arV HH iiitlltilfJl.\jllflIftK1[ifil(IHiWtilH|| \ Ft HMm ■MMMtmllMlMllMtiiMBMMN^^ aporttell Bttiueraitg Etbtarg 3tt)aca. Ntttt ^otk BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 A Cornell University § Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031221421 ^ -=«-i FIRST LESSONS IN ENGLISH FOR FOREIGNERS IN EVENING SCHOOLS BY FREDERICK HOUGHTON, Sc.M. PRINCIPAL OF PUBLIC SCHOOL NUMBER 7 , BUFFALO, N.Y. ,1 I NEW YORK •:■ CINCINNATI •: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPTBIGHT, 1911, BT FREDERICK HOUGHTON. Entbred at Stationers' Hall, London. Houghton's first lessons. E-P 5 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS The following suggestions based upon experience may be of use to teachers : New Words. — It is intended that the meanings of many of the words used in the text be developed, if nouns, by having before the class the objects named, or if verbs or prepositions, by action or gesture. For instance, the meaning of basin, quart, hat, map, and similar words should be developed by reference to these objects before the class; and in reading lessons when a pupil asks, " What is this ? " he should hold or touch the object asked about. Such adjectives as full, empty, wide, and long can best be explained in connection with the measures. The teacher can most readily explain such verbs as walk, carry, measure, wash, etc., by performing before the class the actions indicated. The relations in, on, under, near, by, etc., can readily be taught by gesture. At the end of the text will be found a list of words, not readily explained otherwise, translated into German, Polish, Italian, and Yiddish. After the meanings of all new words in a lesson have been explained, the pupil should write the words, and their meanings, in his own language, in a book kept especially for that purpose. Oral Lessons. — Proficiency in English can be attained only through the constant use of English speech. To learn to speak and understand English a pupil must use English words in speech and he must hear English spoken. It is necessary, therefore, that the teacher use over and over again, in every possible combination, every new word in each lesson ; and in order that every pupil may use 5 the words the greatest number of times possible, it is recommended that these oral exercises take the form of questions which will require the use in answer of these words in complete statements. Too much time can hardly be given to oral exercises of this kind. The "Reading Lessons for Two Pupils" occurring throughout the book are designed to follow such oral exercises; and immediately before these lessons the questions in them, which are to be read by a pupil, should be asked by the teacher as an oral exercise. Action Lessons. — Facility in English is possible only when the pupil thinks in English. It is natural for a pupil to translate any English expression into his own language and, if an answer be required, to translate his thought back into English. To avoid this as much as possible, much oral work should be given in the form of action lessons, in which the teacher should use familiar words in short commands which are to be obeyed instantly by pupils. Promptness in carrying out such orders as, "Shut the door," "Tell me the time, please," "Open two windows," demands that the pupil think in English. Throughout the text are many such action lessons, in which the commands are to be given by pupils, but these should be supplemented by, and in every case preceded by, oral lessons of the same kind, in which the teacher uses not only the new words of the lesson but the familiar words learned in previous lessons. Reading and Action Lessons for Four Pupils. — These exercises, useful for giving practice in some of our English idioms, should be preceded, as in other action lessons, by similar, or identical, oral lessons, in which the teacher gives the orders and asks the questions. In the reading, however, one pupil is to give the order, one is to perform the action, one is to ask, and one to answer the questions. The actions indicated should in every case be performed. Phonics. — The lessons provided may be supplemented by drill on the sounds especially difficult for the class, such as, ch, wh, th, soft g, short a, short e, etc. In the very first lesson the teacher should go over the alphabet, sounding every letter distinctly and pointing out diffi- culties. The alphabet with the corresponding sounds! in the pupils' own language should be written in the book I reserved for vocabulary. After sounding the words on the phonic lists they might with profit be spelled orally from the book, but not necessarily memorized. Written Lessons. — It is advisable to keep a separate book in which are to be written correctly all spelling lessons, letters, bills, checks, compositions, and geography work. The letters, bills, and checks should be written and rewritten until their forms are fixed. Geography Lessons. — These are designed not only as motives for lessons in English, but to give to the pupils some idea of our country, its size and aspect, its industries and products, its people and government. Owing to the limited vocabulary at the command of the pupil, these must of necessity be simple and incomplete, and should be supplemented by lectures or short talks. To give the pupils opportunity to hear good English speech, such a talk should be given in simple English, but as it proceeds it should be interpreted into the language of the class, and further explained, when possible, by pictures. Supplemental Work. — The pupils should be taught to find the want columns and the advertisements in the newspapers. They should be taught to sing a few of our national songs. They should know how to find words in a dictionary. Any instruction in the laws or ordinances of their community is very welcome to all foreigners, who have little opportunity to learn about such things. THE ALPHABET A a d Ch N n 7? ^ B b /? ^ (:>- cr C c C P P P A D d jy d Q q c2 ^ E e C ^ R r /^ ^ F i c7 / S s ^ -^ G g 9- f T t c7 ^ H h ^ A U u l/L -u^ I i J -^ V V r ^ J J / t W w U/" ,4yC^ K k ^ -I X X X X L 1 X -e Y y '¥ ^ M m 7;^ on. Z z ? f r2:3 ¥'sC 7 r ^0 4/3,¥'/r. JO 8 FIRST LESSONS IN ENGLISH LESSON 1 THE NUMBERS 1 one 6 six 2 two 7 seven 3 three 8 eight 4 four 9 nine 5 five 10 ten THE ALPHABET ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz NEW WORDS hand finger hands fingers ACTION LESSON Count your fingers. LESSON 2 1 one 6 six 11 eleven 2 two 7 seven 12 twelve 3 three 8 eight 13 thirteen 4 four 9 nine 14 fourteen 5 five 10 ten 9 15 fifteen 10 THE ALPHABET ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghij klmnopqrstuvwxyz NEW WORDS hand finger man book hands fingers men books ACTION LESSON Count your fingers. Count the men in this room. Count the books on this desk. LESSON 3 THE ] tnJMBERS 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty NEW WORDS hand hands man men pencil pencils finger fingers book books I have ACTION LESSON Count your fingers. Count your hands. Count the men in this room. Count the books on this desk. 11 READING LESSON I have two .hands. I have ten fingers. I have one pencil. I have two books. LESSON 4 THE NUMBERS 11 eleven 16 sixteen 21 twenty-one 12 twelve 17 seventeen 22 twenty-two 13 thirteen 18 eighteen 23 twenty-three 14 fourteen 19 nineteen 24 twenty-four 15 fifteen 20 twenty NEW WORDS 25 twenty-five pencil I have How many ? I pencils you on have READING LESSON How many hands have you ? I have two hands. How many fingers have you ? I have ten fingers. How many pencils have you ? I have one pencil. How many books have you ? I have two books. How many fingers have you on one hand ? I have five fingers on one hand. How many fingers have you on two hands ? I have ten fingers on two hands. 12 I have one pencil. I have two books. