious defect in the direct connection with the apostles of any individual bishop well-nigh impossible. The succession of bishops from the apostles' times is not to be regarded as a chain of single links, the whole being of no greater strength than its weakest part, but as a network or web of interwoven strands, now innumerable, which would hold together even if, to venture an impossible supposition, nine tenths of these lines could be proved de- fective and therefore invalid. In other words, a possible defect in one or in a hundred of the different lines of succession would in no way affect the consecration of any bishop of our day, so infinite in number are the interlacing strands of the great network uniting one who has been set apart for this office and administration in the Church of God with the apostles, and through the apostles with Christ, the great Shepherd and Bishop of souls. Authorities. — In addition to the late bishop of Durham's " Dis- sertation on the Christian Ministry," appended to his " Commen- tary on the Philippians," and the many special treatises on the apostolical succession by Perceval, Haddon, Elrington, Morse, and others, the latest and most conclusive work on the general subject is that of Gore, "The Ministry of the Christian Church" (Riving- tons, London, 1889). A compact treatise by the Rev. Prof. J. H. Barbour, of the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn., is admirably arranged and deserves general reading. Its title is " The Beginnings of the Historic Episcopate Exhibited in the Words of Holy Scripture and Ancient Authors " (New York, E. & J. B. Young & Co., 1887). Canon Liddon, in his sermon en- titled " A Father in Christ " (Rivingtons, 1875), effectually disposes of the arguments of the late Dr. Hatch, in his Bampton Lectures on " The Organization of Early Christian Churches," as well as those of a later paper in the " Contemporary Review " from the same source. A scholarly and conclusive volume, written in Latin, of upward of six hundred pages octavo, gives in detail, and with sufficient critical apparatus, both the arguments for the apostolical succession and the lists of bishops from the apostles' time to our own day. The title of this work is as follows : " De Successione Apostolica necnon Mis- sione et Jurisdictione Hierarchiae Anglicanae et Catholicae, unacum appendicibus et indicibus : auctore Venerabili Doctore Jacobo Clark, Archidiacono Antiguensi, Sacellano Exam. Dno. Antiguensi Epo Rectore Par. S. Philippi in Antigua. Georgiopoli in Guiana Britan- xxii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. nica: MDCCCXC." The third edition of a clever compendium of the argument, by the Rev. Andrew Gray, a priest of the diocese of Massachusetts, has been published in Boston. It is entitled " Apos- tolical Succession in the English, Scottish, and American Church, from St. John the Apostle to the Present Time, in the Line of Con- secrators, Taken from Authentic Records." A learned work by the present bishop of Oxford, the eminent historian Dr. William Stubbs, gives the succession in the Church of England. The title of this work is " Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum : An Attempt to Exhibit the Course of Episcopal Succession in England from the Records and Chronicles of the Church" (Oxford, University Press, 1858). II. THE .INTRODUCTION OF THE EPISCOPATE INTO THE UNITED STATES. The American branch of the Holy Catholic Church recognizes the order of bishops as existing from the apostles' time. She has not defined the functions pertaining to this order of the sacred min- istry, or expressly marked out the limitations of its powers. She refers to Scripture and ancient authors for the fact of the existence " from the apostles' time " of this order and office. In other words, the episcopate, sought for and at length secured by our fathers, was the historic episcopate ; and in the absence of any definition, in con- stitution, canons, liturgy, or symbols, of the nature of this office and administration, it may be inferred that whatever the bishop was, in the judgment and acknowledged practice of the Church, the Ameri- can bishop was to be; so that all rights, powers, and privileges in- hering in this office or appertaining to the same were sought for and secured in obtaining the episcopate. In the efforts made for the episcopate we see at the outset, and throughout the struggle, even to the moment of succes.s, the hand and head of him who, as his distinguished successor^ rightly claimed, " will be recognized as the founder and wise master builder of a system of ecclesiastical polity which, though not faultless, is as perfect as the condition of things then admitted, and of which the essential excellence is likely to be demonstrated by the progress of events." In " The Case of the Episcopal Churches Considered" Wil- liam White had argued that " it may fairly be inferred that Episco- palians on this continent will wish to institute among themselves an 1 Bishop Alonzo Potter. INTRODUCTIOiX. xxiii episcopal government as soon as it shall appear practicable, and that this government will not be attended with the danger of tyranny, either temporal or spiritual." The proposition "to include in the proposed frame of government a general approbation of episcopacy, and a declaration of an intention to procure the succession as soon as conveniently may be, but in the meantime to carry the plan into effect without waiting for the succession," was happily rendered unnecessary, and the writer of this pamphlet became most actively concerned in securing this " succession " for the Church of which he was already a leading spirit. At the meeting of clergy and laity convened in Philadelphia on the 24th of May, 1784, at which Dr. White was chosen chairman, the fourth of the " instructions or fundamental principles " adopted provided " that the succession of the ministry be agreeable to the usage which requireth the three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons ; that the rights and powers of the same, respectively, be ascertained ; and that they be exercised according to reasonable laws, to be duly made." In this provision it is easy to recognize the hand of White. Out of the meeting of May, 1 784, there grew, under the fostering care of White, the organization or " association " of the " Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of Pennsylvania," which was effected on the 24th of May, 1785. The important document relating to this named as the objects had in view by the clergy and congregations in this " act of association " the following : " For maintaining uniformity in divine worship, for procuring the powers of ordination, and for establishing and maintaining a system of ecclesiastical government." ^ In the active correspondence kept up by White with the leading Churchmen North and South we find evidence of his purposes con- cerning the "succession." In a letter addressed, in 1784, to the Rev. Samuel Parker, of Trinity Church, Boston, the exact date of which is unfortunately lost. Dr. White thus expresses his views on this important matter: " On the subject of procuring the succession, I shall only observe that if any private measures said to have been undertaken for this end should prove successful, I think the whole Church should gladly avail itself of the acquisition. 2 If not, an application to our Mother-Church from representatives of the Episcopal Church generally will be, surely, too respectable to be slighted ; and such an application might be easily framed by corre- spondence among ourselves. "3 Writing again on the loth of August, 1784, to the same corre- spondent, White observes : " The Fundamental Principles which you. have seen were merely meant as instructions to a committee in their consultations with our brethren in the other States for the torm- 1 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents," p. 40. 2 This evidently refers to the election of Seabury by the Connecticut clergy and the efforts already made abroad to secure his consecration. 3 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents," p. 60. xxiv THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. ing a general constitution for the continent, which we think should be attempted before we venture to form a constitution for this State in particular. . . . The independence asserted is intended in the most unlimited sense ; but we do not think this precludes us from procuring a bishop from England, he becoming on his arrival a citizen of the United States. Proper measures for procuring an episcopate we wish to see taken at the ensuing meeting in New York ; but as to his support, I know no source for it but a parochial living."! The clergy of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, under the gui- dance of Parker, adopted the Pennsylvania Fundamental Principles with slight additions, the first of these expressing " the opinion of the Convention that this independence be not construed or taken in so rigorous a sense as to exclude the churches in America, separately or collectively, from applying for and obtaining from some regular episcopal foreign power an American episcopate." ^ In the letter accompanying the minutes of this Convention, which, though signed by the moderator, the Rev. J. Graves, is in the hand- writing and is evidently the composition of Parker, the position respecting the episcopate expressed in the resolution is further emphasized : " As to the mode of obtaining what we stand in such need of, we wish above all things to procure it in the most regular manner, and particularly from our mother-church in England. Whether any of the bishops in England or Ireland would consecrate a per- son chosen among ourselves and sent there for that purpose, without a mandate from the king of England or the authority of her Parliament, we are at a loss to determine ; but we have no doubt that a regular application made by a representative body of the Episcopal ■churches in America would easily obtain a consecrated head, and in order to do this we ■earnestly wish a mode of applying in some such way as may be immediately adopted by the American churches. " We are of the opinion that we ought to leave no means untried to procure a regular succession of the episcopacy before we think of obtaining it in an irregular manner. To accomplish this we have chosen a committee of our body to correspond with you upon this, and adopt such measures for the same as may be expedient or necessary." ^ The letter from the Massachusetts and Rhode Island clergy ex- pressed the sentiments prevailing in Connecticut, and which seem to have been current throughout New England. The conservative elements in the North were alarmed, not only at the proposition, in "The Case of the Episcopal Churches Considered," for " a tempo- rary departure from episcopacy," but by the radical measures adopted at the southward, where, in Virginia, anticipatory canons were en- acted defining and circumscribing the exercise of the episcopal office, and making the bishop not only amenable to trial by the Conven- tion, but even liable to " suspension or dismission " from office at its will ; while in South Carolina it was stipulated that bishops should not be introduced at all. Prior to the meeting of the Convention of the churches in the Middle and Southern States in 1785, the efforts of the Connecticut clergy to secure an episcopal head had resulted in success. On the 1 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents," p. 6i. 2 Ibid., p. 63. 3 Ibid., pp. 65, 66. ^ •i ^11 f INTRODUCTION. xxv 14th .of November, 1784, at Aberdeen, the Rev. Samuel Seabury, D.D. Oxon., was consecrated the first American bishop by the bish- ops of the Catholic remainder of the Church in Scotland. Entering into a concordat with the Church from which he received his epis- copal character, Seabury lost no time in beginning his work, and was joyfully received by his clergy, the formal welcome being ex- tended in Convocation in Middletown, August, 1785. At this Convocation in Middletown the churches in Massachusetts and Rhode Island were represented by the Rev. Samuel Parker, while the conservative element in New York was represented by the Rev. Benjamin Moore. Both of these gentlemen were friends and correspondents of White, and each had taken part in the prehmi- nary measures and meetings of 1784, which had prepared the way for the Convention in Philadelphia in September, 1785. To this meeting Bishop Seabury and his clergy were invited ; but as there was no provision in the Fundamental Principles adopted in New York at the preliminary meeting of I 784 for the proper recog- nition of his office, Seabury courteously declined the invitation, as the clergy at the southward did his suggestion that they should attend the meeting at Middletown. It is in evidence that had there been the provision that one of the episcopal order, if present, should preside, as was originally intended by White, Bishop Seabury would have gone to Philadelphia in 1 785, as he did later, in 1789; but there can be little doubt that such a step would have been premature, and might have absolutely pre- vented, in place of furthering, the unity so greatly desired by both White and himself. There was no little to be done by the states- manship and wise, conciliatory measures of White ere the conflict- ing elements in the Church could be calmed, and order arise out of chaos. Prior to the meeting in Philadelphia, letters from Bishop Seabury to Drs. William White and William Smith, the leading spirits in the Convention, frankly communicated information respecting the re- jection of the Connecticut application in England, and offered the bishop's services for the ordination of candidates until a bishop was secured at the southward. At the same time the bishop objected to the policy which had obtained in the Conventions at the South of ■encumbering their plans for organization by establishing so many and such precise fundamental rules. He claimed that the powers of the bishop were too much circumscribed, since " government as essentially pertains to bishops as ordination." He denied that " the laity can with any propriety be admitted to sit in judgment on bish- ops and presbyters, especially when deposition may be the event ; because they cannot take away a character which they cannot con- fer." The bishop was careful to state that he did not think it req- xxvi THE EPISCOPATE IX AMERICA. uisite that the churches at the southward should be modeled on the Church in Connecticut ; but he earnestly urged that, " in so essential a matter as church government is, no, alterations should be made that affect its foundations." The bishop professed himself ready " to assist in procuring bishops in America " so far as he could do this consistently. His desire is stated as follows: " I do most earnestly wish to have our Church in all the States so settled that it may be one Church, united in government, doctrine, and discipline ; that there may be no divisions among us, no opposition of interests, no clashing of opinions." ■"■ The objections raised by the bishop of Connecticut, and repeated by the venerable Thomas Bradbury Chandler, of New Jersey, were answered by the indefatigable William White. On the very eve of the meeting in Philadelphia, Parker wrote to his correspondent, in reply to a letter which indicates that the fatal defect of withhold- ing the presidency of the Convention from the episcopal order was adopted in opposition to the wish of the far-seeing White. " I am sorry," White writes to Parker, "to find that those measures have been so construed by some of our friends in England as if we had refused to the episcopal order the right of precedency in our Con- ventions. Probably you will recollect that in the original draft it was provided the senior bishop present should preside ; and that this was erased, not from the idea that any other than a bishop ought to be president, but from an observation of Dr. S[mith] that to restrain it to the senior bishop might be sometimes inconvenient. I wish that the clause had stood." Parker's letter throws further light on this unfortunate action : " I am, with you, equally sensible that the fifth of the Fundamental Principles in the paper printed at New York has operated much to the disadvantage of that Convention. Had it stood as I proposed, that a bishop (if one in any State) should be president, I make no doubt there would have been one present. You will be at no loss to conclude that I mean Dr. Seabury, who, you must ere this have heard, is arrived and entered upon the exercise of his cfifice in Connecticut. Being present in Convocation at Middletown the 4th of August last, I much urged his attending the Convention at Phil- adelphia this month ; but that very article discouraged him so much that no arguments I could use were sufficient to prevail with him. Had that article stood as proposed, the gentleman who moved the amendment would not have suffered by it, nor the Convention been stigmatized as anti-Episcopalian." ^ The opening pages of the " Journal " of the Convention at Phil- adelphia in 1 785 bring to our notice a proposed " Plan for Obtaining the Consecration of Bishops, together with an Address to the Most 1 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents,'' pp. 76-82. 2 Hid., pp. 89, 90. 1 filial ^*- ^1 il ■mm /: ^ OTUU i/n^ ie^^ TContAb INTRODUCTION. xxvii Reverend the Archbishops and the Right Reverend the Bishops of the Church of England, for that purpose." ^ The Plan and the Address attest the wide-spread desire of the Churchmen represented in this Convention for the episcopate as a necessary bond of union. They further prove the preference of the churches of the Middle and Southern States for the succession in the English line. Recognizing as the acknowledged hindrance to the success of Dr. Seabury's application to the English prelates the lack of evidence of the concurrence of the civil authorities and the cooperation of the laity in the effort for the succession, they di- rected the attention of the State Conventions to measures for the removal of this obstacle. Proofs of the desire of the laity for the introduction of the episcopate were to be provided, and documents certifying the concurrence of the State authorities in the proposed measures, or at least attesting the absence of any constitutional or legislative bar to the introduction of episcopacy, were to be obtained from the various civil rulers. In true republican simplicity, and for the removal of popular prejudices, the framers of the Plan sought to prevent, in the concluding paragraph, the assumption on the part of future bishops of the lordly titles of the English prelates — a prop- osition not infrequently, though erroneously, quoted as of authority at the present day. The Address to the English prelates was manly and dignified. Bishop White informs us ^ that this paper and the Plan itself, " as they stand on the 'Journals,' " were his own composition, " with the exception of a few verbal alterations." It expressed the "earnest desire and resolution" of "the members of our communion" "to retain the venerable form of episcopal government, handed down to them, as they conceived, from the time of the apostles; and en- deared to them by the remembrance of the holy bishops of the primitive Church, of the blessed martyrs who reformed the Church of England, and of the many great and pious prelates who have adorned that Church in every succeeding age." Its plea was summed up in these words : " The petition which we offer to your venerable body is that, from a tender regard to the religious inter- ests of thousands in this rising empire, professing the same religious principles with the Church of England, you will be pleased to con- fer the episcopal character on such persons as shall be recommended by this Church in the several States here represented ; full satisfac- tion being given of the sufficiency of the persons recommended, and of its being the intention of the general body of the Episcopalians in the said States, respectively, to receive them in the quality of bishops." 1 Perry's " Reprinted Journals," i., 19. 2 " Memoirs of the Cliurch," second edition, p. loi. xxviii THE EPISCOPATE IX AMERICA. Reference is felicitously made to the possibility of obstacles aris- ing from political complications ; and stress is laid on the fact that in view of the separation of Church and State the civil rulers of the United States cannot unite officially in the application for the epis- copal succession. The Address closes with a graceful as well as grateful acknowledgment of the kind offices rendered by the Eng- lish hierarchy and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel to the American Church, to which, under God, its " prosperity is in an eminent degree to be ascribed." It was in this Address that, as Bishop White asserts, " a foundation was thus laid for the procuring of the present episcopacy." "To have abandoned the episcopal succession," writes Bishop 'U'hite in his " Memoirs of the Church," " would have been in opposition to primitive order and ancient habits, and, besides, would at least have divided the Church. To have had recourse to Scotland, indepen- dently of the objections entertained against the political principles of the nonjurors of that country, would not have been proper, without previous disappointment on a request made to the mother-church. Another resource remained, in foreign ordination; which had been made the easier by the act of the British Parliament, passed in the preceding year, to enable the bishop of London to ordain citizens or subjects of foreign countries without exacting the usual oaths. But besides that this would have kept the Church under the same hardships which had heretofore existed, and had been so long complained of, dependence on a foreign country in spirituals, when there had taken place independence in temporals, is what no pru- dent person would have pleaded for." The reply of the English prelates was courteous but cautious, and, in fact, non-committal. It was prepared by the archbishop of Canterbury, and was signed by the two archbishops and the bish- ops of London, Chichester, Bath and Wells, St. Asaph, Salisbury, Peterborough, Ely, Rochester, Worcester, Oxford, Exeter, Lincoln, Bangor, Lichfield and Coventry, Gloucester, St. David's, and Bris- tol. The letter expresses the wish of the EngHsh prelates to pro- mote the spiritual welfare of their " Episcopal brethren in America," and their desire to be instrumental in procuring for them " the complete exercise of our holy religion, and the enjoyment of that ecclesiastical constitution" which they believed "to be truly apos- tolical," and for which the letter of request expressed " so unreserved a veneration." The archbishop did not conceal his satisfaction that "this pious design" was "not likely to receive any discountenance from the civil powers " in America, and promised " the best endea- vors " of the English prelates " to acquire a legal capacity of com- plying with the prayer " of the American Address. At the same time, and with every allowance for the difificulties of the situation, INTRODUCTION. xxix the fear is expressed that in the proceedings of the Convention " some alterations may have been adopted or intended which those difficuhies do not seem to justify." In view of the fact that these aherations are not mentioned in the Address, and that the know- ledge of their nature possessed by the bishops in England had reached them " through private and less certain channels," the bish- ops thought it but just to "wait for an explanation." "Anxious to give every proof," not only of " brotherly affection," but also of facility in forwarding the wishes of their American brethren, they felt that they could not " but be extremely cautious lest " they " should be the instruments of establishing an ecclesiastical system " which " could be called a branch of the Church of England, but afterward" might "possibly appear to have departed from it essen- tially, either in doctrine or discipline." The correspondence between the Philadelphia Convention and the primate had been carried on through the kindly intervention of the celebrated John Adams, the American minister at the court of St. James. Mr. Adams, although connected with the Congrega- tional body of Massachusetts, and coming from a State where the opposition to the introduction of episcopacy into America had been more decided than elsewhere — the aversion to the measure being occasioned by religious as well as political prejudices — undertook this office of furthering the object — which the celebrated Samuel Adams had declared to be a moving cause of the war for indepen- dence — with an alacrity and enthusiasm most honorable to the man and to his freedom from religious or political prejudices. He de- livered the Address to the archbishop in person, and by his personal efforts in public and private greatly facilitated the progress of the measure. It was through Mr. Adams that the reply of the arch- bishops and bishops was transmitted to Dr. White. That the office thus kindly undertaken was one liable to misconception, and that the prejudices against the introduction of the episcopate were not wholly allayed, making the service rendered by the American min- ister the more valuable and effective, may be inferred from the lan- guage used by Mr. Adams nearly thirty years afterward, when re- ferring to his share in the successful effort for securing the episcopate for America. "There is no part of my life," writes ex-President Adams to Bishop White, under date of October 29, 18 14, "on which I look back and reflect with more satisfaction than the part I took, bold, daring, and hazardous as it was to myself and mine, in the introduction of the episcopacy into America." There had been an active correspondence kept up by William White and prominent English friends from the very moment of the cessation of hostilities between Great Britain and the independent States of America. The letters which passed between Dr. Inglis, XXX THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. formerly of Trinity, New York, and later the first British colonial bishop, the celebrated Philadelphia refugee clergyman, the Rev. Jacob Duche, together with the Rev. Dr. Alexander Murray, who had, for a time, been the missionary of the Venerable Society at Reading, in Pennsylvania, and Dr. White, the leading spirit in the measures now rife for the organization and perpetuation of the American Church, are full of interest and throw no little light on the inner workings of the plan to secure the episcopate. Beginning with the appearance of " The Case of the Episcopal Churches Con- sidered," the letters from these English correspondents became most important in acquainting White, informally and often confidentially, with difficulties arising from misapprehensions of the steps taken in America, or from fears entertained of the doctrinal unsoundness or moral unfitness of some who were known, or supposed, to be can- didates for the office of bishop in the American Church. The loyalist clergy in London, who were naturally in the confi- dence of the archbishop and the leading dignitaries of the Establish- ment, were soon able to assure their correspondent in Philadelphia that a proper appHcation for the episcopate would be favorably re- garded. The passage of the act of Parliament authorizing the dis- pensing with the usual oaths in the case of American candidates for orders gave further assurance of a kindly interest in the rising American Church. The needs of the Church in the United States became a matter of interest and discussion in the public press. Pamphlets were published on the subject by leading men, such as the celebrated philanthropist, Granville Sharp, Esq., a grandson of a former archbishop of York. The offices not alone of Mr. Adams, the American minister, but also of the celebrated Benjamin Frank- lin, then in Paris, were invoked. The proper foundation of the in- dependent American Church, and its completion, by the gift of the succession, seem to have occupied the thoughts, the labors, and the prayers of the leading men in Church and State at this critical period. At length the correspondents of William White were able to write definitely as well as encouragingly. Murray begins his com- munication of the nth of March, 1786, with the prophetic words: " I would fain hope the day is not far distant when I shall have the honor of addressing you as Right Reverend." He proceeds: " Mr. Adams has finally obviated all political objections to your application, and reconciled the king, the members, and the whole bench of bishops to it." It was a relief to find that the alterations in the Prayer-book, comprising what is now known as the Proposed Book, were " not yet approved, but only proposed and recom- mended." As Bishop White informs us, it was " the omission of Christ's descent into hell, in the Apostles' Creed," as given in the INTRODUCTION. xxxi Proposed Book, that was specially distasteful to the English prel- ates, though this objection was urged only by the bishop of Bath and Wells, Dr. Moss. The failure of the archbishops and bishops to receive the advance sheets of the Proposed Book (which, though sent to them from time to time as the work was hurried through the press, failed, through some mischance, to reach their destination) occasioned the " caution " which Bishop White notices as character- izing the English prelates' reply. Even in the United States there was a lack of unanimity in this effort to remove the reference to the descent into hell from the Apostles' Creed. Both at the North and the South it was felt that such radical changes were likely to prejudice the success of the application in England for the episco- pate, and also imperil the unity of the Church in the United States. A very large number of Churchmen sympathized with the bishop of Connecticut and the conservative element in New England, New York, and New Jersey. All these deprecated any liturgical changes from the English book, or doctrinal departure from the standards of the mother-church. This was deemed, to quote the language of Parker, of Boston, addressed to Dr. White, " in direct violation of the fourth Fundamental Principle agreed on by the Convention in New York" in 1784. This principle provided that the American Church should maintain the doctrines of the Church of England, and adhere to the liturgy of that Church so far as consistent with the American Revolution and the constitutions of the respective States. A confidential letter from the Rev. Dr. Inglis, to whom alone the archbishop's letter had been communicated, to Dr, White, under date of June 6, 1786, expressed the satisfaction of the English bish- ops at finding, on the receipt of the Proposed Book, " that the great essential doctrines of Christianity " were " preserved ; particularly the doctrine of the holy Trinity and our Saviour's atonement." The archbishop of Canterbury had now " taken up the business with greater zeal," and was about to apply for an act of Parliament authorizing the consecration of bishops for America. The condi- tions required by the archbishops and bishops, as stated by Dr. Inglis, were these : " (i) A restoration of the article which has been expunged out of the Apostles' Creed. (2) A restoration of the Nicene and Athanasian creeds, so far, at least, as to leave the use of them discretional. (3) Securing to the future bishops that just and permanent authority which is not only necessary for the right discharge of their duty and the benefit of the Church, but which is warranted by Holy Scripture and the practice of the Christian Church in every period of its existence. And (4) proper testi- monials, such as the pecuHarify of the case demands, of the compe- tency in point of learning, the unblemished moral character, and the xxxii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. soundness in the faith, of those who may be sent over for consecra- tion." ^ Proceeding to discuss these conditions, Dr. IngHs gives us some hght on the action taken in New York, to which, as we have seen, Dr. Parker, of Boston, so strenuously excepted : " With regard to your future bishop's permanent authority, I consider it as absolutely necessary to the peace, order, and good government of your churches. When I first saw the regulation made on this head I was astonished how any people professing themselves members of an Episcopal church could think of degrading their bishop in such a manner. No episcopal power whatever is reserved for him but that of ordination, and perhaps con- firmation. He is only a member, ex officio, of the Convention vi'here he resides, but is not to take the chair, or preside, unless he is asked; whereas such presidency is as essential to his character as ordination. St. Paul's bishop was to receive and judge of accusations brought against presbyters, as hath been the case of bishops ever since ; but your bishop has nothing to do with such matters — the Convention, consisting mostly of laymen, are to receive and judge of accusations against him. In short, his barber may shave him in the morning, and in the afternoon vote him out of his office. " I was astonished, I say, at this regulation, and could not account for the clergy's agreeing to it ; but my astonishment ceased when I was assured by a letter from America that all the clergy except one opposed it, but were outvoted, or overawed into a compli- ance, by the laity. This accounted for the matter ; it is only one of the evils which I fore- saw would attend the introduction of so many laymen into Conventions; and be assured it will be followed by many others." The Convention of the Episcopal churches of the Middle and Southern States met in Philadelphia in June, 1786. It assembled, Bishop White informs us, " under circumstances which bore strong appearances of a dissolution of the union in this stage of it." There contributed to this state of affairs several circumstances. The " in- terfering instructions from the churches in the different States " — each of these churches being independent of the others and each cherishing its own notions as to the organization and perpetuation of the Church — afforded one source of danger. The " embarrass- ment which had arisen from the rejection of the Proposed Book in some of the States and the use of it in others," together with the almost universal disposition to revise still further this revision and amend its proposed amendments, afforded another source of appre- hension. There had grown up in the minds of some, notably through the influence of the patriot Provoost, the Whig rector of Trinity, New York, a spirit of opposition to the bishop of Connecti- cut, and a disposition to discredit the source whence he had received the episcopate ; and the warmth of feeling thus engendered threat- ened the lasting separation of the Churchmen in America. The un- willingness of the Church in South Carolina to receive a bishop at all, and the growing indifference in Virginia to the adoption of mea- sures for securing the succession, indicated a lack of Churchly senti- ment and an indifference to religion itself most discouraging. The attempts of the able but erratic Dr. William Smith, of Maryland, to obtain the episcopate of the Church in that State, and the attitude 1 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents," p. 302. INriiODUCTION. xxxiii of Provoost, of New York, toward those of his brethren who were in sympathy with Seabury and the New England Churchmen, were elements of weakness in the union of the churches of the Middle and Southern States. Remonstrances from the conserva- tive Churchmen of New Jersey had been addressed to the Conven- tion, deprecating the radical measures already taken. It was evi- dent that there was no prospect of securing any cooperation from New England in their further efforts for organization. Parker, of Boston, had expressed his conviction that the Scotch succession was less likely to excite prejudice than that of England, at this time. " In these Northern States," he wrote to Dr. White, *' I much doubt whether a bishop from England would be received, so great is the jealousy still existing of the British nation. Of a Scotch bishop there can be no suspicions, because, wholly unconnected with the civil powers themselves, they could introduce none into these States. Were it not for these reasons I frankly confess I should rather have the succession from the English Church, to which we have always been accustomed to look as children to a parent." ^ Besides these unpromising circumstances, the caution so evident in the letter of the English prelates, and the question whether the conditions they laid down would be granted by the Convention, added to the difficulties of the situation. One man alone in the midst of these complications pursued the even tenor of his way. WiUiam White never lost heart ; never remitted his exertions in the interest of the Church of which he was now confessedly the leading spirit. Correcting misapprehensions, overcoming opposition, remov- ing prejudices, he labored with one single end and aim in view. It was for the Church of God that he worked untiringly, and we may well bless God for his patient toil and well-deserved success. The conflicting instructions to the deputies accredited to the Convention of June, 1786, from their respective constituencies, were skilfully gotten over by their reference " to the first Conven- tion which should meet, fully authorized to determine on a Book of Common Prayer." This adroit use of a rule of parliamentary pro- cedure was the suggestion of William White. It was through this expedient that, as White expressed it, " the instructions, far from proving injurious, had the contrary effect, by showing as well the necessity of a duly constituted ecclesiastical body as the futility of taking measures to be reviewed and authoritatively judged of in the bodies of which we were the deputies. Such a system appeared so evidently fruitful of discord and disunion that it was abandoned from this time." ^ The same judicious delay of definite action with respect to the Proposed Book removed the embarrassment threat- 1 Perry's " Historical Notes and Documents," p. 309. 2 White's " Memoirs of the Church," De Costa's edition, p. 131. xxxiv THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. ened by the acceptance in some quarters, and the rejection in others, of this crude and hasty compilation. In the settlement of the question of the Scotch succession, which was only indirectly at- tacked, the conservatism and Christian courtesy of William White were specially apparent. The opposition to the Scottish episcopate was, so far as the clerical deputies were concerned, confined to the Rev. Samuel Provoost, afterward first bishop of New York, and the Rev. Robert Smith, afterward first bishop of South Carolina. Personal and political prejudices seem to have had their influence in this attempt to throw discredit on the source whence Seabury had obtained the episcopate. The Convention was barely organized when the Rev. Robert Smith introduced a resolution " That the clergy present produce their letters of orders, or declare by whom they were ordained." This motion was aimed at the Rev. Joseph Pilmore, a convert from the Methodists, who had received orders from Seabury, and the Rev. William Smith, -"^ of Stepney parish, Md., and afterward of Newport, R. I., and Norwalk, Conn., who had been ordained in Scotland by a bishop of the Church from which Seabury had received consecration. The judicious applica- tion of the "previous question" prevented the discussion which it was anticipated would grow out of this motion, and the resolution itself was lost. Provoost, not satisfied with this expression of the temper of the Convention, offered the following resolution : " That this Convention will resolve to do no act that shall imply the validity of ordinations made by Dr. Seabury." Again the " previous question " cut off dis- cussion, and the motion itself was determined in the negative. So determined was the feeling of opposition to Dr. Seabury indicated by these motions that action of some kind could not be avoided, and consequently a compromise resolution offered by Dr. White was unanimously adopted. This motion provided " That it be recommended to this Church, in the States here represented, not to receive to the pastoral charge, within their respective limits, clergy- men professing canonical subjection to any bishop in any State or country other than those bishops who may be duly settled in the States represented in this Convention." This resolution, as explained by Dr. White himself, was pressed with a view of meeting the charge, made on the floor of Convention, that clergymen ordained under the Scotch succession were under canonical subjection to the bishop who ordained them, even though they might reside outside of the limits of his see. The Rev. Mr. Pilmore, the only one of the deputies who had received orders from the bishop of Connecticut, " denied that any such thing had been exacted of him," and the resolution (for which, as Bishop White is careful to state, there was 1 The compiler of the Institution Office, originally known as the Induction Office. INTRODUCTION. xxxv never "any ground " other than " in the apprehension which has been expressed ") was adopted without opposition. On the following day the Rev. Robert Smith returned to the sub- ject and offered the following resolution, which, evidently regarded by the Convention, as Bishop White informs us, as a " temperate guarding " against a possible difficulty, was unanimously adopted : " Resolved, That it be recommended to the Conventions of the Church represented in its General Convention, not to admit any person as a minister, within their respective limits, who shall receive ordination from any bishop residing in America during the ap- plication now pending to the English bishops for episcopal consecration." This matter disposed of, the Convention proceeded to the consid- eration of the letter from the English bishops. Resolutions express- ing the " grateful sense of the Christian affection and condescension manifested in this letter" were adopted, and with this acknowledg- ment of the kindness of the English prelates the application for the succession was renewed, coupled with fresh assurances of attach- ment to the system of the Church of England. The reply to the archbishops and bishops was originally drafted by Dr. William Smith, but this paper being deemed "too full of compliment," it was, on the motion of the Hon. John Jay, considerably modified in tone and language. As finally adopted, it expressed a grateful ap- preciation of the fatherly sentiments contained in this letter of the English prelates ; it reiterated the assurance that there was no pur- pose in America " of departing from the constituent principles of the Church of England " ; it claimed that no alterations or omissions had been made in the Book of Common Prayer but such as were neces- sary to make it consistent with the civil constitutions, or " such as were calculated to remove objections " on the part of the people of the United States. The " proposed ecclesiastical constitution and Book of Common Prayer " accompanied this renewed request for the succession, and the alterations and modifications of the former made this second application more acceptable. As Bishop White observes, referring particularly to the development of a more conser- vative and Churchly spirit, as seen in the fuller recognition of epis- copal character and dignity by this Convention : " In the preced- ing year the points alluded to were determined on with too much warmth, and without investigation- proportioned to the importance of the subjects. The decisions of that day were now reversed, not to say without a division, but without even an opposition." It should not be forgotten that these constitutional changes in the direction of conservative Churchmanship were introduced by Dr. White and carried through his influence. These alterations gave to the bishop, if present, the presidency of the Convention, and re- quired the bishop's presence at all ecclesiastical trials, giving to him xxxvi THE EPISCOPATE IK AMERICA. the sole right of pronouncing the " sentence of deposition or degra- dation on any clergyman, whether bishop or presbyter or deacon." Bishop White, who gives us in his " Memoirs of the Church " the unwritten history of this period, specifies as among the chief means of securing the moderation in tone and temper for which this Con- vention was noticeable the presentation of a memorial from the Convention of New Jersey, drawn up, as was " afterward learned with certainty," by tlie learned and devout Dr. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, of Elizabethtown, and couched in language both conser- vative and conclusive. This memorial urged the General Conven- tion to revise the proceedings of the meeting of 1785, and to " re- move every cause that may have excited any jealousy or fear that the Episcopal Church in the United States of America have any intention or desire essentially to depart, either in doctrine or disci- pline, from the Church of England." Bishop White regards this letter as " among the causes which prevented the disorganizing of " "the American Church," since its arguments must have convinced the deputies " that the result of considerable changes would have been the disunion of the Church." Shortly after the rising of the Convention there came into the hands of Dr. White a communication from the archbishops of Can- terbury and York, which was followed by a letter from the arch- bishop of Canterbury alone, inclosing a recent act of Parliament authorizing the consecration of bishops for America. On the receipt of these letters the committee appointed for this purpose convened the Convention at Wilmington, Del., on the loth of October. The archbishops prefaced their words with an earnest depreca- tion. It is "impossible," write the prelates, "not to observe with concern that if the essential doctrines of our common faith were re- tained, less respect, however, was paid to our liturgy than its own excellence, and your declared attachment to it, had led us to expect. Not to mention a variety of verbal alterations, of the necessity or propriety of which we are by no means satisfied, we saw with grief that two of the confessions of our Christian faith, respectable for their antiquity, have been entirely laid aside ; and that even in that called the Apostles' Creed an article is omitted which was thought necessary to be inserted, with a view to a particular heresy, in a very early age of the Church, and has ever since had the venerable sanc- tion of universal reception." The letter announced the application of the bishops for the passage of an act of Parliament authorizing the consecrations desired. This step was taken in the expectation that their representations would secure the modification of the rad- ical action of the American Convention. Great stress was laid upon the necessity of affording " the most decisive proofs of the qualifica- tions " of those recommended for consecration. The bishops called s^jwy/ fcji /Xe flu-Aii^hajl^' nni/ ni.