I ;■-■; EIPOST Pi AKD 1 r 352; \ \ A 5 ' u IS) 14- FROM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS .A..s.ci.5.5.\o nhLhs-. I 506 Rev. Stat, prohibits the withdrawal of this book for Homa use. Cornell University Library TP332 .A5 1914 Report of fuel tests and the Issue of fu olin 3 1924 030 698 793 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030698793 WAR DEPARTMENT : OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL REPORT ON FUEL TESTS AND THE ISSUE OF FUEL 1914 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE 1914 _&Ai6« Wak Department, Document No. 473. Office of the QuartermasteT General. War Depaetment, Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington, June 12, 1914- The following Report. on Fuel Tests and the Issue of Fuel, made under the direction of the Quartermaster General of the Army by Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, is approved and herewith published for the information and guidance of all concerned. By order of the Secretary of War: W. W. WOTHERSPOON, Major General, Chief of Staff. INDEX. Page. Alaska, Weather Bureau chart showing mean minimum temperatures for 62 AiiowABLE COAL CONSUMPTION per square foot of grate for posts in United States, charts of 64 Allowances, fuel to officers and enlisted men where pubUc quarters not available 21 Areas, grates, of heating boilers, Century, Ideal, and Dunning 63 Abmy and Navy Clttb, Washington, D. C, correspondence relative to data... 105 Army Regulations, amendments to for carrying into effect new method of issue of fuel 51 Assistant Secretary op Treasury, letter re allowance fuel for heating pri- vate residences, etc 92 Boilers, Century, Ideal, and Dunning, areas of heating boiler grates 63 Chart: Allowance curve and actual coal consumption curve at Washington Bar- racks, comparison 128 Allowance curves and actual rates of consumption in boilers, Fort Myer, Va., comparison of 140 Allowance curves and actual consumption curves, Fort Sheridan, 111., comparison of 145 Of allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate for posts in United States 64 Dally record of temperatures and coal consumption — At Washington Barracks, test 112 At Fort Myer, Va 130 Results of tests on heating boilers, etc. — Washington Barracks, February 13 to March 25, 1914 Face 86 Fort Myer, Va., February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Fort Sheridan, 111., February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Temperatures at various posts in the United States 60 Weather Bureau, showing mean minimum temperatures for Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Alaska 62 Coal, cost and kinds of: At various cities in United States, by contract, statement of 94 At various foreign cities, statement of 96 Correspondence, relative data, Army and Navy Club, Washington, D. C 105 Cost and kinds of coal: At various cities in United States, by contract, statement of 94 At various foreign cities, statement of 96 Daily allowances op publ, based on proposed new chart allowances, com- parison of 62 Daily record chart of temperatures and coal consumption: At Washington Barracks, test 112 At Fort Myer, Va., test 130 At Fort Sheridan, 111., test 144 Draft, proposed general order re to issue of fuel at military posts 55 5 6 INDEX. Ptjel: Page. Allowance of, to officers and enlisted men where public quarters not avail- able 21 Baily allowance of, based on proposed new chart allowances, comparison of . 62 Instructions, forms and data sheets issued during tests of 73 Issue of, to officers and enlisted men when occupying public quarters 17 Issue of, to troops at military posts and stations 9 Summary and conclusions Capt. Hines's report 30 Tests of, at Forts Myer, Sheridan, and Washington Barracks 35^2 Tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, report of L. H. Tripp, sani- tary and heating engineer 86 Tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks, report of P. If. Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer 80 Tests, instructions issued at Fort Myer, Va., for carrying into effect 109 Tests at Fort Myer, Washington Barracks, and Fort Sheridan, 111., com- ment of post authorities 99 Hawaii, Weather Bureau chart. showing minimum temperatures for 62 Insteuctions: Forms and data sheets issued during tests of fuel 73 Issued at Fort Myer, Va., for carrying fuel tests into effect 109 Issue of fuel: Amendments to Army Regulations for carrying into effect, report relative to. 9 At military posts, draft of proposed general order relative to 55 To officers and enlisted men when occupying public quarters 17 To troops at military posts and stations 9 LbTTEH' — From Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, re allowance fuel for heating private residences, etc 92 Of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, submitting report of fuel 9 Map of — The Philippine Islands, showing mean annual and minimum temperatures. The United States, showing mean minimum temperature for — The year Follow 145 December Follow 145 January Follow 145 February Follow 145 December, January, and February combined Follow 145 March and November combined Follow 145 April, May, and October combined Follow 145 June, July, August, and September combined Follow 145 March PoUq^ I45 November ^^11^^ ^^^ f P''^^ Follow 145 ^y ■ Follow 145 O^t*^"" Follow 145 ^7® Follow 145 , y ■• Follow 145 f°"'*; Follow 145 September p^U^^ ^^^ INDEX. 7 Mtek, Fort: Page. Chart of daily record of temperatiires and coal consumption 130 Chart report of teste on heating boilers, February 15 to March 25 , 1914 . . Face 92 Comments of post authorities on fuel tests 99 Comparison chart allowance curve and actual rates of consumption in bqUers 140 Instructions issued at, for carrying fuel tests into effect 109 Report of L. H. Tripp on fuel tests 86 Report of P. M. Anderson on fuel tests 80 Table comparing cost of heating standard room with officers' rooms 45 Tests of fuel at 40 Officers' quarters, schedule of rooms in various types 97 PHiLrpprNE Islands, map of, showing mean, annual and minimum tempera- tures Follow 145 Porto Rico, Weather Bureau chart, showing mean minimum temperatures for. 62 Report— Chart of tests on heating boilers, etc. — Washington Barracks, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 86 Fort Myer, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Fort Sheridan, 111., February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Of L. H. Tripp on fuel tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks 86 Of P. M. Anderson on fuel tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. . . 80 On fuel- Letter of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, submitting 9 Summary and conclusions of Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps 30 Reissue of fuel, amendment to Army Regulations for carrying into effect : 51 Schedule of rooms, in various types of officers' quarters 97 Sheridan, Fort: Chart of daily record of temperatures and coal consumption 144 Chart report of tests on heating boilers, etc., at, February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Comments of post authorities on fuel tests 99 Comparison of chart allowance curve and actual consumption curve 145 Tests of fuel at 42 Statement — • Of cost, and kinds of coal at various cities in United States, by con- tract 94 Of cost and kinds of coal at various foreign cities 96 Summary and conclusions, made in report on fuel, by Capt. F. T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps 30 Table — Of allowances per month for heating officers' quarters for various zones of equal temperature 47 Of allowances per room for heating officers' quarters for various zones of equal temperature 48 Showing average size of rooms in officers ' quarters 43 Showing average costs in Washington, using gas for fuel for officers on com- mutation status 92 Showing comparison present fuel allowances with allowances recommended in report ' 49 8 INDEX. Table — Continued. Page. Showing cost of heating apartment houses ^^ Showing cost of heating standard room of 3,000 cubic feet 44 Showing cost of cooking and heating water in oflBcers' quarters 46 Showing minimum values present fuel allowances for various zones of equal temperature, computed in quantities hardwood - 50 Showing temperature periods, zones of equal temperature, and cost of heating according to rank of officer 52 Comparing cost of heating standard room officers' quarters at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks 45 Temperatttkes — And coal consumption at Port Myer, chart of daily record 130 And coal consumption at Washington Barracks test, chart of daily record . 112 Various posts in United States, charts of 60 Tests — Of fuel at Ports Myer, Sheridan, and Washington Barracks Z5-42 Report of, on heating boilers, etc. — Port Myer, February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Fort Sheridan, February 18 to March 25, 1914 Face 92 Washington Barracks : Chart of daily record of temperatures and. coal consumption tests 112 Chart report of tests on heating boiler, etc., February 15 to March 25, 1914 Face 86 Comments of post authorities on fuel tests at 99 Comparison of chart allowance curve and actual consumption curve 128 Report of L. H. Tripp, sanitary and heating engineer, on fuel tests at 86 Report of P. M. Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer, on fuel tests at _. 80 Table comparing cost of heating standard room in officers' quarters 45 Fuel tests at 35 Weather Btjeeau chart, showing mean minimum temperatures for Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Alaska 62 Zones of equal temperature 26 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS AND THE ISSUE OF FUEL. Wae Department, Office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, WasTiington, April 28, 1914- From: Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps. To : The Chief of the Quartermaster Corps. Subject: Fuel. 1. There is submitted herewith for your consideration a full and detailed discussion of the subject of the issue of fuel to the Army at large. • 2. This subject has been given careful consideration and is pre- sented herein under the following headings: First. The issue of fuel to troops at military posts and stations. Second. The issue of fuel to officers and enlisted men at military posts and stations, when occupying public buUdings as quarters. Third. The fuel allowances of officers and enlisted men when serv- ing with or without troops at stations where no public quarters are available. FIRST. THE ISSUE OF FTTEL TO TROOPS AT MILITARY POSTS AND STATIONS. The present allowances of fuel are prescribed in Army Regulations, 1044, 1913, and from time to time many interpretations have been made by this office relative to the issue of fuel as fixed by that regu- lation, taken in connection with the extra issues thereof, which may be authorized under paragraph 1006, Army Regulations, 1913. It will be noted that the allowances prescribed in the paragraph referred to are based on the number of men occupying the buildings in ques- tion and on the latitude, the allowances being computed from the allowance as given in cords of wood. As generally understood, the quantities stated in the table included in paragraph 1044, Army Regulations, 1913, are the maximum allow- ances of fuel for enlisted men occupying barracks or quarters when said barracks or quarters are heated with heating stoves, and the allowances as therein stated include the fuel required for cooking, heating water, etc., there being no definite allowance for cooking and heating water. When it is found that the allowances of fuel as fixed by this table are not sufficient to heat the barracks, quarters, or other buildings 9 10 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. occupied as such, and do the cooking, heat the necessary water for bathing and other purposes (the number of heating stoves not exceed- mg the number fixed m the table), the additional fuel required is an extra issue within the meaning of paragraph 1006, Army Regulations, and final action thereon is taken by the department commander. In cases«where it is found necessary to make use of heating stoves in excess of the allowance authorized in the paragraph referred to, which increase would cause the use of extra fuel, the issue thereof requires the approval of this ofl&ce. The allowances of fuel where buildings are heated by steam or hot- water heating plants is a separate and distinct allowance from that fixed by the table in Army Regulations, 1044, and takes the place of all other allowances for the enlisted men occupying the buildings so heated.. These allowances are found in the last paragraph of Army Regula- tions, 1044. Where a building is heated by steam or hot-water plant and the quantity of coal authorized, based on radiating surface, is not suffi- cient to properly heat the building, any additional quantity of fuel necessary is also considered an extra issue and requires authorization under the provisions of Army Regulations, 1006, final action thereon being taken by the department authorities and subsequently reported to this office. From what has preceded, therefore, it wiU be seen that the fuel necessary for preparing food and heating water for enlisted men in barracks or quarters is an extra issue, which is recommended by the post authorities and authorized by the department authorities. The present instructions of this office require post quartermasters to submit promptly at the end of each month to department quarter- masters a report of the quantity and kind of coal used in excess of the allowances fixed by regulations, which report is submitted for the approval of the department commander, in accordance with Army Regulations, 1006. It is evident from the number of interpretations requested of Army Regulations, 1044, that the provisions relative to the issue of fuel and the requirements of the regulations are not clearly understood, and it is doubtful if such provisions are strictly complied with at military posts. An investigation of the matter indicates that extra issues of fuel have been made for cooking and for heating water for bathing pur- poses at nearly every post situated above the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude. These reports are made monthly, and as the amount of coal necessary for these purposes is very large it would indicate that the regulation allowance for heating is insufficient to include the EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 11 necessary amount of fuel needed for heating water and for cooking purposes as well. In the opinion of this office, as it is always necessary to make these extra issues, it would appear to be a saving of time, work, and corre- spondence and, no doubt, an economy in the use of fuel if the allow- ances for all purposes were definitely fixed. The heating plants and ranges used at miUtary posts are very costly and by neglect and misuse they are often put out of service or costly repairs are made necessary iu a year's use or less, when it is thought that by proper care and handling their life should be pro- longed to 12 or 15 years, and, in some instances, longer, with only an occasional small outlay for repairs. The damage done is due, first, to too intense firing, which warps and burns out range tops and ovens and melts lintags of fire doors; second, from allowing ashes to accumulate in ash pits until grates, for the want of proper air supply, are burned and melted; third, from want of air through slides of feed doors the heat burns and melts finings of feed doors; fourth, from the excessive use of coal and the fiUing of the fire boxes to their utmost capacity, with the drafts fully opened and all door ventilators closed. This warps and cracks boiler fronts, bums out fire boxes, and forces leaks ia water tubes and sections; fifth, neglect to regulate back check drafts. From reports that have been received from time to time ia this office in regard to the use of fuel for heating and cooking, it is clearly indicated that at a large number of posts the amount of fuel actually used for these purposes is from 10 to 20 per cent in excess of the amount that should be required for the proper heating of the several buildings and for cooking. Considerable data has been collected relative to this matter, and, after a careful study, a plan has been worked out which seems to offer a proper solution of the fuel problem. With the approval of the Secretary of War, on January 22, 1914, and with a view to definitely determiniag whether such a plan could be operated prac- tically at Army posts, fuel tests were conducted from February 14 to March 25, 1914, at Fort Myer, Va., Washiagton Barracks, D. C, and Fort Sheridan, 111. The results of these tests clearly indicate that the plan proposed, which follows, is entirely feasible and will result ia greater economy in the use of fuel and in the annual upkeep of heating plants; also, in many instances, it will result ia greater comfort to officers and enUsted men occupying pubhc buildiags at military posts. The methods used in conducting the tests at the posts above re- ferred to and the results obtained are hereto appended and marked "Exhibit — ." A careful study of the methods used and results 12 KBPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. obtained would seem to indicate that the following plan should be put into effect at all miUtary posts at the earhest practicable date: First. To require the post quartermaster to keep a definite and accurate account of the amount of fuel of all kinds that is received and issued to each of the several buildings at an Army post. With a view of assistmg the post authorities in the receiving, issuing, and supervisLag the use of fuel at Army posts, a noncommissioned officer of suitable grade. Quartermaster Corps, to be designated, whose duties will be to receive and supervise the issue and use of fuel in all buildings at that post. Second. That there be assigned to each public building or group of buildiags, a competent enhsted man for the purpose of handling the heating apparatus installed in that building or group of build- ings. In the case of company or detachment barracks, a company fireman should be required to keep a daily record of the amount of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in such building. The man so assigned in charge of the iieating apparatus should be changed as infrequently as possible, and should be selected because of his trustworthiness and special fitness for the work. The organi- zation commander or officer responsible for the building in question should be required to make an inspection of the heating apparatus installed in that buUding, and, in the case of company or detach- ment barracks, some responsible noncommissioned officer of the organization should be required to supervise daily the important matter of proper and economical use of fuel, the daily removal of ashes from ash pits, and the cleaning of flues. Greater interest and economy in the use of fuel wiU be obtained when the company fire- men are required to keep a daily record of the amount of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in each building, and at the time of periodical inspections prescribed in existing regulations, both by company and post commanders, if these matters are inquired into, competition and interest wUl be much stimulated. Third. An accurate and definite account of the amount of fuel of all kinds issued to a building will be kept by the noncommissioned officer, Quartermaster Corps, furnished to each post to assist the post authorities in this matter. This account will be checked frequently, and the instant any building appears to have drawn more fuel than allowed by the fuel charts for the proper and economical firing of the apparatus in such buUding, a report wUl be made to the post commander, with a view to having the matter investigated and defi- nitely determining the reason for such apparent excessive use of fuel. Fourth. The noncommissioned officer. Quartermaster Corps, des- ignated to supervise the use of fuel at military posts, will be re- BEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 13 quired to make periodical (daily, if possible) inspections of heating plants and other apparatus for which fuel is issued at a military post, to see that they are properly fired and that the instructions relative to their use are being compUed with. Fifth. For the firing of heating boilers in officers' quarters and messes at a military post there should be assigned "a detail of a suf- ficient number of enlisted men from organizations serving at the post, to properly take care of such heating apparatus. This detach- ment should be in charge of a noncommissioned officer of suitable rank, who will be responsible for the proper use of fuel in such buildings. 3. The post authorities can not give this subject too close atten- tion, and it is beheved to be perhaps the most serious waste in post administration, as the reports received and the results of tests made indicate that the cost of upkeep of the apparatus referred to is excessive. 4. As previously stated, the present allowances of fuel for barracks and pubHc buildings are based on the number of men occupying such buildings and the latitude. A study of the temperature charts submitted with this report clearly indicates that these premises are not well founded and that the issue of fuel, for any purpose, is neces- sarily dependent upon the following: First. The building. Second. The heating apparatus installed in the building. Third. Mean minimum temperature of the locality in which the building is situated. 5. It is therefore beUeved that the issue, of fuel at mihtary posts and stations should be based — First. Upon the area in square feet of grate on which the fuel is burned. Second. The average outside temperature during the time such fuel is burned. Third. On a factor which takes into account the human element, or those charged with the operation of such apparatus. 6. To attempt to introduce a fourth variable, L e., the number of men in the heated buildings, is entirely impracticable. The basic facts, as stated above, are easUy determined, as the area of any given grate is constant, rehable temperature records for a period of from 30 to 40 years are available,- and the results obtained in practical tests in connection with the method outlined are known. 7. It then becomes necessary to make only one assumption: The maximum rate at which coal can be economically burned, with natural draft, imder heating boilers. Past experience of this office and the results obtained in connection with the fuel tests above referred 14 EBPOET ON FUEL TESTS. to both indicate that this rate is approximately 5 pounds per square foot for grates up to 7 square feet in area and about 6 pounds per square foot for grates from 7 to 16 square feet in area. Reference to the curves showmg results of the tests conducted at Washington Barracks and Fort Myer clearly indicates that with these amounts of coal for the square feet of grate area referred to, there will be sufficient allowance to take care of the variable factor caused by those charged with the operation of such apparatus, and at no post in the temperature zones referred to should the fuel consumption exceed that given on the charts. 