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS an man ban pan can ran fan tan LESSON 5 THE NUMBERS 20 twenty 26 twenty-six 21 twenty-( 3ne 27 twenty-seven 22 twenty-two 28 twenty-eight 23 twenty-three 29 twenty-nine 24 twenty-four 30 thirty 25 twenty-five NEW WORDS chair this what table is What is this ? desk a This is READING LESSON What is this? This is a chair. What is this? This is a table. What is this ? This is a desk. 13 What is this? This is a hand. What is this? This is a finger, What is this? This is a pencil This is a book. This is a L desk. This is a table. SOUNDS OF LETTERS AND SPELLING ] LESSOl at pat bat rat cat sat fat vat hat mat (The next lesson requires six coins.) LESSON 6 THE NUMBERS 30 thirty 36 thirty-six 31 thirty-one 37 thirty-seven 32 thirty-two 38 thirty-eight 33 thirty-three 39 thirty-nine 34 thirty-four 40 forty 35 thirty-five NEW WORDS cent quarter on nickel half dollar my dime dollar 14 READING LESSON This is a cent. This is a nickel. This is a dime. This is a quarter. This is a half dollar. This is a dollar. This is my dollar. My dollar is on; What is this? What is this ? This is What is this ? This is What is this ? This is What is this ? This is What is this ? This is This is a dollar, my desk. This is a quarter. This is my quarter. My quarter is in my hand. This is a nickel. My nickel is on my desk. This is my nickel. This is a cent. This is my cent. My cent is on the desk. This is a dime. I have a dime. My dime is in my hand. This is my book. My book is on my desk. This is my pencil. My pencil is on my desk. My hand is on my desk. My hand is on my book. I have a cent. My cent is on my desk. I have a nickel. My nickel is on my desk. I have a quarter on this desk. I have a dollar on my book. I have a half dollar in my hand. SOUNDS OF LETTERS AND SPELLING LESSON ad fad mad bad gad pad cad dad had lad sad shad 15 LESSON 7 THE NUMBERS 40 forty 46 forty-six 41 forty-one 47 forty-seven 42 forty-two 48 forty-eight 43 forty-three 49 forty-nine 44 forty-four 50 fifty 45 forty-five NEW WORDS are There are How many ? there are there in make READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS 1. How many hands have you ? 2. I have two hands. 1. How many fingers have you ? 2. I have ten fingers. 1. How many fingers have you on one hand ? 2. I have five fingers on one hand. 1. How many fingers have you on two hands ? 2. I have ten fingers on two hands. 1. How many cents are there in a nickel ? 2. There are five cents in a nickel. 1. How many cents are there in two nickels ? 2. There are ten cents in two nickels. 1. How many cents are there in three nickels ? 2. There are fifteen cents in three nickels. 1. How many cents are there in a quarter ? 2. There are twenty-five cents in a quarter. 16 1. How many cents are there in a half dollar ? 2. There are fifty cents in a half dollar. 1. How many nickels are there in one dollar ? 2. There are twenty nickels in one dollar. 1. How many quarters are there in a dollar ? 2. There are four quarters in a dollar. 1. How many quarters are there in a half dollar ? 2. There are two quarters in a half dollar. 1. How many half dollars are there in a dollar ? 2. There are two half dollars in a dollar. READING LESSON There are five cents in a nickel. Five nickels make one quarter. Four quarters make one dollar. There is a quarter on my desk. It is my quarter. My quarter is on my desk. I have a nickel on my desk. This nickel is in my hand. I have two books and a pencil. The pencil is in my hand. One book is on my desk. One book is in my hand. SOUNDS OF LETTERS AND SPELLING LESSON ag nag flag bag rag brag fag sag snag gag tag drag hag wag stag (The next lesson requires a large flag.) 17 LESSON 8 THE UNITED STATES FLAG United States stripe white states flag stripes blue state star stars red color colors READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS 1. What is this? 2. This is a flag. 1. What flag is this? 2. This is the United States flag. 1. What are on the flag ? 2. Stars and stripes are on the flag. 1. What colors are on the flag ? 2. Red, white, and blue are on the flag. 1. What color are the stars ? 2. The stars are white. 1. What colors are the stripes ? 2. The stripes are red and white. 1. How many stripes are there ? 2. There are thirteen stripes on the flag. 1. How many red stripes are there ? 2. There are seven red stripes on the flag. 1. How many white stripes are there ? 2. There are six white stripes on the flag. 1. How many stars are there on the flag ? 2. There are forty-six stars on the flag. FIRST LESS. IN ENG. 2 18 READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Put your hand on the flag. Put your finger on a star. Put your finger on a red stripe. Put your finger on a white stripe. READING LESSON This is the flag of the United States. Its colors are red, white, and blue. There are stars and stripes on this flag. There are forty-six stars. There are forty-six states in the United States. Each state has one star on the flag. There are thirteen stripes, seven red stripes, and six white stripes. "Three cheers for the Red, White, and Blue." "I love the flag. The dear, old flag. The Red, the White, the Blue." LESSON 9 THE NUMBERS 50 fifty 80 eighty 60 sixty 90 ninety 70 seventy 100 one hundred NEW WORDS copper is made of silver that wood 19 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS 1. What is this? 2. This is a cent. 1. What is this cent made of ? 2. That cent is made of copper. 1. What is this? 2. That is a quarter. 1. What is this quarter made of ? 2. That quarter is made of silver, 1. What is a half dollar made of ? 2. A half dollar is made of silver. 1. What is a dollar made of ? 2. A dollar is made of silver. 1. What is this chair made of? 2. That chair is made of wood. 1. What is this table made of ? 2. That table is made of wood. 1. What is your desk made of ? 2. My desk is made of wood. 1. How many cents are there in one dollar ? 2. There are one hundred cents in one dollar. 1. How many cents are there in three quarters ? 2. There are seventy-five cents in three quarters. 1. How many cents are there in three quarters and two nickels ? 2. In three quarters and two nickels there are eighty- five cents. 1. How many cents are there in two quarters and three nickels ? 2. In two quarters and three nickels there are sixty- five cents. 20 1. How many cents are there in one quarter and four nickels ? 2. In one quarter and four nickels there are forty- five cents. READING LESSON The chair and the table are made of wood. My desk is made of wood. My pencil is made of wood. This dollar is made of silver. The half dollar, the quarter, and the ten-cent piece are made of silver. The cent is made of copper. Silver is white. Copper is red. SOUNDS OF LETTERS AND SPELLING LESSON ap snap cap rap flap trap gap strap lap sap slap tap map nap LESSON 10 100 one hundred 101 one hundred one 102 one hundred two 103 one hundred three 104 one hundred four 105 one hundred five 106 one hundred six 107 one hundred seven 108 one hundred eight 109 one hundred nine 110 one hundred ten 21 NEW WORDS put your on in under $ dollar NUMBER LESSON Read these numbers : $15 ; $25 ; $34 ; $41 ; $58 ; $63 ; $75 ; $82 ; $110 ; $105. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS (One to read, one to do.) Put your hand on your desk. Put one hand on a book. Put two hands on your desk. Put your book under your desk. Put your pencil under your desk. Put your pencil on your desk. Put your book on this table. Put your pencil on this table. Put your pencil into your book. Put your two hands under your desk. Put four books on this chair. Put seven books on this desk. Put six books under the table. READING LESSON I put my hand on this desk. I put my book on my desk. I put my hands under my desk. 22 I put four books on the chair. I put seven books on this desk. I put six books under this table. PHONICS AND S ;PELUNG (ack) rack back track hack sack jack tack lack stack slack whack pack crack clack LESSON 11 THE NUMBERS 100 one hundred 160 one hundred sixty 110 one hundred ten 170 one hundred seventy 120 one hundred twenty 180 one hundred eighty 130 one hundred thirty 190 one hundred ninety 140 one hundred forty 200 two hundred 150 one hundred fifty NEW WORDS right down left and hold put hold up put down up side 23 NUMBER LESSON Read these numbers : $1.25; $2.35; $3.75; $4.45; $5.95; $6.15; $7.85; $11.35; $25.87. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Put your right hand on your desk. Put your left hand on your desk. Put your left hand under your book. Put your right hand under your desk. Hold up your right hand. Hold up your left hand. Hold up three fingers. Hold up two fingers on your right hand. Hold up four fingers on your left hand. Hold up your right hand. Put down your right hand. Hold up your left hand. Put down your left hand. Hold up your book. Hold up your pencil. Put down your book and your pencil. Put your hand on the right side of your desk. Put your hand on the left side of your desk. Put your book on the right side of your desk. PHONICS AND SPELLING LESSON and than hand three band there land thirteen sand thirty stand this grand that 24 LESSON 12 NUMBER LESSON 100 one hundred 600 six hundred 200 two hundred 700 seven hundred 300 three hundred 800 eight hundred 400 four hundred 900 nine hundred 500 five hundred 1000 ten hundred, or one thousand Read these numbers : $1.34; $2.31; $3.63; $4.53; $5.64; $6.37: $7.51; $8.45 ; $.25 ; $.32 ; $.55; $.75; $.85; $.10; $.09; $.05; $.02. NEW WORDS is made of the wood what iron window glass silver door copper knife steel READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS 1. What is this? 2. That is a door. 1. What is the door made of ? 