^^ m //im .ffiuum nr 't/nm ^^(/M-tZ. flf^jiu^ fSt ^^iff/rj Am /tncmJiJ fimi no C(it//t'nrX on cm /v./ i/^t mi/ll (hiue n/'i'/ fiaj eif'i /it ifiitit/nni/ij jti io/mWi /(fwat Ir/f Oij 'scrrivmn l/^ut llJl/^rp im-aeemn/sairue^ l»l Mail tirmtnniiir/i/liinj li/i/fi -iilj/ixii h ijeiix •Ji'/iitni/, di/ir&j .^nJ3e&^inji'eaC.^^ i&iiaA'AtA'ati, taimati/ me.^7atuMnf a/fviiieA fvr to/iM iiti/ /iftett/nnt /o ttff/a/tf_ At fit ^nvMiiit ^ •>„.•', ,%ii:n.< a„ ti/ett ni.vjiiatif /v ^ lim/>£/n>r, o/ijcik. /l^^M^.- M 'A'r/.mtiti Man /ire vftrn/At ,i//n out nicii/>^ of rfoi» fli/thtA' nnj M uni ns/-m^ ^e a/ftnd/ianii '(f toij «_ tM^Mt/^ Tiff} V tf/VwrV /*Tf^ ^oyieM>nf mo/ tf/^l /'pfn/ior^&oeAttiea- o^aifx. ^~-*-^ ii-ntnifin t/niJK wiKt. -uh/nfef^ uA/ Ae^/ftff Affiucvet. to/u^ f^otrl /v O/n •u/ntij^ /hnn-^ l/w otim Cteeft/tntt/, Orxf/ ijoii/t ftfP^lt/U OHaf'nxrnf rv //, nnrl uH /ttf Jo *crutert'f^Or-^ fo,nun/!en n l/atir/a o/vnt^t/'/T^tJT/ifnj, o/zXt t/yia&i/ii at JOxirfxifAi oftoh^cA^ ^€ ate G^,tia /nfatw .^o//^^tilj-^ jtfuf ivtfh C/vcff. /na/ S^i^ ofw C!n^fyAi/''>' — fi>.-e Q^'<--'-< '.' cnr>>rH'/k,i. af-aut ^KikafOtJinntieiu jrfn ^tnam nnj'ti ^ifff, /& dinJiiia/fMimiAi &^/i no/i) ^ui Sihfitiencij »i Jmtn'mni J/io^M /A ftta/ut ^Atinffr/ c/&j >, jSlmdnrfj m Mi ^id&j,fic JnSjKi/.^aii^ lo'/l.e^ ttu f^ailr/itftfloutf^ tUi^m'/.-J^ uitqantJ ^ ininn ^u/immiii/j of&ii ■tn>/ilatk> t^nvnati/i'ori- JiiiKiy. Me Wmtt^ -, ■■rrwuuftu, ar,/Mt fJu/t/i mt^^f/iirm/i/.-vMJ iifim A tfuXite, ,'//&ij Anpia anA'i>r2^aKifi ^^A/merv'tfA/ az£ ncrmi^ef*f*f^'^reU^ of' /he, ^rt^tczaA'an affiei- &jauUA ^taAff^, ^eceut^c. /nc /^eta^rr Aj oc am^reeutAiC' Aaa. /it/iletf At /Af' t^Jtm'At^ qii/trytt/-Arv fiimPt '^tAntfAr'tmif- ^a/ i&tje/iff/ij /eAtr/i^ 0*tafJ fiifnt Ala Aai'nrn cerut/anff^ A^gU Oi^tvte^eiuuf At.l A/lin/tjAiJ intAvr me dynar ttiifl PejewaA'on ffJrJut/ (oitnn^t /b/t/./A{ ^^/geA^ ^joit/t f?utf»ri/ ^n*/tf/ji^n/*pn^^'»^ «/eXfJ Hiffhtr^i/Aj Cftftinitf/aneetii ^ut- tAf.Ai'r/rne^ trt Jeatttnta, fMe ^ttni/iic^ t^/&ix .iX?//W en^/tcl^iKL/ii0f/ntKt.//anitnc,arimB/t//a//!ti aft/l/f/ovtAinetCffJ^<'iu '-t&Sl/fitt dtuASr &unil-/a JtAlt^ i& {ttriA^Ai^f mfir oimeeiitA-j, aiir/ mt /^lU^e/U iitAo fsteaen/ mttn', /ha/, in f^e ffarr/j oj oiiK l^itteh, ^^n ut tr/k/ n/ii/ *iirr/ ^^ /^^ Z^t/tMlina'MiJqot/ttJ Lmvcfun/ton , /a Jgn^nji' A^r*t c//nu^i} t^/Ay A; Xf^^^naut, o/^ ''/t^ti, ntit/ ^e tft/'/f/ino o/nii ^Atttrfi, nn/f A qe fufioIk*fnie Qtam/f^ ffnU^AAvn^ '■A,/&jF„dofd,;fA" ni/& n earn J^ fa /nt fitd/J'uaUfiea/tfn, iAiMn>nro'/ii nt/g^ Jentrtmni^m' — 7 ^lAtiAmif /ftnf /At Jiii/ieA'na i? Mum. ur Air u A A it,6ni//n/ A jSi 0y" 'f^*' a^At/ In Ml dme/i./e /Aa/ Haimina/ion^SieA ii tujiiiud fauvieiu A /A»^ ■—, fnif^efs %^/t0fiicnim''ttrt /Mut htrt^f man nftaOe ^^vfn f&^/l^ qmj me SStmn/ "/ -* f ' - ^*frt/tTuntiaU/ <** w- Anfii^cen /On/mf /'*''*/ «"«'/w«y /na/ majt loAo ^'^in /n*m. ,ibna Se. laeH Au/wi^fL^tu -avrnfRt KXtt£fm'h*Jn7fe in ^i^ fieamcf thu*u u-M^n fnt/^ m'ttSa/uJ^fien ana/ nr 6t iufieftfeJ, Ji/fyit-A f/oi/ mtvt a*t*aja 6ean ctifKei ttpon At *>//Tnfi^^ Jti/urA /^iHiNi m attt oitm ^utiific^ in ijaiu, "-j Hfivui, aCtiJ ■ncf-jftmaij tt/iUitmf-i> //*«. /St/ /d S'}^/^ fUfieU efif'in. -. onA j/ijH mitcaf ml PfuaAitf t^diutfA*> nt fieafivaJi ^n^riiltl iAa/'tn yowe enfti'tn'q ^mrfrt/iBT^ JTem* t^ntnhffn itnff Ci- Jnffng/ir^ietMJnti^ *n mt-a CUn'*&, ^-* fiffote Xia tuifM^ Vfttif Oi.jf*ja/f fAnhiLu tiite*iffiTn Inffoe-gitftrijo-if tn iontf^ttMm ■GrrJ&JSnJanJSufiMad.w/itfn tM^t/v ffftr^/tl of lyifntmttj, fhe ^etttitahcri of mi tfiieifA, oam. tn Ina&nJ fmtf ffmettett, /int/ mt. x/nnif^r-ai^ J>m ecmntan CnJ^AamfiJ.u M liaiof-J^iinTtT'in lA mitfm/etftAtla miii'jfifnjfS&, S^/jS/ h fnim/e on ^n Jii^'et/. f& mt^/MrAial Atwufui, Jflafi'^iim'^maJ^ /& jamt jativtmu fiiiiSe ^ViArsyaftA-JnAnA'm ^/5&.i^t mr ^iimt Ai^afiJ, »nd /JUtf^te netulil *> ^ *nm< %Trrtf tut'^ ^af n^Jfin Cngfantlj^ V!u taffti/gtrt mty "Qngteo/tAon fampf^eJ pfata^B^Ao wham me fffetaon ra e» earu/eetn/itf t4 ftnAnaayfy^ 3Rg C5a/imCTiiaf^ ^gutrf &t/ ^^^er^o Gifinn In itMlanii nt/mt^ ofAffirttirA'trnd^ &MmnaA'on, ai'J me naitt>fA»* vf/KtM/v't-ym /hi* na Mllferf A i/itiiA'n^, af>n m AtU^Vtimmof ®nu/, h •^inuiAnmA lAtj^afinA'an tit Mat Girn*'. Aina* t^ini i/'^if^fimij Mh/Me ^/.w/r/ A.f^^ C^fi/i'r/rfA* A t^.K-ff^^/l^n^s^itAt^, me &rna mi mux otan htf met fffjt ew- iMt-niDitJ 01 Mi ^fnttat iSrwenA'tNi Off^ {^.ttJeff^tafxCfitncn i*t ffif^enca .em. /fi^ * — .■ OttiUrtan 4fe^*riA'i/^nffiet'£rt//mte/at* }Rni &if fbrrit.i*^MftfniUitonaJtn^*^!m^nf 9h/ ^>&fve w i^tWf^ <® ^ eon.afctand ij of a t.'i'r/tfontf ,Ji/e a*frf ^on// %/M-* f&'Mu&.. ^e^f^ijau Miar^ a Xtnt a> ttk^^eux^ f" //** faiof^et fo ii iteeJ Jot ^tij fotm/icJt* TjIou.^ *pte*fic^^eMnttth6n^ htiu/le njnde In^ ms c^frHi/H^ O^ M* Jetn'fffSi'an tn farhsfrnf*^ ^ffrri Ivhiih f^t ^^oiUf ^it^d j^t tanaae*ttkeri etu iu^cifeent te^antmmcftd, .w« jivtjitrwiJQioto^J^f cf^^m /lieu enn Ce ffff/2ouif of m An^/ Mrkeiotf f^if mff!AtWe/ 97ff 0^'ce/ian «v &c OS/than ^/Mf ^m ff/tl iSa^Aft^oioj MhirA fkt nnA £m/ainffW w %fmrtt ^ff»*tfaAiffn,^ i7//^cii.t/ffT/aA- JTnoivFccine iir/fn ^rtr nhi/errter/J^'^^ea. tuf -tnff'U.ird .f^UifioitaUi Ar «?/« Ot^unaA'pno In Hu^/ Ju ^hjtH tece^ N»JC ^A'fnai3bU>& ^igneelv// tueh a f^nJauM tn eetf^ — r And ***^ (tffl/ ^fjidord andyrrrrS&rarn' ANKO REGNl GEORGII m. REGIS MagneB Britannite, Franeia^ ^ .Hiiefni^j VICESIMO SEXTO. At the Parliament begun and holdenat Wejlmnfler, the Eighteenth Day of Jl&y, Anno Domini 1784, in the Twenty- fourth Year of the Rdgn of our ^verngn Lord GEORGE the Third, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Jrdand, King, Defender of the Faith, &a ttoA ftpm thence continued, by feveral Prorogations, to the Twenty- footth Day xii Jamiaryy 1786} being the Third SelBon of the Si*, teecth Parliament oi' Great BritaiH. L O N D O IT: Printed by C. Eyre and the Executor* of W. Strahan, Printers to the King's moft Excellent Majefty. 1786. E 1567 ] ANNO VICESIMO SEXTO Georgii III. Regis. CAP, LXXXIV. An Aft to empower the Archbifliop of Canter" htryt at the Archbifliop of York, for the Time belhg, to conlecrate to the Office of a Bifliop, PerloDS being Subje£ls or Citizens of Coun- tries out of His Majefty's Dominions. \?<&mhi. BeBlm. no Petfon tan lie confti tcsteti to ttie JDfficeof s TSi^op tDit^< out ttie fting'K Uteence fo; '^i» &zt» tion to tOat SMit, anH t&e Bosat i|98n0ate uftbec tlie trieit, toto piofeijir tte publtc&([)ao;(|^p of aimigb^ (Sob. aitco}bfng to tfie JPtintipIejei of t{)e Outcb of England, ano ttt&o. in 02&er to PiOOiOea tegular ^ucceitionor ^iniaerji fa\ tgt eerbite of tbet? ciurc^, are beSroujer of t>ab fecrateO ^fQiopxt, acco{DiRS to tbe JFoim of Conrecration MttieCdunl) of England: OBe it enaSeb bs tbc King'^s tnoft OErceKent S^tit&ii, bg arm mitb tbe aobice anQ Confent. of tbe ]Lo;t)8 S)piritual anb Cempojal, ano Commons in iW ptefent J^arliammtafl'm&leb, ano b; D8 A a} tUe ti»d8T ANNO REGNI VICESIMO SEXTO. &e. Cap.S^. Tke Arcs tbt autfioiite ortt)e rame. Cbat. ftom anO after tbe paid. »/t.ror^' ins of tow aet, (t giall sno mae b; lawful to ano fo; tb$ i'hJ'r'ao.!?* attfibtaop Of Canterbury, o; tfit arcftbiBjop of York. fig{ AidTfiinllr- ti)e dCime being, tosetder tiitb (Utbotfiec ISiQiopsatl tbe; ^n!rli^°°' twit call to titetr afliftance, to concecrate perrons, being ^•"^^"i^ fiiubje99 ot €ltifmf of Countries out sf l^ig ^ajeHg'^ .iib'yc t^' iTominioncr, "Bi^ove, fo; tbe 0>urpofe0 afoierets, tnittout ^°^m!i" tbe Mni't Eicence fo; tbeir eieSion, oi tbe Bo^ (99an« ^ullli^tt7« tmu, unoerttie.afteateeal, fo; tbeir Confirmation nqtl 1^1^', Cot^cratut^ anb toittiout requiring t{)em to ta&e tbe . SDaXta of allegiance ano ®up;emac;, anb tbe Datb of Due d)&eDience to tbe attbbiQiop fo; tbe Ctme being. intattvTiii- II. ]^otiibeD alttagisr, Cbat no perCtons Qiell be (onfe* tafning^Hu trateb 'BiQiops in tbe fanner berein p^obibeb, until RoyM&mcc tftt artDbiftop Of Canterbury, o? tbe arcbbilbop Of York. ulfu'Sf. fo? tbe Eime being, ftall babe 6rft applieb foj anb obtaineb criiiom *,, jj,y| geajeUg'if licence, bp iDHarrant unber Jpijr Itogal afg» net anb @>ign ijganual, autbotiQng anb empobierin; bim to perform fucb Confecration, anb erp^eifing tbelSame o| iSanieigi of tbe perronit fo TO br confeccateb, no; until tbe faib anbbtlbop ba0 been full; arcectaineb of tbeicfufSti' ente in goob Heamins, of tbe Sounbnefist of tbeirJFsftb. anb of tbe Pucits of ^eic ^annertr. saMhmb HI. ^^obioeti alfo, anb be itbereb? beclareb, QTibat no S?. iSUi pntan 01 jperfonisi tonfecrateb to tbe £Dffice of a IBfqiop m ■''™** trateb, noi ang ]^rfon 0{ ^erfonif abmitteb to tbe ffijbet of iDeacon o; Piie& bs ang 'BiQjop o; "BiQiopiEi to conre< trateb, o} b;; tbe dutceiTO! oi &ucceflro;s of anp IBifbop o; OBiQiops fo contKrateb, Qjall be tberebg enableb to erertife bi0 o{ tiieir refpeStbe S)tStt Oj &B£tsi biitbin ipis ^a* jea;'0 HDominions. cmifcat.«f IV. jpjobibeD aitoags, anb be it fUrtber enafteb, Cbat uugwenby a CertiBcate of fucb Confecration Qtall be giben unser Z/^vt' tbe ipanb ano &eal of tbe arcbbiibop tobo confetrates, con> taining tbe iSame of tbe ^erfon fo (onfectAteb. Wtb tbe aobition, ag b)e!l of tbf Counttg tobereof be fcet a 0ub^ it& 01 Citijen, a«of tbe Cburtb in ttibicb be isappointeO ^tQ)op, anb tbe furtber Defcription of bis not batting ta&en tbe faib ^atbs, being ereqipttO ftom tbe £)bliga( tion cf fo Doing bg bictue of tbis a&. 9 F I N J & INTRODUCTION. xxxvii upon the Convention, before the bishops elect should make the sub- scription required by the tenth article of the proposed ecclesiastical constitution, to " restore to its integrity the Apostles' Creed " ; to " give to the other two creeds a place" in the Prayer-book, "even though the use of them should be left discretional;" and to make some alteration in the eighth article of the ecclesiastical constitution, removing what appeared to the bishops "to be a degradation of the clerical, and still more of the episcopal character." The solicitude of the bishops respecting the " purity of manners " of those recommended for consecration led them to require " the most effectual securities" ; and forms of testimonial, to be signed by the General and State Conventions, accompanied the letter, which have been ever since, and are still, in use in the American Church. These testimonials. Bishop White assures us, gave "general satisfac- tion." "The General Convention," continues Bishop White, "had not been without apprehensions that some unsuitable character, as to morals, might be elected ; and yet for tjiem to have assumed a control might have been an improper interference with the churches in the individual States." It is at this point, and evidently calling to mind the grave is- sues depending on the proper action at this critical moment, that Bishop White, in his " Memoirs of the Church," interrupts the nar- rative with the paragraph we quote: " The question to be determined on at the present session was, Whether the Ameri- can Churcli would avail herself of the opportunity of obtaining the episcopacy, which had been so earnestly desired ever since the settlement of the colonies, the want of which had been so long complained of, and which was now held out in offer. When the author con- siders how much, besides the preference due to episcopal government, the continuance or the restoration of divine worship in the almost deserted churches, their very existence as a society, and, of course, the interests of religion and virtue, were concerned in the is- sue, he looks back with a remnant of uneasy sensation at the hazard which this question run, and at the probability which then threatened that the determination might be con- trary to what took place." l On the assembling of the adjourned Convention at Wilmington, Del., the papers from England were referred to a committee of which Dr. White was evidently the leading member. This com- mittee, we are told by Bishop White, " sat up the whole of the succeeding night digesting the determinations in the form in which they appear on the 'Journal.' " These conclusions were comprised in a paper entitled " An Act of the General Convention of Clerical and Lay Deputies of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and South Caro- lina, held at Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, on Wednesday, the nth of October, 1786." This act, after reciting the precedent circumstances of the organization and conventional action of the American Church, proceeds to " determine and declare " : 1 White's " Memoirs of the Church," De Costa's edition, p. 138. xxxviii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. " First, That in the creed commonly called the Apostles' Creed these words, ' He de- scended into hell,' shall be and continue a part of that creed. " Secondly, That the Nicene Creed shall also be inserted in the said Book of Common Prayer, immediately alter the Apostles' Creed, prefaced with tlie rubric [or thisl. " And whereas, in consequence of the objections expressed by their lordships to the alterations in the Book of Common Prayer last mentioned, the Conventions in some of the States rejDresented in this General Convention have suspended the ratification and use of the said Book of Common Prayer, by reason whereof it will be improper that persons to be consecrated or ordained as bishops, priests, or deacons, respectively, should sub- scribe the declaration contained in the tenth article of the general ecclesiastical constitu- tion, without some modification ; " Therefore it is hereby determined and declared. Thirdly, That the second clause so to be subscribed by a bishop, priest, or deacon of this Church in any of the States which have not already ratified or used the last-mentioned Book of Common Prayer, shall be in the words following : " 'And I do solemnly engage to conform to the doctrine and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church, according to the use of the Church of England, as the same is altered by the General Convention, in a certain instrument of writing passed by their authority, entitled " Alterations in the Liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in order to render the same conformable to the American Revolution and the constitutions of the respective States," until the new Book of Common Prayer, recommended Ijy the General Convention, shall be ratified or used in the State in which I am (bishop, priest, or deacon, as the case may be), by the authority of the Convention thereof. And I do further solemnly engage that when the said new Book of Common Prayer shall be ratified or used by the authority of the Convention in the State for which I am consecrated a bishop (or ordained a priest or deacon) I will conform to the doctrines and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church, as settled and determined in the last- mentioned Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, set forth by the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States.' " And it is hereby further determined and declared: " Tliat these words in the Preface to the new proposed Book of Common Prayer — viz., ' in the creed commonly called the Apostles' Creed one clause is omitted as being of un- certain meaning, and' — together with the note referred to in that place, be from hence- forth no part of the Preface to the said proposed Book of Common Prayer. " And it is hereby further determined and declared: " That the Fourth Article of Religion in the new proposed Book of Common Prayer be altered to render it conformable to the adoption of the Nicene Creed, as follows : ' Of the Creeds. The two creeds, namely, that commonly called the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed, ought to be received and believed because they,' etc., etc." On the first vote — the question being the restoring of the words " He descended into hell " to the Apostles' Creed — New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were divided. New Jersey and South Carolina voted aye. As the divided States did not count, there were two ayes and no negatives, and the words were restored. The Nicene Creed was restored unanimously. On the question, " Shall the creed commonly called the Athanasian Creed be admitted in the liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America?" New Jersey and Delaware were divided, and New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina voted in the negative. Maryland, represented by a clerical deputy only, the Rev. Dr. Wil- liam Smith, was at the outset declared not admitted to the Conven- tion, and was allowed no vote on these important matters. A brief address to the archbishops was prepared and adopted. The testimonials of Dr. White, bishop elect of Pennsylvania, Dr. Provoost, bishop elect of New York, and Dr. Griffith, bishop elect INTRODUCTION. xxxix of Virginia, were signed, and a Committee of Correspondence, with power to convene another General Convention, was appointed. Although it does not appear on the "Journals," and no direct ref- erence to the circumstance can be found in Bishop White's account of this Convention in his " Memoirs of the Church," the voluminous correspondence of this period, preserved in the archives of the Gen- eral Convention, acquaints us with the fact that the Wilmington Convention, while availing itself of the presence and the abilities of Dr. William Smith, bishop elect of Maryland, refused to sign the testimonial required, recommending him for consecration. It ap- pears, from letters still on file, that two members only of the Con- vention voted in favor of Dr. Smith's application for recommenda- tion, and that the opposition was based on moral grounds. The end desired was near at hand. The bishops elect of Penn- sylvania and New York set sail for England early in November, 1786, and arrived at Falmouth on the 21st of that month. We need not trace the story of the successful accomplishment of the long struggle for the episcopate in the English line, as it is detailed at length in the pages of Bishop White's " Memoirs of the Church." It is enough to say that on the fourth day of February, 1787, at Lambeth Chapel, at the hands of the archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Moore, ,the archbishop of York, Dr. Markham, the bishop of Bath and Wells, Dr. Moss, and the bishop of Peterborough, Dr. Hinchcliffe, William White and Samuel Provoost were duly and canonically, by the laying on of hands, made bishops of the Church of God. It was a happy omen for the newly organized American Church that the bishops of Pennsylvania and New York reached their native land amid the Easter festivities of the year 1787. The Church in America was now complete. There only remained the consohdation of the churches of the North with those of the Middle and South- ern States in one organization, and the adjustment in the general ecclesiastical constitution of the united churches of those principles and practices which were still unsettled. Directly on the return of the newly consecrated bishops to their homes, the bishop of Connecticut addressed to each letters of con- gratulation, adding expressions of his earnest desire to promote " uniformity in worship and discipline among the churches of the different States." Referring to the "present unsettled state of the Church of England in this country, and the necessity of union and concord among all its members in the United States of America, not only to give stabihty to it, but to fix it on its true and proper foundation," Bishop Seabury proposed that a meeting of the three bishops should be held "before any decided steps be taken," and suggested as a basis of union and comprehension a return to the Td THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. English Prayer-book, " accommodating it to the civil Constitution of the United States." " The government of the Church," he adds, " is already settled ; a body of canons will, however, be wanted to give energy to the government and ascertain its operation." The terms of union thus suggested were simply an affirmation of the " Fundamental Principle " adopted in New York in October, 1784, respecting the Prayer-book. In the view of Seabury other differ- ences could be settled by conference, and this meeting of the bish- ops, he was confident, " would promote the great object — the union of all the churches." "May God direct us in all things," was his closing prayer. In making these fraternal overtures Seabury was evidently influenced solely by his earnest desire for union and uni- formity. He already occupied a position of absolute independence. Welcomed by the clergy and warmly supported by the laity, his episcopal character had been recognized throughout New England, which had become, practically, his province, and through which, from Stamford and Norwalk in Connecticut to Portsmouth, N. H., he journeyed, confirming, ordaining, and setting in order the churches owing allegiance to his office and to himself. He had exercised his episcopate in New York in spite of the secret opposition of the irate Provoost. Candidates for ordination from New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, and the Southern States had sought from him the laying on of hands. There was no dissension among his clergy, no factious opposition among his laity. The Wallingford Convocation of the Connecticut clergy, held in February of this year, resenting the affronts they deemed directed at the bishop at the Philadelphia Convention, had determined to send a representative to Scotland to receive consecration as coadjutor to Seabury ; and Leaming and Mansfield were successively chosen to undertake this office, while on their unwillingness, in consequence of age and infirmities, to assume this responsibility, the choice fell on Jarvis, afterward to be the one to fill the place of Seabury. At the same time measures were put in train to secure in Massachusetts the election of Parker as bishop of the Church in that State and in New Hampshire, that thus the college of bishops in the Scottish line of succession might be complete, and any necessity of union with the churches at the southward, for the consecration of bishops in the time to come, re- moved. The correspondence of this period affords abundant proof that the great body of the churches and Churchmen of New Eng- land shared in this feeling of resentment, and were ready for the initiation of measures for perpetuating the separation and antago- nism which seemed inevitable. There was every prospect that there would speedily be in this country two rival Episcopal Churches, each possessing the apostolical succession, but at variance with each other in doctrine, in ritual, and in practices. Had Seabury listened ^/ t^ wtO/. f^./L^'^/^ftmiir INTRODUCTION. xli to the urgings of his clergy at home, and his correspondents both in this country and abroad, this deplorable result would have occurred. Union would soon have become impossible, and the Church in the United States — a house divided against itself — would have been at the mercy of old foes and new, each and all bent alike on its utter overthrow. It is in this connection that we cannot fail to recognize and admire the wise conservatism, the marked self-abnegation, the patient for- bearance of the first bishop of Connecticut. He was already prac- tically — he might soon have been in fact and name — the " primus " of the Church in New England. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were through their episcopal head closely affiliated with the Scottish communion, from which their episcopate was derived, and were already reproducing at the out- set of the history of the New England Episcopal Church the distinctive principles of the body whence they sprang. It was Seabury's choice, however, for the " great object " he had at heart, " the union of all the churches," to enter into a union in which he was to be from the start in a hopeless minority. We find him, there- fore, restraining the impetuosity of his friends and sympathizers outside of Connecticut. We find him making most friendly and courteous overtures to the bishop of New York, who had attacked him in public and in private, and who cherished an unreasonable personal animosity toward him. He renewed again and again these efforts for union and comprehension, and at length God, who maketh men to be of one mind in a house, rewarded his self- denying, self-forgetting endeavors and made him for the last few years of his earthly life the presiding bishop of a united American Church. In these efforts of Seabury for union William White was an ear- nest and able seconder. Recognizing from the start the official char- acter and the Christian courtesy of Seabury, the bishop of Penn- sylvania, while careful to secure the features of our ecclesiastical system he had formulated in " The Case of the Episcopal Churches Considered," was ever ready to further the schemes of Seabury for the comprehension of " all the churches " in one organization com- prising the churches in every State. Without this seconding Sea- bury's efforts would have been of no avail. The personal animosity of Provoost, the machinations of the able and unscrupulous William Smith, the lax Churchmanship and doctrinal unsoundness prevailing in various sections of the Church and uniting in efforts to render the episcopal office as powerless as possible — all these obstacles to union were to be overcome, and in the successful struggle it was William White who contributed the most of labor and influence to secure the desired result. It is of interest to note the hand of God xlii THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. hedging up the way to the completion of the episcopal college in the English line until, in His good time, both a disposition for union had become general and measures to effect this end were in train. The amiable and devoted Griffith, the friend of Washington, and doubtless the most worthy of the Virginia clergy, was the choice of the Convention of that State for bishop, and his papers were favorably passed upon by the adjourned General Convention at Wilmington in 1 786. But this excellent man found his-intended journey to England hindered and finally prevented by the indifference of the parishes, leading them to withhold their contributions for its accomplishment. Even when the generous aid of William White was offered to re- move this obstacle, the coldness of the clergy toward their bishop elect made it evident that they feared both his piety and his zeal for the Church, should he ever enter upon the episcopate to which their suffrages had called him. There followed, as appears from the un- published correspondence of Dr. Griffith with Bishop White, a series of petty but annoying persecutions which, as detailed in these let- ters, reveal a lamentable laxity in doctrine, and even in morals, ex- isting in the Virginia Church. It is a pitiful story, and of interest alone in showing a conspiracy of ministers and members of the Epis- copal Church designed to destroy the efficiency, if not the very ex- istence, of the episcopate, the powers of which they evidently felt would be at once exercised for their punishment. These annoying hindrances at length wore out the patience of Griffith, and wrung from him the resignation of the ofifice he had never sought, but which he would have adorned and honored. It was not till after the death of Griffith and the return of the bishops of Pennsylvania and New York from their successful journey to England that the scholarly Madison, the president of William and Mary College, was chosen to the episcopate of Virginia and sent to England to complete the college in the English line. No obstacle remained to prevent the consecration of a bishop on American soil who should unite the Scottish and English lines of succession. This long-delayed act was finally accomplished when Thomas John Claggett was made a bishop of the Church of God by the laying on of the hands of Provoost, Seabury, White, and Madison. 4 \k1 .1 J '^^ ^^1^^ :4 4 10 ^ Matilll^^i^y- SkMh /lifAtft 'Cea^a^/fi-' aiiZy/SM, ^ ^??aw<*.M:«ik. i'\-^ ^ o -a <« Q Z O . 00 C3m 00 S o" Cj .o P O ".aJ " 00 liOO . OJ 00 few Pi VO -<; 00 z - t-00 00 00 * CIO HH o :^ — o -13 ii n W H ^ 00 On 00 So"" 00 p TO U ;? < i kJ "o en « o .- P4 2 PM QO <; S ci 1-^ 1 a> ■"d^ 0^ I-- D 1— 3 00 00 «u o 'a'^ §§ 5 8 [/) ■^ (U PT* S-« fl =1 u O o s 5 00 s m 00 ^ 00 00 i-i nn 00 C — < - < 00 ■» S < ^ - 00 O 00 o p o ca oog z „' ^ \< 3 a >;' ■ ^ Ci . ^ ^^ >?^ I ^ d "^ S. fr |k^ ills ■^^.^■^^^ > I'll llM (ft 8>?>»fif ^ il iv^'m I WILLIAM WHITE. 7 Charles Moss ; and the bishop of Peterborough, Dr. John Hinchdiffe. The addition of two bishops of the English line of succession to Seabury, deriving his episcopate from the Scotch prelates, completed a college of bishops for America, and gave an impetus to the adoption of measures for the union in one confederation of the Churches North and South, which was at length happily accom- plished at the second General Convention, held in Philadelphia, 1 789. From this date the history of the Church in the United States as an autonomous and independent branch of the Church Catholic begins. Bishop White held his first ordination at Christ Church, May 28, 1787, on which occasion Joseph Clarkson, whose grandson, R. H. Clarkson, became, many years afterward, the first bishop of Ne- braska, was ordered deacon. In the same historic church the bishop of Pennsylvania, during the more than half a century of his episco- pate, presided at the consecration of six bishops. Bishop White was the personal friend and, during his official residence in Philadelphia, the pastor of Washington. His episco- pate was as full of honors as of years ; and at the time of his death (July 17, 1836) he was undoubtedly the most revered and widely known of the bishops of the Anglican communion throughout the world. Buried in the churchyard of his beloved Christ Church, his remains were removed, on Dec. 23, 1870, to their fitting resting- place in the chancel of the church to which he had ministered for so many years, and where they now await the resurrection day. Works. — Besides numerous occasional sermons, addresses, charges, and theological treatises, as well as countless contributions to the religious press. Bishop White will be chiefly remembered in literature by his " Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church," of which three editions have appeared : the first in 1820, the second, under the editorship of the Rev. Francis Lister Hawks, D.D., LL.D., in 1836, and the third, under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. B. F. De Costa, in 1880. We have already referred to the able state paper, "The Case of the Episcopal Churches Considered " (1782-83). His theological writings, besides the above, were chiefly his " Comparative View of Calvinism and Arminianism " (2 vols., 8vo, 1S17) ; " Commentary on the Ordinal and on the Duties of the Public Ministry" (8vo, 1^33). His "Addresses" at the General Theological Seminary in the years 1822, 1824, 1827, 1828, 1829, were really theological treatises. The " Pastoral Letters " of the House of Bishops, 1808-35 inclusive, were the composi- tion of the presiding^ bishop. Although on the committee of Convention appointed to prepare and, pjitBHsh what is known in American liturgical literature as the " Proposed Book of Common Prayer " (i2mo, Philadelphia, 1786), this work is incorrectly spoken of as " Bishop White's Prayer-book." The bulk of the changes in this volume were made by the other members of the committee, notably by Provost Smith ; and the substi- tution of the revision of 1 789, which was practically a return to the English original, and which became the " .standard " of the American Church for the first century of its inde- pendent existence, was heartily acquiesced in by Bishop White. RIGHT REVEREND SAMUEL PROVOOST, D.D. Samuel ptovoost The "patriot" rector of Trinity Church, and the first bishop of New York, was born March ii, 1742, in New York City. After graduating at King's College (now Columbia), Provoost, in I 761, matriculated at the University of Cambridge, England, and became a fellow- commoner at St. Peter's House (now St. Peter's College). He was ordered deacon in the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace, Westminster, London, Feb. 3, 1766, by the bishop of London, Dr. Richard Terrick, and was advanced to the priest- hood March 25th of the same year, by the bishop of Chester, -Dr. Edmund Keene, acting for the bishop of London. On his return to his native land he became one of the clergy of Trinity Church, New York, to the rectorship of which he was elected, on the final evacuation of the city by the British, by the patriotic vestry, who thus recognized his unflagging support of the American cause. In 1785 he was appointed one of the chaplains of Congress, and in 1 789 was made the chaplain of the Senate. After the public exercises of the inauguration of Washington, the President, having taken the oath of office, proceeded on foot to St. Paul's Chapel (Trinity then being in ruins), where Provoost read prayers, using, without doubt, the form as prescribed in the " Proposed Book," then in use in New York. The doctorate in divinity was conferred on Provoost by the University of Pennsylvania, 1786, He was consecrated bishop of New York at Lambeth Palace chapel, Feb. 4, 1787, by the two archbishops and the bishops of Bath and Wells and Peterborough, at the same time with White. Bishop Provoost resigned his see in 1801 ; but the House of Bishops declined to accept his resignation, and authorized the con- secration of a bishop coadjutor for New York. He afterward only appeared in public at the consecration, on May 29, 181 1, of Hobart and Griswold. He died Sept. 6, 18 15. Works. — Although a scholar of varied and even profound attainments, Bishop Pro- voost published nothing. While at Cambridge he prepared an index to the " Historia Planetarum " of Baubin. In his theological opinions he appears to have leaned toward the views of the celebrated Samuel Clark, D.D., although he refused the overtures made to him by the authorities of King's Chapel, Boston, on their lapse into Unitarianism, for the ordination of their lay reader, Mr. James Freeman. Provoost's partizan antagonism to Seabury forms an interesting and unique chapter in the annals of the consolidation of the Churches North and South. ;.-vt. RIGHT REVEREND JAMES MADISON, D.D. James Hlbabison, The life of the first bishop of Virginia was the uneventful career of a college professor and president. Born in Rockingham, Va., Aug. 27, 1749, he was graduated at William and Mary College 1772. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar, but almost directly turned his attention to divinity, while serving his alma mater as professor of mathematics. In 1775 he crossed the ocean for ordination, and was ordered deacon in the chapel of Fulham Palace, Sept. 29, 1775, by the bishop of London, Dr. Terrick, and was advanced to the priesthood by the same prelate, in the same place, Oct. i, 1775. On his return he was made president of William and Mary Col- lege, which position he held with distinguished ability until his death. On the resignation of the amiable and godly David Grififith, the friend and rector of Washington, of his election to the Virginia episcopate, Madison was chosen to fill the place. He was conse- crated bishop of Virginia in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, Sept. 19, 1790. The consecrators were the archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. John Moore, the bishop of London, Dr. Beilby Porteus, and the bishop of Rochester, Dr. John Thomas. His episcopate witnessed the gradual decay and almost the extinction of the Church in the state. Conscientiously regarding himself as under primal obligations to the college, his episcopal work was fragmentary and at length practically laid aside. Meade, who received orders at his hands, defends him from the charge of succumbinrg' to the tide of French infidelity which, during his pres- idency, swept over the college and throughout the land. The bishop's desire to bring about the incorporation of the Methodists in the Church, in which purpose he lacked, unfortunately, the sympathy and support of his brethren in the episcopate, indicates an appreciation of personal religion, of which the adherents of that body were at the time, in many places, almost the sole exponents. He died March 5, 18 12, and was buried at WiUiamsburg, Va. Works. — l. "Discourse on the Death of General Washington" (1800); 2. "A Thanksgiving Sermon" (1781); 3. "A Letter to Jedediah Morse" (1795); 4. "An Address to the Episcopal Church in Virginia" (1799). These, with a few other less important pamphlets, comprise his printed works. ■' ■^7%4''' RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS JOHN CLAGGETT, S.T.D. XTbomas John ClnQQCtt In the consecration of Claggett as bishop of Mar3'land the two Hnes of the apostolical succession existing in the United States, that of the Scottish and that of the English Church, were united ; and by this union of divergent lines every American bishop can trace his spiritual lineage to Seabury as representing the line from Aberdeen, and to White, Provoost, and Madison as representing that from Canterbury. The measures leading to this happy union of the Churches North and South, as detailed on the pages of the General Convention " Journals," or as found in fuller detail in the correspondence of the clergy of the day, form a chapter of our annals of deep interest. This union, for which Seabury and White labored, and against the accomplishment of which Provoost con- tended, was clearly the work of " Him who maketh men to be of one mind in an house." Thomas John Claggett was born in Prince George's County, Md., Oct. 2, 1742. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1762, and received his training for holy orders from his maternal uncle, the Rev. Dr. John Eversfield. Sept. 20, 1767, he was ordered deacon in the chapel of Fulham Palace, by the bishop of London, Dr. Terrick. At the same place and by the same prelate he was priested, Oct. 11, 1767. Appointed to the charge of All Saints', Calvert County, Md., he remained there till, on the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, he retired to his estate in Prince George's County, where he re- mained for two years. In 1779 he began ministering in St. Paul's Church in his native county, and in the following year became rector of the parish. In 1787 his alma mater conferred on him the doctorate of sacred theology, and in 1 792 he received the degree of doctor in divinity from Washington College. Claggett's consecration took place in Trinity Church, New York, Sept. 17, 1792. The consecrators were Bishops Provoost (presid- ing), Seabury, White, and Madison. This was the first consecra- tion to the episcopal ofifice in the United States. Claggett was appointed chaplain to the United States Senate, 1800. In 1808 he became rector of Trinity Church, Upper Marl- borough. He died at Croom, Md., Aug. 2, 18 16. Works. — Bishop Claggett published only a few occasional sermons, etc. 13 RIGHT REVEREND ROBERT SMITH, D.D. IRobert Smith, The Church in the State of South CaroHna entered into federal relations first with the Churches of the Middle and Southern States, and finally with the united Churches of the North and South, with the implied, and at length expressed, condition that no bishop was to be consecrated as its head. The abilities and devotion of Robert Smith led his fellow-Churchmen of the clergy and laity in South Carolina to put aside this determination and to ask for the conse- cration as their spiritual head of the most gifted and learned divine in the State. Born in the county of Norfolk, England, Aug. 25, 1732, Smith was matriculated at the University of Cambridge as a member of Gonville and Caius College, taking his degree in 1753, and becom- ing a fellow of his college. He was ordered deacon March 7, 1756, by the bishop of Ely, Dr. Matthias Mauson, and was advanced to the priesthood by the same prelate, Dec. 21st of the same year. Coming to South Carolina as assistant at St. Philip's Church, Charleston, 1757, he was made rector in 1759. Espousing most heartily the popular cause Ut the beginning of the War of the Revolution, the rector of St. Philip's became a marked man among the Southern - patriots, and rendered efficient aid to the cause of liberty. In 1780, on the occupation of Charles- ton by the British forces. Smith was banished from the city. Removing to Maryland, he took, temporary charge of St. Paul's parish. Queen Anne County. Returning to Charleston at the close of the war, in 1783, he opened a classical academy, which was subsequently chartered (in 1786) as the South Carolina College. Of this institution he continued in charge as president until 1 798. In 1789 he received the doctorate in divinity from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Smith's consecration to the episcopate took place Sept. 14, 1795, at Christ Church, Philadelphia. His consecrators were Bish- ops White, Provoost, Madison, and Claggett. Bishop Smith, after an honoj-ed and most useful episcopate, died Oct. 28, 1801, univer- sally revered and lamented. The bishop was, in consequence of his Revolutionary services, one of the first and foremost members of the South CaroHna State Society of the Cincinnati. Works. — Bishop Smith, it is believed, published nothing save, possibly, some papers of an ephemeral nature. 15 RIGHT REVEREND EDWARD BASS, D.D. Bbwarb Ba86» Born at Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 23, 1726, Bass was graduated from Harvard College, 1744. Ordered deacon May 17, 1752, at the chapel of Fulham Palace, by Bishop Sherlock, he w^as priested by the same prelate in the same place. May 24, 1752. He became missionary of the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts at Newburyport, Mass., and incumbent of St. Paul's Church. At the opening of the War of the Revolution Bass observed the days of fasting and thanksgiving appointed by the Continental Con- gress, and because of his patriotism was dismissed from the service of the Venerable Society. Though deprived of the chief means for his support, he still remained at his post. His parishioners sym- pathized with him. He omitted the "state prayers," observed the frequent appointments for services in the interest of the patriots, and kept his church open throughout the war. The presentation to the General Convention of the Churches in the Middle and Southern States of the name of the rector of St. Paul's as the bishop elect of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, accompanied with a request of the clergy of those two States, headed by Samuel Parker, that the Convention should ask the three bishops then in the United States — Seabury, White, and Pro- voost — to unite in his consecration, paved the way for the completion of the episcopal college in the line of Canterbury by the consecra- tion at Lambeth of Madison, and effected the recognition of the validity of the Scottish consecrations. On the accompHshment of the union of the New England Churches under Seabury with those of the Middle and Southern States under White and Provoost, the project of Bass's consecra- tion, which had been the means of effecting this result, was not pushed, and it was not until May 7, 1797, that Bass, wh^ Lacf received his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania in 1789, was consecrated the first bishop of Massachusetts at Christ Church, Philadelphia, by Bishops White, Provoost, and Claggett. He died at Newburyport, Sept. 10, 1803. In addition to his charge of Massachusetts he had been elected to the episcopate of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Works.— I. "A Masonic Address" (1779); 2- "A Sermon before the Merrimac Humane Society " (1800) ; 3. A pamphlet on his connection with the Venerable Society. 17 RIGHT REVEREND ABRAHAM JARVIS, D.D. Hbtabam Jarvis. Born at Norwalk, Conn., May 5, 1739, and graduated from Yale in 1 761, Jarvis was ordered deacon in the chapel at Whitehall, London, Feb. 5, 1764, by the bishop of Exeter, Dr. Keppell, act- ing for the bishop of London, and was advanced to the priesthood in the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace, Westminster, by the bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Lyttelton, Feb. 9, 1765. He became the incumbent of Christ Church, Middletown, Conn. Remaining at his post during the war, he took part in the notable convocation of clergy at Woodbury on the feast of the Annuncia- tion, 1783, and was the secretary of the faithful priests who chose Seabury for their bishop. The papers and testimonials of this election were -drawn up in his handwriting, and during Seabury's weary months of dancing attendance on the varying moods of the English bishops, it was to Jarvis that his indignant letters were addressed, detailing the obstacles in his way ; and it was from the sympathizing secretary of the convocation that encouragement and support came. It was natural that, on the final success of the effort to secure a bishop for the free and independent States, which had at last been effected through the offices of a Church untrammeled by connection with the state, the bishop of Connecticut, on his return, shpdld receive from his clergy, through Jarvis, the pledges and testimonials of their fealty and love. Later, when the prospects of union with the Churches of the Middle and Southern States seemed hopeless, Jarvis, on whom the bishop of Connecticut had conferred the doctorate in divinity, was designated by Seabury to go to Scotland for consecration as bishop coadjutor of Connecticut, with the view of eventually procuring an episcopal college for the transmission of the succession in the Scottish line. Happily an unexpected turn in affairs, made this unnecessary. On the death of Seabury the vacancy was filled by the choice of Jarvis. He was consecrated in Trinity Church, New Haven, Sept. 18, 1797, by Bishops White, Provoost, and Bass. He received the doctorate in divinity from Yale in 1786. He died May 13, 1813, and was buried under the altar of Trinity Church, New Haven. Works. — i. " A Sermon on the Death of Bishop Seabury " ; 2. " A Sermon on the Witness of the Spirit." 19 'ff,f ' i «^!