LIBRARY ANNEX Cornell University Library F 666.F98 Nebraska. Her resources, advantages, adv 3 1924 014 568 871 g)tate College of agriculture m CotncU ?antberfittp atbaca, i^. g. Xibrarp NEBRASKA.^^ HHER RESOURCES,^ X5YantagES,3^5YancEmEnt anfl ^iinniisES. }■ miEPAKEI) AND COMPILED BY state Commissioner for tliew^iTd's Industrial and Cotton Centemiial Exposition, New Orleans, La., December. 1884^May, 1885. NEW ORLEANS: E. A. BEANDAO & CO. PEINT, 34 MAGAZINE STREET The original of tiiis book is in tile Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014568871 ^NEBRASKA. -«ER RESOURCES^ 5i,5Yantages,^5YancEmEnt anS 5iinmisES. PKEPAEED AND COMPILED BT State Commissioner for the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, La., December. 1884-May, 1885. NEW ORLEANS : K. &.. BEA:N'DA0 & CO. PEINT, 34 MAGAZINE STEEBT 1885. NEBRASKA. A GLANCE at the map will show at ouce the grand position which Nebraska holds at the centre of the continent, midway between the two great oceans of the world. The great extent of lauds in the State, an area sufficient for an empire of itself, double the size of Oliio, and larger than all the New England States combined, offers great and varied advantages to those who look westward to-day for homes where they can find peace and profit, plenty and comfort, and those opportu- nities for social relations, schools, churches, and all those prized priv- ileges which they enjoyed in the homes left behind, in the east. Eide over the western prairies to-day, stopping at the occasional sod cabin of the homesteader, and there will be found sure signs of a class of set- tlers who will make this a rich agricultural country, and are raising a ricli crop of young men and women of whom any section of the country might be proud. These will soon direct the destinies of the great west. A great proportion of those coming west to-day are not pioneers. They have seen that life farther east, but want to find homes for their grown- up boys where they can commence farming at once without the labor of clearing away a forest. Here is one great advantage in making a start on the prairies. Immigration has always moved on the same par- allels, and here it is seeking the great Golden Belt of the continent, so-called from its great capacity for grain producing. It may certainly be classed as a prairie country, but not flat like that of Illinois. This is gently undulating, ana one noticeable feature is the valleys in connection with the uphmds, giving the settler a choice of any location he may desire. Lands can be had entirely suited for the plow, or tliose where farming and pasturage can be combined. High table lands for grain, with adjoining valleys where heavy crops of the finest hay can be cut, and where cattle and sheep can find both pasturage and protection in winter. The growth in population, wealth, agricultural advancement, and all other essentials, are such as to warrant the assertion that Nebraska is the great Western State of the very near future. A State only since 1 867, a territory from 1854 to that date, her population now is over one million— happy, prosperous people. Her assessed valuation is over one hundred million. This is but about one-third the actual valuation. -)4(- This wonderful developme:;t lias been achieved by reason of rich soil, good climate and favorable location, which have brought hither the best of settlers from the east and from the Old World. Nebraska lies between parallels 40° and 43° north latitude, and 18° and 27° west longitude from Greenwich. The State is thus within the temperate belt; and thus its location is in the centre of the Union. The soil is allu-vium or lacustrine, black and rich with organic matter, ahnost equally rich in the subsoil. Numerous rivers intersect the State ; and the great proportion of the land is easily tilled. Where Nebraska is unfilled, there belts of finest trees fringe the rivers; and tlie buffalo grass by a marvelous provision of nature is pasture all the year round. Therefore, in Nebraska the herdsman goes before the farmer ; and the now far west of the State is a pasture land for enormous herds of cattle. Nebraska has grown as a State under the policy of the homestead law. It is for the farmer with moderate means wlio will farm well from 80 to 160 and 320 acres of land. Under these cii'cumstances, the farmer who himself farms his own land is always pushing the herdsman further west. Up to the hundredth meridian, the farmer has mastered tlie land. Where he settles the buffalo grass disappears; and its place is more than filled by the blue joint and numerous other grasses, good for pasture and good for hay. Taxes are low; public debts small. The total State debt is less than a half million of dollars. The State levy is a fraction over seven mills on the dollar. THE SOIL. In aU part o1 the State, the soil commends itself to the intelligent farmer. The Sm-al New Yorkm; a disinterested witness, speaking of the soil, says: "The finest garden mold in the State of New York is not a whit better than the average Nebraska soil, which is light, free from stones, easily Avorked and eminently productive." To this, the American Agricidtwrist adds : " The whole of Nebraska is a country of unsurpassed fertility. 1 he soil is fi'om three to ten feet deep, the surface gently rolling, and the whole region intended by nature for the great production of cereals, wliich can be raisf^d with less labor than in the old settled States, all the work being done by labor- saving machinery. The farmer rides on his plow, corn planter, culti- vator, mower and n-aper, threshes his grain by steam, and can shell his corn and grind feed for his stock by wind power." On the high prairies the laud is a rich black mold, ten to thirty inches deep, underlaid with a yellowisli formation known as the " loess," and -)5(- from ten to one hundred feet in depth. Wherever this has been brought to the surface, in digging wells or cellars, after a short exposure it pro- duces a plant growth equal to the surface soil. This underlies the whole of the State as far west as 300 miles. In the valleys the soil is rich and black, foand often more than ten feet in depth, and under- neath the same formation which cannot be exhausted by agps of culti- vation. Crops of corn have been grown for twenty years in succession, without any failure, in quantity or quality, without the use of any artificial fertilizers. The large amount of silicia in the soil gives the advantage of natural drainage — absorbing water like a sponge, holding it until a time of drouth, and then sending it to the surface. On lands well cultivated there is rarely loss of crops if seasons are either wet or dry. These liinds need no artificial fertilizers, for ages of cultivation can- not exhaust them. Their versatility of production is wonderful. Wheat, rye, barley, corn, broom corn, buckwheat, sorghum, millet, hungarian, peas, beans ; all the vegetables of field and garden, and all the fruits and grasses known to the temperate zone fllourisli to perfection in this soil. UNPARALLELED INCREASE IN POPULATION. First settlements were made in 1855, the year following the passage of the " Kansas-Nebraska Act,'' and extinguishment of the Indian title to lands. The increase of population since that time has been rapid. Population : 1855 4,494 I860 28,481 1870 122,993 1876 257,701 1877 271,561 1878 314,748 1879 386,418 1880 452,542 1883 887,-330 1884 998,440 At this date over one million. The ratio of increase as compared with other States is: Nebraska 310 per cent Kansas 176 " Minnesota '. 154 " Iowa 11,5 " Wisconsin 125 " CLIMATE. The climate of the State is all the agriculturist could demand. The early opening of spring, when .small grain and grass seeds can be sown when only two inches of fro.st is out ; the late autumn, when crops ripen slowly, securing the sure generation of the seeds ; the usual mild winters are such tliat corn can he harvested at a season when in the East there is little work on the farm — are all of advantage to farmers. The winds from the west which ijass over the snowy tops of the moun- tains bring their cool breezes over the great plains at harvest time, subduing the summer heat. The day may have been hot, but when the sun goes down the evening air is cool and brings refreshing sleep, a luxury to the tired workers not often enjoyed, except on the plains of the west. The winds sweep away any possible malaria, and the rare, invigorating, life-inspiring atmosphere leaves its impress on every form of animal or vegetable life. The succession of work during the year is a gradual one, in which the farmer finds something to do dur- ing every month in the year, from grain growing in summer to grain feeding in winter. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Already, within our eighteen years of existence as a State, we are with more public institutions and well constructed buildings than any State before at our age. Educational — the State university and nor- mal school. For the unfortunate— an asylum for the insane, schools for the blind and deaf and dumb. For the safe keeping of the depraved and vicious— a State prison. For the incorrigible— a reform school. For the friendless— a home. All evidence of high standards in the line of civilization. EDUCATIONAL. Taking all in all, no State in the Union has been so well served in its educalional affairs, and has so favorable future for the very best ad- vantages to its children for the very least taxation. It will be remem- bered that by i)rovision of the enabling act one eighteenth of the lands of the State set apart for the endowment of common schools. The aggregate in acres of this magnificent gift is 2,643,080. By the terms of the Constitution, none of this laud can be sold at a price less tlian $7 an acre. Only a few hundred thousand acres have been dis- posed of up to the present time by gale. The amount realized from these sales in cash has been $958,724. The amount duo on notes of purchasers, secured by the land itself and drawing 6 per cent interest, is about $2,815,000. About 800,000 acres of these lands have been leased for a term of years at an average valuation of $3 per acre, and a _)7(- rental of 6 per cent, which represents the sum of $2,400,000, and an income for the temporary or available school fund of $ 144,000. The total amount of the permanent school fand represented in cash, bonds, notes and leases, is therefore $6,173,938, producing an annual income of over $350,000 per annum. By wise additional legislation, which will restrict the sale of lands by fixing the minimum price at $25 per acre, or will stop the sale altogether, and adopt a system of leases with a reappraisement every five or ten years, the permanent school fund of Nebraska may be raised eventually to $50,000,000, with an annual in- come derived therefrom to from two and a half to three millions annu- ally. The permanent fund from the sale of these lands can never be impaired under oiu- Constitution, and the income from it can only be used in defraying the current expenses of the schools. When a school- house is built, the money is raised by a direct tax. Official documents show in Nebraska — School districts 3,521 School houses 3,258 Teachers 5,009 Pupils 185,542 Paid teachers in wages $ 802,214 Value of school houses 2,163,459 Value of school sites 273,994 Value of school property in books, apparatus, etc 65,555 Number of pupils who attend school 126,129 Average number of days' school in eacli district 119.3 Cost per pupil $ 1 80 Total amount expended for educational purposes in 1884. . . . 1,904,417 The State University and Agricultural College, wliich under the Act of 1869, are consolidated under one general management, have an en- dowment of 136,000 acres of land, only a small portion of which has been sold, but which is being leased very rapidly, and will bring in a constantly increasing revenue. Th6 State Normal School is endowed with a grant of 12,500 acres of State lands, that were quite valuable, and the income derived from this source will eventually go a good ways in paying its expenses. Prom five to six hundred young men and women are in attendance at these institutions from term to term, and the advantages afforded for a higher education at the expense of the State are equal to those found in any section of the Uuioii. Properly husbanded, as indicated in respect to the common school lands, and the lands leased until they shall bring $25 per acre — they will bring an average of that sum in less than a generation — the value of this endow- ment will be in the neighborhood of three and a half millions. So far _)8(- as the limits of the Constitution will permit, the annual income of these funds will be from $60,000 to $200,000 by the year 1900. Our State Library contains 25,000 volumes. LANDS IN STATE ON WHICH TAXES ARE PAID. Improved, acres 6,,356,9r6 Value $2,5,239,283 Unimproved, acres 9,417,24/ Value $24,234,685 Total No. acres land in State * 47,784,960 LINCOLN CITY, THE CAPITAL. The capital city, Lincoln, is a marked illustration of progress and development. The site of the city up to 1867, was a desert waste, to-day, we have a city with a population of 20,000 to 25,000 enterpris- ing, prosperous, indomitable, go-ahead people ; a taxable valuation of from eight to ten million dollars ; four national banks with a paid up capital of near a million dollars, and deposits over two million, whole- sale houses with an annual trade of six millions or more; manufactures showing a product, annually, of from two to three millions ; fourteen churches, in which is invested $200,000 ; school-houses and property valued at $135,000 ; gas, telephone, street railways and waterworks under way, with numerous other excelsior characteristics. OMAHA. Standing at the half-way point on the railway across the continent between the Atlantic and Pacific, and marking the line between the exclusively agricultural and the cattle ranges and mining regions of the United States, the city of Omaha is one possessing peculiar interest. For years the Missouri river was the western boundary of civilization, and the courageous soldiers, ailventurous miners and hardy pioneers who gathered at Omaha, then on the " overland trail," made it the starting point for many a historic enterprise. Stanley, the African explorer, was a newspaper correspondent quartered at this city. Lieut. Schwatka, the penetrator of the A«rctic regions, was long stationed at Ft. Omaha, and George Francis Traip figured here as a projector of the Union Pacific railway, before he went to London to introduce tram- ways. Being also a representative city of the Northwest, having neither the mushroom-like growth of a mining center, nor the slow development of the metropolis of a land of farms, it has attracted the attention of travelers. George Augustus Sala, on his journey four years ago, so- journed in Omaha for several days, and pronounced it a "juvenile but exceedingly promising city." Moody, the evangelist, denominated it " a new Chicago," and William Black, during his visit to friends in this city, several years ago, took notes for the location here of one of the -)9(- climaxes of his novel, " Grreen Pastures and Piccadilly." That Omaha is a representative city, its history fully attests. Tlie population at Omaha, together with Council Bluffs, which is on the east side of the Missouri, and if properly called would be " East Omaha," and, is now connected with Omaha by local trains of the U. P. R'y, is over 75,000, and with the addition of the proposed important business, within five years from the present date at least double, or 150,000, may be relied upon. As showing, partially, the business of Omaha, the following statistics are presented : Union Pacific Sliops, probably the largest in the TTnited States XTnion Pacific K'y, offices at Omaba ■■■ B. & M. in Nebraska Tlie various other roads The Union Elevator, capacity 1,000,000 bashels ... Boyd's Packing House and Reftuery, capacity 100 tierces of lard per day, slaughtering 1,500 hogs per'day The Omaha and Grant Smelting and Sefining Co., capacity 150 tons of lead per day. Work ni^ht and day. The Omaha and G-rant Company is the most extensive smelting and refining company in America. Some idea of the extent ot basiness ot the concern may be gained from the fact that the Omaha works did a business last year of $12,989,300. This does not include any of the business of the Denver works During the past year the Omdha works constantly employed about 300 men, paid out 245,000 in wages and expended $30,000 in improvements. The metals shipped during the year were ; Gold $ 1,276,000 Silver 8,913,300 Lead 2,770,000 Vitriol 100,000 Total $13,059,300 STATISTICS OF THE WILLOW SPRINGS DISTILLEBT CO. Improvements, consisting principally; of additions of new and im- proved machinery for cooking grain, new boilers, storehouse for cooperage stock, and two new hay bams, at the total cost of ^0,000 Averaco number of men employed during year Material — grain used : Com 278,000 bushels. Bye 47,700 Malt 36,500 " Oats 7,800 Total grain 370,000 " Fuel used 6,700 tons coal. Barrels used 20,750 Same are made at distillery, cooper shop emploving 20 coopers. . Production, 1,400,000 gallons distilled spirits,' of which about 100,000 gallons whiskey ; 1,300,000 gallons Cologne spirits and al. cohol. the sales of the product agCTOgate the sum of $1,. "192,000, and the tax paid during the year on distilled spirits, withdrawn from the distillery wareuouse, amounted to $1,217,700. Cattle: About 3,500 head of cattle were fed during the year in ■ the distillery b.irn from the slop production by the distillery, which also consumed about 15,000 tons bay. The White Lead Co. has a paid up capital of $90,000 and capacity for corroding 2,500 tons pig lead per year They have a liquid paint and color department, one of the largest in the west, and are preparing to increase their facilities. Harris & Fisher. This prosperous business was started by Mr. Rob ert Harris, in 1870. The have the largest retail butchers' business in Omaha. Are also packers of pork and beef and have consider- able canning works. Gross returns during 1883, $419,285 Sheeley & Co., pork packers, have a capacity for slaughtering 500 hogs per day ^ The Omaha Nail Works. Capacity, 500 kegs per day. No. of Employes .350 .100 .40 Monthly Pay-Eoil $175,517 30 $2000 .