8. With the data determined, coal consumption charts for various minimum temperatures from plus 40° to minus 40°, at 10° intervals, have been prepared, and the allowable rate of combustion at any intermediate (average temperature) between 70° and the minim u m on any chart is directly interpolated. 9. In addition to the above charts, for any one post it is only necessary to have a record of the average temperature for the heating season to obtain the coal consumption in any boiler, either for the entire season or for any one or more months of the season. 10. There are appended hereto two sets of blue prints, the first set being a tabulation of temperatures from which a mean temperature for each post has been determined; also temperature curves which have been prepared by the Weather Bureau in connection with the tests above referred to. Each chart shows the name of the post to which it is apphcable, the mean temperatures for the various locaU- ties, which were obtained from the Weather Bureau, being based on reports for a number of years, varying from 30 to 40 years; and, second, a set of blue prints, numbered from 1 to 9, have been prepared showing the allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate area at the several posts for steam and hot-water boilers. 11. To illustrate how this method of the issue of fuel may be carried out, the following example is given: Referring to chart No. 5, herewith, on which chart appears, among other posts named, Fort Myer, Va., and which post may be taken as an example, the problem would be solved in this manner, assuming the building in question to be equipped with a Century boiler of 2,200 feet capacity, with lOJ square feet of grate area: First. To determine the amount of coal necessary for a heating season of eight months: (a) Referring to temperature table herewith, it will be found that the average temperatiu-e for Fort Myer for the season is 45° F. (6) Interpolating on the coal chart at 45° it will be found that 2.15 pounds of coal should be required per square foot of grate area BEPORT OK FUEL TESTS. 15 per hour as the average rate of combustion, so that the total tons of coal for a heating season of eight months would be as follows: 2.15 poundsX24 lioursX242 daysXlO.5 square feet „„ ^ , ,, o cAn 3""^ =60 tons for the season. 2,240 pounds. 12. It is beheved from data obtained in the fuel test at this post that an amount of fuel nearer to fulfilling actual conditions can be ascertained by computing in accordance with the preceding method for each month of the year, rather than for the entire heating season. This amount would then be determined for each month as follows, assuming the month of January: (a) Referring to temperature table, it will be found that the average temperature for the month of January is 35°. (6) Interpolating on the coal charts at 35°, it wiU be found that 3 pounds of coal per square foot of grate area is the proper amount to be used for the boiler in question. The total allowance by this method would then be determined as follows: 3 pouiidsX24hoursX31 daysXlO.Ssquarefeet ,„ .- ^ , ,, , .^ —^ 2 240 pounds — ' =10.45 tons for the month of January. 13. The above calculations are based on the assumption that standard coal of 1,800 pounds equivalent per cord of oak wood is used. This may not be the case at other posts, and if coal which has a different fuel equivalent is used, it will be necessary to apply a correction for this difference of equivalents. This problem would be worked out as follows: In the case of the amount determined for the month of January, which, it will be seen, was 10.45 tons for a coal having an equiva- lent of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood, assuming that instead of it being the standard coal of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood, a coal having equivalent of 1,675 pounds was used, the correct allowance would then be: T^^:7r7;X 10.45 = 9.67 tons as the correct allowance for i,oUU the month of January. 14. It will readily be seen that for each building in question the post quartermaster would work out the allowance for each month and tabulate it for ready reference. Should the amount of coal issued to the building be exceeded at any time during the period in question, it will clearly indicate that those in charge of the heating apparatus are not obtaining the best results in the use of such appa- ratus, and that the fuel in question is not being economically burned. In addition to the heating boilers installed in. barracks, there are also installed hot-water heaters, for which a definite allowance of fuel should be given. The allowance for the Tabasco hot-water heater. 16 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. or in fact for any hot-water heater installed, can be readily deter- mined in a manner similar to that given above. From the charts attached hereto the allowances have been computed and are given in the following, table, and apply to the Tabasco hot-water heaters in the service : Heater. No. 150. 17 and 18. No. 200, 21 and 22. No. 300, 25, 26, and 27. No. 500, 30. Grate areas, square feet . . > 0.7854 3,000 0.7856-1.40 4,000 1.41-2.18 7,000 2.19-3.40 9,000 1 And less. The above quantities are based on the mean outside temperature found during tests at Washington Barracks and Fort Myer, Va. While the temperature has a material bearing on the quantity of fuel used for heating, the variation, so far as the heating of -water is concerned, is very sHght, and no additional allowance should be made therefor. SUght variation in temperature being considered in arriving at the above quantities. These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and good coking bitumiaous coals are used. Should any other coal be used, corrections of the amounts above indicated should be made in accordance with paragraph 13 above, the same formula being appHcable. 15. In addition to the heating boilers and Tabasco heaters, there are also used in barracks and other buUdiags occupied by troops Army ranges for cooking purposes. From the results obtained from data received in this office from time to time and that obtained at the recent tests, it was found that the several types of ranges aver- age in the use of fuel as follows : No. 3 range, 84.45 pounds per day, or 2,533.5 pounds per month. No. 3a range, used in noncommissioned officers' quarters, 1,744.5 pounds per month. No. 4 range, 203.3 pounds per day, or 6,099 pounds per month. No. 5 range,. single, 159 pounds per day, or 4,770 pounds per month. The Latrobe heater in noncommissioned officers' quarters, size 0.78 square foot grate, used 1,634.3 pounds per month. Latrobe, size 0.99 square foot of grate, 1,801.8 poimds per month. It is therefore recommended that the allowances for Army ranges be fixed as follows : Army ranges: Nos. 1, 2, 6 (old), 3, 3a, not exceeding 2,500 pounds per month. Nos. 4a (old) and 5 single, 4,500 pounds per month. Nos. 4 (old) and 5 double, 6,000 pounds per month. The tests show that the outside temperature and the time of year cause the amount of fuel used for cooking purposes to vary slightly. REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 17 This is especially so in case of ranges used in officers and enlisted men's quarters, where the kitchen range heats the kitchen. So that necessarily in cold weather the amount of fuel required for officers and enlisted men's quarters, so far as cooking and heating water are concerned, is increased. The amoimts above fixed, however, will prove ample and answer all purposes for the year round. 16. These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and good coking bituminoiis coals are used. For any other type of fuel the formula given in paragraph 13 should be used to determine the amount of fuel needed. Reference to the charts attached to this report, showing the results of the fuel tests at Fort Myer, Va., and Washington Barracks, D. C, clearly indicates that the allowances as given above are ample, and for that reason the post authorities should be required to keep within these allowances. Any fuel used in addition to the above to be charged against the officer responsible for the bidlding in which such apparatus is used. 17. For the benefit of those charged with the calculations to deter- mine the amount of fuel allowances for the apparatus installed in buildings occupied by troops, there is attached to this report a state- ment giving the grate areas for the several heating boilers purchased and installed in buildings under the Quartermaster Corps. SECOND. THE ISSTJE OF FUEL TO OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN AT MILITARY POSTS AND STATIONS WHEN OCCtTPYING AS QUARTERS PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 1. The act of March 2, 1907, authorizes the furnishing of the heat and Hght "when actuaUy necessary for the authorized allowance of quarters for officers and enlisted men," and further provides that such heat and fight shaU be furnished "imder such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe." In accordance with the above act, the fuel aUowances for officers and enlisted men entitled to and occupying pubUc quarters are prescribed in Army Regulations, 1036, taken in connection with Army Regulations, 1044, 1913. 2. It wiU be noted that these allowances are based upon the number of rooms to which the officer or enlisted man is entitled and the de- gree of latitude in which such officer or enlisted man is serving. The table of aUowances is given in cords of oak wood per month. 3. The allowances are accumulative within a fiscal year, and any excess of allowances appearing overdrawn by an officer or enlisted man at the end of a fiscal year is to be paid for at the contract price of the fuel in question. 4. The purposes for which fuel is issued to officers or enlisted men at a miUtary post may be stated as follows: First. For the heating of the quarters assigned to such officers or enlisted men. 53096°— 14 2 18 EEPOBT cur FUEL TESTS. Second. For cooking and heating water in the quarters to which assigned. 5. At a military post officers may find themselves occupying quar- ters under various conditions, which ordinarily will fall under one of the following headings: (a) Occupying public quarters at a military post consisting of a greater number of rooms than that authorized by Army Regula- tions. (&) Occupying pubhc quarters at a miUtary post consisting of a less number of rooms than authorized by Army Regulations. (c) Occupying public quarters at a military post of the actual Regulation allowance of rooms. 6. The allowance and- assignment of quarters is governed by Army Regtdations, 1024 to 1035, and the conditions enumerated above are not always within the control of the officer in question. While it is true that officers, under the regulations referred to, are given the right to select quarters ia accofSance with their rank, conditions usually exist at posts which prevent them from selecting quarters containing their regulation allowance of rooms, so that it can be definitely stated that the last condition named above — that of occu- pying public quarters at a military post of the regulation allowance of rooms— is a condition which seldom, if ever, exists, except in the case of a second lieutenant living ia bachelor quarters. It is this fact alone which is undoubtedly responsible for the present diffi- culties relative to the allowances of fuel, and it will readily be imder- stood that the two conditions of an officer occupyiog at a military station generally a greater number of rooms than his rank entitles him to, and the fact that the allowances of fuel are fixed definitely on the number of rooms in accordance with such rank, make it doubtful if these two conditions can ever be reconciled. 7. As a matter of fact, the officer, as a rule, has httle choice in determmmg m which of the three conditions of occupancy referred to above he may find himself at a military post, and it is beheved safe to assume that Congress in establishing a hmit of cost of officers' quarters at a miUtary post never contemplated that quarters of one two, three, or even four rooms would be constructed. The fact that they fixed this Imnt of cost for general, field, and line officers' quar- ters would seem to indicate that it was contemplated that quarters for officers fallmg m the thi^ee classes would be for each of the classes named of approximately the same size and with equal conveniences and according^ quarters have been constructed within the limits of cost prescribed by Congress. "^ixitt, ui 8. The basis of allowances on the number of ronm« +n «.!,• v, officer is entitled was established more with a iw oTestabtS;! monetary value for these allowances when the offil pat^d^f^ KEPOET ON FTTEL TESTS. 19 service at a military post, or where ttese allowances could be fur- nished in kind to the commutation status, or where the allowances could not, as a rule, be furnished in kind. 9. The connecting up, therefore, of the fuel allowances to the num- ber of rooms undoubtedly has estabhshed a wrong premise in respect to the issue of fuel in kind and the commutation value thereof. 10. As previously stated in connection with the issue of fuel at military posts to troops, it is beheved that the controUing features relative to the issue of fuel to officers and enhsted men are, first, the building to which the officer or enhsted man is assigned; second, the heating apparatus installed in such building; third, the mean mini- mum temperature of the locahty in which the buUding is situated. 11. The character of the building to which the officer or enhsted man is assigned is known ; the proper amount of radiating surface or the proper type of heating apparatus is installed in such building, based upon the character and kind of building used. Therefore, this factor is definitely known. The heating apparatus installed in the building is of a type which is also known and the amount of fuel which should economically be used in such heating apparatus can be readily determined. 12. The mean minimum temperatures of the several localities in which mfiitary posts are located have been determined from data collected for the past 30 to 40 years by the Weather Bureau. 13. In view of these facts, it would seem reasonable to assume that the allowance of fuel for officers and enhsted men serving at mihtary posts and stations and occupying pubhc quarters should be estab- lished upon one of the following bases: (a) That fuel should be issued in kind for the building concerned and not for any particular occupant of such building; that the allow- ance for this building should be determined from the heating appa- ratus installed in said building, i. e., in accordance with the square feet of grate area and the temperature zone in which the building is located. (&) Or that the fuel allowance for officers and enhsted men be computed and that they be given a definite monetary allowance for such purposes and be required to purchase the necessary amount of fuel from the Government at contract price for heating the quarters occupied by them at military posts, as well as for cooking and heat- ing water for other purposes. These two methods have been considered and are presented here- with separately. FIKST METHOD. ISSUE OF FUEL IN KIND TO BUILDINGS. This method has the advantage that the actual amount of fuel necessary wUl be issued and any savings in the amount of fuel given as the. allowance for the building in question wUl revert to the Gov- 20 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. ernment. The amount allowed for the building being based upon the economical use of fuel in the apparatus installed in such building, and the temperature will at all times be sufficient to aflFord proper heating for the quarters in question. At the same time any excess use of fuel above the allowance wiU be charged against the occupant of the building in question. This method, it is thought, also requires the least amount of work in connection with the accounting for the fuel issued for the buUdings concerned. Eeference to the chart attached hereto, entitled "Comparison of daily allowances of fuel based on proposed new chart allowances and Army Regulations," indicates that a material saving in the amount of fuel wiU be effected by the issue of fuel in kind to buildings at a military post in accordance with the method herein outhned. It frequently occurs at a mihtary post that an officer of high rank is assigned to a building wherein the heating apparatus will probably require the fuel allowance of an officer of junior grade. Likewise, in the case of bachelor quarters, the necessary amount of fuel for heating such building depends upon the heating apparatus, the building, and the outside temperature, whereas the total allowance under' the present regulations would be the combined allowances of the officers concerned, which would manifestly be greatly in excess of the necessary amount of fuel that could economically be burned iu the apparatus installed in such building. SECOND METHOD. GIVING TO EACH OFFICER A MONEY ALLOWANCE FOR FUEL. It would be diGBicult under this method to arrive at a money allow- ance that would fulfill all conditions in aU parts of the country. It would probably be necessary to have several allowances in order to assure proper allowance being given to officers in the different locali- ties in which serving. This would undoubtedly result in complica- tions in having more than one allowance for each grade. As previously stated, officers are frequently assigned at military posts to houses with more than their regulation allowance of rooms. The money allowance, if based upon their allowance of rooms, would not, in all cases, be sufficient to purchase enough fuel to properly heat a house of a greater number of rooms than their allowance to which they might be assigned. Principally for the reasons given in first method above, and the fact that any money allowance made for such purpose would neces- sarily have to be sufficiently large to enable an officer to properly heat a building of a greater number of rooms than his authorized allowance, it is not believed to the best interests of the service that this method be placed into effect, and it is doubtful whether such method could properly be carried out without congressional action. REPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 21 THTBD. FTJEL ALLOWANCES OF OFFICERS OR ENLISTED MEN WHEN SERVING (OTHER THAN AT MILITARY POSTS) WITH OR WITHOTJT TROOPS AT STATIONS WHERE NO PUBLIC aiTARTERS ARE AVAILABLE. 1. When officers or enlisted men are assigned to duty, with or without troops, at a station other than a mihtary post, under the present regulations fuel is either issued in kind under Army Regu- lations, 1036, taken in connection with Army Regulations, 1044, 1913, or in cases where such officer or enlisted man is occupying quarters other than pubhc, heated by a separate plant, for which it is impracticable to furnish fuel in kind, the present regulations require this corps to pay the owner or authorized agent of such quarters for the heat at the rate of $4 a cord for the fuel allowance for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceeding the number authorized by regulations. 2. When an officer or enlisted man leaves a military post under the conditions above stated, he assumes one of the following con- ditions of occupancy of quarters : (a) In a dwelling house provided with a separate heating plant and appliances for cooking. (6) In an apartment, hotel, or club not provided with a separate heating plant or separate apphances for cooking. (c) In an apartment without a separate heating plant or cooking facihties. (d) The joint occupancy with others in any of the places above referred to. 3. Under each of the conditions named, the officer or enlisted man concerned may — First. Occupy a greater number of rooms than authorized in Army Regulations. Second. He may occupy a less munber of rooms than authorized in Army Regulations. Third. He may occupy the regulation allowance of rooms. In other words, there are four entirely different methods of hving, with three modffications of each, or no less than 12 different con- ditions to be considered imder the existing regulations regarding the issue of fuel. 4. It is manifest, therefore, from the start that it is not practicable, and, it might be stated, next to impossible, to arrive at an allowance which will meet all the conditions above named exactly. It would seem reasonable, therefore, that the proper thing to do in connection with the solution of this problem would be to arrive at an allowance which would come the nearest to satisfying all conditions, the reason- ableness of which can not be questioned. 5. In the first case referred to, i. e., where an officer or noncom- missioned officer occupies a dwelling house, under the present regu- 22 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. lations, fuel in kind is issued for heating and cooking purposes, and the maximum allowances therefor are provided in Army Kegulations, 1044. In this case, only the actual amount of fuel necessary for these purposes is furnished to the officer in kind, and any saving resulting from the allowances provided in Army Regulations, 1044, revert to the Government. In case the amount of fuel necessary for these purposes is exceeded, the officer must necessarily purchase the additional fuel needed at his own expense. 6. In the case of an apartment, hotel, or club, not provided with a separate heating plant or with separate apphances for cooking, it has heretofore been considered impracticable to determine defi- nitely the amount of fuel actually necessary for the particular apartment in question, and, in accordance with the regulations above referred to, the full commuted value of the fuel allowance for the grade of the officer in question has been paid to the owner of the apartment, hotel, or club. 7. Two conditions may arise in the case of an officer occupying an apartment, hotel, or club — one, when the apartment, hotel, or club is provided with separate apphances for cooking, and the other, where no such apphances are available. In the first case, any fuel used for cooking, in view of the fact that the full commuted value of the officer's fuel allowance has been turned over to the owner of the apartment, hotel, or club, must necessarily be paid for by the officer himself. The full commuted value turned over to the landlord in this case must include the amount necessary for heating and the propor- tionable amount necessary for cooking and heating water. In other words, the rate given an officer in an apartment, hotel, or club includes all the conveniences attached to such quarters, and a sepa- ration of the amounts for rent, heating of the apartment, and heating of water is not practicable. 8. In an apartment without a separate heating plant or cooking facilities, the commuted value of the fuel tiu-ned over to the landlord is in payment for the necessary heating of. the apartment and the heating of water only, and in heu of the necessary cooking facilities the officer must make arrangements elsewhere for these conveniences. 