*sr 1, -mff RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN MOORE, S.T.D. Benjamin ^oore. Benjamin Moore was born in Newtown, L. I., Oct. 5, 1748. He was graduated at King's College, New York, 1 768. His ordi- nation to the diaconate took place in the chapel of Fulham Palace, June 24, 1774; and he was advanced to the priesthood the follow- ing day in the same place and by the same prelate. Dr. Richard Terrick, bishop of London. On his return to New York he was appointed an assistant minis- ter of Trinity Church ; and such was the moderation of his course, and such the confidence inspired by the purity of his life and the singular devoutness of his mien and ministry, that he retained his position throughout the trying scenes of the war for independence, giving no offense to Whigs or Tories alike, and contenting himself with ministering in spiritual things to all alike until the return of peace. In 1789 his alma mater (now called Columbia College) conferred on him the doctorate in divinity, and on Dec. 22, 1800, he was chosen rector of Trinity Church. Dr. Moore was consecrated bishop coadjutor of New York in St. Michael's Church, Trenton, N. J., Sept. 11, 1801, during the session of the General Convention at that place. His consecrators were Bishops White, Claggett, and Jarvis. He was elected to the presi- dency of Columbia College the year of his consecration, and held this honorable post for ten years in connection with his episcopal and rectoral duties. He died Feb. 27, 18 16, at Greenwich, N. Y. Works. — Three occasional discourses and a single pamphlet comprise all the writings of Bishop Moore published during his life. Two volumes of his sermons, edited by his distinguished son, Professor Clement C. Moore, LL.D., of the General Theological Seminary, appeared after his decease. RIGHT REVEREND SAMUEL PARKER, D.D. Samuel parker* Born in Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 17, 1744, and graduating at Harvard, 1 764, Samuel Parker was invited to become assistant min- ister of Trinity Church, Boston, before his ordination. He was admitted to deacon's orders at Fulham Palace chapel, Feb. 24th, and was priested on Feb. 27, 1774, by Bishop Terrick. Left in charge of Trinity on the retirement of the rector to Hah- fax, Parker, with the consent of his vestry, on the receipt of the news of the Declaration of Independence, adapted the services of the church to the new order of things by the omission of the " state prayers," and thus gave early proof of stable purpose. In June, 1779, he accepted the rectorship of Trinity, conditioned on the recognition by the parish of his predecessor's rights, should he return to his former charge and accept the new condition of affairs. Parker was among the clergy assembled at Middletown to wel- come Seabury, and there began at this meeting a friendship which had a marked influence on the fortunes of the rising Church. He took, at Seabury's request, a leading part in adapting the Prayer- book to the change in civil affairs, being associated in this important work with Jarvis and Moore. The results of this, the first American revision, were subsequently adopted by the Massachusetts Conven- tion at Parker's suggestion, and prevailed throughout New England. Urged by Seabury to seek in Scotland the consecration to the episcopate of Massachusetts, Parker entered into a correspondence with White in the interest of the union of the American Churches. It was chiefly to Parker that the union of 1 789 was due, and it was in recognition of his preeminent services, on the nomination of White, that the University of Pennsylvania conferred on him the doctorate in divinity in 1 789. He had refused the episcopate at the time that Bass was first named for this office, and later, when, through Parker's influence, Bass was again chosen. On his death, Parker's opposition was not suffered to prevail longer, and he received consecration in Trinity, New York, Sept. 14, 1804, during the session of the General Con- vention. His consecrators were Bishops White, Claggett, Jarvis, and Moore. He died, three months from the day of his consecra- tion, Dec. 6, 1804. Works.— I. An annual " Election Sermon " (1793) ; 2. " A Charitable Discourse De- livered in Behalf of the Female Asylum of Boston " (1803). 23 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN HENRY HOBART, D.D. John 1benr^ Ibobatt Next to the name of Samuel Seabury as preeminent among the leaders of thought in the American Church, and as wielding a con- stantly increasing influence, must be placed that of John Henry Hobart, the third bishop consecrated for the New York diocese. Born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1775, baptized and confirmed by White in Christ Church, prepared for his college course at the Episcopal Academy of his native city, and graduating, after two years spent at the College of Philadelphia, at Princeton, 1793, Hobart at first turned his attention to mercantile affairs. Finding a business life uncongenial, he accepted (i 796) a tutorial position at Princeton, which he held for two years. Having determined to enter the ministry, he returned to Phila- delphia and prepared for ordination under the direction of White, who admitted him to deacon's orders, June 3, 1798, in Christ Church. After serving various parishes in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, he was, September, 1800, elected an assis- tant minister of Trinity Church, New York, entering at once upon the duties of this important post. He had earlier (June 3, 1799) been elected secretary of the House of Bishops. In 1801 he was chosen secretary of the New York State Convention, as well as a deputy to the General Convention which convened at Trenton, N. J., in the autumn of that year. He was priested by Bishop Provoost, April 5, 1801. He was chosen secretary of the House of Deputies of the General Conven- tion of 1804. In 1806 he received the doctorate in divinity from Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. Hobart was consecrated bishop coadjutor of New York in Trinity Church, May 29, 181 1, by Bishops White, Provoost, and Jarvis. At the same time Dr. Alexander Viets Griswold was consecrated for the newly created " Eastern Diocese," wJiich composed all oi the New England States save Connecticut. Agreeably to the English precedent established at the consecra- tion, in Lambeth Palace chapel, of White and Provoost, Hobart, although the younger man and elected to his office of coadjutor subsequently to the date of Griswold's election, first received the laying on of hands as the senior doctor in divinity. The omission of a portion of the sentence of consecration by the bishop presiding at the time of this double ordination to the episcb- 25 26 THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. pate was made the occasion of a bitter controversy in New York, and an attempt to impugn the regularity of Hobart's consecration, though it is believed there was no faulting of the consecration of Griswold. On the decease of Moore (1816), Hobart became the diocesan of New York, and also rector of Trinity Church. His episcopal duties were not confined to his own see. He rendered abundant and efficient service in New Jersey prior to the election of Croes, and was provisional bishop of Connecticut, 181 6-19. Hobart was one of the founders of the General Theological Seminary, of which he was for years the professor of pastoral the- ology. He originated, or furthered, the Bible and Prayer-book Society, the Tract and Homily Society, and similar organizations for the defense of Church principles and the instruction of Church- men. Besides the promotion of these objects through the agency of societies which are still fulfilling their mission, Hobart found time for editing approved works in support of the Church's teachings, discipline, and worship. To these compilations the bishop added original works of a high order, and thus made for himself an enviable reputation as an accurate theologian, an exact polemic, and a scholar of rare and varied attainments. Personally, and by his numerous and opportune contributions to theological literature, he impressed his views upon the Churchmen of his day and genera- tion; and he shares with Seabury the distinction of founding and making popular in this country the school of thought known as " High-church " Anglicanism. Hobart visited England in 1823, where he was received with every possible distinction due to his merit and his exalted position. It is noticeable that although afforded an opportunity of preaching while in Rome, Italy, the "proviso" to the Act of Parliament, authorizing the consecration of Wente and Provoost, prevented the bishop of New York from exercising his office " within his Majesty's dominions." It was not until the repeal of this " proviso," in 1840- 41, that an American bishop was at liberty to preach or officiate in his episcopal character in any church of the mother-land. Hobart's death occurred at Auburn, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1830, and is supposed to have resulted from his conscientious unwillingness to resort to stimulants when suffering from disease. He was buried under the chancel of Trinity Church. Works. — It would require several pages to give in detail the list of sermons, addresses, charges, pastoral letters, essays, etc., which owe their authorship to Hobart. The fol- lowing are among the volumes he wrote or edited, in many cases revising and adapting the work of some English writer to an extent quite equal to the rewriting of the book : i. "Companion for the Altar" (i2mo, 1804. Issued in countless editions, appended to JOHN HENRY HOB ART. 27 copies of the Book of Common Prayer, and still regarded as of value and authority) ; 2. " Companion for the Festivals and Fasts " (i2mo, 1805. An adaptation of Robert Nel- son's excellent work to meet the requirements of American Church readers) ; 3. " Com- panion to the Book of Common Prayer " (i2mo, 1805. A compilation from the standard liturgical works of the day, and, in common with the preceding compilations, having a wide circulation for years) ; 4. " The Clergyman's Companion" (l2mo, 1806. A vade- mecum for the use of the clergy on occasions and at services for which no special provi- sion is found in the Book of Common Prayer) ; 5. " Collection of Essays on Episcopacy" (8vo, 1806. An invaluable treasury of the arguments for Church defense); 6. " Apology for Apostolic Order" (8vo, 1807. A masterly statement of the Church's position as op- posed to Presbyterianism and other forms of dissent); 7. "The Christian's Manual of Faith and Devotion" (l2mo, 1814. Prepared from various sources for household and individual use) ; 8. " The Candidate for Confirmation Instructed " (i2mo, 1816) ; g. " A Treatise on the Place of Departed Spirits and Christ's Descent into Hell," appended to a " Funeral Address " at the interment of Bishop Benjamin Moore (8vo, l8i6. Numerous editions of this treatise appeared in successive years) ; 10. " D'Oyly and Mant's Bible with Notes " (8vo, 1823) ; II. " Sermons on the Principal Events and Truths of Redemption " (2 vols., 8vo, 1824). Bishop Hobart's " Life" appeared shortly after his decease, and was reprinted in England. RIGHT REVEREND ALEXANDER VIETS GRISWOLD, S.T.D. Hleyanbet l[)iet8 (3ti8wolb, Born in Simsbury, Conn., April 22, 1766, educated privately by his uncle, the Rev. Roger Viets, Griswold received deacon's orders from Bishop Seabury, at St. Andrew's Church, Simsbury, June 3, 1795- He was priested by the same prelate Oct. ist, 1795, in Christ Church, Hartford. The first decade of his ministry was spent in his native State in charge of country parishes at East Plymouth, Northfield, and Har- winton. He became rector of St. Michael's, Bristol, R. I., 1804. He accepted a caU to St. Michael's, Litchfield, Conn., 18 10, but while the preparations for his removal were still incomplete he was elected, May 31, 1810, to the bishopric of the Eastern Diocese, a jurisdic- tion comprising all of New England save Connecticut. Griswold was consecrated in Trinity Church, New York, May 29, 181 1, by Bishops White, Provoost, and Jarvis, at the same time with Hobart. In 1830 the bishop of the Eastern Diocese, who had thus far con- tinued in charge of St. Michael's, removed to Salem, Mass., where he became rector of St. Peter's Church. From 1835 he devoted himself exclusively to the care of his abnormally extensive see. He received the doctorate in theology from Brown University in 181 1, • from Princeton in 181 1; and from Harvard in 1812. He succeeded White as presiding bishop. He was fellow of Brown, 1812-15; trustee, 1815-28; chancellor, 1815-28. The last episcopal act of Griswold was the consecration of the Rev. Dr. Manton Eastburn, of New York, as his coadjutor and successor in the see of Massachusetts, Dec. 29, 1842. On Feb. 15, 1843, the venerable bishop, full of years and honors, dropped dead at the threshold of Bishop Eastburn's house in Boston. Griswold was a man of great personal holiness. He was modest and retiring in his bearing, yet gifted with a sound judgment and inspired with a spirit of self-consecration which made his life one of continual labor and sacrifice. His theological views were those of the " Evangelical " school ; and his published " Life " by the late Rev. John S. Stone, D.D., is an interesting contribution to the history of the Church in New England, as well as to that of the " Evangelical " party in the United States. Works. — i. " Discourses on the Most Important Doctrines and Duties of the.Chris- tian Religion" (8vo, 1830); 2. "The Reformation and Apostolic Office" (1843); 3. " Remarks on Social Prayer Meetings " (1858) ; 4. Occasional sermons, addresses, etc. 29 RIGHT REVEREND THEODORE DEHON, S.T.D. XTbeobote Bebon, Theodore Dehon was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 8, 1776. He was graduated at Harvard College, 1795. Having, on Oct. 9, 1797, received an election to the rectorship of Trinity Church, Newport, R. I., he presented himself for ordination to Bishop Bass, and was ordered deacon at St. Paul's, Newburyport, Dec. 24, 1797, and was priested by the same prelate and in the same church ^Oct. 9, 1800. Dehon remained at Trinity Church, Newport, until 18 10, when he removed to South Carolina, having accepted the charge of St. Michael's Church, Charleston. Prior to his removal to the South he had received (1809) the doctorate from Princeton. He was a deputy from the Eastern Diocese to the General Convention of 1808. He was consecrated to the episcopate of South Carolina in suc- cession to the distinguished Robert Smith, in Christ Church, Phila- delphia, Oct. 15, 1812, by Bishops White, Jarvis, and Hobart. His short and brilliant episcopate was terminated by his death, Aug. 6, 18 1 7. He left behind him a reputation for eloquence and personal attractiveness which is still cherished in the diocese where he minis- tered in holy things, and throughout the Church in the United States as well. Works. — Bishop Dehon's " Sermons on Public Means of Grace " were published in two volumes, 8vo, shortly after his death. An English edition of these remarkable dis- courses brought in to the committee of publication a large sum. Besides this volume, only a few episcopal addresses and occasional sermons ever appeared in print. 31 RIGHT REVEREND RICHARD CHANNING MOORE, D D IRxcbarb CbanniriG HDoote. The Church in Virginia, unjustly despoiled of its glebes, with a clergy list annually recording losses by removals, deaths, and absorptions in secular pursuits, had reached its lowest point when, in the choice of Moore to succeed the scholarly but inactive Madi- son, a new life was infused into the dying body ; and that life is vigorous still. ^ Moore was born in New York, Aug. 21, 1762. Originally a student of medicine, after a few years' practice he entered upon a course of theological study under the direction of Bishop Provoost. He was ordered deacon in St. George's Chapel, New York, July 15, 1787, by the bishop of New York; and was priested by the same prelate in St. Paul's Chapel, Sept. 19, 1787. Beginning his ministry as rector of Christ Church, Rye, N. Y., where he remained for about two years, he removed to Staten Island, where he was the beloved and successful incumbent of St. Andrew's Church for twenty-one years. He received his doctorate in divinity, 1805, from Dartmouth College. In 1809 he removed to New York, where he became the rector of St. Stephen's Church. Before leaving his Staten Island parish he had represented the State of New York in the General Conven- tion which met in Baltimore, 1808; and at this Convention, which gave us our first collection of hymns, he did excellent service as chairman of the committee of the House of Deputies on hymnody. Chosen to the episcopate by the few Virginia clergy and laity who still had hope of the Church's revival, Moore's consecration took place in St. James's Church, Philadelphia, May 18, 1814. His consecrators were Bishops White, Hobart, Griswold, and Dehon. On his taking up his abode in Richmond, the Monumental Church was placed under his pastoral charge and became the center of his activities. It was not long before the Virginia Church was made again the Church of the oldest and most influential families of the State. The second bishop of Virginia, after an episcopate covering nearly three decades, died at Lynchburg, Nov. 11, 1841. He will ever be held in grateful remembrance for the results of his abun- dant labors, seen in the revival of the Virginia Church. Works. — i. " A .Sermon Preached before the General Convention in St. James's Church, Philadelphia" (1820); ^. The annual addresses, pastorals, and charges. RIGHT REVEREND JAMES KEMP, D.D. James 1kemp, The only suffragan bishop of the Church in the United States was born in Keith Hall parish, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, May 20, 1764. Graduating at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1 786, Kemp emigrated to Maryland the following year. After pursuing his theological studies under the direction of the Rev. Dr. John Bowie, rector of Great Choptank parish, Md., he received deacon's orders in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Dec. 26, i 789, and was priested the following day in the same place, the ordainer in each case being Bishop White. Kemp succeeded his theological instructor. Dr. Bowie, in the rectorship of Great Choptank parish in August, 1 790 ; and after an incumbency of more than twenty years removed to Baltimore, where he became associate rector of St. Paul's Church. Columbia College conferred on him the doctorate in divinity, 1802. There being need of additional episcopal services in Maryland, Kemp was consecrated as suffragan to Bishop Claggett, in Christ Church, New Brunswick, N. J., Sept. i, 18 14, by Bishops White, Hobart, and Channing Moore. As suffragan to the bishop of Maryland, Kemp was placed in charge of the " Eastern Shore," which is now the see of Easton. In 18 1 5 Kemp was elected provost of the University of Maryland, which honorable position he held during the remainder of his days. On the death of the bishop of the see, in 18 16, Kemp succeeded to the bishopric of Maryland. The circumstances of his death were trying. Returning from the consecration of Dr. Henry U. Onderdonk as assistant to Bishop White, he was so severely injured by the upsetting of his stage- coach near New Castle, Del, that he passed away after three days of intense suffering, regretted not alone in Maryland, but through- out the American Church. Works. — l. " Sermon on the Death of Washington " (1800) ; 2. " Sermon before the Convention of the Church in Maryland " (1803) ; 3- " Sermon before the Free Masons " (1806) ; 4. " Sermon before the General Convention, together with a Tract on Conver- sion"(l8o7); 5. " Letters in Vindication of Episcopacy " (1808) ; 6. " Sermon on Death- bed Repentance " (1816) ; 7. " .Sermon on the Death of Bishop Claggett " (1816) ; 8. " An Address before the Students of the General Theological Seminary " (1825). 35 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN CROES, D.D. iobn Croes, The first bishop of New Jersey was born in Elizabethtown, in that State, June i, 1762. Toward the close of the War of the Revohition he served as a non-commissioned officer on the patriotic side. It was after he had for some time successfully pursued the vocation of a classical in- structor, and had opened a private academy which subsequently developed into a prominent institution of learning, that he deter- mined to apply for holy orders. His theological studies were pur- sued during the intervals of teaching, and were directed by Bishop White, who ordered him deacon in St. Peters, Philadelphia, Feb. 28, 1790, and advanced him to the priesthood March 4, 1792, in the same church. His first cure was at Swedesborough, N. J., where he served as the incumbent of Trinity Church for twelve years. In 1793, and again in 18 14, he was a deputy from New Jersey to the General Conventions held in those years. At the session of this body in 18 14 he was elected president of the House of Deputies. In 1 80 1 Croes removed from Swedesborough to New Brunswick, N. J., where he united the rectorship of Christ's Church with the care of St. Peter's, Spotswood. With his fondness for teaching, he also maintained an academy of classical learning. In 181 1 he received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia College. In June, 18 15, he was elected to the episcopate of Connecticut, but declined this unlooked-for distinction. In August of the same year he was chosen to the episcopate of his native State. His con- secration took place in St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, Nov. 19, • 181 5, Bishops White, Hobart, and Kemp being the consecrators. The death of this excellent man and devoted bishop occurred July 26, 1832. Works. — l. " A Sermon on the Duty of Contributing Liberally to the Promotion of Religious and Benevolent Institutions"; 2. " A Sermon before the General Convention of 1823"; 3. " Addresses to his Conventions." 37 RIGHT REVEREND NATHANIEL BOWEN, D.D IRatbaniel Bowen. The son of a clergyman who was a convert from the Congrega- tionahsts, Nathaniel Bowen was born in Boston, June 29, 1779. His father removed with his family to Charleston, S. C, 1787. On the death of the elder Bowen, shortly after his arrival, the Rev. Robert Smith, subsequently the first bishop of South Carolina, took charge of the orphan boy and provided for his education. The lad was an apt scholar, and on his graduation at Charleston College, 1 794, received an appointment as tutor at his alma mater, where he continued for several years. Returning to his native city, Bowen prepared himself for holy orders, under the charge of Dr. (afterward Bishop) Parker, and was admitted to the diaconate in Trinity Church, Boston, June 3, 1800, by Bishop Bass. He was advanced to the priesthood in October, 1802, at St. Paul's Church, Newburyport, by the same prelate. The day of his ordination is not known with certainty. After a brief pastorate at St. John's Church, Providence, R. I., Bowen returned, March, 1802, to Charleston, where he became the assistant minister of St. Michael's Church, succeeding to the rectorship, 1804. Five years later he removed to New York and became rector of Grace Church in that city. He received his doctorate in divinity, 18 14, from the University of Pennsylvania and from the College of South Carolina. Bowen received consecration in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Oct. 8, 1818, Bishops White, Hobart, Kemp, and Croes being his consecrators. After an episcopate of upward of twenty years. Bishop Bowen died at Charreston, S. C, Aug. 25, 1839. His remains were interred in the chancel of St. Michael's Church. To unusual pulpit powers he added great executive ability and a commanding influence over men. He was an accomplished scholar, a wise theologian, and a holy man. Works.— i. " Sermon before the Bible and Common Prayer-book Society" (1812) ; 2. " Six Sermons on Christian Consolation" (1831); 3. "Pastoral Advice: An Essay" (i83i);4. " The Duty of being Confirmed " (1831); 5. " On Responding Aloud" (1833) ; 6. " Fast-day Circular" (1833); 7. " Sermon on the Death of Bishop White" (183b); 8. "An Address before the Students of the General Theological Seminary " (1836) j also other occasional sermons. 39 RIGHT REVEREND PHILANDER CHASE, D.D., LL.D. Ipbtlanber Chase. The first American bishop consecrated for the territory lying west of the Alleghanies was born in Cornish, N. H., Dec. 14, 1775. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, 1796. ' Admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Provoost in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, June 10, 1798, and priested by the same prelate, in the same place, Nov. 10, 1799, Chase began his ministry by missionary work in the northern and western portions of New York. During these itinerant labors he organized parishes at Utica, Canandaigua, and Auburn, each of which became a center of strength and usefulness. In 1800 he assumed the charge of the Poughkeepsie and Fishkill churches. In 1805 he went to New Orleans, where he organized and entered upon the rectorship of Christ Church. Returning to the North, 181 1, he became rector of Christ Church, Hartford, Conn.; but finding the work of a city parish unsuited to his tastes, he entered upon mission work in the territory to the west of the Alleghanies, whither the stream of emigration was steadily tending. Holding his first service in Ohio at a town called Salem, March 16, 18 1 7, Chase organized parishes at numerous points, and in June of the same year took charge of the church at Worthington, with out- lying work at Delaware and Columbus, and adding to his mission- ary and pastoral duties the oversight of an academy at Worthington. It had long been the purpose of the Churchmen in the United States to secure the Western territory for Christ and His Church. An "act of the General Convention" adopted in 1798 had pro- posed measures for the extension of the kingdom of Christ in the regions beyond the Alleghanies. The appeals of the frontier clergy, who (as in the case of the celebrated Rev. Joseph Doddridge, M.D.) were laboring almost single-handed at various points in the lands but lately opened up to immigration, were not wholly refused a hearing. Bishop White, though but once in his episcopate reaching the western boundaries of his own see at Pittsburg, still recognized the Church's duty of providing for the actual and intending settlers of the West. The abundant labors and the marked success of Chase's missionary journeys indicated his special fitness for an ap- pointment to a Western episcopate, and he was therefore consecrated bishop of Ohio, Feb. 11, 1819, in St. James's Church, Pliiladelphia, by Bishops White, Hobart, Kemp, and Croes. 41 42 THE EPISCOPA TE IN AMERICA. The new bishop at once entered upon the duties of his charge. Chosen to the presidency of Cincinnati College, 1821, he retained the headship of this institution for two years, while taking measures for the establishment of a theological seminary in his see for the training of his candidates for orders in theology as well as in arts. In the prosecution of this purpose, which resulted in the foundation and partial endowment of a theological seminary and Kenyon Col- lege, at Gambier, O., the bishop visited England, where his earnest- ness, his devotion, and the evident advantage of founding a Church college and divinity school in the Western world, gained for him, and for the cause he advocated, noble, influential, and liberal friends, and made the Western mission work of the American Church for the first time known in England. Difficulties having arisen in the development of his work, Bishop Chase, in September, 183 1, resigned the presidency of the theological seminary and Kenyon College, as well as his episcopate. Removing to Michigan in 1832, where he remained and faithfully labored for several years, he was chosen by the clergy of Illinois, in 1835, as their bishop; and on accepting this new administration he proceeded to organize a diocese and found a college, for which, on visiting England in its interest, he secured a handsome sum. This institution he named Jubilee College. It was situated in Peoria County, 111., at a spot to which he gave the name of Robin's Nest. Liberal gifts were obtained for this new venture, and the last days of the good bishop were brightened by the sympathy and support of Churchmen at home and abroad. On the death of Bishop Griswold, 1843, the bishop of Illinois be- came presiding bishop. His death occurred Sept. 20, 1852. Chase received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia College, 1819, and the doctorate of laws from Cincinnati College, 1823. He was a man of intense feelings, marvelous powers of endur- ance, unusual pertinacity, and great impatience of opposition. As a pioneer bishop he rendered services throughout the middle West which can never be forgotten. His unfailing wit and humor made him welcome in the settlers' cabins, on the stage-coach, on the canal and steamboat, — wherever travelers congregated. He was raised up of God for his work, and the results of his self-denying efTorts will be seen forever. The story of his controversies have little interest to-day. It is enough to recall the fact that this great-hearted man was naturally misunderstood by the men about him, who were in- capable of judging of his measures or of recognizing his vast superi- ority. They have long since passed into a merited obscurity, while the bishop they annoyed with their petty provocations is remem- bered with ever increasing veneration. It is given to few to whom is intrusted the Episcopal office to found two dioceses and establish two PHILANDER CHASE. 43 institutions of the higher learning, one of which at least will ever perpetuate his name and fame. Full of energy, perseverance, and zeal, he will ever be remem- bered as a master builder of the Church of God. Works.— I. " A Plea for the West" (1826); 2. " The Star in the West" (1828); 3. " Defense of Kenyon College " (1831) ; 4. " A Plea for Jubilee " (1835) ; 5. " Remi- niscences : An Autobiography " [2 vols., 8vo, 1847) ; 6. The " Pastoral Letters " of the House of Bishops from 1844 to 1850, inclusive. His " Life" has been published. See also " Malignity Exposed: A Vindication of Bishop Chase," by Rev. Samuel Chase (1847), and " Sermon in Memory of Bishop Chase," by Rev. D. Chase (Jubilee Col- lege, 1852). RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS CHURCH BROWNELL, D.D. Thomas Cbutcb BrownelL The successor of Seabury and Jarvis in the episcopate of Con- necticut was born at Westport, Mass., Oct. 19, 1779. He was graduated at Union, 1804, becoming tutor (1805-06), pro- fessor of logic and belles-lettres (i 806-11), lecturer on chemistry (181 1-14), and professor of rhetoric and chemistry (1814-17) in his alma mater. He was admitted to the diaconate in Trinity Church, New York, April 11, 1 8 1 6, and was advanced to the priesthood, Aug. 4, 1816, by Bishop Hobart, in the same church. The vacancy in the episcopate in Connecticut had continued for six years. The Rev. Dr. Croes, of New Jersey, had declined an election to the see in 18 15. It was natural that the clergy and laity, to whom Bishop Hobart had provisionally ministered with great ac- ceptance for several years, should turn their thoughts to the rising scholar and divine who had entered upon so distinguished a career at Schenectady. Receiving the doctorate in divinity in 1819 from Columbia and Union, he was consecrated in Trinity Church, New Haven, Oct. 27, 18 19, by Bishops White, Hobart, and Griswold. On entering upon his see, Brownell founded at Hartford, the city of his residence, Washington College, of which he became the presi- dent. In after-years the name of this institution of Christian learn- ing was changed to Trinity, and a bronze statue of its founder, with hand extended as in benediction, stands on the campus of this noble foundation. The duties of the episcopate, to which were added the cares of the direction of a college, were not enough to exhaust his energy and devotion. Undertaking, at the request of the Domestic Missionary Board, an extensive visitation through the Southern States, not then organized into dioceses, he rendered a service the results of which will ever be seen and felt. In 1852, on the decease of Chase, Brownell became presiding bishop. He died,^ after a most honored and useful episcopate, at Hartford, Jan. 13, 1865. It would be quite impossible to overesti- mate the influences for good to the Church, the college, and the community resulting from his laborious and self-forgetful life. Works. — l. " Commentary on the Book of Common Prayer" (8vo, numerous edi- tions) ; 2. " Consolation for the Afflicted " ; 3. "The Christian's Walk and Consolation " ; 4. " An Exhortation to Repentance"; 5. " Family Prayers"; 6. " Religion of the Heart" (5 vols.); 7. "Religious Inquirer Answered"; 8. " The Youthful Christian's Guide"; 9. " New-Englandism not the Religion of the Bible"; 10. Occasional ser- mons, etc. See " Commemorative Discourse," by E. E. Beardsley (1865). 45 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN STARK RAVENSCROFT, D.D. John Stark IRavensctott, The first bishop of North CaroHna entered upon the work of the ministry at the age of forty-five years. Born near Blanford in Prince George's County, Va., 1772, his early hfe was spent in Scotland, and it was not until he had reached the age of twenty-seven that he determined upon a profession, and entered William and Mary College, with the view of preparing for the law. A return to Scotland, rendered necessary for the final settle- ment of his paternal estate, prevented the accomplishment of this purpose. Returning to Virginia, Ravenscroft lived as a country gentleman on his lands in Lunenburg County for eighteen years, during which period, it is said, " he never bent his knees in prayer, nor did he once open a Bible." About the year 18 10 the wild enthusiasm of a religious body known as " Republican Methodists " made an impression on his mind ; but after a brief connection with these fanatics he withdrew from their membership and received the grace of confirmation at the hands of Bishop Channing Moore. The knowledge of his purpose to enter upon the ministry secured for this gifted man an invitation to a Virginia rectorship some months before his ordination. April 25, 181 7, Bishop Moore admitted him to the diaconate in the Monumental Church, Rich- mond, and. May 6th of the same year, advanced him to the priest- hood in St. George's Church, Fredericksburg. He had not ex- ercised his ministerial functions for five years when his shining abilities, which had secured him numerous invitations to important posts, gained for him the election to the episcopate of North Caro- lina. He was consecrated in St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, May 22, 1823, by Bishops White, Griswold, Kemp, Croes, Bowen, and Brownell. His doctorates in divinity were conferred upon him, in the year of his consecration, by Columbia, William and Mary, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The administration of Ravenscroft was energetic, wise, and suc- cessful, and the Church under his charge grew in power. His death occurred March 5, 1830. The Church throughout the land mourned his loss. Works. — Besides the usual occasional sermons, addresses, charges, and pastoral let- ters, two volumes of sermons were published after his death, and are still held in high esteem. See Wainwright's "Memoir"; also his "Correspondence with Professor Mitchell " (1825). 47 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY USTICK ONDERDONK, D.D. 1bent^ XDietick ©nberbonk* The choice of an assistant to the venerable White involved a bit- ter partizan controversy, which left its baleful effects on the Church for many years. The successful candidate was one of the most noted Churchmen of his day, and his brilliant episcopate, though clouded toward its close, still realized the inspired prediction that " at evening- time it shall be light." Onderdonk was born in New York, March i6, 1789, and was graduated at Columbia College, 1805. Having devoted his life to medicine, he studied in London and Edinburgh, receiving his de- gree of M.D. from the university of the latter city. On his return to New York he became actively engaged in his profession. After a few years, Onderdonk studied theology under the direc- tion of Hobart, who ordered him deacon in St. Paul's Chapel, Dec. 8, 1815, and priested him in Trinity Church, April 11, 1816. After a four years' pastorate at Canandaigua he became rector of St. Ann's, Brooklyn, where he remained until his consecration to the episcopate. Chosen assistant bishop of Pennsylvania, he was consecrated, Oct. 25, 1827, in Christ Church, Philadelphia, by Bishops White, Hobart, Kemp, Croes, and Bowen. He received his doctorate in divinity the same year from Columbia and from Geneva (now Hobart) College. In 1836 he became, on the death of White, the bishop of Pennsylvania. He resigned his bishopric, 1844. The resignation was accepted, and because of charges of having contracted habits of intemperance (which he did not deny) he was suspended from the exercise of his office and ministry. Humbly receiving this act of discipline, Onderdonk lived for the remainder of his days a life of sanctity ; and in 1856, was, with singular unanimity, restored to the exercise of his office. He died in Philadelphia, Dec. 6, 1858, with the re- gained confidence and regard of all men. Works. — l. "An Appeal to the Religious Public of Canandaigua" (1818); 2. " Episcopacy Tested by Scripture " (1830) ; 3. " Episcopacy Examined and Reexamined " (1835) ; 4. " Essay on Regeneration " (1835) ; 5. " Family Devotions from the Liturgy " (1835); 6. "Thoughts on the Objections to Christianity" (1835J; 7. "Sermons and Charges" (2 vols., 8vo, 1851).'' Onderdonk vi'as an exact theologian, a controversialist of the highest order, an able logician, and a poet of decided merit. In the Collection of Psalms and Hymns appended to the Prayer-book of the time, Nos. 14, 105, 106, 109, 131, 195, 203, 208 and 211 of the hymns, and Nos. 16, 23, and 59 of the psalms are his. See Horace Binney's ''Case" (1853); Bishop Meade's " Counterstatement " (1854), etc. 49 i. RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM MEADE, D.D. Milliam meabe. It was at a day when nearly all men despaired of the Virginia Church that, in the consecration of his life to the ministry, Meade entered upon a career to which, under God, the revival of the Church in his native State is largely due. Born near Millwood, Clark County, Va., Nov. 1 1 , 1 789, and gradu- ated at Princeton, 1808, he was ordered deacon by Bishop Madison, in Bruton parish church, Williamsburg, Feb. 24, 181 1, and was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Claggett, Jan. 29, 18 14, in St. Paul's Church, Alexandria, Va. Beginning his ministry as curate to the Rev. Alexander Balmaine, the rector of Millwood, with the exception of two years (1811-13, when he took charge of Christ Church, Alexandria) his ministrations were given to Millwood, of which he subsequently became rector. In 1827 the College of William and Mary conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. Meade had become a leader of the "Evangelical" party, and had been the candidate of that school for the assistant bishopric of Pennsylvania. Losing that appointment by a single vote, he was chosen to the assistant bishopric of Virginia. He was consecrated in St. James's Church, Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1829, by Bishops White, Hobart, Griswold, Channing Moore, Croes, Brownell, and H. U. Onderdonk. On the death of Moore he became, without opposition, bishop of Virginia, although he had been originally elected without the right of succession. The bishops, at the time of his consecration, protested against this disability, and it was never urged. Meade, with no little reluctance, entered into the confederation of the Churches of the South during the Civil War, and became, by virtue of seniority of consecration, the presiding bishop of the Church in the Confederate States. He died March 14, 1862, at Richmond, Va. His remains, first interred in Hollywood, now rest in the ceme- tery of the Theological Seminary of Virginia. He was " a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost." Works. — i. " Family Prayers " (1834) ; 2. " Lectures on the Pastoral Office " (1849) ; 3. " Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia" (2 vols., 8vo, 1856) ; 4. " The Bible and the Classics" (1861). Bishop Meade reprinted Bacon's "Sermons to Ser- vants," originally issued in colonial days. His sermons, addresses, pastorals, etc., had a vi'ide circulation. To his fostering care the Virginia Theological Seminary is deeply indebted. See " Memoir " by Bishop Johns. 51 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM MURRAY STONE, D.D. Milliam Hl^utra^ Stone, The episcopate of the third bishop of Maryland was comparatively brief and uneventful. It was a period of transition in the diocesan history. The clergy of ante-Revolutionary ordination, those who, on the one side or the other, had participated in the stirring scenes of the Revolution, and even the few who at the introduction of the episcopate into this country had entered upon the ministry at the first ordinations of the earliest bishops, were now at rest or incapaci- tated. The party spirit which had begun to manifest itself through- out all sections of the church was now at its height in Maryland. It was not long before the first schismatic organization was effected, and the founder of the short-lived " Evangelical Episcopal Church " in Maryland was the theological instructor of the bishop who suc- ceeded the able and inflexible Kemp. Ranged under opposing banners, and using the shibboleth of party, the clergy, not alone of Maryland, but elsewhere, wasted in intestine strifes the strength and effort which, if directed to secure the Church's advance, would have " made glad the city of our God." Born in Somerset County, Md., June I, 1779, Stone wss gradu- ated at Washington College, Kent County, Md., and, directly on receiving his degree, began the study of theology under the tutor- ship of the eloquent and accomplished George Dashiel, of Baltimore. He was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Claggett, in St. Paul's Church, Prince George's County, Md., May 17, 1802, and re- ceived the priesthood at the hands of the same prelate, in the same place, Dec. 2^, 1802. For more than a quarter of a century Stone served as rector of Stepney parish, Somerset County, removing in 1829 to St. Paul's Church, Chestertown, in the county of Kent. In 1830 he received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia Col- lege, New York, and on Oct. 21st of the same year was consecrated bishop of Maryland in St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, by Bishops White, Channing Moore, H. U, Onderdonk, and Meade. Bishop Stone died Feb. 26, 1838, after a life consecrated to Christ and His Church. Works.— I. " A Charge to the Clergy and Laity of Maryland " (1831) ; 2. " A Pas- toral Letter" (1835); 3. " Sermon before the General Convention" (1835). 53 RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN TREDWELL ONDERDONK, D.D. Benjamin tTtebwell ©nbetbonk. A BULKY octavo records the " Trial of Bishop B. T. Onderdonk." With the scores of other pamphlets called out by this proceeding, there will be preserved for all time to come the story of one of the most painful chapters of the annals of the American Church. Re- viewed after the lapse of fifty years, a sober judgment will possibly question the wisdom of the court's decision, and believe that party differences (though quite unintentionally) hindered the more chari- table construction of acts and purposes deemed at the time conclu- sive of guilt. Certainly, if a holy and humble walk during the long years of his suspension, and consistent and unwavering protestations of innocence of conscious sin, are to enter into our consideration, Onderdonk may be regarded as sinned against, even if sinning. Born in New York, July 15, 1791, and graduated from Columbia, 1809, Onderdonk was admitted to the diaconate by Hobart, in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Aug. 2, 18 12, and was priested by the same prelate, in Trinity Church, Newark, N. J., July 26, 1815. In 1816 he was elected secretary of the Diocesan Convention, which position, with an assistancy at Trinity, New York, he held until he was raised to the episcopate. The professorship of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological Seminary, with the chair of the nature, ministry, and polity of the Church, he nominally retained until his death. In 1826 Columbia College gave him a D.D. Onderdonk was consecrated bishop of New York in St. John's Chapel, New York, Nov. 26, 1830, by Bishops White, Brownell, and H. U. Onderdonk. His episcopate was vigorous and aggressive. Untiring in labors, pronounced in his judgments, impatient of oppo- sition, he was naturally a leader; and his " High-Church " position secured for him enemies as well as friends. Bishop Onderdonk was suspended Jan. 3, 1845. The request of the Diocesan Convention to the General Convention of 1859 to ter- minate the suspension, which had been adopted by a clerical vote of 147 to 19, and by a lay vote of 75 to 46, was not granted. Dr. S. H. Tyng, a leader of the opposition, earnestly advocated the re- mission of the sentence, and the bishop's restoration was repeatedly urged by the diocese. Before the next General Convention, Onder- donk died, April 30, 1861, still protesting his innocence. Works. — Episcopal addresses, charges, and pastorals. 55 "t ">^t." -Jr:r4'r'-:::r- RIGHT REVEREND LEVI SILLIMAN IVES, D.D., LL.D, %cvi Silliman IFves, Born in Meriden, Conn., Sept. i6, 1797, the subject of this sketch entered Hamilton College, N. Y., 18 16, with the Presbyterian min- istry in view. Failing health compelled the abandonment of his purpose. He left college without graduating, and on removing to New York began his preparation for holy orders under the direction of Bishop Hobart. Ordered deacon by this prelate, Aug. 4, 1822, in Trinity, New York, and advanced to the priesthood in Trinity (Southwark), Phila- delphia, Dec. 14, 1823, by Bishop White, Ives served at St. James's, Batavia, N. Y. ; Trinity (Southwark), Pliiladelphia; as assistant min- ister at Trinity, New York ; and as rector of St. Luke's, New York, and St. James's, Lancaster, Pa. In 1824 Columbia conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. He received the doctorate of laws from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1834. He was consecrated to the see of North Carolina, in Trinity Church (Southwark), Philadelphia, Sept. 22, 1831, by Bishops White, H. U. and B. T. Onderdonk. After serious difficulties with his clergy and laity, resulting in an utter loss of confidence on the part of the diocese in his judgment and integrity, Bishop Ives, quite suddenh^, made his submission to the Roman obedience, and was solemnly deposed from his episcopal office and administration, October, 1853. The perversion of Bishop Ives was not attended with serious in- jury to the American Church, and in his new relations he failed to attain the prominence that was anticipated. He was appointed pro- fessor of rhetoric in St. Joseph's Seminary, Fordham, N. Y., lec- turer on English literature and rhetoric in the Convent of the Sacred Hedrt, and president of the Order of St. Vincent de Paul. He died Oct. 13, 1867. Works. — 1. " A Catechism " ; 2. " Manual of Devotion " ; 3. " Sermons on the Apos- tles' Doctrine and Fellowship" ; 4. "Trials of a Mind in its Progress to Catholicism" (published in Boston, 1853, and reprinted in London the following year) ; 5. Occasional sermons, addresses, charges, and pastorals. 