2. The door is made of wood. 1. What is this ? 2. That is a window. 1. What is this window made of ? 2. That window is made of glass and wood. 25 1. What is this? 2. That is your knife. 1. What is my knife made of ? 2. Your knife is made of steel. 1. What is your desk made of ? 2. My desk is made of wood and iron. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Put your hand on the door. Put your hand on the window. Put your knife on the desk. Put your hand on glass. Put your hand on iron. Put your hand on the iron in your desk. Put your hand on the iron in the door. READING LESSON That is a door. This is a window. The door, the table, and the chair are made of wood. The window is made of wood and glass. This desk is made of wood and iron. My knife is made of steel. A dollar is made of silver. Silver is white. There are one hundred cents in a dollar. There are fifty cents in a half dollar. Four quarters make one dollar. A cent is made of copper. Five cents make one nickel. Twenty-five cents make one quarter. One hundred cents make one dollar. Copper is red. SPELLING LESSON and man hand men hands have en 26 PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING LESSON ken tend lend men pen spend wend fen then rend bend den ten send tent LESSON 13 NUMBER LESSON 1000 one thousand 1100 one thousand one hundred, or eleven hundred 1200 one thousand two hundred, or twelve hundred 1300 one thousand three hundred, or thuteen hundred 1400 one thousand four hundred, or fourteen hundred 1500 one thousand five hundred, or fifteen hundred 1600 one thousand six hundred, or sixteen hundred 1700 one thousand seven hundred, or seventeen hundred 1800 one thousand eight hundred, or eighteen hundred 1900 one thousand nine hundred, or nineteen hundred EOOO two thousand Read these numbers : 1869; 1898; 1907; 1908; 1906; 1902; 1901; 1892: 1492 ; 1607 ; 1621 ; 1776 ; 1789 ; 1909. NEW WORDS open sit shut stand at near walk 27 READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Open one window. Open the door. Open your book. Open your knife. Shut the door. Shut the window. Shut your book. Open two windows. Shut the windows. Stand up. Sit down. Stand at the right side of your desk. Walk to the door. Walk to your seat. Sit down. Stand at the left side of your desk. Walk to the door. Open the door. Walk to your desk. Sit down. Stand at the right side of your desk. Walk to the door and shut it. Walk to your desk. Sit down. Stand at the right side of your desk. Walk to the window and open it. Shut the window and walk to your desk. Sit down. Put this chair near the door. Stand this chair near the window. Walk to the window and sit down in the chair. PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING (est) pest west best quest crest • lest rest test nest rested tested (The next lesson requires a clock and a watch to be used for learning to tell time.) 28 LESSON 14 clock horn- past watch minutes to time minute it What time is it? now READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this ? This is a watch. What is this? That is a clock. What is this watch made of ? It is made of silver. What is this clock made of ? It is made of glass and wood and brass. Put your finger on the brass. What time is it ? It is . . . . o'clock. How many minutes are there in one hour ? There are sixty minutes in one hour. How many minutes are there in two hours ? In two hours there are one hundred twenty minutes. How many minutes are there in three hours ? In three hours there are one hundred eighty minutes. What time is it now ? Now it is o'clock. WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON is it time clock shut open wood the 29 PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING (ed) red (eg) (et) bed wed beg bet pet fed shed leg get set led sled peg jet wet Ned let met whet LESSON 15 (A clock dial is needed for this lesson.) hour minutes past now tell tells What time is it ? o'clock READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What tells the time ? A clock and a watch tell the time. What is this ? That is a clock. What is this ? That is a watch. How many minutes are there in one hour ? There are sixty minutes in an hour. How many minutes are there in a half hour ? There are thirty minutes in a half.hour. How many minutes are there in a quarter of an hour? In a quarter of an hour there are fifteen minutes. What time is it ? 30 It is fifteen minutes past eight. It is a quarter past eight o'clock. What time is it now ? It is half past eight o'clock. Now what time is it? Now it is a quarter to nine o'clock. Tell me the time now. It is now ten minutes to nine o'clock. Now what time is it ? Now it is ten minutes after nine o'clock. PHONICS (eck) (em) in beck gem bin check hem din deck stem chin neck pin peck LESSON 16 spin THE DAYS OF THE WEEK day week to-day first Sunday to-] morrow second Monday yesterday third Tuesday fourth Wednesday fifth Thursday sixth Friday seventh Saturday 31 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS How many days are there in one week ? There are seven days in a week. What is the first day of the week ? Sunday is the first day of the week. What is the second day of the week ? The second day is called Monday. What is the third day of the week ? Tuesday is the third day. What are the fourth and fifth days ? The fourth day is Wednesday and the fifth day is Thursday. What are the sixth and seventh days ? The sixth day is Friday and the seventh is Saturday. What day is this ? This is What day was yesterday ? Yesterday was What day will to-morrow be ? To-morrow will be What time is it ? It is o'clock. "How many days has baby to play? Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday." "Time is money." "Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to- day." 32 WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON at day- week sit stand up side first down PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING ell it (ing) cat bell bit ding can cell fit ring cap dell hit sing cad fell lit wing cape sell sit thing car well slit string cake shell ringing quell singing swell sitting LESSON 17 THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE VERB (The progressive form is difficult for most foreigners, Too much oral drill cannot be given.) NEW WORDS do I you he open shut sit stand opening shutting sitting standing I am Ami? You are Are you ? He is Is he? I am sitting. I am standing. 33 You are sitting. You are standing. He is sitting. He is standing. What am I doing ? What are you doing ? What is he doing ? READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS (Three to read, one to do.) (First pupil) 1. Stand near your desk. (Second pupil) 2. What is he doing ? (Third pupil) 3. He is standing near his desk. 1. Sit in this chair. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is sitting in this chair. 1. Walk to the door. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is walking to the door. 1. Open the door. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is opening the door. 1. Sit at your desk. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is sitting at his desk. 1. Stand near this table. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is standing near that table. 1. Hold up your right hand. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is holding up his right hand. 1. Put your hand on your desk. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is putting his hand on his desk. FIRST LESS. IN BNQ. 3 34 PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING LESSON (ill) mill will (ch) bill pill grill chaff dill quill spill chap fill rill chill chess gill sill drill chin hill till frill chid kill still chat chain chip LESSON 18 THE PROGRESSIVE FORM NEW WORDS name live school at in English come street learn work I am working. We are working. You are working. Yous ire working. He is working. They are working, READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is your name ? My name is . . . Where do you live ? I live at number Street. Where do you work ? I am working at the Steel Plant. Where is the Steel Plant? It is on Mill Street. How many days a week do you work ? I work six days a week. Where do these men work ? They are working at the Steel Plant. Where do they live ? They are living on Elk Street. How many times do you come to school in a week ? I am coming to school three times in a week. What do you learn in school ? I am learning English. Are you coming to school to-morrow ? No, school is not open to-morrow night. How do you come to school ? I walk. WRITTErr LESSON Open your books and write these sentences in them : My name is I live on Street. I live at number Street. I work on Street. I come to school times a week. This school is on ....... Street. READING LESSON This is my desk. It is made of wood and iron. This is wood, and this is iron. I am sitting at my desk now. I put my books and my pencil on my desk. I write on my desk. That is a door. It is made of wood. It is open now. There are doors in this room. There are windows. 