$20,000 $6500 .$2500 .$1200 -) 10 (- There are a vast number of other works all doing a considerable trade, from whom returns have not been obtained. The manufactories and worlcs are all upon the line of some of the railroads. There are two flrst-class hotels, the Millard and the Pax- ton ; Boyd's Opera House, cost $125,000 and seats 1700 people ; most efficient water supply and works ; a fine public library and law library ; gas works ; several miles of street railway. There are now nine banks doing business in the city of Omaha, of which number six are national, one savings and two private. They all represent a paid in capital and surplus of $2,407,000, and their deposits aggregate $7,800,000. The manufactui'ing interests of the city have been rapidly advanced during the past lour years, imtil there is now employed as capital, by the various manufacturing companies, the sum of $3,200,000. This amount is represented in twenty-seven different industries, not includ- ing the large shops of the Union Pacific EaUroad, which alone repre- sents as large a sum. The jobbing houses of Omaha have nearly doubled in number in five years, and on the 1st of January, 1884, there were forty-four wholesale houses in the city, including several large lumber yards, but not in- cluding a larger number of retail houses who also do some jobbing. There is all told rising, one hundred and forty-seven business houses in the city who wholesale only, or partially. The .nggregate capital now employed by the sixty-four jobbing .houses referred to is three millions three hundred and sixty-four dollars — and the best estimate that can be obtained places their sales in dollars, for the year 1883, at from nine to nine and a half millions. There are sixteen fine brick built school buildings, the valuation of which is $490,000. The cost of the High Scliool building was $260,000. The number of teachers employed is ninety-six, togetlier witli the five teachers in the high school. There are twelve principals. Tlie teach- ers' pay roll amounts to $6700 per month. The daily attendance of 5200; number of pupils in public schools, 5600; number of school age in city, 8921. The Creighton College, a memorial college erected in memory of Mrs. Mary and Mr. Edward 'Creightou, cost $60,000, and has a large at- tendance. Mr. Edward Creighton was one of the western or pioneer stock raisers, and left an enormous fortune and a munificent endow- ment for this institution ; besides which is the Sacred Heart Convent, a magnificent structure just outside the limits of the city. The three principal English newspapers are : -) 11 (- Employes. Circulation. Daily 6,500 Weekly... 15.800 Daily 5,400 Wee'klv... 13,000 DailT .'.... 7,000 Weekly... 25,000 M'thly Pay Roll. The Omaha Herald, with job print'g oifice The Omaha Kepubli- can, with job print- ing office , The Omaha Bee. 102 104 93 $5,741 00 $6,300 00 $3,810 00 RAILROADS AND TELEGRAPH. As late as 1858, our nearest railroad connection was Qaincy, Illinois, east, and St. Louis south, requiring from five to ten days to reach. Now the trip is made in near as many hours. Then, twenty to thirty days by ox teams was required to reach "Pike's Peak," or "Cherry Creek," west; now twenty-three honrs speed one from the Missouri river to Denver. Then, three hundred and sixty-five days — often more — were required for a trip overland to the Pacific coast. Now seated in a Pull- man palace car, as comfortable as by your parlor fireside, less than one hundred hours transports you from Omaha to San Francisco. Then the overland fast pony mail line conveyed letters to Denver and Salt Lake at best in five to ten days; to-day the simple click of a minute machine and your message is at either point named in less time than is required t6 indite it. April 1, 1884, we had in the State 2685 miles op- erated railroads. At same date 4637 miles telegraph, J 954 of which is not operated by railroads. Railroads in Nebraska, unlike in most other States and territories, were pioneers. They lead off, as it were, reaching out into unoccupied uninhabited regions. Settlements and civilization followed, and with wonderful well known results. MANUFACTURES. Manufacturing interests are receiving more attention, and the great opportunities for the profitable investment of capital are being real- ized. Flouring mills, creameries, woolen mills, packing houses, etc., are increasing in number, but to keep pace with the increase of produc- tion of the raw material, more of these institutions are needed. An able writer says : " Here is Nebraska, the centre of the finest agricul- tural region between tlie two oceans, to furnish an almost illimitable market for the leading articles of manufacture, surrounded with im- measurable resources in crude materials, possessing a splendid railway system, offering through these means the highest inducements to man- ufacturing capital, skill and experience. And the tendency is clearly this way. Manufacturers are steadily working westward toward and -) 12 (- into their great market field, nor will the morement cease until the great interest of manufacturing and agricultural production are work- ing harmoniously upon common ground." At the date of the issue of this pamphlet, the editor was aWe to ob- tain reports from only a few of the more important points in the State. The following will give an imperfect idea of what the young State is doing outside of agriculture proper : NAMES OF TOWNS. t a a Is few f^ R Alnia Beatrice Columbns Falls City .... Hastings ....... Humboldt. ..... Kearney Lincoln . . . Nebraska City. Omaha Wahoo 35,000 80,000 143,500 12,000 9,750 9,000 51,400 95,207 1,158.000 4,199,000 30,000 18 198 116 21 70 16 116 148 333 1320 30 6,200 56,000 21,800 12,600 54,800 5,800 60,600 68,700 183,550 686,000 17,000 P 11,500 106.200 302,000 36,000 79,100 11,000 80,700 56,000 173,590 4,693,500 75,000 22,550 259,500 722,000 58,500 185,000 19,000 194,000 362,000 4,263,000 20,561,000 150,000 CROP YIELD— 1884. Co™ 169,000,000 bushels "^^i^a* 48,000,000 " Oats Barley %e... ^^®** 100^000 Hungarian Flax 31,000,000 18,000,000 20,000,000 25,000 250,000 ARTIFICIAL FORESTS. Since the first settlements, made in 1854, there have been planted forest trees, in Nebraska, 244,356 acres, or 605,514,168 trees, all of which are growing and in prosperous condition. GROWTH OF TREES. The following actual measurement of tree growths, of known a"-es are made, showing circumference in inches, two feet above ground : Yfiiis ohl. Inches. White Elm* White Elm* Red Elmf.. Catalpa* " Z Soft Maplef Soft Maple* 15 24i 24 63 24 36 20 48i 18 54f 18 69i: -) 13 (- Years old. Inches. Sycamore* 16 431 Pig Hickoiyf 24 37* Shag-bark Hickory* 24 30 Cottonwoodf 23 78i Cottonwood* 11 93 Cottonwood* 25 98 Chestnut* 14 24* Box Elderf 14 25i Box Elder* 14 31* Honey Locustf 22 40i Honey Locust* 22 41* Kentucky Coffee Treet 14 25* BurrOakt 22 36* Burr Oakt 26 43* White Oakt 22 29 Red Oakf 22 37* Black Oakf 22 ■ 38* White Ashf 22 32i Green Ashf 22 30 Black Walnutt 22 48 Black Walnut* 16 18 Black Walmit* 16 50i White Walnut* 16 49* Osage Orange* 25 26i Larch* 10 24 White Pine* 20 36i White Pine* 12 29 Scotch Pine* 15 23 Scotch Pine* 10 36 Austrian Pine* 11 22* Balsam Fir* 12 26 Red Cedar* ' 12 26i White Cedar* 12 22 Mulberry* 18 43 Mulberry t 18 39i Russian Mulberry* 6 24 Lindent 14 35 Poplar* 4 12 Silver Leaf Poplar* 12 67 Black Locust* 24 60* Red Willow* 20 58 Grey Willow* 15 26* Yellow Willow* 21 132 *Planted. fSpontaneous growth. -) u (- ENCOURAGING ENACTMENTS AND PROVISIONS. The Nebraska State Constitution provides that " the increased value of laud, by reason of live fences, fruit and forest trees gro^vn and cul- tivated thereon, shall not be taken into conrdderation in the assessment thereof. A State law " exempts from taxation for five years, $100 val- uation for each acre of fruit trees planted, and $.50 for each acre forest trees." Also makes it obligatory that "the corporate authorities of