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 ENGlNEERtNG LiBRARY. 
 
 .Ard.l.U.^.'^. /^ 
 
__ Cornell University Lfbrarv 
 
 QE 262.Y58F79 1884 
 
 ''"''^,96 o'ogy of the country north-east of 
 
 3 1924 004 557 157 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004557157 
 
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OE THE 
 
 COUNTRY NORTH-EAST OF YORK 
 AND SOUTH OF MALTON. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 93 N.E.) 
 
 (NEW SERIES, SHEET S3-) 
 
 0. FOX-STRANGWA.YS, E.G.S. 
 
 PffBLISHED BT OEDEB OB THE LOBDS COMJIISSIONEES 01' IIEB MAJE3TI 3 lEBASUBY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 AND SOLD BY 
 
 Longmans & Co., Paternoster Kow ; Tkubnbk & Co., Ludgate Hill ; 
 
 Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street, E.G. ; 
 
 Edwakd Stanford, Junior, 53, Charing Cross; ,T. Wyld, 12, Charing Cross ; and 
 
 B. QtTAKiTCH, 15, Piccadilly ; 
 
 ALSO ET 
 
 T. J. Day, 53, Market Street, Manchester ; 
 
 Messrs. Johnston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; 
 
 HODQES, Figgis, & Co., 104, Gratlon Street, Dublin ; and A. Thom & Co., Limited, 
 
 Abbey Street, Dublin. 
 
 1884. 
 Price One Shilling and Sixpence. 
 
LIST OF CEOLOCICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 The Uaps are those of the Ordnance Survey, ijeoloKioally coloured by the Geological Survey of the TJnilted Kingdom under 
 
 the Superintendence of Aeoh. Geikie. LL.D.. F-B-S., Director General. ^ '. 
 
 (For Maps, Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the ^est Indies, and for full particu, rs of all publica- 
 tions, see " Catalogue." Price 1»,) *v 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES,-(Scale one-inch to a mUe.) 
 Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. 
 
 Sheets 3*, 5, 6*, 7*, 8, 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, 30, 81, 33 to 37, 40, 41, 44, 47*. 64*, price 8». Bd. each. ^ •- 
 
 Sheet 4, Bs. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 38, 39, 58, 84t, 85t, 4«. each. 
 
 Sheets divided into quarters i all at 8«. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are It. Sd. each. 
 
 1*, 42, 43, 45, 46, NW, SW. NE*,SB, 48, NWt, SW*, NBt, (SB*), (49t), 50t, 51*, 62 to 57. (57 NW), 59 to 63, 66 SWt.NBt, 
 SB+, 67 m, (St), 68 Bt. (NW*), SWt, 71 to 75. 76 (N) S, (77 N), 78, 79. NW, SW NB', SB, 80 NW*, SW*, NK, SB, 81 NW*, 
 SW, NE, SB, 82, 87, 88, NW, SW* NB, SB, 89 NW*. SW*, NB. SB*, 90(NB*),(SE*),91, (NW*),(SW*),NE*, SE*,92SW, SB, 
 93 NW, SW. NB*, SB*, 94 NWt/gwt, (NBt), SE+, 95 NW*, NB*, (SB*), 96*, 97 SB, 98, 99 (NB*), (SB*), 101 SB, 102 NE*, 
 103*,104*,105NW,.S\?', (NB*),,SE,106NE*,SB*,109SW,SE*,110 (NW*), (NB*). 
 
 HbRSZOirTAXi SECTION'S. VS.JtVXCA.I. SECTIOITS, 
 
 1 to 139. England, price 6s. each. 1 to 69, E:igland, price S». 6(f. each. 
 
 COKPXiETZSD COUHTIES OF EWCM^AirD &irD VTAl^ES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. 
 
 Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. 
 
 ANGLBSB St,-77 (N), 78. Hor. Sect. 40. 
 
 JBEDrOEDSHIIlB,--t6 (NW, NE, SWt, & SBt), 52 (NW, NE, SW, & SB). 
 BBRKSHmB,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*. 45 (SW*). Hor. Sect. 69, 71. 72, 80). 
 
 BUBOKNOOKSHIRBt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 (NW & SW), 57 (NB & SB). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect. 4 and 10. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* 13* 45* (NB, SB). 46 (NW. SWt), 52 (SW). Hor. Sect. 74, 79. 
 CABBMARTHENSHIBEt, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42 (NW & SW), 56 (SW), 67 (SW & SB). Hor. Sect. 2, S, 4, 7. 8, 9 1 and Vert. 
 
 Sect. 8, 4, 6, 6, 13, IC 
 CABENABVONSHIBB,t— 74 (NW), 75, 76, 77 (N), 78, 79 (NW & SW). Hor. Sect. 28, SI, 40. 
 CABDIGANSHIBBt,— 40, 41, 66 (NW), 67, 58, 69 (SB), 60 (SW). Hor. Sect. 4, 6, 6. 
 
 CHESHIRE,— 73 (NB & NW). 79 (NE & SB), 80, 81 (NW* & SW*), 88 (SW). Hor. Sect. 18, 43, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70. 
 COENWALLt,-24t, 26t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31t, 32t, & 33t. 
 
 DBNBIGHt,— 73 (NW), 74,75 (NB), 78 (NE SB), 79 (NW, SW, SE), 80 (SW). Hor. Sect. 31, 88, 88, 39, 43, 44 i & Vert. Sect. 24. 
 DEBBTSHIBBt,— 62 (NE), 63 (NW), 71 (NW, SW, SB), 72 (NE, SE), 81, 82, 88 (SW, SB). Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70. 
 DEVONSHIEBt,— 20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 24t, 25t, 26t, & 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. 
 DOBSBTSHIBB,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 66. Vert. Sect. 22. 
 ESSEX,— It, 2, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. 
 ILINTSfllBBt,— 74 (NB), 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 GLAMOBGANSHIEBt,— 20, 36, 87, 41, & 42 (SB & SW). Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Vert. Sect. 2, 4, 6, 6, 7, 9, 10, 47. 
 GIOUCBSTEBSHIBE,— 19, 34*, 35, 43 (NE, SW, SB), 44*. Hor. Sect. 12, 13, 14, 15, 69; Vert. Sect. 7, 11, 16, 46, 
 
 47, 48, 49, 50, 51. 
 HAMPSHIBB,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HERBBOEDSHIBE,— 42 (NE & SB), 48, 56,'66 (NE & SB). Hor. Sect. 5, 13, 27, 80, 34 ; and Vert. Sect. 15. 
 KENTt,— It (SW & SB), 2t, 8t, 4*, fit. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
 
 MBBIONBTHSHIBBt,— 69 (NE & SE), 60 (NW), 74, 75 (NE & SB). Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, SI, 82, 35, 37, 38, 39. 
 MIDDLBSEXt,— It (NW & SW), 7*, 8t. Hor. Sect. 79. 
 
 MONMOUTHSHIBE,— 85, 36, 42 (SE & NB), 48 (SW). Hor. Sect. 5 and 12 ; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10, 12. 
 MONTGOMEBTSHIREt,— 56 (NW), 59 (NE 4 SB), 60, 74 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 80, 32, 84, 35, 86, 38. 
 NOETHAMPTONSHIBE,-64, 46 (NW & NB), 46 (NW), 62 (NW, NE, & SW), 63 (NE, SW,& SE),63 (SE), 64. 
 OXFOBDSHIEE,— 7', 13«, 34*, 44*, 46*, 63 (SB*, SW). Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81, 82. 
 PBMBEOKBSHIBBt,— 38, 39, 40, 41, 68. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and 13. 
 EADNOBSHIRB,-42 (NW & NB), 66, 60 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 6, 6, 27. 
 ETJTLANDSHIEEt,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 SHBOPSHIEB,— 55 (NW, NB), 66 (NE), 60 (NE, SE), 61, 62 (NW), 73 74 (NE, SE). Hor. Sect. 24, 26, SO, 33, 34, 36, 
 
 41, 44, 45, 63, 64, 68; and Vert. Sect. 23, 24. 
 SOMBRSBTSHIEE,— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 85. Hor. Sect. 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22 ; and Vert. Sect. 12, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 51. 
 STABEOBDSHIRE,— (64NW), 56 (NB), 61 (NB, SB), 62, 63 (NW), 71 (SW), 72, 78 (NE, SE), 81 (SE, SW). Hor. 
 
 Sect. 18, 28, 24, 26, 41, 42, 46, 49, 54, 57, 51, 60; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26. 
 STTPPOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 50, 51, 66 SB,* 67. ' 
 
 SUEEBT,— 1 (SWt), 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 76, 76, and 79. 
 SUSSEX,— 4*, 5t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 75, 76, 77, 78. 
 WAEWICKSHIEB,-44*, 45 (NW), 63*, 64, 62 (NE, SW, SE), 63 (NW, SW, SB). Hov. Sect. 23, 48, 49, 80. 81, 82, 83 ■ 
 
 and Vert. Sect. 21. 
 WILTSHIBB,— 12*, 18*, 14, 15, 18, 19, 84*, and 36. Hor. Sect. 15 and 59. 
 WOECESTEBSHIEE.— 43 (NB), 44*, 64, 65, 62 (SW SE), 61 (SE). Hor.Sect.13, 23,25,80, 69, and Vert. Sect. 16. 
 
 GENEBAIi IHEinOISS OF THE GEOIiOGICAXi S1T&VEY. 
 REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOME ESET. By Sir H. T. De La Beche. 14s. (O.P.) 
 PIGUEES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALiEOZOIC POSSILS in the above Counties. By Pkof. Phiihps (O P ) 
 The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SUEVBY of GREAT BEITAIN. Vol. 1.21s.; Vol. II. (in 2 Parts), 42s. 
 The GEOLOGY of NORTH WALES. By Peopessoe Eamsat. With an Appendix, by J. W. Saltee and E 
 
 Etheeidge. 2nd Edition. 21s. (Vol. III. of Memoirs, &c.) 
 The GEOLOGY of the LONDON BASIN. Part I. The Chalk and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracts 
 
 By W. Whitakee. (Pai'ts by H. W. Beisiow and T. Mc K. HueHEa.) 13s. (Vol. IV. of Memoirs, &c.) 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitakee. 4th Ed. Is 
 The GEOLOGY of the WEALD (PAETS of the COUNTIES of KENT, SUBRBY, SUSSEX, and HANTS) 
 
 ByW. ToPLET. lls.ed. 
 The TBIASSIO and PERMIAN EOCKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND. By E.Hull. 5» 
 The GEOLOGY of the PENLAND. By S. B. J. Skeetchlt. 36s. 6d. 
 The MANUPACTUBB of GUN ELINTS, and the METHODS of EXCAVATING for FLINT, with an ACCOUNT of tho 
 
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MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF THE 
 
 COUNTRY NORTH-EAST OF YORK 
 AND SOUTH OF MALTON. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 93 N.EO 
 (NEW SERIES, SHEET 63.) 
 
 C. FOX-STEANGWA.YS, E.G.S. 
 
 PITBHSIHBD BT OEDEE OP THE L0EB9 COMJIiaaiONEES OP HEE MAJESIT'S TBBASUBT. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 
 AND SOLD BT 
 
 Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; Tkubhek & Co., Ludgate Hill j- 
 Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street, B.C. ; 
 Edward Stantoed, Junior, 55, Charing Cross ; J. Wtld, 12, Charing Cross ; and 
 B. QuAKiTCH, 15, Piccadilly; 
 
 ALSO BT 
 
 T. J. Dat, 53, Market Street, Manchester ; 
 
 Messrs. Johnston, 4, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; 
 
 HouoBS, Figgis, & Co., 104, Gratton Street, Dublin ; and A. Thom &.Co., Limited,, 
 
 Abbey Street, Dublin, 
 
 1884. 
 Price One Shilling and Sixpence, 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 The sheet of the Geological Survey Map, of which the following- 
 pages contain a description, embraces a large part of the Vale of 
 York, with a portion of the Jurassic and Cretaceous uplands to 
 the east and north-east. One of the most interesting geolo^cal 
 features which it illustrates is the remarkable overlap of the 
 Chalk, which to the north may be observed lying on the 
 Kimeridge Clay, whence it steals across the underlying forma- 
 tions until, in the south, it rests on the Lower Lias. Although 
 there is an actual southward thinning of the Lower Oolites 
 and Upper anil Middle Lias, this structure is mainly the result 
 of denudation, the Jurassic rocks having been greatly disturbed, 
 faulted and denuded, before the Chalk was laid down upon them. 
 
 The edition of the Map on which the superficial deposits are 
 •coloured, shows well at a glance the characteristic features of the 
 ground and the relative prominence of the different formations. 
 The various alluvial accumulations cover wide spaces of the lower 
 grounds, out of which rise ridges of glacial clays, sands, and 
 gravels, while the slopes of the escarpments and the higher 
 ground above them are entirely bare. 
 
 As the area here described forms only a part of an extensive 
 and important geological region, the present Memoir deals chiefly 
 with local phenomena. The general structure and history of the 
 whole region will be discussed in the Memoir on the Jurassic 
 Rooks of Yorkshire, now in preparation by Mr. Fox-Strangways, 
 where also full reference to the geological literature of the area 
 will be given. 
 
 Akch. Geikie, 
 Geological Survey Office, Director General. 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, 
 November 1884. 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 The area described in the following Memoir was surveyed by 
 Mr. C. Fox-Strangways, under the superintendence of Mr. H. H. 
 Howell. The Sheet is numbered 93 N.E. in the Old Series of the 
 •Ordnance Maps ; in the New Series it is Sheet 63. 
 
 Two Editions of the Geological Survey Map are published, 
 one showing the trlacial and other Superficial deposits, the other 
 showing the Solid Geology beneath these; in both Maps the 
 Warp and Alluvium are shown. The price of each Map is 
 three shillings. 
 
 The corresponding six-inch Geological Maps are not published, 
 but MS. coloured copies are deposited for reference in the Geo- 
 logical Survey Office. 
 
 The Map is further illustrated by parts of Horizontal Sections, 
 Sheets 132, 138, 139 ; price five shillings each. 
 
 H. W. Bkistow, 
 Geological Survey Office, Senior Director. 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, London, 
 November 1884, 
 
 A 14301. Wt. 10405. a 2 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page,- 
 
 Cbiapter I. — Intkodtjction - - - - - 1 
 
 „ Ili— Tkias and Rh^xic - - - - 3 
 
 „ III. — Lias - - - - - - 7 
 
 „ IV. — Oolite. 
 
 Lower Oolite - - - - II 
 
 Middle „ ir 
 
 Upper - - - - - 23 
 
 „ v.— Cretaceous Rocks - - - 25- 
 
 „ VT. — Superficial Deposits - - - 28 
 
 „ Vn. — Physical Structure - - 33- 
 
 LIST OF WOODCUTS. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sandstone Quarry, Cross Hill, Ganthorpe - - 14 
 
 „ 2, 3, 4, 5. Sections in Boulder Clay and Sand on the site 
 
 of the New Railway Station, York - - - 29, 30» 
 
THE GEOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COUNTRY NORTH-EAST OF YORK 
 AND SOUTH OF MALTON. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The district described in this Memoir is that to the north-east 
 of York, and comprises a considerable portion of the comparatively 
 flat country known as the Vale of York, beyond which rise the 
 Howardian range of hills and the Yorkshire Wolds. 
 