36 WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON he you we they live work living working PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING LESSON (ick) stick drill drip Dick wick dram drag chick quick day trick dray do LESSON 19 (Note. — "America" should be read slowly and distinctly by the teacher, then in concert several times by the class, then by individual pupils, and finally sung.) NEW WORDS song play every one is called sing every national hear There are three songs that every one should know. They are "America," "Star-Spangled Banner," and "Old Folks at Home." The song in this lesson is called "America." It is the national song of the United States. Every one should learn to sing it. When we hear it sung or played, we stand up. 37 AMERICA 1 My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty. Of thee I sing ; Land where my fathers died. Land of the pilgrims' pride. From every mountain side, Let freedom ring. My native country, thee, Land of the noble free, — Thy name I love ; I love thy rocks and rills. Thy woods and templed hills ; My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. 3 Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees, Sweet Freedom's song ; Let mortal tongues awake. Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break, - The sound prolong. Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty. 38 To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light ; Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King. — Written by S. F. Smith, (Note. — The next lesson requires a yardstick and a foot rule.) LESSON 20 NEW WORDS yard long wall foot wide floor feet high pane inch measure inches yardstick foot! 12 inches make one foot. 3 feet make one yard. 36 inches make one yard. The yardstick is 36 inches long. The foot rule is 12 inches long. READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS How long is your desk ? My desk is inches long. How wide is your desk ? My desk is inches wide. How long is your book ? My book is inches long. 39 How wide is your book ? My book is inches wide. How long is this table ? That table is feet long. How wide is that door ? That door is feet and inches wide. How high is that door ? That door is feet and inches high. Measure your desk. My desk is inches long and inches wide. Measure your book. My book is inches long and inches wide. Measure that window pane. That window pane is . . . . inches long and inches wide. Measure the door. The door is ... long and wide. Measure the wall. That wall is long. Measure the floor. The floor is long and wide. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Measure the door. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is measuring the door. 1. Measure your book. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is measuring his book. 40 1. Measure the window pane. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is measuring the window pane. WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON foot feet yard inch inches pane LESSON 21 NEW WORDS long wide high long longer wide wider than high higher tall taller lumber board pine oak tree trees READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Measure this table. Measure this chair. Measure this board. Measure that door. Measure the window. Measure a pane of glass in the window. Put your hand on a board. Put your hand on a pine board. Put your hand on an oak board. Put your finger on the picture of a tree. 41 READING LESSON My hand is six inches long. My desk is longer than my hand. The table is longer than my desk. The wall is longer than the table. My hand is four inches wide. My book is wider than my hand. The chair is wider than my book. The floor is wider than the chair. I am 5 feet 10 inches tall. I am taller than a boy. A tree is taller than I am. A Pine Tree and an Oak Tree Boards are made of wood. They are made of trees. Pine boards are made of pine trees and oak boards are made of oak trees. We call boards "lumber." We have pine lumber and oak lumber. The floor, the walls, the doors, and the windows are made of pine lumber. Tables and desks are made of oak lumber. Open your books and write in them the answers to these questions : 42 1. What is a window made of ? 2. What is a door made of ? 3. What is a floor made of ? 4. What is a chair made of ? 5. How tall are you ? WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON wood wall door wide floor pine than long glass high PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING LESSON on (ot) (ock) fan gad con cot dock fat get fond slot flock fed gold pond plot stocking frill fag contest knot rocket Philip gag , The next lesson requires a hammer, a saw, a hand ax, a piece of board, and a nail.) LESSON 22 NEW WORDS carpenter ax hammer builds saw nails house cut drive houses cuts drives boards steel iron 43 THE CARPENTER What is this? That is a hammer. What is this hammer made of ? It is made of steel and wood. Who uses a hammer ? A carpenter uses a hammer. Carpenters at Work What does a carpenter do with a hammer ? A carpenter drives nails with a hammer. What is this? This is a saw. What is this saw made of ? It is made of steel. Who uses a saw ? A carpenter uses a saw. What does a carpenter do with a saw ? 44 He cuts boards with a saw. What is this ? That is an ax. What does a carpenter do with an ax ? He cuts wood with an ax. What tools does a carpenter use ? He uses a hammer, a saw, and an ax. What does a carpenter do ? A carpenter builds houses. What does he build houses of ? He builds them of wood. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Take this hammer in your right hand and this nail in your left hand. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is holding a hammer and a nail in his hands. 1. Drive the nail into that board. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is driving a nail into that board. 1. Pull out the nail. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is pulling the nail out of the board. 1. Take the saw in your right hand. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is holding the saw in his right hand. 1. Saw off a piece of board six inches long. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is sawing the board. 1. Split the six-inch piece into three pieces. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is splitting the wood with the ax. 45 READING LESSON The carpenter builds houses. The houses are made of lumber. He cuts the boards with his saw and his ax and fastens the boards with nails. He drives the nails into the wood with his hammer. He puts windows and doors, walls and ceilings and floors, into the houses. Lumber is made from trees. Men, called lumber- men, cut down the trees with axes and saws, and saw them into boards. There are pine trees and oak trees and other trees. Carpenters use pine for houses. PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING (un) gr bun grand dun gram fun grill gun grip Hun grit shun grass spun greet stun great (The next lesson requires a set of liquid and a set of dry measures.) LESSON 23 NEW WORDS pint peck potato pints pecks potatoes quarts bushel wheat gallon bushels milk gallons h ch hand chair ham chop hill chill hip chip hit chin high chat hitch chain hatch char 46 LIQUID MEASURE 2 pints make 1 quart. (1 quart is about J liter.) 4 quarts make 1 gallon. DRY MEASURE 8 quarts make 1 peck. 4 pecks make 1 bushel. What is this? That is a quart measure. What kind of a quart measure is it ? It is a liquid quart measure. What do we measure with this quart ? We measure liquids. What is a liquid ? Milk is a liquid, water is a liquid, and oil is a liquid. How many pints in a quart ? There are two pints in a quart. How many quarts make a gallon ? Four quarts make a gallon. What is this? This is a dry quart measure. What do we measure with this measure ? We measure dry things, Hke potatoes, wheat, and beans. How many dry quarts make a peck ? Eight quarts make a peck. What is this? That is a half bushel measure. How many peeks in a half bushel ? There are two pecks in a half bushel. Sixteen quarts make a half bushel. 