cities and villages iu the State shall cause shade trees to be planted along the streets thereof." Further, " any person .vlio shall injure or destroy the shade tree or trees of another, or permit his or her animals to do the same, shall be liable to a fine not less than $5 nor more than $50 for each tree injured or destroyed." To encourage growing live fences, tlie law permits planting "precisely on the line of the road or highway, and for its protection, to occupy for a term of seven years, six feet of the road or highway." FRUIT TREES. The orchards in the State show 12,033,112 fruit trees— apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, prune, nectarine, cherry and other small fruits. To this we add 2,906,734 grape vines. Beside home consumption, Ne- braska shipped of her crop of 1884 over three hundred thousand bushels of apples, and grape by the hundred tons. The problem of forest tree and fruit culture in Nebraska has been thoroughly and most satisfactorily solved. Near all the valuable varie- ties of timber grow and flourish to satisfaction. FRUIT GROWING. The attention of eastern fruit growers, with capital to plant large commercial orchards, is directed to the great opportunities presented by Nebraska fruit growing as a special business, and for profit which will not compare with that secured by the hard labor of plain farming. From New England westward, fruit growing has advanced in doubt, an uncertainty as to the possibilities of the beyond, until to-day the prairie States present the finest fruits grown in the great goldtn helt — a region of golden grain and fruits. No State offers such great opportunities for planting great commer- cial orchards for profit. Soil, climate and rainfall requisite for abun- dant production, is all that could be desired. Varieties differ in many instances from those of the Eastern States, but the list of fruits recom- mended by the State Horticultural Society gives only those kinds which have been thoroughly tested by the best growers, and may be taken as a sure guide by the planter. An apple orchard will commence -) 15 (- partial bearing at an early age, but at six years a full crop will be real- ized. The crops grown — first corn and then clover for hay or hog pas- turage — will pay all interest and expenses. List of fruits recommended by the Nebraska State Horticultural So- ciety : Apples — Summer — Eed June, Astrachan, Duchess, B'ifiangton, Coop- er, Am. Summer Pearmain, Cole's Quince, Sops of Wine, Lowell, Sweet June. Autumn — Snow, Rambo, Wealthy, Pewaukee, Dyer, Grimes, Porter, Fall Winesap, Calvert, Striped Gilliflower, Utter, Perry Russett. Winter — Ben Davis, Jonathan, Janeton, White Winter Peiirmain, Ort- ley, Swaar, Smith's Cider, Northern Spy, Missouri Pippin, Newtou Pip- pin, Winter Wine, Plumb's Cider, Otoe Red Streak,, Minkler, Iowa Blush, Walbridge, Mann, Lansingburg. Crabs — Hyslop, Whitney No. 20, Alaska. For trial. Golden Beauty. Peaches— 'Hale, Crawford's Early, York, Troth, George IV, Smock, Crawford's Late, Wood's Late, Morris White, Beatrice, Amsden, Alex- ander, Newington, Jacques, Heath Cling, Lemon Cling, Louise, Rivers, Mixon. Grapes — Concord, Delaware, Martha (a little tender), Eumelan, Dra- cut Amber, Moore's Early, Salem, Pocklington, Worden, Elvira. For trial: Niagara, Poughkeepsie, Brighton, Lady, Early Victor, Janesyille. Currants — Red Dutch, White Grape, Versailles, Longbunch Hol- land, Victoria. For trial : Fay's Prolific. Blackberries — Snyder. For trial: Early Wilson, Early Cluster. Gooseberries — Downing, Smith's. Raspberries — Black Gap — Gregg, Souhegan, Mammoth Cluster, Ty- ler. For trial: .Burns, Barnard. Sed — Turner, Cuthbert. For trial: Reliance, Crimson Beauty. Pears — Planting of pears for profit is not recommended, as the trees have almost universally blighted, but would recommend as the safest varieties Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne, Vicar, Lawrence, Clapp's Fa- vorite, Bartlett and Keifer. Cherries — Early Richmond, Belle Magniflquo, Reine Hortense, Eng- lish 'Morrello, Late Richmond. For trial : Olivet, Dye House. Plums — Jeflferson, Miner, Wild Goose, Forest Garden. For trial: Weaver, Wolf, De Carduc, Blackman, Desoto, Prunus Simoni (Russian), Strawberries — Crescent (p), Downer's ProUfi^c (s), Charles Down- ing (s), Mt. Vernon (s), Miner's Prolific, Duncan, Cumberland (p), Jer- sey Queen, Piper's Seedling (s), Bidwell. For trial: Nigh's Superb, Manchester, James Vick. [ (s) — Staminate. (p) — Pistillate.] -) 16 (- Varieties of apples for a commercial orchard: Buflftngton, Cooper. Wealthy, Utter, Pewaiikee, Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, Mo. Pip- pin, Winter Wine, Rome, Beauty, Otoe, Eed Streak, Domine, R. Janet, Plumb's Cider, Minkler. Letters of inquiry ansv^'ered by addressing J. T. Allan, Secretary, Omaha. LIVE STOCK. It is a well known fact that Nebraska is capable of sustaining as dense a population to the acre as any part of the world, which is so thoroughly demonstrated by her exhibit at this Exposition, and further by carefully gathered statistics on file in the Agricultural Department at Washington. It is also known that she is pre-eminently a stock State, which was also thoroughly demonstrated to the pioneers of the "Star of Empire" that first wended- their way across our fertile valleys covered by the one vast herd of buffalo, elk, deer and antelope that gathered here from all parts of the great Northwest to revel in our one hundred and fifty- four varieties of native grasses. In short, it was the Garden of Eden for God's great herbaceous family, and the Indian's paradise. As "all flesh is grass," it is here found in aufBciont quantity and quality to alone bring all kinds of stock to a very high state of perfec- . tion, cattle and hogs needing but little of our native corn to fully fit them for our fat stock shows. With our abundant supply of pure water coming from springs or streams fed bj- the melting snows of the Rocky Mountains, our altitude giving us a pure, dry atmosphere, disease among domestic animals is seldom known except where brought in by some of the thousands upon thousands of different kinds that are annually imported to be fed on our luxuriant native grasses. While our laws are very stringent against bringing in infected stock, occasionally some diseased animals escape the eagle eyes of our stock- owners, every one of which is a self-constituted detective to prevent the importation of such; but with little caution and care on the part of the owners, assisted by the aforesaid natural agencies, all traces of it soon disappear. So much so, that at this writing there is no pre- vailing disease in the State, e'coept in a few localities some hogs are being lost, and in almost every instance the cause can be traced to the carelessness of the owner in not properly looking after their sanitary condition. A better idea of our great resources cannot well be expressed than was by Dr. Moor in response to the toast, " The Great West and North- -) 17 (— west," given at the late Cattlemen's Convention at St. Louis, from which we quote: "The great west and northwest — the great bread and meat porducers of the nation. When the Savior of the world sought the hospitality of His disciples, he asked : ' Children have ye any meat?' And when he framed that incomparable litany for the universal service he includes this petition : ' Give us this day our daily bread.' Thus bread and meat have the highest recognition as staple commodities of mankind. Now, to lift the great west and northwest to the proud em ■ inenoe of being the bread and meat producers of the nations, is a com- pliment overwhelming, a responsibility appalling. " From our fields the granaries and shambles of the nations are to be filled. Southern Illinois was once the Egypt of the United States, but this Western Egypt, unlike her decadent prototype, has annexed em- pire after empire to her vast domain — Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mis- souri, Kansas, Dakota and Nebraska (but the greatest of these is Ne- braska). "And now the great west and northwest broadcast their bounties to the world. And so between these magnificent grain -bearing States on the east and the fertile seaboards of the Pacific, lie the great mountain ranges that rim the continent, bordered by the grandest pasture lands that driuk the dews and sunshine of heaven. "Who will number these cattle on thrice a thousand hills, compute their value, or translate their substance into the cheer and comfort they bear to the millions of homes and hearts of men? "Accepting the sentiment of the toast as true, the great west and northwest are the bread and meat producers of the nation. Were I asked to design for them a becoming seal, I would gather on some of their sunny slopes representatives of the toiling and hungry myriads of earth, with outstretched arms pleading for food, and hastening to their relief sun-browned cowboys driving sleek and fatted beeves, and ruddy grangers bringing lumbering trains groaning beneath their burthens of wheat and rye, and fruits and flowers; and so thenceforward " "ran- ger" and " cowboy" would stand as symbols, no longer the one of rude- ness and the other of violence, but of intelligent industry and benefi- cent bounty.'' There are now in the State — Horses 432,335 Cattle, all kinds. 