57 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN HENRY HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D. John 1benr^ Ibopktns- Soon after the close of the War of the Revolution the erratic Samuel Peters, LL.D., a refugee clergyman of Connecticut then residing in London, was chosen to the episcopate of Vermont, and measures were set on foot to secure his consecration either in Eng- land or from the bishops of the United States. The plan failed, and the Churchmen of Vermont at a later day placed themselves under the charge of the excellent Bass, of Massachusetts, who never visited them, and who was, possibly, unaware of his election to the see. Vermont afterward became a part of the Eastern Diocese, and en- joyed the apostolic ministrations of Griswold till, in the develop- ment of the Church in this State, and in the recovery of much of its old endowments arising from grants of land made prior to the war to the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, it was deemed expedient to form an independent see and to elect a bishop of its own. John Henry Hopkins, first bishop of Vermont, was born in Dub- lin, Ireland, Jan. 30, 1792. During the future bishop's boyhood his father removed with his family to the United States, making his home in Philadelphia. After varied experiences, in all of which appears the guiding hand of Providence, the young Hopkins was admitted to the bar, and speedily attained a successful and lucrative practice at Pitts- burg, Pa. During a vacancy in the rectorship of Trinity Church, of which he was a devoted member, his services as a lay reader and in the conduct of the church music, as well as in the Sunday-school and other parish activities, were so acceptable to the congregation that the vestry elected him, even before he had become a candidate for orders, to the rectorship of the church. After consultation with Bishop White, the young lawyer determined to accept the vestry's invitation. He was admitted to the diaconate in Trinity Church (Southwark), Philadelphia, Dec. 14, 1823, by Bishop White, who ad- vanced him to the priesthood in St. John's, Norristown, Pa., May 12, 1824. In 1826, and again in 1829, Hopkins was a deputy to the General Convention from the diocese of Pennsylvania, taking from the first a leading part in its debates and measures. In 1 83 1 he was called to Boston, where he became the assistant minister of Trinity Church, and was designated the professor of 59 60 THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. systematic divinity in the proposed theological school of the dio- cese. It was in the midst of preparations for the establishment of this school that Hopkins was chosen bishop of Vermont. His con- secration took place in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Oct. 31, 1832. His consecrators were Bishops White, Griswold, and Bowen. On his entrance upon his episcopate he became rector of St. Paul's, Burlington, and at once began the educational, literary, and mission- ary work that with unfailing vigor he never lost sight of till death. He was preeminently a leader of men, and his active part in the controversies of the day is shown by his writings, which had great weight at the time of their appearances, and still attest his wide reading and analytical powers. Bishop Hopkins was a prominent figure at the first Lambeth Con- ference, in 1868. The manly and independent course taken by the distinguished American prelate with reference to the " Colenso scandal " gained for Bishop Hopkins the respect of those who op- posed him, and gave great satisfaction to the Church he represented. The American Church, independent of state complications, had rec- ognized the validity of the deposition of the heretical bishop by the metropolitan of South Africa, the sainted Robert Gray. This posi- tion the English prelates found themselves unable to take, and in this Conference the bishop of Vermont was a leader of those who con- tended for the supremacy of the Church in matters ecclesiastical over any opposition arising from the state. It was to Hopkins, as ap- peared when the proceedings of the first Lambeth Conference first saw the light ten years later, that this stand in defense of the sound Churchmanship and fearless bravery of Robert Gray {pro ecclesia Dei) was due. There appears in the works of this great bishop a marked development of Churchly feeling and an increased conservatism in Churchly news, when we compare the printed pamphlets and works of his earlier years with those of later days. The trench- ant pen that was used in support of the tenets of the " Evangel- ical " school in the bishop's youth, was found in his maturity equally powerful on behalf of a more pronounced teaching and a more un- equivocal advocacy of Church teaching. The literary history of the bishop is quite as interesting and instructive as the story of his life. He was a seeker after truth, and he was never ashamed to own the convictions he had reached, even if they were at variance with those he had earlier avowed. He took a leading part in efforts to prevent the rending of the Church at the breaking out of the Civil War, as well as in bringing together the bishops of the North and South when the strife was over. He was made a doctor in divinity by the Uni- versity of Vermont, and received the doctorate of laws from Jubilee JOHN HENRY HOPKINS. 61 College, Illinois. On the decease of Bishop Brownell he succeeded to the primacy in the House of Bishops and in the American Church. A man of varied accomplishments, of extensive reading, of broad culture, of Catholic tastes, logical, judicial, and argumentative, the administration of the first bishop of Vermont left the impress of his powers, his genius, and his marvelous capacity for labor on the Church in the diocese, and on the Church at large as well. The story of his life, " by one of his sons," published in 1873, reads like a romance, and is a most interesting and valuable contribution to the history of the times. Bishop Hopkins died at BurHngton, Vt., Jan. 9, 1868, beloved and regretted by all men. Works. — i. "Christianity Vindicated" (1833); z. "The Primitive Creed Exam- ined and Explained " (1834) ; 3. " The Primitive Church " (1835) ; 4. " Essay on Gothic Architecture " (4to, 1836) ; 5. " The Church of Rome Contrasted," etc. (1837) ; 6. " The Novelties which Disturb our Peace " (1844) ; 7. " Sixteen Lectures on tlie Reformation " ; (1845) ; 8. " History of the Confessional " (1850) ; 9. " The ' End of Controversy ' Con- troverted " (1854, 2 vols.); 10. "The American Citizen" (1857); 11. "A Scriptural, Ecclesiastical, and Historical View of Slavery'' (1864); iz. "The Law of Ritualism" (1866) ; 13. " The History of the Church in Verse " (1867). After his death there was published his " Candid Examination of the Question whether the Pope of Rome is the Great Antichrist of Scripture" (1868). He issued numerous occasional sermons, addresses, letters, and tracts, in addition to his printed volumes. RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN BOSWORTH SMITH, D.D., LL.D. Benjamin Boswortb Smitb, Born in Bristol, R. I., June 13, 1794, and graduating at Brown University, Providence, 1816, Smith was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Griswold at St. Michael's Church in his native town, April 23, 1817, and was advanced to the priesthood in St. Michael's, Marblehead, Mass., June 24th of the following year. His first pastoral work was rendered at Marblehead, where he re- mained for two years, and at St. George's, Accomack County, Va., where he remained in charge for about the same length of time. He then combined the cure of Zion Church, Charlestown, with that of Trin- ity, Shepherdstown, Va. Returning to New England, he was rector of St. Stephen's Church, Middlebury, Vt., from 1823 to 1828. From 1828 to 1832 he had charge of Grace Church mission, Philadelphia. Removing to Kentucky, he was, 1832, in charge of Christ Church, Lexington, and was consecrated bishop of the diocese in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Oct. 31, 1832, by Bishops White, Brownell, and H. U. Onderdonk. In 1837 he gave up his rectorate of Christ Church, Lexington, and devoted himself wholly to the work of the episcopate. In 1868, on the death of Bishop Hopkins, he became presiding bishop. During his term of office as presiding bishop fifty-two bishops were consecrated, of which number fifty were liv- ing at the time of his decease. He received the degree of D.D. from Geneva College 1832, and was made an LL.D. by Griswold College, Davenport, la., 1870, and by his alma mater. Brown Uni- versity, 1872. He was for a time State, superintendent of educa- tion in Kentucky. Smith died in New York, May 31, 1884, after a long, useful, and honored episcopate. Works. — 1. " Five Charges to the Clergy of Kentucky " ; 2. " The Position of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States " (a sermon before the General Conven- tion, 1850) ; 3. " Saturday Evening; or, Thoughts on the Progress of the Plan of Salva- tion " (1876) ; 4. " Apostolic Succession : Facts which Prove that a Ministry Appointed by Christ Himself Involves this Position" (1877). Bishop Smith was editor of the " Episcopal Register " of Vermont, 1823-28 ; of the " Episcopal Recorder," Philadelphia, 1828-32. 63 RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES PETTIT MclLVAINE, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D. Cbarles pettit nbciripatne. The successor of the pioneer Chase was born in Burlington, N. J., Jan. 1 8, 1799, and was graduated at Princeton, 18 16. He studied at the Princeton Theological Seminary, and was ordered deacon in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, June 28, 1820. He was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Kemp in St. Paul's, Baltimore, March 20, 1821, and entered upon his ministry at Christ Church, Georgetown, D. C. He became professor of ethics and chaplain in the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, 1825, where he remained two years. In 1830 he became rector of St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, and, 1831, professor of the evidences of revealed religion and sacred antiquities in the University of the City of New York. On the resignation of Chase, Mcllvaine was chosen bishop of Ohio, and was consecrated in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Oct. 31, 1 832, by Bishops White, Griswold, and Meade. He received his doc- torate in divinity from Princeton and Brown, 1832, and an LL.D. from Brown, 1867. Oxford conferred upon him a D.C.L., 1853, and Cambridge an LL.D., 1858. He held the presidency of Ken- yon College, 1832—40, and was the head of the theological seminary of the diocese. He was a member of the U. S. Sanitary Commis- sion during the Civil War, and visited England on a mission for the government. Mcllvaine was a pronounced " Evangelical," and was for years a leader of that party. His most earnest efforts, however, were directed, at the time of the deposition of Cheney, toward discoun- tenancing the steps which led to the formation of the " Cummins Schism," 1873-74. Mcllvaine died at Florence, Italy, March 13, 1873. His body rested in state in Westminster Abbey on its way to America for burial. Eloquent and accomplished, a ready writer, a skilled po- lemic, with great personal magnetism and -influence, he will ever be held in memory as a godly and devoted bishop. Works. — l. " The Evidences of CHristianity in their External Division " (1832 ; re- published in numerous editions) ; 2. " Oxford Divinity Compared with that of the Roman and Anglican Churches" (1841); 3. "The Sinner's Justification before God" (1851); 4. "The Holy Catholic Church" (1844); 5. "No Priest, no Altar, no Sacrifice but Christ " (1846) ; 6. " Valedictory Offering" (five sermons, 1853) ; 7. " A Word in Sea- son to Candidates for Confirmation"; 8. "The Doctrine of the Protestant Episcopal Church as to Confirmation " ; 9. " The Chief Danger of the Church " (many editions of the last three tracts); 10. "The Truth and the Life" (twenty-two discourses, 1855); II. " Select Family and Parish Sermons " (2 vols., 8vo, 1839; a compilation of popular English " Evangelical" discourses) ; 12. Numerous addresses, etc. 65 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE WASHINGTON DOANE, D.D., LL.D. George MaebinQton Doane, The second bishop of New Jersey was born at Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799. He was graduated at Union, 1818 ; was admitted to the diaconate by Hobart, in Christ Church, New York, April 19, 1821, and priested by the same prelate in Trinity, New York, Aug. 6, 1823. After two years' service at Trinity he became professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres in Washington (now Trinity) College. He became as- sistant minister at Trinity, Boston, 1828, of which he soon became the rector. He was consecrated bishop of New Jersey, Oct. 31, 1832, by Bishops White, B. T. Onderdonk, and Ives. He then became rector of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, holding that cure until his death. Columbia and Trinity conferred upon him the degree of D.D., 1 831, and in 1841 St. John's College, Maryland, gave him the LL.D. He died at Burlington, April 2"] , 1859, and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard. Doane was the founder of St. Mary's Hall, 1837, and Burlington College, 1846. He may be regarded as the father of Church schools in America. He was a lifelong friend of the cause of missions, and a leading spirit in the development of our first missionary enthusi- asm. To him is due the recognition of the principle that the Church itself is the true missionary organization, and that every member is, by virtue of holy baptism, a pledged supporter of missions. In developing plans for his schools Doane found himself finan- cially embarrassed. This was made the occasion for a petty trial fomented by disaffected laymen. Doane, announcing his intention to " make the trial of a bishop hard," triumphed over his opponents. He had a commanding presence ; possessed great intellectual powers, together with a capacity for almost infinite work ; attracted all classes; was a polished writer, a graceful poet, an impassioned speaker. Works. — "The Life and Writings of Bishop Doane" (4 vols., New York, i860), edited by his son, contains many of his numerous prose and poetical works. To record his publications seriatim would require nearly a hundred titles. His charges, pastorals, etc., still command attention. A volume of his sermons was published in England, where he preached at the consecration of St. Saviour's, Leeds, the first time an American bishop had been heard from an English pulpit. 67 RIGHT REVEREND JAMES HERVEY OTEY, S.T.D. James Ibetve^ ®teig» The first bishop of Tennessee was a Virginian, having been born in Liberty, Bedford County, Jan. 27, 1800. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, 1820, and became a tutor in this institution the academic year following. He was admitted to the diaconate in St. John's Church, Williamsboro', N. C, Oct. 16, 1825, by Bishop Ravenscroft, who ad- vanced him to the priesthood in St. Matthew's Church, Hillsboro', June 17, 1827. Removing to Tennessee, and making his home at Franklin in that State, he opened a classical school for his support, while minister- ing at Franklin, Columbus, and Nashville. Columbia College conferred on the young divine his doctorate in divinity, 1833; and the following year, Jan. 14th, he was con- secrated bishop of Tennessee in Christ Church, Philadelphia, by Bish- ops White, the two Onderdonks, and Doane. Besides the duties devolving upon him in his own see, Otey acted for several years as provisional bishop of Mississippi and Florida, and as missionary bishop of Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Louisiana. He founded a diocesan school of the higher education for girls at Columbia, Tenn., which, with the usual vicissitudes at- tending such ventures of faith, has proved of great advantage to the Church in the South. The bishop was one of the original projec- tors of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn. Otey died, April 23, 1863, during the troubles and desolations of the Civil War. On his monument he had directed these words to be inscribed : First Bishop of the Holy Catholic Church IN Tennessee. "The blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth us from all sin." Works. — Otey was a man of strong intellectual powers, a forcible and argumentative preacher, i theologian, a scholar, and a man of affairs. Under circumstances requiring less of wearying episcopal labor and travel he would have been an acceptable contributor to the theological literature of the day, as well as to that of culture and social science. He has left in print, besides his charges, episcopal addresses, pastorals, etc., but a single work: "Doctrine, Discipline, and Worship of the American Branch of the Catholic Church, Explained and Unfolded in Three Sermons " (1852). 69 RIGHT REVEREND JACKSON KEMPER, D.D. Jackson Ikempet. The first missionary bishop of the American Church was born in Pleasant Valley, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1789. Graduated at Columbia, 1809, Kemper studied theology under Hobart ; was made deacon and priested in Christ Church, Philadel- phia, by White, March 10, 181 1, and Jan. 23, 1814, respectively. For twenty years he was assistant minister of the united parishes of Christ Church, St. Peter's, and St. James's, Philadelphia, adding to this work the duties of diocesan secretary, 181 1— 18, and giving special attention to outlying mission stations. In 1819-20 he was engaged in securing funds for the General Theological Seminary. Columbia gave him the divinity doctorate, 1829. He became rector of St. Paul's Church, Norwalk, Conn., 1831. He was consecrated, Sept. 25, 1835, missionary bishop for Missouri and Indiana, in St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, by Bishops White, Moore, Chase, the two Onderdonks, Smith, and Doane, — the last consecration in which the venerable White took part. The annals of Kemper's missionary apostolate are of the deepest interest. In addition to his own extensive see, his care of the churches was extended over the territory now embraced by Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kansas, into which immigrants were pouring. His visitations were undertaken under circumstances of the greatest difficulty. Traversing vast reaches of country just opened for settlement ; with only the most primitive facilities for journeying; making his temporary home in the rough cabin or the miserable tavern — Kemper gave full proof of his apostolic ministry, and in his care for the churches never cared for himself. He made extensive visitations in Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, 1837—38. The experiences of this tour were apostolic. The see of Maryland was offered Kemper, 1838, and declined. He was chosen diocesan of Wisconsin, 1847, but this was also de- clined. Twelve years later he was again offered Wisconsin, and in view of increasing years and infirmities he accepted the see. He died at Delafield, Wis., May 24, 1870. Works. — His life is yet to be written. It will be the history of the founding of the Church in the middle West. His reports in " The Spirit of Missions " and "The Proceed- ings of the Board of Missions " are of the deepest interest. He left a few pamphlets, etc. 71 RIGHT REVEREND SAMUEL ALLEN McCOSKRY, S.T.D., LL.D. Samuel Ellen flDcCoekr^* Bishop Chase, on his resignation of Ohio (1831), had removed to Michigan, and made purchases of lands for Church purposes, when he was caUed (1835) to Ilhnois. The impetus given to the development of the Church in Michigan during this period resulted in the organization of a diocese. McCoskry was born in Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 9, 1804. He entered the U. S. Mihtary Academy, 1820, where he remained for two years. He then entered Dickinson College, Carlisle, and was gradu- ated 1825. Studying law, he was a successful practitioner for six years, holding for a time the deputy attorney generalship for Cum- berland County. He began his preparation for orders, 1831 ; was ordered deacon, in Christ Church, Reading, March 28th, and priested in the same church, Dec. 13, 1833, by H. U. Onderdonk. After a brief term of service at Reading he became rector of St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia. He was consecrated, July 7, 1836, bishop of Michigan, in St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, by Bishops H. U. Onderdonk, Doane, and Kemper. On entering upon his see, McCoskry accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's, Detroit, which he retained for twenty-seven years. Columbia College and the University of Pennsylvania con- ferred upon' him the doctorate in divinity, 1837. On his visit to England at the jubilee of the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, he received from Oxford the degree of D.C.L. His administration was marked by great growth and develop- ment. After nearly forty-two years of service he tendered his resignation, March, 1878, "owing to failing health and infirmities of age, which hinder the efficient administration of the affairs of the diocese." He was then in his seventy-fifth year. Charges having been made against his character, he withdrew his resignation, de- manding an investigation. With the vacillation of age, and weak- ened mentally and physically, he renewed his resignation, but before the House of Bishops could investigate, sailed for Europe. At a meeting of the House in New York, Sept. 3, 1878, he was deposed. It is but just to say that at this meeting a quorum was obtained with great difficulty, and that many are not satisfied with the decision there reached. He died in New York, August, 1886. Works. — McCoskry left nothing but his official addresses, etc. 73 RIGHT REVEREND LEONIDAS POLK, D.D. Xeonibas polk. Born at Raleigh, N. C, April lo, 1806, Leonidas Polk was gradu- ated at the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, 1827. It was dur- ing his connection with the academy that he received holy baptism at the hands of the Rev. Charles Pettit Mcllvaine, and shortly after his graduation he was confirmed in Christ Church, Raleigh, by Ravenscroft. Resigning his commission in the army with a view to entering the ministry, he was admitted to the diaconate in the Monumental Church, Richmond, Va., by Bishop Channing Moore, April 1 1, 1830, and was advanced to the priesthood by the same prelate in Christ Church, Norfolk, Va., May 22, 1833. His service as assistant to the bishop at the Monumental Church was terminated by loss of health, which made a visit to Europe necessary, and on his return he removed to Tennessee, where he became rector of St. Peter's, Columbia. In 1835 he was a deputy to the General Convention. In 1838 Columbia College conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. Chosen by the General Convention to the missionary episcopate, he was consecrated bishop of Arkansas and the Indian Territory south of 36'-' 30' of latitude, with provisional charge of Alabama, Mississippi, and the republic of Texas, in Christ Church, Cincinnati, Dec. 9, 1838. His consecrators were Bishops Meade, Smith, Mcll- vaine, and Otey. In 1841 he was elected first bishop of Louisiana, and resigned his missionary episcopate. Polk was a judicious administrator, a scholarly theologian, an elo- quent preacher, and an influential member of the Upper House. His views were those of the " Evangelical " school ; and his broad cul- ture and sympathetic interest in the young led him to take an ac- tive part in the first foundation of the University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn. Intense in his Southern sympathies, and still retaining his interest in military matters, on the breaking out of the Civil War he threw himself heartily into the secession movement, and was commissioned a major-general of the Confederate forces. While on duty in the vicinity of Marietta, Ga., he was mortally wounded, and died in the faith and peace of God, June 14, 1864. Works. — Other than his official addresses, etc., Polk left nothing in print. 75 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM HEATHCOTE DE LANCEY, S.T.D., LL.D., D.C.L. MtUiam Ibeatbcote be ILance^, The descendant of one of the most prominent and devout Church- men of the colonial Church, the first bishop of Western New York was born on the family estates in Mamaroneck, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1797, and was graduated at Yale College, 181 7. He studied under Hobart, and was ordained by him to the diac- onate in St. John's Chapel, New York, Dec. 28, 18 19, and to the priesthood in Trinity Church, March 6, 1822. He then became an assistant minister of the united parishes in Philadelphia, under the charge of White, and was afterward appointed for duty at St. Peter's Church. He was secretary of the Pennsylvania Convention, 1823-30, and of the House of Bishops, 1823-29. In 1828 he was chosen pro- vost of the University of Pennsylvania, which position he retained for five years. In 1833 he resumed his duties as assistant minister at St. Peter's ; and on the death of White he was chosen to the rec- torship of the parish, which now for the first time became indepen- dent of Christ Church. On the division of the diocese of New York by the creation of the western portion of the State as'an independent see, De Lancey was chosen the first Bishop of Western New York. The consecration took place in St. Peter's Church, Auburn, May 9, 1839. The con- secrators were Bishops Griswold, the two Onderdonks, and Doane. De Lancey established his home at Geneva, making Trinity Church in that town his pro-cathedral, and giving special attention to the development of Geneva, afterward known as Hobart, College. Yale conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity, 1828; Union gave him the degree of LL.D., 1847; and Oxford made him a D.C.L., 1852. After a judicious and successful administration, with the evidence of growth on every side, and possessing the love, the confidence, and the profound respect of his diocese and the Church at home and abroad, De Lancey " fell asleep " at his home in Geneva, April 5, 1865- Works. — 1. Several tracts (one on the " Duties of Churchwardens and Vestrymen ") ; 2. "An Historical Sermon on the Centennial of St. Peter's, Philadelphia"; 3. The " Annual Addresses " to his diocese (one of which gives in detail the account of his visit to England at the time of the jubilee of the Venerable Society) ; 4. Charges and pastorals. 77 RIGHT REVEREND CHRISTOPHER EDWARDS GADSDEN, D.D. (Tbnetopber lEbwarbs (Babsben, The successor of Robert Smith, Theodore Dehon, and Nathaniel Bowen in the episcopate of South Carolina was born in Charleston, Nov. 25, 1785, and was graduated at Yale in the class of 1804. Ordered deacon in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, July 25, 1807, by Bishop Benjamin Moore, and priested in Bruton Church, Wil- liamsburgh, Va., by Bishop Madison, April 14, 18 10, Gadsden served for two years at St. John's, Berkeley, S. C, and then removing to his native city, he was first assistant minister, and, 18 14, rector of St. Philip's Church. In this cure of souls he remained until his con- secration to the episcopal office. In 18 15 he received the degree of D.D. from South Carolina College. Gadsden's consecration took place in Trinity Church, Boston, June 21, 1840. The consecrators were Bishops Griswold, Doane, and McCoskry. After an administration marked by growth and spiritual development, and made noteworthy by his untiring labors and marked successes, he entered into rest at Charleston, June 24, 1852, and his remains were interred in the chancel of St. Philip's Church. " He, being dead," by the holiness of his life and conver- sation "yet speaketh." Works. — 1~" Sermon on the Death of Bishop Dehon, and an Essay on his Life " (1833).; 2. " The Prayer-book as it Is " ; 3. Three charges to the clergy. 79 y- ' RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM ROLLINSON WHITTINGHAM, S.T.D., LL.D. Photographed by W. C. Babcock, from painting by Mrs. Rollinson Colburn. Copyright by Mrs. R. Colburn. Milliam IRolUnson Mbittingbam, Born in the city of New York, Dec. 2, 1805, educated privately, and chiefly by his mother, a woman of the highest culture, Whitting- ham was graduated with distinguished honors at the General Theo- logical Seminary ; was made deacon by Hobart in Trinity Church, March 11, 1827; was advanced to the priesthood by Croes, in St. Mark's Church, Orange, N. J., Dec. 17, 1829; and was instituted to the rectorship of that church by the same prelate on the following day. He became rector of St. Luke's, New York, 1831, and in 1836 was made professor of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological Seminary, which position he retained until his consecration. In 1837 Columbia conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. In 1859 St. John's, Annapolis, gave him the doctorate of laws. His consecration to the episcopate of Maryland took place in St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, Sept. 17, 1840. His consecrators were Bishops Griswold, Channing Moore, B. T. Onderdonk, and Doane. Whittingham was a scholar of rare attainments, a sound theologian, an impassioned speaker, a clear debater, and a most devoted bishop. Outspoken, fearless in his defense of the right, scrupulously con- scientious, and self-denying, he will ever be remembered among the foremost bishops of the American Church. His vast collection of books, the largest private library in the country at the time of his death, it is believed, he bequeathed to the diocese, and with his usual modesty gave to it the name of the friend through whose lib- erality the building which contained it was erected. He died at Orange, N. J., Oct. 17, 1879. Works. — While in New York tVhittingham was the editor of several Church serials, and of a " Parish Library of Standard Works," in 13 volumes, annotated and prefaced with great care. He published a reprint of " Palmer's Church History " (l2mo, 1862), which has been several times reissued. With the Rev. J. F. Schroeder, D.D., and other associates, he edited a series of " Essays and Dissertations on Biblical Literature " (8vo, 1829). In connection with the Rev. Prof. S. H. Turner, D.D., he edited Jahn's " In- troduction to the Old Testament. " His charges and addresses, together with his occasional sermons, pastorals, essays, etc., were numerous and of great value. 81 ■^•*v. RIGHT REVEREND STEPHEN ELLIOTT, D.D. Stephen Elliott. Born at Beaufort, S. C, Aug. 31, 1806, Elliott received his col- legiate training for two years at Harvard, and for the remainder of his course at South Carolina College, where he was graduated, 1825. Admitted to the bar, he continued in the practice of law for five years, and then abandoned the legal profession for the study of theology. He was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Bowen, in St. Paul's Church, Charleston, Nov. 8, 1835, and was advanced to the priest- hood by the same prelate, June 22, 1838. After a brief service during his diaconate at Christ Church, Wil- ton, S. C, he was elected professor of sacred literature and the evi- dences of Christianity in South Carolina College. He retained this post until called to the episcopate. He received the doctorate in divinity in 1840 from Columbia College, New York, and Trinity, Hartford. Elliott was consecrated to the episcopate of Georgia in Christ Church, Savannah, Feb. 28, 1841. His consecrators were Bishops Meade, Ives, and Gadsden. On establishing his home in his new see, he became rector of St. John's Church, Savannah. He was appointed, 1845, provisional bishop of Florida. At the same time he estabhshed at Montpelier a diocesan school for girls. After seven years of effort this venture of faith proved unsuccessful and involved the loss of the bishop's entire fortune. Returning to Savannah, he became rector of Christ Church, which position he retained till death. Bishop Elliott entered heartily into the secession movement, and throughout the Civil War was a prominent and influential leader in the efforts for the establishment of the Church in the Confederate States. He died in Savannah, Dec. 21, 1866, beloved and revered of all men. Works. — Besides his official poblications, addresses, pastorals, charges, etc., a volume of " Sermons " was published iii New York after the bishop's decease, with a prefatory sketch of his life. 83 RIGHT REVEREND ALFRED LEE, S.T.D., LL.D. Hlfreb %cc. Alfred Lee was born in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. g, 1807. He was graduated at Harvard, 1827. On taking his degree he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. Turning his attention to- ward the sacred ministry, he entered the General Theological Semin- ary, where he was graduated, 1837. He was admitted to the diaco- nate in Trinity Church, Norwich, Conn., May 21, 1837, by Bishop Brownell, who advanced him to the priesthood in Christ Church, Hartford, June 12, 1838. A few months of his early ministry were spent at St. James's, Poquetanuck, Conn. In September, 1838, he became rector of Calvary Church, Rockdale, Pa., where he remained until he was raised to the episcopate. In 1841 Trinity and Hobart gave him the divinity doctorate. He received the same degree from Harvard in i860, and in 1877 Delaware College, Newark, Del., gave him the doctorate of laws. He was consecrated bishop of Delaware in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Oct. 12, 1 84 1, by Bishops Griswold, Moore, Chase, Brownell, H. U. Onderdonk, Meade, and Mcllvaine. He became rector of St. Andrew's Church, Wilmington. On the death of Smith (1884) he became presiding bishop. He died at Wilmington, April 12, 1887, and his remains rest in the " Old Swedes' " churchyard. Lee was a scholar of wide erudition, well read in the theology of the Calvinistic and Puritan schools; a graceful writer, an earnest and effective preacher, and a mild, though firm and fearless, admin- istrator. His views were " Evangelical." He was deeply interested in the Church's missions abroad, in the work of Christian education, and in all the leading charities and organizations of the " Evangelical " party. He was specially prominent in the conduct and develop- ment of the Mexican mission, and visited Mexico in its behalf, par- ticipating in the work of the Mexican Commission, which resulted in the consecration of Dr. H. C. Riley as bishop of the Valley of Mexico. Of great personal holiness, courteous, cultured, and re- fined, he lived the life of a true-hearted bishop. Works.— I. " Life of St. Peter " ; 2. " Life of St. John " ; 3. " Voice in the Wilder- ness " ; 4. Five episcopal charges; 5. "A Life Hid in Christ with God," memoir of Susan Allibone, chiefly from her diary and letters (8vo, 1855) ; 6. Ordination sermon on I Timothy iv. 16; 7. Six sermons, viz.: "The Unsearchable Riches of Christ"; " The Uncertainty of the Morrow " ; " The Society of Divine Origin " ; " The Lamb the Light of the Church " ; " The Voice of the Spirit to His Church " ; Sermon before the General Convention of 1868; 8. " Cooperative Revision of the New Testament " (1881) ; 9. " Eventful Nights in Bible History" (1886) ; 10. Occasional addresses, etc. 85 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN JOHNS, D.D., LL.D. Jobn Johns* John Johns, fourth bishop of Virginia, was born in New Castle, Dei., July lo, 1796. He was graduated at Princeton, 1815, admitted to the diaconate by White, in St. James's Church, Philadelphia, May 6, 18 19, and advanced to the priesthood by Kemp, in All Saints' Church, Fred- ericktown, Md., July 26, 1820. Johns remained at Fredericktown for eight years. Removing at the end of this period to Baltimore, he became rector of Christ Church in that city, retaining this cure of souls until his consecration. In 1834 he received the doctorate in divinity from Princeton and from the University of New York ; and in 1855 William and Mary College conferred on him the doc- torate of laws. Johns was consecrated assistant bishop of Virginia, in the Monu- mental Church, Richmond, Oct. 13, 1842. His consecrators were Bishops Griswold, Meade, Ives, and Whittingham. In 1844 Bishop Johns accepted the presidency of William and Mary College, which he retained for five years. He was also at the head of the Theo- logical Seminary of Virginia for a number of years. On the death of Meade (1862) he became bishop of Virginia. He died April 5, 1876. Johns was eloquent, earnest, and devout. In fullest sympathy, doctrinally and personally, with the leaders of the "Evangelical" school of thought, his personal magnetism impressed the views he held upon several successive generations of the young Southern clergy, and his influence is still felt. He was a man of God, true- hearted, lovable, and holy in life ; beloved and venerated in death. Works. — Besides " A Memoir of Bishop Meade" (i2mo, Baltimore, 1867), which is minute, interesting, and a most valuable contribution to Virginia Church history. Bishop Johns published but little. His episcopal addresses, pastorals, charges, and a few tracts, are all that are to be found in print. 87 RIGHT REVEREND MANTON EASTBURN, S.T.D., LL.D. ni>anton lEastburn* The coadjutor and successor in Massachusetts of the venerable Griswold was born in Leeds, England, Feb. 9, 1801. Brought by his father to the United States in childhood, he entered Columbia College in his thirteenth year, and was graduated 181 7. Pursuing his studies for orders at the General Theological Seminary, he completed his course, 1821 ; was admitted to deacon's orders by Hobart, in St. John's Chapel, New York, May 16, 1822; and the same bishop advanced him to the priesthood, Nov. 13, 1825. For the first five years of his ministry Eastburn was assistant minister of Christ Church, New York; in 1827 he became rector of the Church of the Ascension in the same city; in 1835 he received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia ; and in 1870, Griswold Col- lege, Davenport, la., conferred upon him the doctorate of laws. In 1838 he declined an election to the episcopate of Maryland. He was consecrated bishop coadjutor to Griswold in Trinity Church, Boston, Dec. 29, 1842, by the presiding bishop, assisted by Bishops Brownell, B. T. Onderdonk, and De Lancey. On the death of the bishop of the Eastern Diocese, Eastburn became the bishop of Massachusetts. He died in Boston, Sept. 12, 1872, and was buried at Dedham, Mass. The third bishop of Massachusetts was an excellent classical scholar, a theologian, a man of culture. Strongly partizan in his prejudices and prepossessions, an " Evangelical of the Evangelicals," fearless in defense of his views, and intolerant of contradiction or opposition, his episcopate was not free from strife. He was a critical admirer of " our inestimable liturgy," ever contending, with Herbert, as to "the prayers of our mother,- the Church of England," that " there are no prayers like hers." His strong insistence upon " Evan- gelical " principles brought him into collision with the " High Church- men," but menof all shades of opinion learned to appreciate and admire the honesty and truthfulness of one who consistently held through life to the principles that had made his pastorate memorable, and that gave to his episcopate a distinctive character that is still re- membered with respect. Works. — l. "Four Lectures on Hebrew, Latin, and English Poetry" (1825); 2. "Lectures on the Phihppians " (8vo, 1833); 3. "Oration at the Semicentennial of Co- lumbia College " (1837). He was a contributor to the volume of " Essays and Disser- tations on Biblical Literature" (1829). He printed numerous charges, etc., and edited Thornton's " Family Prayers." 89 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN PRENTISS KEWLEY HENSHAW, D.D. 5obn Prentiss Ikewle^ Ibensbaw* The Church in Rhode Island had formed part of the see of Sea- bury, and the signature of the first American bishop — " S. Bp. Conn, et Rho. Ins." — is found attached to many official documents and let- ters. Bass of Massachusetts, and Jarvis of Connecticut, succeeded to the episcopal oversight of Rhode Island. On the dissolution of the Eastern Diocese the see made choice of its first bishop who was unassociated with another charge. Henshaw was born in Middletown, Conn., June 13, 1792. He was graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., 1808, pursuing post- graduate studies at Harvard. He was admitted to deacon's orders in St. Michael's, Bristol, R. I., by Griswold, and was advanced to the priesthood in St.Ann's, Brooklyn, N. Y., June 13, 1816. His diaconate was spent at St.Ann's. He entered, when priested, upon the rectorship of St. Peter's Church, Baltimore, where he remained until called to Rhode Island. He was consecrated in St. John's Church, Providence, R. I., Aug. II, 1843, by Bishops Brownell, B. T. Onderdonk, Hopkins, Doane, Whittingham, and Johns. His alma mater conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity in the year of his consecration. On his coming to Rhode Island, he accepted the rectorship of Grace Church, Providence, which he held till death. Henshaw was an eloquent preacher and a popular and successful parish priest. His views were those of the " Evangelical " party, and he maintained these principles with an energy and power that won for him a place among the leaders of this school. In later years he grew more conservative in his theological opinions, while his administration was ever just, equitable, and tolerant of conflict- ing opinions. He had an attractive presence, was courtly, and an accomplished conversationalist. He was a faithful priest and bishop. It was while rendering loving service in the diocese of Maryland, where, after years of absence, he was still most affectionately remem- bered, that he "fell asleep," near Frederick City, July 20, 1852. He was buried in the cemetery of Grace Church, Providence, R. I. Works. — i. "Theology for the People" (8vo, 1840); 2. "Hymns for Parochial Use at St. Peter's " ; 3. " Lectures on the Advent of Christ " ; 4. " Tract on Confirma- tion " ; 5. " Sermon on the Jubilee of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel" (1851); 6. Addresses, charges, pastorals, etc. 91 RIGHT REVEREND CARLTON CHASE, D.D. Carlton Cbaee, Seabury visited New Hampshire in the course of his progresses through New England, and Bass accepted the charge of the Church in that State in connection with his own see. The signature " Ed- ward, Bp. Mass. and New Hamp.," is still extant, and the connec- tion of the few clergy in New Hampshire with the union of the churches made the connection of the Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire churches intimate and lasting. At the time of the resolving of the Eastern Diocese into its constituent parts, New Hampshire was ready to choose for its own bishop a native of the State. Chase was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Feb. 20, 1794. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, 181 7 ; admitted to deacon's orders at St. Michael's Church, Bristol, R. I., Dec. 9, 1818, by Griswold, who advanced him to the priesthood in Trinity Church, Newport, R. I., Sept. 27, 1820. His sole charge prior to his consecration was the rectorship of Immanuel Church, Bellows Falls, Vt. In 1839 the University of Vermont conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. He was consecrated bishop of New Hampshire, in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Oct. 20, 1844, by Bishops Philander Chase, Brownell, B. T. Onderdonk, Ives, and Bosworth Smith. Removing to Clare- mont, N. H., he became rector of Trinity Church, which charge he retained for a number of years. He was invited by the standing committee of the diocese of New York, after the suspension of Onderdonk and before the election of Wainwright, to perform episcopal duties in New York. Under this appointment he made three visitations, 1850, 1851, 1852, giving great satisfaction to a diocese restive under the disabilities consequent upon an ecclesiastical sentence which had failed to commend itself to the popular mind. Chase died at his home in Claremont, Jan. 18, 1870. The first bishop of New Hampshire was a man of strong intellec- tual ability, a sound theologian, a faithful and tireless administrator of his see, judicial in his judgments, considerate and affectionate, and possessing the confidence and veneration of all. He was " a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost." Works. — Chase published nothing save his addresses, charges, and a few occasional sermons, together with a valuable contribution on the " History of the Church in Ver- mont," included in Thompson's " Gazetteer." 93 RIGHT REVEREND NICHOLAS HAMNER COBBS, D.D. Bicbolae Ibamner Cobbs, Born in Bedford County, Va., Feb. 5, 1796, and educated pri- vately, the early life of Cobbs was spent in teaching, in which voca- tion he attained a marked success. On turning his attention toward the sacred ministry he was ad- mitted to the diaconate in Trinity Church, Staunton, Va., May 23, 1824, by Channing Moore, who advanced him to the priesthood, May 22, 1825, in the Monumental Church, Richmond. After fif- teen years of pastoral work in the county of his birth, in 1839 he became rector of St. Paul's Church, Petersburg, and in 1 843 rector of St. Paul's, Cincinnati, O. The following year he was elected to the episcopate of Alabama. Cobbs was a deputy from Virginia to the General Conventions, 1829—41 inclusive. In 1842 Geneva College conferred upon him the degree of doctor in divinity. He was consecrated bishop of Alabama in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Oct. 20, 1844, by Bishops Philander Chase, Meade, Mcllvaine, Doane, and Otey. He died at Montgomery, Ala., Jan. 11, 1861. The first bishop of Alabama was an able and argumentative preacher, a thorough logician, and a student of varied attainments and wide culture. He was faithful in his administration, and his memory is cherished by a grateful people. Works. — i. Sermon on "The Doubting Christian Encouraged" (several times re- printed) ; 2. Occasional discourses and episcopal addresses. 95 RIGHT REVEREND CICERO STEPHENS HAWKS. Cicero Stephens 1bawf?6. The successor of the apostolic Kemper in the half of his original missionary jurisdiction, and the first bishop of Missouri elected by the clergy and laity of the diocese, was born at Newbern, N. C, May 26, 1 812. He was graduated at the university of his native State, at Chapel Hill, 1830. He received deacon's orders in St. Thomas's Church, New York, Dec. 8, 1834, from Bishop B. T. Onderdonk, who ad- vanced him to the priesthood in Trinity Church, Ulster, N. Y., July 24, 1836. His diaconate was spent at Trinity Church, Ulster. On becoming a priest he accepted the rectorship of Trinity Church, Saugerties, N. Y. In 1837 he became rector of Trinity Church, Buffalo, N. Y. In 1843 he removed to Missouri, and was rector of Christ Church, St. Louis, until his election to the episcopate. He was consecrated bishop of Missouri in Christ Church, Phila- delphia, Oct. 20, 1844, by Bishops Philander Chase, Kemper, McCoskry, Polk, and De Lancey. He died in St. Louis, April 19, 1868. The administration of the first bishop of Missouri was uneventful, save in the rapid growth and development of the Church through- out the State. The bishop was an eloquent preacher, a man of cul- ture and refinement, and a wise, conservative, and tolerant diocesan. He died universally beloved and regretted. Works. — Hawks published nothing save his official addresses, charges, and pastorals, which are found in the Convention " Journals " of Missouri. 