47 READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What time is it ? Stand at the right side of your desk, walk to the win- dow, open it, and walk back to your desk. Measure your desk. Shut the window, please. Put your hand on the liquid quart measure. Put your hand on the peck measure. What time is it ? Put your hand on the half bushel measure. Walk to the door and open it. Put your hand on the gallon measure. Tell me the time. How many inches high is the half bushel measure ? Measure the gallon measure. Name the days of the week. Find the pint measure. Tell me the time. Show me the quart measure that you measure milk with. Show me a piece of oak. What day is to-day ? Show me a piece of pine. What time is it ? WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON pint cut house pints cuts houses peck shut milk nail 48 PHONICS AND ORAL SPELLING LESSON (ut) J g (soft) but John George cut job large jut judge charge shut just gentleman strut jam general (The next lesson requires a large calendar.) LESSON 24 January May September February June October March July November April August December winter spring summer fall autumn hoUday hot dry READING LESSON cold The first month in the year is January. It is in tht winter. There are thirty-one days in January. The first day of January is called New Year's Day. January is a cold month. The second month in the year is February. This is a winter month. It has only twenty-eight days. There are two holidays in February. The twelfth of Febru- ary is the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. The twenty- second of February is the birthday of George Wash- ington, the first President of the United States. 49 March is the third month. There are thirty-one days in March. It is the first month of spring. April, the fourth month, has thirty days. It is a spring month. May, the fifth month, is a spring month. There are thirty-one days in May. The thirtieth of May is a holiday, called "Decoration Day." June is the first summer month. There are thirty days in June. June twenty-first is the longest day in the year. July is a summer month. It has thirty-one days. There is one holiday in July, called "Independence Day" or "Fourth of July." On the fourth of July, 1776, the United States became free from England. August is a hot, dry, summer month. It has thirty- one days. The ninth month, September, is the first month of fall or autumn. It has thirty days. The first Monday in September is called Labor Day. Labor Day is the workingmen's holiday. October is the tenth month of the year. November, the eleventh month, is a fall month. It has thirty days. There are two holidays in November. Election Day comes on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. On that day the people elect their officers. The last Thursday in November is called "Thanksgiving Day." On that day people give thanks to God for His goodness during the year. The last month of the year is December. This is the first month of winter and it has thirty-one days. The twenty-fifth of December is called "Christmas Day," the day on which Christ was born. 50 "Thirty days hath September, April, June and November. All the rest have thirty-one. Excepting February alone." "March winds and April showers Bring forth May flowers." PHONICS • J ch g (soft) June child George July children gem Jacob chair large James charge urge John chicken urgent Jew chew wedge joke choke LESSON 25 NEW WORDS ledge to-day To-day is date to-morrow To-morrow will be birthday yesterday Yesterday was DATES What month is this ? This is the month of What day of the month is this ? This is the . . . . day of the month. What is the date ? To-day is the day of the month. 51 What day will to-morrow be ? To-morrow will be the day of the month. What day of the month was yesterday ? Yesterday was the . day of What was the date of last Friday ? Last Friday was What was the date of last Monday ? Last Monday was On what day does New Year's Day come ? New Year's Day comes on January first. On what day does Christmas come. Christmas comes on the twenty-fifth of December. What is the date of Independence Day ? Independence Day comes on the fourth of July. What is the date of Labor Day ? Labor Day comes on the first Monday of September. What is the date of Washington's Birthday ? Washington's Birthday comes on February twenty- second. On what day were you born ? I was born on the . . day of What is the date of your birthday ? My birthday is Write these sentences in your books : 1. This is the month of 2. This is the day of 3. To-morrow will be , the day of 4. Yesterday was , the day of 5. My birthday is . . 6. Christmas Day is 52 WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON is was will his born be this birthday he Washington (Note. — The next lesson requires several vege- tables.) LESSON 26 grocer sell potato grocery sells potatoes store buy apple write buys orange letter bread milk cabbage flour oil READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Where do you buy potatoes ? I buy potatoes at the grocery. Where do you buy bread ? I buy bread at the grocery. What is this ? That is an apple. What is this? That is an orange. Where do you buy apples and oranges ? I buy apples and oranges at the gi'ocery. What do you call the man at the grocery ? The grocer keeps the grocery. What is a grocery ? 53 A grocery is a store where we buy potatoes and cab- bage, bread and flour, apples and oranges, milk and oil. How does the grocer sell potatoes ? He sells them by the peck. mill II iJiiiri 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 I I I I L.i...i."J...i...U,,bJ- J ■ ^"^^ ^^ mTRESH BREAD A Grocebt How does he sell oranges ? He sells oranges by the dozen. How many make a dozen ? There are twelve in a dozen. Write this letter in your book : BurFALO, N.Y., Street, ...., 19-. Mr. John Anson, 137 Houston Street, City. Dear Sir: Please send me to-day 1 peck of potatoes, 1 peck of apples, 2 quarts of oil, and a bag of flour. Yours truly. 54 (oi) (ow) (OU) oU owl bound boil cowl found coil fowl ground foil howl hound soil jowl mound toil cow pound coin how round join now sound joint scow wound joining allow sounded jointed allowing soundly boiler disallow flour (Note. — The next lesson requires a red apple, an or- ange, and a color chart or colored crayons.) LESSON 27 NEW WORDS apple orange color red yellow taste green round feel sweet sour soft seed white hard flesh smooth READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS THE APPLE What is this? That is an apple. 55 What is the shape of this apple ? That apple is round. What is the color of this apple ? That apple is red. Some apples are green. How does this apple feel ? It feels smooth. What is this in the apple ? That is the flesh of the apple. What is the color of the flesh of the apple ? The flesh of the apple is white. How does the flesh of the apple taste ? The flesh of the apple tastes sour. Some apples are sweet. What are these ? They are the seeds of the apple. What color are they ? They are black. How does an apple seed feel ? It feels hard and smooth. THE ORANGE What is this? That is an orange. What is the color of this orange ? The orange is yellow. How does the flesh of the orange taste ? The flesh of the orange tastes sweet. Some oranges taste sour. How does the orange feel ? The orange feels rough. What are these ? 56 They are orange seeds. What is the color of the seeds ? The seeds are white. READING LESSON This is an apple. It is round and smooth. This apple is red. Some apples are green. The flesh of the apple is white and sour. Its seeds are black. I buy apples from the grocer at the grocery. That is an orange. It is yellow and round. It is not smooth hke the apple. It is rough. Its flesh is sweet and its seeds are white and hard. WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON seed apple orange sweet black or these smooth buy LESSON 28 For class of men only.) NEW WORDS hat cloth legs head woolen trousers coat cotton feet body tailor shoe wear shoemaker shoes shirt leather stockings READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this ? That is your coat. 57 What is this? That is your hat. What is this ? That is your shoe. What are these ? Those are your trousers. Where do you wear your hat ? I wear my hat on my head. Where do you wear your coat ? I wear my coat on my body. Where do you wear your shoes ? I wear my shoes on my feet. What is your coat made of ? It is made of cloth. What are your shoes made of ? ■They are made of leather. What kind of cloth is your coat made of ? It is made of woolen cloth. What kind of cloth is your shirt made of ? It is made of cotton cloth. Who made my coat ? A tailor made your coat. Who made my shoes ? A shoemaker made your shoes. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Put your hand on your head. Put your hand on your body. How many feet have you ? How many legs have you ? Put your hand on your coat. 58 Show me your shoes. Show me your hat. Put your hand on your trousers. Feel the wood in your desk. Is it smooth or rough ? Feel the glass in the window. Is it smooth or rough ? Feel the cloth in your coat. Is it smooth or rough ? What is the color of your coat ? What is the color of your shirt ? READING LESSON I wear a coat, a hat, shoes, stockings, trousers, and a shirt. My coat covers my body. My hat covers my A Tailor at Work head. My shoes and stockings I wear on my feet. On my legs I wear trousers and under my coat I have a shirt. My coat, my shirt and trousers, and my stockings are made of cloth. The coat and trousers are made of woolen cloth and the shirt is made of cotton cloth. 59 Some stockings are made of cotton and some are made of woolen cloth. I call my coat, trousers, shirt, and stockings my "clothes." A coat, trousers, and vest I call a "suit of clothes." Coats are made by tailors. Shoes are made by shoe- makers. Write this letter in your book : St., Buffalo, N.Y., ,19-. Mr. Joseph Band, 817 Main Street, City. Dear Sir : Please send to my house on Friday the coat that you are making for me. Yours truly, WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON hat foot shoe that feet shirt coat head Sir (Note. — The next lesson requires a needle, thread, scissors, knife, hammer, and nails.) LESSON 29 NEW WORDS tailor sews shoemaker clothes thread hammer cuts needle nails shears sewing machine knife 60 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this? That is a needle. What is this ? That is thread. Who uses a needle and thread ? A tailor uses needle and thread. What does he do with them ? He sews cloth with them. What are these ? Those are shears. Who uses shears ? A tailor uses shears. What does he do with shears ? He cuts cloth with them. What are the shears and the needle made of ? They are made of steel. What is the thread made of ? Thread is made of cotton. What does a shoemaker cut leather with ? He cuts leather with a knife. READING LESSON THE TAILOR My coat was made by a tailor. He made it of woolen cloth. He cut the cloth with shears and sewed it with a needle and thread. He sews on a sewing machine. The shears are made of steel, and his needle is made of steel. His sewing machine is made of iron, and the thread is made of cotton. 61 THE SHOEMAKER A shoemaker made my shoes. They are made of leather. The shoemaker cut the leather with a knife and sewed it with thread. He put the thread in a needle on a machine. He drove nails into the shoe with a hammer. FOUR MEN The four men are the carpenter, the grocer, the tailor, and the shoemaker. I buy groceries from the grocer and shoes from the shoemaker. The tailor makes clothes for me and for the other three men. The carpenter built houses for the tailor and the shoemaker apd a ,'3tore for the grocer. Write the answers to these questions in your book : Who makes my coat ? What is my coat made of ? Who makes my shoes ? What are shoes made of ? What does the tailor cut his cloth with ? What does the shoemaker cut his leather with ? What does the carpenter cut boards with ? WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON sew needle cloth cut tailor clothes knife my was (ace) (ake) (ame) k face bake came kick lace cake game kill place space grace graceful 62 lake name kit shake shame kitchen snake tame kite baker shameful back (Note. — The next lesson requires the "Men Wanted" column of an evening newspaper.) LESSON 30 NEW WORDS wanted work repair after apply at once to-day to-morrow newspaper help wanted column ACTION LESSON Get the newspaper. Find the column where it says "Men Wanted." Read the first want advertisement. Read the second. Read the third. Find an advertisement for a tailor. Find an advertisement for a carpenter. READING LESSON Wanted : Man to work in a grocery. Apply at once. 184 Main Street. Wanted : Carpenter to work on a house, 620 East St. Apply to-morrow at eight o'clock. Wanted: Two carpenters at once. Apply at 748 Washington St. 63 Wanted : Good shoemaker on machine work. Apply after 4 o'clock at Shoe Repair Shop, 958 John St. Wanted : Three men to run sewing machines on tailor work. 719 Grand St. Wanted : Tailor, 315 Broadway. Wanted : Coat maker and two shirt makers at once. 726 West St. Wanted : 40 carpenters for repair work. Must speak English. Write Sand Car Shops, Scranton, Pa. Write in your book this letter to the Sand Car Shops, asking for work as a carpenter : St., Buffalo, N.Y., 19-- Sand Car Shops, Scranton, Pa. Gentlemen : I read your advertisement in which you ask for carpenters for repair work. I am a carpenter and have worked in the American Car Shops for two years. This shop will shut down this week. I should be glad to have work in your shops. Yours respectfully, PHONICS (eet and eat) (eed) greet cleat greed steed street heat greedy needed sleet meat weed seedy meet treat weedy sleeting treatment speed fleet wheat 64 LESSON 31 NEW WORDS car stops go conductor stop goes motorman comes fast fare here wish please get READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this a picture of ? That is a car. Who makes the car go ? The motorman makes the car go. Electric Car, New York Who stops the car ? The motorman stops the car. Who takes the fare ? The conductor takes the fare. 65 How much is the fare ? The fare is five cents. How does the car go ? The car goes fast. What does the motorman do ? He makes the car go and he stops it. What does the conductor do ? He takes the fare. What do you wish ? I wish to ride on the car. Where do you wish to go ? I wish to go to Main Street. Will the motorman stop the car at Main Street ? Yes. Will this car take me to Main Street ? Yes. READING LESSON A RIDE ON A CAR " I wish to apply for work at 184 Main Street. Please tell me how to go there." "You take the car on Clinton Street and it will take you to Main Street." "Thank you." "Here comes a car. It will stop here. The motor- man stops it. I get on the car. The conductor comes to me and asks for my fare. I give him a quarter and he gives me back twenty cents. The fare is five cents. The car is going fast." "Here I am at Main Street. There are many houses on Main Street. Here is a large grocery store. There is a tailor shop. There is a new store and six carpenters F.I.RST LESS. IN ENG. 5 66 are at work on it. There are many people on this street. There are many cars here." Write in your books the answers to these questions : What is the fare on a car ? Who takes the fare on a car ? Who makes the car go and stop ? Where does the car run ? WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON car goes stops cars go stop fare get PHONICS shop (one) (ope) (oan) bone grope groan cone cope loan hone hope moan shone scope roan stone telescope stony groping groaning bony hopeful moaning (Note. — The next lesson requires a wooden bos and a covered paper box.) LESSON 32 NEW WORDS box corner box maker wooden square hold together paper covei- held together glue hollow 67 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this? That is a box. What is this box made of ? It is made of wood. What holds this box together ? Nails hold it together. Who made this box ? A box maker made it. The box maker was a carpenter. What is this? That is a box. What is it made of ? That box is not made of wood. It is made of paper. What holds this box together ? Glue holds it together. Who made this box ? A box maker made it. How many corners has a box ? It has eight corners. How many sides has it ? It has six sides. Are the corners round ? No, the corners are square. Are the sides round ? No, the sides are square, too. What is this? That is a cover for the box. What is in the box ? Nothing is in the box. It is empty. Is the box solid, like a board ? No, it is hollow. 68 READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Put your hand on a wooden box. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is putting his hand on a wooden box. 1. Put your hand on the cover of the box. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is putting his hand on the cover of the box. 1. Put the cover on the box. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is putting the cover on the box. 1. Put your book into the box. , 2. What is he doing ? 