9. In the case of joint occupancy under any of the conditions enumerated above, greater difficulties are involved in order definitely to determine the quantity of fuel to be issued in Idnd or the com- muted amount to be paid for each officer to the owner of the premises. These conditions are commented upon with a view of indicating some of the difiiculties which are now encountered under the regu- lations relative to the issue of fuel in kmd to officers or noncom- missioned officers when serving other than at a military post and BEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 23 at a station where no public quarters are available, and to indicate in some measure the impracticability of arriving at an exact amount which will fulfiU aU conditions accurately. ACTUAL COST OF HEATING IN APARTMENTS AND CLTJBS. 1 . With a view to determining definitely the actual amount of fuel necessary to heat a room in an apartment or club, this office, with the consent of the management, has conducted tests and obtained data relative to the heating of the Army and Navy Club and the following apartments in the city of Washington: The Wyoming. The Westmoreland. The Highlands. The Belmont. 2. When it is stated that the obtaining of this data involves look- ing into affairs which are considered more or less of a confidential nature by the various managements of the institutions referred to, it win be readily understood that the obtaining of this data has been accompanied by numerous difficulties and delays. The data as pre- sented herein, however, is accurate and can ,be vouched for in every particular. The tests conducted at the apartments named were made under the personal supervision of a competent engineer of this office, assisted by the engineers on duty at the apartments concerned. The detaUs of conducting the tests are contaiaed in the reports appended hereto. From the data obtained the following results have been computed : AEMY AND NAVY CLUB. 3. The total heated space in the Army and Navy Club is 960,000 cubic feet. The heated space included in bedrooms, and in bathrooms, closets, etc., in connection therewith, is 150,000 cubic feet. Total number of rooms in the club, 69. The records in the office of the treasurer. Army and Navy Club, show that it cost for heating the club from January 1, 1913, to Decem- ber 31, 1913, $2,476.62. This is the total cost of fuel for all the steam boilers. The cost of attendance, including salaries and meals for engineers and firemen was $282.50 per month. The cost of fuel for the boilers during the summer was $534.80. This amount is necessarily included in the total fuel cost referred to above. Steam was used for heating from January 1, 1913, to May 15, 1913, and from October 19, 1913, to December 31, 1913, or a period of seven months. 24 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. Based on the above data, the following computations have been made, it being assumed that the private heated space in the club is heated 20 hours per day and the pubhc heated space 16 hours out of the 24 on an average. Total cost of steam for cooking, heating water, etc., for the entire year would be $1,283.52. This amount deducted from the total fuel cost of $2,476.62 would leave $1,193.10 as the cost of fuel for heating only. The $1,214.50, cost of attendance during the seven heating months, is charged to heating. Therefore, the total cost of heating for seven months would be the sum of $1,193.10 plus $1,214.50, or $2,407.60. To this amount should properly be added depreciation on the heating system at the usual rate, 3 per cent, which would amount to $552.84. Cost of repairs during 1913 was $61. The total cost of the heating system, therefore, for the year 1913 was $3,021.44. The total number of cubic feet heated for the seven months was 665,000, Cost, therefore, per cubic foot would be 0.454 cent. Cost per room per heating season (seven months) would, therefore, be $8.22. Cost of heating public space is a proportionate charge which should be charged against individual rooms for the season, and amounts to $5.92 per room. Total cost per room per season (seven months) is, therefore, the sum of $8.22 plus $5.92, or $14.14 per room. The cost per room per month, therefore, is $2.02. It will readily be understood that this amoimt is the heatiag cost only, to which the actual cost of cooking and heating water should be added in order to give the officer his total allowance as provided at a military post. THE WYOMING. 1. This apartment is fitted with a gravity return heating system and is heated by return tubular boilers, using bituminous coal, at a cost of $3.80 per ton. Hot water for the building is provided by two separate, internally fired heaters, using same type of coal. 2. From the tabulated results of the test in this apartment it will be noted that the cost of heating a room per season of seven months is $9.61. The total cost per room per heating season and heating water is $10.32. Eeducing these values to that of heating a standard room of 3,000 cubic feet, the costs are as follows : Per heating season, seven months S7 98 Per room per month j j4 KEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 25 3. Separate tests were made at different temperatures, and the results show that fuel consumption in a lai^e apartment house such as this is proportionately higher in mild weather than during severe weather. This is readily imderstood when it is pointed out that the general tendency is to open windows when room temperatures are too high, rather than shut off heat at radiators. THE HIGHLANDS AND WESTMOEBLAND. 1. These apartments are equipped with a vacuum heating system and are both heated by exhaust steam from the power plant installed in the Highlands. 2. The conditions, existing in these two apartments are such as. to reduce the cost of heating to a minimum, in view of the fact that the heat is obtained from a power plant installed for other purposes, and at certain seasons of the year the heating thereof is more or less of a by-product. 3. Eeferring to the tabulation, it will be noted that the total costs per room for heating only for a heating season of seven months for these two apartments, are as follows: Highlands $8. 06 Westmoreland 7. 87 Total cost per room for heating and heating water: Highlands 9.94 Westmoreland 9. 30 4. Reducing these values to that of a standard room in order to compare with results obtained at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks the cost is as foUows : Total cost per room per heating season, 7 months : Highlands $9.58 Westmoreland 8. 42 Cost per room per month : Highlands 1.37 Westmoreland 1. 20 THE BELMONT. 1. The Belmont is equipped with a gravity return heating system and heated by a cast-kon, low pressure boiler, usiag bituminous, run-of-mine coal.- Hot water for the building is heated by an internally fired cast-iron heater, using the same fuel. 2. Cost of heating and heating water in this building is exceedingly low, total cost per heating season per room being $9.09. 1. The results obtained in all the apartments above referred to and the Army and Navy Club are tabulated in the table following. 26 EBPOET ON FUEL TESTS. Number of cubic feet of heated space Cubic feet of public heated space not chargeable against rooms Cubic feet of heated space chargeable to rooms Number of rooms Nmnber of apartments Average size of room, cubic feet Total annual cost of coal for heating and heating hot water Total annual cost of coal for heating hot water only Aimual labor and repair charge for heating and heating hot water Approximate cost of heating system 3 per cent depreciation Total cost for heating and heating hot water. Total cost for heating and heating hot water chargeable to rooms only Total cost per room for heating only Total cost per room for heating and heating hot water Total cost per room for heating hot water only Average ($1.62) Name of apartment and how heated. Wyoming, live steam. 1,403,968 None. 1,403,968 388 $2, 500.00 276.00 900. 00 000.00 600. 00 000.00 000.00 9.61 10.32 0.71 7.98 1.14 Highlands, exhaust steam. 849,882 84,000 765,882 302 72 2,535 12,400.00 668.00 600.00 11,000.00 330. 00 3,330.00 3,000.00 8.06 9.94 1.88 9.58 1.37 Westmore- land, exhaust steam. 650,664 16,522 634,142 226 54 2,805 $1,515.00 324.00 400.00 8,000.00 240. 00 2,165.00 2, 100. 00 7.87 9.30 1.43 8.42 1.20 Army and Navy Club, live steam. 960,000 810,000 150,000 69 None. 2,175 $1, 193. 00 W 1,275.00 18,428.00 653. 00 « 3,021.00 14.14 19.50 2.78 Belmont, live steam. 160,600 None. 160,600 48 8 3,346 $261.00 (») 100.00 2,500.00 76.00- 436.00 436.00 (') 1 Not determined. 2. In connection with the costs of heating a standard room in apartments as compared with a standard room of dweUings it must be borne in mind that the costs will necessarily be materially less in apartments, due to the fact that, with the exception of the out- side rooms, aU rooms are more or less protected by the other rooms and are not subject to the same exposures as in private dweUings. The costs obtained, therefore, appear reasonable and are what was to be expected as compared with the heating of a separate dwelling or officers' quarters at mihtary posts. The compactness and low cost of fuel and the obtaining of heat as a by-product from central plants must necessarily make the cost in apartments and buildings, such as the Army and Navy Club, materially less. ZONES OF EQTJAL TEMPERATURE AND FUEL ALLOWANCES FOB OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN. 1. Based on the foregoing costs of heating in apartments, taken in connection with the cost of heating a standard room, referred to in the report of fuel tests following, allowances for zones of equal tem- perature have been computed and tabulated in the table herewith. 2. A study of the temperature charts appended hereto indicates that for the United States proper the months are grouped into sea- sons, as follows : EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 27 Seasons. Months. Zones of equal temperature. Winter (cold) Early spring and late fall (fairly cold) Spring and fall (warmer) Summer (hot) (December. ■(January... [February . . /March \November. . April May October June July August September. 0-20 20-30 30-40 40-60 25-35 35-45 46-65 35-40 40-60 50-70 45-55 65-75 3. The zones of equal temperature are numbered from 1 to 13, and, based on the cost of heating above determined, there have been com- puted the actual costs of heating for the various zones. These allow- ances are the maximum allowances per room per month for fuel and include the necessary amount of fuel for cooking and heating water as well as heating. 4. Reference to the table showing a comparison of the present allowances with the new allowances estabhshed for zones of equal temperature and giving therein the decrease for the coldest and warmest zone as compared with the allowances for the present zones, based on latitude, clearly indicates the value of the new system of allowances and the necessity for basing the same upon the amount of fuel actually necessary in the several zones of equal temperature given. 5. The values given in the table are the maximum allowances per room per month for officers and enlisted men on duty with or with- out troops and not occupying pubhc quarters at mihtary stations. It is not contemplated that these amounts wiU be considered as commutation of heat and paid to officers and enlisted men, but that the amounts will fix the maximurii allowance to be paid as a reim- bursement for the cost of heat for the number of rooms actually occupied within the authorized allowance for the officers or enhsted men concerned, taking into account the locaUty in which stationed at the time such reimbursement is made. 6. The allowances contained in the table for the several zones of equal temperature are based on coal, at $7 per ton, with a fuel equivalent of 1,700 pounds per cord of standard oak wood. At points other than within the vicinity of the city of Washington the cost of fuel will be dififerent from that of $7 per ton and the equiva- lent of fuel used wiU also vary from 1,700 pounds per cord of stand- ard oak wood. It wiU be necessary, therefore, in certain locahties 28 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. to apply a correction to the values given in the table. For this pur- pose the following equation should be used : Fuel equivalent Cost per Table value Cost per room of_coalused_long_ton for month in per month = T/m ^ $7 ^ question. For example: At Salt Lake City, Utah, coal costs $5.26 per ton. The equivalent for Pleasant Valley bituminous is 2,822 pounds. The cost per room per month for a major on detached service in Salt Lake City durii^ the period December, January, and February would then be: Cost per room 2,822 $5. 26 ^ ,,3 io=$3. 86. per month ~i, 7OO $7 7. Considering the mean minimum temperatures for the Canal Zone, Porto Eico, Hawaiian Islands, Philippine Islands, and Alaska, the allowances for posts iu those localities should be fixed as follows: For the Hawaiian Islands, Canal Zone, and Porto Kico the allow- ances given in zone No. 13, the year round. Phihppiae Islands: The allowances given in zone No. 13, except at Camp John Hay and Camp Keithley, for which posts the allowances given in zone No. 12 should apply. Alaska: For the months of January, February, March, AprU, October, November, and December, the allowances given in zone No. 1; for the months of May, June, July, August, and September, the allowances given iu zone No. 2. 8. With a view to estabhshing the allowances for officers on detached service in foreign cities, the cost and kind of fuel used in the several cities has been determined and is appended hereto. There have been obtained from the Weather Bureau the mean minimma temperatures for the cities concerned, and it is believed that the allow- ances should be as foUows: Mexico City, Mexico: Zone No. December, January, February 3 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 13 Berne, Switzerland: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Stockholm, Sweden: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 9 June, July, August, September 12 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 29 Berlin, Germany: Zone No. December, January, February 1 Maicli, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Constantinople, Turkey: December, January, February 2 Marcb, November 6 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 13 Vienna, Austria: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Peking, China: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Brussels, Belgiimi: December, January, February 1 March, November 6 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 London, England: December, January, February 1 March, November 6 April, May, October ; 10 June, July, August, September 12 St. Petersburg, Russia: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 9 June, July, August, September 12 Santiago de Cuba: For the year round 13 Tokyo, Japan: December, January, February 2 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Paris, France: December, Janufiry, February 2 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Quito, Ecuador: December, January, February 3 March, November 8 April, May, October 11 June, July, August, September 13 30 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. Madrid, Spain; Zone No. December, January, February March, November 10 April, May, October June, July, August, September Rome, Italy: December, January, February March, November n April, May, October June, July, August, September ■'■'' Monrovia, Liberia: For the year round •'■3 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: For the year round 13 Lima, Peru: For the year round ^^ SUMMARY AND CONCIiTJSIONS. Based on what has preceded, the following conclusions are reached and recommendations made: First. That fuel in kind be issued to officers and enhsted men en- titled to and occupying public quarters at miUtary posts, based on the building, the apparatus installed in such building and the mean outside temperature. In connection with the advisabiUty of promulgating regulations to carry into effect the above method the following question was submitted to the Judge Advocate General of the Army for his opinion: (a) Under the act of Congress above referred to can the Secretary of War authorize the furnishing of the necessary fuel for heating quarters actually occupied by officers at military posts, based on the building, the apparatus installed in such building, and the outside temperature, instead of fixing the allowance for the grade of the officer occupying such building? To which question the Judge Advocate General of the Army replied : It will be observed that the act limits the amount of the heat and light authorized to be furnished to that which is "actually necessary for the authorized allowance of quarters,'' and while the act provides that the same shall be furnished "under such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe," it is clear that the authority to issue regulations is to be exercised within the limits conferred by the act authorizing their issue. Any regulation which would authorize the heating of an eight-room building for occupancy by an officer whose allowance is four rooms only would not be within the Umita of the authority conferred, which is to furnish heat for the authorized allowance of quarters. The question at to what is the authorized allowance for officers occupying public quarters has not received full consideration. * * * Heretofore, it has been assumed, but without thorough consideration, that the author- ized allowance is that prescribed in the act of June 17, 1878 (20 Stat. , 161), as amended by the act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat., 1168), which prescribes the allowance of two rooms for a second lieutenant, three for a first lieutenant, four for a captain, etc. While this statute is so worded as to call for the assigiunent of the number of rooms specified therein to officers of the respective grades, its primary purpose was to fix the allowance of quarters with reference to the amount which should be allowed to officers of the respective grades on a commutation status. Congress has authorized, by appropriations on estimates regularly submitted, the construction of buildings at the several military posts on plans adapted for occupancy of a single officer only, in REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 31 which the number of rooms exceeds that prescribed by this statute. In the sundry civil act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 721), it is provided: "That hereafter no money appropriated for military posts shall be expended for the construction of quarters for officers of the Army, or for barracks and quarters for the artillery, the total cost of which, including the heating and plimibing apparatus, wiring and fixtures, shall exceed, in the case of quarters of a general officer, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars, of a colonel or an officer above the rank of captain, twelve thousand dollars, and of an officer of and below the rank of captain, nine thousand doUars." The limits of cost here fixed clearly cover the construction of buildings for officers of the respective grades in which the number of rooms would be more than the num- ber fixed as the allowance of the respective officers by the statute hereinbefore referred to. The quarters are designated as "lieutenants' quarters," "captains' quarters," "field officers' quarters, " etc. ; and officers of the respective grades are assigned to the same and are required to occupy them. It is clearly the intent of the act of March 2, 1907, supra, that the quarters assigned to an officer should be heated and lighted at the expense of the United States, and if the heat and light furnished is limited strictly to the number of rooms fixed by the statute above cited as the authorized allowance for officers of the respective grades, the intent of the statute that the quarters should be heated and lighted at the expense of the United States would not be complied with. Here arises a situation which is so obviously unjust to the officer that it is beheved that some way should be found of avoiding the injustice. The reasonable way to do this would be to regard the building of quarters by the Government in excess of the officer's allowance, and the assignment of them to the officer, who has no option in respect of occupying them, as authorizing the use of a larger number of rooms in public quarters than those specified in said acts. I am therefore of opinion that the term "authorized allowance" as used in the heat and light statute, when applied to public quarters at military posts, should be construed as having reference to the quarters actually constructed by the United States for officers of the respective grades, and that the regulations prescribing the amount of fuel which may be issued may be prop- erly based on the building, the apparatus installed therein, and the outside tempera- ture, instead of fixing the allowance for the grade of the officers occupying such building. (a) It is therefore recommended that the issue of fuel in kind to officers and enlisted men on duty at military posts, entitled to and occupying public quarters, be based on the building, the apparatus installed in such building, and the outside temperature. Second. That the fuel allowances for officers and enlisted men, on duty with or without troops, and occupying quarters other than public, be based upon the actual quantities of fuel necessary, the said officers and enlisted men to be reimbursed for the value of the fuel allowance for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceed- ing the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles him, as set forth in Army Regulations, 1044, and not exceeding the maximum allowances given in the table for the zone of equal tempera- ture in which serving. Relative to the legality of estabHsbing allowances in this manner, the Judge Advocate General of the Army states : The comptroller, however, has held (19 Comp. Dec, 675), that the effect of the several regulations of the War Department on the subject referred to in his decision amounted to a practical commutation to officers of the maximum amounts of their 32 BEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. heat and light allowances in cases where quarters other than public are occupied, and neither the heat nor light allowance therefor is separately measured; and that there was no objection to making the payment of the commuted value of these allowances directly to the officer — such payment, however, to be limited to the maximum allow- ance for heat and light for the rooms actually occupied by him for the period stated. I am therefore of opinion that while the statute provided for an allowance in kind so that a flat rate can not be authorized by regulations by way of commutation of the heat and light allowance, independent of the amount expended by the officer for the purpose, it would be competent to provide by regulation that an officer occupying quarters other than public, where the heat and light are not separately measured, will be reimbursed in the amount fixed by the regulation as the amount of heat and light actually necessary for heating and lighting the number of rooms actually occu- pied by him in the locality where situated; and that where the heat and light are separately measured, and are not furnished in kind by the Government, he will be reimbursed for the actual cost of the same, within the maximum allowance authorized for the number of rooms occupied by him. (&) It is therefore recommended that officers and enlisted men, on duty with or without troops, entitled to and occupying quarters other than public, will be reimbursed for the number of rooms actually occupied at the rates prescribed in the table herein for the zones of equal temperature in which such officers or enhsted men might be serving. Third. That where an officer or enhsted man is on detached serv- ice in a foreign country and occupying quarters other than public such officer or enhsted man be reimbursed for the actual number of rooms occupied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank of the officer or enhsted man entitles him as set forth in Army Regulations, 1044, at the rate fixed for foreign cities hereinbefore referred to. There is submitted, appended hereto, suggested amendments to Army Regulations necessary to carry into effect the recommendations above made. Frank T. Hines, Captain, Quartermaster Corps. FUEL TESTS. 