 The area contained in the map is 216 square miles. The only 
 town of any size is the city of York, but there are a large number 
 of villages, about 70 in all, some of which are of considerable 
 importance. 
 
 The Ouse, with its tributaries the Derwent and the Foss, are 
 the only rivers of importance that traverse the map. All of these 
 were formerly navigable for barges, but now only the Ouse and 
 Derwent are in use. 
 
 The physical features of the district divide the map into three 
 principal areas, corresponding with as many groups of strata. 
 The Triassic rocks, which are largely hidden by Warp and Allu- 
 vium, occupy the low-lying ground in the south-west, and include 
 an area about equal to one-half of the entire map.' These rocks, 
 as a rule, do not rise more than 150 feet above sea level, but are 
 succeeded by the Liassic and Oolitic strata, which have a height 
 of 300 feet, and even more in some places. These last occupy the 
 north-east corner of the map, and form the continuation of the 
 Howardian Hills, the northern part of which was described in the 
 Memoir on Quarter-Sheet 96 S.E. 
 
 The third and remaining area is that in the extreme east, com- 
 prising the Chalk Wolds, which attain, an altitude of over 800 feet 
 above sea level. 
 
 A 14301. / A 
 
GEOLOGY N.E. OP TOEK AKD S. OP MALTON. 
 
 Geologioal Formations, 
 The following geological formations occur in the district :- 
 
 Recent and Post Glacial 
 
 Glacial 
 
 Upper Cretaceous 
 
 Lower Cretaceous 
 Upper Oolite 
 
 Middle Oolite 
 
 Lower Oolite 
 
 Lias 
 
 Trias 
 
 "Recent Alluvium. 
 
 River Terraces. 
 
 Gravel of Dry Chalk and Oolitic 
 
 Valleys. 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay. 
 Sand and Gravel. 
 
 Chalky Gravel (capping hills). 
 
 Boulder Clay, Sand, and Gravel. 
 
 f Middle Chalk (Chalk with Flints). 
 Lower Chalk (Chalk without 
 
 Flmts). 
 Red Chalk. 
 
 Ferru^nous Sands (Neocomian). 
 
 Kimeridge Clay. 
 
 Argillaceous Limestone (Cement 
 Stone), passing into Grey Shale. 
 
 Coral Rag and Oolitic Limestone 
 (Coralline Oolite). 
 
 Passage Beds. 
 
 Calcareous Grit. 
 
 Oxford Clay. 
 ^KelLaways Rock. 
 
 Estuarine Series, including the 
 Scarborough or Grey Lime- 
 stone. 
 <; Millepore Bed (Whit well Oolite). 
 Estuarine Series, including the 
 
 Hydraulic Limestone. 
 _The Dogger. 
 
 Upper Lias. 
 Middle Lias. 
 L Lower Lias. 
 
 Rhsetic (Penarth) Beds. 
 
 (Keuper Marl. 
 Keuper Sandstone. 
 
 4 
 
TEIAS. > 3 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TRIAS AND RH^TIO. 
 
 The Triassic Rocks, consisting of the two divisions Keuper 
 Sandstone and Marl, cover an area equal to about half the entire 
 map ; but it is only in the eastern portion o£ their outcrop that 
 they are exposed at the surface, their western area being com- 
 pletely hidden by Boulder Clay, Warp, and other superficial 
 deposits. 
 
 The Keuper Sandstone. — The lower of these divisions, the 
 Keuper Sandstone, is not, as far as we know, exposed anywhere 
 at the surface, except a small outcrop which may be seen in the 
 bed o£ the river Derwent at Stamford Bridge when the water is 
 low. The rock here may be described as a calciferous sandstone 
 with a slightly greenish tinge, composed of fine rounded grains 
 of quartz cemented together; the whole having the appearance 
 of a greenish grit with dark specks. 
 
 The upper boundary of these beds is, of course, merely 
 approximate, and runs in a north-westerly direction a little to 
 the north of Stamford Bridge, and to the south of Sutton-on-the- 
 Forest. 
 
 Although the rock is not seen throughout this large area it 
 appears to have been met with in borings at York, Strensall, 
 and Fangfoss, ot which we are able to give the following details : — 
 
 Artesian Well at the North Riding Lunatic Asylum, York* 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 ("Ked sand ... 
 
 fa sg J Peat 
 
 (5 3 I Blue clay ... 
 
 L Boulder drift .... 
 
 Eed sand .... 
 
 Soft red sandstone and layers of grey marl (slate) 
 
 White sandstone ... 
 
 Eed sandstone with quartz pebbles, and layers 
 
 of red clay and soft slate 
 White sandstone ... 
 
 Red clay ...... 
 
 Eed sandstone ... 
 
 White sandstone ..... 
 
 Eed clay .... 
 
 White sandstone .... 
 
 Eed sandstone ... 
 
 White sandstone, containing much water 
 White sandstone . . - 
 
 Eed sandstone ..... 
 
 230 6 
 
 Water stands 1 7 feet from the surface after pumping at the 
 rate of 7,000 gallons per hour ; 70,000 gallons per day have been 
 pumped without lowering the water level. 
 
 * I am indebted for this section to Dr. Gill, of Bootham Asylum. 
 
 A 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 311 
 
 4 
 
 GEOLOGY N.T5. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 Borehole for the Wq-v Department, Towthorpe Common, 
 Strensall. 
 
 a ("Top sand . - - - 
 
 iS Pine clay . . - « 
 
 ^i I Boulder clay ... 
 
 CO ■{ Loamy sand - - - - 
 
 ^ Fine warp clay ... 
 ."a G-rey sand . . . - 
 
 p [_Bonlder clay 
 
 Green sand (veined) ... 
 
 Green sand with, layers of blue bind - 
 Blue bind or marl 
 
 Light green sand with layers of blue bind 
 White sandstone 
 
 Blue bind . . . - 
 
 Eed marl . . . - 
 
 White sandstone . - - - 
 
 Blue marl .... 
 
 White sandstone with a little marl 
 Blue marl - - - 
 
 Variegated sandstone ... 
 Red marl .... 
 
 The water from this hole was bad ; that from the bottom gave 
 92J° of hardness, 66^° of which was permanent ; that from about 
 210 feet gave 87^° of hardness, 57|° of which was permanent.* 
 
 Borehole for the War Departn>,ejit, Lord's Moor Farm, Strensall 
 
 Common. 
 
 "Surface soil ... 
 Eed sand .... 
 Stiff smooth clay - 
 j <; Marly clay . - . . 
 
 ^ I Warp clay with layers of sand 
 p I Boulder clay - 
 
 [_Yellow sand ^ . 
 
 Bed marl - - - - 
 
 Blue clay ... 
 
 Stiff blue clay .... 
 
 Grey sandstone - - 
 
 Seam containing pyrites 
 
 Grey sandstone ... 
 
 Smooth slaty rook - - - 
 
 Grey sandstone ... 
 
 Smooth slaty rock . - - 
 
 Grey sandstone with layers of clay (blue bind) 
 
 Hard sandstone mixed with red and blue clay 
 
 Grey sandstone with layers of clay 
 
 Eed marly clay ... 
 
 Grey sandstone with, layers of clay (blue bind) 
 
 Eed marl ... 
 
 Grey sandstone with thin layers of clay - 188 
 
 Seam of compact clay .... 
 
 * Full analyses are given in the British Association Reports for 1882, pp. 228-230. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 244 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
TRIAS. 
 
 Grey sandstone with thin layers of clay 
 
 Seam of clay and sand (cnrrent bedded) 
 
 Grey sandstone with thin layers of clay 
 
 Eed clay 
 
 Grey sandstone with thin layers of blue clay 
 
 Eed and blue clay - . . 
 
 Eed and blue shale 
 
 Sandstone of a reddish cast 
 
 Eed shale 
 
 Eed sandstone .... 
 
 Eed marly clay ... 
 
 Eed clay - . . . . 
 
 Gfrey sandstone - - - 
 
 Eed shale - ... 
 
 Grey sandstone 
 
 Eed shale - ... 
 
 Grey sandstone 
 
 Eed shale ... 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In, 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Total depth, Oct. 1884 - - - 1,161 
 
 The water from this hole, at 1,051 feet, analysed by Dr. F. de 
 Ohaumont, was harder than that already mentioned ; the total 
 hardness being 140'', 131;^° of which was permanent. The amount 
 of organic matter was small. 
 
 *e>" 
 
 Well at Fangfoss Station. 
 
 Pine sand and gravel (Drift) 
 
 Eed clay 
 Blue clay 
 White rock, sandy 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 A well was also sunk at York by Messrs. Brett, brewers, of 
 Spurriergate, which went to a depth of 1 63 feet, principally in 
 sandstone with some bands of clay and quicksand. At 70 feet a 
 large piece of oak was met with. The water is chalybeate; it 
 contains 72 grains of solid matter per gallon, 25 of which are 
 carbonate of lime, 20 are sulphate of lime.* 
 
 The Keuper Marl. — The Keuper Marl is best seen in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the river Derwent from Howsham to Buttercrambe, 
 several of the small becks which flow into this river showing good 
 sections in these marls. They are also well seen about Fangfoss 
 and Bishop Wilton, but are not exppsed anywhere to the west 
 of Barton-le-Willows, although they have been proved in the 
 following borings at Flaxton and Sutton-on-the-Forest. 
 
 -^- - ' ^ . — 
 
 * Mr. J. E. Clark has published the details of (his section in the Proceedings 
 of the Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc, New Series, vol. vii., p. 423 ; but the total 
 depth given by him differs somewhat from that which I obtained from one of the 
 firm. 
 
6 GEOLOer n.e. of tokk and s. of malton. 
 
 Boring at Flaxton. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Boulder Clay 70 
 
 Ked marl and gypsum - - - 157 
 
 (No water obtained.) 
 
 227 
 
 Boring at Sutton-on-the- Forest. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Superficial beds - - - - - 30 
 
 Red clay with gypsum - - - - 170 
 
 200 
 
 These beds consist of a series of bright red marls and shales 
 with intercalated beds of greyish shale and thin sandstones, the 
 upper surfaces of which are frequently covered with pseudo- 
 morphous crystals of rock salt. These beds also contain, along 
 certain horizons, considerable deposits of fibrous gypsum, which 
 in former times used to be worked in tlie neighbourhood of 
 Scrayingham. The Keuper Marl is also dug at Bishop Wilton 
 for brickmaking. 
 
 The Rhmtic or Penarth Beds. — These beds, including the so- 
 called tea-green marls at their base, have a somewhat extended 
 outcrop across the map. They consist of black and brown papery 
 shales, with thin sandy beds in the upper part, passing down into 
 tea-green marls below. There are no good sections in the 
 fossiliferous portion of these beds anywhere in the map, but 
 sufficient evidence may be obtained to say that they exist, 
 although much hidden by sujierficial deposits and the slipping of 
 the soft Lias clays above. The first indications we obtain of 
 these beds is from . a well about three-quarters of a mile south 
 of Stillington, which was sunk in green marl, the thin Pleuromya 
 limestones being seen on the hill-side some little distance above. 
 The next section is in a small beck south of Cornbrough Villa, 
 where are some dark laminated shale with Modiola minima, and 
 brown papery shale with bands of white limestone. Beyond this 
 there is no section till we get to the River Derwent : here the 
 beds are again exposed, and indications of the papery shales and 
 green marls may be seen in the little stream coming down from 
 the village of Crarabe, and also on the other side of the river in 
 the lower part of Howsham Wood, and at Boon Wood. At this 
 latter place we were fortunate enough to meet with specimens of 
 Avicula contorta, this being the only place where we were able to 
 find this characteristic shell. At the weir above Howsham Bridge 
 there is a good section in the green marls, and the outcrop may 
 be traced round the base of the hills by Acklam Wood, Leppington 
 and BarthorpjB Bottoms, to Bugthorpe ; in the beck above which 
 
LOWER LIAB. 
 
 village there is a section showing black shale with minute fossils 
 and a thin band of gritty sandstone. 
 
 To the south of this, the Rhsetic beds are continued round by 
 Garrowby, and thence along the foot of the hill, by Bishop 
 Wilton and Millington Beck, to the neighbourhood of Pock- 
 lington. They are not well seen along this part of their course, 
 but the general outcrop is not difficult to trace between the dark 
 Lias clays above and the red marls below. At the side of the 
 road going up to Millington the green marls are seen, and finely 
 laminated black shales have been turned up in a wood on the 
 south side of the road. Green marl and shale with ferruginous 
 sandstone are also seen in the little beck east of Owsthorpe 
 Mill. '■ 
 
 The following fossils were obtained at Boon Wood: — 
 Avicula {Cassianella) contorta, Portl. 
 Schizodus (Axinus) cloacinus, Quenstedt. 
 Cardium rhaticum, Merian. 
 
 OHAPTEE III. 
 THE LIAS. 
 
 The Liassic Eocks in a general way form the range of low hills 
 which rise to the north and east of the Triassic Plain ; they extend 
 from the north-west corner of the map, by StiJIington and Sheriff 
 Button, to Howsham, and thence run in a southerly direction, 
 forming a narrow strip at the foot of the Wolds, by Kirkby 
 Underdale and Bishop Wilton, to its south-east comer. 
 
 The Lower Lias. — The lower portion of the Lias, which has a 
 thickness of between one and two hundred feet, consists of 
 numerous bands of earthy and crystalline limestone crowded 
 with fossils, separated by considerable thicknesses of shales and 
 clay. 
 
 In the northern part of the map these beds are not well seen, 
 being nearly everywhere covered by Boulder Clay ; their general 
 position is therefore more or less assumed from the outcrop of the 
 beds above and below. The first indication we get of Lower 
 Lias beds is on the outlying hill to the south of Stillington, where 
 on the hillside, just above the well previously mentioned, some 
 clayey beds occur with thinly bedded limestones, containing 
 Pleuromya and Ostrea liassica. There are also traces of these 
 beds along the hillside by Cornbrough and West Lilling, but the 
 
8 GEOLOGY N.B. OP YOKK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 first real section in them is in the deep road cutting to the north 
 of Sheriff Hutton, where are dark blue shales -with Gryphaa 
 ohliquata, and thin limestone with Pleuromya. 
 
 The next section is in the railway cutting about half a mile 
 beyond Barton Hill Station, where the basement beds of the Lia?, 
 containing Ammonites angulatus, Ostrea irregularis, Gryphaa 
 incurva, &c. are well exposed. 
 
 Beyond the Kiver Derwent the covering of Boulder Clay 
 begins to disappear, and sections in the Lower Lias become much 
 more frequent, these beds being well seen in Howsham Wood 
 and along the hillsides by Acklam, Leppington, Kirkby Under- 
 dale, and Garrowby. 
 
 In Bugthorpe Beck and at Garrowby the limestone bands are 
 very well seen, but the extension of the tongue of Lias to the 
 north of Bugthorpe is not so clear, from the thick covering of 
 Boulder Clay. South of Garrowby the Lower Lias forms the 
 steep bank at the foot of the Chalk Wolds, and, being entirely 
 free from drift, the evidence for its outcrop is very clear. The 
 limestone bands here are thicker and more crystalline, and have 
 been quarried for road-stone, but they do not form a very good- 
 material for that purpose. 
 
 From the excavation near Ridings Beck the following fossils 
 were- obtained : — 
 
 Extracrinus {Pentacrinus) briareus, Mill. 
 