1 814 g42 Hogs , 1,958,226 Sheep 1,214,065 Mules and Asses 65 234 Tliese are valued at $78,324,604. -) 18 (- Mostly all pure breeds are represented in the State and each breed has its enthusiasts. Those who aim at raising beef are supporters of either the Shorthorn, Hereford, Devon or the recently introduced Aber- deen-Angus, or Galloways. Others turn their interests to the dairy breeds, and then the Jersey, the Gurnsey, the Holstein, the Ayrshire, the Freisian, each has its supporter and advocate. There is room for all, and they all find a welcome. There is al ways a ready market at home for all bulls bred by regular breeders, in fact, the demand exceeds the supply and many high class bulls are brought from the Eastern States. Hundreds of grade bulls are needed for the western plains which stimulates even the small farmers to keep a well bred bull for using on their best grade cows to meet this demand. The ratio of increase in thorough-bred cattle in Nebraska the past five or ten years has been beyond the expectation of the most sanguine. The most noted advance has probably been made in the beef breeds, for which Nesbraska is peculiarly suted, her situation being so central to the great cattle marts, and her corn and grass so abundant and cheaply produced. With these feeding facilities and an abundance of pure water (nearly every quarter section of laud in the eastern half of the State is pro- vided with one or more springs of never failing pure water), a soU and climate that has no equal for stock raising, we predict that at no dis- tant day, Nebraska will take the highest rank in the production of thorough-bred cattle, including all the breeds most highly esteemed both in Europe and America. We have reports from nearly every county in the State, and estimate that there are about four hundred breeders of thorough-bred cattle in Nebraska, at the present time. NEBRASKA PISH COMMISSION. The numerous streams and lakes in the State w ill soon be utilized and prove of great value for producing escellent food in abundance and at a small expense compared with growing meat. Private parties who have a lake, or spring sufficient to furnish water for a small pond, are engaging in fish culture for a family supply, and with excellent success. There is no doubt but Nebraska will rank with any of the Western States in this important interest. The State Commission was created by legislative act in 1879, with a very limited appropriation, sufficient only, at first, to collect statistics and data relative to the location of streams and lakes and their adapt- ability to fish culture. During the three years, to 1883, 811,000 of Cali- fornia salmon fry had been hatched and planted. -) 19 (- In March, 1882, the Commission purchased a site of flfty-two acres, embracing a fine stream of water, and immediately established ponds, buildings, a dwelling house for the Superintendent, and appliances for carrying on an active and successful business, and have now six ponds adopted to breeding and handling brook trout, bass, wall-eyed pike, German carp and other varieties, and can hatch, at one time, twenty million of eggs of the speckled trout, pike, or other fresh water fish. Since the purchase of this site, the Commission has procured, hatched and planted the product of over 200,000 brook trout eggs. It has also procured from the U. S. Commissioner, about 2500 German earp, of the mirror and scale varieties, a large proportion of which have been dis- tributed to persons who have constructed suitable ponds for their use, retaining at tlie fisheries a suitable number for breeding, when they shall become of sufficient age. The first lot was obtained at Washing- ton, D. C, in December, A. D. 1881, of that season's product. In many parts of the State this fish makes a great growth — in some instances have attained the length of nearly two feet at two and one-half years old, and have bred duriilg the last summer. Tlie Commission lias at the Santee Fisheries (P. 0. address. South Bend, Nebraska), for breeding purposes, several thousand brook trout, rainbow trout, California trout, German carp and black bass. In April last, our efiicient Superintendent, Mr. Martin E. O'Brien, was directed to go to Saginaw bay, in Michigan, and procure a quantity of eggs of the wall-eyed pike. He procured several millions of eggs, brouglit them to the fisheries and successfullay liatched them with. a small percentage of loss, and placed in the streams and ponds in the State about two millions of healthy fry. These fish have survived and made excellent growth, some measuring eight inches in length. Two years ago there was less than a half dozen private or artificial fish ponds in the State. To-day, there are between forty and fifty, well stocked with fish for breeding and cultivation for personal use, and a large number of persons are commencing the construction of ponds especially for raising carp for market as well as for home use. The Commission purpose to obtain a large number (if possible, many millions) of wall-eyed pike eggs, next April, to be hatched and planted in the State ; also, to continue the work of planting brook trout in the streams adapted to them. The estimated value of our propagating and hatching establishment is ten thousand dollars. It is situated in the beautiful valley of the Platte river, about twenty-five miles from its confluence with the Mis- -) 20 (- souri river, near the Santee lakes in Sarpy county, from which it takes its name, Santee Fisheries. K. R. LIVINGSTON, W. L. MAY, B. E. B. KENNEDY, Fish Commissioners. INCEEASE OF RAINFALL. The yearly extension of the rain belt westward has been very appa- rent during the past few years, and due advantage has been taken by extreme western settlers. Lands which five years ago had only a scanty covering of buffalo grass, the soil baked by the hot suns of summer, are now sending up a growth of blue stem and other strong native grasses, which will shade the soil. This is due to increased rains. On these lands, 300 miles west of the Missouri river, five years ago voted as worthless for agriculture, in 1884 were fields of wheat yielding twenty- eight bushels per acre; oats, forty bushels, weighing forty-eight pounds to the bTishel; excellent crops of rye and barley; corn of excellent'qual- ity, one field of 160 acres averaging .forty bushels per acre; and acres of forest and fruit trees planted and growing. The question is asked, What is the cause of this increase of moisture? And the most reason- able solution is, rain follows the plow. As the land is turned over, the rain is held and the moisture gradually given back to the atmosphere through evaporatipn. Prof. Aughey, of the State University, has made some interesting experiments in connection with this subject. Imme- diately after a rain, six inches square was marked out in a plowed field, and the soil taken up to the depth of a foot and carefully weighed. The same was repeated with a similar amount taken from the unbroken prairie a few yards away. Both were dried and reweighed, when it was found that the sample from the plowed ground had lost nine times as much moisture as that from the prairie. One had held the rain which had ran off the other. Groves and forest trees exert the same influence. The rain lalUng among the decayed leaves and undergrowth sinks into the ground to be given off again. Judging by the past, as farming progresses west- ward we may confidently expect a continued increase of rainfall. WEST OF THE lOOTH MERIDIAN. The yearly increase of rainfall has attracted attention to lands in Western Nebraska, and a large extent has been taken during the pres- ent year. West of North Platte, on the south side of the river, along the route traveled by so many thousands to Pikes Peak, over what then -) 21 (- was a desert of sand, cactus and sage brush, is now a farming region.