1. In accordance with the verbal instructions of the Secretary of War of February 7, 1914, this office commenced fuel tests at Fort Myer, Va., Washington Barracks, D. C, and Fort Sheridan, 111., with a view to definitely determining the actual amount of fuel necessary to heat barracks and quarters occupied by officers and enhsted men at the stations named. Also the quantities actually necessary for cooking and heating water. 2. With a view of determining, if possible, zones of equal tempera- ture, this office conferred with the Weather Bureau and succeeded in obtaining data on which to base the temperature charts submitted as part of this report. 3. Also with a view of having the data determined by the fuel tests in question in such form that it could not be questioned, as well as obtaining a disinterested and impartial recomm endation in con- nection therewith, this office addressed letters under date of February 7, 1914, to the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of Standards, in- forming those bureaus that this office was about to commence fuel tests at the posts named and requested cooperation, if practicable, of the bureaus in question, in connection with these tests. 4. The greatest assistance and cooperation has been given by the Weather Bureau, and especially by the chief of that bureau. Prof. C. F. Marvin, in furnishing this office with data on which the tempera- ture charts referred to heretofore have been estabhshed. 5. The Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior, in letter dated February 13, 1914, acknowledged receipt of letter from the Secretary of War, asking cooperation of the Bureau of Mines in the tests referred to, and stated that a representative of the Bureau of Mines would be directed to confer with this office relative to the fuel tests in question. On February 12, 1914, Mx. George S. Pope, of the Bureau of Mines, called at this office and consulted with a representa- tive of this office relative to the fuel tests being conducted at Fort Myer, Va., and Washington Barracks, D. C. The fuel situation was discussed in detail with Mr. Pope by Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quarter- master Corps, of this office, and the object of the tests above referred to fully explained. A copy of the memorandum and a complete set of forms used in connection with the tests and instimctions relative to the same were turned over to Mr. Pope, at his request, in order that he might have an opportunity to study the scheme outlined more thoroughly. 53096°— 14 3 33 34 BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 6. Mr. Pope agreed with Capt. Hines that the scheme as outlined would undoubtedly result in obtaining valuable data and greatly improving existing conditions. He further stated that he felt that the conducting of the tests in question would not only afford valuable information to this corps, but would probably be of great value to other departments and to the public generally. He assured this office that the Bureau of Mines would cooperate in every way practicable and assist as much as possible in conducting the tests. He further stated that a representative of the bureau at Pittsburgh would be ordered to Washington for that purpose, the representative referred to being one who had had considerable experience in the question of heating apparatus and in the theoretical side of heating, radia- tion, etc. 7. In letter of February 17, 1914, the Secretary, Department of Commerce, informed the Secretary of War that the Bureau of Standards had no information that was immediately available on the subject of fuel tests. It was promised, however, that that- bureau would make an investigation in order to determine if the information existed elsewhere and render whatever assistance it might in con- nection with the matter. No representative of that bureau appeared during the time the tests referred to were conducted. 8. Mr. S. B. Flagg, representing the Bureau of Mines, called at this office on March 13, 1914, and took up in detail with Capt. Hines the subject of the fuel tests being conducted by this office. Mr. Flagg also visited Washington Barracks, D. C, and investigated the methods of conducting the fuel tests referred to. He stated that he fully agreed with the conditions under which the tests were being conducted and felt perfectly sure that very valuable data would be collected. From information obtained from Mr. Flagg it was learned that the present fuel equivalents established by the Bureau of Mines are not thoroughly reliable. In view of the conditions under which fuel is used at military posts, Mr. Flagg stated that it would appear advisable for the Bureau of Mines to again determine the fuel equival- ents. This office thoroughly agrees with this opinion and has for some time felt that more accurate data relative to these equivalents should be established. 9. Preliminary to the commencement of the tests at the posts named, the heating apparatus in all buildings was carefully inspected by engineers of this office. The methods of firing and keeping of the apparatus in proper repair were also noted. 10. It was noted that in practically every case a large accumulation of soot and dust was found on the baffles or on the flues in the furnaces at the posts referred to. In several instances the condition of the furnaces would seem to indicate that they had not been cleaned since BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 35 their original installation. The condition of the doors and methods of firing were such as to clearly indicate that those in charge were not familiar with the proper manner of firing heating boilers, and in no instance was the apparatus found to be in proper order. Tempera- ture regulators, draft doors, etc., were not in working condition and not properly set. 11. In order that the data in connection with the tests might be accurately and reliably kept, three sergeants. Quartermaster Corps, were assigned to each of the posts — Fort Myer, Va., and Washington Barracks, D. C. — and, preHminary to the tests, were carefully in- structed relative to the object of the tests and the results it was hoped to obtain. Detailed instructions, copies of which are hereto ap- pended, were furnished the post authorities and also the enlisted men placed in charge of the tests. 12. All heating apparatus was thoroughly and carefully cleaned and placed in working order before the tests commenced. 13. There was assigned at each post an officer directly in charge of the tests, under the post quartermaster. Two engineers were also assigned in connection with this work, one to Fort Myer, Va., and one to Washington Barracks, D. C. Frequent visits, practically daily visits, were made to the posts named by the engineers in question and the tests and keeping of the data were carefully watched. An officer of this office also made frequent visits to the posts named, with a view to keeping in touch with the progress of the tests. 14. It can be safely stated that the data obtained at these tests, which is tabulated and attached hereto, is accurate and definite, and it is believed from the results and conclusions drawn in connection therewith, that the same may be relied upon to give satisfactory results in connection with the rules relative to the issue of fuel recom- mended in this report. 15. The details and manner of conducting the tests at each post will be found in the reports of the post authorities and those of the engineers on duty in connections with the tests, appended hereto. WASHINGTON BARRACKS, D. 0. 1. The objects of the fuel tests conducted at this post were: First. To test the reliability of fuel allowance charts; Second. To determine the actual cost of heating buildings and the cost of fuel necessary for cooking and heating water in officers' and noncommissioned officers' quarters. 2. Appended hereto wiU be found daily records of temperatures and coal consumption of the several buildings at this post, as well as the tabulation giving a summary of the results obtained during the tests at this post. 36 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 3. Each daily record chart for the several officers' quarters and barracks has been plotted and the curves determined, with a view of affording a satisfactory way of studying the results and drawing conclusions therefrom. Each chart shows by the curves indicated thereon the average daily inside temperatures, the average daily outside temperatures, the wind movement and direction, the average daily coal consumption with coal allowance calculated from charts previously prepared in this office and contemplated to be used in connection with fuel issues at military posts. 4. Following the daily record charts for each building, there is given a chart showing the averages for the 11 officers' quarters for which individual charts were prepared. 5. The conditions, so far as heating apparatus is concerned, at Washington Barracks were ideal, as the type of heating apparatus in each set of quarters was the same, the only variation being in the size of such apparatus. 6. A study of the daily record charts of the buildings in question leads to the following conclusions: (a) The outside temperature varied, in so far as data plotted on the chart is concerned, from 12° to 62° F. The weather conditions dur- ing the tests were quite varied, ranging from a warm day, when the temperature was 50° at 8 a. m., to a temperature, for a short period, of 3° at 8 a. m. on another day. There were several storms during the period, one a bHzzard, on March 1-2, with a wind sufficiently high to break many windows and result in freezing some exposed pipes. (l) The inside temperatures were fairly constant, the greatest varia- tion being 8°, and this only on one occasion, the inside temperature being maintained at practically 70°. (c) The fuel allowances as determined from the fuel charts pre- viously prepared in this office were sufficient on all occasions, except ia cases of a sudden rise in temperature or where a combination of low temperatm-e and high wind occurred, in which cases the fuel consump- tion slightly exceeded the allowances as given by the chart. (d) That the allowances as given on the fuel charts on the average are slightly too great at low temperatures and insufficient at high tem- peratures for the apparatus installed at this post. This will readily be seen by an inspection of the chart showing a "Comparison of chart allowance cin^ve and actual consumption curve," accompany- ing, where the actual results of the tests have been plotted and a new curve established. It wUl be seen that the slant of the. original curve on the charts prepared by this office was too great, making the allowances too large at low temperatures and too small at higher tem- peratures. When it is considered that the greatest waste of fuel takes place at high temperatures, it is beheved advisable to have this condi- tion exist, provided no undue hardship wiU result. KEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 37 (e) The wind velocity has a decided effect on the coal consumption, as will be noted, particularly on the charts for the period March 1-3, where the high wind materially increased the coal consumption. COST OF HEATING OFFICERS' QUAKTEES. 1. Referring to the tabulation of results obtaiaed at Washiagton Barracks, it will be noted that the officers' quarters at this post are of two classes — those for field officers, consisting of 12 rooms, and those for line officers, consisting of 10 rooms. Considering the results obtained at Washington Barracks and Fort Sheridan, it will be seen that the allowances as fixed by the fuel charts are practically correct and it would be inadvisable to make any change in the charts at this time. 2. It will be noted from the tabulation that the average quantities of coal used per day for heatiag, as well as for cooking and heating water, are given. The only satisfactory manner of comparing the cost of heating is to reduce that cost to the cost per cubic foot, and with this in view, the number of pounds of coal per cubic foot of heated space, as weU as the total average coal used per day for heating, is given in the tabulation. It will be noted that the amount of coal necessary for heating houses of different sizes is not in direct propor- tion to the number of rooms. However, it wiU be seen that the cost of heating per cubic foot is in proportion to the size of building, and the results obtained in the tests at this post give regular and consistent data in that regard. 3. A study of the residts obtained indicated that thtere is no one rate per room that would be fair, due to the fact that a larger propor- tion of fuel per room is required for a small house as compared with a larger one. The larger houses have, as a rule, a greater number of bed- rooms, which have a material effect upon the amount of fuel required. 4. In determining, therefore, the cost of heating per room, it is necessary to arrive at some standard basis for size of room, in order that the cost of heating per cubic foot may be apphed thereto. 5. So far as can be determined, this question has not been defi- nitely settled heretofore, and the only reference thereto in regula- tions or acts of Congress this office has been able to find is contained in the Regulations of the Army, 1834, where, on page 138, paragraph 41, the following is stated: 41. Rooms for officers shall be as established at 225 square feet. The regulations from which the above is quoted are based upon the acts of Congress of 1821, as contained in volume 2, Document 199, of State Papers. 6. Authorities seem to differ greatly on the amount of air required per person per hour, and as this requirement necessarily determines 38 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. the size of the ordinary room, authentic data on this point was looked for. It is beheved that the most rehable data on the subject is given in the publication, Preventative Mediciae and Hygiene, by Milton J. Rosenau, one of the highest authorities on hygiene in this country. In reference to this subject Dr. Eosenau states: That the accepted amount of pure air required per person per hour is from 2,000 to 3,000 cubic feet. This does not mean that there should be 3,000 cubic feet for each person in an inhabited room, for it is sufficient if the air space is 1,000 cubic feet, provided, of course, the air is changed three times an hour. This same authority further states: The size of rooms for dwellings and workshops is somewhat of an economic ques- tion, but they should be large enough to allow the air to be replaced two or three times an hour without causiag perceptible drafts. The minimum space, in accord- ance with this standard, is about one-third the quantity of air per hour — ^i. e., from 700 to 1,000 cubic feet per person. * * * Soldiers in barracks are allowed 600 cubic feet per head, and the limit for lodging houses is usually fixed from 300 to 500 cubic feet. 7. Based on the above, it may, therefore, be assumed that as the standard family is taken at five persons, the size of a standard room in cubic feet can reasonably be taken at five times the quan- tities fixed by the authority above quoted, i. e., at 2,500 cubic feet. In addition to the actual space contained in the room itself, there is a certaia amount of additional space contiguous thereto in a buUding which is heated along with the several rooms and is nec- essarily chargeable thereto. Reference to the tabulated reports of tests and the data given on heating apartments, it will be seen that the average number of cubic feet of heated space chargeable to each room is approximately 3,000. The standard room, therefore, used as a basis of comparison in this report is taken as 3,000 cubic feet. 8. In considering this question it must be borne iu mind that the space occupied by furniture and fixtures should be allowed for, and when it is considered that the ordinary height of ceilings in dwell- ings is from 9 to 10 feet, it will be found that, applying this height to the standard room referred to in the regulations of 1834, a room 15 by 15 by 10 feet would equal 2,250 cubic feet. Allowing 250 cubic feet for furniture and fixtures and adding thereto the addi- tional space chargeable to each room, 3,000 cubic feet as a standard room will be very close to the average and fulfill the necessary hy- giene conditions. This opinion is also concurred in by the Ofiice of the Surgeon General of the Army, and a reference to the tabulation of sizes of rooms in officers' quarters, taken from the plans on file in this office, would seem to further indicate that a room of this size comes nearest to the average EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 39 9. Referring to the tabulation of results obtained at Washington Barracks, the following data relative to the cost of heating a stand- ard room per month is obtained, each type of house being considered separately: riELD officers' qtjartees. [Twelve-room houses.] 1. For a mean outside temperature of 24.17°, it was found that the average pounds of coal per cubic foot of heating space are 0.0084, and the cost of coal for heating at this post is $7 per long ton (2,240 pounds). The cost of heating a standard room per month would, therefore, be: 0.00843X3,000X30X7, 2,240 '.38, equals the average cost of heating 1 standard room per month (in 12-room house) . 2. In a similar manner for the several mean outside temperatures given, the results have been calculated and are as foUows: Cost of heating a standard room of 3,000 cubic feet with coal at f7 per ton [2,240 pounds). For a mean out- side temperar Difference in mean temper- atures. Average pounds of coal used per cubic foot per day. Cost per room per month. Average (mean). ture of— In 12-room houses. In 10-room houses. In 12-rooni houses. In 10-room houses. 24.17 °F. 0.0084 .0083 .0058 .0057 0.0106 .0104 .0083 .0071 S2.38 2.34 1.63 1.61 82.98 2.93 2.34 1.99 $2.68 29.90 5.73 4.10 7.91 2 64 34.00 1 99 41.91 1.80 Means 17.74 .00705 .0091 1.99 2.56 2.28 3. Referring to the results tabulated, it will be noted that the dif- ferences in cost generally increase ia regular increments with the temperature; for instance, the increase in cost for a change of tem- perature from 24.17° to 29.90°, or a difference of 5.73°, is only 4 cents. From 29.90° to 34°, or a difference of 4.1°, an increase in cost of 65 cents per standard room is obtaiaed. From 34° to 41.91°, or a difference of 7.91°, a difference in cost of only 19 cents is obtained. 4. These facts would seem to indicate, as was to be expected, that in passing from a temperature just above freezing to one below freezing necessarily causes the greatest increase in the amount of coal needed; likewise, that the amount of fuel necessary for a decrease of temperature from a temperature below freezing to a lower tem- perature below freezing is not in direct proportion and is relatively small; that the decrease in the amount of fuel necessary for a tem- 40 BEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. perature above freezing to a higher temperature above freezing is not in direct proportion to the increase of temperature, and is like- wise relatively small. FORT MYEB, VA. 1. The fuel tests at this post were conducted along similar lines to those outlined preceding for Washington Barracks. The details of the test are contaiued ia the report of the engineer dh-ectly in charge of the tests at this post, attached hereto. 2. In reviewing the results of the tests conducted at this post atten- tion is iuvited to the fact that the weather conditions were exceedingly favorable for obtaining conclusive data upon which to base definite recomm.endations. The range of daily mean outside temperatures were from plus 11.9° F. on February 24 to 62° F. on March 25. It was also possible to divide the tests iato four distinct periods, during which there was considerable variation in the outside temperature. In addition to the varied temperature conditions there was one period of excessively high wind — that of March 2, which showed a total wind movement of over 900 miles and a maximum wind velocity during this period of about 65 miles per hour. 3. On the tabulation and charts herewith are shown the condensed records for the various buildings of the post. The data, with very few minor exceptions, is exceedingly consistent, and the results, even when reduced to the cost per cubic foot, lead to definite conclusions relative to the amount of fuel vised for various purposes. During the tests at this post, as well as at Washington Barracks, no special at- tempt was made to economize or obtain test conditions, but actual conditions relative to coal consumption, bearing in mind the comfort of those involved, were considered. 4. In the table foUowing will be found the cost of heating a stand- ard room of 3,000 cubic feet with coal at $7 per ton, as determined from the actual tests at this post. The table gives in detail for the several outside temperatures the average pounds of coal used per cubic foot of heated space, the cost per room per month in houses varying from 4 to 11 rooms, and the mean average cost per room per month. 6. This tabulation leads to the following conclusions: (a) That the cost of heating a standard room per month varies in accordance with the number of rooms contained in the buUding and the mean outside temperature, the heating apparatus in such build- ing being constant. (6) That it costs more to heat a standard room in a small house of 4 or 5 rooms than it does to heat the same room in a larger house of 10 or 11 rooms. REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 41 (c) That a drop of temperature from a temperature just above freezing to a temperature just below freezing gives the greatest varia- tion in coal consumption. id) That the increase in cost of heating a standard roona for a drop of temperature from some fixed temperature just below freezing to a still lower temperature below freezing, is relatively small within the temperature limits found at the time of the test. (e) That the change in cost of heating a standard room due to a change in temperature from some fixed temperature above freezing to a higher temperature above freezing, is also relatively small. 