 Gryphaa incurva, Sow. (G. arcuata. Lam.) 
 Lima gigantea. Sow. 
 
 pectinoides, Sow. 
 
 Pleuromya {Myacites) unionides% Rom. 
 
 Ammonites angulatus, Schlot. 
 
 bisulcatus, Brug. {Bucklandi, Sow.) 
 
 Maugenestii, D'Orb. 
 
 The Middle Lias. — This division is easily distinguished from 
 that below by its much more sandy nature, and, being formed of 
 harder beds with very little shale or clay, it usually forms a well- 
 marked feature above the softer beds of the Lower Lias. 
 
 The Middle Lias has an average thickness of about 30 feet in 
 the west, but thins out to the east. 
 
 In the north-west corner of the map the outcrop is much hidden 
 by Boulder Clay, but it appears to form a considerable- spread, 
 which is a continuation of that seen round the hill at Crayke ; it 
 is exposed at Stillington, the wells in which village go through 
 about three yards of sand and rock and then into shale. It is also 
 seen on the hill to the south and near the Mill, where there are 
 ferruginous beds with Cardium truncatum. A short distance 
 beyond this the rock is cut off by large faults, which will be 
 described subsequently. There is also a small outlier near 
 Thornton-]e-Clay, where some brown shales and ironstones, 
 
MIDDLE AND UPPER LIAS. 9 
 
 evidently belonging to the Middle Lias, were thrown out in 
 draining the fields.* 
 
 At the foot of the Oolitic hills near Mowthorpe the main out- 
 crop of the Middle Lias enters the map. This, which is a continua- 
 tion of that described in the map to the north, forms a well-marked 
 terrace on the hillside below Terrington, where the following 
 fossils, which we have mentioned in the description of that country, 
 were found. 
 
 Rhynchonella teti'oJiedra, Sow. 
 
 Avicula ijicBquivalvis , Sow. 
 
 Gryphcea ohliquata, Sow. {G. M'CuUochi, Simpson.) 
 
 Pecten aquivalvis. Sow, 
 
 Cardivm truncatum, Sow. 
 
 Hippopodium. 
 
 Isocardia. 
 
 Myacites. 
 
 In the valley to the east of Mowthorpe this terrace is cut off by 
 a large fault, but reappears on the hillside to the south below 
 Stittenham, and from thence may be traced uninterruptedly to 
 Whitwell. To the south of this it is thrown up by a fault, and, 
 being covered by Boulder Clay, the outcrop is rather obscure, but 
 it is again well exposed in the beck at the village of Crambe. 
 Beyond the river Derwent the Middle Lias becomes very thin, 
 and cannot be traced continuously ; the only evidence that we 
 were able to obtain of the rock being in Howsham Wood below 
 Spy Hill, and in the little beck coming down from Leavening 
 where the characteristic fossils Rhynchonella tetrahedrn, Cardium 
 truncatum, and Ammonites spinatus were obtained. Beyond this 
 there is no evidence of its existence until we get to Millington 
 Dale ; in the higher part of which valley, near the springs imme- 
 diately below the Eed Chalk, is a thin outcrop of sandstone and 
 ironstone containing Belemnites, which is probably of this age, and 
 very closely resembles the Middle Lias Beds which occur further 
 to the south. 
 
 The Upper Lias. — This portion of the Lias is made up princi- 
 pally of dark blue shales, usually well laminated, which have a 
 thickness of about 90 feet, and form a steep bank beneath the 
 escarpment of the Oolites. 
 
 At Marton-in-the-Forest there is a faulted outlier of Upper 
 Lias. The beds here, however, are covered by Boulder Clay, so that 
 
 * The evidence about here is very obscure. Prof. Blake considers the ridge upon 
 which Sheriff Button stands to be capped by beds of this age from the fact of the 
 large flaggy limestones of the Middle Lias being frequently used in the neighbour- 
 hood of that village. There is no evidence as to where these flags came from, 
 neither could we obtain any additional evidence bearing on the subject : that 
 obtained in the road-cutting previously mentioned, where the limestone with 
 Pleuromya was found, being certainly opposed to this theory, although it is quite 
 possible that the Middle Lias may cap other portions of this ridge besides that at 
 Thornton. See Tate and B'ake, " The Yorkshire Lias," p. 112, 1876. 
 
10 GEOLOGY N.E. OF TOEK AND S. OF M ALTON. 
 
 no section of them is seen, but a well on the hill gives 111 feet of 
 clay and shale, and their general position is well enough made out 
 by the outcrop of the Middle Lias at Stillington Mill mentioned 
 above. 
 
 The main outcrop of the Upper Lias follows that of the Middle 
 Lias, by Mowthorpe, Stittenham, Whitwell, and Crambe. It also 
 runs up the valley of the Derwent as far as Oastle Howard Station, 
 there being a good section in these shales opposite the weir at 
 Kirkham Abbey. 
 
 On the further side of the Derwent these beds are continued 
 beneath the Oolite ; but no sections occur in them, except in 
 Leavening Beck, where dark shales are seen, containing Ammonites 
 serpentinus, and in Acklam Beck, where just below a waterfall the 
 jet shales appear. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Kirkby Underdale the only exposures 
 of these beds are in the dale east of Hanging Grimston, and at 
 the head of the dale 'east of the village, where dark shale with 
 Inoceramus duhius is seen immediately below the Cretaceous beds.* 
 The outcrop about here is exceedingly obscure, and can only be 
 mapped from the general appearance of the ground. It is possible 
 that on the outlying hill of Oolite these beds are wanting through 
 the thinning of that formation, or there may be a narrow band of 
 the Upper Lias shales round the hill. It does not seem that any 
 system of faulting will account for the structure of this hill ; nor 
 is there any need to suppose an unconformity. To the south of 
 Garrowby the Lias is certainly overlapped by newer formations, 
 as we obtain Lower Lias beds close up under the Chalk at Bishop 
 Wilton ; the Oolites again come thinly in for a small space at 
 Givendale, and there overlie the Lower Lias. 
 
 * I am indebted to my friend Prof. J. F. Blake (who has found jet-rock Ammonites 
 in these shales) for pointing out this locality to me. 
 
LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 11 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 OOLITE. 
 
 Lower Oolites. 
 
 The Lower, Oolites occupy a narrow belt, of from two to three 
 miles in breadth, running in a south-east direction from Castle 
 Howard, by Welburn, Kirkham, and Westow, to the Wolds near 
 . Bury thorpe, and then in a thin strip to the foot of those hills, by 
 Leavening and Acklam, to Kirkby Underdale. They have a 
 maximum thickness of about 270 feet, and consist principally of 
 sandstones and shales with thin beds of ironstone and limestone, 
 the latter of which we shall describe separately. The sandstones 
 and shales do not call for any particular notice ; they form a 
 great estuarine series of beds, in which soft sandstones largely 
 predominate, and give to nearly all the land occupied by these 
 rocks a more or less sandy character^ 
 
 The following sections, obtained from shafts which were sunk 
 for ironstone on either side of the valley at Kirkham, afford a good 
 illustration of the nature of the lower beds of the Oolites in this 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Shaft at Mount Pleasant, near Castle Howard Station. 
 
 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 Millepore Bed 
 
 Limestone 
 
 - 20 8 
 
 
 'Hard blue shale 
 
 - 4 
 
 
 White sandstone 
 
 9 
 
 Estuarine Beds 
 
 Ironstone 
 Nodules 
 
 - 8 
 
 - 4 
 
 38 ft. m. 
 
 Red sandstone 
 
 - 9 
 
 
 Freestone Dogger 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 
 ^Hard black shale 
 
 ■ 13 
 
 
 Hydraulic limestone 
 
 - 3 4 
 
 
 "Dry blue shale 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 Top band of ironstone* 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 Hard shale 
 
 a 8 
 
 
 Ironstone 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 Yellow dry shale 
 
 - 4 6 
 
 
 Blue dry shale - 
 
 - 4 
 
 Estuarine Beds 
 
 59 ft. 8 in. "^ 
 
 Black shale - 
 Dry blue shale - 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 6 
 
 Black hard shale 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 Alum shale 
 
 - 2 6 
 
 
 Hard dry shale 
 
 - 6 
 
 
 Dry sandy shale 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 White clay 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 Light coloured clay 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 Eire clay 
 
 12 
 
 The Dogger - 
 
 Ironstone bed - 
 
 
 
 121 8 
 
 * This is, probably, the ironstone bed seen just beyond the station, and the one 
 mentioned as associated with the hydraulic limestone in the Memoir descriptive of 
 Quarter-Sheet 96 S. E., p. 7. 
 
12 GEOLOGY N.E. OI" YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 Shaft sunk for Ironstone at Kirkham. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ^"^ posted UmTstonr"""" } Clay and shale - - 6 
 
 Millepore Bed - Oolitic limestone - - 3 
 
 Estuarine Beds -In i. i t c rv 
 
 JSft.Oin. I Grey shale - . . 15 
 
 Hydraulic limestone - - 4 
 
 rDark shale - - - 18 
 
 Estuarine Beds -J Sand - - - 27 
 
 86 ft. in. 1 Blue shale - - - 23 
 
 Loiay - - - - 18 
 
 The Dogger ■ - Ironstone • - - 12 
 
 126 
 
 The first of these sections has been variously interpreted by 
 different authors. Dr. Wright,* who was the first to publish an 
 account of it, includes the first five divisions in the Millepore 
 Bed, the next two are grouped as the Dogger, and below this 
 comes the Blue Wick Sands and the Shales of the Upper Lias. 
 Mr. Hudleston,t who again quotes the section, seems- also to 
 consider the five feet of ironstone as part of the Blue Wick Sands, 
 and consequently below the Dogger ; but he does not state what 
 division he considers to mark the horizon of that bed, although 
 he classes the beds below as Supra Liassic Shales. It seems, 
 however, that if the Dogger is present in this section at ail, it 
 must come in below the Hydraulic Limestone, as this latter has 
 been traced throughout the Howardian Hills in a position evidently 
 some little distance above the base of the Oolites. Judging also 
 from the fact that the Dogger is seen on the hillside below at 
 about the 100-feet contour line, whereas the summit of Mount 
 Pleasant shaft is about 235 feet above sea-level, it is probable 
 that this section did not penetrate any of the Lias beds, in fact, 
 barely reached the true Dogger. 
 
 The second section renders this more clear, for here the iron- 
 stone at the base of the shaft, which is the one that was worked, 
 is evidently the Dogger 'seen at the mouth of the adit; and 
 it is some considerable distance below the Hydraulic Limestone, 
 which is exposed on the hillside at from 80 to 90 feet above the 
 adit to this mine. The thickness of the diflFerent Estuarine Beds 
 in these two sections varies considerably, but the total thickness 
 is nearly the same in both. 
 
 The Dogger. — This bed is a continuation of that described in 
 the Memoir on Quarter-Sheet 96 S.E. as just becoming of sufiicient 
 thickness to be mapped in the neighbourhood of Terrington. In 
 this map it rapidly thickens out, probably to as much as from 10 to 
 15 feet ; it makes a considerable spread along the edge of the hill 
 at Mowthorpe, where it is quarried as a road-material, and forms 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xtL, p. 33, ] 860. 
 f Proo. Geol. Assoc. 7 ol. iii., p. 324, 1874. 
 
LOWER OOLITES. 13 
 
 quite a rocky scarp along the sides of that dale. To the south of 
 of this it is depressed by a fault, and outcrops at a much lower 
 level in Ox Pasture Wood and Bulmer Beck, but, rising again 
 rapidly towards Stittenham, is seen along the upper edge of that 
 wood. Beyond this the Dogger becomes much thinner, and 
 cannot be mapped as a distinct bed until we get to the gorge of 
 the Derwent at Kirkham. Here it has a thickness of 12 feet, 
 and has been worked as an ironstone, but apparently without 
 much success. There are numerous exposures in the rock which 
 give good sections, and it has been quarried above the Abbey and 
 at Spy Hill. 
 
 The strata at the latter place are thrown up by a large 
 fault, so that the outcrop is shifted considerably further to the 
 east, in which direction the Dogger becomes much thinner and is 
 scarcely recognizable. It is, however, well exposed on the long 
 tongue of Oolite to the south at Gaily Gap, and also in Leavening 
 Beck, and near Acklam ; beyond vyhich it cannot be mapped as a 
 separate bed, although fragments of the rock are seen at several 
 places, particularly on the hillside south of Kirkby tlnderdale. 
 
 The Hydraulic Limestone. — This rock, which has -a thickness 
 of about four feet, is a dense bluish argillaceous limestone, having 
 a conchoidal fracture. It frequently rests on a bed of ferruginous 
 limestone, or ironstone very full of fossils, and, being bedded in 
 very argillaceous shales, forms some of the heaviest clay land of 
 the district. 
 
 The outcrop is fairly well marked on the hill above Mowthorpe 
 by a slight feature which it makes, and by the clayey nature of 
 the ground, covered by the peculiar white fragments of the rock, 
 which render it very conspicuous. 
 
 The Hydraulic Limestone forms a large outlier on the hill at 
 Stittenham, but about Bulmer it is much broken up by the 
 faulted character of the ground. Between this and Whitwell, 
 however, it spreads out, and forms the largest outcrop that this 
 little bed makes anywhere in the county. It is well seen at several 
 places on the sides of the Derwent valley, and, skirting along the 
 hill edge above the Abbey, is cut off by the large fault near Spy 
 Hill. The rock appears again on the hill to the south of Gaily 
 Gap and about Burythorpe ; but south of this it cannot be traced as 
 a distinct bed, although traces of the rock are seen near Leavening 
 and at Garrowby. 
 
 The measures between the Hydraulic Limestone and the Mille- 
 pore Bed consist of beds of sandstone and shale with ferruginous 
 streaks and thin beds of ironstone ; they are usually very false- 
 bedded, as is shown in the accompanying sketch, taken in a sand 
 pit at Ganthorpe. 
 
14 
 
 0EOLOGY N.B. OF YOEK AND S. OP MALTON. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 Sandstone Quarry, Cross Hill, Ganthorpe. 
 
 h. Ttin flaggy ferruginous beds becoming calcareous in the upper part. 
 
 g. Sand horizontally stratified. 
 
 /. Sand with inclined stratification. 
 
 e. Ferruginous band. 
 
 d. Thin flaggy ferruginous bed. 
 
 c. Sand. 
 
 6. Ironstone nodules. 
 
 a. Interbedded coaly shales and sands. 
 
 (Total thickness exposed about 20 feet.) 
 
 The Millepore Bed. — This bed, which is better known by the 
 name of " Whitwell Oolite " on account of its fine exposure in the 
 quarries near that village, has an average thickness of about 
 30 feet. In the neighbourhood of the Derwent it occurs in two 
 divisions separated by a thin band of sandy shale. The lower of 
 these divisions, which is the principal rock, is largely quarried at 
 Mount Pleasant near WhitweU, in Cram Beck, and at Westow. 
 It is a thick-bedded oolitic limestone, usually blue centered, and 
 much resembling some of the beds of the Coralline Oohte, for 
 which it has sometimes been mistaken ; it is, however, more 
 ferruginous, and the different assemblage of fossils at once dis- 
 tinguishes it from that formation. 
 