8. He is putting his book into the box. READING LESSON A BOX This is a wooden box. It is made of wood and is put together with nails. It has six sides and eight corners, and it is square. This box is made of paper. It is held together by glue. Like the wooden box, it has six sides and eight corners, and it is square. It has a cover and it is hollow. Both boxes are empty. Boxes are made by box makers. Paper boxes are made by girls and women. Wooden boxes are made by men and boys. The paper for the boxes is cut on a machine and put together with glue. The wood for the wooden boxes is sawed on a machine and nailed together. 69 WRITTEN SPELLING LESSON box hold men boxes held women paper cover woman boy (Note. — ' rhe next lesson requires a tin basin, soap. and water.) LESSON 33 NEW WORDS water wash towel basin face dry tin clean rub soap pour sink READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this ? That is a basin. What is this in the basin ? That is water in the basin. / What is this? That is a towel. What is this towel made of ? It is made of cloth. What is this ? That is soap. What can you do with soap and water ? I wash my hands and face with soap and water. What do you use the basin for ? I put the water into the basin. What is the towel used for ? 70 I use the towel to rub my hands and face dry, after 1 wash. What do the soap and water do ? Soap and water make my hands and face clean. What kind of basin is that ? It is a tin basin. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Put the basin on the table. 2. What did he do? 3. He put the basin on the table. 1. Pour water into it. 2. What did he do? 3. He poured water into the basin. 1. Put the soap into the water. 2. What did he do ? 3. He put the soap into the water. 1. Rub the soap on your hands. 2. What did he do? 3. He rubbed the soap on his hands. 1. Wash your hands clean. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is washing his hands clean. 1. Dry your hands on the towel. 2. What is he doing? 3. He is drying his hands on the towel. 1. Carry the water out and pour it into the sink. 2. What did he do ? 3. He carried the water out. Wanted : Six wooden box makers at once. Apply by letter. United States Box Factory, Newark, N.J. 71 Write in your books this letter applying for work as a box maker : Street, New York, ,19-. United States Box Factory, Newark, N.J. Gentlemen : You advertise for box makers. I am a box maker working in the Atlas Box Factory here in New York. I do not like to live here and so should like to get work with you. I shall come to Newark to-morrow to apply personally. Very respectfully yours, (ice) dice slice rice entice rice field (Note. — States.) (ide) wide slide ride deride decide PHONICS (ime) dime slime lime sublime timekeeper (u) acute jute flute refute use (qu) quack square queer queen quite The next lesson requires a map of the United LESSON 84 NEW WORDS east eastern Atlantic Ocean Mexico west western north northern Pacific Ocean Canada south southern country A mile is 5280 feet or 1609 meters. 72 READING LESSON The United States of America is a veiy large coun- try. It is 3000 miles wide from east to west and 1500 miles wide from north to south. On its eastern side is the Atlantic Ocean. On its western side is the Pacific Ocean. North of the United States is a country called Canada. South of the United States is a country called Mexico. The people of the United States speak English. The people in Mexico speak Spanish. In Canada the people speak Enghsh. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Walk to the map. Put your hand on the United States of America. Put your hand on Canada. Put your hand on Mexico. Return to your desk. Walk to the map. Put your hand on the Atlantic Ocean. Put your hand on the Pacific Ocean. Return to your seat. Go to the map. Put your right hand on the eastern side of the United States. Put your left hand on the western side of the United States. Tell me how many miles from the eastern side to the western side. Return to your seat. Go to the map. Put your right hand on the northern side of the United States and your left hand on the southern side of the United States. How many miles wide is the United States from north to south ? Return to your seat. Go to the map. Put your hand on the ocean on the eastern side of the United States. Tell me the name of that ocean. 73 Go to the map and put your hand on the ocean on the western side of the United States. Tell me the name of that ocean. Write answers to these questions : How wide is the United States from east to west ? How wide is the United States from north to south ? What country is north of the United States ? What country is south of the United States ? What ocean is east of the United States ? WRITTEN SPELLING : LESSON mile wide east miles side west United States Atlantic Ocean LESSON 35 raise farmer horse raises farm horses fruit market cow vegetables wagon milk grass pulls grow READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Where does a farmer Hve ? A farmer lives on a farm. Is the farm in the city ? No, the farm is not in the city. It is in the country. What does a farmer do ? A farmer raises vegetables and fruit. Name three vegetables. 74 Potatoes, cabbages, and beans are vegetables. Name three fruits. Apples, oranges, and berries are fruits. What else does a farmer raise on his farm ? He raises horses and cows. What do horses and cows eat ? They eat grass. ■■iWifKll A Cow AND A Horse What do horses do ? Horses pull wagons. What do cows do ? Cows give us milk. What does a cow eat ? A cow eats grass. Where does grass grow ? Grass grows in the country on farms. Where does a farmer sell his vegetables and fruit ' 75 He sells them to grocers or at the market. What does a grocer do with them ? He sells them in his store. READING LESSON Vegetables and fruits come to us from farms. Farms are not in the city. They are in the country. Farm- A CiTT Market ers live on farms and raise our fruits and vegetables. They bring them to the cities in wagons and sell them to grocers and at the markets. The farmers raise horses to pull their wagons. Milk comes to us from farms in the country. Farm- ers raise cows to give milk. The cows eat grass which grows on the farms. 76 Many men find work on farms in the country. If a man knows how to drive a horse and milk a cow, he can get from thirty to forty dollars a month and his board. This is the same as forty to fifty dollars a month in the city. Work on a farm is not so hard as in the city. Machines do much of the work. Men drive horses which pull the machines. SPELLING LESSON cow horse farm milk pull farmer milkman wagon raise market PHONICS (00) w sh book wood cow show shoot shell look wool now well shook shut took soon how wide shave hush cook foot sew went LESSON 36 shake thnish bread baker wheat flour bakes grinds oven hot miller mixes mill READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Where do you buy your bread ? I buy bread from the grocer. Where does the grocer buy bread ? Does he make it ? 77 No, he buys it from the baker. The baker makes the bread. What does the baker make bread of ? Bread is made of flour and water. What does the baker do to the flour and water ? The baker mixes the flour and water. What does he do then ? He puts the bread into a hot oven. What does the bread do in the oven ? It bakes in the oven. What is flour made of ? Flour is made of wheat. Who makes it ? The miller makes flour. What does a miller do to the wheat ? He grinds it in a mill. Where does a miller get his wheat ? Wheat grows on farms. The millers buy it from farmers. READING LESSON BREAD Bread is made by a baker. He mixes flour and water and yeast and puts the mixture into a hot oven. In this oven the bread bakes. The baker sells his bread to grocers and we buy it from the grocers. Many women bake bread in their own houses. Flour is made from wheat by a miller. The miller grinds the wheat in a mill. Some mills are made to go by water, and others are made to go by steam. Wheat is yellow, but when it is ground in the mill it is white. The miller buys his wheat from farmers who raise 78 it on their farms. Wheat is usually sown or planted in the fall. In the spring it grows tall and green. In the summer when it is fully ripe it turns yellow. Then the farmer cuts it down with a machine and threshes out the grain with another machine. Then he sells the grain to millers to make flour. Two BAKERa AT WoBK Wanted : A baker. Lannon's Bakery, Silver Creek, N.Y. Wanted : Four farm hands. Come ready for work. E. A. Jones, Lake Road, Erie, Pa. Wanted at once : 125 men for the wheat harvest in Dakota. Apply at the office of the Great North- ern Railroad, 326 Broadway. Wanted : Man to work on a farm. Must know how to milk. A. W. Hind, Chnton Road, West Seneca, N.Y. Take Clinton