6. In the table referred to, attention is invited to the fact that the six-room and four-room houses are noncommissioned officers' quarters, heated by stoves, and therefore can not be readily com- pared with the other sizes of houses given. These quarters are heated partly by the kitchen range and partly by separate stove installed in one of the lower rooms, no heating apparatus being used in the upstairs rooms. In these buildings, it wiU be noted, the cost per standard room is relatively low and is due undoubtedly to the fact that a large part of the heating of the lower floor is taken care of by the kitchen range. COST OF COOKING. 1. The cost of cooking and heating water in officers' and non- commissioned officers' quarters has been tabulated and the results are given in the table herewith. Referring to that table, it wiU be noted that the cost of cooking and heating water is not in direct proportion to the number of rooms in the house, except in so far as the size of the house has a bearing on the number of people living therein. The cost per room per month, however, has been cal- culated. 2. In view of the fact that part of the fuel used in the kitchen range is also used for heating the kitchen, it is found that the cost of heating varies with the outside temperature. The tabulation of the total amounts used for the two months, February and March, for which months a difference in mean outside temperature of 10.81° obtained, shows that the following percentage of increase in the amount of fuel used for a change of temperature of 10.81° would obtain: Port Myer, Va. Per cent. Officers' quarters 33 Noncommissioned officers' quarters 29 Barracks and other buildings 21 Washington Barracks, D. C. Per cent. Officers' quarters 2 Noncommissioned officers' quarters 26 Barracks and other buildings 18 42 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. rOBT SHERIDAN, ILL. 1. The results obtained at Fort Sheridan, 111., are shown in the tabulation hereto appended. From the data submitted from this post it wiU be seen that the conclusions reached from the results obtained at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks apply equally to the results as shown from the data submitted from Fort Sheri- dan, and the quantities of fuel used, under hke conditions, are prac- tically the same. 2. The observations made on this test have been tabulated as far as practicable and are similar to the tabulations adopted for recording tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. A blue- print copy of such tabulation is attached hereto. 3. Two additional graphic charts have been completed, which are hereto appended, showing a comparison of the proposed fuel allowances, based on charts and the actual fuel consumption during the test. It win be noted from these charts that the fuel consump- tion at Fort Sheridan was somewhat above the proposed allowances. It will also be noted that the actual consumption exceeds the allow- ances by the greatest amount during the mildest weather. This condition is also noted at the tests at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. As it is desired to restrict the use of fuel during the mildest weather to a minimum, it is thought that the allowances, under these conditions, should not be increased. 4. It is beheved that a greater amount of coal was used at the test at Fort Sheridan than was actually necessary. Had the same super- vision been given to the test at this post as was given to the tests at the two posts in the vicinity of Washington, it is thought that the fuel consumption would have been materially less, as, in all prob- ability, the care and cleaning of boilers and adjusting boiler regu- lators at Fort Sheridan were not given the same consideration as at Fort Myer and Washington Barracks. BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 43 IB n M . a .a a ^XXXXXXX _:»ocococo«eoco t« ko u! n gOOOO^D ^ lO -V -<*< Tfi ■* .xxxxx g OWCOOtO gOcOCOOOOO 0«5C5(M ^ CD ■* "* 00 OS CO "fl" sOCqWi-H .xxxxxxx xxxx gomecoooo o• lo m CO CO -ff .-H cfl "TtHNC^oi e M <0 CO OS O O 00 ??i-«00OCCO-rtftO«O .xxxxxxx gocoooooo ?fONMC*< t^ CO t-tOifCO .xxxxxxx xxxx Ei cOOSOOOtOOO O^OOO ^ to -^ -^ Tf ■^ -^ eo -^Tfieoo gooooooo ^USCDtDrfiOCOtO .xxxxxxx gcoOOOcOOO NOON gNOiOOOcDOO ^^^t-00 00OiCD«D .xxxxxxx eooioojooo 0)000 tot-io«o nco^com lo-^-*--! fS O COCOOO ^ CD '^ ^ CO ^* .xxxxx e Ococooco eooiNoeqoN ^ot^r»-coioi^cD .xxxxxxx gcioioosoocq lO-S- Tf CO ^cDcDOcDOCOO JOSOSOSOsOsosOi OOOco OOOOO JOOcOOCDOcD JOO CSOOlOO CDCOOO 03 O OS OS , i-9 .„ . ^ o ^ 3 ; « .••2 ; 3 s s : ■s.g ,® CO CO « "^ & O bD n t>l> 44 REPORT ON PtrEL TESTS. IS J S e gp. 2 o 9 S t, o /3 o 3 P S » O W o 5 O W O 3 I- o §S l-H O o m o P M o O W ob-d 6s C^ C( cs C^ M cq w (N eoTnmi-icoi--r-o i-tOi-HOOOOCOOO i-H-H,-1tHOOOO oooooooo tjrfs eo e,cs e-o o £ S => T O 2-^ -HJj Qj ™ a a> » ™ a iii ai 03 O OS i-IO oo fc] :-' : B t-OOOJ OJ sss m TP o o W O & -S SojS o ® o ".lis o I o cy MOO M S cl S ? EBPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 45 ^ S CM 1^ s s t. 'S!^ "^ »3 s .S III ■mooj pjBpuBjg $2.79 11.65 2.62 2.21 11.60 2.04 •uiooi IBujoy $3.03 11.08 2.86 2.40 1.76 2.22 i a 1 1 a 1 4-room house. Fort Myer, Va. (non- commis- sioned officers' quarters). ■raooi piBpuets CO ■raooj[ lEUJOV i CO CO 5-room house, Washington Barracks, D.C. (non- commis- sioned officers' quarters). ■raooj pa^puKig °.". g ■raooJ Itiniov sg s 6-.room house. Fort Myer, Va. "UIOOJ pjEpmjg §8 (N •raooi IBUiov 5^ coco CO 6-room house. Fort Myer, Va. ■raooi piEpuEig t2 S8 •raooi I E n } V s- 7-room house. Fort Myer, Va. (type B). •raooj pjEpmjg 00-* OU3U3*0'OU3^ C0t^i0TttC»l.-HOCX)«0"* 5 00 eo »o cc o 00 >o D OOt^ CO "«*«.-( 0»t~'»t< C^oat-iO^NOt-»rs NcqNS^SS;:!°°"' 1-t ^ fl9 t-i <9 ((^ ^ ?fl « th (5 (D ^ CO SI ■c) o . 3 03 ■^S3 Pi© ft 48 EEPORT OK FUEL TESTS. E^ S 53, Si S S -a s s o s B ts PI is O 03 3 > S _.e- r-H -tJ SK O S'lO Ol M O lO CO O O (-^ CO CD t~ t- O O CM to lO O M® §5 O * ■ ' ',-IrHrHc4 ■'j' ^-2 09 1^ II ^S -o' OiOiOiO'OOOl'3'O O 2S OiCnO^(NTficOQO« lO --0 V o .-4.-H(Nc4ci(NiNe4co ■^ §§ ^ Ha N« -o' cw ^p o«i»ooi(N o»oco o o r-1 r^ CO CO t^ C^ 0> O t Oo i? 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S o CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO tP S §o*° 60 0* >coomuaoc3om ca $2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.5 5.0 IS Oo NO >% CO o' imcuoifs o o »o o o o Tt w O- No s" .s (M -o" lOOOlOOOOOiO O i-To CD I- 00 Oi .-( CO (O O TJH lo s a)(N CM CM CM CM CO CO CO T(3 Tl5 id fi «» »- to o OS 00 1- CO in ■* CO CM rt .Sa ag s M ?;o t>, p^ s o o o .ill s 1 "c "q e o a i g o g; tf S W) eute llieu or e rooi P tl£|— 1 — d c <» ""t3 QJ ai .5-113 (-1-H 1 3 c 1 !C IE ci 'I c i o BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 49 s ^ [-1 Ej 4 « H S oj a> P^ S to lo cj «D o -!t* CO e Tj< so e0iCi>O^OO0J00C0CCN00«0 - OSOsOi^OlCOtOi-*!- i S ^- S ^ =*o s o X S ^« CI,-) o S"!3a K 3! S2 CO cc CO ■^ "* "* no «j to o t- o CO J;:^ to o co <6 CO S CI (M ^ T CO c "o to o M ff S 3! St.ja'gS. a.o.Si'SSj.S."! =5 W .a T) a ^ fl s *^ P4 ■^^ In' g B fl o (5j0t>> .g'2 ^H AMENDMENTS TO ARMY REGULATIONS NECESSARY TO CARRY INTO EFFECT THE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE IN THE PRE- CEDING REPORT RELATIVE TO THE ISSUE OF FUEL. Army Regulations, 1036, to be amended to read as follows: 1036. Each officer or enlisted man entitled to and occupying public quarters will be furnished at the expense of the United States with the quantity of fuel necessary to properly heat the building to which assigned at a military post in accordance with fuel charts published in orders from time to time. This allowance will be calculated from the fuel charts monthly, and any excess of allowance appearing as overdrawn by an officer or enlisted man at the end of any month will be paid for at contract price. Where an officer or enlisted man is occupying quarters other than public, heated by a separate plant, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such officer or enlisted man for the fuel actually necessary for the number of rooms actually occu- pied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles hiTn as specified in A. R., 1044, and in no case exceeding the maximum allowances set forth in the following table for the zones of equal temperature in which serving, charts showing zones of equal temperature to be published in orders from time to time. 51 52 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. ;i^ H O OOOCC [N = 0000 1 ooo'n'nocooo 1 coin cDcdco'riidiriidiriin-^' ® o ■s fl-*^ Oo SI to lO ■o>riid'9' » o «& (J rt-^ QJ So rg t^o in o O omoioooooom "^ o-°o o-^oir^-^inooooj-^' ! i-liO ocot^»o-^Momi S? CSlo S ■»J< oinoiooooooo oTo OCOO^I>0(NCOi-ocoooaoooint~co in^MoJo6«D'fl''-O-M00O3(M^(N.-iO csooif^io-q-'iNor-^io T3 8"-"^-"-"^" 1 ^°o & M omoiooooooo iOOilM(NTrnO"»ocoi-Ho6>ri i-s M- ;z; o a a; r- (C w- •* Cf CJ r^S ( g d M W KEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 53 When an officer or enlisted man is occupying quarters other than public, not heated by a separate plant, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such officer or enlisted man for the fuel furnished for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceed- ing the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles him as set forth in A. R., 1044, at the rate given for the zone of equal temperature in which serving. Where an officer or enlisted man is on detached service in a foreign country and occupying quarters other than public, the Quartermaster Corps will reimburse such officer or enlisted man for the value of the fuel actually necessary for the number of rooms actually occupied, but not exceeding the number to which the rank of the officer or enlisted man entitles him as set forth in A. R., 1044, and not exceeding the maximum allowances given for the zones of equal temperature established and published in orders from time to time. 1041. An officer may draw from the Quartermaster Corps a reasonable quantity of fuel and kindling wood, which will be issued on the basis of its equivalent in oak wood and charged as part of the allowance provided on fuel charts for the building concerned. 1044. The following table shows the number of rooms, and the allowance of cooking and heating stoves to be supplied for the use of officers and men in quarters and barracks: Rooms. As quar- ters. As office. For quarters. Heating stoves. Cooking stoves or For office. Heating stoves. Lieutenant general Major general or officer of higher rank occupying 9 rooms as quarters , Brigadier general or officer of higher rank occupying 8 rooms as quarters Colonel or officer of higher rank occupying 7 rooms as quarters Lieutenant colonel or officer of higher rank occupying 6 rooms as quarters , Major or officer of higher rank occupjong 5 rooms as quarters Captain or officer of higher rank occupying 4 rooms as quarters First lieutenant or officer of higher rank occupying 3 rooms as quarters , Second lieutenant or officer of higher rank occupying 2 rooms as quarters Officer of any rank occupying 1 room as quarters The Chief of Staff of the Army , The commanding general of a department, brigade, or district An assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Army, the aids to the commanding general of a department, brigade, or district, and the general stefi officers serving thereat A colonel or lieutenant colonel, Quartermaster Corps; a colonel. Medical Department; and the depart- ment quartermaster at the headquarters of a terri- torial department, each The commanding officer of a raiment, post, or bat- talion of Engineers or Field Artillery, quarter- master and adjutant, each An adjutant general, an inspector general, an acting nspector general, an engineer ,i an ordnance officer ,i a signal officer, a judge advocate or an acting judge advocate, and the seaior medical officer, when sta- tioned on duty at any place not in the field i each.. Noncommissioned officers above grade number 16, par^aph 9, principal musicians, chief trumpeters, and firemen. Coast Artillery Corps, each Noncommissioned officers below grade 15, paragraph 9^ and privates, when on detached service or as- signed lb si)ecial duty of such a nature as to neces- sitate the hiring or leasing of quarters, each Superintendait national cemetery 54 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. Kooms. For quarters. For office. As quar- ters. As office. Heating stoves. Cooking stoves or ranges. Heating stoves. Each noncommissioned officer, musician, private, and hospital .matron Each necessary fire for the sick in hospital, each dis- pensary and hospital mess room at a military post or station, to be regulated by the surgeon and com- manding officer, not exceeding 1 For general hospitals, when necessary, not exceed- ing for each bed Each guard fire, to be regulated by the commanding officer, not exceeding 1 1 1 Each necessary flre tor military courts or boards, at a rate not exceeding Storehouse of a quartermaster, when necessary, not exceeding, for each Each employee of the Quartermaster Corps or Med- ical Department to whom subsistence in kind is issued by the Government For library, reading room, schoolroom, chapel, and gymnasium, 1 heating stove for each, and when the garrison exceeds 153 enlisted men, 2 heating stoves, and such quantity of fuel for the same as may be certified to as necessary by the officers in charge and approved by the commanding officer For a company: 2 large stoves in dormitory, 1 large stove in each mess room and day room, 1 small stove for each of the two rooms for noncommis- sioned officers, 1 small stove for the library, and 1 cooking stove or range sufficient to cook its food . . . Each hospital kitchen 1 For each authorized room as quarters for civfliin employees 1 1 For each 6 civilian employees to whom fuel is allowed . 1 For telegraph office 1 1 For each blacksmith, carpenter, and saddler shop. For a bakery and post exchange such quantity of fuel for the same as may be certffled to as neces- sary by the officers in charge and approved by the commanding officer 1 Except at Military Academy. 1. The allowance of fuel for heating, cooking, and heating water in barracks and quarters at military posts will be determined in accordance with fuel charts and table of allowances published in orders from time to time. 1049. To be rescinded. 1006 To be rescinded , DEAFT OF PROPOSED GENERAL ORDER RELATIVE TO THE ISSUE OF FUEL AT MILITARY POSTS. In accordance with paragraph 1044, Army Regulations, 1913 (amended), the following instructions relative to the issue of fuel at miUtary posts wiU be carried out: 1. The post quartermaster will keep a definite and accurate account of the amount of fuel of all kinds that is received and issued to the several buildings at a mihtary post. With a view to assisting the post authorities ia the receiving, issuing, and supervising the use of fuel at army posts, a noncommissioned officer of suitable grade, Quartermaster Corps, wiU be designated, whose duties will be to receive and supervise the issue and use of fuel in aU buildings at the post, under the supervision of the Quartermaster. 2. There wiU be assigned to each public building or group of build- ings a competent enlisted man for the purpose of handling the heating apparatus installed in that building or group of buildings. In the case of company or detachment barracks, a company fireman wiU be detailed and wiU be required to keep a daily record of the amount of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in such building. The enUsted man so assigned, in charge of the heating apparatus, will be changed as infrequently as possible, and should be selected because of his trustworthiness and special fitness for the work. Organization commanders and officers responsible for buildings will be required to make at the time of their regular inspections prescribed in existing regulations, an inspection of the heating apparatus installed in such buildings, and in the case of company or detachment barracks, some responsible noncommissioned officer of the organiza- tion will be required to supervise daily the matter of proper and eco- nomical use of fuel, the daily removal of ashes from ash pits, and the cleaning of flues. S. Greater interest and economy in the use of fuel wiU be obtained in requiring the company firemen to keep a daily record of the amount of coal used and the temperature of the squad rooms in each building, if company and other commanders at the time of their periodical inspections will inquire relative to the amount of fuel used. 4. An accurate and definite account of the amount of fuel of aU kinds issued to a building will be kept by the noncommissioned officer. Quartermaster Corps, detailed at each post to assist the post authorities in this matter. A receipt will be given the post quarter- 55 56 BEPOBT ON l^UEL TESTS. master for all fuel issued to any building by the responsible officer or enlisted man. This account will be checked frequently and the instant any building appears to have drawn more fuel than allowed by the fuel charts provided in this order for the proper and economical firing of the boilers in such building, a report will be made to the post commander, with a view to having the matter investigated and defi- nitely determining the reason for such apparent excessive use of fuel. 5. The noncommissioned officer, Quartermaster Corps, designated to supervise the use of fuel at military posts, will be required to make periodical (daily, if possible) inspections of heating plants and other apparatus for which fuel is issued at a miUtary post, to see that they are properly fired and that the instructions relative to their use are being complied with. 6. For the firing of heating boilers in officers' quarters and messes at a mihtary post, there will be assigned a sufficient number of enhsted men to properly care for such heating apparatus. This detachment will be in charge of a noncommissioned officer of suitable rank, who wUl be responsible for the proper use of fuel in such buildings. 7. The issue of fuel at mihtary posts and stations wiU be based — First. Upon the area in square feet of grate on which the fuel is burned. Second. The average outside temperature during the time such fuel is burned. Third. On a factor which takes into account the human element, or those charged with the operation of such apparatus. 8. There are appended hereto, as part of this order, two sets of charts — the first set being a tabulation of temperatures from which a mean temperature for each post has been determined; the second are coal-consumption charts which have been prepared for various minimum temperatures from plus 40° to minus 40°, at 10° intervals, and the allowable rate of combustion at any intermediate (average temperature) between 70° and the minimum on any chart is directly interpolated. These charts show the allowable coal consumption per square foot of grate area at the several posts for steam and hot- water boilers. 9. The two sets of charts above referred to wiU be used to determine the aDjount of coal allowed for any building. To illustrate tliis method, the following example is given: Referring to Chart No. 5, on which chart appears, among other posts. Fort Myer, Va., assuming the building in question to be equipped with a Century boiler of 2,200 feet capacity, with 10^ square feet of grate area, the allowance of coal for the month of January would be determined as f oUows : Referring to temperature table, it will be seen that the average temperature for the month of January is 35°. Interpolating on the EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 57 coal charts at 35°, it will be found that 3 pounds of coal per square foot of grate area is the proper amount to be used for the boiler in question. The total allowance for the month would then be deter- mined as foUows: 3pound3X24 houraX31 daysX lO.5 square feet ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^-^^ ^^^^y^ pj January. 2,240 pounds. 10. The above calculations are based on the assumption that the standard coal of 1,800 pounds equivalent per cord of oak wood is used. This may not be the case at other posts, and if the coal has a different fuel equivalent it will be necessary to apply a correction for this difference of equivalents. The manner of making this correction is as follows: It was previously found that 10.45 tons of coal having an equiva- lent of 1,800 pounds per cord of oak wood was the proper allowance for the month of January. Assuming that the coal used instead- of having an equivalent of 1,800 pounds had an equivalent of 1,675 pounds, the correct allowance would then be: 1675 1800 X10.45=9.67 tons as the correct allowance for the month of January. 11. It will readily be seen that for each building in question the post quartermaster would work out the allowance for each month and tabulate it for ready reference. Should the amount of coal issued and used in any building be exceeded at any time during the period in question, it would clearly indicate that those in charge of the heat- ing apparatus are not obtaining the best results in the use of such apparatus, and that the fuel in question is not being economically used. 12. The allowances for Tabasco hot-water heaters or heaters of equal capacity can be determined from the fuel charts in a similar manner. The allowances for the following Tabasco hot-water heaters in the service have been determined and will apply. Grate areas square feet. . Coal allowance pounds per month. . Heater. No. 160, 17 and 18. 1 0. 7854 3,000 No. 200, 21 and 22. 0. 7855-1. 40 4,000 No. 300, 25, 26, and 27. 1. 41-2. 18 7,000 No. 500, ; 2. 19-3. 40 9,000 I And less. These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and good coking bituminous coals are used. Should any other coals be used, corrections of the amounts above indicated should be made in accordance with the method outlined in the tenth paragraph above. 58 REPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 13. The allowances of fuel for cooking and heating water in barracks and other buildings at military posts and for the several types of ranges used will be as follows : Army ranges : Nos. 1, 2, 6 (old), 3, 3a, not exceeding 2,500 pounds per month. Nos. 4a (old), 5 single, 4,500 pounds per month. Nos. 4 (old), and 5 double, 6,000 pounds per month. These allowances are based on the assumption that anthracite and good coking bituminous coals are used. For any other type of fuel, the formula given in paragraph 10 above should be used to determine the correct amount needed. 14. The issue of fuel in kind will only be made at military posts and stations. 15. In accordance with the provisions of Army Regulations, 1036, the following charts showing zones of equal temperature are appended hereto and made part of this order. 