 Near Bulmer the limestone, which has a very Rag-like aspect, 
 contains corals, — an interesting fact, tending to show that when the 
 oolitic structure is developed in the rock, the presence of corals 
 may be expected. In this neighbourhood also we had the good for- 
 tune to discover a specimen of Cricopora {Millepora) straminea, 
 this and Kilburn (in Quarter-Sheet 96 S.W.) being the only 
 instances in which we have been able to obtain the characteristic 
 fossil from inland localities, although it occurs plentifully on the 
 coaat. 
 
 The following list of fossils from the limestone at Whitwell has 
 been compiled from those given by Prof. Phillips, Dr. Wright, 
 and Mr. Hudleston, together with those found by the Survey. 
 
LOWER OOLITES. 15 
 
 List of Fossils from the Millepore Bed of Whitwell 
 and Cram Beck. 
 
 Gonioseris angulata, Dunn. 
 
 Vermicularia nodus, Phil. 
 
 Galeropygus (^Hyboclypus) agariciformis, Forbe?. 
 
 Clypeus Michelinii, AV^right. 
 
 Pygaster semisulcatus, Phil. 
 
 Stomechinus germinans, Phil. 
 
 Spiropora {Cricopora) straminea, Phil. 
 
 Lmgula Beanii, Phil. 
 Rhynchonella spinosa, Schlot. 
 Terehratula globata, Sow. 
 
 maxillata, Sow., var., T. suhmaxillata, 
 
 Morris. 
 sphceroidalis, Sow. 
 
 Gervillia Hartmanni, Miinst. 
 Gryphoea sublobata, Desh. 
 Hinnites abjectus, Phil. 
 
 velatus, Goldf. 
 
 Limea duplicata, Goldf. 
 Lima bellula, M. and L. 
 
 interstincta, Phil. 
 
 pectiniformis, Schloth (proboscidea, Sow.). 
 
 punctata, Sow. 
 
 Ostrea sulcifera, Phil. 
 Pinna cuneata, Bean. 
 Pecten aratus, Waagen. 
 
 lens, Sow. 
 
 personatus, Goldf. 
 
 saturnus, D'Orb. 
 
 Pteroperna plana, L. and M. 
 Cardium Buckmani, L. and M. 
 Ceromya hajociana, D'Orb. 
 Cypricardia cordiformis, Desh. 
 
 bathonica, D'Orb. 
 
 Isocardia cordata, Buch. 
 Lucina Bellona, D'Orb. 
 Modiola imbricata, Sow. 
 
 . ungulata, Y. and B. 
 
 Ptioladomya Scemanni, L. and M. 
 Trigonia angulata. Sow. 
 
 costata Sow. 
 
 duplicata. Sow. 
 
 gemmata, Lye. 
 
 The upper division of the rook, which has a thickness of only 
 a few feet, is much more sandy and silicious than that below, and 
 frequently weathers out into roundish balls ; which character is 
 
16 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 especially noticeable in the neighbourhood of Ganthorpe and Castle 
 Howard. It is only in the neighbourhood of the Derwent, where 
 the oolitic character becomes stronger, and the limestone thicker 
 and purer, that these beds can be mapped separately ; throughout 
 the rest of the district they are much more obscure, so that only 
 one bed can be made out, and even that with difficulty. 
 
 The outcrop, on first entering the map at Ganthorpe, is ex- 
 ceedingly obscure, and appears to be represented by some soft 
 reddish sandstone with calcareous doggers. Further to the east, 
 in Castle Howard Park, these beds become stronger and more 
 calcareous, gradually developing into an oolitic limestone, which 
 forms a good escarpment to the east of the Inn. South of this 
 they are much broken up by numerous faults, but the limestone is 
 quarried at several places, so that sections are frequently exposed 
 about Bulmer, Welburn, and at several points along Cram Beck. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of the Derwent, however, the beds 
 are best exposed, the Mount Pleasant quarries having long been 
 celebrated as the chief locality for this rock, and the place from 
 which most of its fossils have been obtained. It here forms a good 
 escarpment on both sides of the river. 
 
 At Westow the two divisions of the rock are very distinct, but 
 after being cut off by the large fault at Jenny Milner Grange they 
 reappear on the other side at Burythorpe as one bed. Owing to 
 numerous small faults about here the outcrop is several times 
 repeated. 
 
 South of Leavening the outcrop becomes more continuous, and 
 may be traced along at the foot of the Wolds by Acklam to 
 Kirkby Underdale. The bed is here, however, very thin, and, 
 being frequently overlapped by the Chalk, it is only here and there 
 that it can be seen. At the latter place the limestone forms an 
 outlier on the hill near the village ; it is also exposed at Great 
 Givendale, having been quarried near Grim thorpe House. Besides 
 the outlier at Kirkby Underdale, there are two small faulted 
 outliers near Whitwell and Gaily Gap. 
 
 The Grey Limestone. — The Grey or Scarborough Limestone, 
 which to the north is one of the most important beds of the Lower 
 Oolites, has, within this Map, sunk to very insignificant proportions. 
 There is, howevei", a good exposure of the rock in Stonecliff Wood 
 on the banks of the Derwent, about half a mile above Castle 
 Howard Station. The beds here, which have a thickness of about 
 30 feet, consist of soft- reddish sands cemented together along 
 certaiii horizons, and especially towards the top, by calcareous and 
 silicious matter which form harder beds containing a great assem- 
 blage of fossils. On exposure to the air these fossiliferous bands 
 split up into thin flaggy beds, which are very characteristic of the 
 rock, and of much assistance in tracing its outcrop. 
 
 The Grey Limestone is first seen at the northern end of Pretty 
 Wood in Castle Howard Park. It crosses Cram Beck, and, after an 
 obscure course across Hutton Hill, is exposed at the side of the 
 York and Malton Road, close against the large fault at that 
 
MIDDLE OOLITES. 17 
 
 place. By this fault it is thrown down, and forms the outcrop 
 in Stonecliff "\7ood, and also on the other side of the river in 
 Firby Wood. South of this the outcrop is shifted further to the 
 east by another fault, and, making a somewhat large spread 
 around Westow Church, is again seen in the road beyond Eddle- 
 thorpe, where it forms a good feature. 
 
 There is also a faulted outlier of the Grey Limestone on 
 Welburn Moor, which is of considerable extent ; and also a little 
 piece beyond Jenny Milner Grange, this being the last that is seen 
 of it. 
 
 This rock is not at present put to any economic purpose, 
 although it has been dug formerly in Castle Howard Park, and 
 near Westow Church. The railway wall at StonechfF Wood is 
 also built of itj and exhibits some very fine slabs full of charac- 
 teristic fossils. 
 
 The following list of fossils from Stonecliff Wood is given by 
 Mr. Hudleston: — * 
 
 Astarte, sp. 
 
 Avicula braambtiriensis, Sow. (1 two varieties.) 
 
 CucvllcBa, sp. 
 
 Gervillia acuta, Sow (two varieties). 
 
 Myacites decurtata, Phil, (one specimen). 
 
 ' securiformis, Phil, (very plentiful). 
 
 Mytilus subloevis, Sow. 
 
 Ostrea flabelloides, Lam. 
 
 Pecten lens. Sow. 
 
 Perna rugosa, Goldf. 
 
 Pinna (a large form).' 
 
 Pholadomya (like P. angustata, Sow.). 
 
 Placunopsis, sp. 
 
 Trigonia signata, Ag. 
 
 ? Terebratula maxillata, Sow. 
 
 Middle Oolites. 
 
 Kellaways Rock. — The Kellaways Kock is represented in this 
 map by a bed of soft sandstone with lenticular masses of a harder 
 and more silicious rock containing a few fossils. It probably has 
 a thickness of about 30 feet, but there is no section from which it 
 can be estimated with certainty. 
 
 The outcrop is, on the whole, excessively obscure ; but it makes 
 a sandy feature, which with care can be traced for some distance. 
 It is first I'ecognised on the bank at East Gaterley Farm as a small 
 
 * Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iii., p. 331, 1874. 
 A 14301. B 
 
18 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 patch resting against the large fault which bounds the Kimeridge 
 Clay. It is again seen at Peckondale Barn, where it fornas an outlier 
 which is much hidden by Boulder Clay, and in the little valley 
 just north of High Button. At this place the beds are depressed 
 by a fault, so that the outcrop is thrown further to the south, and 
 is seen on the south side of the York Eoad, forming a small sandy 
 nab. From here the rock may be traced along the lower part of 
 Button Banks "Wood, and is again seen on the north side of the 
 railway projecting as a small crag at the foot of the liill.*^ 
 
 On the east side of the Derwent the Kellaways Rock is at first 
 cut out by a fault, but shortly appears again near Eddlethorpe 
 Kennels, and may be traced to Fox Cover Plantation, where it 
 stands out as a conspicuous nab of soft sandstone. 
 
 South of the plantation it forms a considerable spread of very 
 sandy land bounded by the large fault at Burythorpe ; beyond 
 which it cannot be' traced with much certainty, although it is seen 
 at Leavening, where it makes a slight feature, and also at 
 Garrowby. 
 
 At Great Givendale, although the rock does not now form a 
 distinct outcrop here, Prof. Blake found nodules bouldered in the 
 Eed Chalk full of Ammonites callovicensis and Am. Kcenigi, 
 showing that the Kellaways Rock originally extended in this 
 neighbourhood, and suffered much denudation during Cretaceous 
 times.j 
 
 Oxford Clay. — The Oxford Clay in this district is not nearly 
 so sandy a deposit as it has been further north, and is represented 
 by a narrow band of clay varying from about 70 feet in Hutton 
 Bank to about 20 feet at Garrowby. 
 
 The outcrop of the Oxford Clay first enters this Map on the 
 steep bank immediately east of the house at Castle Howard, and 
 may be traced along the slope below the Teniple to the 
 Mausoleum. 
 
 At Gaterley it is cut out by a fault for some distance, but, 
 coming in again at Nod Hill, is continued as far as High Hutton, 
 where, meeting with the York Road fault, | it is thrown forward to 
 form the fine escarpment of Hutton Banks. 
 
 Beyond the Derwent the Oxford Clay forms the semicircular 
 bank to the north and east of Eddlethorpe Kennels, and also 
 outcrops at Kennythorpe, where it has been dug for marling the 
 sandy land. 
 
 East of Burythorpe it again forms a conspicuous bank from 
 Birdsall Grange by Langhill Plantation to Mount Ferrant. At 
 this latter place the outcrop is broken by a line of fault, but is 
 continued again around the village of Leavening. 
 
 At Aoklam these shales form the lower part of the bank above 
 the village, and a fine section of them is exposed in the beck below 
 
 * Mr. Hudleston mentions having found Rhynchonella variant and a broad 
 Oryphma at this spot. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. iii., p. 332 ; 1874. 
 t Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v., p. 248 j 1878. 
 X See page 85. 
 
MIDDLE OOLITES. 19 
 
 the church. South of this the Oxford Clay forms a wet band at 
 the foot of the Wold as far as Hanging Grimston, when it becomes 
 overlapped by the Chalk, but appears again at Garrowby for a 
 short distance, and has been dug in one or two places. At 
 Menethorpe and Langton there are faulted inliers of this Clay, 
 but they do not call for any particular , remark. There is also 
 probably an inlier of the Oxford Clay at Birdsall, but no clay is 
 seen. 
 
 The Lower Calcareous Grit. — In the district at present under 
 consideration we are approaching the southern limit of the great 
 basin in which the Coralline Oolite of Yorkshire was deposited ; 
 the beds are consequently very much thinner ; and, with the 
 exception of the Lower Calcareous Grit, all the sub-divisions 
 disappear before the complete overlap of these beds by the Chalk 
 at Birdsall and Acklam. 
 
 The Lower Calcareous Grit itself has a thickness of about 
 70 feet west of the Derwent ; but east of the river, just before its 
 overlap by the Chalk, it is not more than about 20 feet thick. The 
 lower beds, however, are so split up with shale, and pass so 
 gradually into the Oxford Clay below, that it is not easy to say 
 where the exact base should be drawn. 
 
 The following section, which was measured in the railway cutting 
 at Button Station, gives a fair idea of the general character of the 
 formation. 
 
 Section in railway cutting, Hutton Station. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Massive sandstone - 
 Soft sandstone 
 Harder band 
 Soft sandstone 
 Hard band - 
 Soft sandstone 
 Hard splintery bed - 
 Soft band - . - 
 Nodular bed 
 Soft sandstone 
 Hard band - 
 Soft sandstone 
 Hard band - 
 
 Soft shaly sandstone - . - 
 Hard band, graduating into 
 Soft sandstone .... 
 More massive beds - 
 Soft shaly sandstone (forming slope) 
 Hard grey band of sandstone 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 Total of hard beds (representing the Calcareous Grit) 46ft. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND ti. OF MALTON. 
 
 The rock is very fossiliferous in the upper part, and the fol- 
 lowing lists have been obtained from two of the principal quarries 
 in the district. 
 
 Fossils from Mausoleum Quarry, Oastle Howard. 
 Rliynchonella obsoleta, Sow. 
 
 Gryphaa dilatata, Sow. 
 Lima loeviuscula. Sow. 
 Lima, Sp. 
 Ostrea, Sp. 
 Pecten vagans, Sow. 
 Lucina Bellona, D'Orb. 
 Modiola imbricata. Sow. 
 Tancredia. 
 
 Ammonites. 
 
 Fossils from quarry, south side of Menethorpe. 
 Acrosalenia. 
 
 Collyrites bicordatus, Leske. 
 Glyplioea rostrata, Phil. 
 
 Rhynchonella concinna, Sow. 
 Rliynchonella, Sp. 
 
 Anomia. 
 
 Avicula expansa, Phil. 
 Exogyra nana, Sow. 
 Gryphaa dilatata, Sow. 
 Pecten vagans, Sow. 
 Astarie ovata, Smith. 
 
 Belcmnites tornatilis, Phil. 
 
 The Lower Calcareous Grit first enters the map in Oastle 
 Howard Park as a narrow strip, which is really the end of a large 
 spread of the rock that occurs t^ the north. It is thrown up by a 
 large fault, which at first nearly coincides with the edge of the 
 map, and outcrops again in Eay Wood immediately east of the 
 house, forming a range of low hills past the Mausoleum to 
 Gaterley. It is liere cut out by a great north-west fault, but comes 
 in again at Nod Hill, and may be traced thence nearly to the 
 alluvium of the Derwent. At High Hutton, the beds being 
 depressed by the York Road fault, it forms a considerable spread, 
 and gives rise to the finest escavpinent, that of Hutton Banks, 
 which the rock makes anywhere in this district. 
 
 Beyond the Derwent, from the faulted nature of the ground, 
 the outcrop of the. Lower Calcareous Grit is divided into two 
 tongues, one of which runs to Langton and beyond, appearing 
 again at North Grimston ; the other curves roimd by Eddlethorpe 
 to the conspicuous hill of Fox Cover Plantation and Kennythorpe, 
 
MIDDLE OOLITES. . 21 
 
 where, meeting with the large Burythorpe faults, it is thrown 
 further to the east aud forms the large spread upon which Birdsall 
 Hall stands. The western edge of this plateau forms a good 
 escarpment, extending from Birdsall Grange by Langhill and 
 Heights Plantations to Mount Ferrant. It is here interrupted by 
 a small fault, but, after a short distance, is continued again 
 by Leavening and Acklam to Hanging Grimston. Between 
 Leavening nnd Acklam the beds are thrown into a sharp anti- 
 clinal, from the summit of which the Lower Calcareous Grit and 
 Oxford Clay were denuded before the deposition of the Chalk ; 
 so that, at the axis, that formation reposes directly on the Lower 
 Oolite. This appears also to be the case in the valley from which 
 the Gilder Beck issues, Avhere the Chalk seems to rest directly on 
 the Lias, the whole of the Oolites being cut out ; but there is so 
 much talus from the Chalk that the evidence is not very clear. 
 South of Hanging Grimston the Lower Calcareous Grit is hidden 
 by the Cretaceous Beds for souie distance, but appears again on 
 the hill above Ley' Field near Garrowby, where it seems to have 
 been quarried. 
 