97 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM JONES BOONp, M.D, Milliam Jonee Boone, The first foreign missionary bishop sent forth to his apostohc labors by the Church in the United States was born at WaUer-- borough, S. C, July i, 1811. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina, 1829. He was admitted to the bar after a full course of study, 1833 ; but turn- ing his thoughts toward the work of the ministry, he abandoned the profession of the law, and after taking the course at the Theological ' Seminary of Virginia, he gave himself to the foreign missionary work of the Church. With a view of adding to his qualifications for suc- cessful labor in China he pursued a course of medical study at the College of South Carolina, and received the degree of M,D. Boone was made deacon in St. Peter's Church, Charleston, Sept. 18, 1836, by Bishop Bowen, who advanced him to the priesthood in St. Michael's Church, March 3, 1837. His appointment as a mis- sionary to China immediately followed his admission to priest's orders, and he sailed for his distant field, July 8, 1837- In 1844 he was chosen to the missionary episcopate of China by the Church in General Convention, and was consecrated in St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, Oct. 26, 1844, by Bishops Philander Chase, Doane, Otey, and Henshaw. He sailed on his return to China, Dec. 14, 1844, S-nd ministered for twenty years with great assiduity and suc- cess in the field to which he had devoted his life, dying at Shanghai, July 17, 1864. Bishop Boone was preeminently a man of God. Cultured in man- ner, winning in his intercourse with others, with unusual linguistic powers, and widely read on all subjects connected with his calling, he labored with all the faithfulness and zeal of an apostle, and laid down his life willingly for the cause of Christ. Works.- — Besides the missionary reports published in "The Spirit of Missions," Boone printed only his contributions to the discussions attending the translation of the Bible into Chinese. 99 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE WASHINGTON FREEMAN, D.D. 6eotGe Masbinoton jFteeman* Little is known of the early life and studies of Bishop Freeman. Born in Sandwich, Mass., June 13, 1789, of an old Puritan family, he had reached the age of thirty-eight years when he was admitted to the diaconate in Christ Church, Raleigh, N. C, Oct. 8, 1826, by Bishop Ravenscroft, who advanced him to the priesthood in Christ Church, Newbern, N. C, May 20, 1827. The first years of his ministry were spent in mission work in North Carolina. In 1829 he accepted the rectorship of Christ Church, Raleigh, which he retained until 1840, when he removed to Columbia, Tenn. Here he spent about a year of service, and then, after a short time given to Swedesborough, N. J., he became rector of Immanuel Church, New Castle, Del. Chosen by the Church in General Convention to the missionary episcopate of "Arkansas and the Indian Territory south of 36)^°, with supervision of the Church in Texas," Freeman, who had received his degree in divinity from the University of North Carolina in 1839, was consecrated in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, Oct. 26, 1844. The consecrators were Bishops Philander Chase, Kemper, Doane, Otey, Henshaw, Polk, Alfred Lee, Whittingham, Elliott, and Johns. He died, after a laborious but use- ful episcopate, at Little Rock, Ark., April 29, 1858. Works. — Bishop Freeman left nothing of importance in print save his annual reports to the Board of Missions, found in " The Spirit of Missions." .^^ ■«*«S!^. RIGHT REVEREND HORATIO SOUTHGATE,.D.D. Iboratio Soutboate, The first missionary bishop of thie American Church to the Orient was born in Portland, Me., July 5, 1812. Graduating at Bowdoin College, 1832, he entered the Andover Theological Seminary, intending to become a Congregationalist minister. The study of church history led him to ask for confirma- tion at the hands of Griswold. He was ordered deacon in Trinity, Boston, July 12, 1835. Appointed by the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society to investigate the openings for mission work in Turkey and Persia, he sailed for his field of labor, April 24, 1836, and continued his investigations for two years. He was advanced to the priesthood in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, Oct. 3, 1839, by B. T. Onderdonk, and in the following spring sailed for Constan- tinople as missionary to the dominions of the sultan of Turkey. He received consecration to the missionary episcopate in Turkey in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, Oct. 26, 1844. The consecrators were Bishops Philander Chase, Whittingham, Elliott, Johns, and Henshaw. He returned to Constantinople in 1845, continuing in his work until 1849, when he tendered his resignation, which was accepted, 1850. He organized St. Luke's Church, Portland, 1851 ; became rector of the Church of the Advent, Boston, 1852, remaining there for over five years; 1859— 1872 was rector of Zion Church, New York. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia, 1845, S-'^d from Trinity, 1846. He died, April 12, 1894, at Astoria, N. Y. The principles of missionary operations under which he attempted the introduction of a purer practice among the Oriental Churches were those which were determined by the American Church. The principles of non-interference with the Christian Churches existing in those countries, save in educational work, the circulation of the Word, etc., are now accepted by nearly all missionaries. The fail- ure of the Church to support him in his judicious and conservative work is to be regretted. He was a half-century ahead of his times. Works. — l. "A Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia'' (2 vols., l2mo) ; 2. "A Visit to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia" (i2mo, 1844) ; 3. " A Trea- tise on the Antiquity, Doctrine, Ministry, and Worship of the Anglican Church '' (i2mo, 1849; published in modern Greek at Constantinople); 4. "Practical Directions for the Observance of Lent " {1850) ; 5. " The War in the East " (1855) ; 6. " Parochial Ser- mons " (i860) ; 7. " The Cross above the Crescent " (1877) ; 8. " Christus Redemptor : Life, Character, and Teachings of Our Lord"; 9. "Gone Before"; 10. "Manual of Consolation"; 11. " Many Thoughts about Our Lord" (1880) ; 12. Occasional papers. 103 RIGHT REVEREND ALONZO POTTER, D.D., LL.D. Hlon30 potter. The third to fill the chair of the venerable William White, first bishop of the American Charch in the line of succession from Can- terbury, was born in Beekman (La Grange), Dutchess County, N. Y., July 6, 1800. Graduating at Union College, 18 18, he was the following year appointed to a tutorship in his alma mater, and, 1821, became pro- fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy. Potter was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Hobart, May i, 1822, and was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Brownell, Sept. 16, 1824. In 1826 he became rector of St. Paul's, Boston, where he remained for five years. In 1831 he was appointed pro- fessor of moral philosophy in Union College, which post he held with distinguished success until his election to the see of Pennsyl- vania. In 1834 Kenyon College conferred on him the degree of doctor in divinity, which was also given him by Harvard, 1843. He received the doctorate of laws from Union, 1846. Potter was consecrated in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Sept. 23, 1845, by Bishops Philander Chase, Brownell, Hopkins, Doane, McCoskry, Whittingham, Alfred Lee, and Freeman. After a bril- liant episcopate, fruitful in every good word and work ; with an un- precedented development of Church activities ; with an increase of communicants, congregations, clergy, never attained before ; with the addition to the diocesan institutions of schools, hospitals, re- treats, colleges, to an extent difficult to realize, the beloved and revered bishop of Pennsylvania died on shipboard in the harbor of San Francisco, July 4, 1865. The Church and country mourned the loss of this great-hearfed bishop of souls. Works. — i. " Political Economy " ; 2. " Handbook for Readers " ; 3. " Principles of Science Applied to the Arts " ; 4. " The School and the Schoolmaster " (written in con- nection with George B. Emerson) ; 5. " The Three Witnesses " (a posthumous volume of the Lowell Lectures) ; 6. Sermons, addresses, charges, pastoral letters, etc. Bishop Potter edited " The Memorial Papers " and a course of lectures on " The Evidences of Christianity." See Bishop M. A. DeW. Howe's " Memoirs." 105 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE BURGESS, D.D. (Beotoe Burmese* The first bishop of Maine was born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1809. He was graduated at Brown University, 1826, and was, 1826-29, a tutor in his alma mater. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Gottingen, and Berlin, 1831-34, and on his return was ordered dea- con in Grace Church, Providence, June 10, 1834, by Bishop Gris- wold. On Nov. 2, 1834, Bishop Brownell advanced him to the priesthood in Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., of which parish he had been chosen rector. He received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity College, 1845, ^^d from Union and Brown, 1846. He was consecrated in Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., Oct. 31, 1847, by Bishops Philander Chase, Brownell, Eastburn, Henshaw, and Carlton Chase. After an episcopate of singular devotion, self- sacrifice, and success, he died at sea near Hayti, where he had just completed an episcopal visitation, April 23, 1866, and was buried at Gardiner, Me., which had been his home, and of which he had been the rector since his entrance upon his see. The first bishop of Maine was beloved of all. Retiring in man- ner and unconscious of the subtle personal magnetism which drew all hearts to himself, it only required the occasion to bring out the stores of learning, covering almost the entire range of knowledge, which made him the most agreeable of conversationalists and the most ready of debaters. He seemed never to forget any informa- tion he had once acquired, and his stores of recondite learning were ever at the use of his friends. Strong in-Tiis integrity, impartial in his judgments, conservative in his administration, he hved a life of. saintliness, and his end was peace. Works. — 1. Academic poem, "The Strife of Brothers" (1844); 2. "The Book of Psalms Translated into English Verse " (1844) ; 3. " The Last Enemy Conquering and Conquered " (1850) ; 4. " Pages from the Ecclesiastical History of New England between 1740 and 1840" (1854'); 5. "Sermons on the Christian Life" (1854); 6. "Catechism on the Church Catechism " ; 7. " List of Persons Admitted to the Order of Deacons in the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1785-1857." Bishop Burgess's five Charges were com- positions of unusual merit. He published several tracts ; " The Stranger in the Church," " Swedenborgianism, " etc., which have had a great popularity. His contribution to "The Popham Memorial Volume" (1864) is of historical authority. See his "Last Journal," with Introduction by Bishop A. Lee. 107 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE UPFOLD, D.D., LL.D. (3eotge XDlpfolb. The original appointment of the apostolic Kemper as missionary- bishop was to Missouri and Indiana. In the development of his work the surrender of Missouri to Hawks as the first diocesan of the Church in that State was shortly afterward followed by the separa- tion of Indiana from Kemper's charge and the election for this new diocese of a bishop of its own. Upfold was born at Shemly Green, near Guilford, Surrey, Eng- land, May 7, 1796. At the age of eight years his father brought him to this country, and the family settled in Albany. N. Y. Up- fold was graduated at Union College, 18 14, and received his degree in medicine at the College: of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, 18 16. The following year he abandoned the practice of medi- cine and began the study of theology under the direction of Bishop Hobart. This prelate admitted hirh to deacon's orders in Trinity Church, New York, Oct. 21, 18 18, and advanced him to the priest- hood in Trinity Church, Lansingburg, July 13, 1820. He remained in Lansingburg for nearly two years, when he was called to New York, where he was successively rector of St. Luke's and St. Thomas's. In 1831 he became rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburg, in which charge he continued until his election to the episcopal office. He received the doctorate in- divinity from Columbia College, 1831, and was made a doctor of laws by the Western University of Penn- sylvania, 1856. Upfold was consecrated, Dec. 16, 1849, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, Mcllvaine, Kemper, and Hawks. He died in Indianapolis, Aug. 26, 1872. Works. — i. "The Last Hundred Years" (1845); 2. "Manual of Devotions for Domestic and Private Use" (1863); 3. Episcopal addresses, occasional sermons, pasto- rals, and charges. 109 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM MERCER GREEN, D.D. Photo by W. C. Babcock, from painting by Miss Helen Frances Colburn. TOilUam fIDercer (Breen, The first bishop of the American Church in Mississippi was born in Wilmington, N. C, May 2, 1798. He was graduated at the University of North Carohna, Chapel Hill, 181 8. He received deacon's orders from Bishop Channing Moore in Christ Church, Raleigh, April 29, 1821, and was advanced to the priesthood by the same prelate in St. James's Church, Wil- mington, April 20, 1823. For four years Green was rector of St. John's Church, Williamsboro'. Removing to.Hillsboro', he became rector of St. Matthew's Church, in which charge he remained until 1837, when his alma mater called him to the chair of belles-lettres and rhetoric, in which position he continued until his election to the episcopal office. In 1845 Green received the doctorate in divinity from .he University of Pennsylvania. He was consecrated to the episcopate of Mississippi, in St. Andrew's Church, Jackson, Miss., Feb. 24, 1850, by Bishops Otey, Polk, Cobbs, and Freeman. After a long and honored episcopate he " fell asleep," beloved and revered by all men, at his summer home at Sewanee, Tenn., Feb. 13, 1887. Few more saintly men have adorned the annals of the episcopate than Bishop Green. His life was a benediction and his memory lives in the hearts of his people. Works. — i. " A Memoir of Bishop Ravenscroft " ; 2. Occasional sermons, charges, addresses, pastorals. RIGHT REVEREND JOHN PAYNE, D.D. Jobn Ipaigne. The first missionary bishop of the American Church sent to Africa was a native of Virginia, where he was born, in Westmoreland County, Jan. 9, 18 15. He was graduated at the College of William and Mary, Williams- burg, Va., 1833, and in 1836 completed his theological course at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, near Alexandria. Having con- secrated his hfe to the foreign missionary work, he was admitted to deacon's orders in Christ Church, Alexandria, July 17, 1836, by Bishop Channing Moore. He sailed directly for his chosen field, and prosecuted his missionary work for nearly five years ere returning to this country for ordination to the priesthood, and also for the restoration of his health, which had been undermined by the African cHmate. The bishop of Virginia, who had made him a deacon, con- ferred priest's orders upon him in St. George's Church, Fredericks- burg, July 18, 1 84 1. He returned at once to his mission field, where he remained until recalled by the Church for consecration to the mis- sionary episcopate of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent. In 1851 his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of doctor of divinity. Payne was consecrated in Christ Church, Alexandria, Va., July II, 1851, by Bishops Meade, Eastburn, Lee, and Johns. Returning to Cape Palmas, he prosecuted his work with increased vigor unti. 1 87 1, when, in failing health, he returned to the United States and resigned his missionary charge ; which resignation was accepted with every recognition of the long and valued services rendered to the Church and in behalf of the race to whose service he had con- secrated his life. Payne died at his Virginia home in Westmoreland County (to which he had given the name of an African mission station very dear to his heart — Cavalla), after an honored and useful Hfe, Oct. 23, 1874. Works. — Missionary reports published from time to time in the " Spirit of Mis- sions," and richly deserving of being collected and published in more permanent form. "3 RIGHT REVEREND FRANCIS HUGER RUTLEDGE, D.D. jFrancis Ibuger IRutlebge* The first bishop of the American Church in Florida was a native of Charleston, S. C, and was born April ii, 1799. He was graduated at Yale, 1820, and completed his course of study for orders at the General Theological Seminary, New York. He was admitted to the diaconate in the parish church of Prince George, Winyaw, S. C, May4, 1823, by Bishop Bowen, and received priest's orders from the hands of the same prelate in St. Paul's, Rad- cliffe, Nov. 20, 1825. The early years of his ministry were spent in Christ Church parish, in South Carolina. In 1827 he became in- cumbent of Grace Church, Sullivan's Island, having charge besides of St. Thomas's and St. Denis's. He remained in this arduous field of labor until 1839, when he removed to Florida to take charge of Trinity Church,, St. Augustine. After six years' service in this cure, Rutledge, who had received his doctorate in divinity from Hobart College, 1844, removed to Tallahassee, where he became rector of St. John's Church. In this cure he continued until his election to the episcopate. Rutledge was consecrated in St. Paul's, Augusta, Ga., Oct. 15, 1 85 1, by Bishops Gadsden, Elliott, and Cobbs. After a laborious and self-denying episcopate he entered upon rest, Nov. 6, 1866, and was buried in the churchyard of Claremont parish, Stateburg, S. C. Works. — Occasional sermons and episcopal addresses. The pastorals issued by Bishop Rutledge during the Civil War, and the prayers he set forth for use in his see, were so free from bitterness and so charitable in spirit as to be models of composition, most cred- itable to their author. "5 ■n RIGHT REVEREND JOHN WILLIAMS, D.D., LL.D. 3obn MilUame. Descended from a distinguished Puritan ancestry, John Wil- liams was born in Deerfield, Mass., Aug. 30, 181 7. He was educated at Harvard, migrating before graduation to Trinity, where he took his degree, 1835. Of this institution he be- came tutor, professor, trustee, president, and chancellor. He was admitted to deacon's orders in Christ Church, Middle- town, Conn., Sept. 2, 1838, by Bishop Brownell, who advanced him to the priesthood in the same church, Sept. 26, 1841. His diacon- ate was spent at Christ Church. When priested he became rector of St. George's Church, Schenectady, N. Y. He received docto- rates in divinity from Union, 1847, Trinity, 1849, Columbia, 1852, and Yale, 1883. Hobart conferred the doctorate of laws, 1870. His presidency of Trinity continued 1848-53. Williams was consecrated to the coadjutor bishopric of Connecti- cut, Oct. 29, 1 85 1, in St. John's Church, Hartford, by Bishops Brownell, Hopkins, Eastburn, Henshaw, Carlton Chase, Burgess, and De Lancey. He became bishop of Connecticut on the death of Brownell, and on the death of Alfred Lee became presiding bishop. The administration of Bishop Williams has been marked by an almost unprecedented growth and development. With the purpose of providing a carefully trained and personally guided body of clergy representing the traditions of the see, he founded the Ber- keley Divinity School at Middletown, of which he is still the honored head. He has not confined his labors to his see. By his writings, his scholarship, his culture, his gifts as an orator, his wise judgment and inflexible fairness, he is in every sense the most prominent prel- ate in the American Church. As a theologian he is conservative, and in full sympathy with the teachings of the post- Reformation Anglican doctors so far as they represent Catholic truth. He is a sympathetic counselor, and a judicious and experienced leader. As the successor of Seabury, he visited England, 1884, assisting at the centennial observance of that bishop's consecration, and re- ceiving many distinguished attentions. Works. — He edited, in 1849, " Hawkstone," a tale in two volumes, " of and for Eng- land " ; in 1851, with copious notes, Browne's " Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles." His own writings are: I. " A Translation of Ancient Hymns"; 2. "Thoughts on the Miracles " ; 3. "Studies on the English Reformation " (the Paddock Lectures for 1881) ; 4. " The World's Testimony to Jesus Christ " (the Bedell Lectures for 1881) ; 5. " Studies in the Book of Acts " (1885) ; 6. " Syllabus for Ecclesiastical History " (1888) ; 7. Mis- cellaneous papers. 117 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY JOHN WHITEHOUSE, D.D., LL.D. Ibenr^ John Mbitebouse. The coadjutor to the aged Chase, and his successor in thie see of Illinois, was born in New York, Aug. 19, 1803. He was graduated at Columbia, 1821, and at the General Sem- inary, 1824. He was admitted to the diaconate in Grace Church, New York, Oct. 10, 1824, by Croes, acting for the bishop of New York, and was priested by White in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Aug. 26, 1827. He became rector of Christ Church, Reading, Pa., 1827, afterward holding the rectorship of St. Luke's, Roches- ter, N. Y., for fifteen years. He assumed charge of St. Thomas's, New York, 1844. He received his D.D. from Geneva, 1834, and an LL.D. from Columbia, 1865. Oxford conferred upon him the D.D., 1866, and on the occasion of the first Lambeth Conference, 1867, Cambridge gave him the LL.D. Whitehouse was consecrated in St. George's Church, New York, Nov. 20, 185 1, by Bishops Brownell, Alfred Lee, Eastburn, Hawks, A. Potter, G. Burgess, and J. Williams. On the death of Chase, 1852, he succeeded to the see of Illinois. He died Aug. 10, 1874. Bishop Whitehouse was an excellent scholar, an eloquent preacher, and an inflexible administrator. He founded the Cathe- dral of SS. Peter and Paul, Chicago. It was largely due to him that the machinations of the disaffected section which finally re- sulted in the " Cummins' Schism " were in a measure rendered innocuous by the conviction and deposition of Cheney. The un- published MSS. of this critical period prove that the full exposure and summary punishment of a leader in this intended disruption did much for the practical defeat of the conspirators. Whitehouse took an active part in the preliminary measures at- tending the convening of the first Lambeth Conference, in recogni- tion of which he was appointed preacher at the opening service. At the General Convention at Baltimore, 1871, the last during his life, he made strenuous efforts to make the return of Cheney to the priesthood easy; the danger threatening the Church, which had occasioned the bishop's measures for upholding her discipline, hav- ing been averted. Works. — Bishop Whitehouse's Convention addresses make up nearly a thousand oc- tavo pages. Besides these, his occasional discourses, etc., are important contributions to the history of the times. The Lambeth sermon and another at the consecration of Bishop Pierce are noticeable productions. 119 RIGHT REVEREND JONATHAN MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT, D.D., D.C.L. Jonathan flDaigbew MaxnwtiGbt Wainwright was born in Liverpool, England, Feb. 24, 1 792. He was graduated at Harvard, 1812, becoming a member of the faculty. He was admitted to deacon's orders by Griswold in Trin- ity Church, Boston, April 13, 181 7, receiving the priesthood from Hobart in Christ Church, Hartford, May 29, 1818. After a brief service at Christ Church he became assistant minister of Trinity, New York, November, 18 19. He was chosen rector of Grace, 1 82 1, where he remained until 1834, when he accepted the rector- ship of Trinity, Boston. He returned to New York, 1836, resum- ing his position at Trinity, being placed in charge of St. John's Chapel. He received his doctorate from Union, 1823, and from Harvard, 1835. He received, as secretary of the American House of Bishops, the honorary D.C.L. from Oxford, 1852. Efforts to remit the sentence of Onderdonk having failed, special legislation to relieve the situation was taken in the General Conven- tion of 1850, and on Nov. 10, 1852, in Trinity Church, New York, under the canon enacted for this purpose, Wainwright was conse- crated provisional bishop of the diocese. The consecrators were Bishops Brownell, Doane, Kemper, De Lancey, Whittingham, C. Chase, A. Potter, Upfold, and J. Williams, and the Most Rev. Dr. Francis Fulford, bishop of Montreal and metropolitan. He died in New York, Sept. 21, 1854. The first provisional bishop of New York was a critical scholar, a conservative and high-minded clergyman, a well-read theologian and canonist, and a polished gentleman. His life was devoted to his calhng, and his sympathetic aid was ever extended to Church and individual needs. Works.— I. "Four Sermons on Religious Education and Filial Duty" (1829); 2. " Lessons on the Church " ; 3. " Order of Family Prayer " (1845 ; reprinted frequently and still in use) ; 4. " Short Family Prayers " (1850) ; J. " The Pathways and Abiding- places of our Lord" (4to, 1851) ; 6. " The Land of Bondage: Its Ancient Monuments and Present Condition " (4to, 1852). Wainwright edited an illustrated edition de luxe of the Book of Common Prayer, used in the preparation of the critical " Standard " of 1844. He edited " A Book of Chants, Adapted to the Morning and Evening Service of the Church " (1819), and a volume en- titled " The Music of the Church " (1828). In connection with Muhlenberg he edited " The Choir and Family Psalter " (1851). He was the editor of Bishop Ravenscroft's " Memoir and Sermons," and of an American reprint of the " Life of Bishop Heber." After his decease a memorial volume of sermons, thirty-four in number, was published by his widow, 1856. RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS FREDERICK DAVIS, D.D. XTbomas jFrebenck Davie. A NATIVE of North Carolina, born at Wilmington, Feb. 8, 1804, and graduated at the university of the State, at Chapel Hill, 1822, Davis was ordained to the diaconate in St. James's Church, of the city of his birth, Nov. 27, 183 1, by Bishop Ives, and was priested by the same bishop in St. Bartholomew's Church, Pittsboro', Chat- ham County, Dec. 16, 1832. His diaconate was spent at Pittsboro' and Wadesboro'. He was subsequently rector of St. James's, Wilmington, and of St. Luke's, Salisbury. In November, 1 846, he became rector of Grace Church, Camden, S. C. On his election to the episcopate of South Carolina he received his doctorate in divinity from Columbia College, New York,_ and from the University of North Carolina. His consecration took place in St. John's Chapel, New York, Oct. 17, 1853, by Bishops Brownell, Hopkins, Bosworth Smith, Mcllvaine, and Doane, together with the bishop of Jamaica, W. I., Dr. Aubrey George Spencer, and the bishop of Fredericton, N. B., Dr. John Medley. Bishop Davis, after a faithful and laborious episcopate, died at Camden, S. C, Dec. 2, 1871. Works. — Addresses, occasional sermons, and pastorals. 123 RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS ATKINSON, D.D., LL.D. XCbomas Etkinson, Born in Dinwiddie County, Va., Aug. 6, 1807, and educated in part at Yale, but graduating at Hampden Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Va., Atkinson, on leaving college, first studied law. After nine years' practice in his profession he began a course of preparation for the ministry, and was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Meade in Christ Church, Norfolk, Va., Nov. 18,1836. He was advanced to the priesthood in St. Paul's, Norfolk, May 7, 1837, by Bishop Channing Moore. His ministerial service began at Norfolk, where he served for a short time as an assistant minister. For two years he was rector of St. Paul's, Norfolk. He then accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's, Lynchburg, where he continued in charge for nearly five years. In 1843 he became the rector of St. Peter's, Baltimore; and in 1852 he accepted the charge of Grace Church in the same city, where he remained until his election to the episcopate. In 1846 he received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity College, and in 1862 the University of North Carolina conferred upon him the doctorate of laws. He received the same degree from the University of Cambridge, England, on the occasion of his visit to England to attend the Lambeth Conference of 1867. Dr. Atkinson's consecration to the see of North Carolina took place in St. John's Chapel, New York, Oct. 17, 1853. His conse- crators were Bishops Brownell, Mcllvaine, Doane, Otey, together with the Rt. Rev. Dr. George J. Trevor Spencer, some time bishop of Madras, and the bishop of Fredericton, Dr. Medley. Bishop Atkinson died at Wilmington, N. C, Jan. 4, 1881. He had participated in the measures taken during the Civil War for the organization of the Church in the Confederate States ; but at the close of the strife he was one of the first to return to the Union, and to find a hearty welcome from his brethren and friends. He was a preacher of unusual eloquence, a devout and holy man, one whose life was consecrated and whose end was peace. Works. — l. Sermons on special occasions, lectures, charges, etc. ; 2. A charge on " Sacramental Confession " ; 3. A pamphlet in reply to criticism of the Roman Catholic bishop of Richmond, Va., of the above charge. 125 ffff RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM INGRAHAM KIP, D.D., LL.D. Copyright, 1889, by Anderson. TOilUam ITnGrabam 1kip, The first bishop of the American Church consecrated for California was born in New York, Oct. 3, 181 1. He entered Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., but shortly migrated to Yale, where he was graduated, 1831. After entering upon the study of law, he began his preparation for holy orders at the Virginia Theological Seminary, 1832. The following year he entered the General Theological Seminary, where he was graduated, 1835. Kip received deacon's orders from Bishop B. T. Onderdonk, June 28, 1835, in St. John's Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., and was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Doane in St. Peter's, Morris- town, N. J., Oct. 20, 1835. His successive charges were Morris- town, 1835—36; assistant at Grace Church, New York, 1836-37; and rector of St. Paul's Church, Albany, N. Y., 1837-53. He re- ceived the doctorate in divinity from Columbia, 1847, and was made a doctor of laws by Yale, 1872. His consecration as missionary bishop of California took place in Trinity Church, New York, Oct. 28, 1853. -His consecrators were Bishops Kemper, Boone, Alfred Lee, Freeman, George Burgess, Upfold, Whitehouse, and Wainwright. Proceeding to his distant see, Kip gave himself so successfully to his labors that, 1857, he was chosen by the Convention of the diocese to the episcopate of the see, which now took its place among the confederation of dio- ceses. He was a polished writer, an eloquent speaker, a man of wide culture, a careful historian, a skilful polemic. His life was largely a sacrifice, for his tastes were not specially fitting for pioneer work among " gold-diggers." But having put his hand to the plow he never looked back; and a noble diocese is the full proof of his faithful episcopate. He died in San Francisco, April 7, 1893, full of years and honors. Works. — l. " The History, Object, and Proper Observance of the Holy Season of Lent" (1843); 2. " Earlyjesuit Missions in North America" (1846) ; 3. " Christmas HoH- days at Rome " (i860) ; 4. " The Unnoticed Things of Scripture " (1865) ; J. " The Cata- combs of Rome" ; 6. " The Double Witness of the Church " ; 7. " The^arly Conflicts of Christianity " ; 8. " New York in the Olden Time " ; 9. " Historical Scenes in the Old Jesuit Missions" (1875); 10. "The Church of the Apostles" (1877); 11. "The Early Days of My Episcopate" (1892); 12. Charges: (i) " Lay Cooperation"; (2) "The Characteristics of the Age"; 13. Addresses, pastorals, etc. Nearly all these have passed through numerous editions and are still read. 127 RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS FIELDING SCOTT, D.D. ^boma6 jfielbttiG Scott The first missionary bishop sent to the northern Pacific coast, with jurisdiction including Oregon and Washington Territories, was a native of North Carohna, where he was born in Iredel County, March 123 1807. He was graduated at Franklin College (subsequently the Uni- versity of Georgia), Athens, 1829. Scott received the diaconate at the age of thirty-six, in St. Paul's Church, Augusta, March 12, 1843, from Bishop Stephen Elliott. The same bishop advanced him to the priesthood, Feb. 24, 1844, in Christ Church, Macon. His rectorates were successively St. James's, Marietta, Ga., and Trinity, Columbus. His alma mater conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity, 1853. He was consecrated missionary bishop of the Territories of Ore- gon and Washington in Christ Church, Savannah, Jan. 8, 1854, by Bishops Elliott, Gobbs, and Davis. After a laborious and exhaust- ing service at the remote frontier, Bishop Scott, while on a visit to the Atlantic coast, died in the city of New York, July 14, 1867, and was interred in Trinity cemetery. He was a man of great holiness of life and singular devotion to his work. Works. — The annual reports to the Board of Missions, with a few occasional dis- courses and episcopal addresses, pastorals, etc. 129 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY WASHINGTON LEE, D.D., LL.D. 1benr^ Masbinoton Xee» The diocese of Iowa formed a part of the vast jurisdiction of the apostoHc Kemper for only a few years. It had received three visi- tations from him, when its few clergy organized a diocese. The first bishop of Iowa was born in Hamden, Conn., July 29, 18 1 5. After completing a course of study at the Episcopal Acad- emy of Connecticut, at Cheshire, Lee removed to Taunton, Mass., where he opened a private school, which he kept up until ready for ordination. He was admitted to the diaconate in Grace Church, New Bedford, Mass., May 27, 1838, by Griswold, who advanced him to the priesthood in St. Anne's Church, Lowell, Oct. 9. 1839. He served, during his diaconate, at New Bedford ; then became rector of Christ Church, Springfield, Mass., April 2, 1840. He entered upon the charge of St. Luke's, Rochester, N. Y., 1843. He re- ceived the doctorate in divinity from Hobart, 1850, and from the University of Rochester, 1852. At the first Lambeth Conference, 1867, Cambridge gave him the LL.D. Lee was raised to the episcopate in St. Luke's, Rochester, Oct. 18, 1854, by Bishops Hopkins, McCoskry, George Burgess, De Lancey, Eastburn, and Whitehouse. After an episcopate of nearly twenty years, he died at Davenport, la., Sept. 26, 1874. The first bishop of Iowa laid broad and deep foundations. He founded Griswold College, opened in 1859; secured the Episcopate Fund of upward of fifty thousand dollars ; built the Bishops' House and Cathedral ; obtained endowments for the diocesan college and theological school, and traversed the vast extent of a territory larger than all of England, doing the work of an evangelist and of an apostle. He saw the diocese he had found in utter feebleness ^ake its stand among the leading sees of the middle West, and he died in the midst of plans and purposes for its further development. His theological views were " Evangelical," but he was broad and tolerant. He spared neither himself nor his own for his people's good. Works. — 1. Several Sunday-school books, which attained great popularity; 2. " Family Prayers " Cfrequently reprinted) ; 3. "Convention Addresses," detailing the pro- gress of the Church in lovra and Kansas, of which latter he held for a time the provisional oversight. His charges were thoughtful contributions to the theological literature of the day. An ardent " patriot " during the Civil War, his pastorals breathe a spirit of devo- tion to his country. 131 RIGHT REVEREND HORATIO POTTER, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. Iboratio potter. A YOUNGER brother of the distinguished bishop of Pennsylvania, Horatio Potter was born in Beekman, Dutchess County, N. Y., Feb. 9; 1802. He was graduated at Union College, 1826. He was ordered deacon by Bishop Hobart, July 15, 1827, in Christ Church, Pough- keepsie, N. Y., and was priested by Bishop Brownell in Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., Dec. 14, 1828. His diaconate was spent at Trinity Church, Saco, Me. The following year he was appointed to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy in Washington College (now Trinity). In 1833 he became rector of St. Peter's, Albany, N. Y., where he remained until chosen to the provisional episcopate of his native State. He received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity, 1838; the doctorate of laws from Hobart, 1856; and the D.C.L. from the University of Oxford, i860. Acting under the permissive legislation of the Church assembled in General Convention, and in succession to the lamented Wain- wright, whose administration had been terminated all too soon. Potter was consecrated provisional bishop of New York in Trinity Church, Nov. 22, 1854. His consecrators were Bishops Brownell, Hopkins, Doane, McCoskry, Whittingham, Eastburn, Alonzo Potter, Williams, Whitehouse, H. W. Lee, and the bishop of Montreal, Dr. Fulford. On the decease of Onderdonk, in 1861, Potter be- came the diocesan bishop of New York. He died Jan. 2, 1887, his nephew. Dr. Henry Codman Potter, having been for some years his coadjutor in the episcopal office. His administration had been impartial, vigorous, and successful. In the midst of controversy, and with the environment of much of partizan feeling and strife, the Church grew and converts were multiplied. Works. — i. " Introductory Sermon at St. Peter's, Albany " (1833) ; 2. " Intellectual Liberty: A Discourse" (1837); 3. "Lecture before the Young Men's Association of Troy" (1837); 4. "Sermon on the Death of President W. H. Harrison" (18411; 5. " Religious Tendencies of the Age " (1 844) ; 6. " Rules for Fasting " (1846) ; 7. " Sub- mission to Government the Christian's Duty" (1848) ; 8. " Stability of the Church as Seen in her Historyand Principles " (1848) ; 9. " Sermon on the Death of Hon. Jesse A. Spencer " (1849) ; 10. " Sermon on the Death of President Taylor " (1850) ; 11. "Duties of Justice " (1852); 12. Charges, addresses, pastorals, and pamphlets of various kinds. 133 * » RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS MARCH CLARK, D.D., LL.D. XTbomae ^arcb Claris* The successor of the amiable and devoted Henshaw in the see of Rhode Island was born in Newburyport, Mass., July 4, 1812. He was graduated at Yale, 1831. He studied theology at Prince- ton, 1833—35, and on the completion of his course was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of his native place. Turning his atten- tion to the Church, he applied to the apostolic Griswold for orders, and was made a deacon in Grace Church, Boston, Feb. 3, 1836, and was advanced to the priesthood in the same church and by the same bishop, Nov. 6, 1836. The first years of his ministry (1836—43) were spent at Grace Church, Boston, where he remained until his re- moval to Philadelphia to become the rector of St. Andrew's Church in that city. After a few years' service in that important charge (1843—47) he returned to Boston, and was for a time (1847—50) assistant minister of Trinity Church. Removing to Hartford, Conn., to take the rectorate of Christ Church, Clark remained in this cure (1850—54) until his election to the episcopal office. He received the doctorate in divinity from Union, 185 1, and from Brown, i860. At the Lambeth Conference of 1867 the University of Cambridge conferred upon him the doctorate of laws. Clark was consecrated in Grace Church, Providence, Dec. 6, 1854, by Bishops Brownell, Hopkins, Doane, Eastburn, Southgate, Burgess, Williams, H. W. Lee, and H. Potter. On entering upon his see he became rector of Grace Church, Providence (1854-66), holding that cure for twelve years. The fortieth anniversary of his consecration was celebrated by the clergy and laity of the diocese and by the community at large, 1894. It attested the grateful sense of an attached people of the privileges and blessings of a successful episcopate. Bishop Clark's administration has been a period of growth and development. Tolerant, faithful, earnest, eloquent, a charming writer, a well-read scholar, an able adminis- trator of affairs, his episcopate will ever be a memorable one in the annals of the Rhode Island Church. Works. — i. " Lectures to Young Men on the Formation of Character " (1852) ; 2. "The Efficient Sunday-school Teacher" (1869); 3. "Primary Truths of Religion" (1869); 4. "Readings and Prayers for Aid in Private Devotion" (1888); 5. "Rem- iniscences" (1895); 6. Four episcopal charges, occasional sermons, addresses, pastoral letters, etc. 135 -iaeWj-^.^ RIGHT REVEREND SAMUEL BOWMAN, D.D. Samuel Bowman, Samuel Bowman was born at Wilkesbarre, Pa., May 21, 1800. His early education was carried on under private instructors, while his theological studies were pursued under the direction of the venerable Bishop White. He received the diaconate and priesthood at the hands of this prelate, the first in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Aug. 14, 1823, and the latter in St. James's Church, in the same city, Dec. 19, 1824. His first ministrations were in Lancaster County, where he had charge of two congregations. In 1825 he be- came rector of Trinity Church, Easton, Pa. Returning to his former field of labor in 1827, he became the assistant to the venerable Rev. Joseph Clarkson, the first on whom Bishop White laid hands in ordination; and on the death of this excellent man, in 1830, he became rector of St. James's parish, Lancaster, continuing in this charge till his death. He received the doctorate in divinity from Geneva College in 1843. In 1847 he was elected bishop of Indiana, but declined the appointment. Bowman received consecration as coadjutor bishop of Pennsylvania in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Aug. 25, 1858. His consecrators were Bishops Kemper, De Lancey, Alfred Lee, John Williams, and Horatio Potter. The new coadjutor threw himself heartily and with all his physical strength into the work of the see. His episcopate was brief, but fruitful in every good work. While on a series of visitations in the western portion of the State the destruction of a railroad-bridge by a land-slide (Aug. 3, 1861) compelled the bishop and other travelers by the train to take a walk of several miles. Lingering behind the rest of the passengers, he " fell asleep " by the way, "wearied with the march of life." Found lying on his face by the roadside, his body was tenderly cared for by kind hands, and was laid to rest in the churchyard at Lancaster, among the graves of his parishioners and friends. Works. — A single occasional sermon, with the annual addresses to the Convention, are all of the literary remains of Bishop Bowman which have come to our knowledge. 137 RIGHT REVEREND ALEXANDER GREGG, D.D. Hleyanbet (3xcqq. Born at Society Hill, Darlington District, S. C, Oct. 8, 1819, Gregg was graduated at South Carolina College, 1838, and studied law, securing a wide practice in the northeastern circuit of the State. He was baptized and confirmed in St. David's Church, Cheraw, S. C, 1843, and entered upon a course of study for holy orders. He was admitted to the diaconate in the church of his baptism, June lOj 1846, by Bishop Gadsden, who advanced him to the priesthood in St. Philip's Church, Charleston, Dec. 19, 1847. His sole ministerial charge was that of St. David's, Cheraw. His alma mater conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity, 1859. Gregg was consecrated first bishop of Texas in the Monumental Church, Richmond, Va., Oct. 13, 1859, during the session of the General Convention. His consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Bos- worth Smith, Otey, Polk, Elliott, Green, Davis, and Atkinson. In 1874 his vast see, territorially sufficient for a college of apostles, was divided by the setting off of two missionary jurisdictions, which were committed to the care of bishops of their own. He continued in the full exercise of his apostolic work until July 11, 1893, when, after a long and trying illness, he fell asleep. His administration had been judicious, devoted, and abounding in self-denying labors. He was a man of strong intellectual powers, a graceful writer, a careful and accurate historian, arid of unusual energy and force. He has left his impress on the great State which received him as her first bishop and remembers in love and gratitude his devout and de- voted, life. Works. — l. " Relations of Master and Slave" (a convocation essay, 1852) ; 2. " The Scarcity of Clergymen, the Causes and Remedy " (a Convention sermon, 1856) ; 3. " An Account of the First Meeting of the University of the South" (1857); 4. " Perils and Duties of a Time of War" (1861); 5. "Proper Improvement of Victory in War" (1862); 6. "The Sin of Extortion" (1862); 7. "Eulogy on Hemphill and McLeod," (delivered in the House of Representatives, Austin, 1862) ; 8. Triennial charge on the " Relations of Church and State " (1862) ; q. Second triennial charge, " Relations of the Church to the Church of Rome" (1865); 10. (With Rev. C. Gillette) "A Few Historic Records of the Church in the Diocese of Texas during the Rebellion" (1865); 11. " History of the Old Cheraws " (8vo, 1867). 139 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM HENRY ODENHEIMER, D.D,, D.C.L. Milliam Ibenr^ ©benbeimer* The third bishop of the Church in New Jersey was a native of Philadelphia, and was born Aug. ii, 1817. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, 1835. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop PL U. Onderdonk, Sept. 2, 1838, in St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, and was ordained to the priesthood by the same bishop in St. Peter's Church, Oct. 3, 1841. His sole ministerial charge was St. Peter's Church. The University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity, 1856. Odenheimer was consecrated bishop of New Jersey in St. Paul's Church, Richmond, Va., Oct. 13, 1859, by Bishops Meade, Mc- Coskry, Whittingham, Alfred Lee, Carlton Chase, Hawks, Alonzo Potter, and John Williams. His episcopate was eminently success- ful. He carried on with great vigor the many Church activities set in motion by his great predecessor, and had the satisfaction of see- ing the see of New Jersey divided into two dioceses, of which he chose that of Northern New Jersey. He was an excellent scholar, energetic, active, and tireless in his episcopal work, as he had been during his rectorship ; and he hved and died beloved of all men. He entered into rest at "Riverside," Burlington, N. J., Aug. 14, 1879, and his remains lie in the historic churchyard of St. Mary's in that town. Works. — " Origin and Compilation of the Prayer-book " ; 2. " The True Catholic no Romanist " (1842) ; 3. " Thoughts on Immersion " ; 4. " The Young Churchman Cate- chized" (two parts) ; 5. " The Devout Churchman's Companion" ; 6. " The Private Prayer- book"; 7. "Bishop White's Opinions"; 8. "The Clergyman's Assistant"; 9. Three charges: (l) "The Sacred Scriptures, the Inspired Record of the Glory of the Holy Trinity '•-; (2) " Tlie Church's Povifer in her Controversy with Antichrist " ; (3) " Canon Law," (1847) a volume of his sermons, with an introductory memoir by his widow, appeared in 1881. Bishop Odenheimer's essay on canon law, prepared for the alumni of the Gen- eral Theological Seminary, was the first contribution to this important subject published in the American Church. He also edited, with prefatory matter, Ringelbergius on " Study," and prepared, with F. M. Bird, " Songs of the Spirit" (1871). 141 RIGHT REVEREND GREGORY THURSTON BEDELL, D.D. (5reooti2 tTbuteton BebelL Bedell was born in Hudson, N. Y., Aug. 27, 181 7. He was graduated at Bristol College, Pennsylvania, 1836, and, after a year spent in teaching, entered the Theological Seminary of Vir- ginia, where he completed his course, 1840. He was admitted to the diaconate by his great-uncle, Bishop Channing Moore, in his father's church, St. Andrew's, Philadelphia, July 19, 1840. The same bishop advanced him to the priesthood in Holy Trinity Church, West Chester, Pa., Aug. 29, 1841. His first charge was that of the latter church, from which, 1843, he removed to the Church of the Ascension, New York. He received the doctorate in divinity from Norwich University, Vermont, 1856. His consecration as coadjutor bishop of Ohio took place in St. Paul's Church, Richmond, Va., Oct. 13, 1859. The consecrators were Bishops Meade, Mcllvaine, Johns, Eastburn, Upfold, Rut- ledge, Horatio Potter, and Payne. Upon the death of Mcllvaine his coadjutor became the diocesan of Ohio. The see was divided, 1875, and the diocese of Southern Ohio created. Bedell retaining the northern part. In October, 1889, he resigned his jurisdiction, in consequence of physical infirmities. This resignation was accepted with great re- luctance. He died in New York, March 11, 1892. Bedell was an "Evangelical ' ' by inheritance and choice. His father, the celebrated rector of St. Andrew's, Philadelphia, was a dis- tinguished representative of that party, and throughout his life the bishop was a consistent exponent of the principles he had adopted. His episcopate was abundant in labors and successful in results. Works. — i. "The Divinity of Christ" (1848); 2. "Individual Responsibility for ' Missions to the Heathen " (1848) ; 3. "The Baptismal Renunciation " (1848) ; 4 " The Present Profit of Godliness " (1852) ; 5. " The Sacredness of the Grave " (1854) ; 6. " The Adaptation of Christianity to Man " (1854) ; 7. " Funeral Sermon on the Death of the Rev. David Moore, D.D." (1856); 8. " Fellow-virorkers " (1858); 9. Two sermons: " The Elements " and " The Basis of Parochial Strength " (1859) ; 10. " The Trusteeship of the Gospel " (1864) ; 11. " The Victories of the Reformation," etc. (1869) ; 12. " The Age of Indifference" (1871); 13." Episcopacy, a Fact and a hayf" (1872); 14. "Me- morial Sermon on Bishop Auer "(1874) ; 15. " Woman's Work and Foreign Missions " (1877); 16. "The Church a Teacher" (1877); 17. "Canterbury Pilgrimage" (1878); 18. "The Pastor" (1878). Besides these sermons he edited several tracts written by his father, and issued numerous parochial tractates. His pastoral on " Ritual Uniformity" (1874), his pri- mary charge on " The Personal Presence of the Holy Spirit " (1874), and his " Notes on the Oriental Churches " f 1875), were among his later contributions to Church literature. This list is not exhaustive. (See " Memoirs.") 143 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY BENJAMIN WHIPPLE, D.D. 1benr^ Benjamin Mbipple, Born at Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822, and in early life engaged in business and politics, Henry Benjamin Whipple, on turning his attention to consider the claims of personal religion, " forsook all, and followed Christ." Acting in accordance with the advice of Bishop De Lancey, he became a candidate for holy orders, and was ordered deacon in Trinity Church, Geneva, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1849. The same bishop advanced him to the priesthood in Christ Church, Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., July 16, 1850. After a rectorate of seven years at Zion Church, Rome, N. Y., in the spring of 1857 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, Chicago, where he remained until elected to the episcopate. He was consecrated first bishop of Minnesota in St. James's Church, Richmond, Va., Oct. 13, 1859, by Bishops Kemper, De Lancey, Cobbs, George Burgess, Whitehouse, Scott, H. W. Lee, Clark, and Bowman. At the third Lambeth Conference, in 1888, he received from the University of Cambridge the degree of LL.D. At this gathering of the bishops he preached the opening sermon in Lambeth Chapel, and as the senior American, bishop in attendance, and in view of his distinguished reputation, was the recipient of every attention. Bishop Whipple's administration has been marked by the success- ful work he has undertaken among the Indians, which has won for him the title of the " Apostle to the Red Men." He has made Fari- bault, the seat of the diocesan institutions, a center of culture and Churchly training renowiled throughout the Church. St. Mary's Hall for girls, Shattuck Hall for boys, Seabury Hall, the theological school for the trans-Mississippi bishops and sees, have been founded by this great-hearted bishop, and owe much of their extraordinary success to his fostering care. The diocese has grown and prospered under his administration, and his episcopate will ever be regarded as the golden age of the Minnesota Church. Works. — i. Convention sermon (Illinois); 2. Episcopal addresses; 3. "Indian Papers and Reports " ; 4. Consecration sermons (first bishop of Nebraska and third bishop of Wisconsin) ; 5. Sermon in Lambeth Chapel. A volume of his sermons has been published, comprising some of the above. '45 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY CHAMPLIN LAY, D.D., LL.D. 1benr^ Cbamplin %a^. Born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 6, 1823, Henry Champlin Lay was graduated at the University of Virginia, 1842, and completed his preparatory course for holy orders at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, 1846. He was admitted to deacon's orders in Christ Church, Alexandria, July 10, 1846, by Bishop Meade. After serving as deacon for half a year at Lynnhaven parish, he removed to Alabama and entered upon the charge of the Church of the Nativity, Huntsville. In this church Bishop Cobbs advanced him to priest's orders, July 12, 1848. He received the doctorate in divinity from Hobart College, 1857, and from the College of William and Mary; 1873. Cambridge con- ferred upon him the degree of LL.D., 1867. He was consecrated to the missionary episcopate of Arkansas and the Indian Territory in St. Paul's Church, Richmond, Va., Oct. 23, 1 859, by Bishops Meade, Mcllvaine, Polk, De Lancey, Whittingham, Elliott, Cobbs, and Atkinson. During the Civil War Lay became the diocesan of Arkansas, but on the return of peace the old order was reestablished. In 1868 the see of Easton was created out of that portion of Maryland lying east of the Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna River, and Lay was translated to its charge, April i, 1869. He died in Baltimore, Sept. 17, 1885, and was buried at Spring Hill Cemetery, in his own diocese. Lay was deeply interested in the revision movement out of which grew the " Standard of 1892." He was a most faithful and acceptable missionary bishop, and in his diocesan work showed no abatement of zeal. A well-read theologian, a logical controversial- ist, an earnest and acceptable preacher, and a devout man of God, he was beloved and respected of all men. Works. — i. " Letters to a Man Bewildered among Many Counselors "; 2. " Tracts for Missionary Use " (2 vols.); 3. "Studies in the Church " (1872); 4. "The Lord and His Basket " (a missionary address) ; 5. " Church in the Nation " (Bishop Paddock Lectures, 1885). To these titles should be added missionary reports, occasional sermons, and papers on " Social Science," published from time to time. His sermons ot special note were: 1. " Fidelity to Truth " (i860); 2. " Missionary Success " (i866); 3. "Our Lord a Pattern to Bishops " (1868) ; 4. " The Man of Business " (1870) ; 5. " Longings after Unity" (1873). 147 RIGHT REVEREND JOSEPH CRUIKSHANK TALBOT, D.D., LL.D, Joseph Cruikebank XTalbot. The successor of Kemper and Upfold in the episcopal oversight of Indiana was a native of Virginia, and was born at Alexandria, Sept. 5, i8i6. Educated at the Pierpont Academy of his native city, he removed to Kentucky in 1835, and spent several years in business life in Louisville. In 1837 he received baptism in Christ Church, and was confirmed by Bishop Smith the same year. In 184 1 he began his course of preparation for holy orders, and Sept. 5, 1846, he was made a deacon in Christ Church, Louisville, by Bishop Bosworth Smith. Sept. 6, 1848, the same bishop gave him priest's orders in St. John's Church in the same city. He had organized St. John's Church during his diaconate, and on his receiving the priest- hood he continued in its charge for about seven years. In 1853 he removed to Indiana, and continued in charge of Christ Church, Indianapolis, until set apart for the work of a missionary bishop. The, Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, Pa., conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity in 1854, and the University of Cambridge, England, gave him an LL.D. on occasion of the Lam- beth Conference in 1867. In 1859 the Church in General Convention elected Talbot to the missionary episcopate of the Northwest, a jurisdiction of almost limitless extent, embracing the present States and Territories of Nebraska, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Montana, and Idaho. He was consecrated in Christ Church, Indianapolis, Feb. 15, i860, by Bishops Kemper, Bosworth Smith, Hawks, Upfold, and Bedell. In 1865, after faithful service in the Northwest, Talbot was elected coadjutor to the diocesan of Indiana, and his translation took place the same year. On Upfold's decease he became bishop of the see. He died at Indianapolis, Jan. 15, 1883. Bishop Talbot was a man of great energy, of pleasing address, of marked executive ability, and of unusual devotion to work. He is lovingly remembered throughout the vast extent of territory to which he ministered in holy things ; and his works follow him. Works. — Occasional sermons, addresses, missionary reports, pastorals, and other official papers. 149 r?>:-.'*»- '"'•^^Sv RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM BACON STEVENS, D.D., LL.D. MilUam Bacon Stevens, The son of a United States officer in the War of 1812, and the grandson of a Revolutionary veteran, William Bacon Stevens was born in Bath, Me., July 13, 18 15. After completing his classical studies in Phillips Academy, An- dover, in preparation for entering college, failure of health compelled him to travel abroad for two years, during which time he circum- navigated the globe, spending six months in the Sandwich Islands, where he devoted himself to a thorough investigation of the cus- toms and religious beliefs of the people. He then spent six months in China, where he gave his services in connection with Sir Peter Parker's hospital work among the people of Canton. Returning with a measure of health, he pursued a course in medicine, and re- ceived his degree from Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., and on deciding to make his home at the South, repeated his course of study with special reference to the needs of Southern practice, re- ceiving an ad eundem M.D. degree from the Medical College of South Carolina. It was while in Charleston and engaged in his medical study that he formed the acquaintance with the first bishop of China, Dr. W, J. Boone, which resulted in a lifelong friendship, and which was among the earliest influences drawing him to the Church. Entering upon practice in Savannah, Ga., he pursued his calling with distinguished success for nearly five years, taking special interest in many matters outside of his profession, and receiving in 1841 the appointment of historian of the State of Georgia. Shortly after this recognition of his historical tastes and scholarly attainments he relinquished a lucrative practice and began a course of study for the sacred ministry under the direction of his friend and bishop. Dr. Stephen Elliott. On Feb. 26, 1843, he was admitted to the diaconate in Christ Church, Savannah, by Bishop Elliott, who advanced him to the "higher degree," Jan. 7, 1844, in the same historic church. Elected professor of belles-lettres, oratory, and moral philosophy in the University of Georgia, at Athens, in 1844, he organized Em- manuel Church in that collegiate town, and continued in the exercise of his professorial and rectoral duties until his election to St. Andrew's, Philadelphia, in 1848. He had been a deputy from Georgia to the General Convention the preceding year (1847), ^^id received from the University of Pennsylvania the doctorate in 151 152 THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. divinity the year of his removal to the North (1848). In 1862 Union College conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. While in Italy in 1866-67 o^i account of his health, he was informed \>y his friend, the Rev. Thomas Bosworth, D.D., the distinguished Anglo- Saxon scholar and w^riter, that the University of Oxford had passed the " act " granting him the degree of D.D. ; but his state of health prevented his presence at the encaenia. It was on the sudden demise of Dr. Bowman, the coadjutor of Bishop Alonzo Potter, that Dr. Stevens was chosen to the assistant bishopric of the diocese of Pennsylvania. His consecration took place in St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1862. His consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Alonzo Potter, Horatio Potter, Alfred Lee, Clark, H. W. Lee, and Odenheimer. In 1865 Bishop Stevens, on the death of Bishop Alonzo Potter, became diocesan of Pennsylvania. During Bishop Stevens's episcopate the see of Pennsylvania was twice divided, the diocese of Pittsburg having been formed in 1865, and the diocese of Central Pennsylvania in 187 1. In 1868 Bishop Stevens was appointed by the presiding bishop to take charge of the foreign churches connected with the American Church established on the continent of Europe, which position he held for six years, making extensive visitations throughout his charge, and rendering an exhaustive and most interesting report of the work which had been already done and the prospective openings awaiting the fur- ther efforts of the Church in the United States in this important field. Bishop Stevens's connection with the temporary chapel and church work at the first Paris Exposition, and his founding of the. American Episcopal Church in Paris, as well as his efforts in be- half of the various reform movements on the Continent, are note- worthy events in an episcopate of almost invariable success. Alive to the needs and opportunities of the Church on the continent of Europe, Bishop Stevens also displayed a fervent zeal for the foreign missionary work, which made him a leader in all the general mis- sionary operations of the Church abroad. In the Church's educational work the bishop was equally inter- ested and successful. The noble foundation of Lehigh University, by the Hon. Robert Packer, was made through him, and the insti- tution was shaped in accordance with his advice. The Divinity School at West Philadelphia "received large gifts through his influ- ence, and was an object of his fostering care. The Episcopal Hos- pital had in him an inteUigent adviser, an enthusiastic friend, and a hearty supporter; while numerous other charitable organizations and institutions claim him as founder and friend. He was an elo- quent speaker, an impressive preacher, a charming writer, a man of courtly manners and of great affability. He was a careful student, WILLIAM BACON STEVENS. 153 a well-read theologian, deeply interested in all humanitarian measures, and preeminently a man of God. His more than a quarter-century of episcopal service will ever be remembered as a period of unprecedented Church growth, of which he was largely the inspirer, and ever the competent and interested director. His devotion to the study of God's Word, his habits of private prayer, his consecration of every moment of life to his Master's service, made him an apostle indeed, full of the Holy Ghost, the " angel " of the Church under his charge. Bishop Stevens died in Philadelphia, June ii, 1887, and was buried in the churchyard of St. James the Less, in that city. Works. — i. " Discourse before the Georgia Historical Society " (1841); ij. "History of Silk-culture in Georgia" (1841) ; 3. " History of Georgia" (2 vols., 1847, 1861); 4. " Parables of the New Testament Practically Unfolded " (1855) ; 5. " Consolation : The Bow in the Cloud" (1855); 6. "Home Service" (1856); 7. " The Lord's Day: Its Obligations and Blessings " ; 8. "Past and Present of St. Andrew's, Philadelphia " ; 9."The Sabbaths of our Lord " (1872) ; 10. A volume of sermons (1879) ; 11. Discourses printed abroad and at home; 12. Charges, pastoral letters, episcopal addresses, funeral, patriotic, and occasional sermons, tracts, reviews, pamphlets, etc. He edited the first and second volumes of the " Georgia Historical Society Col- lections," and wrote the preface to the same. The bishop's sermon at St. Paul's Cathedral, London, at the close of the Lambeth Conference of 1878, and published in London and in this country, elicited the fullest commendations of all who heard it, and is a discourse of lasting value. The Memorial edition of his " Parables " (1887) contains a sketch of the author's life. (/2^^^^-/bi-:^>^u^*.^^u^ IRicbatb Ibool^et Milmer. The second bishop of Alabama was born at Alexandria, Va., March 15, 1816. He was graduated at Yale, 1836, and completed the course of study preparatory to ordination at the Virginia Theological Semi- nary, 1839. He was admitted to deacon's orders in the Monumental Church, Richmond, Va., on Easter day, March 31, 1839, by Bishop Channing Moore, who advanced him to the priesthood, Easter day, April ig, 1840, in the same church. His ministry was spent (1839— 43) at St. Paul's, Goochland County, and St. John's, Fluvanna County, Va. ; 1843-44 he was rector of St. James's Church, Wil- mington, N. C. ; 1844-49 he was in charge of Grace and WicklifTe churches, in Clarke County, Va. ; 1850-53 he officiated at Emman- uel Church, Loudon County, and at Trinity, Fauquier County, Va. ; and from 1853 to October, 1858, he had charge of St. Stephen's and Trinity, Bedford County, Va. In 1858 he became rector of Em- manuel Church, Henrico County. He received the doctorate in divinity from William and Mary College, 1859, and from the Uni- versity of the South, 1883. The University of Cambridge conferred upon him the LL.D., 1867. He was consecrated bishop of Alabama in St. Paul's Church, Richmond, Va., March 6, 1862, by Bishops Meade, Elliott, and Johns. At the close of the Civil War the bishop of Alabama resisted the order of the military authority of the United States requiring pray- ers for the de facto government. This action of the bishop, result- ing in the temporary closing of the churches throughout the see and the restriction of episcopal ministrations to private houses or to churches without the limits of the military rule, established for all time to come, in_this land at least, the principle that in spiritualities the Church's rule is supreme. The offensive action of the depart- ment commander was shortly reversed by higher authority. Wilmer's episcopate has been able, vigorous, and abundant in results. He is a sound theologian, a delightful writer, a wise and impartial administrator, an earnest preacher, and a brave and fear- less prelate. Beloved by his people, revered by his brethren, re- spected by all classes and conditions, a wise counselor, an impartial judge, a capable and clever man of affairs, his administration is historic, and will ever be held in remembrance. Works. — l. "Recent Past from a Southern Standpoint" (a delightful volume of reminiscences ; 1887) ; 2. " Guide-books for Young Churchmen " (1889) ; 3. Convention addresses, pastorals, sermons, etc. 155 RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS HUBBARD VAIL, D.D., LL.D. XEbomas Ibubbarb IDaiL Born in Richmond, Va., but of New England parentage, Oct. 21, 1812, tlie first bishop of Kansas was baptized by the Rev. Dr. Buchanan at the Monumental Church of his native city. On the death of his father the family returned to the North. Vail was graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, 183 1, and completed his studies for orders at the General Theological Semi- nary, 1835. He was made a deacon by Bishop Brownell, June 29, 1835, and was priested by Bishop Griswold, Jan. 6, 1837. During his diaconate Vail officiated for a time as assistant to Dr. Wainwright, rector of St. Paul's, Boston, and while serving in this capacity organized All Saints' Church, Worcester, Mass. In 1837 he became rector of Christ Church, Cambridge, where he re- mained till his removal to Connecticut in 1839, to take charge of St. John's Church, Essex. In 1844 he became rector of Christ Church, Westerly, R. I., where he remained for fourteen years. In 1857 he became rector of St. Thomas's Church, Taunton, Mass., and in November, 1863, entered upon the rectorship of Trinity Church, Muscatine, la. He was a deputy from Rhode Island to the General Convention while at Westerly. He received the doc torate in divinity from Brown University, 1858. In 1875 the University of Kansas gave him the doctorate of laws. He was consecrated bishop of Kansas in Trinity Church, Mus- catine, la., Dec. 15, 1864, by Bishops Kemper, Whitehouse, H. W. Lee, and Bedell. He died at Bryn Mawr, Pa., Oct. 6, 1889, and was buried at Topeka, Kan. His administration was earnest and effective. He was a man of courtly manners, agreeable in his bearing, gracious to all men. He founded Bethany College, a school of the higher culture for girls, at Topeka, Kan., and by his devoted labors and earnestness in the pursuit of his high calling endeared himself to all hearts and secured universal respect. Works. — i. "Plan and Outline, with Selection of Books, of a Public Library in Rhode Island" (1838); 2. "Hannah" (1839); 3. "The Comprehensive Church" (1841) ; 4. "Sermon at the Consecration of the Chapel of Griswold College " (1863) ; 5. Addresses, pastorals, reports, and occasional discourses. A volume of charges has been published since his death. He edited Rev. H. F. Lyte's "Buds of Spring," with preface and memoir (1838). 157 W^^'-' '^'S RIGHT REVEREND ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, D.D., LL.D. Httbur Clevelanb Cove. The coadjutor to the noble De Lancey, and his successor after a few months of assistantship, Arthur Cleveland Coxe, poet, preacher, author, prelate, was born at Mendham, N. J., May lo, 1818. The son of a distinguished Presbyterian divine, and a descendant of a missionary in colonial days of the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel, Coxe, having become an earnest Churchman, passed, directly on graduating at the University of New York, in the class of 1838, to the General Theological Seminary, where he completed his studies for- holy orders in 1841. He was made a deacon by Bishop B. T. Onderdonk in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, June 27, 1841, and was priested in St. John's, Hartford, Conn., Sept. 25, 1842, by Bishop Brownell. His diaconate was mostly spent at St. Ann's, Morrisania, New York. Removing to Hartford, Conn., he became rector of St. John's Church, where he continued until 1854, when he entered upon the charge of Grace Church, Baltimore. In 1863 he removed to New York, and was rector of Calvary Church until his consecra- tion. While in Baltimore he was elected bishop of Texas, which office he declined. He received the doctorate in divinity from St. James's College, Hagerstown, Md., in 1856, and from Trinity, Hartford, Conn., in 1868, and again from the University of Durham, England, in 1888. He received the doctorate of laws from Kenyon College, Gambler, O., in 1868. Dr. Coxe was consecrated bishop coadjutor to the first bishop of Western New York' in Trinity Church, Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1865, by Bishops De Lancey, Hopkins, McCoskry, H. Potter, Odenheimer, and J. C. Talbot. On April 5th of the same year Bishop De Lancey died, and Bishop Coxe became the diocesan of the see. In 1872 the missions of the Church in Hayti were placed under the episcopal care of the bishop of Western New York. Late in the year, at no little personal sacrifice, he made a visitation of the island, consecrating the Church of the Holy Trinity, a memorial of Bishop George Burgess, ordaining six priests and five deacons, meeting the clergy of the mission in convocation, and administering confirmation to large numbers of candidates. Bishop Coxe retained the charge of the Haytian Church until the consecration of its own bishop, Dr. J. T. Holly, in 1874. 159 160 THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. Bishop Coxe stands preeminent among the American bishops. In college and seminary days he produced many of his " Christian Ballads," which have won for him the hearts of Churchfolk all over the world. His first visit to England and the continent of Europe awoke the sympathy of English and American Churchmen in the efforts for reform in the Roman communion ; while his " Impres- sions of England " is a loving tribute to the charms of the " old home " as recognized by all Americans with Churchly tastes. The Anglo-Continental Society, which has done so much to disseminate on the Continent a knowledge of Anglican catholicity, is largely an outgrowth of the publication in Oxford of his " Sympathies of the Continent." Ever prominent in his advocacy of the Church's home and foreign mission work, a determined opponent of all changes in the text of our English Bible, a fearless advocate of social reform and Christian purity, a liturgiologist, a critical patristic scholar, a polished writer, an eloquent preacher, with most winning manners and most agreeable in society, Coxe's quarter-century and more of the episco- pate has been an epoch in the annals of his diocese. He is to-day a leader of religious thought, a molder of men, a lover and bishop of souls. Works.' — i. "Advent : A Mystery " (1837); 2. "Athwold " (three cantos, 1838) ; 3. "Christian Ballads" (1840; republished in England 1849, and again and again at home and abroad) ; 4. "Athanasion " (1840) ; 5. "Athanasion, and Other Poems " (1842) ; 6. "Hallowe'en" (privately printed 1842; published 1844); 7. "Saul: A Mystery" (1845); 8. " The Bible Rhyme " (1873) ; 9. " The Ladye Chace " (1877, improved and enlarged edition of "Athwold") ; 10. " The Paschal" (1889; new edition 1893). The above are poems. II. "Absolution and Confession" (1850); 12. " Sermons on Doctrine and Duty" (1855); 13. "Thoughts on the Services" (1859; enlarged edition i860; republished in England; sixteen American editions) ; 14. " The Criterion " (1866; republished in Eng- land) ; 15. "Moral Reforms" C1869) ; 16. " ApoUos ; or, The Way of God"(i87i; English edition 1874); 17. " L'fipiscopat de I'Occident " (Paris, 1874); 18. "Elements of Ecclesiology " (1874) ; ig. " Covenant Prayers " (1875) ; 20. " Institutes of Christian History" (Baldwin Lectures for 1886). Of sermons the bishop has printed the following: I. "The Household of Faith" (1846) ; 2. " Seventy Years Since " (1848) ; 3. "A City not Forsaken " (1849) ;' 4. " The Priesthood and the People" (Oxford, 1851); 5. "The Faithful Witness" (1852); 6. "The New Dogma" (1855); 7- " Counsels of Unity " (1856) ; 8. " Truth and the Times" (1863); 9. " The Mocking of Ishmael " (1863) ; 10. " The Liturgy of Heaven " (1864); II. "The Ministry" (1864); 12. "Restoration of Unity " (1865) ; 13. "A Father in Christ" (1865); 14. "Scriptural Bishoprics " (1866) ; 15. " Choice of a Bishop" (1868): 16. "Practical Wisdom" (1868); 17. "Death of Bishop Burgess" (1869); 18. "The Corporate Witness " (1874); 19. " The Anglican Cathedral" (Can- ada, 187s) ; 20. "The Russian War" (1877). Translations and edited works : i. Wilberforce's " Eucharistica " (1842) ; 2. " Sym- pathies of the Continent; or. Proposals for a New Reformation," by John Baptist von Hirscher, D.D. (Oxford, 1852) ; 3. Laborde on " The Immaculate Conception " (1855) ; 4. "Morals of Liguori" (1856); 5. Croswell's "Poems, with Biography " (i860) ; 6. Mrs. Sherwood's " Stories," with emendations (i860) ; 7. " The Churchman's Calendar " (annually, 1861-66) ; 8. Guett^e's " Papacy" (1866) ; 9. Archbishop Leighton's " Mod- erate Episcopacy " (1868) ; 10. Bishop Burgess's " Poems, with Critical Review " (1869) ; II. "The Ante-Nicene Fathers" (8 vols., 1884-87). Pamphlets, lectures, etc. : I. " Revivalism in the Church " { 1843) ; 2. Tracts xiv., xv.. ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE. 161 xvi., of Parker's series (Oxford, 1850); 3. ." Letter to the Bishop of Arras" (Oxford, 1856) ; 4. " Letter on Dr. Muhlenberg's Memorial " (185b) ; 5. " Apology for the Eng- lish Bible" (1857); 6. " Mixed Societies" (1857); 7. " Memorial of Carey and Patter- son" (1858); 8. " Fixed Principles" (1859); 9. Three tracts (1859); 10. "Address ot Christian Unity Society" (1864); 11. "Letter to Father Nestor" (1865); 12. "Ex- position of the General Convention of 1865 " (1865) ; 13. " The Moravian Episcopate " ; 14. " Signs of the Times " (1869) ; 15. " Letter to Pius IX." (1869) ; 16. " Lectures on Prophecy" (1871); 17. "Catholics and Roman Catholics" (1874); 18. Addresses, charges, etc. RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, D.D., LL.D. Cbarles XCobb (Siuintarb, The successor of the apostolic Otey in the episcopate of Ten- nessee was born at Stamford, Conn., Dec. 22, 1824. He was graduated in medicine at the University of New York, receiving his M.D., 1846. In 185 i he was appointed professor of physiology and anatomy in the Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. Relinquishing his practice, he completed a course of study for orders, and was admitted to the diaconate in Calvary Church, Memphis, Jan. i, 1855, by Bishop Otey, who priested him in the same church, Jan. 6, 1856. His first and only parish was the Church of the Advent, Nashville. During the Civil War he was a chaplain in the Confederate army, and by his devoted labors won the respect and regard of officers and men. At the close of the war he was chosen to the vacant episcopate of Tennessee. His consecration took place in St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, Oct. 1 1, 1865, during the session of the General Con- vention. His consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Burgess, Atkin- son, Bedell, Odenheimer, Stevens, and Coxe, together with the Most Rev. Francis Fulford, bishop of Montreal and metropolitan. Columbia conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity, 1866, and the following year he received, at the time of the Lambeth Confer- ence, the degree of doctor of laws from Cambridge. Quintard's administration has been marked by the revival and development of the Church in Tennessee. He will be held in ever- lasting memory as the second founder and father of the University of the South. The measures undertaken by him for the university began on the very day of his consecration. Not a vestige of build- ings had escaped the desolations of war. Weaving together a rude, rustic cross, the bishop planted the symbol of our redemption where a noble theological hall now stands, and thereupon set about the plans he had adopted, which, after a little more than a quarter- century, attest the foresight, the judgment, the devotion of Sewanee's great-hearted founder and friend. Works. — Prior to his ordination Quintard was a frequent contributor to the medical journals. In his active career as a bishop and a builder of churches and college halls he has published little, though at present engaged on an historical work. "A Plain Tract on Confirmation " and " Preparation for Confirmation," reprinted again and again, with addresses, etc., comprise the list of his printed works. 163 RIGHT REVEREND ROBERT HARPER CLARKSON, D.D., LL.D. IRobert Ibarper Clarkson, The first bishop of Nebraska was a grandson of the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, the first deacon upon whom White laid hands in ordina- tion on his return from England as a bishop. He was born in Get- tysburg, Pa., Nov. 19, 1826. Graduating at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 1844, he pur- sued his studies for orders at St. James's College, Hagerstown, Md., and was ordained to the diaconate in the college chapel, June 18, 1 848, by Bishop Whittingham. Called to the charge of St. James's Church, Chicago, 1849, he was, on reaching the canonical age, ad- vanced to the priesthood in the chapel of Jubilee College, by Bishop Philander Chase, Jan. 5, 185 1. He remained in charge of St. James's Church for twenty years. During the most of this time he was a deputy to the General Convention from Illinois, and when elected to the missionary episcopate of Nebraska, and Dakota was an assistant secretary of the House of Deputies. He received the doctorate in divinity from Racine College, 1857, and the doctorate of laws from the University of Nebraska, 1872. His consecration took place in his parish church, Nov. 15, 1865. The consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Kemper, McCoskry, H. W. Lee, Whipple, and Talbot. In 1868 the Church in Nebraska organized as a diocese and was received into union with the General Convention. Clarkson was chosen as the diocesan of the new see. He accepted the election, 1870, retaining the missionary jurisdiction of Dakota until late in 1883. He died March 10, 1884, and was buried beside the walls of the cathedral in Omaha. Clarkson possessed every quality needed for a successful episco- pate. Winning in his address, lovable in character, considerate of all men, conservative in his judgments, impartial, devoted to his duty, and not sparing himself, he was preeminently a man of God ; and as a faithful priest, or as a bishop whose work was that of a pioneer, he was a builder on foundations he had himself laid, and was faithful to every trust, while his reward is above. Works. — l. "Shall this House Lie Waste?" (1850); 2. "Consider the Years" (1859); 3. "What ami that I Should Withstand God?" (1865); 4. "Sketch of the Life of Bishop White " (1876) ; 5. " In Memoriam, W. B. Ogden," a paper read before the Chicago Historical Society (1877); 6. Missionary reports, etc. 165 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE MAXWELL RANDALL, D.D. (Beoroe ^aywell IRanball Born in Warren, R. I., Nov. 23, 1810, and graduated at Brown University, in 1835, George Maxwell Randall pursued his theo- logical studies in New York at the General Theological Seminary, completing his coarse in 1838. He was ordered deacon in St. Mark's Church in his native town, July 17, 1838, by Bishop Griswold, who advanced him to the priesthood, Nov. 2, 1839. His first cure was the Church of the Ascension, Fall River, Mass. In 1844 he became rector of the Church of the Messiah, Boston, where he remained until elected to the missionary episcopate. He received his doctorate in divinity from his alma mater in 1856; was a deputy to the General Con- ventions, 1850—65; and was secretary of the House of Deputies, 1862-65. He was consecrated missionary bishop of Colorado in Trinity Church, Boston, Dec. 28, 1865, by Bishops Hopkins, Bosworth Smith, Eastburn, Carlton Chase, Clark, and Vail, together with the bishop of Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, Dr. Thomas Nettleship Staley. Entering upon his work with the activity and enthusiasm which had characterized his entire ministerial career, Bishop Ran- dall laid foundations, educational, parochial, and spiritual, on which he was not permitted to build. After nearly eight years of unre- mitting toil, he died in Denver, Colo., Sept. 28, 1873. WOR.KS.' — I. " Why I am a Churchman " (upward of 150,000 of thi.s tract have been issued); 2. " Observations on Confirmation " ; 3. Occasional discourses, episcopal ad- dresses, missionary reports, pastorals, etc. Dr. Randall was editor of the " Christian Witness and Church Advocate," Boston, for many years. 167 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN BARRETT KERFOOT, D.D., LL.D. Jobn Barrett Ikerfoot, In 1865 the western portion of the diocese of Pennsylvania was set apart as a new see, and received its name from its chief city. The first bishop of the diocese of Pittsburg was born in Dublin, Ireland, March i, 18 16. Brought to the United States at the age of three years, he grew up at Lancaster, Pa., and was graduated at Dr. Muhlenberg's insti- tute at Flushing, L. I., known subsequently as St. Paul's College. He was admitted to the diaconate in St. George's Church, Flush- ing, March i, 1837, and was priested March i, 1840, in the same place, in each case by Bishop B. T. Onderdonk. He was the chaplain and an assistant professor of Latin and Greek at St. Paul's College, 1837—42. In the latter year he became the head of St. James's College, Hagerstown, 'Md. He occupied this position until 1864, when he accepted the presidency of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. After two years' incumbency as the head of this institution, he was chosen bishop of Pittsburg. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia in 1850, and again from Trinity in 1865. He was made a doctor of laws by the University of Cam bridge, England, at the Lambeth Conference of 1867. His consecration took place in Trinity Church, Pittsburg, Jan. 25, 1866. His consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Mcllvaine, Whit- tingham, John Williams, J. C. Talbot, Coxe, and Clarkson. The bishop of Pennsylvania, Dr. Stevens, who had done so much to bring about the creation of the see and its successful organization, was prevented by sudden and extreme illness from participating in the consecration. Bishop Kerfoot was a man of strong intellect, wide scholarship, varied accomplishments, judicially impartial in his decisions, and laborious in the exercise of his vocation. He died at Myersville, Somerset County, Pa., July 10, 1881. His remains were interred at Homewood Cemetery, Pittsburg. Works. — l. Inauguration address as president of Trinity College (1864) ; 2. Sermon at the consecration of Bishop Armitage (1866); 3. Semi-centennial sermon before the Board of Missions (1871) ; 4. Sermon preached at the consecration of Bishop Pinkney ; 5. College and convocational sermons ; 6. Convention addresses, pastorals, etc. Bishop Kerfoot contributed a lecture on "Inspiration" to the Philadelphia Lectures on the Evidences (1853-54). See" Life, with Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence," by Hall Harrison (2 vols., 1886). 169 RIGHT REVEREND CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, D.D. Cbanning niboore MilUams. The successor to the elder Boone as missionary bishop of the American Church in China, and the first bishop of Yedo, having jurisdiction in Japan, was a native of Virginia, and was born in Richmond, July i8, 1849. He was graduated at William and Mary College, 1853, and two years later completed his course of study for orders at the Virginia Theological Seminary. His ordination to the diaconate by Bishop Meade took place in St. Paul's, Alexandria, July i, 1855. In November of the same year he sailed for China. He received priest's orders from Bishop Boone in the Mission Chapel, Shanghai, Jan. II, 1857. By request of the Foreign Committee he was trans- ferred, shortly after his ordination to the priesthood, to Japan. Chosen to succeed the excellent Boone (with the added care of Japan) by the Church in General Convention, October, 1865, he was consecrated in St. John's Chapel, New York, Oct. 3, 1866, by Bishops Hopkins, Alfred Lee, Johns, Payne, Horatio Potter, and Whipple. He received the degree of doctor of divinity from Colum- bia in 1867. The Church in General Convention in 1874 divided the see of Bishop Williams, assigning to him the oversight of Japan, and giving him the title of bishop of Yedo. After long, faithful, self-denying, and successful service the bishop resigned his jurisdiction, in October, 1889, and after a brief interval of rest has resumed work in the field to which his life has been consecrated, under the episcopal oversight of his successor, Bishop McKim. Works. — Missionary reports, translations of portions of the Scriptures and Book of Common Prayer, Manuals, and catechetical works, etc. 171 RIGHT REVEREND JOSEPH PERE BELL WILMER, D.D. Joeepb pere Bell Milmer. Born in Swedesborough, N. J., Feb. ii, 1812; graduated first at the Universit)^ of Virginia, in 1831, and at Kenyon College, Gambier, O., in 1833 ; and completing his theological course at the Virginia Seminary the following year, Wilmer was ordained to the diaconate by Bishop Channing Moore, in St. Paul's, Alexandria, Va., July 10, 1834, and received priest's orders from the hands of the same bishop in St. Paul's Church, Petersburg, May, 1838. His ministry was spent from 1834 to 1838 at St. Anne's, Albemarle, Va. For nearly a year he was the chaplain of the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville. In 1839 he became a chaplain in the United States army. In 1843 he resigned his military charge and accepted the cure of Hungar's parish, Northampton County, Va., after which he was for several years in charge of St. Paul's, Goochland County. In 1848 he accepted the rectorship of St. Mark's, Philadelphia, where he remained until the breaking out of the Civil War. Returning to Virginia, he remained on his estate until his election to the episcopate. In 1857 Union College conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity. He was consecrated bishop of Louisiana in Christ Church, New Orleans, Nov. 7, 1866, by Bishops Hopkins, Green, R. H. Wilmer, and Quintard. He died suddenly in New Orleans, Dec. 2, 1878. His remains rest in Greenmount Cemetery, Baltimore, Md. Bishop, Wilmer was universally beloved. His episcopal ministra- tions were sought for and highly valued outside of the limits of his own branch of the Catholic Church of Christ. His soundness in the faith, his devotion to the work of the ministry, his varied talents and holy example, will ever be remembered, not alone in his see, but throughout the Church in the United States. Works. — A few occasional discourses, episcopal addresses, pastoral letters. 173 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE DAVID CUMMINS, D.D. (ScovQc Davib Cummins, The founder of what is popularly known as the " Cummins Schism" was born in Kent County, Del., Dec. ii, 1822. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., 1841. He received deacon's orders in St. Andrew's Church, Wilmington, Del., Oct. 26, 1845, from Bishop Alfred Lee, who advanced him to the priesthood in the same church, July 6, 1847. His ministry was spent at Christ Church, Norfolk, and St. James's, Richmond, Va. ; Trinity, Washington, D. C. ; St. Peter's, Baltimore ; and Trinity, Chicago. He received the doctorate in divinity from Princeton, He was consecrated assistant bishop of Kentucky in Christ Church, Louisville, Nov. I5) 1866, by Bishops Hopkins, Bosworth Smith, H. W. Lee, J. C. Talbot, Quintard, and Clarkson. In November, 1873, he communicated to the presiding bishop, his own diocesan, his resignation of his episcopal office and his with- drawal from the Church in the United States. In the following month he presided at the primary organization of what is commonly known as the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was formally de- posed from his office and ministry as a bishop of the Church of God by the presiding bishop, June 24, 1874. He died at Lutherville, Baltimore County, Md., June 20, 1876. Works. — i. " Sketch of Life of Rev. William M. Jackson " (1856) ; 2. " Life of Mrs. Virginia Hale Hoffman, late of the P. E. Mission to Western Africa" (1859) ; 3. Occasional sermons ; 4. Numerous publications respecting the organization, the objects, and the claims of the Reformed Episcopalians. See " Memoir " by his wife (1879). 175 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM EDMOND ARMITAGE, D.D. Milliam lEbmonb Hrmitaoe, Born in the city of New York, Sept. 6, 1830, and graduated at Columbia College, 1849, and at the General Theological Seminary, 1852, the coadjutor and successor of the apostolic Kemper in the see of Wisconsin received the diaconate in the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, June 27, 1852, from Bishop Carlton Chase, and was ordained priest in St. Mark's, Augusta, Me., Sept. 27, 1854, by Bishop George Burgess. His first position was that of assistant minister at St. John's, Portsmouth, N. H., from which he was called to St. Mark's, Augusta, Me. Here he remained until called to the rectorship of St. John's, Detroit, which he held when elected to the episcopate. He received his doctorate in divinity from Columbia College in 1866. He was consecrated coadjutor bishop of Wisconsin in St. John's, Detroit, Dec. 6, 1866, by Bishops Kemper, McCoskry, H. W. Lee, Whipple, J. C. Talbot, Coxe, Clarkson, Kerfoot, and Cummins, to- gether with the bishop of Huron, Canada, Dr. Cronyn. On the death of Bishop Kemper he became the diocesan of Wisconsin. He died in St. Luke's Hospital, New York, Dec. 7, 1873. His remains were interred in Detroit, Mich. He was a scholar, a pol- ished writer, an earnest preacher, a wise administrator. His early death deprived the Church in the United States of the efficient ser- vices of a most promising and holy bishop. Works. — Episcopal addresses and official papers. He edited " Hymns for Sunday- schools." 