16. In accordance with the provisions of Army Regulations, 1036, in so far as that paragraph relates to the reimbursement of officers and enlisted men on detached service in foreign cities and occupying quarters other than pubUc, allowances for the zones of equal tem- perature established and previously referred to wiU be as follows : Mexico City, Mexico: _ Zone No. December, January, February 3 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 13 Berne, Switzerland: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Stockholm, Sweden: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 9 June, July, August, September 12 Berlin, Germany: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Constantinople, Turkey: December, January, February 2 March, November g April, May, October jO June, July, August, September 23 Vienna, Austria: December, January, February j^ March, November g April, May, October ^n June, July, August, September jo KEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 59 Peking, China: Zone No. December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Brussels, Belgium: December, January, February 1 March, November 6 April, May, October , 10 June, July, August, September 12 London, England: December, January, February 1 March, November 6 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 St. Petersburg, Russia: December, January, February 1 March, November 5 April, May, October 9 June, July, August, September 12 Santiago de Cuba: For the year round 13 Tokyo, Japan: December, January, February 2 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Paris, France: December, January, February ; 2 March, November 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September 12 Quito, Ecuador: December, January, February ; 3 March, November g April, May, October 11 June, July, August, September 13 Madrid, Spain: December, January, February 2 March, November... 7 April, May, October 10 June, July, August, September. . . ; ]^2 Rome, Italy: December, January, February 2 March, November , g April, May, October , n June, July, August, September 13 Monrovia, Liberia: For the year round 13 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: For the year roimd 13 Lima, Peru: For the year round 13 60 KEPOET ON" FUEL TESTS. Posts. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. 1900 Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. Adams, R. I Alcatraz, Cal Allegheny, Pa Andrev/s, Mass Apache, Ariz Armistead, Md A.ssinniboine, Mont , Aug:usta. Ga Baicer, Cal Banks, Mass Barrancas, Fla Bayard, N. Mex Benicia, Cal Bliss, Tex Boise, Idaho Brady, Mich Brown, Tex Ben Harrison, Ind Carroll, Md Casey, Wash Caswell, N. C Clark, Tex Columbia, Wash Columbus, Ohio Constitution, N. H Crook, Nebr Crockett, Tex Dade, Fla D. A. Eussell, Wyo Davis, Alaska Des Moines, Iowa De Soto, Fla Douglas, Utah Duchense, Utah Du Pont, Del Egbert, Alaska Ethan AUenVt Flagler, Wash Foster,N.H Frankford, Pa Fremont, S. C Gibbons, Alaska Grant, Ariz Greble, E. I Hamilton, N.Y Hancock, N. J Harrison, Mont Heath, Mass H. G.Wright, N.Y Hot Springs, Ark Howard, Md Huachuca, Ariz Hunt, Va Jackson Barracks, La Jay, N.Y Jefferson Barracks, Mo. . , Jefferson ville Depot Keogh, Mont Key West Barracks, Fla. . Kennebec Arsenal, Me Lawton, Wash Leavenworth, Kans Levett, Me Lincoln, N. Dak Liscuni, Alaska Logan H. Roots, Ark Logan, Colo Mackenzie, Wyo Madison Barracks, N. Y. . Mansfield, R.I Mason, Cal McDowell, Cal McHenry, Md Mcintosh, Tex McICinley, Me McPherson, Ga McRee,ria Meade, S. Dak Michie.N. Y Miley,Cal Missoula, Mont 52 69 59 64 66 58 40 65 69 54 70 64 59 63 48 47 72 60 58 50 68 71 61 59 50 69 70 74 43 61 65 66 69 62 61 73 67 76 65 77 65 70 69 61 82 67 61 67 67 57 49 72 65 61 59 60 68 58 67' 80 57 71 77 62 61 68 69 34 49 33 36 36 37 20 45 49 36 63 40 49 44 30 19 59 29 37 44 49 49 44 31 31 26 49' 61 29 29 50 34 30 39 36 27 44 50 30 61 43 60 47 36 20 67 33 36 43 43 61 45 32 23 29 49 57 31 29 S3 29 29 39 33 11 46 53 29 52 42 63 12 68 26 33 42 46 62 43 26 23 17 48 69 24 33 55 34 34 62 38 31 53 65 34 59 50 56 68 48 17 72 35 38 48 62 60 51 34 28 36 57 64 35 17 59 34 24 30 - 6 22 42 23 32 49 16 33 64 48 42 36 13 23 48 28 37 57 10 29 31 31 21 29 26 41 33 47 33 53 31 29 31 16 68 23 42 23 23 - 3 23 40 30 20 20 27 53 53 33 67 23 41 52 18 26 53 33 36 36 38 34 34 54 38 55 38 61 36 42 41 34 70 29 49 39 28 22 31 62 42 36 21 32 65 56 38 66 28 50 59 32 34 65 42 46 64 52 48 52 66 49 64 54 48 66 47 54 59 61 43 67 52 65 60 63 67 52 61 43 56 65 70 40 54 70 49 48 51 29 44 60 43 53 67 17 46 51 50 47 48 49 61 65 64 64 68 51 58 55 53 74 47 61 66 45 60 35 63 44 41 44 46 64 64 65 72 45 62 66 60 49 54 60 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 61 Posts. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1900 Jan. Mean. Peb. Mar. Apr. Monroe, Va Morgan, Ala Mott.N.J Moultrie, S. C Myer, Va New York Arsenal, N. Y . . . Niasrara.N. Y Niobrara, Nebr Oglethorpe, Ga Omaha, Nebr , Ontario.N. Y Pickens, Fla Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y . . Porter,N. Y Preble, Me Presidio Monterey, Gal Presidio San Francisco, Cal. Reno, Okla Revere, Mass Riley, Kans Ringgold, Tex Robinson, Nebr Rock Island Arsenal, 111 Rodman, Mass Rosecrans, Cal Sam Houston, Tex San Antonio, Tex Sandy Hook, N. J Schuyler, N.Y Screven, Ga Sequoia National Park Sheridan, 111 SiU.Okla Slocum,N. Y Smallwood, Md Snelling, Minn Springfield. Mass Stark.N.li Standish, Mass Stevens, Oreg St. Michael. Alaska St. Philip,La Strong, Mass Sumter.S.C Terry,N. Y Thomas, Ky Totten,N.Y Trumbull, Conn. United States Powder Depot, N.J, 42 49 34 49 35 33 27 30 40 29 25 51 19 27 23 62 50 39 30 27 45 33 28 32 57 53 53 32 32 49 46 28 42 32 36 21 28 23 30 44 - 6 62 30 49 29 35 32 29 40 51 32 49 33 31 23 20 39 17 23 52 IS 23 23 53 53 38 29 20 42 21 17 30 57 54 64 31 31 50 49 20 38 31 33 8 27 23 29 42 16 53 29 49 26 29 31 26 45 68 38 66 38 35 25 33 48 36 24 69 22 26 28 56 56 60 34 38 64 34 29 34 69 61 61 36 35 67 57 29 52 35 38 25 31 28 34 48 10 61 34 56 34 38 35 34 56 66 63 66 54 51 43 50 61 65 43 66 44 43 45 65 64 60 48 61 59 47 60 47 66 67 67 49 61 67 65 46 62 61 66 52 47 43 48 49 17 68 48 65 49 54 51 49 Vancouver Barracks, Wash. Wadsworth, N. Y Walla Walla, Wash Ward, Wash Warren , Mass Washakie, Wyo Washington Barracks, D. C Washington, Md Watertown Arsenal, Mass. . Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y. . . Wayne, Mich West Point, N. Y ■ Wetherill R. I '. Whipple Barracks, Ariz W. H. Seward, Alaska Williams, Me Wingate, N. Mex Wood,N.Y Worden, Wash Wright^ Wash Yosemite National Park Yellowstone, Wyo 60 58 51 61 54 41 58 68 64 53 56 51 52 62 35 50 51 58 60 46 37 37 61 45 49 51 42 37 45 46 42 39 42 38 41 46 23 37 42 46 51 46- 35 35 42 36 37 44 36 19 36 36 36 32 28 31 34 39 18 32 36 36 44 33 18 IS 41 31 ■37 42 29 18 33 33 29 25 21 25 29 40 29 23 37 31 42 31 15 16 61 35 51 49 34 37 38 38 34 27 26 30 33 48 35 38 44 35 48 45 34 34 61 61 52 51 48 42 54 64 48 48 46 45 35 45 42 51 50 51 42 42 62 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. Mean minimum temperatures. [U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau.] Porto Rico: Cayey (1908-1913) Mavaguez (1908-1913) Ponce (1908-1913) San Juan (1899-1910) Hawaii: Schofleld Barracks (1909-1913) Honolulu Alaska: Tanana (Fort Gibbon) Eagle ( Fort Egbert) Nome (Fort Davis) St. Michael (Fort St. Michael) 58 61 66 70 59 66 -16 -20 - 4 - 1 58 61 66 70 59 66 - 7 4 - 6 61 66 69 73 62 69 -10 - 6 10 12 -20 -20 - 1 62 65 69 73 12 12 18 20 Remarks. — Elevations: Cavey, 1^50 leet above sea level; Mayaguez, 80; Ponce, 80; San Juan, 50; Scho- fleld Barracks, 990; Honolulu, 111; Tanana, 200; Eagle, 673; St. Michael, about 30 leot. Comparison of daily allowance of fuel. [Based on proposed new chart allowances and on Army Regulations.) 1 reposed allowance. Heating. Cooking. Total Allowance from Army Regulations. Heating. Cooking. Total. —20* temperature allowance chart for certaiu posts north of 43" north latitude; Colonel .' Major Captain Lieutenant Noncommissioned officer B arrack ±0* temperature allowance chart for certain posts between 36° and 43° north latitude; Colonel Maj or Captain Lieutenant Noncommissioned officer Barrack '. +20° temperature allowance chart, for certain posts south of 36° north latitude: Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Noncommissioned officer B arrack 226 185 159 136 90 722 185 159 136 114 76 632 70 70 40 357 150 85 85 85 75 376 270 244 221 165 335 244 221 199 150 160 '85 85 85 76 247 168 155 156 115 217 180 170 47 1,277 198 160 166 43 933 198 142 113 113 29 533 378 302 265 227 75 354 283 245 213 71 283 227 198 170 57 Figures on table are pounds of coal per day. EBPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 63 Areas of heating boiler grates. CENTURY AND IDEAL. [Kewaneo Boiler Co. and American Radiator Co.] Capacity in radiation, square feet. Grate area in square Steam. Water. feet. No. 12 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,200 2,600 3,0()0 3,600 4,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,600 4,300 5,000 6,000 7,500 6.25 No. 15 7.60 No. 18 8.75 No. 22 10.50 No.26 12.25 No. 30 14.00 No. 36 15.75 No. 45 17.60 DUNNING. [New York Central Iron Works.] [Tliis table will also apply to vertical Kewanee steel and small cast-iron boilers.] Capacity in radiation, square feet. Grate area in square feet. No. IJ. No. 2. No.2i, No. 3. No.3i No. 4. No. 4* No. 5: No.5i No. 5? No. 6. 400 .500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 2,000 2,600 3,000 650 826 1,000 1,325 1,650 2,000 2,325 2,650 3,300 4,126 4,950 2.64 3.14 3.69 4.27 5.25 6.67 7.90 8.72 8.72 10.66 12.65 64 EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. I Z. 3 ^ S Fhunds of coal per sq^fi of gra-he per hn Z4- hours to constitute a day. BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 65 m] ±-t W 3 '4- s Pcjunds ofcoa/ per sq. -Ff: of ijrczfe per hit Ttven/y foup hours to constitute a.day 53096°— 14- 66 BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. MftTtl JaaaiL MEiK Pounds of coal per sq. ft of ^raf-e perhr. Tweniy four hours to consfiiufe a day. EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 67 :itmi~ ^ I'l-^j' I 16 3 4 s Pounds ofCoal persif-h of graH pert Twenty four hours to conshfu^e a day. hr. 68 KEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. ctr. it,0!L mf"^ ^ooife/s ofcoa/pet sf. ff. ofgtaftper Jrt. TW^Itfir four Aoora * coiiatiti/fe w-cfey. REPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 60 ^3c^:2'. ^mii :ea: iwji: ill ciSaztiiiszt^ tSLil iiusi: Z!& aO-tjiiiSiiZ u m '^^ ;5s: ??; 'S): ^ = 5 :|:5t SSl ^ti w % -ri- se: \f: m n ^, iizj^riri ^Mj i.CIU/l. / Z 3 4 -5 Pounds of coal per- sq^ ft of grai-e. perhr Tweni-y four hours fo const ifufe a day 70 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. ~i 2 5 ~4 5" Pounds of coal per Sf. fl. of ) 1,275.00 18,428.00 553. 00 « 3,021.00 14.14 (■) « 160, 500 None. 100,500 48 8 3,345 $201. 00 (") 100.00 2.600.00 75.00 436.00 430.00 (') (') ' Not determined. Office Chief of Quaeteemasteb Corps, Washington, D. C, April IS, 1914- From: L. H. Tripp, sanitary and heating engineer. To: Chief, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, Washington, D. C. Subject: Fuel tests. 1 . In accordance with your orders dated January 28, 1914, directing that I conduct fuel tests during the months of February and March at Fort Myer and Washington Barraclis, I have the honor to submit the following report. These orders were -^ erbally supplemented to include investigation of the cost of heating at the Army and Navy Club. The results of the latter have been incorporated in report of Mr. P. M. Anderson, electrical and mechanical engineer, of this office, in connec- tion with tests conducted by him to ascertain the cost of heating in apartment houses. 2. After making preUminary inspections at Fort Myer and Wash- ington Barracks it was decided to divide the work, Mr. P. M. Anderson taking charge of the work at Washington Barracks, while I took charge of the work at Fort Myer. A separate report on Wash- ington Barracks has been submitted by Mr. Anderson.. 3. On February 3, 1914, the writer first visited Fort Myer in con- nection with the fuel tests which have just been completed. The proposed test was discussed with the post quartermaster, and it was decided to proceed at once with an inspection of all of the heating plants at the post. Report of tests on healing boikrs, etc., Washington Barracks, Feb. IS to Mar. 25, inclusive, 1914. Building. Poaigntttion. Field oincer. Do Po Po Offloor Po Do Do Do Do Do Do. Po. Do. Offlcprs' club Noucoinmissioned officers' quarters. . . Do. Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do School building. Headquarters . . . Guardnouso Post exchange . . Bakers' school ' . Occupied by- Lieutenant colonel. Major do do Captain do do do do do First liinitenant do .do. 9 flrst lieutenant: Noncommiysionod onicers ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do Band barracks ' . Barracks' Do.i. Do.i. Do.' Hospital ' 2 storehouses'. liand Company A. Company B. Company C . Company D. Engineer storehouse, quar- termaster, and commis- sary. Vost No. 7A 9A 2A lA 4A 6A 6A lOA 12A 3A llA 13A 15A 16A 28A 28B 29A 29D 30A 3013 31A 31 B 34 A 34B 35A 36B 2 3 32A 30A 26A 17 20A,21A Name of boiler. tlurney. do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ....do.., Latrobe. ....do.., ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do.., ....do.., ....do... ....do... ....do.., ....do.., ....do... Gumey . , .do. Punning Century Central plant. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. No. of holler. 904 904 904 002 902 902 002 902 002 002 002 902 902 002 1,200 Steam or water. Steam. ....do. .do. .do. .do.... .do.... ...do... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ....do.. Latrohe. ....do.. ....do.., ....do.., ....do.., ....do.., ....do.., ....do.., ....do.., ....do.. ....do. ....do. Steam.. ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. .do., .do.. .do. .do. .do. Grate area, square feet. 7.16 7.1(1 7.1fi 6.03 5.03 f). 03 5.03 5.03 5.03 5.03 5.03 5.03 5.03 S.03 1.032 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.09+ 0.99+ 0.99+ 0.99+ 8.56 8.56 6,39 8.75 Coal allowance, pounds per day from chart. Feb- ruary mean out- side t,em- fiera- ure, 25.32, 647 647 647 3S2 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 1,776 786 786 414 806 March mean out- .side tem- pera- ture, 36.68. 482 482 482 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 1,327 687 587 .311 603 Average amount of coal used per day (pounds). For heating. Foh- niary. 334 368 307 34(> 376 311 467 750 64.4 66.0 61.5 68.1 70.9 52.8 66.3 60.5 74.0 84.7 67.1 60.9 438 637 401 234 March. 260 266 315 327 246 220 264 247 227 273 220 223 266 308 559 60.0 51.0 38.0 78.9 44.0 36.0 43.0 62.0 50.0 48.0 41.0 64.0 242 436 404 153 oo For cooking. Feb- ruary. 139 123 127 80 72 77 94 93 81 90 130 201 65.6 67.2 53.7 68.4 62.4 50.0 76.8 69,0 85.0 65,3 62.3 78.0 63,8 273 695 130 484 484 496 March, 106 105.0 77.0 68.0 83.0 78.0 82.8 112.0 94.6 79.0 108.0 118.0 164 60.0 61.0 42.0 60.0 64,0 40.0 63.0 67.0 66.0 57.0 48.0 54.0 63.0 259 109 111 545 646 618 For water heating. Felv ruary. 79.8 March, 57.6 Water heated • from central power plant. 426 610 Size and type of water heater. Tabasco No. 300... Our own No. 54. . . Circulator No. 30.. Num- ber and size of ranges. lNo.4.. .do. ..do.... lNo.3.. .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do. .do. ,..do.... ...do.... ..do.... lNo.5.. lNo,3.. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do... ..do... ..do... 1 No. 4. 1 No.4. ..do... ri No. 4, il No. 5. 1 No. 4, INo. 5, ..do.... ..do... 2 No. 4. Gas ranges used. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No, No, No, No, No, No. No, No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Cubic fOGt of Ilea ted space. 40, 771 40,771 40, 771 30, 683 30,683 30, 683 30,683 30, 683 30,083 .30,683 ,30, 6,';3 30, 083 30, 083 30,683 152, 498 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, ^0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 81, 63, 32, 73, Num- ber of rooms. 10 3,008 10 3,068 10 3, 068 10 3,068 10 10 Aver- age cubic feet of heated space charge- able to ejich room. 3,398 3, 398 3,008 3, 068 3, 008 3,008 3,068 3,068 21,785 2,006 2,006 2,0u6 2,066 2,066 2,066 •J, 006 2, 006 2, 066 2, 066 2,066 2, 066 6,124 3,970 8,228 7,396 10, 432 8,239 20, 763 20, 76:j 20, 703. 13,100 Pounds coal per cubic foot of heati per day for Actual con- sump- tion bised on 24.17 mean. f0.0085 I 346 10.0074 I 303 0.0094 , 384 0.0119 ^ 366 0.0098 , 300 0. 0090 , 270 0.0111 , 341 0.0112 , 342 (0.01 ■ 307 0.0123 376 (0. 0002 ■ 283 0. 0106 325 0.011 338 0.0146 440 785 64.6 Ki.O 60.6 62. 9 73.7 60. 2 60.1 81, 87,' y 4 7 62,6 403 514 383 252 Allow- ance per chart based on 24.17 mean. 0, 0161 657 0,0161 057 0,0161 657 0.0120 388 0.0126 388 0.0126 388 0.0120 388 0.0126 388 0.0120 388 0. 0126 388 0.0126 388 0.0126 388 0. 0126 388 0.0126 388 1,822 807 807 423 825 Actual con- sump- tion based on 29.9 mean. 0, 0076 310 0.0083 340 0. 0089 363 0.0128 393 0,0102 313 0, 0082 253 0,0114 355 0.0112 343 0.0008 300 0. 0121 370 0. 0096 293 0. 0090 295 0.0092 283 0.0146 448 725 57.5 57.5 60.0 57.5 70.0 40.0 47.5 60.0 60. 70.0 62.5 57.5 363 606 448 167 Note —Central power plant furnishes approximately 15 boiler horsepower for sewage ejector in addition to heating. 1 All these buildings heated by two central heating plants equipped with two 76 horsepower Keeler return tubular boilers. These plants ' Square feel nidinling surface. ' No temperatures taken in storehouses. are operated in parallel. In addition to heating, the east plant furnishes power for sewage ejector, air compressor, an average loa 63096°— 14. (To face page 86.) He.jtort of Icils on healing boikrs, etc., Washington Barracks, Feb. IS to Mar. iS, indusiw, 1914. (imto foot. 7. Hi 7.1(1 7.1(1 ri.lH ri.()3 n.03 S.03 ri.oa 6.0:1 5.03 5.03 1,032 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78+ 0.78 + 0.78+ ii.iro+ 0. 119+ 0.09+ 0.9B+ H. 50 8.5(1 5. 39 S. 75 Coal nll(>\TOiioo, potnids pnr day from olmrt. Fob- niury ino!\ii oiil- .slilo (.0111- porii- lure, 25.32. (117 (117 (1-17 as2 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 382 3S2 3S2 1,77(1 7.Sfi 78(1 '111 8(111 Miiroli nir^iiii oiil- slilo loni- itorii- luro, 311.(18. ■IS2 ■I.S'J 4S2 28:t 283 28:1 28:1 2.s;i 283 28:1 283 283 283 28,3 i,:i27 AvoniKo nnioiiiit <)( coal used per day (pounds). 687 587 311 (i(i:i l''(>r llontl[l^I. I'Vll- ruiiry. 334 ■i88 :i(l7 3(10 2711 3U '1(17 750 64. 4 66.0 ei.s 68.1 70. « 62.8 65.3 60.5 74.0 84.7 (17.1 (1(1. V 438 637 4(11 2;m Miireh. 360 265 315 220 227 273 220 223 2(15 :«is 5,'>!l 60.0 61.0 38.0 78.9 44. II :iii.o 43.0 62. 50. 48.0 41.0 51.0 242 4:1(1 404 153 l'\>r oookluK. reli- ruary. W^ 130 123 127 80 08 80 73 77 04 89 201 (16.0 07.2 63.7 58.4 02.4 60. 7(1.8 (19.0 85.0 (15. 3 62.3 78.0 (13.8 273 (196 420 130 484 484 4911 672 Maroli. 148 11(1 106 105.0 77.0 08.0 83.0 78.0 82.8 112.0 HI. 5 79.0 108.0 118.0 1114 60.0 61.0 42.0 60.0 64.0 40.0 53.0 57.0 (1(1.0 67.0 48.0 64.0 03.0 ]'"»r water hoiitliig. I''ot)- runry. 259 109 223 111 645 546 618 687 Mixroh. Size nnd type of wittor heater. Num- Imr nnd 8I7.0 of ranges. IN0.4. ...do... .do. 1 N0.3. ...do... .do. .do. .do. .do. 70.8 Wutor lit'uf.iMt . froriuMMilrul power viluiit. 420 010 Tnbasoo No. 300.. (>(ir own No. 51.. Olroulator No. 30. .do. .do. .do. .do. lNo.5. 1 No. ;i . ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ...do... ...do... 1 No. 4 . (luH rangt\s used. 1 No. 4. ...do... 1 No. 4, INo. 6. 1 No. 4, 1 No. 6. ..do. do... 2N0.4. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No, No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. (^iiblo foot of lioatod spaoo. 40,771 40, 771 40, 771 30,083 30,083 .30,083 30,083 30,083 30, 08:1 30, IW 30,083 ,30,083 Num- lior of rooms. Aver- aco uiinlo fool, of luMltod .space ohar^e- altlo to OiU'h room. 3, .198 3, 308 3,398 3,008 3,008 3,008 3,008 3,068 3, 0118 :!, 11(18 ;i, 11(18 :i,oii8 21,785 2, Ollll 2, Olid 2, 000 2, 060 2,066 2,0(16 2, 066 2,066 2, 066 2,066 2,066 2,0116 5,121 3,970 8, 228 7,:19(1 10,1:12 8, 2:w 20, TIKi 20, 763 20, 76:i. 13, 190 7, 220 Poundscoolperoublo foot of hoalod spaoo and total average coal per day for boating. Aotiial con- sump- tion biusod on 21.17 mGrtii. 10.0086 \ 316 (0.0071 \ 303 10. 001)1 \ 381 10.0119 \ 3III1 10.00118 \ :iiio 10.00110 \ 276 10.0111 \ 311 10.0112 \ 312 (0. 01 \ 307 10. 012:1 \ :I76 (0.0I)'.12 \ 2,s:i {0.01(16 ^ :v side tem- pera- ture, 21.14. March mean out- side tem- pera- ture, 31.78. For heating. For cooking. Mean outside for Feb- ruary, 21.14. Mean outside for March, 31.78. Mean inside for February. Mean inside for March. Designation. ■ 1 Post No. Occupied by. Febru- ary. March. Febru- ary. March. 7 a. m. 11 a. m. 7 p. m. 7 a. m. 11 a. m. 7 p.m. Offlcers' quarters Do. -. 76 94a 93b 15 3 22 23 24 95b 31 31 45a 45b 46a 46b 52a 52b 90a 90b 91a 91b 102a 102b 110 111 113 114 30a 1 33 47 48 49 50 103 2 104 105 106 107 108 35 85 29 81a 81b 82a S2b 3i 2 2 2 2i 2i 35 f 1000 4 248 248 1-19-S 4 Steam ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Hot air. . . . ...do Steam ...do Stoves 5.24 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.68 3.69 3.14 9.82 26.72 3.64 3.64 1.76 2.40 384 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 230 719 2,340 266 266 129 176 302 212 212 212 212 212 212 212 181 566 1,827 210 210 101 138 318 262 355 262 362 355 355 262 224 617 1,121 56 205 114 96 112 95 57 57 57 76 57 57 57 76 149 140 205 4,190 2,114 13,236 1,009 411 779 598 934 1,140 953 317 308 255 218 277 184 222 107 189 614 1,230 77 119 84 85 133 83 42 34 50 50 42 59 65 75 99 107 168 3,830 1,.595 11,631 732 369 674 851 781 739 967 153 76 57 114 95 95 76 57 114 [ 419 76 114 57 57 95 75 95 76 57 76 57 57 114 76 76 n 95 171 399 167 73 42 98 84 84 67 .59 75 358 50 101 42 39 131 50 75 59 50 42 34 59 79 84 67 59 75 176 384 40,046 28, 197 28,197 25,237 25,237 25,237 26, 237 25,237 10 8 8 7 7 7 7 4,004 3,524 3,524 3,606 3,606 3,606 3,606 3,606 o 65.8 62.6 62.1 64.6 65.6 64.4 76.6 60.9 67.0 66.1 66.5 66.4 68.3 62.4 65.4 59.5 63.2 57.7 60.5 62.2 51.8 60.1 61.6 68.4 64.4 69.3 65.7 65.5 67.3 61.7 / 67.4 \ 69.7 56.6 67.9 61.4 66.8 61.4 63.4 70.9 72.9 71.9 68.9 73.3 69.8 76.4 74.4 66.5 71.2 72.0 73.7 71.6 73.7 67.4 69.6 66.0 54.6 62.0 71.1 65.0 61.4 69.3 69.4 74.6 71.3 74.5 76.6 67.0 70.3 70.0 70.6 70.0 78.0 72.4 62.3 68.5 68.1 69.6 74.1 73.7 74.5 70.8 74.0 67.3 76.2 75.9 70.4 72.7 71.4 73.1 74.5 71.4 72.3 74.4 68.4 65.5 60.1 74.9 67.9 66.4 69.1 69.1 75.0 70.9 76.6 76.0 67.3 70.0 70.4 65.1 70.6 78. 8 70.3 63.2 68.3 71.5 69.5 74.0 70.1 69.0 63.3 66.6 68.8 66.5 67.0 61.2 68.8 67.6 66.1 69.7 69.4 62.6 68.6 61.8 60.7 60.6 58.1 66.2 61.6 67.0 66.1 59.7 61.2 78.7 67.8 65.3 69.7 67.6 67.9 68.4 .54.4 64.8 55.0 67.7 63.7 67.3 65.1 71.8 72.9 65.7 72.6 69.8 72.8 75.2 70.6 71.0 64.2 75.5 73.5 77.8 67.4 73.7 69.4 56.3 60.8 71.7 69.2 66.6 71.4 69.0 73.1 71.1 75.9 73.8 54.5 69.9 71.5 67.5 69.6 73.9 70.5 56.8 67.3 68.3 69.5 69.7 71.9 77.3 Do do do 70.0 Do Lieutenant do ]srow nnriniTig 74.3 Do ! do . . 