 The Passage Beds. — These beds, which have but a small outcrop, 
 are not shown on the map by a distinct colour, as they are very 
 thin, and do not much diflFer from the harder beds of the Lower 
 Calcareous Grit, of which they really represent the upper part. 
 They have a thickness of about 15 feet, and are composed of 
 hardish silicious grits with oolitic grains, which give them a 
 speckled appearance. Although of no very great extent, the 
 outcrop of these beds, on account of their harder nature, covers a 
 larger area and is more frequently quariied than it was in the 
 map to the north. 
 
 The first exposure of these beds is a small patch close to the 
 Mausoleum, where they are brought in by the high dip against the 
 large fault, which also causes them to be shown at Gaterley and 
 at Nod Hill. At High Hutton there are outlying patches on 
 either side of the little valley near the Hall; but the largest 
 outcrop of this rock is in the neighbourhood of Langton, where it 
 forms a long strip capping the terrace feature north of the village. 
 If is also seen on the south side of the beck near Menethorpe, and 
 again at Kennythorpe ; but beyond the large faults here it seems 
 to disappear, and in the Birdsall country is scarcely recognizable, 
 although it may be represented by a ihin calcareous band about a 
 foot thick, seen in the top of the larger quarry here, and also by 
 some impure limestones that occur near Toft House at the foot 
 of Pickaharp Wood. 
 
 The Passage Beds are quarried for road-stone in nearly .all the 
 places mentioned above, and at Gaterley have been burnt for 
 lime. 
 
 The Coralline Oolite. — This, which is the most important 
 division of the Middle Oolites, lias probably a maximum thickneas 
 
22 GEOLOGY N.B. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 of" over 100 feet, but it is extremely difficult to estimatSj as nothing 
 like this thickness is seen in any one section. 
 
 The lilhological character of these limestones is somewhat 
 varied ; and, the basement beds being but little different from the 
 Passage Beds below, it is not easy to fix where the division should 
 be drawn. The true limestones, however, appear to be ushered in 
 by some soft marly oolites containing great quantities of Echino- 
 brissus scutatus : these pass up into stronger limestones containing 
 a great profusion of fossils, and above these again comes the true 
 Coral Rag, which in this district attains a greater development 
 than anywhere else in England.* One peculiarity of these lime- 
 stones is the great quantity of flint they contain, which occurs 
 both parallel with the bedding and filling fissures in the rock. 
 
 The outcrop of the Coralline Oolite is confined to the north- 
 eastern portion of the map, and to the district lying between the 
 river Derwent and North Grimston, occupying the greater part 
 of the range of hills south of Malton, known as Langton Wold. 
 It is bounded both on the north and south by lines of fault, but 
 on the east dips regularly beneath the Kimeridge Clay. 
 
 South of North Grimston it is thrown up by a large fault, 
 and caps the rounded hill south of the station, as well as the 
 conspicuous hill where the quarries are in the next map. The 
 lower portion of the limestone crops out in the fields west of 
 Grimston Field House, and between faults at Whitegrounds. 
 
 Just west of Langton these beds are seen again, but they are 
 much thinner, and do not continue for any distance, having 
 entirely disappeared between this and Kennythorpe. In the 
 Birdsall country the oiily indication of these beds is the impure 
 limestone with oolite grains at Toft House previously mentioned. 
 
 The Cement Stone. — The Argillaceous limestone or Cement Stone 
 Beds of North Grimston are really the equivalent of the Upper 
 Calcareous Grit of the country to the north, but Ihey are litho- 
 logically so very different from this that it would be absurd to 
 retain that name in this map. The formation is in the main 
 composed of bands of argillaceous limestone with partings of 
 calcareous shale in regular layers, rendering it very similar to 
 some of the Lias beds of the South of England ; in fact, the 
 lime which is obtained from these beds so closely resembles in 
 chemical composition that from the latter, that it has erroneously 
 been called " Blue Lias Lime." The lower portion of these beds is 
 more shaly and of no commercial value, and, from the wet rushy 
 ground which it forms, may easily be mistaken for the Kimeridge 
 Clay, if no sections can be obtained. 
 
 The harder and more useful portion of the Cement Stone is 
 probably not more than from 30 to 40 feet thick, but if we 
 
 * Mr. Hudlestou gives a mo6t detailed and complete description of these rocks in 
 the Proeeedings of the Geol. Assoc, -fol. v., p. 439 et seq., and also in his joint 
 paper with Prof. Blake on " ^he Corallian Eocks of England," Quart. Journ. Geol. 
 Soc, Tol. xxxiii., p. 373 et seq.; 1877. 
 
UPPER OOLITES. 23 
 
 nclude the shaly beds below, the thickness will be double this, or 
 as much as 80 feet or more. 
 
 These beds, which have evidently been formed from the denu- 
 dation of the Coral Rag, are most irregular in their outcrop ; and, 
 being unconformable to the Coral Rag below and the Kimeridge 
 Clay above, they occupy positions in which it is frequently most 
 difficult to make out their physical structure, or to determine 
 whether their boundaries are lines of fault or not. They first 
 appear on the southern slope of Langton Wold, dipping at a high 
 angle into the fault which forms the southern edge of this hUl, 
 and, striking in a direction about E. 10° S., are continued to 
 North Grimston. They are here thrown up by the large E. and 
 W. fault, and outcrop on Haver Hills, south of the large quarries. 
 A small patch of this rock is also seen below Luddith's House, 
 apparently surrounded by Kimeridge Clay on all sides. 
 
 Between this and East Farm the Cement Stones form a good 
 escarpment, and have been opened out in several quarries ; they 
 are also well seen in the Birdsall and Settrington road, and 
 along the beck towards Langton. In this direction the beds 
 rapidly become more shaly, and, although there is a good 
 feature at the village, the country to the south is low and very 
 clayey, and exhibits nothing but grey shale, which might easily 
 be mistaken for some other formation. 
 
 East of Birdsall these beds appear again, and occupy the 
 eastern end of that valley, where they form the curious tabular 
 feature of Picksharp Wood. The unconformity of the beds here 
 is most marked, and the manner in which this feature runs across 
 the valley from side to side, forming as it were a dam abutting 
 against the Kimeridge Clay on either side, is very striking. 
 
 A small patch on the north side of the fault at Bowmire Spring 
 is the only other outcrop of this formation. The Kimeridge Clay 
 reposes directly upon the Lower Calcareous Grit throughout the 
 whole of the country south of Birdsall. 
 
 Upper Oolites. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay. — The Kimeridge Clay exposes a thickness of 
 about 200 feet; but whether this, is the fidl thickness of the for- 
 mation there is no means of judging, as it is everywhere over- 
 lapped by the Chalk above. 
 
 The beds consist of dark blue and black shales with septaria 
 and hard bands containing a fair assemblage of fossils, of which 
 the following species have been collected on the slopes about 
 Settrington and North Grimston. 
 
 Discina latissima, Sow. 
 
 Exogyra subsinuata. 
 Ostreajlabelloides, Lam. 
 
24 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 Lueina portlandica, Sow. 
 Thracia depressa, Sow. 
 
 Ammonites biplex. Sow. 
 
 eordatus, Sow. 
 
 Lambertii, Sow. 
 
 Belemnites abbreviatus, Mill. 
 
 These shales have been tried for making bricks at North 
 Grimston and Birdsall, but without much success, the latter locality 
 being particularly bad. The Kimeridge Clay first enters the map 
 north of the Castle Howard fault, forming the district marked as 
 Westerdaie, which is a portion of a narrow strip to the south of 
 Hildenley, extending from the Great Lake in Castle Howard 
 Park to Malton. It is seen in the New Cut for the Derwent 
 below Welham, and, extending beneath the Alluvium to the east, 
 is met with again at Settrington on the steep slopes below the 
 Chalk, and in the railway cutting at the quarry. At this latter 
 place there is a fine section showing the beds absolutely on the 
 line of fault.* 
 
 To the south of North Grimston the Kimeridge Clay again 
 appears on the Wold slope, and forms a long tongue to the north 
 of Birdsall; the northern boundary of which is very obscure, 
 especially between Caburn Wood and Kennythorpe. Here this 
 clay comes against beds of grey shale, supposed to be the equi- 
 valent of the Grimston Cement Stone, and it is even doubtful 
 whether nearly all the low clay ground west of Rowmire Beck 
 may not belong to that formation. 
 
 The outcrop is continued round the head of the Birdsall valley, 
 and forms the lower part of the Wold slope as far as Leavening. 
 Between this and Acklam it disappears for a short distance by the 
 overlap of the Chalk at the summit of the anticlinal between these 
 villages, but, coming in again at the latter, is continued round the 
 Wold foot as far as Hanging Grimston. 
 
 An inlier of Kimeridge Clay also occurs in Water Dale, a deep 
 valley tcthe east, where the Chalk has been cut through to this 
 formation. The outcrop is well seen in the higher part of the dale, 
 and may extend beneath the valley deposit past Thixendale to 
 Biirdale Station, at both of which places there are springs of 
 water, thrown out apparently by this clay. 
 
 * See page 34. 
 
CEETA0EOU8, 25 
 
 CHAPTEK V. 
 
 CRETACEOUS EOCKS. 
 
 Lower Cretaceous Rocks {Neocomian). — At the head of the deep 
 valley immediately east o£ Kirkby Uiiderdale there occurs at the 
 iDase of the Chalk a very ferruginous gritty sand, which is appa- 
 rently destitute of fossils, but which, from its position and from its 
 peculiar lithological aspect, closely resembling beds of similar age 
 in Lincolnshire, has been classed in this division. These sands 
 have a thickness of from 15 to 20 feet, and have been tried as an 
 ironstone, but without success. Their outcrop is very limited, and 
 we have not met with similar beds anywhere else in Yorkshire.* 
 
 The Red Chalk. — In this district, which is the western side of 
 the Wolds, we seem to be approaching the original limit of the 
 deposition of this formation, and it consequently assumes a very 
 different aspect from what it does to the north. The bed through- 
 out the greater part of this area, instead of being a soft red chalk 
 with marly partings, and having a thickness of from 25 to 30 feet, 
 is here in many places not more than from 2 to 3 feet thick, and 
 is much harder in texture. It is also more of the nature of a 
 conglomerate, and contains fragments of quartz and of ironstone 
 with oolitic structure, varying in size from that of a pea to masses 
 six inches or more in diameter. 
 
 The principal fossils proper to this bed are Terebratula biplicata, 
 Inoceramus and Belemnites minimus ; but fossils derived from 
 other formations are frequently found bouldered in masses of Red 
 Chalk.t 
 
 The outcrop of the Red Chalk is generally easy to trace along 
 the junction of the dry porous Chalk with the underlying wet 
 lands below, although the line is sometimes obscured by large 
 landslips of Chalk, as is especially the case about Birdsall. The 
 best places for studying the nature of the formation are on the 
 south side of the outlier of North Grimston Wold ; at Wooing 
 NabJ on the brow above Acklam ; near Greets Hill Chalk Pit 
 on the road going down to Sleight's House; at the head of 
 Scotterdale, Kirkby Underdale ; in Garrowby Park ; in White- 
 keld Dale ; and at Millington Springs. At all of these places good 
 sections of the rock are seen, and the characteristic f(;ssils may be 
 obtained, particularly at North Grimston Wold, where the rock, 
 although thin, is very f ossiliferous ; and from the loose blocks 
 which have slipped over the clays the following fossils have been 
 found, Terebratula biplicata, Terebratula capillata, Belemnites 
 
 * Prof. Blake refers to these beds, Geol. Mag. Dee. II. vol. i. p. 363, and Proc. 
 Geol. Assoc, vol. v. p. 246. 
 
 f See page 18 and foot-note. 
 
 I Wooing Nab is the shoulder formed by the Wolds sonth-east of Leaveniifg. It 
 is not named on the one-inch map. 
 
26 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND 8. OF MALTON. 
 
 minimus, fragments of Inoeerami, and a small species of Am- 
 monite.* 
 
 Prof. Blaket also mentions from between here and Grarrowby 
 the following species : — 
 
 Bourgueticrinus rtigosus. 
 Holasier suhorbicularis. 
 Rhynchonella latissima. 
 
 Wiestii ? 
 
 Terebratula capillata. 
 
 sulcifera ? 
 
 Plicatula pectinoides. 
 Nautilus bouchardianus. 
 Ammonites peramplus ? 
 
 Both here and at Acklam the E.ed Chalk assumes its most 
 conglomeratic aspect, and from the latter place the largest 
 specimens of ironstone may be obtained. At Kirkby Underdale 
 the rock, although somewhat thicker, there being at least from 
 6 to 10 feet of it, is much softer and more homogeneous. The 
 Red Chalk is also seen in the inlier of Water Dale near Brown 
 Moor, but its extension eastwards is obscured by superficial beds, 
 although it is again seen at Burdale Station in the next map. 
 
 The White Chalk. — The White Chalk occupies the high ground 
 on the eastern side of the map which forms a portion of the 
 western edge of the Yorkshire Wolds. The Wolds here terminate 
 in a fine escarpment overlooking the Vale of York, and at Bishop 
 Wilton attain their greatest elevation, 808 feet above the sea. 
 
 The dip of the beds being to the east, all the valleys, with the 
 exception of those in the south, namely, Whitekeld Dale and 
 Millington Dale, run in that direction ; in fact, all the interior 
 valleys in this map are tributaries of one large valley running in 
 the direction of Driffield. 
 
 The Chalk is composed of two divisions, which are capable of 
 being mapped separately, — a lower soft marly Chalk of a greyish 
 colour, without any flint, and having a thickness of about 50 feet ; 
 and above this a great thickness of much harder and whiter Chalk, 
 containing nodules and tabular bands of flint. 
 
 This lower division outcrops on the Wold edge, and may be 
 seen on North Grimston Wold, at Wooing Nab above Leavening, 
 and about K^irkby Underdale. It never forms a large spread, but 
 may be traced without much difficulty, although its junction witli 
 the flinty Chalk is of course rather an average than an exact line. 
 At North Grimston Wold the line of junction is marked by a band 
 of clay ; and this is probably the case elsewhere, but, from the want 
 of good sections, it is impossible to say. 
 
 '■ In Garrowby Park we obtained, besides the above, a fine specimen of Nautilus 
 elegans. 
 f Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v. p. 248. 
 
CEETAOEOUS. 27 
 
 The flinty Chalk covers the whole of the remaining area. It is 
 quarried at numerous places for mending the roads, the largest of 
 which excavations are those above Leavening and at Bishop 
 Wilton. 
 