- Fifty bushels of rye, forty of oats and barley, have been harvested, with heavy crops of lucerne. Well ripened corn and a grand success- in tree growth all tell of the value of these western lands. The most- enthusiastic believer in the western movement of agriculture might be- astonished to-day and not be surprised if the whole slope from the base of the mountains eastward could be made an agricultural region. Be- sides these, the grazing lands of the western region are not as yet om the market for sale, but can be leasad in quantities suitable for stock growing, which gives a sure and early return with large profit. The shipments of cattle the present year tell of the great value of these lands for meat producing, where a steer can be grown on the native grasses to the age of three years for six dollars; and no animal could be healthier than one grown on the western plains. The facility of shipping the produce of the farm without the expense of hauling it long distances, is a most important feature in Nebraska farming; and as the farming lands are opened westward, as the rainfall moves towards the Occident, the railways will give the same facilities as fast as the products are ready for market. WATER SUPPLY. The whole of Nebraska has an underljring strata of pure, fresh water. In the Platte Valley this is found in a gravelly bed eight to ten feet below the surface. On the high lauds it is found at a greater depth, costing $20 for boring and tubing a well seventy-five feet deep. A windmill and pump set up costs $150, so that for less than $200 an abundant supply of water can be had for domestic purposes, watering stock, irrigating gardens, etc. The wind power can also be utilized for shelling corn, grinding grain for feed, and many other purposes. Those who have had eastern experience with springs and running brooks, know they are liable to become impure and often dry in the summer, and ice has to be broken for cattle to drink water that is too cold in winter. Those who have tried it give preference to the high prairie farm where there is such a regular and abundant supply of pure water always at hand, and can be had at the house or in the stock pasture, or wherever it is needed. Abundant rains give a full supply of soft water, and cisterns can be cheaply made by cementing directly on the firm earth walls. No part of the agricultural portion of the west can boast of a better water supply than Nebraska. WHERE NEBRASKA RAINS COME FROM. The rainfall in Nebraska is from two directions, one from the west and one from the south. The latter is brought by the moisture laden -) 22 (— clouds of the Gulf, which come north until they find a lower tempera- ture and are then condensed and precipitated in showers. From this direction the most of our rain is received. The winds from the Pacific leave their moisture on the peaks of the Kocky Mountains in the form of snow, and start east comparatively dry, gathering by the way the evaporation from the Platte and other streams, and from cultivated lands which have absorbed previous rainfalls, and deposit their bur- dens in Central and Eastern Nebraska. WHO ABE COMING WEST 1 Who are coming West and seeking wider fields and new homes for themselves and sous'? Tlie answer is, men who have made agriculture a business in the Eastern States, and who realize the great advantages of prairie lands for producing meat, combined with grain growing. To-day the world — not the Atlantic States, but in the broadest sense the world — asks for that indispensable article, meat. When our Ameri- can bacon found a market in the iron-working towns Of Great Bz-itain, it made a revolution in the ^ower of labor, that power at tlie anvil and the forge. And the prairies is where corn and pork can be produced. There is no part of the West where corn can be more surely produced than Nebraska, and then follows feeding. The opportunities in this western region are great. The whole front of Nebraska is a grand corn region, not excelled on the continent, where fifty bushels can be grown on an acre at a cost of three dollars. The eastern farmer may ask what is to bo done with it, and the answ-er is, feed cattle, hogs and sheep grown on the grazing lands, the free pastures. It costs less than to deliver the grain at a railway station. Again, the value of mixed feed, corn and oats, barley and rye ground, which are worth 50 per cent more than ungrouud, are all in reach of the farmer for lioiiie use or shipment; and besides, the power which pumps the water grinds the grain. The time will soon come when there will be an abundance of tame grasses— blue grass, orchard and timothy on the uplands, and red tip in the valleys. These and clover have all proved a success wherever tried, fully equal to the growtli in any Eastern State, and lience their value for fall and spring feeding cannot be over-estimated in the near future. The want has not been felt while our praiiies have been cov- ered with native grass rich in all the qualities necessary for producing both milk and meat. Tlie great abundance of this "has caused the building of numerous creameries, the;products of wliicli rank No. 1 in all the markets, both East and West. -) 23 (- Increase in value of western lands is a point which, demands the at- tention of those looking for new homes. The days of cheap agricul- tural lands in the West will soon close, and this great tide of western emigration must wander over the great expanse of western lands to find here and there a farm. In the regions of rainfall, or where lands must be irrigated, every acre owned or cultivated will bring a large per cent of profit. At the same time these lands are increasing in value daily, and farmers from the Eastern States who have sold their $100 an acre farms will want them. Actual settlers is what is wanted to famish the products demanded by the markets of the world. The bacon, flour, corn meal, butter and cheese of Nebraska is called for across the ocean, and wherever her products have been sent the quali- ty has been approved, and the demand is in great excess of the possible supply, hence the necessity of more production ; and the rich lands growing daily in value, invite the skilled farmers to new homes of broad extent. WHAT IS THE FUTURE OE NEBRASKA? Is a question which is asked to-day. From the present rapid advance- ment in population and productions, the oldest inhabitant cannot an- swer, but there is a firm assurance that no Western State which in less than ten years can compare with it in agriculturel wealth. The great and increasing advance in grain and stock growing, in mixed farming, dairying and other industries which are producing food that l^he mar- kets of the world call for, all point to the 75,000 acres of Nebraska lands as a region for producing the products in most demand. The annual western movement of rainfall is shown by good crops realized west of the North Platte, on lands rich in all the elements for grain producing, which only have heretofore needed rain to cover them with waving fields of golden grain. The experience of each succeeding year proves that there are "no waste lands." The " broken lands," as they are called in some parts of Western Nebraska, are being rapidly taken by men who are engaging in stock growing, and these are offered at low prices, for sheep and cattle lands. Lands which will combine pas- turage and produce grain for feeding, give a return which answers the question, " What is the future of Nebraska ?" The success in growing forests and orchards ensures great tracts of timber which will change the once treeless plains into a beautiful region of combined prairie and forest. This will be one of the best features in the near " Future of Nebraska." OPPORTUNITIES TO-DAY. There is room for the great westward flow of settlers — the poor man who can take a homestead, and the eastern experienced farmer. The -) 24 (- man who puts up a sod cabin, turns over what he can of prairie sod, receives the first year a crop of corn which in some of the western counties yielded in 1882, thirty bushels to the acre. Others who sowed flax op their breaking, got a crop which brought nine dollars per acre had plenty of the finest vegetables, hay for the cost of cutting, and at the end of the year found that they had realised a good profit for the labor. Settling ou the prairie is diiferent from plunging into a region covered with timber. Nature seems to have, provided protection and food for man and beast; all that is required is diligent labor and econ- omy to ensure an early reward. The farmer or stock-grower, or both combined, can realize a competence and wealth here in a shorter time than in any other western State. Any person intending to come west can, through the reliable inlormation published, make up his mind where the best location can be had. STATE OFFICERS. 