177 RIGHT REVEREND HENRY ADAMS NEELY, D.D. Copyright by Anderson. 1benti2 Hbams 1Reel^» The successor of the devout and gifted George Burgess in the frontier see of Maine was born in Fayetteville, Onondaga County, N. Y., May 14, 1830. Following his graduation at Geneva College, 1849, he was ap- pointed a tutor in his alma mater, which post he retained until 1852. He was made a deacon in Trinity Church, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 19, 1852, by Bishop De Lancey, who priested him in Trinity, Utica, June 18, 1854. His ministry was spent at Calvary Church, Utica, 1853-55 ; Christ Church, Rochester, 1855-62 ; and as chaplain of Hobart College, 1862-64. In the autumn of 1864 he became an assistant minister of Trinity, New York, where he remained until his consecration. He received the doctorate in divinity from his alma mater, 1866. He was consecrated bishop of Maine in Trinity Chapel, New York, Jan. 25, 1867, by Bishops Hopkins, John Wilhams, Horatio Potter, Odenheimer, Clarkson, and Randall. On his removal to his see he became rector of St. Luke's Church, Portland, which was made the cathedral of the diocese. Later a noble cathedral church was erected. This fine structure was consecrated St. Luke's day, Oct. 18, 1877. Bishop Neely has served for a number of years as chair- man of the House of Bishops. He is an earnest and able worker, conservative in his views, a well-read and sound theologian, and a scholar of wide culture. Works. — Occasional .sermons, episcopal addresses, and other official papers. 179 RIGHT REVEREND DANIEL SYLVESTER TUTTLE, D.D. Bantel S^lve6ter XTuttle, Born at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1837, and graduated at Columbia in 1857, and at the General Theological Seminary, New York, in 1862, Tuttle was ordained a deacon in the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, June 29, 1862, by Bishop Horatio Potter, who advanced him to the priesthood in Zion Church, Morris, Otsego County, N. Y., July 19, 1863. His only charge was at Morris, first as an assistant minister, and then, on the decease of the rector, as incumbent of the cure. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia College, 1867, and from Sewanee, 1886. When elected by the Church in General Convention to the mis- sionary episcopate of Montana, Idaho, and Utah, Tuttle had not attained the canonical age for consecration. It was not until May I, 1867, that he was set apart for his work. The service took place in Trinity Chapel, New York. The consecrators were Bishops Hopkins, Horatio Potter, Odenheimer, Randall, Kerfoot, and Neely. After nearly twenty years of pioneer work, in which he was busied in laying foundations and in setting in order the Church in the vast territories committed to his care, Tuttle, whose " praise was in all the churches," was elected to the see of Missouri on the death of the lamented Robertson. He had refused prior offers of translation, but, after due consideration of the circumstances of this " call," he resigned the mission work intrusted to his care and entered upon the duties of the diocesan of Missouri, the third in succession from the missionary episcopate of the apostolic Kemper. Works. — Missionary reports and papers, Convention addresses, pastorals, and official communications to his mission and diocesan clergy. RIGHT REVEREND JOHN FREEMAN YOUNG, D.D. John jfreeman l^oung* The successor of Rutledge, the first diocesan of the see of Florida, was born in Pittston, Kennebec County, Me., Oct. 30, 1820. Educated at the Wesleyan Seminary at Readfield in his native State, and entering the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., he became a convert to tiie Church, and, removing to Virginia, was graduated at the Theological Seminary at Alexandria in 1845. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Henshaw in St. Michael's Church, Bristol, R. I., April 20, 1845, 3-"^ was ordained priest by Bishop Stephen Elliott in St. John's Church, Tallahassee, Fla., Jan. 11, 1846. His ministry was spent in Florida, at St. John's, Jacksonville ; in Texas, as a missionary in Brazoria County ; in Mississippi at Livingston, Madison County ; and in Louisiana at Napoleonville, Assumption Parish. After these Southern experi- ences he became an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York, where he served until he was chosen to the episcopal office. He received the degree of doctor of divinity from Columbia College in 1865. Young was the secretary of the primary Convention held in 1848 for the organization of the diocese of Texas. He was the secretarjr of the Russo-Greek Committee of the General Convention, and edited the papers issued by that committee in furtherance of the intercommunion of the Eastern, Anglican, and American Churches. In 1864 he visited Russia in the interest of this movement. He was consecrated in Trinity Church, New York, July 25, 1867, by Bishops Hopkins, Payne, Gregg, Odenheimer, R. H. Wilmer, and Cummins. After a busy episcopate, in which the varied abilities of the bishop were called into abundant exercise, he died in New York, Nov. 15, 1885, and his remains were buried at Jacksonville, Fla. Works. — l. " Devotional Manual for Candidates for Confirmation " ; 2. " Hymns and IVIusic for the Young" (2 vols.); 3. Occasional discourses, Convention addresses, pas- torals, reports, etc. '83 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN WATRUS BECKWITH, D.D. John milattus BecRwitb. The successor of the eloquent Elliott in the see of Georgia was born in Raleigh, N. C, Feb. 9, 1831, and was graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, 1852. He received deacon's orders in St. James's, Wilmington, N. C, May 24, 1854, from Bishop Atkinson, who advanced him to the priesthood in Emmanuel Church, Warrenton, May 20, 1855. After service in his native State at Calvary Church, Wadesboro', Beckwith removed to Maryland, where he took charge of All-hallows' parish, Washington County. He continued in this charge until the break- ing out of the Civil War, when he removed to Alabama, where he became rector of Trinity Church, Demopolis. At the return of peace he accepted the rectorship of Trinity Church, New Orleans, where he remained until his advancement to the episcopate. He received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity College, Hartford, and from the University of Georgia, 1868. His consecration took place in St. John's Church, Savannah, April 2, 1868. His consecrators were Bishops Green, Atkinson, R. H. Wilmer, J. P. B. Wilmer, and Young. After an episcopate marked by material and spiritual prosperity and development he died at Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 23, i8go. The second bishop of Georgia was eloquent, scholarly, devout. He was a leader of men, and both in his see and in the general councils of the Church he wielded a decided influence. As the founder of Church institutions, as a furtherer of the Church's ad- vance, as a wise, conservative master builder, he was a model bishop of the church of God. Works. — Episcopal addresses, Lenten charges, occasional Convention and contro- versial discourses. Bishop Beckwith contributed to "The History of the American Episcopal Church," by the bishop of Iowa, an interesting monograph on Bethesda College, founded near Savannah by George Whitefield. 18s RIGHT REVEREND FRANCIS McNEECE WHITTLE, D.D., LL.D. francis Obcncccc Mbittle. A NATIVE of the State over which he was in his maturity to exercise spiritual jurisdiction, the fifth bishop of Virginia was born in Mecklenburg County, July 7, 1823, and was graduated at the Theological Seminary near Alexandria in 1847. He was made a deacon in St. Paul's Church, Alexandria, July 16, 1847, and was advanced to the "higher degree" in St. John's Church, Charleston, Va., Oct. 8, 1848, by Bishop Meade. His ministry was spent at Kanawha parish, Kanawha County ; St. James's, Northam parish, Goochland County ; and Grace Church, Berryville, Va. In 1857 he accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's, Louisville, Ky., where he remained until April, 1868. He received his doctorate in divinity from Kenyon, 1867, and his doctorate of laws from William and Mary College, 1873. May 17, 1867, he was elected coadjutor bishop of Virginia. His consecration took place at St. Paul's, Alexandria, Va., April 30, 1868. His consecrators were Bishops Johns, Alfred Lee, and Bedell. On the death of Bishop Johns, in 1876, he became the diocesan. The following year the western portion of the see was erected into a new diocese corresponding to the limits of the State of West Virginia. In 1893 the diocese of Southern Virginia was created out of the remainder of the see, and Bishop Coadjutor Randolph became the diocesan thereof. Bishop Whittle's episcopate has been made noteworthy by a remarkable development in material and spiritual matters. He has witnessed the division of his see and its great growth in churches and communicants, and in the amount of its charitable contributions. Works. — Episcopal addresses and occasional sermons. 187 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM HENRY AUGUSTUS BISSELL, D.D. MilUam 1benr^ HuGustue JSieselL The successor of the eloquent and accomplished Hopkins was born in Randolph, Vt., Nov. lo, 1814. He was graduated from the University of the State of Vermont, 1836. He was admitted to deacon's orders in Calvary Church, New York, Sept. 29, 1839, by Bishop B. T. Onderdonk, who ad- vanced him to the priesthood in Christ Church, Troy, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1840. Bissell served at Trinity, West Troy, 1841—45; at Grace, Lyons, N. Y., 1845-48; and at Trinity, Geneva, N. Y., 1848-68. He received the doctorate in divinity from Norwich University, 1852; from Hobart, 1858; and from the University of Vermont, 1876. He was consecrated bishop of Vermont in Christ Church, Mont- pelier, Vt., June 3, 1868, by Bishops McCoskry, John Williams, H. Potter, Coxe, and Neely. He died May 14, 1893. Bissell passed from an unusually successful rectorate to the episcopate. His ad- ministration was wise and conservative. He was untiring in labors and faithful in the discharge of every duty. Retiring in manners and unobtrusive in the exercise of his episcopal functions, his worth was known by all who came within the sphere of his influence, and his death was universally regretted. Works. — Episcopal addresses and official papers. RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES FRANKLIN ROBERTSON, D.D. Cbatlee jfranklin IRobertson* The second bishop of the Church in Missouri was born in New York, March 2, 1835. He was a graduate of Yale, 1859, and of the General Theological Seminary, 1862. He was ordained to the diaconate in the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, June 29, 1862, by Bishop Horatio Potter, who priested him in St. Mark's Church, Malone, N. Y., Oct. 23d of the same year. He remained in charge of St. Mark's, Malone, until Sept. i, 1868, when he accepted the rector- ship of St. James's, Batavia, N. Y. The election of Robertson to the episcopate of Missouri prevented his entrance upon this new field of labor. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia College, 1868. Dr. Robertson was consecrated bishop in Grace Church, New York, Oct. 25, 1868, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, McCoskry, Johns, H. W. Lee, H. Potter, and Lay. After a laborious episcopate, marked by the conscientious performance of every detail of the duties of his office and the careful, conservative, and impartial dis- charge of his varied and abundant labors, he died in St. Louis, May I, 1886. Works. — Historical papers, episcopal addresses, charges, pastorals, etc., of which note " The Churchman's Answer as to the History and Claims of the Protestant Episco- pal Church" (1878). 191 RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN WISTAR MORRIS, D.D. Benjamin Mistat flDorns* The second bishop of the Church in Oregon and Washington Territory was born in Wellsboro', Pa., May 30, 1819. He was graduated at the General Theological Seminary, 1846. He was ordained to the diaconate in St. Philip's Church, Philadel- phia, June 28, 1846, and to the priesthood in St. Matthew's, Sun- bury, Pa., April 27, 1847, by Bishop Alonzo Potter. After four years' service at Sunbury he accepted the rectorship of St. David's, Manayunk, Philadelphia, continuing in charge of this parish for six years. He then became assistant minister of St. Luke's, Ger- mantown, Philadelphia, remaining in this position until his election to the missionary episcopate. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania in 1868. He was consecrated in St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 1868, by Bishops Alfred Lee, Odenheimer, Vail, Clarkson, Randall, and Kerfoot. The missionary jurisdiction of Oregon was made into a diocese in 1889. Previous to that date, in 1880, Washington Ter- ritory was separated from the jurisdiction of Oregon, Morris retain- ing charge of the latter jurisdiction. Bishop Wistar Morris's episcopate has been one of singular de- votion and marvelous success. The educational institutions of the diocese under his fostering care have been developed and placed on permanent foundations. The charitable organizations have been made a feature of his successful work. Churches have been multi- plied, endowments secured, and the prosperity of the diocese in both spiritualities and temporalities assured. Few bishops have seen such marked results of their devotion and work, and the episcopate of the second missionary bishop and the first diocesan of Oregon will ever be remembered in our ecclesiastical annals. Works. — l. "Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist Testimony to Confirmation"; 2. Missionaty reports. Convention addresses, sermons, and other official papers. 193 RIGHT REVEREND ABRAM NEWKIRK LITTLEJOHN, D.D. Copyright, 1889, by Anderson. Ebram IRewktrk Xtttlejobn, The division of the see of New York by the cutting off of West- ern New York in 1838 was followed after a long interval by the creation out of the remainder of the original diocese of the sees of Albany, Central New York, and Long Island. The first bishop of Long Island was born in Florida, Montgomery County, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1824. He was a graduate of Union College, 1845. He received deacon's orders in St. Peter's Church, Auburn, N. Y., March 19, 1848, from De Lancey, and was advanced to the priesthood in Christ Church, Hartford, Conn., June 12, 1849, by Brownell. His ministry was spe.nt at St. Ann's, Amsterdam, N. Y. ; St. Andrew's, Meriden, Conn. ; Christ, Springfield, Mass. ; and St. Paul's, New Haven, Conn., where he remained 1851-60, when he became rector of Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, where he continued until his consecra- tion. In 1858 he declined the presidency of Geneva College. For seven years, while rector of St. Paul's, New Haven, he was lecturer on pastoral theology in the Berkeley Divinity School. He was chosen bishop of Central New York, but declined the election. He was given a D.D. b}^ the University of Pennsylvania, 1858. He was consecrated in his church, Jan. 27, 1869, by Bishops H. Potter, Johns, Odenheimer, Coxe, Clarkson, Randall, Kerfoot, Neely, and Morris. In 1874 he received the appointment of the charge of the foreign churches on the continent of Europe, in virtue of which assignment he consecrated the Church of St. Paul's-within-the- Walls, Rome, and opened the American Church of the Holy Trin- ity, Paris. He delivered a course of lectures before the University of Cambridge, England. In recognition of his scholarship, his cul- ture, and the value of his contributions to theology, that university conferred upon him the doctorate of laws, 1880. Works. — Reviews : i. " Philosophy of Religion " ; 2. " Metaphysics of Cousin " ; 3. " Life and Writings of Coleridge"; 4. " Poetry of George Herbert"; 5. " Stephens's ' Lectures on the History of France ' " ; 6. " Rogers's ' Eclipse of Faith ' " ; 7. '' Bible and Common Sense"; 8. "Outwardness of Popular Religion"; 9. "Human Progress"; 10. " The Alt-Catholic Movement." Among his many sermons we note the discourse at the consecration of St. Paul's-within-the- Walls, Rome. His volume publications are: i. " Conciones ad Clerum " (iSSol; 2. " Discourses on Individualism, before the University of Cambridge" (1880); 3. " Christian Dogma Es- sential" (1882); 4. "The Christian Ministry at the Close of the Nineteenth Century" (lectures on the Bishop Paddock foundation at the General Theological Seminary, 1884). 195 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM CROSWELL DOANE, D.D., LL.D. Copyright by H. S. Mendelssohn. MtUiam Cro8well Doane* A SON of the great bishop of New Jersey, and inheriting his father's abihties and varied gifts, the first bishop of Albany was born in Boston, March 2, 1832. He was educated at Burlington College, New Jersey, which his father had founded, and from which he received the degrees of B.A., M.A., and B.U. His father admitted him to the order of deacons in St. Mary's, Burlington, March 6, 1853, and priested him in the same church, March 16, 1856. His ministry was spent at St. Barnabas's and St. Mary's, Burhngton, at St. John's, Hartford, and at St. Peter's, Albany. He received his D.D. from Columbia, 1867, and later from Trinity. In 1889 the University of Oxford conferred upon him the D.D., and the University of Cambridge the LL.D. Doane was consecrated in his own church, St. Peter's, Albany, Feb. 2, 1869, by Bishops H. Potter, Odenheimer, Neely, Robertson, and Littlejohn. His administration has been marked with great success. The successful founding of St. Agnes's School for girls, the organization and erection of the cathedral, and a noble record of charitable institutions founded and fostered, churches and rec- tories built, endowments secured, and advances made in spiritual as well as material affairs, have made the episcopate of the first bishop of Albany glorious. In addition to home labors Bishop Doane has also had for years the charge of the foreign churches. Works. — i. "Questions on the Collects, Epistles, and Gospels"; 2. "Mosaics; or, the Harmony of Collect, Epistle, and Gospel for the Sundays of the Christian Year " (1881) ; 3. " Addresses to St. Agnes's Graduates " (1891) ; 4. " Life and Writings of the Second Bishop of New Jersey " (4 vols., 8vo) ; 5. " Sunshine and Playtime," (verses for children, 1893) ; 6. Numerous sermons, addresses, and official papers. Doane was a leading member of the committees of the General Convention appointed to prepare and report the Standard Prayer-book of 1892 and the Hymnal of the same year. 197 RIGHT REVEREND FREDERIC DAN HUNTINGTON, D.D., LL.D., L.H.D. jFteberic Ban Ibimtington, Descended from a distinguished New England ancestry, the son of a Puritan minister of repute, Frederic Dan Huntington was born in Hadley, Mass., May 28, 1819, and was graduated from Amherst, 1839. Completing a course in the Divinity School of Harvard, 1842, he was in charge of a Unitarian congregation in Boston for thirteen years, holding, 1855-60, the Plummer professorship of Christian morals in Harvard, and serving as university preacher. Conforming to the Church, he received confirmation in Christ Church, Cam- bridge, on the feast of the Annunciation, i860, and was admitted to deacon's orders in Trinity, Boston, Sept. 12, i860, by Bishop Eastburn, who advanced him to the priesthood in the Church of the Messiah, Boston, March 19, 186 1. He became rector of Emmanuel Church, which he had founded, and where he remained until his election to the episcopate. He received from his alma mater his D.D. and LL.D. In recognition of his distinguished literary ser- vices the University of Syracuse added to his degrees that of L.H.D. Columbia also gave him the D.D. He was consecrated bishop of Central New York in his own church, April 8, 1869, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, Eastburn, H. Potter, Clark, Coxe, Neely, Morris, and W. C. Doane. His ad- ministration has been marked by a great development of Church activities and a growth which has placed the diocese in the front rank of American sees. He is recognized as a wise leader, a sound theologian, a fascinating writer, and a scholar of the widest culture. Conservative in his Churchmanship, judicial, impartial, and able, de- vout, earnest, and true, his bishopric has indelibly impressed itself on the see. Works. — i. "Sermons for die People"; 2. "Lessons on the Parables of our Saviour"; 3. "Christian Believing and Living" (several editions); 4. "Steps to a Living Faith " (1870) ; 5. " Christ and the World " (1874) ; 6. Lowell and Graham Lec- tures on " The Divine Aspects of Human Society " ; 7. " Helps to a Holy Lent " (two series); 8. "Righteousness of God the Authority for Uprightness in Man" (1875); 9. " Christ in the Christian Year and in the Life of Man " (1877) ; 10. " Common Things of Divine Service" (1877); II. "Home and College Unconscious Tuition" (1878); 12. " Sermons on the Christian Year " (2 vols., 1881) ; 13. " Good Talking and Good Manners" (1887); 14. " Forty Days with the Master" (completing the Lenten series, 1891); 15. Numerous historical papers, addresses, etc. He has edited (with Dr. F. D. Hedge) " Hymns for the Church of Christ," " Elim ; or. Hymns of Holy Refreshment," and " Lyra Domestica. " He has also edited Mountford's " Martyria," " Euthanasy," "Christianity the Deliverance of the Soul and its Life," and Whately's "Christian Morals." He was founder and for some years editor of the " Church Monthly." 199 RIGHT REVEREND OZl WILLIAM WHITAKER, D.D. ®3t Mtlliam Mbtta^er, Born at New Salem, Mass., May lo, 1830, and giaduating at Middlebury College, Vermont, 1856, the first bishop of Nevada and the fifth of Pennsylvania, after teaching for several years, completed his studies for orders at the General Theological Seminary, 1863. He was admitted to the diaconate in Grace Church, Boston, July 15, 1863, by Bishop Eastburn, who advanced him to the priest- hood in St. Stephen's Chapel, in the same city, Aug. 7th of the same year. His ministry, with the exception of two years' rector- ship at St. Paul's, Englewood, N. J., was spent in Nevada, first at Gold Hill, in St. John's parish, and then as rector of St. Paul's, Virginia City. Elected to the missionary episcopate of Nevada by the Church in General Convention, October, 1868, he received his doctorate in divinity from Kenyon College the following year, and was consecrated in St. George's, New York, Oct. 13, 1869, by Bishops Mcllvaine, H. Potter, Eastburn, Odenheimer, and J. C. Tal- bot. After long and faithful service in this frontier field he was elected bishop coadjutor of Pennsylvania in 1886, and succeeded Stevens as diocesan, June, 1887. He brought to the arduous duties of his new field of labor the wide and varied experiences he had gained in his missionary see. He has been a faithful administrator, a wise and capable judge, an earnest and tireless worker. Works. — Occasional sermons, episcopal addresses, and other official papers. RIGHT REVEREND HENRY NILES PIERCE, D.D., LL.D. 1bent^ IFltles picvce. A NATIVE of Rhode Island — a State which has furnished to the American Church half a dozen members of the House of Bishops — and born in Pawtucket, Oct. 19, 1820, Pierce (who is a descen- dant of the Richard Percy who founded Pearce Hall, York, England, in the sixteenth century) was graduated at Brown University, 1842 ; was ordered deacon in Christ Church, Matagorda, Texas, by Bishop Freeman, April 23, 1848; and priested Jan. 3, 1849, in the same church, by the same bishop. His ministry was spent in Washington Co., Texas, where he planted the Church; at Christ Church, Mata- gorda, Texas, 1852; at Trinity, New Orleans, 1854; at St. Paul's, Railway, N. J., 1855 ; at St. John's, Mobile, Ala., 1857; and at St. Paul's, Springfield, III, where he was rector from 1868 until his elec- tion to the episcopate. He was one of the organizers of the diocese of Texas. He received the doctorate in divinity from the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1 862, and the doctorate of laws from William and Mary in 1869. He has also received the doctorate from Sewanee. Pierce was consecrated missionary bishop of Arkansas and the Indian Territory in Christ Church, Mobile, Jan. 25, 1870, by Bish- ops Green, Whitehouse, R. H. Wilmer, Quintard, J. P. B. Wilmer, and Young. During the Civil War Arkansas was recognized by the Council of the Church in the Confederate States as a diocese. After the return to unity this action was not confirmed till in the primary Convention Bishop Pierce was chosen the diocesan. In 1892 the Indian Territory was made into a separate jurisdiction. Bishop Pierce's episcopate has been a struggle and a success. He has with no little pains organized and erected his cathedral, and developed about it the Churth activities which make it a center of spiritual life. His scholarship, his poetic fire, his thoughtful and cultured discourses, his command of a graceful style, and his earnest devotion to the duties of his office will long be remembered, not only in the scene of his labors, but throughout the Church. ■Works. — i. "The Agnostic," a volume of poems (1883); 2. Sermons, addresses, translations, and miscellaneous pamphlets. 203 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM WOODRUFF NILES, D.D. Milliam Moobrufe fliles. The successor of the excellent Carlton Chase in the see of New Hampshire was a native of the province of Lower Canada (now Que- bec), having been born in Hatley, May 24, 1832. He was graduated at Trinity College, 1857, and completed his course of theological study at the Berkeley Divinity School, 1861. He was ordered deacon in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Middle- town, May 22, 1 86 1, by Bishop John Williams. He was priested May 14, 1862, in St. Philip's, Wiscasset, Me., by Bishop Burgess. His alma mater made him a tutor directly on" his graduation and he was also instructor in the Hartford High School for three years. His first ministerial charge was St. Philip's, Wiscasset. In 1864 he was appointed professor of the Latin language and literature in Trinity College, which position he held until his election to the episcopate. From 1868 to 1870 he added to his professorial duties the charge of St. John's Church, Warehouse Point. He was consecrated in St. Paul's Church, Concord, N. H., Sept. 21, 1870, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, J. Williams, Neely, Bissell, and Doane, together with the bishop of Quebec, Dr. James William Williams. He received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity Col- lege the year of his consecration, and later from Dartmouth. A scholar, a well-read theologian, and an earnest and devoted preacher, the administration of Bishop Niles has witnessed an un- wonted development in a staid old New England see. He has been wise, impartial, moderate in his views, sound in his teachings, and careful in his judicial decisions. In the molding and shaping of St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., he has, with its founder, Dr. Shattuck, of Boston, and its late head, the Rev. Dr. Coit, done a noble work for the Church. Works. — Convention addresses and pastoral letters. He was an early editor of the " Churchman." 205 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM PINKNEY, D.D., LL.D. Photo by W. C. Eabcock, from painting by Miss Helen Frances Colburn. MilUam pinkne^. The coadjutor and successor of Whittingham was born in An- napolis, Md., April 17, 1810. He was graduated at St. John's College, in the town of his birth, 1827. This institution was the representative of, and was in di- rect succession from, King William's School, the first public free school in this country, dating its foundation to 1694. Pinkney was admitted to the diaconate in Christ Church, Cambridge, Dorchester County, Md., April 12, 1835, by Bishop Stone. The same bishop priested him in All Saints', Frederick, Md., May 27, 1836. He successively served Somerset and Coventry parishes, Md. ; St. Mat- thias's, Bladensburg, Md. ; and the Ascension, Washington, D. C. He was rector of this latter charge when elected to the episcopate. His alma mater conferred upon him the doctorate in divinity in 1855. Columbian College, Washington, and William and Mary College made hiin a doctor of laws in 1873. His consecration as bishop coadjutor of Maryland took place in the Church of the Epiphany, Washington, Oct. 6, 1870. The con- secrators were Bishops Bosworth Smith, Johns, Atkinson, Oden- heimer. Lay, Stevens, Quintard, and Kerfoot. On the death of Bish- op Whittingham, Pinkney became the diocesan of Maryland. He died, after an episcopate distinguished for its equable administration, its marked increase in the charities and activities of the Church, and for the beautiful exhibition of personal holiness and devotion in the bishop himself, at Cockeysville, Md., July 4, 1883. Works. — Episcopal addresses, sermons, and pastorals. See " Life" by O. Hutton, D.D. (1890). 207 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM BELL WHITE HOWE, D.D. miilUam Bell Mbite 1bowe, Born at Claremont, N. H., March 31, 1823, Howe was graduated at the University of Vermont, 1844. Removing to the South, he was made a deacon in St. Philip's Church, Charleston, April 9, 1847, and was ordained in St. Stephen's Chapel, in the same city, June 3, 1849, by Bishop Gadsden. His successive ministerial charges were St. John's, Berkeley, S. C, 1848-60; assistant at St. Philip's, 1860-63; and rector of this church until elected bishop. He received the doctorate in divinity from the University of the South in 1871, and from Columbia the following year. He was consecrated in St. Paul's, Baltimore, 'Oct. 8, 1871, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, Whittingham, Davis, Atkinson, and Gregg, together with the bishop of Lichfield, England, Dr. Selwyn, and the bishop of Nassau, Dr. Addington R. P. Venables. Those present at this impressive service will recall how the hands of the aged and blind Bishop Davis were guided " wittingly " to rest in consecration on his coadjutor's head. On Dec. 2d of the year of Bishop Howe's consecration, by the death of Bjshop Davis, he became diocesan of South Carolina. In 1893 Dr. Ellison Capers was consecrated as his coadjutor, and on Nov. 25, 1894, the good bishop, whose praise for wisdom, hoHness, devotion to his work, and wise and impartial ad- ministration is in all the' churches, entered into rest. Works. — Two occasional sermons, episcopal addresses, and pastorals. 209 RIGHT REVEREND MARK ANTONY DE WOLFE HOWE, D.D., LL.D. nDath Enton^ H)e Molte 1bowe. Born at Bristol, R. I., April 5, 1809, and graduating at Brown University, 1828, Howe was admitted to the diaconate in St. Michael's Church, in his native city, Jan. 15, 1832, by Bishop Gris- wold, who advanced him to the priesthood, March, 12, 1833, in Grace Church, Boston. His ministry was spent at St. Matthew's, South Boston ; at St. James's, Roxbury, Mass. ; as editor of the " Christian Witness " ; as rector of Christ Church, Cambridge; again at Roxbury, 1836-46, and at St. Luke's, Philadelphia, where he remained until elected to the episcopate. Sent as a deputy to the General Convention of 1850, he was made the secretary of the House of Deputies, which office he filled for twelve years. Chosen by the Church in General Convention to the missionary episcopate of Nevada, he declined the appointment. His doctorate in divinity was received from. Brown in 1848, and the University of Pennsylvania made him a doctor of laws in 1876. His consecration as first bishop of Central Pennsylvania took place in his parish church, Dec. 28, 1871. His consecrators were Bishops Bosworth Smith, Mcllvaine, A. Lee, H. Potter, Clark, Bedell, Kerfoot, and Morris. He died, after a successful adminis- tration of nearly a quarter of a century, at the place of his birth, Bristol, R. L, July 31, 1895. Both as a parish priest and as a bishop he had won regard and renown for his faithful discharge of every duty, his carefulness as an administrator, and his literary taste and skill. His style was that of the best writers in English, while his oratory ever commanded attention and praise. Works. — l. " Essays, and Fugitive Pieces in Verse " ; 2. " The Right of the Easteai Diocese to Elect a Bishop " (1837) ; 3. " Review of a Report of the Boston School Com- mittee " (1845) ; 4. " Vindication of the Episcopal Missionary Association for the West " (1857); J. Sermon before the Convention of the diocese of Pennsylvania (1859); 6. " Memoir of Life and Services of Bishop A. Potter" (1870); 7. Occasional sermons and Convention addresses. He edited an edition of Bishop Heber's poems. RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM HOBART HARE, D.D. Milliam Ibobatt 1bare, The missionary bishop of Niobrara, whose labors have been those of an apostle, and whose administration has been one of singular self-denial and devotion, was born at Princeton, N. J., May 17, 1838. He was prepared for college at the Episcopal Academy of Phil- adelphia, where he was graduated with the highest honors of the institution. Entering the sophomore class of the University of Pennsylvania, his course was brilliant ; but failing health required his withdrawal from college at the end of the junior year, at which time he stood among the first in his class. Ordered deacon in St. Matthew's, Philadelphia, June 19, 1859, by Bishop Bowman, and priested in St. Paul's, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, by Bishop A. Potter, May 25, 1862, his ministry, which was spent in Philadelphia, was abundant in labors and success, and marked him as specially fitted for the important post to which he was called — the secretary- ship of the Foreign Committee of the Board of Missions. Finding his department deeply in debt and lacking the general support of the Church, his wise, conservative, and energetic administration relieved the board from debt and secured for the foreign work the confi- dence of all. In the midst of these successes, in 187 1, he was nominated by the House of Bishops to the West African episcopate ; but in response to the earnest protest of the House of Deputies that this choice would deeply injure the foreign work, his name was withdrawn. The following year he was elected bishop of Niobrara. His degrees in divinity were given by Columbia, Trinity, and Kenyon in 1872. Dr. Hare was consecrated in St. Luke's, Philadelphia, Jan. g, 1873, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, Alfred Lee, John Williams, Horatio Potter, Odenheimer, and Stevens. In 1883 the limits of the Indian jurisdiction of Niobrara were changed, and the name of the see was made South Dakota. Bishop Hare's administration has been energetic, impartial, suc- cessful. He has founded All Saints' School at Sioux Falls, for young women and children ; has built a cathedral and nearly a score and a half of churches. Schools and stations have been multiplied ; the number of the clergy and mission workers has greatly increased ; and the work has secured the confidence and support of;,the Church. Works. — Missionary reports and papers, pastorals, appeals, etc. 213 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN GOTTLIEB AUER, D.D. John aottUeb Euet. A NATIVE of Wiirtemberg, bom at Neubulach, Nov. i8, 1832, and trained for the work to which he had devoted his life at the famous Mission School at Basle, Switzerland, Auer entered upon his African evangelistic labors in 1858, as an instructor in a school at Akrapong, among the Akrapim Mountains, on the West African coast. In 1862 he connected himself with the Cape Palmas Mission of the Church in the United States, and was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Payne, in the Church of the Epiphany, Caralla, Africa, April 20, 1 862. He received the doctorate in divinity from Columbia College in 1873. His consecration to the missionary episcopate of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent in West Africa took place in St. John's Church, Georgetown, D. C, April 17, 1873. The consecrators were Bishops Bosworth Smith, A. Lee, Johns, Payne, Armitage, and Pinkney. Returning to his field of labor, Auer, who had thrown new energy into the African mission work of the Church, and whose labors promised marked results, died at Caralla the year following his consecration, Feb. 16, 1874. His life and labors were freely given, that the " Morian's land" may soon "stretch forth her hands to God." Works. — Translations, missionary reports, appeals, and papers. 215 RIGHT REVEREND BENJAMIN HENRY PADDOCK, D.D. Copyright, 1889, by Anderson. Benjamin 1benr^ pabbock. The successor of Eastburn, and the fourth bishop of Massachu- setts, was a native of Norwich, Conn., was the son of a clergyman two of whose sons became bishops, and was born Feb. 29, 1828. He was graduated at Trinity College in the class of 1848, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1852. He was admitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Brownell, June 29, 1852, at Christ Church, Stratford, in his native State, and was priested by Bishop Williams in Trinity Church, Norwich, the town of his birth. His ministry was spent at the Epiphany, New York ; at St. Luke's, Portland, Me. ; and at Trinity, Norwich, of which his father had been the rector for more than twenty years. Removing to the West, he became rector of Christ Church, Detroit. In 1869 he accepted the charge of Grace Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he continued as rector until his election to the episcopate. In 1867 he received the doctorate in divinity from Trinity College. He was consecrated in his parish church in Brooklyn, Sept. 1 7, 1873, by Bishops Bosworth Smith, A. Lee, J. Williams, Stevens, Littlejohn, and Huntington. After a faithful and conscientious dis- charge of the duties of the episcopal office, Bishop Paddock died in Boston, March 9, 1891. He was a sound theologian, a ready and impressive speaker, a logical and careful debater, a well-read" canon- ist, and a man of great personal holiness. His death was deeply felt throughout the Church. Works. — i. " The First Century of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Massachu- setts ; 2. Canonical digests, episcopal and academic addresses, occasional discourses, and charges. 217 RIGHT REVEREND THEODORE BENEDICT LYMAN, D.D. ^beobore Benebict X^man. Born in Brighton, Mass., Nov. 27, 1815, graduating at Hamilton College in 1837, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1840, Lyman was admitted to the diaconate in Christ Church, I3altimore, Md., Sept. 20, 1840, by Bishop Whittingham, who ordained him priest in St. John's, Hagerstown, Md., Dec. 19, 1841. From 1840 to 1850 he was in charge of St. John's, Hagerstown; from 1850 to i860 he was the rector of Trinity, Pittsburg; and from i860 to 1870 he served at Rome, Italy, establishing the American Chapel in the Eternal City. Returning to the United States, he was the rector of Trinity Church, San Francisco, until his election to the episcopate. He was consecrated bishop coadjutor of North Carolina in Christ Church, Raleigh, Dec. 11, 1873. The consecrators were Bishops Whittingham, Atkinson, and Lay. On the death of Bishop Atkin- son, his coadjutor became the bishop of the see. Bishop Lyman brought to his episcopal work the great advantages of many and varied experiences at home and abroad, and a resultant culture. He. was earnest, devoted, judicious; and his administration was prospered in the division of his see and in the election of a coadjutor. Bishop Lyman died at Raleigh, Dec. 13, 1893. Works. — Occasional sermons, reports of foreign chaplaincy, addresses to the Conven- tions, and official papers. 219 f » RIGHT REVEREND JOHN FRANKLIN SPALDING, D.D. iohn jftanhlin SpalbtnG* The successor of the devoted Randall in the missionary episco- pate of Colorado and Wyoming was born at Belgrade, Me., Aug. 25, 1828. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in the class of 1853, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1857. Returning to his native State for ordination, he was made a deacon in St. Stephen's, Portland, Me., July 8, 1857, and was priested in Christ Church, Gardiner, Me., July 14, 1858, by Bishop George Burgess. He served in the sacred ministry at St. James's, Old Town, Me., St. George's, Lee, Mass., Grace Church, Providence, R. I., as as- sistant; and in 1862 took charge of St. Paul's, Erie, Pa., where he continued in the rectorate till his election to the episcopate. He was consecrated in his parish church at Erie, Dec. 31, 1873, by Bishops McCoskry, Bedell, J. C. Talbot, Coxe, and Kerfoot. His administration has been fruitful in all good works. Educational and charitable institutions have been founded and fostered ; the missionary see has become a diocese ; and the new see has itself been created by the setting off of Western Colorado as a missionary jurisdiction. The cathedral, and the College of St. John the Evan- gelist, with its various departments, at Denver, and the endowments secured and increased by the bishop's tireless energy and personal effort, make his episcopate noteworthy. Works. — l. " A Manual for Mothers' Meetings " ; 2. " The Church and its ApostoHc Ministry " (1887) ; 3. " The Threefold Ministry of the Church of Christ " ; 4. " The Pas- toral Office " ; 5. " The Best Mode of Working a Parish " ( 1888) ; 6. " Jesus Christ the Proof of Christianity" (1891) ; 7. Episcopal addresses, missionary reports and papers, etc. RIGHT REVEREND EDWARD RANDOLPH WELLES, D.D. lEbwatb IRanbolpb Melles, The successor of Armitage in the see of Wisconsin and the first bishop of Milwaul RIGHT REVEREND MAHLON NORRIS GILBERT, D.D. mbablon IFlortis Gilbert, The first bishop-coadjutor appointed for the see of Minnesota was born in Laurens, Otsego County, N. Y., March 23, 1848. He received his education at Hobart, which he was compelled to leave in the junior year, in consequence of ill health. After an in- terval of health-seeking and teaching, he resumed his studies and prepared for orders at the Seabury Divinity School. He was ad- mitted to the diaconate in the cathedral, Faribault, Minn., June 20, 1875, by Bishop Whipple. He was advanced to the priesthood in St. James's Church, Deer Lodge, Mont., Oct. 17, i87S, by Bishop Tattle. His ministry was spent at Deer Lodge and Helena, Mont., and at Christ Church, St. Paul, Minn., where he was rector when elected to the coadjutor bishopric. His degrees in divinity were received from Hobart, Seabury, and Racine. He was consecrated in St. James's Church, Chicago, Oct. 17, 1886, by Bishops Alfred Lee, Bedell, Whipple, Coxe, Doane, Tut- tle. Brewer, Knickerbacker, and H. C. Potter. His episcopate has been vigorous, impartial, and marked with success. Works. — Missionary reports, episcopal addresses, etc. 297 RIGHT REVEREND ELISHA SMITH THOMAS, D.D. lElisba Smith XTbomas, The coadjutor and successor of the excellent and devoted Vail in the see of Kansas was born at Wickford, R. I., March 2, 1834. He was graduated at Yale in the class of 1858, and at the Ber- keley Divinity School in 1861. He received deacon's orders in the parish church of his native town, May 17, 1861, from Bishop Clark, and was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Williams in St. Paul's Church, New Haven, Conn., April 5, 1862. His ministry was spent at St. Paul's, New Haven ; as rector of the Seabury Divin- ity School, Faribault, Minn. ; at St. Mark's, Minneapolis ; and at St. Paul's, St. Paul. His doctorate in divinity was conferred upon him by his alma mater, Yale, by Seabury, and by Kenyon, all in 1887. His consecration as assistant bishop of Kansas took place at his parish church in St. Paul, May 4, 1887. His consecrators were Bishops Whipple, Vail, Tuttle, Brown, Knickerbacker, and Gilbert. On the death of Bishop Vail, Oct. 6, 1889, he succeeded as diocesan. He died March 9, 1895. Bishop Thomas was a scholar of rare attainments, a metaphysi- cian, a theologian, and a man of wide and varied culture. His early death deprived the Church in Kansas and at large of a man of promise, a true-hearted and devoted bishop of the Church of God. Works. — i. " The Intellectual Demand for God"; z. " The Apocalypse "; 3. Es- says, addresses, pastorals, sermons, etc. 299 RIGHT REVEREND ETHELBERT TALBOT, D.D., LL.D. iStbelbert XCalbot, The first bishop of the see of Wyoming and Idaho was a native of Missouri, and was born at Fayette, in that State, Oct. 9, 1848. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., in the class of 1870, and received his degree of S.T.B. from the General Theological Seminary on his graduation in 1873. He was ordered deacon on St. Peter's day, June 29, 1873, at the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, by Bishop Robertson. He was ad- vanced to the priesthood by the same bishop, in St. Mary's Church, at his birthplace, Fayette, Nov. 4, 1874. From 1873 to 1887 he was rector of St. James's, Macon City, Mo., and of St. James's Mili- tary Academy in the same place, of which he was the founder. He received the degrees of S.T.D. from the General Theological Sem- inary in 1887, the D.D. from Dartmouth and the LL.D. from the University of Missouri. He was consecrated to the missionary episcopate of Wyoming and Idaho in Christ Church, St. Louis, May 27, 1887, by Bishops Whipple, Quintard, Tuttle, Spalding, Ferry, Burgess, and Seymour. He- visited England to attend the Missionary Conference of the Church of England in London in 1894, where his eloquence and his inimitable recitals of missionary incident and adventure won for him friends everywhere. Bishop Talbot has refused opportunities for translation, and has remained with his clergy in the mission field to which the Church has sent him. He has been abundant in labors and has laid broad foundations. Cathedral, hospital, churches, and schools have been provided for this distant field, and the work has been signally blessed. Works. — Educational pamphlets, missionary papers and reports, addresses abroad and at home, pastorals, appeals, sermons, etc. 301 RIGHT REVEREND JAMES STEPTOE JOHNSTON, D.D. James Steptoe Johnston, Born at Church Hill, Jefferson County, Miss., June 9, 1843, the successor of the lamented Elliott was educated at Oakland College, Miss., and at the University of Virginia. At the breaking out of the war he entered the Confederate army, receiving a commission ere the close of the struggle. After a full course of study for the profession of the law and admission to the bar, he turned his thoughts toward the sacred ministry, and was admitted to holy orders in Christ Church, Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 22, 1869, by Bishop Green, who priested him in Trinity, Natchez, April 30, 1871. His ministerial work was spent at St. James's Church, Port Gibson, Miss., 1870-76; the Ascension, Mount Ster- ling, Ky., 1866-80; and Trinity, Mobile, Ala., 1880-88. He re- ceived the doctorate in divinity from the University of the South in 1888. He was consecrated missionary bishop of Western Texas, in Trinity, Mobile, his parish church, Jan. 6, 1888, by Bishops R. H. Wilmer, Dudley, Harris, Galleher, and Thompson. His episcopate has been signalized by the development of the Church educational institutions of the diocese, the increase in the number of the workers, and the consequent advance of the work, and by his self-denying and untiring labors. Works. — Missionary reports and appeals, sermons and addresses. 