 There are two outliers of Chalk, — the one at North Grimston 
 Wold, the other at Great Givendale. These, at first sight, appear 
 to be continuous with the main mass of the Chalk, but on closer 
 inspection it is seen that the beds rise in a slight anticlinal, and 
 that the neck of land between them belongs to lower formations.* 
 Whether the Ked Chalk and the lower beds of the White Chalk 
 are cut off by these bosses of clay, and were deposited only against 
 their sides, or whether the outcrop turns up, and is continuous 
 round the outlier, is not easy to determine without having a 
 clear section ; but, from the quantity of fragments of Ued Chalk 
 covering the fields forming the neck of land between North 
 Grimston Wold and the main mass, it appears that, in some 
 instances at least, the latter is really the case, and that the basement 
 beds of Chalk are reaUy continuous around these outliers, and 
 are not cut off by the irregular contour of the beds below.t 
 
 * These peculiar necks of clay are better seen in the next map (94 N.W.) about 
 Settringtou Wood and Wharram-le-Street. The Chalk about here, instead of 
 being one continuous mass, as from the contour of the ground it at first appears ,is 
 really split into a number of outliers. 
 
 f See Blake, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v. p. 245. 
 
28 GEOLOGY N.E. OF YORK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SUPEEFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 Boulder Clay and Gravel. — Nearly the whole of_ the super- 
 ficial deposits which are spread over the other rocks in this map 
 lie to the west of the range of hills formed by the Oolites and the 
 Chalk. Luckily very little Boulder Clay is found over the north- 
 east, otherwise any detailed mapping of the complicated area 
 occupied by the Oolites would have been impossible. 
 
 The principal area covered by Boulder Clay is the range of 
 hills running from the north-west corner of the map between 
 Stillington and Whenby by Sheriff Button to the Derwent, and 
 then curving rojmJ in a remarkable ridge by Sand Hutton, Gate 
 Helmsley, and Dunnington, to York, where it spreads out again 
 in the neighbourhood of that city. 
 
 Throughout this range the thickness of the Boulder Clay varies 
 considerably, being probably greatest about Whenby, Flaxton, 
 and along the ridge to York. The boring at Flaxton gave 
 70 feet as the thickness of the Boulder Clay ; that at Spurrier- 
 gate, York, 70 feet or more; those at Strensall, 63 ft. 6 ins. and 
 55 feet, including the warp beds.* 
 
 The following general information has also been obtained from 
 well-sinkers in York. 
 
 Clifton: clay with stones, very dark, top part cleanish for 
 three or four yards ; water reached at 14 yards. 
 
 Mount, on the top of: sand and gravel 12 yards, clean blowing 
 sand three yards. 
 
 Holgate Lane, north side : gravel. 
 
 „ ,, south side : clay, and then gravel and sand. 
 
 Holgate Terrace : clay 4 feet, gravel .3 feet, sand 2 feet. 
 
 Cricketjield : clay and stones. 
 
 Thief Lane, bottom of : warp sand, 
 
 Hudson Sti-eet : warp. 
 
 Parliament Street, north-east end of: Boulder Clay 33 yards? 
 
 Ouse, east side of: warp clay reaches past Coney Street. 
 
 East of the Derwent the Boulder Clay is found covering several 
 of the Keuper hills, but it is getting much thinner in this direc- 
 tion, the greatest thickness being probably at the ridge at High 
 Catton. These ridges are most remarkable, but it requires a 
 knowledge of the whole of the Vale of York to properly under- 
 stand their bearing on the physical geology of the district, and 
 this question cannot be discussed in the description of a small 
 area like the present. 
 
 The two principal ridges occurring in this map are those at 
 Gate Helmsley and at High Catton. They stretch right across 
 
 * See pages 4, 5, 6. 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 29 
 
 the flat land, although they are intersected by the present rivers, 
 and have an average breadth of about half a mile, and an eleva- 
 tion above the general level of the plain of about 50 feet 
 
 Over the Oolitic area there are a few patches of Boulder Clay, — 
 that coverins; the higher part of the ground occupied by the 
 Kimeridge Clay, at Westerdale, in the north of the map, being 
 the largest. There are also some small patches near Hutton Hill 
 and on the hill west of Crambe, this latter making the structure 
 of the Liassic area here very obscure. 
 
 _A good deal of the Boulder Clay is very gravelly, but the 
 principal areas of clean gravel and sand are not very numerous, 
 and run mostly in certain definite directions. The one at Whenby 
 runs south-east, as also does that near Bossall and Buttercrambe ; 
 that at High Catton, nearly south ; and the one at Gate Helmsley, 
 south-west, joining the general spread about York. 
 
 The boulder, beds about York have evidently been subjected to 
 great disturbance, as is shown in the following rough sketches, 
 which were taken at the time of the making of the new railway 
 station.* 
 
 Sections in Boulder Clay and Sand on the site of the New 
 Railway Station, York. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 a. Stratified sand and gravel. 
 
 h. Bonlder Clay with striated stones. 
 
 c. Finely laminated clay. 
 
 d. Fine sand. 
 
 There is more stratified sand and gravel to the north (right hand), and 
 also in the hill behind the section. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 This section shows Boulder Olay with contorted bands of sandy laminated clay. 
 + Further to the left the sands become horizontally stratified. 
 
 * There is a detailed paper on the Glacial Beds about Tork, by J. E. Clark, Proc. Yorks. Geol. and 
 Polyt. Soe., New Series, vol. vii. p. 421. 
 
30 
 
 GEOLOGY N.B. OF TOBK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 ■*^ 
 
 rJ3 
 O 
 
 Ci 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 .2 
 o 
 
 d. 
 
 Ider 
 
 lay. 
 
 i §^ 
 
 OQ pq 
 
 i^l 
 
 <,■«'« 
 
 ;;!■#£ 
 
 ^i^^ 
 
 •it^S 
 
 j'.<i 
 
 R 
 
 
 1=1 lJ 
 
SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 31 
 
 Chalky Gravel,Capping Hills.— In the neighbourhood of Yapham 
 there are some patches of stratified gravel capping the hills 
 between there and Pocklington, which seem at one time to have 
 formed a continuous spread at a height of about 30 feet above 
 the present plain. 
 
 These gravels are composed chiefly of Chalk and Chalk flints, 
 with a few fragments of Keuper and other Sandstones ; they are 
 seen passing beneath the lacustrine sand about Barmby-on-the- 
 Moor, and are probably of somewhat recent age, as they contain 
 the shells of Succinea putris* in marly pockets in the gravel. 
 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand, and Gravel. 
 
 These beds consist of three divisions: — An upper clay splitfin^ 
 up into little cubical pieces, and a lower laminated clay ; these 
 are separated by a few feet of sand ; the total thickness is from 
 20 to 30 feet. 
 
 The following section, measured in a brickyard near Walmgate 
 Bar, York, gives a good idea of the general character of these 
 beds : — 
 
 Clay Pit outside Walmgate Bar, York, helonying to 
 Mr. John Carey. 
 
 ft. in. 
 Strong loam - - . .46 
 
 Strong blue clay - - . - 10 
 
 Fine silt with " boulders "t - - -04 
 
 Very fine laminated clayj - - - - 7 
 
 21 10 
 
 The whole of the comparatively flat low-lying ground between 
 York and the range of hills at Stillington and Sheriff Hutton is 
 covered with these clays and the sandy beds associated with them ; 
 they are also found in the neighbourhood of the Derwent as far 
 north as Skirpenbeck. 
 
 There is also an isolated patch of Lacustrine Clay to the north of 
 Sheriff Hutton, known as Terrington CaiT, occupying a hollow in 
 the Lias Clays, on the site of what was once an old lake even in 
 historic times, as there is a tradition that the stone of which 
 Sheriff Hutton Castle is built was carried across this lake in boats 
 from the Oolitic quarries to the north. The castle was originally 
 built about 1140, but rebuilt about 1410, Terrington Carr is also 
 celebrated among botanists for its rare mosses and other plants. 
 It was formerly the only known British station for the rare moss 
 Paludella squarrosa. 
 
 * We have found this same shell ia modern tufa deposited from a spring, 
 " St. Leonard's Well," near Belthorpe House. 
 
 t These " boulders " are curious concretions of sand, which sometimes assume the 
 most fantastic shapes. They are very heavy, and appear to be formed of sand 
 cemented with iron. This silt or sand is much thicker in other places. 
 
 % Bottom of this clay not reached. 
 
32 GEOLOGY N.E. Of YORK AND S» OF MALTON. 
 
 Gravel of Dry Chalk and Oolitic Valleys. — In all the deep 
 dales intersecting the Ohalk, where that formation is not cut 
 through, there is a more or less greater accumulation of gravel 
 composed of fragments of chalk and chalk flints. This gravel 
 usually forms a more or less flat bottom to the valleys, and obtains 
 some importance in the neighbourhood of Thixendale ; but there 
 is no great quantity of it in this district, as the ai-ea of drainage 
 is small, only the upper ends of the valleys occuiTing in this map. 
 A similar gravel occurs in the Oolitic valley between Auburn HUl 
 and Settrington, which has been dug near the former place, and 
 also near Settrington Station. This gravel is often very sandy 
 and has a thickness of from 5 to 10 feet or more. 
 
 Alluvium and River Terraces, — In comparison with the Warp 
 Clay or older Alluvium, the modern Alluvium occupies a very small 
 space. It is, however, of some importance in the neighbourhood of 
 the lai'ger rivers, on account of its forming the best grazing and 
 meadow land. 
 
 The principal tracts of Alluvium are on the Ouse above York 
 and on the Derwent; there are also some narrow strips along the 
 little river Foss and Bulmer Beck. 
 
 There are several River Terraces, composed of gravel, on the 
 sides of the Derwent, the most extensive being those near Malton 
 and Crambe. 
 
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 33 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 Lie of the Rochs, Faults, SfC — In this map, as mentioned above, 
 there are three distinct physical areas : in the south-west, the 
 g;reat Triassic Plain, with its covering of Boulder Clay and Warp ; 
 in the north, the hills formed by the Lias and Oolites ; and in the 
 east, the still higher range of the Chalk Wolds. 
 
 With regard to the first of these, there is not much to observe. 
 The Warp Clay forms an almost dead level country, which is 
 slightly diversified by the small undulations caused by the Sands 
 and by the larger hills of Boulder Clay and Gravel. These latter 
 are strongest about York, and probably had some effect in deter- 
 mining the site of this ancient city. A remarkable ridge of 
 Boulder Clay runs from York to Sand Hutton, and there is also 
 another of these ridges rising out of the plain at High Catton ; 
 east of which the ground gradually rises to the foot of the 
 Liassic and Cretaceous hills. 
 
 The second area includes the Liassic and Oolitic rocks, and 
 comprises the south-eastern portion of the Howardian Hills. 
 This district, as mentioned in the Memoir on Quarter Sheet 
 96 S.E., is very faulted, and, the beds being mostly very thin, 
 it forms one of the most obscure bits of Oolitic geology in 
 Yorkshire. The larger faults in this area have a more or less 
 east and west trend ranging from the country south of Thirsk 
 to the Wolds south of Malton ; they appear to be the effect of 
 disturbance produced before the deposition of the Chalk. 
 
 The first large fault enters the map in the north-west corner, 
 and is a continuation of a small fault on the south side of Crayke 
 Hill, the throw of which appears to increase in this direction. 
 The country about here being deeply covered with Boulder Clay 
 the exact position of this fault cannot be determined, but its 
 general effect is very apparent by the low position in which the 
 Middle Lias occurs about Stillington, and by the manner in 
 which the Upper Lias is thrown forward at Marton. North of 
 Sheriff Hutton the course of this fault is not very apparent, but 
 in Mowthorpe Dale, where it enters the Oolites, its effect is very 
 striking ; the Dogger, which caps the hills on the north side of 
 the dale, being found low down in Ox Pasture Wood on the 
 south. Further east, where the fault crosses the Castle Howard 
 Avenue, the effect is also well marked, the Grey Limestone out- 
 cropping by South House and Welburn Moor, at the foot of the 
 good escarpment formed by the Millepore Bed at the Inn and 
 along East Moor Banks. Beyond Cram Beck the fault apparently 
 dies out, although it may be continued to join the York Road 
 fardt ; but the evidence at Hutton HiQ is obscure. 
 
 A branch of the fault just described occurs to the south of 
 Stillington, throwing the Middle Lias against the lowest beds 
 of the Lower Lias containing Ostrea liassica. About Farlington, 
 
 A 14301. 
 
 C 
 
34 GEOLOGY NiE, OF YOKE AND S.,OP MAIiTON. 
 
 owing to the thick covering of Boulder Clay, the position of -this 
 fault is very hypothetical. Thei^e are also branches of the main 
 fault near Bulmer and Castle Howard Park, but they do not call 
 for any particular notice. 
 
 The next main fault is that which has been described in the 
 Memoir.on 96 S.E,, as having a large downthrow tothe north, and 
 whioh^ running from Terrington, cuts the Calcareous Grit at 
 Owlers Wood.' At this point it enters this map, and, skirting close 
 along the. edge, forms the southern boundary of the great spread 
 of Calcareous Grit in Castle Howard Park. . Near the southern 
 end 0^ the Great Lake this fault unites with another, also having a 
 Ipge downthrow to the north. This latter, which forms the 
 southern boundary of the great inlet of Kimeridge Clay, may be 
 traced along the north-east of Castle Howard as far aa Gaterley, 
 forming a fiiirly sharp line between the dry laud of the Calcareous 
 Grit and the wet ground formed by the Kimeridge Clay. 
 Beyond Gaterley its course becomes more obscure, and it appears 
 to make a sharp 1;wist at Nod HiU, but is continued thence in an 
 easterly direction by Golden Hill, across the Derwent, to Welh3,m, 
 and thence along the foot of the Oolitic bank by , Whitewall 
 Corner, Auburn Hill, and Eectory Farm, to Settrington. Near 
 this latter place there is a splendid section exposed in the I'ailway 
 cutting at the limestone quarries, the Oolite and Coral Rag be>ng 
 seen on one side dipping sharply into the fault, while at the bottom 
 of the cutting the Kimeridge Clay is exposed, and the line of 
 junction may be traced along the railway for a distance of 
 250 yards.*, Beyond Settrington Beck the fault becomes merged 
 in the general mass of the Kimeridge Clay at the foot of the 
 Wolds, and, like nearly all the Oolitic faults, appears not to 
 affect the Chalk. In the latter part of its course, that is, east of 
 the Derwent, this fault forms the cliff -like termination of the hills 
 on the north side of Langton Wold, and its course is marked by 
 several fine springs at Blackdale, Welham, and Spring Cottage. 
 
 There is a small branch of this fault in Castle Howard Park, 
 the com-se of which is not very marked, although it cuts out; some 
 of the upper beds of the Lower Oolites near the Lakes, and the 
 Oxford Clay at the Mausoleum and Gaterley. 
 
 The next fault is the one to the south of Stittenham, which has 
 a slight upthrow to the south, nearly cutting out the Upper Lias. 
 Its effect is well seen in the bank side below Bulmer, and by the 
 close proximity of the Millepore Bed and Hydraulic Limestone in 
 East Field. To the south of Welburn its course is more obscure, 
 but its general range may be made out by the elevated position of 
 the Millepore Bed at Bank Wood, beyond which, near Cram 
 Beck, it unites with a fault having a downthrow in the opposite 
 du'ection. 
 