1885-6. His Excellency Hon. James W. Dawes, Governor, Crete. Hon. H. H. Shedd, Lieutenant Governor, Ashland. Hon. E. P. Koggen, Secretary of State, Lincoln. Hon. Charles H. Willard, State Treasurer, Hebron. Hon. H. A. Babcock, Auditor Public Accounts, Ord. Hon. Jos. Scott, Commissioner Public Lands and Buildings, Kearney. Hon. William Leese, Attorney General, Seward. Hon. W. W. W. Jones, Superintendent Public Instruction, Lincoln. SUPREME JUDGES. Chief Justice — Amasa Cobb, Lincoln. Judge — Samuel Maxwell, Fremont. Judge — M. B. Reese, Wahoo. Clerk and Reporter — Guy A. Brown, Lincoln. DISTRICT JUDGES. First District — J. H. Broady, Brownville. Second District — S. P. Pound, Lincoln. Third District — James Neville, Eleazer Wakely, Omaha. Fourth District — A. M. Post, Columbus. Fifth Districts Wm. H. Morris, Crete. Sixth District — T. L. Norval, Seward. Seventh District — J. C. Crawford, West Point. Eighth District — William Gaslin, Jr., Alma. Ninth District-F. B. Tiffany, Albion. Tenth District — Georg(' F. Hamer, Kearney. DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. First District — R. W. Sabin, Beatrice. Second District — J. B. Strode, Plattsmouth. Third District — Lee Estelle, Omaha. Fourth District — William Marshall, David City. Fifth District — George W. Bemis, Sutton. Sixth District — Thomas Darnell, St. Paul. Seventh District — W. F. Bryant, Ponoa. -) 26 (- Eighth Distric^-W. S. Morton, Arapahoe. ■Ninth District— E. M. Coffin, Ord. Tenth District^J. W. Bixler, North Platte. MEMBERS OP CONGRESS. United States Senator— Charles H. Van Wyok, Nebraska City. United States Senator— Charles F. Manderson, Omalia. Representative First District— A. J. Weaver, Falls City. Representative Second District— James Laird, Hastings. Representative Third District— Geo. W. E. Dorsey, Fremont. REGENTS OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. C. H. Gere, Lincoln; Leavitt Burnham, Omaha; J. M. Hiatt, Alma; E. P. Holmes, Peirce; J. T. Mallalieu, Kearney; M. J. Hull, Edgar. GENERAL FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY. Irving J. Mannatt, Ph. D., Chancellor, and Professer of Political Science. Henry E. Hitchcock, Ph. D., Professor of Mathematics. Hon. Oliver P. Mason, Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. William S. Latta, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medecine (Eclectic). George McMillan, Ph. D., Dean of College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. Professor of Greek. August H. Edgren, Ph. D., Professor of Modern Languages. James H.Woodward, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics (Eclectic). RobeitR. Livingston, M. D., Professor of the Principle and Practice of Surgery. Lewis E. Price, Ph. D., Professor of Geology. Frederick H. Righter, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. S. D. Mercer, M. D., Professor of Clinical Surgery. , Grove E. Barber, M. A., Professor of Latiu. Lucius A. Sherman, PL. D., Professor of English. William M. Knapp, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. Clement L. Hart, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics (HomcBopathic). Charles E. Bessy, Ph. D., Dean of Industrial College, Professor of Botany and Horticulture. Laureston A. Merriam, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine. -) 27 (- Hamiltou B. Lowry, M. A. M. D., Professor of Pliysiologj'. Edgar S. Dudley, First Lieutenant U. S. Artillery, Professor of Mili- tary Science and Tactics. Bartlett L. Paine, M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine (Homoeopathic). George E. Howard, M. A., Professor of History. Lynn B. Graddy, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear. Hudson H. Nicholson, M. A., Professor of Chemistry and Physics. Albert E. Mitchell, M. D., Dean of College of Medeoine, Professor of Anatomy. Charles N. Little, A. M., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering. Nathaniel J. Beachly, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Lecturer on Orthopoedic Surgery. Elijah M. Whitten, M. D., Lecturer on Gynecology. Charles M. Dinsmoor, M. D., Lecturer on Electro-Therapeutics (Ho- moeopathic). George H. Parsell, M. D., Lecturer on Surgical Diseases of Women (Homoeopathic). Eichard Carscadden, M. D., Lecturer on Organic Diseases of the Chest {Homoeopathic) . Milton Lane, M. D., Lecturer on Materia Medica. John ¥. Wayman, M. D., Lecturer on Physiology. Ellen Smith, M. A., Eegistrar. Mrs. Adelaide Dearborn, Instructor in Elocution. Howard W. Caldwell, B. S., Instructor in History. Bion H. Culver, B. S., Instructor in Modern Languages. Charles E. Bennett, B. A., Instructor in Latin and Greek. T. Mowry Hodgman, B. A., Instructor in Phj'sics and Astronomy. Henry H. Wing, B. Ag., Instructor in Agriculture. Sarah W. Moore, Teacher of Drawing and Painting. STUDENTS. The following table shows the attendance during the two academic years mainly covered by this report, and the first term of the current academic year: College of Literature, Science and the Arts — 1882-83. Graduate students 2 Seniors - 11 Juniors 1 1 Sophomores 9 Freshmen - 20 Special students 40 Second year preparatory - 48 First year preparatory - 89 230 260 214 1883-84. 1884. 2 1 10 6 5 7 10 24 22 26 55 37 68 52 88 61 -) 28 (- Industrial College- Graduate students Seniors Juniors Sophomores Freshmen Preparatory College of Medicine- Conservatory of Music — 1 4 3 1 ■ 3 4 2 6 6 8 8 13 22 23 16 52 52 52 25 Total - 288 349 282. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Hospital for the Insane, Lincoln — H. P. Mathewson, Superintendent. Institute for the Mind, Nebraska City. Principal, J. B. Parmelee. Teacher and Matron, N. K. Parmelee. Teacher Literary Department, L. M. Hotchkiss.. Teachers Musical Department: M. Gr. McGrinnis, vocal; M. G. Par- melee, instrumental. Foreman of Shop, C. M. Scott. Physician, D. W. Hershey. Principal, J. A. Gillespie. Teachers of Sign Classes : J. A. McClure, F. L. Eeid, Fannie il. Henderson, Mary E. Henderson, Lucy Butrick. Teachers Aural and Oral Classes : Otie Plum, Belle Hudson. Domestic and Industrial Department: J. A. Gillespie, Steward; Mrs. Helen Z. Gillespie, Matron; J. C. Denise, Physician; Marion S. Coe, Nurse. Instructors in Industries: S. F. Buckley, Class in Printing; F. E. Maynard, Class in Carpentry; Mrs. Annie Steele, Class in Sewing. State Normal School, Peru — Geo. L Farnliam, Principal. State Befm-m School, Kearney — Samuel C. Mullin, Superintendent. State Penitentiary — C. J. Nobes, Warden. J. 0. Carter, Physician. Rev. P. W. Howe, Chaplain. State Pish Commission — R. R. Livingston, Plattsmouth. B. E. B. Kennedy, Omaha. W. L. May, Fremont. . 29 (- COUNTY CLERKS AND TREASURERS. The followiDg is the list of organized Counties and County Officers as officially reported for the years 1884 and 1885 : COUlirTY Adams Antelope Boone Brown Buffalo Butler Burt ■Cass - ... Cedar Cheyenne . . , Cherry Clay Colfax Cuming- .... Custer Dakota Dawson .... Dixon Dodge Douglas .... !Fillmore FranMiu . . Frontier- ... Furnas (rage Gosper Grreeley Hall Hamilton . . '. Harlan Hitchcock . .' Holt Howard .... . Jefferson . . . Johnson . . . Keaniey Xeith Knox Lancastei .. Lincoln Loup Madison . Merrick • ■ . . . Wance Ifemaha Nuckolls . . . Otoe Pawnee Phelps Pierce Platte Polk Richardson . Red WiUow Saline Sarpy Saunders . . . Seward Sherman. ... Stanton Thayer Valley Waaliington Wayne "Weisster...., "Wheeler York COTXPTTY SEAT. Hastings Oakdale Albion, Ainsworth Kearney David bity Tekamah Plattsmoath — St. Helena Sidney Valentine Clay Center Schuyler West Point.... Broken Bow . . - Dakota City... Plum Creek. .. Ponca Fremont — Omaha Geneva Bloomington . . . Evansville Beaver City.. . Beatrice Daviesville - . . Scotia Grand Island.. Aurora Alma Culhertson O'Keil City.... St. Paul Fairhury Tecumsch Miuden OgalaUa Niobrara Lincoln North Platte... Taylor Madison ^ Central City... FuUerton Brown ville Nelson Nebraska City. Pawnee City. . - Phelps Pierce Columbus Osceola Falls City Indianola Wilber PapiEion Wahoo Seward Loup City Stanton. .'...;.. Hebron OrdCity Blair Wayne Eed Cloud Cedar City. . . . York cleee: Geo. SpicknaU Eobt. Wilson John Peters B. H. McGrew G. H. Cutting James Evans A. A. Thomas J. W. Jennings B. Joestin J. J. Mcintosh G. A. Paxton L. F. Frvar... T. W. Whitman . - . . F. W. Eagoss Wilson Hewitt Henry Stott ■ T. J. Hewitt........ E. M, Bisbee Geo. H. Forney...., H. T Leavitt Edward K. Cobb.... Wm. A. Cole , L. Westgate W. H. Phelps .... A. J. Pethoud S. J. Mooman Lewis Herbert Frank Sears W. F. Peck , J. A . Piper , R. L. Perry M. D. Long C. C. Eobinson J. T. Thompson .... W. L. Dunlap J. H. Jensen . . . H. C. Bleasdale Vac Panda J. H. McClay Wm. Grady F. H. Sawyer F. H. L. Willis.... W. H. C. Rice J. W. McClelland . E. B.Hubbard V. P.Britts ■-. W. Stevenson W. B. Eaper P. 0. Hedlund W B. Chilvers . . John Stauffer L F. KeUy.... M. "W. Mussleman. C. D. Cramer Edward Beck L. Lesieur W. C. Kirchman. . . J. W. Dupin John Wall Tobias Mack. A. F. Clemens A. H. Schaefer. . . J. S. Cook Thos. J. Steele J, P.Bayha. ,. T. G. Hemmitt .... M. Sovereign TEE A SHEER Jaa. B. McCleery. J. M. Collman. ' S. H. Bollman. J. A. Plymptonv H. J, Allen. John Harper. A. T. White. W. H. Newell. Thos. Ebinger. Jas. Sutherland C. H. CordeU. G. F. Dickson. John Lapache. D W. Clancy. R. C. Talbot. Pius Noff W. J. Fleming. C. T. Baric. E. H. M:or8e. John Rush . Austin Adams. C. Hildreth. John L. Sanders. A. G.Corbin. J. F. King. F. A. Salisbury. T. P. Lanigan. E. Hooper. J. H. Faris. J. W. Bumside. A, D. Young. David L. Darr. Charles Jackson. Geo. H. Turner. D. E. Bush. F. Taylor. L. Aufdengarten. Charles J, Cadish. R. B. Graham. Lester EeUs . Ben Johnson. F. W. Richardson. W. H. Webster. J. M. Jackson. H. D. Snyder. J. VanValin. T>. W. Simpson. W. J. Halderman. Peter Peerson. A Steinkruus. C. A. Newman. N. C. Foy. J. R. Cain. J. H. Goodrich, John P. Clarey. Jas. E. Campbell. Chas. Perky. R. T. Cooper. W. A. Wnson. Adam Pilger. H. C. Bigelow- A. D. Robinson. F. Harriman. D. W. Britton. Chas. Cuschow. R. McClimans. J. W. Bennett. -) 30 (~ COUNTY SHERIFFS. The foUowing is a list of organized counties and County Sheriffs as officially reported for the years 1884 and 1885 : COUNTY. Adams Antelope - . Boone — ■ Browu Bnfialo . . . . Butler . . . Burt Cedar Cheyeune.- Cherry Clay Coltax Cuming. - Custer Dakota Dawson . ■ - Dixon Dodge — Douglas .. . Fillmore . - - Franklin . . Frontier. . . Farnas . . (rage Grosper . - - . Greeley . ■ . . Hall Hamilton . ■ Harlan .... Hitchcock ■ Holt Howard Jefferson . . SHERIFF. D. L. Barlass M. B Huffman. Job B. Green H. J. Simpson P. F. H Bhara... James Fenlon A. Crowell J. C. Eikenbury Clemens Asbre... S 0. Fowler . .. "W. H. Carter J. R.Kidd John McCurdy. .. C. Kupp .... C. P. Foote W. P. Eatlibun... Hugh MacLean. . . J. F. Pomeroy. . . T. Curran D. N.Miller W. G. Hannes . - John W. Deary.. . W. H. Miles B. F. Kaple N Herron Thomas Fritzler.. G. W Norton James Cannon. . . . W". Z. Pollard C.H. Brown G. E. Baldwin.... E. Herahisor James L. Johnson IraT. Belden COUNTY. Johnson Kt'amey Keith Knox Lancaster Lincoln Loup Madison Merrick Nance Nemaha . . . . Nuckolls Otoe Pawnee ■ Phelps Pierce — .... Platte Polk Kichardsou . . . Red Willow . . Saline Sarpy Saunders .... Seward Shennan Stanton Tliayer Valley ■ Wasbington . - Wayne "Webster . Wheeler York SHERIFF. W. W. Wilson DaTid Townsend M. Depriest Reuben Bollman Sam Melick R. J. Bangs A. C Alger George Davis C. W. Best J. Zibbell J. M- Fowler P. C. Moorhead W. T. Canada D. Liming L. A. Newra&.n Isaac W. Heath D. C. Kavanaugh L. D Hamilton M. R. Wilson J. W. Welbum John T Lane A. J. Spearman 0. A. Pierce John Brown F. W. Salters S. S. Caufield W. L. Tnompson H. Thurston W. D. Gross A. S. Miner J. W. Warren S. Peterson J, H. Hamilton -) 31 (- COEONER FOR 1884— POPULATION, ASSESSED VALUATION AND INDEBTEDNESS OF THE COUNTIES IN NEBRASKA IN 1883. Gompiledfrom Official Sources. COTTNTX. COEONEE. t^opula- tion. Assessed Valuation . Estimated Valuation. Floating indebt'ns Bonded Indebt'ns G-eorge Lloyd I.E. Wait .... D. A. Lewis 10,338 6,469 7,000 $2,500,000 907,372 875,000 $10,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 $70,000 "10,006 Antelope 8,000 89,500 Jenry B'"keT A. H Calkins 12,000 1,755,494 7,021,976 12,976 117,500 M. J-Gilkevson 10,000 18,500 3.394 3,000 1,907,332 3,968,772 1,098 37« 1,680,743 105,000 100,000 Cass Cedar ■ 11,906,317 25,000 E, B. McKenzie .. W. F. Moore Alfred Lewis Jesse F. EUer J. C. Hashberger.. L. B. Schonlau L. L. Crawford resse "Wigle 2,500,000 7,000 20,000 15,000 9.000 8,300 5.000 4,500 2.a39,673 1,577,582 ""450,000 999,917 5,000,000 4,500,000 2,000 Colfax. Cuming Custer 109,500 l,350i000 1,300.000 2,000 120,000 144,666 Dixon...... B. B. Carter E. Yan Buren W. H. Kent T. C. McCleery. . . . A. J. "Weston . John Thrash J. A. Anness M. P.Walsh 5,338 15,000 60,000 14,000 8,546 1,000 6,000 19,200 l,lfi8,581 2,500,000 10,969,509 2,967,347 641,166 240,000 908,646 3,713,069 1,558,108 7,500,000 30,000,000 ■4,500,000 1,923,498 300,000 2,627,540 20,000,000 " ' 2,000 44,000 120,000 575,000 rillmore Franklin Frontier Furnas " " 44,066 100,000 J. B. Montgomery D. Ackerman T H Line. . . . - . Ttull 10,033 10,000 7,000 6',66o 6,000 2,511,027 1'686.425 679;293 586,273 850,000 888.000 1,875,168 1,605,049 954,299 707.724 674,000 7,533.080 6,400,000 3,000,000 374,410 2,750,000 3,000,000 5,500,000 4,815,148 2,862,897 2,123,172 1,000,000 95,000 115,000 Harlan Hitchcock Holt George Deans — N. Atwood I, E. Smith L. M. Beehe 40,000 "'22,600 10,000 6,000 90,000 C. K. Chubhuok . . . 10,445 4,892 250 6,000 82,000 4,000 79,000 Keitli Knox ... Lancaster Lincoln J. (t. Hughes — E. 0. Mostellar . . . . 7,000 F.N. Dick G. W. Johnson S. J. Bridenstine. . . E. I. Wetherell . . . B.H.Smith A. Oppermann — J. W Raynor Claude Watson A. D Strank S. F. Hunter G.D. McClelland.. A. Heitz A. Coleman M. C Eyan..... ... L. L. Johnson .'. . . E. F. Eoot E B. Anglin I, C. Stephens A. K. Seip. ' .... W. T. KettaU W. D, Whalen. . . . B. E.Smith H Shirley 3,360 450 8,600 6,000 3,100 12,000 5 393 18,456 8,875 3,500 2,006 11,000 7.923 17,500 3,000 18,600 6,000 18,094 13,000 4,000 2,500 7.750 4,000 10,826 2,500 7,638 2,500 16,000 1,464,810 4,394,430 7,000 1,200 9,000 2,483 40,000 19,000 Madison Kerrick Nance 1,243,259 1,572,882 526,664 2,545.648 1,574,738 4.056,341 2,000.000 424,000 947,267 2,300,000 • 1,426,144 3,074,619 470,000 2,750.770 1,580,000 4,000,000 4,718,646 2,116,590 10.000,000 4,724,214 13,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 5,200 40,000 Nuckolls 35,000 385,000 Phelps Pierce Platte Polk Eiohardson ■Rwl WilloTT 35,000 4,000,000 4,278,432 10,000,000 1,410,000 8,253,310 4,600,000 15,000 5,000 167.000 80,000 155,000 11,000 Saline Sarpy Saunders Seward 4,000 2,500 180,000 100,000 2,346,66.= 640,00C 764,82' 1,860,98; 640,10'! 2,300,00( 959,691 1,327,23" 134,001 2,361,86. 11,500.000 6,000 40,000 Thayer YaUev i-^. 9,500,000 1,900,000 6,900,000 2,500;00C 2,000 10,000 44.500 "Washington ...,; "Wayne B.C. Pierce J. W, Bartlett.... J. M. Mosena Isaac Tracy D. E. Foristal .... 325,000 i',46c 26,64e 62,500 "Wheeler 375,00c 9,447,45s York 107,500 --)32(- In concluding this plain statement of the great advantages offered by Nebraska, to botli capital and labor : skilled labor to produce those products of the soil which capital can manufacture with profit along all her water-courses and for which markets are open both East and West ; there is one plain fact in evidence to which allusion has not been made. Hundreds of men and their wives have visited this Expo- sition who, only a few short years ago, commenced on the bare prairie with nothing but a sod house and perhaps not even a team. To-day, they are able to leave in the well trained hands of the boys and girls the cares of the farm, the household and the dairy, and for a time enjoy the reward which is due every man and woman who toils in the valley of labor, and that reward is leisure. The opportunity is here offered to broaden and deepen those ideas of progress in every branch of life's work which will bring an increased profit without an increase of labor. Nature's offerings here are wondrous, wide and free; lands with soU rich, deep and lasting, which, covered with the rich verdure of spring, look as if the gentle undulation of the ocean had stood still, pastures of millions of acres of rich grasses, wide meadows without an obstruction invite the hay-maker, and pasturage of limitless extent the stock-grower and dairy-man. The settler accepts what nature has offered, and at once commences to improve her work and listen to her teachings. Along her numerous streams, protected from the prairie fires, he finds a natural growth of the finest native woods. He has planted on the highest table land groves and forests of the same kinds, and to-day they are a waving wealth seventy feet in height, giving the assurance thattiie whole State wiU be transformed from a "treeless plain" to a land with the fullest protection from summer's sun or winter's blasts. He has planted or- chards and vineyards, and to-day presents her beautiful fruit in suc- cessful competition with the world. He has produced a wealth of those essential things the world wants, and this is causing the continual buildmg of branch railways, who are seeking to carry these products to markets of which, from the central standpoint of the continent, he has a choice east or west. The great agricultural production has caused the successful operations of the numerous flouring mills, woolen mills, Imseed oil works, creameries, packing houses, paper mills, canning factories, and other works, with a demand for more to utilize her al- most unlimited water power. No Western State can oifer such a com- bmation of requisites for acquiring health, independence, conrfort and wealth as Nebraska does to-dav. 4 Nebraska Department, New Orleans Exposition.