303 RIGHT REVEREND ABIEL LEONARD, D.D. Hbiel Xeonarb, The first missionary bishop of Wyoming and Idaho, Dr. Ethel- bert Talbot, and the second incumbent of the missionary see of Nevada and Utah, Dr. Leonard, were born in the same town of Fayette, Mo., were prepared for college at the same schools, were graduated, at the same time and from the same classes, at Dart- mouth and the General Theological Seminary, were ordained to the diaconate and priesthood at the same time, and their jurisdictions are side by side. Abiel Leonard was born June 26, 1848, and was a member of the class of 1870 at Dartmouth, and of the class of 1873 at the General Theological Seminary. He was ordered deacon in the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, June 29, 1873, by Bishop Robertson, who advanced him to the priesthood in St. Mary's, Fayette, Mo., Nov. 4, 1874. He served successively as rector of Calvary Church, Sedalia, Mo., Trinity, Hannibal, Mo., and Ti'inity, Atchison, Kan., occupying, besides, prominent positions in the dioceses where he served, and giving promise, in his abundant and efficient work, of his future elevation to the episcopate. He received the doctorate in divinity from Griswold College, Davenport, la., and from Bethany, Topeka, Kan., in 1887. He was consecrated missionary bishop of Nevada and Utah in Christ Church, St. Louis, Jan. 25, 1888, by Bishops Vail, Quintard, Tuttle, Perry, Burgess, Seymour, Walker, Thomas, and Talbot. The General Convention of 1895 increased his cares by temporarily adding Western Colorado to his jurisdiction, with a change in his style to "bishop of Nevada, Utah, and Western Colorado." His work has been devoted and successful. Under his wise adminis- tration foundations have been laid and results attained which will make the episcopate of Bishop Leonard memorable for all time to come. Works. — Sermons, addresses, etc. J05 RIGHT REVEREND LEIGHTON COLEMAN, D.D., LL.D. Xeiobton Coleman, The successor of Alfred Lee in the see of Delaware was born May 3, 1837, in Philadelphia, in which city his father was rector of Trinity Church, Southwark, and the editor of the " Banner of the Cross." His early studies were pursued at the Episcopal Academy, Phila- delphia, in preparation for a business career in mercantile life. De- termining on entering the ministry, he took his course of study at the General Theological Seminary, where he' was graduated in 1861. Before his graduation he was admitted to the diaconate in St. James's, Philadelphia, July i, i860, by Bishop Alonzo Potter, who advanced him to priest's orders in the Memorial Church of the Beloved Physician, Bustleton, Pa., May 15, 1861. His ministerial work was rendered at St. Luke's, Bustleton, 1861-63; St. John's, Wilmington, Del., 1863-66; St. Mark's, Mauch Chunk, Pa., 1866- 74; and Trinity, Toledo, O., 1874-79. He resided in P^ngland 1879-87, for the benefit of his wife's health. Returning to the United States, he accepted the rectorship of the Church of the Redeemer, Sayre, Pa., where he remained until his election to the episcopate. In 1875 he received the doctorate in divinity from Racine College, and during the same year was elected the first bishop of Fond du Lac, which honor he declined. In 1888 Hobart, which had given him the M.A. in 1865, made him an LL.D. He was consecrated the second bishop of Delaware in St. John's Church, Wilmington, Oct. 18, 1889, by Bishops M. A. De Wolfe Howe, Whitaker, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead, and Rulison. During Dr. Coleman's residence abroad he was busily engaged in Church work, and while in Oxford was for several years a diocesan organizing secretary of the Church of England Temperance Society. His interest in all Church activities, whether reformatory, eleemosy- nary, missionary, educational, or moral, is great; and his services in their behalf have been most abundant. He is devoted to the work of the ministry, an earnest and conservative Churchman, a well-read and cultured student, and a man of great personal mag- netism and charming address. He is a careful investigator of our American ecclesiastical history, and his literary work has been largely in this department of letters. Works. — i. " The History jof the Lehigh Valley" (two editions) ; 2. " The Church in America" (London, 1895); 3. Sermons, episcopal addresses, pastorals, essays, etc. 307 RIGHT REVEREND JOHN MILLS KENDRICK, D.D. ^obn niMll6 menbtick. A NATIVE of Gambier, O., where he was born May 14, 1836, the third incumbent of the missionary see of Arizona and New Mexico was graduated at Marietta College in 1856, and entered at once upon the study of the law. Admitted to the bar in the State of New York, he shortly turned his thoughts toward the sacred ministry, and entered the theological school at his native place in preparation for holy orders. His sem- inary course was interrupted by two years' service in the federal army during the Civil War. Entering as a private, he became a captain and assistant adjutant-general of the United States forces. Graduating in the seminary class of 1864, he was made deacon in the seminary chapel, May 31, 1864, by Bishop Mcllvaine, who ad- vanced him to the priesthood in the same place, June 28, 1865. After a term of mission work at Put-in-Bay, O., he became, in 1867, rector of St. Andrew's Church, Fort Scott, Kan. ; removing in 1869 to St. Paul's, Leavenworth, Kan., and returning to Ohio in 1875 to accept the charge of the Church of the Good Shepherd, Columbus. From 1878 to the time of his consecration in 1889 he served as a diocesan "general missionary." He received in 1888 the doctorate in divinity from his alma mater. He was consecrated in Trinity Church, Columbus, O., Jan. 10, 1889, by Bishops Tuttle, Dudley, Knickerbacker, and Rulison. His episcopate has been singularly prudent, active, and successful. In the midst of great difficulties, and under the disadvantage of strong opposition, the Church has developed, and the promise for the future is good. Works. — Missionary reports, appeals, addresses, sermons. 309 RIGHT REVEREND BOYD VINCENT, D.D. Bo^b IDincent The first bishop coadjutor of Southern Ohio was born at Erie, Pa.^ May i8, 1845. Graduating in the class of 1867 at Yale, and in that of 1871 at the Berkeley Divinity School, he was made a deacon in St. Paul's Church, in his native city, June 18, 1871, by Bishop Kerfoot, who ordained him a priest in the same church, June 12, 1872. After a service of two years as assistant minister at St. Paul's, Erie, he became the rector of Calvary Church, Pittsburg, in which position he continued until his consecration. In 1889 Trinity College con- ferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. He was consecrated bishop coadjutor, Jan. 25, 1889, in St. Paul's, Cincinnati, by Bishops Spalding, Dudley, Penick, Whitehead, and Knickerbacker. On the day of his consecration the bishop of Southern Ohio, Dr. Jaggar, executed a formal " demission of powers," conveying to the bishop coadjutor " all the duties and powers," and empowering him " to exercise all the authorities which appertain to the office of the bishop " of the diocese of South- ern Ohio. This document was declared to be " irrevocable." Bishop Vincent's episcopate has been full of successes and devel- opment. Serious illness has impaired for a time his ability for work, but his earnestness, devotion, and entire consecration to his duty, together with his charm of manner and his culture, resulting from study and travel, as well as his unusual intellectual powers, make him a leader in his see, and give promise of a distinguished episco- pate. Works. — Episcopal addresses, occasional sermons, pastorals, etc. 3" RIGHT REVEREND CYRUS FREDERICK KNIGHT, D.D., LL.D. C^tus jFrebertck Iknigbt, The successor of the self-denying and apostolic Welles in the see of Milwaukee was born in Boston, March 28, 1831. His education was pursued at Burlington and Harvard colleges, and his theological course was taken at the General Theological Seminary, where he was graduated in the class of 1854. He re- ceived deacon's orders in Trinity Church, New York, July 2, 1854, from Bishop Wainwright. He was priested by Bishop Alonzo Potter in St. Luke's Church, Germantown, Pa., May 18, 1856. During his diaconate he was assistant at St. Luke's, Germantown. After his advancement to priest's orders he spent some time in travel abroad, and then assumed the rectorship of St. Mark's, in his native city, where he remained ten years. Called to the Church of the Incarnation (subsequently known as St. James's) in Hartford, Conn., he continued in charge of that parish until 1877, when he became rector of St. James's, Lancaster, Pa. He was a deputy to the General Convention from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Cen- tral Pennsylvania, during a period of nearly a quarter of a century. He was a member of the standing committee of the diocese of Central Pennsylvania, and twice visited the Triennial Synod of the Church in Canada as a representative from the American Church. He received his degrees in divinity from Bethany College, Kansas, in 1880, and from Racine in 1890. In 1885 he was made D.C.L. by the University of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec. He was consecrated bishop of Milwaukee in All Saints' Cathe- dral, Milwaukee, March 26, 1889, by Bishops McLaren, Perry, A. Burgess, Seymour, Walker, and Gilbert. His episcopate was full of labors, and his work met with a measure of success. Cir- cumstances over which he had no control, and for which he was in no sense responsible, minimized the results of an absorbing zeal and the consecration of every power for the good of the Church of Christ. He fell asleep in Milwaukee, June 8, 1891, mourned by his people and the Church he loved and labored for till death. His works follow him. Works. — i. "The Peace of Jerusalem: A Plea for Unity"; 2. "The Reptiles of Florida"; 3. Sermons, addresses, pastorals, etc. 313 RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, D.D. Cbarlee Cbapman (Brafton. The successor of Hobart Brown in the see of Fond du Lac was born in Boston, April 12, 1832, and was educated in the Boston Latin School. He entered the Harvard Law School, where he received the degree of LL.B. ; but abandoned his profession and, removing to Maryland, pursued theological studies under Whittingham. He received deacon's orders in St. Peter's, Ellicott's Mills, Md., Dec. 23, 1855, from Whittingham, who priested him in St. Paul's, Balti- more, May 30, 1858. During his diaconate he was a curate at Reis- terstown, Md., and a mission worker in Baltimore. When priested he served as curate at St. Paul's and as chaplain of the Maryland deaconesses. In 1865, having declined the rectorship of St. Peter's, Phila- delphia, he visited England, with the approval of his diocesan, for the purpose of organizing a society like the religious orders of the past. This mission was successful in inaugurating the Society of St. John the Evangelist, of which the Rev. R. M. Benson was the f^rst superior. Returning to America, he accepted the rectorship of the Church of the Advent, Boston, where the work of the " Cowley Fathers" was successfully prosecuted for ten years. In 1882 all the American priests of the society save one were released from obedience to the English superior. In 1888 Grafton resigned his rectorship where he had introduced two sisterhoods. He estab- lished in Providence, R. I., the Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity. In 1889 he received a D.D. from Racine. He was consecrated in the Fond du Lac cathedral, April 25, 1889, by Bishops McLaren, A. Burgess, Seymour, Knickerbacker, Gilbert, and Knight. His episcopate, in a frontier diocese and among peoples from " every nation under heaven," has been full of self-denying labors. He has impressed upon all the conviction of saintliness, devotion, theological acumen, and personal charm. He is Catholic in doctrine, " advanced," a persuasive preacher, a con- cise and convincing writer, arid a man of affairs. Works. — i. " Vocation ; or, The Call of the Divine Master to a Sister's Life " (1886) ; 2. " Plain Suggestions for a Reverent Celebration of the Holy Communion " ; 3. Ser- mons, appeals, etc. 315 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM ANDREW LEONARD, D.D. Milliam Hnbtew Xeonarb^ Born at Southport, Conn., July 15, 1848, and educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y., and at the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn., Leonard was ordered deacon in Trinity, Middletown, May 30, 1871, by Bishop Williams, who made him a priest in St. John's, Stamford, Conn., July 21, 1873. His ministerial charges were a curacy at the Holy Trinity, Brook- lyn, the rectorship of the Church of the Redeemer, in the same city, and the rectorship of St. John's, Washington, D. C. In 1880 he was nominated by the House of Bishops t© the lower house for the missionary episcopate of Washington Territory, but he declined the appointment. In 1888 he was elected bishop coadjutor of Southern Ohio, which dignity he refused to accept. He received the doctorate in divinity from Washington and Lee University, 1885, and from St. Stephen's, 1888. He was consecrated bishop of Ohio (Bishop Bedell having re- • signed his title as well as his see) in St. Thomas's Church, New York, Oct. 12, 1889, by Bishops Williams, Whipple, Neely, W. C. Doane, Whitehead, Paret, Vincent, and the bishop of Nova Scotia, Dr. Frederick Courtney. He entered upon his work with the vigor and good judgment which had marked his priesthood. He has laid the foundations of the cathedral of his see ; has developed its institutions, both charitable and educational ; and has inspired into all departments of Church work the earnest spirit and deter- mination which cannot fail of success. He is conservative in his opinions, an attractive preacher, a well-read student, and a man of affairs. His attitude in the trial of a presbyter who had " denied the faith " has won for him the confidence as well as the gratitude of the Church ; and the see of Ohio cannot but advance under the faithful and acceptable ministrations of one so devout, so godly, and so inflexibly just. Works. — l. " Via Sacra; or, Footprints of Christ" (descriptive of the great themes of Holy Week; with an Introduction by C. H. Hall, 1875); 2. " Brief History of the Christian Church " (1883, four editions) ; 3. "A Faithful Life"; 4. " The Witness of the American Church to Pure Christianity " (Bedell Lectures for 1893) ; 5. Sermons, ad- dresses, essays, pastorals, etc. 317 RIGHT REVEREND THOMAS FREDERICK DAVIES, D.D., LL.D. XCbomas jFtebedcP? Bavtes, The successor of the lamented Harris in the see of Michigan was a native of Fairfield, Conn., where he was born Aug. 31, 1831. He was graduated at Yale in the class of 1853, and at the Ber- keley Divinity School in 1856. He received deacon's orders in Christ Church, Middletown, Conn., May 18, 1856, from Bishop Williams, who advanced him to the priesthood in the same church, May 27, 1857- He filled successively the posts of professor of He- brew in the Berkeley Divinity School, rector of St. John's Church, Portsmouth, N. H., and of St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia. He was for a number of years a member of the standing committee of Penn- sylvania, and from time to time deputy to the General Convention from that diocese. He received the doctorate in divinity from the University of Pennsylvania in 1876, and the doctorate of laws from Hobart in 1889. He was consecrated bishop of Michigan in his parish church, St. Peter's, Philadelphia, Oct. 18, 1889, by Bishops Williams, Whipple, Tuttle, Whitaker, Gillespie, Scarborough, Worthington, and H. C. Potter. Bishop Davies is a widely read theologian, a scholar of rare attainments, a man of great intellectual ability, an excellent and impressive preacher, a cultured and charming writer, and an ad- ministrator at once impartial, conservative, and judicious. He is a thorough Churchman, an excellent canonist, and a careful and juSt judge. Entering upon a see which has had men of varied powers and gifts at its head, he has won the respect and regard of all men, and has given full proof of his ministry as a faithful and devout bishop of the Church of God. Works. — Parish papers, occasional sermons, episcopal addresses, pastorals, and other official papers. 319 RIGHT REVEREND ANSON ROGERS GRAVES, D.D., LL.D. Hnson IRoaers Graves, The first incumbent of the see of The Platte, created in 1889 by the formation of Western Nebraska into a missionary jurisdic- tion, was born in Wells, Rutland County, Vt., April 13, 1842. He was a scion of Puritan stock, his ancestors having emigrated from the mother-land about 1640, settling first in Hartford, Conn., and then in Hadley, Mass. He was graduated at Hobart, 1866, and at the General Theolog- ical Seminary, 1869. He received deacon's orders at the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, July 2, 1870, from Bishop Horatio Potter. He was priested by Bishop Littlejohn, June 4, 1871, in Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn. His ministry was spent, after a little more than a year's curacy at Grace Church, Brooklyn, in the middle West, where he held successively the rectorship of St. Luke's, Plattsmouth, Neb., the curacy of Gethsemane, Minneapolis, and the rectorship of All Saints', Northfield, Minn. He was afterward rector of All Saints', Littleton, N. H., St. Peter's, Bennington, Vt., and the Church of Gethsemane, Minneapolis, where he remained until his consecration. He was elected to the missionary jurisdiction of The Platte by the Church in General Convention in 1889, and was consecrated in his parish church, Jan. i, 1890, by Bishops Tuttle, Hare, A. Bur- gess, Knickerbacker, Gilbert, and Knight. He has made a note- worthy success under the most discouraging circumstances by his patient and persistent watchfulness over the interests of his juris- diction. He visits his missions twice in each year. Organizing no parishes, he has increased threefold the number of stations and com- municants in the first five years of his episcopate. As a man of sound practical judgment, good scholarship, devotion to his work, and wisdom in executive administration. Bishop Graves has already impressed himself upon his see and gained the promise of a speedy and lasting success. Works. — Tracts, sermons, missionary reports, addresses, etc. Bishop Graves originated and, with the cooperation of others, prepared the tract entitled " The Church and her Ways," of which more than a quarter of a million copies have been sold. 321 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM FORD NICHOLS, D.D. Milliam jporb Btcbols, The coadjutor and successor to the accomplished and intellectual William Ingraham Kip was born at Lloyd, Ulster County, N. Y., June 9, 1849. He is descended from Francis Nichols, one of the original settlers of Stratford, Conn. He was graduated at Trinity College in the class of 1870, and at the Berkeley Divinity School in 1873. He received deacon's orders in Holy Trinity Church, Middletown, June 4, 1873, from Bishop John Williams, who priested him in the same church, June 4, 1874. His ministry was spent as curate at Middletown ; rector of St. James's Church, West Hartford, together with Grace, Newington ; rector of Christ Church, Hartford, and of St. James's Church, Phila- delphia. He was professor of Church history at the Berkeley School. In 1884 as a member of the Connecticut delegation to the Seabury Centenary, at Aberdeen, Scotland, in behalf of the clergy and laity of Connecticut he presented the memorial paten and chal- ice to the Scottish Church. In 1888 he was elected bishop coad- jutor of Southern Ohio, which office he declined to accept. His divinity doctorates were received from Trinity and Gambier. He was consecrated bishop coadjutor of California in St. James's, Philadelphia, June 24, 1890, by Bishops Williams, Quintard, Neely, Littlejohn, Whitaker, Niles, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead, and H. C. Potter. On the death of Kip, Nichols became diocesan. His administration has been wise, conservative, judicious. A scholar of varied attainments, cultured, intellectual, and gifted with great executive abiHty, he has impressed upon the work intrusted to him the personal characteristics of devotion, earnestness, and loftiness of aim which marked his ministry and are a part of the man him- self. He gives promise of attaining the highest distinction and winning the greatest success possible to a bishop of the Church of Christ. He is the founder and dean of the Church Divinity School, San Mateo, Cal. Works. — i. A charge, " On the Trial of your Faith " (1895) ; 2. Occasional sermons, historical sketches, addresses, reviews, pastorals, etc. Vi iSbwarb IRobert Etwill Born at Red Hook, Dutchess County, N. Y., Feb. i8, 1840, the first bishop of West Missouri was graduated at Columbia in 1862, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1864. He received deacon's orders at Calvary Church, New York, July 3, 1864, from Bishop Horatio Potter, who priested him in St. Luke's Church, New York, April i, 1865. During his diaconate he was curate at St. Luke's, New York. On his advancement to the priesthood he was made rector of St. Paul's, Williamsburg, L. I., N. Y., and afterward curate to the bishop of Vermont, at St. Paul's, Burlington, to the rectorship of which (1867) he succeeded. In 1882 he became rector of Trinity Church, Toledo, O., which charge he retained until his consecration. He received the doctorate in divinity from the University of Vermont in 1882. He was consecrated bishop of West Missouri in Trinity Church, Toledo, Oct. 14, i8go, by Bishops Tuttle, McLaren, Seymour, Knickerbacker, and W. A. Leonard. His episcopate has been marked by financial reverses and disappointments in the business world ; but he has by patient and most abundant labors carried on the work committed to his charge as a true-hearted and self-sacri- ficing bishop and shepherd of souls. He is a man of intellectual gifts, a cultured and well-informed scholar, and an able and efficient administrator. The work under his care has felt happily, and re- sponded to, the fostering and furthering hand of its spiritual head. Works. — i. A tract on "Confirmation"; 2. Occasional discourses, episcopal ad- dresses, etc. 52s RIGHT REVEREND HENRY MELVILLE JACKSON, D.D. 1benr^ fIDelville 5ack8on. The first coadjutor bishop of Alabama was born in Leesburg, Loudon County, Va., July 28, 1848. He was educated chiefly at the Virginia Military Institute and at the Virginia Theological Seminary, graduating from the latter in 1873. He was ordered deacon in the seminary chapel, Alexandria, June 27, 1873, and advanced to the priesthood in St. John's Church, Wytheville, Va., July 15, 1874, both by Bishop Johns. His cleri- cal work was performed in Montgomery parish, in the county of the same name, Virginia, and at Christ Church, Greenville, S. C. In October, 1876, he became rector of Grace Church, Richmond, Va., succeeding the celebrated Dr. Kinloch Nelson. Here he continued until his elevation to the episcopate. While in Richmond he was for a time the editor of the " Southern Pulpit." He received the doctorate in divinity from Randolph Macon College in 1885 and from the University of the .South in 1891. He was consecrated to the assistant bishopric of Alabama in St. Paul's Church, Selma, Ala., Jan. 21, 189 1, by Bishops R. H. Wilmer, W. B. W. Howe, Peterkin, Thompson, and Randolph. Bishop Jackson entered upon his episcopal work with a deep earnestness and devotion, winning all hearts by his eloquence and his godly zeal. Works. — Besides his editorial work on the " Southern Pulpit," afterward consoli- dated with the " Pulpit Treasury," and on other religious papers of the South, Bishop Jackson has published little ; a few sermons, etc., comprising the catalogue of his printed works. J27 RIGHT REVEREND DAVIS SESSUMS, D.D. Bavis Sessume* The coadjutor and successor of the excellent Galleher was born in Houston, Tex., July 7, 1858. He was educated at the University of the South, where, after a brilliant course, he proceeded M.A. in 1878. Entering the theo- logical department of the university, he completed his studies pre- paratory to ordination the following year. He was made a deacon in Christ Church, in his native place, Feb. 5, 1882, by Bishop Gregg, who advanced him to the priesthood in the same church, Aug. 13th of the same year. His early ministry was spent at Galveston, Tex., in charge of Grace Church. In 1883 he removed to Tennessee, where he was first assistant and then rector of Calvary Church, Memphis. In 1887 he became rector of Christ Church, New Or- leans, where he remained until his election as bishop coadjutor of Louisiana. He received the doctorate in divinity from his alma mater in the year of his consecration. He was consecrated in his -parish church, June 24, 1891, by Bishops Quintard, Tuttle, Garrett, Galleher, Thompson, and Wat- son. He became diocesan on the death of Bishop Galleher, the same year. Bishop Sessums is an orator of fervid eloquence, a metaphysical thinker, and an able writer. He is tolerant in his administration, " broad " in his theological views, and possesses varied gifts. Works. — Episcopal addresses, metaphysical theses, etc. 3?9 RIGHT REVEREND PHILLIPS BROOKS, D.D. pbillips Brooke, A SCION of a distinguished Puritan family, born in Boston, Dec. 13. 183s, educated at tiie Latin School of his native city, and grad- uated at Harvard University in the class of 1855, Phillips Brooks, on determining to enter the sacred ministry, pursued his theolog- ical studies at the Virginia Seminary, where he was graduated in the class of 1859. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Meade in the sem- inary chapel, July I, 1859. He was advanced to the priesthood in Advent Church, Philadelphia, May 27, i860, by Bishop Alonzo Potter. His early ministry was spent at Advent Church. In 1862, when but twenty-six years of age, he became rector of Holy Trin- ity Church, Philadelphia, succeeding the rector and friend of his earlier days, the Rev. Dr. Alexander H. Vinton. In 1869 he be- came rector of Trinity, Boston, where he remained until his eleva- tion to the episcopate. During the first years of his ministry. Brooks gave promise of a distinguished future by his brilliant discourses and by 'his patriotic course at the opening of the Civil War. Untiring in his efforts to enkindle in the minds of all within the reach of his influence the highest sentiments of love of country and loyal devotion to the cause of the Union, he won not only the love and praise of all patriots, but obtained as a recognition of his course an election to member- ship in the Loyal Legion, although a noncombatant. His patriotic discourses were among the most fervid and eloquent of his pulpit efforts, and his auditors were often at a loss to distinguish the in- spiring sermon, full of lessons of duty to God and our neighbor, from the oration displaying the most brilliant and convincing sentences of the finished speaker. His ministry was a pastorate rather than a rectorate. He cared for each one, even the littlest and most humble of his flock. It was thus that his great heart found responsive love and full recog- nition in others' hearts. He declined the election to the coadjutor bishopric of Pennsyl- vania in 1886. He was made a doctor of divinity by Union, 1870, Harvard, 1877, the University of Oxford, England, 1885, and Col- umbia, 1887. He was consecrated bishop of Massachusetts in Trinity, Boston, 331 332 THE EPISCOPATE IN AMERICA. Oct. 14, 1 89 1, by Bishops Williams, Clark, Whipple, Littlejohn, Doane, Niles, M. A. De Wolfe Howe, H. C. Potter, and Talbot. The administration of Bishop Brooks was but brief. He died, deeply lamented, Jan. 23, 1893. There were those of his brethren who felt that he was not fitted for the routine work and the administrative labors of the episcopate. He was impatient of details; he disliked "functions"; he despised display. He was, besides, far from claiming to be an exact or widely read theologian. But when he had become the bishop of his native State — his beloved Massachusetts — he spared no pains to bring the ministrations of his high office to all men ; and the brief episcopate of Phillips Brooks brought many thoughtful men into close relations with the Church who had long stood aloof, and who were drawn into the fold by the personal magnetism of this great man. Phillips Brooks was a typical New Englander, proud of his an- cestry, his birth-city, and his college. It was to Harvard that he felt that much of his developed intellectual powers were due ; and as a student, an alumnus, a preacher, an overseer, the love of Har- vard was a marked characteristic, giving him a power over the undergraduates and attaching to himself the regard and love of all the members, officers, and graduates of the university. His fame as the " prince of preachers " had extended throughout the English-speaking world. His many great gifts were ever exer- cised in the service of man and to the glory of God. Crowds at- tended his rhinistrations in this country and abroad. His writings were read with avidity by all classes of men. His style manifested the tenderness and sympathy of a true poetic nature, the brilliancy of a rhetorician, the power of a close reasoner, and the full evidence of the love of God and of his fellow-men animating his soul. He was deeply interested in all humanitarian movements, and his suc- cessive charges were stepping-stones in his rapid advance to the position of a leader of Christian thought. His sudden death brought to an unlooked-for close the high hopes which had been formed of his future; but " he, being dead, yet speaketh " through his works and the abiding memories of his consecrated life. Works. — i. "Our Mercies" (1863); 2. "Sermons" (1875); 3. "Lectures on Preaching" (1877) ; 4. " Influence of Jesus " (Bohlen Lectures, 1879) ; 5. " The Pulpit and Popular Skepticism" (1879); 6. " Alexander Hamilton Vinton : IWemorial Sermon" (1881) ; 7. " Candle of the Lord, and Other Sermons " (1881) ; 8. " Sermons Preached in English Churches " (1883) ; g. " Oldest School in America" (oration at celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Boston Latin School, 1885); 10. " Twenty Sermons " (1886); 11. "Tolerance" (1887); 12. "A Christmas Ser- mon " (1890) ; 13. " The Light of the World, and Other Sermons " (1890) : 14. " The Spiritual Man, and Other Sermons" (1891); 15. " The Symmetry of Life" (reprinted from his second series of sermons, 1892); 16. "The Good Wine at the Feast's End" (sermon, 1893) ; 17. " The Living Christ, an Easter Sermon " ; 18. " Baptism and Con- firmation " ; 19. " Sermons " (1893) ; 20. " Addresses " (with introduction by Julius H. PHILLIPS BROOKS. 333 Ward, 1893); 21. "Letters of Travel" (1893); 22. " Essays and Addresses" (edited by John Cotton Brooks, 1894) ; 23. " The Life Here and the Life Hereafter " (sermon, 1894) ; 24. " Sermons for the Principal Festivals and Fasts of the Church Year" (1895). He has published the following carols : I. " O Little Town of Bethlehem " (1887) ; 2. " Christmas Once is Christmas Still " (1892) ; .3. "A Constant Christmas." A volume of his poems was published in 1893. RIGHT REVEREND ISAAC LEA NICHOLSON, D.D. Ifsaac Xea Bicbolson, Born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. i8, 1844, the fifth bishop of the see of Milwaukee was educated at St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville Md. Consequent upon his impaired health the prosecution of a college course was deemed unwise, and the future bishop spent seven years in commercial pursuits as a subordinate, and finally as a member of his father's banking-house. Later he entered Dartmouth College, and was graduated in the class of 1869. It was during his college course that, largely through the influence of his fellow-students Leonard and Talbot, now missionary bishops of the Church, he determined on seeking the priesthood. He pursued his theological course at the Virginia Seminary, graduating in 1871. He was made deacon by Bishop Whittingham, Sept. 24, 1871, in Grace Church, Baltimore. He was advanced to the priesthood by Bishop Pink- ney, Sept. 22, 1872, in St. Paul's, Baltimore. He was first curate in Hanover, N. H., and then at St. Paul's, Baltimore. In 1875 he became rector of the Church of the Ascension, Westminster, Md. In December, 1879, he entered upon the rectorship of St. Mark's, Philadelphia, where he remained till his consecration. In 1883 he declined the episcopate of Indiana. In 1890 he received his divinity doctorate from Nashotah. He was consecrated in St. Mark's, Philadelphia, on the feast of SS. Simon and Jude, Oct. 28, 1891, by Bishops McLaren, Whitaker, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead, Rulison, Paret, Worthington, Talbot, A. Leonard, and Grafton. Bishop Nicholson's episcopate has been full of labors and marked by success. He is vigorous, earnest, devout, of commanding pres- ence, impartial in his administration, and sagacious in his judgments of men. He has achieved results which give promise of a great advance materially and spiritually in the see of which he has charge. Works. — Occasional sermons, addresses, pastorals. He has compiled several liturgical manuals. 335 RIGHT REVEREND CLELAND KINLOCK NELSON, D.D. Clelanb Ikinlock IFleleon, The successor of Beckwith in the see of Georgia was born at " Greenwood," near Cobham, Albemarle County, Va., May 23, 1852. He is a lineal descendant of William Nelson, president of the colony of Virginia, and of General Thomas Nelson, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, governor of Virginia, and a friend of Washington. He was graduated in 1872 at St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., an institution of learning fully two centuries old. He studied theology under his uncle, the Rev. Dr. C. K. Nelson, and at the Berkeley School in Connecticut. He was ordered deacon, Sept. 19, 187s, in the Church of the Ascension, Washington, D. C, by Bishop Pinkney, and was advanced to the priesthood in Holy Trinity Church, Philadelphia, June 22, 1876, by Bishop Stevens. From 1876 to 1882 he was rector of the Church of St. John the Baptist, Germantown, Pa., and from 1882 to his consecration was rector of the Church of the Nativity, South Bethlehem, Pa. He received the degree of D.D. from his alma mater in 1891, and from the University of the South in 1892. Elected at a special Convention held in Christ Church, Macon, Ga., Nov. 12, 1891, he was consecrated in St. Luke's Cathedral, At- lanta, Feb. 24, 1892, by Bishops Quintard, W. B. W. Howe, Lyman, Whitehead, Rulison, Coleman, and Jackson. His episcopate has been attended with unusual developments in the material and spirit- ual prosperity of the see, and his successes give a bright augury for the future. He is eloquent, argumentative, logical, a sound theologian, and an administrator of marked ability. Works. — Episcopal addresses, occasional sermons. 337 RIGHT REVEREND CHARLES REUBEN HALE, D.D., LL.D. Charles IReuben 1bale. _ The 'assistant bishop of Springfield, consecrated with the title of bishop of Cairo, was born in Lewiston, Pa., March 14, 1837, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, 1858. He was ordained deacon in St. Paul's, Philadelphia, Jan. 8, i860, by Bishop Alonzo Potter, who priested him in Christ Church, Ed- dington. Pa., Oct. 17, 1861. After service as a curate at Christ Church, Germantown, and All Saints', Lower Dublin, Pa., he be- came, in 1863, chaplain in the navy, continuing in this position, with the added duty, for a part of the time, of the chair of mathematics at the Naval Academy, until 1870. He was rector of St. John's, Auburn, N. Y., 1871-73; took part in founding a mission among the Italians in New York, 1873; was rector of St. Mary the Vir- gin's, Baltimore, Md., 1875-76; assistant at St. Paul's, Baltimore, 1877-85; dean of Davenport (la.) Cathedral, 1886 until his conse- cration. He received his doctorate in divinity from Hobart College in 1876, and his LL.D. from Griswold in 1889. Elected bishop coadjutor of Springfield, 111., May 17, 1892, he was consecrated in Davenport Cathedral, July 26, 1892, by Bishops Perry, Seymour, Walker, Worthington, W. A. Leonard, and Nichol- son. He is a scholar of varied attainments, a well-read and intelli- gent theologian, and an expert in liturgical study and in the history of the Church. He has labored especially for the cause of inter- communion. Works. — i. Report of the committee appointed by the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania to translate the inscription on the Rosetta Stone (committee consisting of Hale, S. Huntington Jones, and Henry Morton, 1858) ; 2. Papers on mat- ters relatipg to the Eastern churches (1870-94) : these include (i) " A List of Sees and Bishops of the Holy Eastern Church " (1870) ; (2) " A List of all the Sees and Bishops ' of the Holy Orthodox Church of the East " (1872I ; (s) " Innocent of Moscow, the Apostle of Kamchatka and Alaska" (1877, 1888); (4) " The Russian Church " (1880) ; (5) " Eng- land's Duty toward Egypt " (published in the official report of the Church Congress at Carlisle, England, 1884) ; (6) " A Visit to the Eastern Churches in the Interests of Church Unity" (1886) ; (7) Various reports of the Joint Committee of the General Convention on Communication with the Russo-Greek Church; (8) " Missionary Relations between the Anglican and the Eastern Churches " (1894') ; 3. Translations : (i) " An Account of the Visit of Dr. Overbeck to Constantinople in 1879" (from the Russian, 1880); (2) " Mozarabic Collects " (arranged from the ancient liturgy of the Spanish Church, 1881) ; 4. Papers on liturgical subjects (1876-91) ; 5. " The Universal Episcopate " (a list of the sees and bishops of the holy Church throughout the world, 1882); 6. "The American Church and Methodism " ; 7. Miscellaneous sermons, etc. 339 RIGHT REVEREND GEORGE HERBERT KINSOLVING, D.D. (Beotoe Ibetbert IkineoMriG. The coadjutor and successor to the venerable Gregg was born in Bedford County, Va., April 28, 1849, was educated at the Uni- versity of Virginia, and was graduated at the Virginia Theological Seminary in 1873. He was admitted to the diaconate, June 26, 1874, by Bishop Johns, and was priested by Bishop Whittingham the following year. His diaconate was spent at Christ Church, Baltimore, Md., as an assistant. His rectorships were respectively St. Mark's, Baltimore ; St. John's, Cincinnati ; and the Church of the Epiphany, Philadel- phia. He was elected bishop coadjutor of Texas, May 19, 1892. He received his divinity doctorate from Griswold and the University of the South. His consecration took place in his parish church, Philadelphia, Oct. 12, 1892. His consecrators were Bishops R. H. Wilmer, Quintard, Whitaker, Wingfield, Dudley, Jaggar, Randolph, Johns- ton, Kendrick, Davies, Nichols, Hale, and the bishop of New- foundland, Dr. Llewellyn Jones. On the nth of July, 1893, Bishop Gregg died, and Bishop Kinsolving became the diocesan. In a diocese of vast extent Bishop Kinsolving has entered upon his labors with characteristic earnestness and singular devotion. Full of energy, possessing the power of commending himself to all men, tireless, ready in emergencies, and able to meet all requirements, his episcopate bids fair to be productive of noteworthy results. Works. — Episcopal addresses, occasional discourses, pastorals, etc. 341 RIGHT REVEREND LEMUEL HENRY WELLS, D.D. Xemuel Ibenti^ Mells, The first bishop of Spokane — the eastern portion of the see of Washington, created into an independent jurisdiction in 1892 — was born in Yonkers, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1841. Entering Trinity College, Hartford, he left at the breaking out of the war, and rendered efficient service in the Union army. At the close of the strife he was graduated at Hobart College in the class of 1867. He pursued his theological studies at the Berkeley School, receiving deacon's orders from Bishop William.s in Holy Trinity Church, Middletown, June 2, 1869, and being priested in Trinity Chapel, New Haven, by Bishop Bissell, in 1871. After a year's study abroad subsequent to his ordination he was curate at Trinity, New Haven. Led by an earnest missionary zeal, he went to the far West and served^for five years under the bishop of Oregon without salary. During two decades of mission life and work he has built nine churches and established a Church school at Walla Walla, Wash. In that town he was rector from 1873 to 1882. From 1884 to 1889 he was rector of St. Luke's, Tacoma, Wash. Accept- ing the charge of Trinity in that city, which he had himself founded, he continued there until his election to the missionary episcopate. He received the doctorate in divinity from Hobart, 1892. His consecration took place in Trinity, New Haven, Dec. 16, 1892. His consecrators were Bishops Williams, Neely, Niles, Lyman, J. A. Paddock, Walker, and Talbot. Bishop Wells is a man of varied tastes and accomplishments, scholarly, devoted, and devout. His work gives good promise of speedy and notable results. Works. — Missionary reports, educational papers, episcopal addresses, etc. 343 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM CRANE GRAY, D.D. MilUam Crane (3ra^, The first bishop of Southern Florida was born at Lambertville, N. J., Sept. 6, 1835. While a lad of ten years his family removed to Tennessee, where his education preparatory to his college course was pursued. Grad- uating at Kenyon in 1859, and taking his theological studies at Bex- ley Hall, Gambler, O., he was ordered deacon by Bishop Otey in Christ Church, Nashville, June 26, 1859. The same bishop priested him on Ascension day the following year, in St. Peter's, Columbia, Tenn. After more than a year's missionary work, in i860 he be- came rector of St. James's, Bolivar, Tenn., where in twenty years he built a new church and rectory, a Church school for girls, and a mission chapel for colored people. Accepting, after this long and successful rectorate, the charge of the Church of the Advent, Nash- ville, he remained as its rector until chosen to the episcopal office. In 1881 Kenyon conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and in 1893 the University of the South gave him the same honorary title. He was consecrated Dec. 29, 1892, at the Church of the Advent, Nashville, by Bishops Quintard, Dudley, Weed, Nelson, and Hale. His work as bishop has been singularly blessed. His labors take in every section of his see, and new churches and Church activities spring up in his pathway at every step. Works. — Missionary reports, episcopal addresses, appeals, etc. 345 RIGHT REVEREND FRANCIS KEY BROOKE, D.D. jFtancis 1ke^ Brooke, The first missionary bishop of Oklahoma, the son of a distin- guished clergyman of the diocese of Ohio, the Rev. Prof. John Thomson Brooke, D.D., was born in Gambler, O., Nov. 2, 1852. He was graduated at Kenyon College in 1874. He was ordained to the diaconate in Christ Church, Cincinnati, Nov. 21, 1875, by Bishop Jaggar, who priested him in Christ Church, Springfield, O., May 6, 1877. His early ministry was spent in his native State as rector successively at Grace, College Hill; Christ, Portsmouth; St. James's, Piqua; and Grace, Sandusky. From 1886 to 1888 he was rector of St. Peter's, St. Louis, and from 1888 to 1892 of Trinity, Atchison, Kan. His ministry was marked with success. He was a trustee first of Kenyon and later of Bethany College. In the Kansas Theological School he was lecturer on apologetics and ethics. When chosen by the Church in General Convention to the missionary epis- copate he was dean of the Northeast Convocation of Kansas, and an honorary canon of the cathedral. He received his divinity doc- torate from the Kansas Theological School, 1892. He was consecrated on the feast of the Epiphany, Jan. 6, 1893, at Grace Cathedral, Topeka, Kan., by Bishops Tuttle,. Pierce, Spalding, Jaggar, Thomas, Kendrick, Graves, and Atwill. His epis- copate has been abundant in labors. In laying foundations, in build- ing up the Church in a new country and under adverse circum- stances, he has given promise of a brilliant future. The General Convention of 1895 changed his style to "Bishop of Oklahoma and Indian Territory." Works. — Episcopal addresses, missionary reports, and appeals. 347 A -^ !''/A!WX&* P- 353: P- 363. P- 365- P- 367. line 22, for "Mississippi" read "Alabama, 1884." Ime 15, for "1894" read "1892." line 36, add "He was elected bishop of West- ern New York, Oct. 7, 1896, and inducted Dec. 23d, at St. Paul's Cathedral, Buffalo, N. Y." add name of Bishop A. Lee to consecrators. line 13, add " The degree of LL.D. was con- ferred by Hobart College in 1895." after line 26 add " He was elected bishop of Central Pennsylvania, at South Bethlehem, Pa., Nov. 10, 1897." line 12, for " 1866-80" read " 1867-80." line 13, after " 1876" insert "and from Yale University in 1891. , 337, for " Kinlock" read "Kinloch." line 2, for " Lewiston " read " Lewistown.'' line 9, for "the chair" read " assistant pro- fessor." add name of Bishop Morris to consecrators. under Works add " translations into Chinese : Sadlier's ' Church Doctrine and Bible Truth'; Bingham's 'Antiquities' (8 books) ; translation of Isaiah and commen- tary, and 'Manual of Private Devotions' ; various tracts, etc." line 10, for" W.B.W. Howe" read "Thomas F. Davies." line 13, before " 1887 " insert " December," line 14, for "election " read "consecration." line 20, before "1893 " insert " May." line 19, for sentence beginning "In 1893," etc., read "In 1890 Columbia College gave him the divinity degree, which was repeated from Trinity, the General Theological Seminary, and the University of the South." Add names of Bishops Sessums and Gray to the consecrators. Add to Works "An Historical Introduction to 'The Ecumenical Councils,' Du Bose (1897, The Christian Literature Co.)." line 5, after " December" insert " 18." line 14, for "same" read "next." line 14, for "Smith" read "South." line 14, for "1881-86" read " 18S1-89 " and omit "rector of Christ Church, St. Paul, Minn., 1886-89." Bishop White was called to St. Paul in 1886, but did not accept. iRecroIog^. COje, actbur CleVelanO, 2).2)., %%.'S>., bishop of western New York, died at Clifton Springs, N. Y., July 20, 189b, age 78 years. IReWtOn, JObn aSrOCftenbrOUgb, HS.'B,, bishop coadjutor of Virginia, died at Richmond, Va., May 28, 1897, age 58 years. IRuHSOn, IFlClSOn SomervHle, 2). 2)., bishop of Central Pennsylvania, died at Mann- heim, Germany, September i, 1897, age 55 years. 397 SS©§SS=S^**#6*Se*eaSi£Hj