71.0 Do i do . . .. do 72.7 Do . I 78.0 Do First lieutenant... do New Dunning 71.4 Do ' 72.4 Assembly hall and mess 3 officers' quarters Noncommissioned officers Do / 144,623 \ 147,031 8,460 8,460 11,446 11,446 11,446 11,446 17,504 17,604 17,504 17,504 8,142 8,142 8,262 7,227 12,082 14,365 11,446 20 24 4 4 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 7,231 6,126 2,115 2,115 2,289 2,289 2,289 2,289 3,501 3,501 3,501 3,501 2,036 2,036 2,065 1,807 2,416 2,394 289 64.6 75.9 First sergeant do Mueller hot-air"fumace do 72.4 78.4 Do 71.2 Do 77.0 Do First sergeant do 72.3 Do do ...do 57.2 Sergeant major — ..do ...do 60.7 Do do .do 75.1 ..do ...do 69.3 Do do do 68.4 Do First sergeant .do ...do 72.0 do ...do 73.5 Do do .do -. ...do 74.0 . do . .do ...do 78.9 Do Ordnance sergeant Quartermaster sergeant. 1-19-S 460 Steam ...do do.... 1.76 4.33 129 317 101 249 73.7 75.2 Do 66.7 ...do 36 3,154 2,462 67.1 Return tubular 9 0742 4027-313 3 266 36 36 3000 3000 ...do 83,322 4 20, 848 72.2 Post exchange and gymna- sium. Mounted-gun platoon Tower .... Central heating plant, 5 Brownwell boilers, 100 horsepower each, .do ...do ...do ...do Hot air... Steam.... ...do ...do ...do ' 120 3.83 4,28 4.91 15.75 15.75 14.00 14.00 10, 512 280 313 359 1.379 1,379 1,226 1,226 8,208 221 246 283 1.077 1,077 9.57 957 .....do ...do 67.2 ...do 78.8 Do do Do do Do do do Do do Commissary and quartermas- ter's storenouse. Quartermaster's storehouse. . 74.9 71.7 53.1 Cavalry barracks 285 304 380 285 276 267 418 217 120, 432 120,432 120, 432 120,432 12 12 12 12 10,036 10,036 10,036 10.036 68.5 Troop D do 70.1 Troop B Ideal 69.4 Do . ..do - 71.7 1 EstimatfifJ. 2 Grate area 24 feet each. 53096*--14. (To face page 92.) No. 2 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 93 which give fairly accurate results if the heating apparatus is operated with the average degree of skill: 1. Allow 1 net ton of egg anthracite coal per room, equals 2,000 pounds. 2. AUow 1 pound of egg anthracite coal per 1 cubic foot of contents, equals 1,614 pounds. 3. Reduce the hot-water radiation to its equivalent steam radiation, which is 30 square feet, and allow that each square foot of direct steam radiation wiU condense 500 pounds of steam per square foot per season, and that the average heating boiler will evaporate 7 pounds of water per 1 pound of anthracite coal: = — equals 2,143 pounds. 4. In the latitude of Washington, D. C, where the average whiter temperature is 45° F., the coal consumed per square foot of grate surface in a heating boiler wiU average 1^ pounds per hour for the 4,800 hours of the heating season, and the ratio of grate surface to direct hot-water radiating surface, averages 1 to 140 : —— X-^X -^ — equals 2,570 pounds. The average of all these rules is approximately 2,080 pounds. The building herein considered is an average city residence, well protected by surrounding buUdings. In a detached dwelling, similar, to an officer's quarters, the allowance for the standard room previously assumed should be increased 10 per cent, or to approximately 2,240 pounds (a long ton) per annum to be safe. In a climate where the winter temperature averages 35° F., the allowance should be increased an additional 15 per cent, or, in other words, for a variation of 10° F. on either side of the average winter temperature of 45° F., the coal consumption should be increased or decreased 15 per cent. Respectfully, (Signed) B. R. Newton, Assistant Secretary. Teeasuey Pepaetment, Washington, May 1, 1914. The honorable the Seceetaey of Wae, Washington, D. C. Sie: By direction of the Secretary, and referring to your letter dated April 10, 1914, in reference to the amoimt of fuel required for heating private residences, apartments, or other buildings, I have the honor to advise you that no special tests have been conducted by this department to ascertain the coal consumption in dwellings or apart- ments. 94 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. The data along this line, forwarded to you in department letter dated April 7, correspond with actual operating results obtained in various buildings under the control of this department and with the experience of pubHc-service companies engaged in district heating. Respectfully, (Signed) B. R. Newton, Assistant Secretary. April 6, 1914. To assistant and chief clerk: In compUance with the request of the meclianical branch and your directions herewith, the following information is fiu-nished as to the cost and kind of coal at various cities and posts. These figures do not represent the actual cost of the coal, but only the contract prices. Portland, Me. (Fort Preble), chestnut, $7.95; stove and egg, $7.70. Boston, Mass. (Fort Warren), bituminous, $5.77; stove and egg, $8.40. New York City (Fort Hamilton), stove, $6.23 ; nut, $6.73 ; egg, $6.04. Washington, D. C. (Fort Myer), egg, $6.45; stove, $6.80; nut, $7. Fort Monroe, Va., nut, $6.17; stove, $5.92; broken, $5.27; egg, $5.85. Wihnington, N. 0. (Fort Caswell), bituminous, $6.95; nut, $11.10; stove and egg, $10.85. Charleston, S. C. (Fort Moultrie), stove, $9.93 ; fiunace, $9.68; nut, $10.17; bituminous, $6.50. Tampa, Fla. (Fort Dade), bituminous, $8.25. Chicago, lU. (Fort Sheridan), bituminous, lump, $1.56 f. o. b. John- son City, lU.; egg and stove, $7 to $7.50 f. o. b. Chicago; chestnut, $7.25 to $7.75 f. o. b. Chicago. St. Louis, Mo. (Jefferson Barracks), bituminous, lump, $2.71; anthracite, $7.55 to $8.34. Atlanta, Ga. (Fort McPberson), nut, $9.07; stove, $8.82; bitimii- nous, run of mine, $3.30; bituminous, lump, $3.57; egg, $8.71. Little Eock, Ark. (Fort Roots), bituminous, run of mine, $4.25; lump, $5.88. Mobile, Ala. (Fort Morgan), bituminous, run of mine, $4.80; lump, $5.85. New Orleans, La. (Jackson Barracks), bitiiminous, lump, $5.75. Galveston, Tex. (Fort Crockett), anthracite, $11; bitmninous, lump, $7.50. Oklahoma City, Okla. (Fort Reno), bituminous, lump, $5.48; bituminous, run of mine, $4. Omaha, Nebr. (Fort Omaha), egg $6.95 to $7.51, chestnut $7.23 to $7.79, anthracite, f. o. b., Chicago; bituminous, lump, f. o. b. Johnson City, 111., $1.70. St. Paul, Mian. (Fort Snelling), bituminous, lump, $1.70 f. o. b; Johnson City, 111.; anthracite, $7.44 to $7.61 f. o. b. Superior, Wis. EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 95 Bismarck, N. Dak. (Fort Lincoln), no contract. Cheyenne, Wyo. (Fort D. A. Eussell), bituminous, lump, $5.91. Denver, Colo. (Fort Logan), bituminous, lump, $4.20 to $4,312; egg $7 to $7.50, chestnut $7.25 to $7.75, anthracite, f. o. b. Superior, Wis. Bayard, Fort, N. Mex., bitum in ous, lump, $7.35 to $7.65; semi- anthracite, $12.40. Helena, Mont. (Fort Keogh), bituminous, run of mine, $3.64; lump. $3.98, f. o. b. Duluth, Mmn. Salt Lake City, Utah (Fort Douglas), bituminous, $5.26. Phoenix, Ariz. (Fort Iluachuca), bituminous, lump, $9.46. Seattle, Wash. (Fort Lawton), bituminous, lump, $9.25. Portland, Oreg. (Vancouver Barracks), bituminous, lump, $3.65. San Francisco, Cal. (Presidio), bituminous, lump, $10. Rosecrans, Fort, Cal., bituminous, lump, $3.59 f. o.b. Gallup, N. Mex. Egbert, Fort, Alaska, no contract. St. Michael, Fort, Alaska, $24.50, bituminous. Liscum, Fort, Alaska, bituminous, $15.30 and $13.25. Gibbon, Fort, Alaska, no contract. Honolulu, Hawaii, bituminous, lump, $7.75. San Juan, P. R., bituminous, $5.73. Manila, P. I., nut, $6.20; bituminous, $5.85. Iloilo, P. I., bituminous, $6.90. Zamboanga, P. I., bituminous, $7.60. Cebu, P. I., bituminous, $6.90. Camp E. S. Otis, Canal Zone, no contract. H. L. Rogers, Colonel, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army. 96 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. City. Kind of fuel. Cost. Mexico City Berne, Switzerland. Habana, Cuba Stockbokn, Sweden Berlin, Germany... Constantinople, Tiurkey Vienna, Austria Peking, China Brussels, Belgium London, England Guatemala St. Petersburg, Prussia. . Santiago de Cuba Tokyo, Japan Monrovia, Liberia Rio Janeiro : Paris, France Quito, Ecuador Lima, Peru Madrid, Spain.. Rome, Italy Current for heating, k. w. h Gas, per 1,000 cubic feet Coal (Eureka, from West Virginia), per ton Charcoal, per ton Wood, per cord Gas, per 3,531 cubic feet : Ilard wood, per cord, according to lengths Soft wood, per cord, according to lengths Coal, best anthracite, per 220 pounds Charcoal (universal fuel), per sack nard coal, Yorkshire, per ton (2,000 pounds) Derbyshire (2,000 pounds) Scotch (2,000 pounds) Soft coal, Northumberland and Durham, per ton Wood, 125.668 cubic feet Coal, anthracite, per ton Pit, per ton Coke, per ton Wood, oak, per cord, unsplit Wood, oak, per cord, split Soft wood, per cord, unsplit Soft wood, per cord, split Coal, Cardifl, per ton Coal, Newcastle, per ton Coal, best Turkish, per ton Coal, inferior Turki^, per ton Coal, per ton (2,204 pounds) Wood, per ton (2,204 pounds) Wood, per cubic meter Hard coal, Mexican, per ton Coal, per ton, average Gas for heating and cooking, per cubic meter Coal, average cost per ton shillings. State's houses are not heated here. Wood, ■jtj'V o' a cord rubles. Wood, per cord Coal, per ton Gas (heating, per 1,000 cubic feet) Wood, per cord Wood, per cord Coal, per ton Soft coal, winter price, best quail y Soft coal, winter price, cheapest quality Soft coal, stunmer price, best quality Soft coal, summer price, cheapest quality Hard coal, winter price, best quality Hard coal, winter price, cheapest quality Hard coal, summer price, best quality Hard coal, summer price, cheapest quality Hard wood, cut for fireplaces, winter price Hard wood, cut for fireplaces, summer price Fuel, wood, per cord Coal, per ton Wood, oak, per cord Coke, per sack (40 kilos) Hard wood, per cord Coke, per cord Fagots, per cord Anthracite, per cord Gas, per cord SO. 10 2.20 22.00 25.00 30.00 4.44 15.54-16.35 13.84-14.65 1.22 2.00 4.36 4.09 3.72 4.09 8.87 12.30 6.05 6.05 9.93 13.80 9.50 13.38 8.39 9.30 4.38 3.77 7.60 11.38 3.66 12.09 8.00 .02 30 20.00 12.00 U.4S 8.00 s.oor 17.50 13.48 11.09 12.43 10.78 14.98 13.01 14.27 12.03 9.71 8.93 6.00 14.00-15.00 27.60 .54 22.26 9.00 20.81 14.43 5.57 1 United States currency. SCHEDULE OF ROOMS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF OFFICERS' QUARTERS. colonel's quarters. 3-655. First floor, 1 reception hall, 4 rooms, 1 laundry, 1 toilet room; second floor, 7 bedrooms, 3 bathroooms; attic floor, 3 servants' rooms, 1 servants' bathroom; total, 16 rooms, 4 bathrooms, and 1 toilet room. 95-C. Basement, 1 laundry; flrst floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 4 bed- rooms, 1 bathroom, 1 sewing room; attic floor, 2 bedrooms, 1 servant's room, 1 servant's bathroom; total, 13 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 178. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 5 rooms, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servants' bathroom; second floor, 6 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; total, 14 rooms and 3 bathrooms: 215. Basement, 1 laundry; flrst floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 1 servant's bathroom; attic floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 2 servants' bedrooms; total, 14 rooms and 4 bathrooms. FIELD officers' QUARTERS. 145-F. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 servants' bathroom; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms; total, 11 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 243. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms, 2 servants' roorns, 1 servants' bathroom; second floor, 6 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; total, 13 rooms and 3 bathrooms. 235. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms; second floor, 5 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servants' bathroom; total, 12 rooms and 3 bathrooms. captains' QUARTERS. 142-D. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 4 rooms.; second floor, 4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic iloor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servant's bathroom; total, 11 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 163-B. First floor, 4 rooms, 1 servant's room, 1 servant's bath- room; second floor, 5 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; total, 10 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 236. Captain's quarters, basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms- second floor, 4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic floor, 1 servant's room 1 servant's bathroom; total, 9 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 53096°— 14 7 97 98 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. lieutenants' QUARTERS. 256-A. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms, 1 servant's room; 1 servant's bathroom; second floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; total, 8 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 120-H. Basement, 1 laundry; first floor, 3 rooms; second floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom; attic floor, 2 servants' rooms, 1 servants' bathroom; total, 9 rooms and 2 bathrooms. 260. Basement, 1 laundry, 1 servant's bathroom; first floor, 3 rooms; second floor, 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 servants' room; total, 8 rooms and 2 bathrooms. COMMENTS OF POST ATTTHOK.ITIES RELATIVE TO FUEL TESTS AT FORT ICTER, VA., WASHINGTON BARRACKS, D. C, AND FORT SHERIDAN, ILL. The following reports give the remarks and recommendations of the post authorities relative to the methods employed and results obtained at the fuel tests at the posts above named. FoET Myer, Va., April 4, 1914- Q. M. 0.— 1469. From: Quartermaster. To: Chief, Quartermaster Corps. Subject: Fuel tests. 1. In comphance with letter of January 31, 1914 (No. 491125), the scheme of the tests was carefully gone over, enlisted men were detailed as firemen and made familiar with the instructions, and the general scheme outlined in paragraph 4 was carried out. '2. Second Lieut. Homer M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assistant to the quartermaster, was given immediate charge of the operations of the test. Sergeants Firemen Allen, Condon, and Conroy, Quarter- master Corps, sent here for the purpose, were given charge of districts approximating one- third of the garrison to each. 3. The furnaces were overhauled, drafts regulated where neces- sary, minor repairs made, and the furnaces generally put ia good condition. 4. The 17 enlisted men acting as firemen were carefully instructed in the method of firing laid down in the instructions, and each fireman was given a copy of these instructions. 5. Thermometers were installed in each building with a furnace and gah anized-iron ash cans to be used as coal measures issued. 6. Copies of instructions to officers of the post, dated February 9 and February 26, have already been submitted with other data; also copy of instructions to the district fireihen of February 12. 7. The test for furnace boilers began February 15 and for fuel for cooking February 18. All ended March 25. 8. Temperatures were read in each house three times daily at ap- proximately 7 a. m., 11, a. m., and 7 p. m. 9. The method of determining the weight of coal used daily was to weigh a can full of each kind of coal, and, with this weight as a basis, coal ior furnaces, cook stove, laundry, and fireplace was placed in 99 100 EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. separate piles and places. ^A little more than a sufficient quantity was measured out for each day and on the following morning the remainder was put back in the can and weighed by use of a measuring stick. 10. Capt. Frank T. Hines, Quartermaster Corps, in charge of the tests, made several visits to the post, explained the object of the test to all officers assembled, and explained more fully the instructions received as to the details of the test. Mr. Anderson and Mr. Tripp, engineers, from the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, made periodical visits to the post, examined the records, and, as Capt. Hines's representatives, approved methods used or suggested changes, which were in all instances carried out. II.' The weather conditions during the test were quite varied, ranging from a warm day when the temperature at 8 a. m. was 50° to a temperature of 3° at 8 a. m. on another day. There were several storms during the period, one a blizzard, on the night of March 1-2, with a high wind, breaking many windows and freezing many, pipes thus exposed. The minimum temperature on this day was 15°. 12. Under instructions transmitted by Mr. Tripp, all original rec- ords were removed by him to the War Department on March 26; all data relative to the test is therefore in the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, no retained copies being on file at this post. Daily notes relative to the test made by Lieut. Groninger were also submitted with the abo-ve data. 13. Since the conclusion of a previous test about two years ago, the firing of all heating boilers at this post has been under the direct control of a civil employee of the Quartermaster Corps, the actual firing being done, with few exceptions, by enlisted men detailed for the purpose. Each organization furnished a man for its boiler and hot-water heater, and in officers' quarters one man managed approxi- mately five fires. All firemen have been instructed in their duties and their work is under the daily supervision of the employee above mentioned. The system has worked satisfactorily and, it is thought, economically, although there are no definite figures at hand for comparison. The above is mentioned as it is noted that a similar scheme is rec- ommended for adoption in a proposed circular accompanying other papers transmitted for use during this test. 14. No opinion on the general method of determining coal allow- ances can be given imtil the tabulation of data now going on in the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps is completed. W. J. Glasgow, Captain, Quartermaster Corps. kepokt on fuel tests. 101 Office of the Quartermaster, WasJiington Barracks, D. C, April 7, 1914- From: Assistant quartermaster. To: The quartermaster, Washington Barracks, D. C. Subject: Fuel test. 1. In compliance with your instructions I submit the following remarks with reference to the recent heating test conducted at this post. All data collected has been turned over to the Chief, Quarter- master Corps. 2. In conducting the work, aU the plants were fired by the men regularly employed at that work, i. e., by Quartermaster Corps men or special-duty men in the pubhc buildings and by the officers' serv- ants in their quarters. 3. In connection with the method of issuing fuel as outhned in the memorandum from the office of the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps, it is essentially the same as the method regularly followed on this post. However, it would appear from the memorandum that it contemplates having a noncommissioned officer on this work. It is thought that this should be done. While it is difficult to point to any definite saving that would result to the Government by placing a noncommissioned officer on a job that is now filled by a private, it is thought that the advisabihty of this is apparent from the impor- tance of the work and the responsibihty placed on this man. Non- commissioned officers selected for these positions should have gen- eral supervision over all heating plants on the post, making all neces- sary minor repairs and keeping the plants clean and in adjustment. 4. Considering the 12 sets of so-called captains' quarters, an ex- amination of the results of the test wiU show that their daily con- sumption of coal varied considerably, although they were maintained at approximately the same temperature. As these houses are all identically the same size and of the same construction throughout, it would appear that the differences in coal consumption were due principally to the differences in the care exercised in firing. It is thought that a competent fireman of the Quartermaster Corps should be detailed to attend to aU these fires, and that with such a fireman the coal consumption in all the houses could be reduced to a point at least as low as the consumption in that house now using the least coal, and that the price of the coal thus saved would be considerably more than the wages of the fireman. 5. The method suggested for fixing a definite allowance of fuel for cooking and washing for each company would have the advantage of reducing the paper work in this office. However, it does not appear that this would effect any reduction in the consumption of coal for these purposes. 102 BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS, 6. It is thought that the greatest waste of coal at this post is due to the following causes: (a) In the heating plants, due to inefficient firemen. Formerly these plants were fired by enfisted men detailed from the organizations on extra duty who received extra-duty pay. At the present time the firing is done in part by enfisted men of the Quartermaster Corps and in part by soldiers detailed on special duty without any additional compensation. Competent men for this work can not be obtained by detaUing soldiers from the companies on special duty. It is thought that the saving effected by aboUshing extra-duty pay for the men detailed in the boiler rooms wiU be more than overcome by the iacreased cost of fuel and repairs under the present system of using privates of the Quartermaster Corps and men on special duty. It is thought that a saving could be made by providing a sufficient number of competent firemen in the post allotment of Quartermaster Corps men, whose pay should be sufficiently high to obtain the proper class of men. (b) In the officers' quarters, due to inefficient firing by their serv- ants. It is thought that this could be remedied by allotting a com- petent fireman of the Quartermaster Corps to care for these fires. L. C. Heekness, First Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers. [First indorsement.] 411.] Quaetermastee's Office, Washington Bareacks, D. C, April 8, 1914. To Chief, Quaeteemastee Coeps, United States Aemy : 1 . Forwarded. Lieut. Herkness, Corps of Engineers, assistant quar- termaster, had actual charge of the experiments carried out in heating test, under charge of your office. The tests were carried out as di- rected. His remarks are concurred in. L. W. JoEDON, Jr., Captain, Quartermaster Corps, Quartermaster. Tests at this post were supervised by Mr. P. M. Anderson, elec- trical and mechanical engineer of this office. In reference to the report of the quartermaster, Mr. Anderson states as follows: I have personally supervised the test at this post and concur in the statement that the firing was done in the usual manner and that the Quartermaster Corps sergeants merely supervised the work at this post. However, these supervising sergeants in- sisted that all equipment be kept clean and in good working order and that the fires were cared for in the proper manner. This no doubt resulted in a considerable saving in the consumption of coal. I believe that the law providing fuel tor officers contemplated that a sufficient quantity of fuel should be furnished to properly heat the quarters occupied by that officer if the fuel was properly handled. On examining the heating plants at this post before the test was started, it was very apparent that proper precautions were not EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 103 being taken by the officers in the corfsumption of fuel. At Washington Barracks only two of the automatic regulators were found in operative condition and practically all fires were controlled by drafts through the firing door instead of by drafts through the ashpit and smoke flue. In one furnace, especially, soot had collected to a depth of not less than 3 inches, showing that the flues had not been cleaned for years. I do not concur in the assistant quartermaster's recommendation that firemen be allotted from the Quartermaster Corps with pay sufficiently high to obtain the proper firing of the boilers. I believe the Government contemplated that a proper amount of fuel should be furnished, but I do not believe that it is contemplated to furnish the officers with highly paid men to supervise the firing of such fuel. I see no reason why each officer should not, to a certain extent, supervise the firing of his own quarters, so as to prevent any such conditions as were observed at this post. I believe that rigid instructions should be issued to all officers as to the method of firing fuel, and that officers should either do their own firing or provide their own men for doing same. The only men which I recommend that the Government furnish in connection with fuel consumption would be merely one or two men at each post detailed to supervise the heating equipment and see that the instructions issued are properly carried out. Office of the Quarteemastek, FoH Sheridan, 111., March 26, 19U. From: Quartermaster. To: Commanding officer. Subject: Fuel tests. 