 This latter, which forms a loop with the other fault, is not very 
 easy to trace on this side of Cram Beck, but becomes on the 
 other side of considerable importance, and is the fault called by 
 
 Mr. Hudleston gives a sketch of thia fault, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. v., p. 452. 
 
PHTSIOAL STETTCTUEB. 35 
 
 Mr. Hudleston the " York Koad fault " from its nearly following 
 the course of thait road for some distance* The effect of this 
 fault in the neighbourhood of Hutton Hill is very striking, the 
 Calcareous Grit escarpment of Hutton Banks being sharply cut 
 oif at the road, and faulted agairist the Grey Limestone which is 
 exposed on the west side. On the east side this bed outcrops in 
 the valley at StoneclifE Wood about 100 feet below ; and thfe 
 Millepore Bed, which forms the edge of Hutton Hill on the west 
 side, is exposed in Cram Beck on the east. East of this the faiilt 
 forms the northern boundary of the spread of Calcareous Grit 
 which is brought up against the Oxford Clay and Eellaways Edck 
 at High Hutton ; crossing the Derwent near Cherry Islands it 
 depresses the Calcareous Grit on its south side, causing two smkll 
 outliers of Oolitic Limestone at White^rounds and near Thorn- 
 th6i;pe House, beyond which it is not traceable. 
 
 Nearly parallel with thislast faiult, and a little further to the 
 north, is another fault, having a' downthrow to the north', which 
 terminates the Coral Rag arid Cement' Stones of Langton Wold. 
 At first sight, this fault is riot; very apparent, as the Coralline 
 Oolite forming the high grbimd of 'Langton .Wold appears t6 
 come on quite naturally overthfe lower ferface of Calcareous Grit 
 nearer Langton. But When we come to examine the ridge of 
 Langton Wold itself, we 6bserve that the high dips seen there, 
 from 10° to 15°, will not allow of this, and that the Coralline 
 06lite. • is i-e'ally' plunging down the hillside into this fault. At 
 North Grimston the effect of the fault becomes much more marked, 
 th^ CoralUag at the station being thrown against low beds of the 
 Cklcareous Grit ; and ift the next map the whole of North Grimstoi 
 Hill, which form's such h striking feature in the landscape, is up- 
 .r^ised on the south 'side of the Kimeridge valley of Nine Spring 
 Dale. '""'- '■■ ^ ■ 
 
 At Menethotpe ahd Langton there' is a fault which depresses 
 the 'strata to the south, and brings up the two strips of Oxford 
 Clay liear'these vilijages. Owiig to'the smallness of the features, 
 and a lack of good sections about here, this faiilt ' is not' always 
 easy to trace, and its position in some cases, especially at its eastern 
 endj'has to be assumed. Near Firby there is a fault with a down- 
 throw to the north, which seems to start from the Valley of the 
 Derwent, as we could find no evidence Of it on the west side of 
 t^e rivei". The amount of throw is not very great, but it brings the 
 Grey Limestone, against the Millepore Bed ; which latter, at Cold 
 "Well, is seen dipping in a reversed or southerly direction. 
 Beyond this the fault makes a slight break in the Calcareous 
 Grit escarpment at Eddlethorpe Kennels, and the junctiori 
 between the Oolitic Limestone and the Calcareous Grit is a faulted 
 one for some distance. The fault at Eddlethorpe is only a small 
 one, throwing down the Grey Limestone along the beck to the south, 
 and bringing in, immediately to the north at the farm buildings, 
 ^'snjall outSop of the Millepore Bed, which is turned up in the 
 
 ' * Proc. Geol. Assoei'vol. v. p. 446. 
 
 C 2 
 
36 GEOLOGY N,E. OF YOKK AND S. OF MALTON. 
 
 beck, but is too small to show on the map. At Fox Cover Plan- 
 tation there is another small fault, which, although in nearly a 
 straight line with the last, has its . throw in an opposite direction ; 
 this fault cuts out the Oxford Clay at the plantation, and throws 
 up the Kellaways Rock in a curious rounded projection. Near 
 Kennythorpe the Calcareous Grit and Kellaways Rock are seen 
 side by side at the road, and the Oxford Clay is bounded by this 
 fault for some distance beyond ; the disturbance caused by it being 
 w(!ll seen in a pit which was dug for marling the land near the 
 Burythorpe Beck, where it joins a somewhat larger fault having a 
 downthrow to the south. 
 
 This last cuts off the Calcareous Grit rather sharply near 
 Kennythorpe, and, after an obscure course between the clays of 
 the Middle and Upper Oolites, is seen in Rowmire Beck between 
 the roads going to Birdsall, where the north bank of the stream is 
 composed of sandstone, and the south bank of black shales. East 
 of this it is more marked, and runs at the foot of a fine feature 
 formed of the Cement Stone Beds, the Kimeridge Clay being in 
 the valley below, and, cutting off the Oolite to the south of North 
 Grimston, is finally lost in the high dip between the Oolite and 
 Cement Stone beds near the quarries. It is possible that this line 
 of disturbance may be continued up to and beneath the Chalk 
 Wolds ; but, at the same time, it is just possible that a great part 
 of the irregularity observed along this line is not due to faulting 
 at all, but that the fault coincides with a line of unconformity 
 between the Kimeridge Clay and the beds below. 
 
 Near Westow is another small fault, throwing down to the 
 north, which cuts off the large spread of Grey Limestone on 
 which the church stands. At its western end this splits into a 
 large trough fault, enclosing a lenticular patch of Oxford Clay and 
 Calcareous Grit, which forms the peculiar looking hill north-west of 
 the village. The structure of this hill is not easy to make out, no 
 good sections being exposed about it ; but great quantities of 
 Calcareous Grit fragments are seen lying about, and the hill itself 
 makes a fair feature to the north very similar to a Calcareous 
 Grit escarpment. 
 
 We now come to our fourth and last main fault, which starts 
 with two branches in the neighbourhood of Crambe. The northern 
 branch is first met with on the York road at Whitwell, where the 
 Middle Lias, which forms a terrace towards the bottom of the hill 
 .on the west, is suddenly thrown up to the summit, and probably 
 forms the escarpment at Cliff House, although the bed just here 
 is hidden by Boulder Clay. Crossing the summit of the hill, 
 where the Oolitic beds are cut off, this fault enters the Derwent 
 valley, causing a depression of the lower beds of the Oolite, whi(^h 
 IS very marked ; the outlier of the Dogger, which forms the con- 
 spicuous hill above Crambe on the right bank of the river, being 
 depressed on the left bank, and forming a curious irregular feature 
 about half-way down the hill. East of this the faidt passes up 
 the escarpment of Howsham Woods to the back of Spy Hill. 
 The other branch of this fa,ult is first observed near Clay Hall, 
 
PHYSICAL 8THUCTURE. 37 
 
 where it cuts off the lower beds of tlie Lias, here forming a small 
 feature, which strikes into the hill directly against the escarpment 
 of the Middle Lias. By this fault the Keuper and Rhaetic beds are 
 brought up, and a considerable thickness of Lower Lias beds is 
 cut out. On the east side of the Derwent this fault cuts off a 
 small outcrop of the Middle Lias in Howsliam Wood, and, passing 
 to the south of Spy Hill, unites with the other branch. These 
 two faults are then continued as one large fault, which forms a 
 very marked line throughout its whole course. At Jenny Milner 
 Grange the line of fault is very clear ; the Millepore Bed seen in 
 the quarry here being sharply cut off, and the blue clays of the 
 Lower Lias being seen in the beck below else to the road. 
 Beyond this the fault cuts the range of hills formed by the Lower 
 Oolites about Burythorpe and the Calcareous Grit near Birdsall. 
 The manner in which these hills overlook the lower ground to the 
 north, >vhich is stratigraphically higher, is very striking. At 
 Clombe Beck the Millepore Bed is seen almost against the line 
 of fault, and a magnificent spring is thrown out. Further on, at 
 Eowmire Spring, the line of fault is also very clear, the Cement 
 Stone Beds appearing against the Lower Calcareous Grit, which 
 latter is turned up at a high angle. Beyond this the fault cuts the 
 escarpment formed by the Cement Stones at Picksharp Wood, 
 and is lost in the general mass of Kimeridge Clay beyond. 
 Whether or not the fault affects the Chalk is undecided. A high 
 dip occurs in a chalk-pit nearly on the line of fault, but this may 
 be due to slipping, as the general outcrop of the formation does 
 not appear to be much altered. 
 
 South of this large fault there are several smaller throws which 
 affect the somewhat obscure country between Burythorpe and 
 Leavening, but they do not call for any particular notice. 
 
 There are also small faults at Acklam, Kirkby Underdale, and 
 Garrowby. There is evidence that the last named is pre-cre- 
 taceous in date ; the outcrops of the Upper Lias and Oolite on 
 the south side of the fault must be concealed beneath the Chalk., 
 We have no proof that the fault really throws the Chalk, a sharp 
 roll of the beds might cause the same effect. 
 
I N D E X. 
 
 Acklam, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 
 
 26, 37. 
 Acklam Beck, 10. 
 „ Wood, 6. 
 Alluvium, 32. 
 Anticlinal axis, 21. 
 Auburn Hill, 32, 34. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bank Wood, 34. 
 Barmby on the Moor, 31. 
 Barthorpe Bottoms, 6. 
 Barton Hill, 8. 
 
 Birdsall, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, ■36,' 37. 
 „ Grange, 18, 21. 
 „ Hall, 21. 
 JBishop Wilton, 5, 6, 7, 10, 26, 27. 
 Blackdale, 34. 
 
 Blake, Prof., 9, 10, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27. 
 " Blue Lias Lime," 22. 
 Blue Wick Sands, 12. 
 Boon Wood, 6, 7. 
 Borehole at JFlaxton, 6. 
 
 „ Lords Moor Farm, Stren- 
 sall, 4. 
 
 „ Towthorpe Common, Stren- 
 sall, 4. 
 
 „ Sutton on the Forest, 6. 
 
 Bossall, 29. 
 Boulder Clay, 28. 
 Brett, Messrs., well of, 5. 
 Bugthorpe, 6. 
 
 , „ Beck, 8. , 
 Bulmer, 13, 16, 34. 
 
 Beck, 13, 32: 
 Burdale Station, 24, 26. 
 Burythorpe, 11, 13, 16, 18, 37. 
 
 „ Beck, 36. 
 
 Bnttercrambe, 5, 29. 
 
 c. 
 
 Caburn Wood, 24. 
 Calcareous Grit, 34, 35, 36, 37. 
 Castle Howard, 11, 16, 18. 
 
 „ Avenue, 33. 
 
 Park, 17,^0,24, 34. . 
 
 „ Station, 10, 11, 16. 
 
 Cement Stones, 22, 35, 36, 37. 
 Chalk Gravel, 31. 
 
 „ Overlap of the, 19, 21. 
 Clay Hall, 36. 
 Cliff House, 36. 
 Clombe Beck, 37. 
 
 Conglomerate of the Red Chalk, 25. 
 Gold Well, 35. 
 Coralline Oolite, 21. 
 Coral Eag, 22, 34, 35. 
 Corals in the Millepore Bed, 14. 
 
 Cornbrough, 6, 7. 
 Crambe, 6, 9, 10, 29, 32, 36. 
 Cram Beck, 14, 16, 33, 34, 35. 
 Crayke, 8. 
 
 „ Hill,^3. 
 Cretaceous Rock, 25. 
 
 D. 
 
 Derwent, The, 1, 321 
 Dip of the beds, 23, 34, 35. 
 Dogger, The, 12, 13, 33, 36. 
 Dunnington, 28. 
 
 E. 
 
 East Farm, 23. 
 „ Field, 34. 
 East Gaterley Farm, 17. 
 East Moor Bank, 33. 
 Eddlethorpe, 17, 20. 
 
 „ Kennels, 18, 35. 
 
 Pangfoss, 5. 
 
 Farlington, 33. 
 
 Faults, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37. 
 
 „ pre-cretaceous, 33, 37. 
 Firby, 35. , 
 
 . „ Wood, 17. 
 Flaxton, 6, 28. 
 
 Flint in the Oolite of North Grimstap, 2* 
 Foss, The, 1, 32. 
 
 Fossils of the Kimeridge Clay, 23, 24. ' ' 
 „ Lower Calcareous Grit, 
 
 20. , ■ ; : ' 
 
 „ Lower Lias, 8. 
 
 „ Middle Lias, 9. ' 
 
 „ Millepore Bed, 15. ' 
 
 Red Chalk, 25, 26, 
 „ Rhaetic,.7. . ., 
 
 Fossils from Stdneolitf'Wood, 17! 
 Fox Cover Plantation, 18, 20, 36. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaily Gap, 13, 16. 
 Ganthorpe, 14, 16. 
 Garrowby, 7, 8, 10, 13, 18, 19, 21, 26. 
 
 37. 
 Garrowby Park, 25. 
 Gate Helmsley, 28, 29. 
 Gaterley, 18, 20, 21, 34. 
 Gilder Beck, 21. 
 Givendale, 10. 
 Golden Hill, 34. 
 Gravel, 28, 31, 32. 
 Great Givendale, 16, 18, 27. 
 Greets Hill Chalk Pit, 25. 
 Grey Limestone, 16, 33, 35, 36. 
 Grimston Field House, 22. 
 Grimthorpe House, 16. 
 Gypsum, 6. •. 
 
IMSBX. 
 
 39 
 
 H. 
 
 Hanging Grimston, 10, 19, 21, 24. 
 Haver Hills, 23. 
 Heights Plantation, 21. 
 High Catton, 28, 29, 33. 
 
 „ Hutton, 18, 20, 21, 35. 
 Hildenley, 24. 
 Howardian Hills, 33. 
 Howsham, 5, 7. 
 
 „ Bridge, 6. 
 
 Wood, 6, 8, 9, 36, 37. 
 Hudleston, Mr., 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 34, 
 
 35. 
 Hutton Banks, 20, 35. 
 
 „ Wood, 18. 
 
 Hutton Hill, 16, 29, 33, 35. 
 
 „ Station, 19. 
 Hydraulic Limestone, 13, 34. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ironstone at Kirkham, 12. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jenny Milner Grange, 16, 17, 37. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kellaways Rock, 17, 35, 36. 
 Kennythorpe, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 36. 
 Keuper Beds, 37. 
 
 „ Marl, 5. 
 
 „ Sandstone, 3. 
 Kimeridge Clay, 23, 34, 36, 36, 37. 
 Kirkby Underdale, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 
 
 25, 26, 37. 
 Kirkham, 11, 12, 13. 
 
 „ Abbey, 10. 
 
 Lacustrine Clay, 31. 
 Langliill Plantation, 18, 21. 
 -Langton, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 35. 
 Langton Wold, 22, 23, 34, 35. 
 Leavening, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 27, 
 
 37. 
 Leavening Beck, 10, 13. 
 Leppington, 6, 8. 
 Ley f^eld, 21. 
 Lias, 37. 
 
 Lower Calcareous Grit, 19. 
 Lower Lias, 7, 33, 37. 
 Lower Oolites, 11, 34, 37. 
 Luddith's House, 23. 
 
 M. 
 
 Malton, 24, 32. 
 
 Marton in the Forest, 9, 33. 
 
 Mausoleum, The, Castle Howard Park, 
 
 20, 21, 34. 
 Mennethorpe, 19, 20, 21, 35. 
 Middle Lias, 8, 33, 36, 37. 
 Middle Oolites, 17, 36. 
 MiUepore Bed, 14, 15, 33, 34, 35, 37. 
 MiUingtonBa(fk,-7.' 
 
 „ Dale, 9,; 26. ' 
 
 „ Spring'si 25. 
 
 Mount Ferrant, 18, 21. 
 Mount Pleasant, 14, 16. 
 
 „ Shaft at, 11. 
 
 Mowthorpe, 9, 10, 12, 13. 
 „ Dale, 33. 
 
 N. 
 
 Necks of Kimeridge Clay in the Chalk, 
 
 27. 
 Neocomian Beds, 25. 
 Nine Spring Dale, 35. 
 Nod Hill, 18, 20, 21, 34. 
 North Grimston, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 35. 
 „ Wold, 25, 26, 27. 
 
 0. 
 
 Oolite, Unconformity of the, 10. 
 Ouse, The, 1, 32. 
 Oxford Clay, 18, 34, 35, 36. 
 Ox Pasture Wood, 13, 33, 
 Overlap of the Chalk, 19, 24. 
 Owlers Wood, 34. 
 Owsthorpe Mill, 7. 
 
 P. 
 
 Passage Beds, 21. 
 
 Peckondale Barn, 18. 
 
 Penarth Beds, 6. 
 
 Phillips, Prof., 14. 
 
 Physical Structure, 33. 
 
 Pieksharp Wood, 21, 23, 37. 
 
 Pocklington, 7, 31. 
 
 Pre-cretaceous Faults, 33, 37. 
 
 Pretty Wood, Castle Howard Park, 16. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ray Wood, 20. 
 
 Rectory Farm, 34. 
 
 Red Chalk, The, 25. 
 
 Red Chalk Conglomerate, 25. 
 
 RhsBtic Beds, 6, 37. 
 
 Ridges, Glacial, 28. 
 
 Ridings Beck, 8. 
 
 River Terraces, 32. 
 
 Rocksalt, Pseudomorphous crystals of, 
 
 6. 
 Rowmire Beck, 36. 
 Rowmire Spring, 23, 37. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sand Hutton, 28, 33. 
 Scotterdale, 25. 
 Scrayingham, 6. 
 Section at Ganthorpe, 14. 
 
 „ Hutton Station, 19. 
 
 „ York, 28, 29, 30, 31. 
 Settrington, 23, 24, 32, 34. 
 Shaft at Kirkham, 12. 
 
 „ Mount Pleasant, near Castle 
 Howard Station, 11. . 
 Sheriff Hutton, 7, 8, 28, 31, 33. 
 Skirpenbeck, 31. 
 Sleights Eouee,'25. 
 
40 
 
 South House, 33. 
 Spy Hill, 9, 13, 36, 37. 
 Stamford Bridge, 3. 
 Stillington, 6, 7, 8, 28, 31, 33. 
 Stittenham, 9, 10, 13, 34. 
 Stonecliff Wood, 16, 17, 35. 
 Strensall, 4, 28. 
 Spring Cottage, 34. 
 SupeilEcial Deposits, 28. 
 Sutton on the Forest, 3, 6. 
 
 T. 
 
 Terrington, 9, 12, 34. 
 „ Carr, 31. 
 Thickness of the Boulder Clay, 23. 
 Cement Stone, 22. 
 
 „ Chalk, 26. 
 
 ,, Coralline Oolite, 21. 
 
 „ Dogger, 12, 13. 
 
 „ Grey Limestone, 16. 
 
 „ Hydraulic Limestone, 
 
 13. 
 
 „ Kellaways Book, 17. 
 
 „ Kimeridge Clay, 23. 
 
 „ Lower Calcareous Grit, 
 
 19. 
 
 „ Lower Lias, 7. 
 
 „ ' Lower Oolite, 11. 
 
 „ Middle Lias, 8. 
 
 „ Millepore Bed, 14. 
 
 „ Neoeomian Beds, 25. 
 
 Oxford Clay, 18. 
 
 „ Passage Beds, 21. 
 
 „ Bed Chalk, 26. 
 
 „ Upper Lias, 9. 
 
 Thixendale, 24, 32. 
 Thomthorpe House, 35. 
 Thomton-le-Clay, 8. 
 Toft House, 21, 22. 
 
 u. 
 
 Unconformity at Acklam, 21. 
 
 „ of the Cement Stone, 23. 
 
 „ „ Oolites, 10. 
 
 Upper Calcareous Grit, 22. 
 Upper Lias, 9, 33, 34. 
 Upper Oolites, 23, 36. 
 
 VaUeys of the Chalk and Oolite, 32. 
 
 W. 
 
 Warp, 31, 33. 
 Water Dale, 24, 26. 
 Welbum, 11, 16, 34. 
 
 „ Moor, 17, 33. 
 Welham, 24, 34, 35. 
 Well at Messrs. Bretts, York, 5. 
 
 „ North Biding Asylum, York, 3. 
 Westerdale, 24, 29. 
 West Lining,. 7. 
 Westow, 11, 14, 16, 36. 
 
 „ Chm-ch, 17. 
 Whenby, 28, 29. 
 White Chalk, 26. 
 Whitegronnds, 22, 35. 
 Whitekeld Dale, 25, 26. 
 Whitewall Comer, 34. 
 Whitwell, 9, 10, 13, 16, 36. 
 " Whitwell Oolite," 14. 
 Wolds, The, 26. 
 Wooing Nab, 25, 26. 
 Wright, Dr., 12, 14. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yapham, 31. 
 
 York, 3, 5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. 
 York and Malt»n Boad, 16, 18. 
 " York Boad fault," 35. 
 
 LONDON : Printed by B t e e and Spottiswoode, 
 
 Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 
 [10405.— 375.— 1/85.] 
 
OBWERAl laEMOIRS OP THE CEOI.OGICAX. SVn.-VSi-r-co,iti,med. 
 
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9SSW 
 
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 95 NW 
 
 96 SE 
 
 98 NE 
 101 SE 
 
 THE iVIINERAL DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES ARE ILLUSTRATED 
 BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED MAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 GOAl-FIELDS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Scale, one Inch to a mile. 
 
 Anglesey, 78 (SW). 
 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. 
 
 Coalbrook Dale, 61 (NE & SE). 
 
 CleeHill,5S(NB, NW). 
 
 Denbighshire, 74, (NE & SE), 79 (8E). 
 
 Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW, NE, & SE), 82 (NW & SW), 
 
 81 (NE),87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE). 
 Flintshire, 79 (NE& SB). 
 Forest of Dean, 43 (SB & SW). 
 Forest of Wyre, 61 (SB), 55 (NE) 
 Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). 
 Leioestershire, 71 (SW), 63 (N W). 
 Northumberland and Durham, 103, 105, 106 (SE), 109 
 
 (SW,SE). 
 North Staffordshire, 72 (irW),72 (SW),7S (NE),80 (SB), 
 
 81 (SW). 
 South Staffordshire. 54 (NW). 62 (SW). 
 Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW& SW). 
 South Wales, 36, 37, 88, 40, 41, 42 (SE, SW). 
 Warwickshire, 62 (NESE),6»(NWSW). 54 (NE),5S(NW). 
 Yorkshire, 88 (NE,SE),87 (SW),93 (SE),93 (SW). 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS. 
 
 Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 
 The 'Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are published on a scale of six inches to a mile, 
 at 4». to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six-inch 
 maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 
 Loudon. 
 
 lancasbire. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 15. Ireleth. 
 
 16. Ulverstone. 
 
 17. Cartmel. 
 22. Aldini^ham. 
 47. Clitheroe. 
 
 43. Colne, Twiston Moor. 
 49. Laneshaw Bridge. 
 ; 65. Whalley. 
 58. Haggate. 
 
 67. Winewall. 
 
 61. Preston. 
 
 62. Balderstone, &c. 
 
 68. Accrington. 
 
 64. Burnley. 
 
 65. Stiperden Moor. 
 
 69. Layland. 
 
 70. Blackburn, &c. 
 
 71. Haslingden. 
 
 72. Cliviger, Baoup, See. 
 
 73. Todmorden. 
 
 77. Chorley. 
 
 78. Bolton-le-M'oors. 
 
 79. Entwistle, 
 
 80. Tottington. 
 
 81. Wardle. 
 
 81. Ormskirk, St. Johns, &c. 
 
 85. Standish, &c. 
 
 86. Adlington, Horwick, &c. 
 
 87. Bolton-le-Moors. 
 
 88. Bury, Heywood. 
 
 89. Rochdale, &c. 
 
 92. Biokerstaffe, Skelmers- 
 
 dale. 
 
 93. Wigan, Up Holland, &c. 
 
 94. WestHoughton.Hindley. 
 
 95. Radcliffe, Peel Swinton, 
 
 96. Middleton, Prestwich. 
 
 97. Oldham, 4c. 
 
 100. Knowsley, Rainford, &c. 
 
 101. Billinge, Ashton, &c. 
 
 102. Leigh, Loivton. 
 
 103. Ashley, Eoeles. 
 
 104. Manohestsr. Snlford, &c. 
 
 105. Ashton-under-Lyne. 
 108. Liverpool, &c. 
 
 107. Prescott, Huyton, &o. 
 
 108. St.Helen's,BurtonWood. 
 
 109. Winwiok, &c. 
 
 111. Cheedale, Stockport, &c. 
 
 112. Stockport, &c. 
 
 113. Part of Liverpool, &c. 
 
 Burham. 
 
 1. Ryton. 
 
 2. Gateshead. 
 
 8. Jarrow. 
 4. S. Shields. 
 
 Burbam- 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 5. Greenside. 
 
 6. Winlaton. 
 
 7. Washington. 
 
 8. Sunderland. 
 
 10. Edmondbyers. 
 
 11. Ebchester. 
 13. Tantoby. 
 
 13. Chester-le-Street. 
 
 16. Hunstanworfch. 
 
 17. Waskerle5[. 
 
 18. Muggleswink. 
 
 19. Lanchester. 
 
 20. Hetton-le-Hole. 
 22. Wear Head. 
 
 -continued. 
 Sheet. 
 
 23. Eastgate. 
 
 24. Stanhope, 
 
 25. Wolsinghara. 
 
 26. Brancepeth. 
 30. Benny Seat. 
 
 32. White Kirkley. 
 
 33. Hamsterley. 
 
 S4. Whitwnrth. , • 
 38. Maize Beck. 
 
 41. Cockfleld. 
 
 42. Bishop Auckland. 
 
 40. Hafvksley Hill House. 
 
 52. Barn<ird Castle. 
 
 53. Winston. 
 
 4i. Rothbury. 
 45 Longfi-amling- 
 ton. 
 
 46. Broomhill. 
 
 47. Coquet Island. 
 
 54. Longhorslcy. 
 
 55. Ulgham. 
 
 56. Drnridge B.ay, 
 
 63. Nethervvitton. 
 
 64. Morpeth. 
 
 65. Newbiggin. 
 
 72. Eedlingcon. 
 
 73. Blyth. 
 80. Cramlington. 
 
 55. Searness. 
 
 56. Skiddaw. 
 63. Thackthwaite. 
 61. Keswick. 
 05. Dockraye. 
 
 ZTortbumberland. 
 
 81. Earsdon. 101. Whitfield. 
 
 82. NE.of Gilsland. 102. Allendale 
 
 83. Coadley Gate. 
 
 87. Heddon. 
 
 88. Long Benton. 
 
 89. Tynemouth. 
 
 91. Greenhead. 
 
 92. Haltwhistle. 
 
 Town. 
 103. Slaley. 
 
 105. Newlands. 
 
 106. Blackpool Br. 
 
 107. Allendale. 
 
 108. Blanchland. 
 
 2. Tees Head. 
 6. Duftou Pell. 
 
 7. Rodcar. 
 
 93. HaydonBridge.109. Shotleyfield. 
 91. Hexham. 110. Wellhope.' 
 
 95. Corbridge. 111. AUenheads. 
 
 96. Horsley. 112. 
 
 97. Newcastle. 
 
 98. Walker. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 69. Buttermere. 
 
 70. Grange. 
 
 71. Helvellyn. 
 
 74. Wastwater. 
 
 75. Stouethwaite FelL 
 
 'Westmorland. 
 
 12. Patterdale. 25. Grasraere. 
 
 18. Near Grasmere. 38. Kendal. 
 
 12. Bowes. 
 
 13. Wycliffe. 
 
 20. Lythc. __ 
 
 21. Kirkby Ravens- 200. Keighley, 
 
 worth. 201. Bingley. 
 
 25. Aldborough. 202. Calveriey, 
 
 'S'orksblre. 
 
 116. Conistone 
 Moor. 
 
 133. Kirkby 
 
 Malham. 
 
 184. DaloEnd. 
 
 185. Kildwiok. 
 
 82. Whitb.y. 
 
 go 
 
 sa! Marske. 
 39. Richmond, 
 
 10. 
 
 17. Robin 
 Bay. 
 53. Downholrae. 
 68. Levbonrne. 
 82. Kidstones. 
 84. E. Wittou. 
 
 97. Poxup. 
 
 98. Kirk Gill. 
 
 99. Haden Carr. 
 100. Lofthouse. 
 115. Arncliffe. 
 
 260. Honley. 
 2G1. Kirkburton. 
 
 262. Darton. 
 
 263. Hemsworth. 
 
 264. Campsall. 
 272. Holmflrth. 
 278. Penistone. 
 
 274. Barnsley. 
 
 275. Darfield. 
 
 276. Brodsworth. 
 2Sl. Langsell. 
 
 282. Wortley. 
 
 283. Wath upon 
 Dearne. 
 
 284. Conisborough. 
 
 287. Low Bradlord. 
 
 288. Ecclesfield. . 
 
 289. Rotherham. . 
 
 283. EastArdsley. 290. Braithwell. ; 
 
 231. Castleford. 293. Hallam MoohH 
 
 246. Huddersfleld. 295. Handsworth.'' 
 
 217. Dewsbury. 298. Laugh ton -atf? 
 
 203. Seaoroft 
 
 204. Aberford. 
 
 215. Peeke WoU, 
 
 216. Bradlord. 
 
 217. Calveriey. 
 Hood's 218. Leeds. 
 
 219. Kippax. 
 
 251. Halifax. 
 
 252. Birstal. 
 
 218. Wakefield. 
 24!). Pontefract. 
 250. Darrington, 
 
 le-Morth^n^ 
 
 299. 
 
 300. Harthill. 
 
 ^ ^ , ,, , MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 1863. 2.. 6d. 1864,2,. 1865, 2s. 6d. 1866 to 1881, 2s each ^». 6<i., 1861, 2s. ; and Appendu, Is. 1862>2s.6d. 
 
 (These Statistics are now published by the Home OJioe, as parts of the Reports of the Inspectors qf Mines.) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 Parti. The North and North Midland Counties of England (Out of r,rint\ Pm-i- tt «n„n, oi » j , . 
 
 Part III. South Walca. Price Is. 3d. Part iV. Thf SllUire CoKe\'daSNo"th^Stttod^^^^^^^ "' 
 
 l*.3d. 
 

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 ^h/SK 
 
 ^^ni^/ 
 
 \'f\'f\h'.H. j^ ^. 
 
 m4 
 
 ^A(?ti^®laM^A/WO^W 
 
 
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 ■ftf-^W.^''