1. Complying with your instructions of February 14, I inclose herewith reports relative to the use of fuel in certain quarters in this post, together with the surgeon's report of temperature. The test commenced February 18. 2. Careful instruction was imparted to all men in charge of fur- naces, and everything possible was done to obtain an accurate account of the coal consumed. 3. The question as to the amount of coal to be allowed an officer or noncommissioned officer at this post is a very hard one to deter- mine, as it depends upon the kind of quarters he occupies; a second heutenant, for instance, occupying a suite in the club building not requiring as much fuel (provided aU or the majority of suites are occupied) as another occupying one side of a double set of heutenants' quarters, and this officer will not require as much as another of the same grade occupying a single set of lieutenants' quarters. 4. The amount of fuel used in any particular barracks or set of quarters depends not only upon the temperature but upon the velocity of the wind as well; thus with a fairly strong wind, such as we often have here, from 20° to a temperature of 25°, the exposed side of a double barrack or double set of quarters will require a very much greater amount of fuel than the protected side. Besides this, there is the question of hygiene. Some people keep the house pretty well closed during cold weather; others — in fact, the majority — keep a number of windows more or less open in order to secure a circulation 104 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. of fresh air and to maintain a proper temperature. This requires a greater consumption of fuel by those following this method. 5. In many cases the fuel used for cooking purposes is also used for heating kitchens and pantries. 6. It will be observed that the central heating plant was kept in operation during the winter. This was done to heat the exchange and gymnasium, the riding haU, headquarters, and the barracks occupied by the mounted guard platoon and the detachment of the Quartermaster Corps. This required nearly as much fuel as would have been required to heat all of the buildings pertaining to that system. F. H. Sargent, Major, Quartermaster Corps. [First indorsement.] DR9-A Headquarters, Fort Sheridan, lU., March 30, 1914. To the com- manding general, central department, Chicago, lU. T. B. Taylor, Captain, Fifth Cavalry, Commanding. [Second indorsement.] No. 25103 Hz-TO. Headquarters, Central Department, Office Department Quarter- master, April 2, 1914. To Chief, Quartermaster Corps. Reference O.C.Q.M.C. 491125, January 24, 1914. D. E. McCarthy, Colonel, Quartermaster Corps. 22 incls. CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO DATA, ARMY AND NAVY CLUB, WASHINGTON, D. C. Th|: Army and Navy Club, Washinffton, D. C, February 18, 1914- Capt. Frank T. Hines, United States Army, War Department, Washington, D. C. My Dear Captain: I thought it would be safer to go to the architects and builders to get official figures upon the subject of the cubical contents of the club and the other information, and have to inform you that the average bedroom cubical space is 1,750 cubic feet. This is without bathrooms or halls. The average cubical space of a bathroom is 595 cubic feet. The total cubical contents of the entire building are 959,595 cubic feet. This includes every- thing, basement, haUs, etc. Of course, in making your estimate, you would consider the fact that the bedrooms are heated practically for the entire 24 hours, while the other spaces, such as lounging rooms, reception rooms, hallways, dining rooms, music rooms, parlors, card rooms, grillroom, billiard room, storerooms, and all of the basement space are not heated except when necessary; the heat being turned off as a matter of routiae as early in the evening as possible, or, at the latest, 1 a. m., when the club closes. The cost of heating the club for the period January 1, 1913, to December 31, 1913, was $2,476.62. The cost of the heating plant, including the boilers, as furnished by Mr. Wagner, the contractor, was $18,428.10. The cost of repairs to the heating plant for the year has been $61. This seems very small, but of course, it is on account of the plant being practically new. Respectfully, F. L. Sandoz, Manager. The Army and Navy Club, Washington, D. C, February 20, 1914. Capt. Frank T. Hines, War Department, Washington, D. C. My Dear Captain: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated February 19, calling attention to certain infor- 105 106 KEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. mation about the heating of the club which my previous letter did not contain, and in reply to your letter have to state that we employ — Salary. Meals. Total. Per month. SIOO.OO 50.00 30.00 $40.50 40.50 21.50 Per month. $140.50 1 nielit eneineer . . 90.50 1 fireman . 51.50 Total. 180.00 101.50 282.50 Besides furnishing heat, strictly speaking, for heating the club, the boilers are also used to furnish hot water throughout the club, for washing, bathing, etc., and also to furnish steam to the kitchen at a low pressure of about 25 pounds, which steam is used for boiling vegetables, making coffee, and for heating dishes, etc. These are all the uses that we have for the boilers, as aU the motive power in the club is generated by electricity, which we purchase from the city electric company. For the year 1913 one boiler has been in use aU of the time. Two boilers had to be used from February 10 to 20, 1913, and this was the only time when we were compelled to use two boilers, as the winter, you will remember, was a very mild one. Steam was used for heating purposes from January 1, 1913, to about May 15, 1913, when it was turned off for the summer. Our records do not show clearly the exact dates, but there were some days when steam was turned on again for such time as the weather was too cool for comfort, but from the data and the recollection of the chief engineer and his assistants, it is probably safe to assume that it was practically turned off about May 15. Steam was again turned on for the cold weather on October 19, 1913, and remained on during the remainder of the year, to December 31, 1913. If there is any information which has been omitted, please let us know and we shall be glad to supply it. Very truly, yours, F. L. Sandoz, Manager. The Army and Navy Club, WasMngton, D. C, March 9, 1914.. Capt. Frank T. Hines, United States Army, Office Chief of Quartermaster Corps, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: Answering your letter of March 6, I have the honor to state that the cost of the coal used for generating steam for cooking purposes in the kitchen and for heating the water used for members' bathing and washing purposes durmg the summer months only — that is, during the months when heat was not turned on the rooms gen- EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 107 eraHy throughout the club — was $534.80. During these mouths the cost of coals only for cooking in the kitchen was $258.90. In addition to this cost we also used about $150 worth of gas for Hghter cooking purposes, such as toasting bread, light broiling, etc., so that for these summer months our fuel for kitchen use amounted to altogether about $408.90. I am giving you this detailed information, as I suppose it may help you to form an estimate in proportioning the part of the cost of fuel in the fireroom, which, as previously stated, was $534.80, be- tween the kitchen and the rooms. In other words, as it is impossible to state definitely how much coal is required for generating the steam which is used in the kitchen for boiling potatoes and vegetables and making coffee, and how much is used for bathing and washing by the members, with this detailed information you may be able to judge yourself how it should be divided. If there is aiiy other information we can supply, we shall be glad to do so. Very respectfully, F. L. Sandoz, Manager. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ISSUED AT FORT MYER, VA., WITH A VIEW TO CARRYING INTO EFFECT THE FUEL TESTS DIRECTED BY THE CHIEF OF THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS, AND NOTES THEREON. Memorandum. Fort Myer, Va., February 9, 1914- Under instructions from the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps a coal test will be conducted at this post, commencing the 10th instant. In order that proper data may be obtained in this connection, the following instructions are published: All fires pertaining to heating apparatus on the post will be under the charge of Second Lieut. H. M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assisth ant to the quartermaster. Boilers will be fired only by the regularly detailed firemen, and none of the boiler adjustments will be altered except by these firemen. Under no circumstances will occupants of the quarters or servants interfere in any way with fires or adjustments of boilers. All firemen, including those in the troop and battery quarters, will be under the direction of Second Lieut. H. M. Groninger, Fifth Cavalry, assistant to the quartermaster, who has been charged with the supervision of this test. Troop and battery firemen will report to Lieut. Groninger for instructions at the quartermaster's office at 9 a. m. February 10, 1914. The proper operation of the air valves is of great importance. In case the room is not properly heated the trouble is often due to faulty operation of the air valves on the radiators. These can be adjusted by the occupants of the rooms. Some air valves permit of adjust- ment by removing a cap at the top of the air valve and shghtly open- ing or closing valve by means of a key or screw driver. The following rules should be observed in making the adjustment of any valve: Never attempt to adjust them except when there is at least 1 pound steam pressure on the system. The pressure gauge will always register at least 1 pound between 7 a. m. and 7 p. m. Then, if the radiator does not heat properly, remove cap from air valve and slack off screw or nut at top of valve until air blows through freely. AUow this action to continue until radiator is hot throughout and steam appears at the air valve; then tighten valve just enough to stop all leakage of steam, and replace cap. Do not remove air valve from radiator. If valve leaks steam or water, tighten just enough to stop leak. 109 110 EBPOET ON FUEL TESTS. Officers will familiarize themselves as to the barracks of their fire- man. In case of dissatisfaction they will telephone him and have their fire reduced or increased. By order of Col. Wilder: Edwaed T. Donnelly, Oaptain and Battalion Adjutant, Third Field Artillery, Adjutant. Wak Depaktment, Office of the Quaetermastee, Fort Myer, Va., February 10, 1914- The following assignment of boilers will take effect this date: Sergt. Condon, in charge. Quartermaster's office, Conley (prisoner). Officers' club, Fletcher (Battery D). Maj. Fleming, Lieut. Sheridan, Lieut. 01ms tead, Chaplain Houlihan, Capt. Elhot, Lieut. Milliken — ^Matthias (Battery D). Col. Wilder, Maj. Summefall, Capt. Austin, Capt. Day, Capt. Donnelly — Coyle (Troop L) . Lieut. Simpson, Lieut. Baird, Lieut. Stewart, Dr. Griffin, Lieut. Hillman — Stewart (Battery F) . Lieut. Downer, Lieut. Carter, Lieut. Burleson, Lieut. Morrison, Capt. Sturges — Schultz (Troop I) . Capt. Connell, Capt. Glasgow, Dr. McMillan, Capt. Forsyth, Capt. Locke — Eeyhok (Battery E). Capt. Wilhard, Capt. Gallup, Maj. Allen — Bainter (Troop I). Sergt. Allen, in charge. Troop K quarters, Pvt. Reisch; Troop I quarters, Pvt. Fox; Troop M quarters, Pvt. Wiseman; Troop L quarters, Pvt. Van Camp; Bat- tery D quarters, Pvt. Plunkett; Battery E quarters, Pvt. Butean; Battery F quarters, Pvt. Peck; hospital, Pvt. Patterson; headquar- ters, band, and guardhouse. Prisoner Tibbs; post exchange, Pvt. O'Toole. Second Lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, Assistant Quartermaster. Quaeteemaster's Office,. Fort Myer, Va., February 12,1914. insteuctions foe disteict fieemen This post is divided into three districts for the purpose of conduct-' ing the coal test directed by the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps. The first district will include all boilers and fires beginning at the quartermaster's office and extending to quarters No, 12. This EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. Ill includes commissary buildings, noncommissioned officers' line, officers' mess, and officers' quarters to and including quarters No. 12. The second district begins at quarters No. 3 and extends along officers' line. This district also includes headquarters, band, guard- house, post exchange, and hospital. The third district comprises boilers in aU barracks and all fires per- taining to barracks and stables. The firemen in charge of these districts are responsible that the men under them are conversant with the instructions given by the Chief of the Quartermaster Corps relative to the firing of boilers and heaters. A copy of these instructions has been read to these men and they each have a copy in their possession. The district firemen wiU adjust these boilers as far as possible and submit a list of repairs that are absolutely necessary. They will be responsible that the instructions given on back of temperature record are carefxilly and faithfully car- ried out in their districts. They wiU report at this office until further orders between 9 a. m. and 10 a. m. daily except Sunday. Second Lieutenant, Fifth Cavalry, Assistant Quartermaster. FoKT Mtee, Va., February 26] 1914. Memorandum for aU officers. In each set of officers' quarters a certain amount of stove coal will be measured daily and piled on the cellar floor. Sacks of coal have been placed in each laundry room for use in laundry stoves. Certain sacks have been set aside in the cellar hallway for use in fireplaces. Officers should exercise the greatest care to instruct their servants so that these servants wiU obtain their coal from the proper places. Neither officers nor servants will under any circumstances make any adjustments on the boilers. If the quarters are not comfortable the fireman wiU be so notified. In case the fireman can not be found, a written complaint wOl be attached to the thermometer. The ther- mometers are read by the sergeant fireman at about 7 a. m., 11a. m., and 7 p. m. W. J. Glasgow, Captain, Quartermaster Corps, Quartermaster. Approved : By order of Col. Wilder. Edwaed T. Donnelly, Captain and Battalion Adjutant, Third Field Artillery, Adjutant, 112 REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. •£ QsajSap ajruBjsdciaj, * A^ jad 69X1111 ^uatusAoui puTA puB ^-ep jad • aqx fSoO REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 113 ABp jad S3ITIU ^usmaAom. pu;a puB ;Cbp jad • oqx Tboq {,3096°— 14 8 114 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. •ABp dad Bo-[Tftti ^usmaAOia put* puB jC^p jad < ac^^ x^oo EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. 115 wvu MiK 'B9 NlSUiia amoniU\ O ON «> D*-_ _ •jC^ J9d e9X\v ^uavsAOta pu^A pire .^cp jad Bdi x«oo 116 BEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. iCsp i^d BBijiu luaiBSAoui pu^a pus jCbp lad • bq.1 xboo KEPORT ON FUEL TESTS, 117 ■iCep J3d saftni 3U3III3A0UI pu^tt pu« ^cp jsd ■ Eqi X^OQ 118 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. rHONCO c^vO \f>^ rocy ' Xvp jaa B3ttui luau-aAOui pui« pus itep J3d • sqi iboo BEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 119 •jCBp asa ssxjit ^uaiiiaAOu; pufm puB ytep aad • eqx XB03 120 REPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 3 OS d *«UqA^M>N "OS NIOEUIO SNlOHlTV ■■■llllllllllllllllli : „:;: :| : ::j -I llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllti'l'llilli'l^'l'lllllllllll^^^ MB^MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMi^ii^ ::;;: ::::;: i l^lMlil W :::::ffi :: g ::::|:: i i 1 :i i ::::!' 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' ^Bp aad ■ 8q.t T^OQ •Xsp J9d Ea-[xm ^uamaAOOi pUT^ REPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 133 jad * scit I'Eoo o o o o o 134 EEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. • Aep jad ■ s IT I^ioa H -jCvp jatj saxTU ^usuiSAoni pUTji EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 135 ^ep jad .' sq-t "QOO £^p j.dy^£i/^^'!' ^ EEPOKT ON FUEL TESTS. 141 ^/:f^-^2>€/2y:£uSje& ^-^^/saf/ci^y^? £^(^t//7£^ CUOENC Dl 142 EEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. ^/C£^ U2I:/ z^G/^^o \u. i^-^^ycesy^ /^/pz/z^t^ MJM 'fia M30U3ia jNisni BEPORT ON FUEL TESTS. 143 V£ - to <\i ... \ c> \ o o o ^ o ) o <>< 00 ° o c 1 O o > o o \ \ o o \ 1 ^ 1 ^ I 144 KEPOET ON FUEL TESTS. gptMtptjjIjji}^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -..ac' KEPOBT ON FUEL TESTS. 145 ■^^^^^^^^^jiff ^y ^ ^0t/ f^j 53096°— 14 10 O r □ Regions of liifh tempei-atiire over B5' Fair uitfrmetfiaJ*' 60 In 65 ' i tnRd oO lo 60 PfflLIPPL\E ISLANDS MKAls' AN^n[TAL TEMPERATLIRE Mean miniiuum tempprabares iii degrees Fahrenheit for lJ\e year are ^tven . TTM-nnsf ol' aJutude below 50 Vifeaj, Cajnp John Hay Saz- r ' Bolinao' Camp Cre^4 Camp SlolMenbui-^ Fort Wint Corre^idor ^.'\ fori Mills >■ CampAvery j Camp Mc. GraUi - Fori. Uin. McKinlev C am p Ward Cheney '» A , . y^ C-amp EldridiSe Atiuionan 69 r F KjsgajtBks. Ormoc \ , '., 66-0° F )^ \ Waiwick Bks ij9 a-f Camp Keithle- PetlitBks. r^Paraiig Au«UT- fjks P''^«'^'^ !L-:..n/'^''''';;;'' ZONKS OF EQUAL\TK.Ml'EHATl[UE Mt.AN MINIMUM TKMrKRArDKI'; KdK \ 1 TUI', YKAH, n.,„..u.> 2 l.'f.'.nS'fo/'.fi f'nlti'n,',- .U > o //,"■'. ,\-r,. /.'/// /!,,//<.: WB' Sarhmr-\-i^ 120' ' r j- A ^^ : u. ^«1'^<'<*. j"L-^4«^' ■e«r/; •:!>.' '7^ ^■'Vi/. ■«« "««yi.. ^iZ^- ■/<>?* "T- '■Le^v 7*., .•^ *t fSAN, ■f V"<» • -s'HrtrT*^ ico V '•"?£/ , "■^v^e I ^nftiltP 5° 1 I v.lv''^'"' -y^^.,/,,,,, ,, A., ■ .v, X,,,,,, t:v3. PW'"""^ ,>4-^' "' yATj^^l K-'Af'^oS I'^^il'^j >^' iijsA-oy. "^. ^^s^!f::2 .-' '-^^^^^To^ m!i^4:'- WSp. -^:6ilttmf^ '"i K&S-""" „.«^ ^^^. //uo, DalltM \ Bit^ii"4^^'^ '\ \ 'Jm^n.'^"' '^ ~r -V- v\ 1 • 1 ■■* \ \ ■j^ , jvV'.''f*f 4j!fo.J;;mfifi^J;^>A^^^^ )1A^: f: rf.PlcJttns pitre^^ ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE \ \^ n-\" , ft- Clark I ~^ ^-~- -fiJom Houston '•-'"'\^»JSSP^^°^I^. "f4. . \iantt*L'« iifi ai^ v fc ut^ i^y i- 9 ^'^' r *<-,'. «Trn.!,^^-. X f-.- f/:iv«f" roe\ V. rtij5'i' .kJ" fySumU V ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE — -t- MfeAN MINIMUM Tf;MPEKATURE FOR I MARCp. 60 6S° \ K).^ V 10 .HI.',i,\(oltH:K.ilr;, ^^: 7rr Btxrhm^-i^ 4>s^. "^Z^- 7'W-^^/4^ ;^'^ Y^l ^0° 4~yt-^/>ta, 'S^^i^ ^ w .Mr>,„^, V/)/ '''*>/^ •*E^,v ■-Vt,-f4, -^J 15- v>f.- V ^'^w,: '•t^M n Mo, y*">*/, -vi-. rf'^V _.--| „„j, sv- .M..'J^J^5^ W"""^-;' >^,iu«' 'V:v 'j:f.Xt, I ff < Sn^lltng , P\olti tiaf *»oS?\ tjP<^ ■*-. - -' * f'%4. . ^z- ''i'/«J "j^» >_^j^ ;^.l- Rorf'-" „J »«^'' .W' S"^-^? '>*'^, -T"/^- o\ ^ Oma/id ')rnpan, ,/imym 1,/i.j'r?' "■A- "io*- ii:>**''; "'■X' Vfi^ a/ .J- ^"ito ^L: sp ■'^<'?< SA ' H "^■^/i ■%., V/"//- atfs Ft, , °A<»»>7 '"Vore ^ Uavenworth ti »rwi,i C,/on,iu^Bliiffffn.^gmt^,^' «.»■/ .^?C n"' .x_ >d,_ .StP„ m=:.. jfPa ^n rf"i5i« So- -^-raffi "V; 'f?>^, ^i^' 5 (J'uoc/tu, yord- 5"!^/ '^"i 60letli^e> Jtf^. fltO"' 'FtCaif" II \ liter" "'\ % w ^ %^'^''""" ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE ft.Barrancii! rr.Pickens —A -^0' '^ C/orA Pi:^-5B :x ^-A ^an Antcnlo/^rs y 4-__ -.-/ 'tonioArs 50' 55' onJacii r Philip ,„, / MRAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR NOVEMBER. y.Cr,. '-^V tf ■ K- -'^"!:'i*«/i .-^^ ,tv^ -,-.i»«^? M^ ,s-U! Afo'*'' s ft.tiritdy- .■^\''''»'e»a^"L, / * Xwuiri/?^ '/' ifprvtff/i^^ ^ >S-a;h.-J|r-. i //./Two A. 5,11 5 ^/.»??4*^^;'^'^"''=f^^-£9/i/;£r/*. ■v„, 7<"W "Ttf fiAj f'.«';'^ llOp.nf.O^"' ^"^^^^^rfy^"' ^^.iff" M"* ^\. "dk--. \ M n Clarh s.' / ftiam Houii , pen finlonla. 60° •^-y^<^,I^■ /^AM; Iniosh^ 65" -'^""'•■^ :^ \fcRet. -. Tharr Va lilt sail '"' :*J<' >. ^ St Philip - fy Cror.ke.ri 70- ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE — M^AN MINIMUM TE^fPERATURE FOR i 1 MAY, KHuturtePH ,^^Mw ' y-f o l.itli. Ihtltinum . \ft/ "7 1 T-TT' 'f"^ ..j^m y ■'^ ^^ IL^. f" ■:> A'iT-v jy!;;;: *>*, V. y-v. '»//5i\ ^'>^,^%::,.. ""*?>">, i -a. 1= *ton -^f-^fZa*.] G-rai\tJ.^b''hi 'Xv. ''•",., ^/ 4 jw*. ■"'//Ir ^^^'*.>^- -A. "fe'-'V- '^^//, •i«i„ "t^. f^4a'£'! . %t.Snetlinj , ' 1, „^, ..»W ' f^. ;>"*;. '-"'■■'',, -.^i?!^'-! '^'A ._:i^~---<'1 ■ AV J.>st>p/, ''^l. lOK' lonn>e\ sppur^fi^iu > / ^^/.. /'^-^c 'f/^, '''of&. 'is '^-^''^A^j, 'f^oo ^'-jo^"''h"'-^i Am„ '■^ ;yN-. "X, I ;-.,..!Si 'I sfta" f-L ^;;'#^"'' rrSli^^^ H^^^r.""^'"" M- / '"pfMcPhersoi ft- ■te^f^ .~,A m^^ Clark '^fe-fop: o5 f'O" AntcnioAri ^-t^lfri.SaiiJacirtin i»^W I --\' ' .''''''^1 mi'eo"" ZONES OF EQUAL, TEMPERATURE ra^^^-^ -65- MIVIN MINIMDM TEMPKRATHRE FOR OCTOBEK. ^^i w _,y'7 FIDtSoi H Dade. 10'- \K€y weitBk^rt ToyAff, Hs-iH^i Suituti- MUftt i>s^;)i ^^; =_-! .-iJt.KuK-Vij t'^Mo(?' , f>^ellin(f ■^'^'6-pT-''^''i -H r-^ \ •h-'"'^" ^^'^^''\ .St"'' sr.5^;f t'"'^:;.<^,^°„';;'f-V*-'' ^G^"V >:faz-- (»< lii^:^^ ■'^.«-„-^'*"^- w.-- k .; r \/ //'. " '■ ' vflri^'-^- ^ 70 , t\fl Moulin^ /V P/^Lonr M- i Ml//,', 1 ';?^!^,^^"^" v<-V /y.PlcJ(ens /•A..V"'-'' ■■'«?»(' 65- 'i^"iw:%"rs 70'' -k^ rir=± P/.CrocUflt ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE ~ mAaN minimum TEMPERATl'RE FOR ! \ JUNE;, \ \ \ \ %W'^j.^ \nty ^'^l^^,rnoi?^r.i^'"'' ^t '\':;r>irr ^»l ,r.s'fss>r:... r*.7r^ci<5 ^&!^^^'' ZONES OK EQUAL TEMPERATURE Ml'-AN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR \ ': AUGUST. \ 17 "-^^i lae* Barharyt3» ISO* IT" *'^, / ■^i ^*te^ -x. • -i^ ^. --\-4 /. ,*^^ olC/iiM %" :^\\ V ^■^^^^ t.Snellina ',/, j* >4'j - ■ iJj7 ^^ jr ?,^r°^P'TY"'''* ' p "W'f«»» K^'';'^'^^4'"'^"°^vS^-^5'*'^,^'''''-^^'°° A/ii*i»"^i /{t Clark "^ 65" \'°- '■■'''•. '•'^■. . 70 ^f' K ftBarranci^ rr.PlckfniT Bk3\f/i'J^. VaiKspii ZONES OF EQUAL TEMPERATURE MEAN SriNIMUM TEMPERATURE FOB SEPTEMBER. ^0 n To] T^ ylor •e-j^ m- ^"^ ^ i :''-"SI ,fhfh.B'ill>i<