car. Wanted : A miller who can run a water-power mill. Golden Mills, Golden, N.Y. 79 Write in your book a letter asking for work as a miller at the Golden Mills. SPELLING LESSON wheat mill got eat will not meat miller bake seat hot PHONICS make (oi) (oy) (wh) boil boy wheat coil coy what joint joy where toil toy which broil alloy whether noise annoy when noisy annoyance whenever oily employ whatever (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States, a piece of coal, and a match.) LESSON 37 coal coal mine stove black hole burn hard dig hot stone ground warm keep light fire rough match 80 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this ? That is a piece of coal. What is coal ? Coal is a hard, black stone. What is the color of this coal ? Coal is black. In a Coal Mine How does coal feel ? Coal feels hard and rough. What do you do with coal ? I burn coal in a stove. What does coal do when it burns ? It keeps me warm. Coal makes a hot fii'e. How do you make coal burn ? I light a match and touch it to a piece of paper. When the paper burns I put wood on it. The wood 81 burns and I then put some coal on the burning wood. The wood fire makes the coal burn. Where do you get your coal ? I buy coal at the coal yard. Where does coal come from ? Coal comes from coal mines, which are holes dug in the ground. What do you call men who dig coal out of the ground ? They are miners. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Take this match. Light it. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is lighting a match. 1. Touch it to this piece of paper. 2. What did he do ? 3. He touched it to the paper. 1. Hold up the paper. 2. What is the piece of paper doing ? 3. The paper is burning. It is blazing and smoking. 1. Put out the fire. 2. What did he do? 3. He put out the fire. READING LESSON In the winter we use coal to keep us warm. Coal is a rough, hard, black stone that burns. To make a coal fire we put paper into a stove and light it with a match. When the paper burns we put on it some thin wood. When the wood burns we put on the coal. Then the coal will bum and make a hot fire. FIRST LESS. IN ENQ. 6 82 Coal comes out of the ground. Men dig holes in the ground where there is coal, until they find it. We call these holes coal mines. The men who work in coal mines are called miners. Miners must work very hard. They work in the mines under the ground, digging out the coal. There is no light in mines and so the miners carry lights on their hats when they work. They dig the coal with pick- axes. Many men work in mines. Many of these min- ers are Poles, Russians, Huns, and Austrians. Most of our coal comes from the mountains of Pennsylvania. Wanted : A man to drive a coal wagon. Must know how to take care of a horse. Miller's Coal and Wood Yard, 370 Sixth St. Wanted : Forty miners. Apply at office of Pitts- burgh Coal Co., 893 Alleghany St. Write in your book a letter asking for work as a miner. SPELLING LESSON coal mine bum hole fine burning stone kind match (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States and a map of Europe.) LESSON 38 England Holland Germany Italy Poland Russia Austria Fi'ance Sweden Hungary Spain now steamship stay railroad 83 THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES The people of the United States speak EngUsh. The first people who came to the United States were people who came from England. Other people came from Holland and lived in New York state, some Frenchmen came to South Carolina, and some Spaniards came from Spain and lived in Florida. Most of the people were An Ocean Steamship English and so we speak English. In Mexico, where many Spaniards live, they speak Spanish. Many people come now from Germany, Austria, Russia and Poland, Italy and Hungary. They come here to get work and earn money. Men can earn more money in the United States than they can in Europe. Many people come to the United States because it is a free country. People who come from Europe to the United States must come across the Atlantic Ocean on steamships. The steamships bring them to New York city, Phila- 84 delphia, or Boston. Steamships cross the Atlantic Ocean in from six to ten days. Many of these people stay in New York city. Some go on railroads to other parts of the United States. Some Italians go to the southern part of the United States to work on farms there. Many Germans and Swedes buy farms. A great many Poles and Italians work on the railroads, and many Huns and Russians work in the mines. A great many Swedes go to the northern part of the United States to work there in lumber mills. In New York city thousands of Russians find work making clothes. A great many of the people who come to the United States have lived on farms in Europe. When they come here they go to the cities to live. They do not know that farms here do not cost much money, and that they can earn more money with less work on farms than they can earn in the cities. WRITTEN LESSON Write in your book the answers to these questions : Where were you bom ? When did you come to the United States ? On what steamship did you come ? Where did you get on the steamship ? Where did you get off the steamship ? What are you doing now ? PHONICS (a) (th) bar farther there thrift car father than thriftv 85 dark darling that thirsty far carting they though cigar garfish thief thought hard harbor thick through lark larboard LESSON thin 39 think hot cold thunder dry freezes lightning warm frost rain mild ice snow pleasant wind melt flowers sometimes begins 3 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What weather do we have in summer ? In summer we have hot weather. When does cold weather come ? Cold weather comes in October or November. When do we have our first snow ? Snow falls first in November. When do we have the first frosts ? We have our first frosts in October. When is our coldest weather ? The weather is coldest in January. In what month does the weather begin to get warmer ? In March we have some warm days. When does the snow melt ? The snow melts in March. In what month can we see the first flowers ? The first flowers come in March. 86 What weather do we have in May and June ? In May and June we have warm, pleasant, sunny weather. Do we have any thunder and Ughtning in winter ? No, thunder and lightning come in spring and summer. Snow in New York What months are the pleasantest months in the year ? October, May, and June are pleasantest. In what months do farmers plant their vegetables ? In April and May. In what months do the plants grow most ? They grow most in June, July, and August. What must plants have ? Plants must have warm weather and rain. When is our weather rainy ? We have rainy weather in spring and fall. 87 READING LESSON In the northern part of the United States vs^e have four seasons, spring, summer, fall, and winter. In the southern part there is no winter. The weather is warm all the year. Summer in the north is hot, and winter is cold. In spring and fall some days are warm and some are cold, Planting Vegetable Seeds and we say that this weather is mild. In spring and fall we have much rain and sometimes snow. The first frosts come in October. Cold weather comes in December, and much snow falls in December, January, and February. Sometimes we have snow in March. The first warm days come in March and then the flowers come. The snow melts and the rains fall. In April farmers plant vegetable seeds. May and June are warm and pleas- 88 ant. In July and August we have hot, dry weather with thunder and lightning. In the south the weather in summer is very hot. It is so hot that white men can hardly work on the farms and so black men (negroes) do the farm work. There is no winter there. No snow falls, and there are no frosts. Flowers blossom all the year. SPELLING LESSO] N warm cold ice farm hold melt mild gold held (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States.) LESSON 40 mountain plain river mountains level low high flat products Appalachian Mississippi Rocky SURFACE AND PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES The middle part of the United States is a level plain across which run very large rivers. In the east, at some distance from the Atlantic Ocean, are low moun- tains, called the "Appalachian Mountains." In the west, at some distance from the Pacific Ocean, are very high mountains, called the " Rocky Mountains." The Rocky Mountains run across the United States from the northern side to the southern side. 89 In the Appalachian Mountains, in the east, are nfiany mines of coal and iron. Pine trees grow on the sides of these mountains. Many men find work in these mountains as miners and lumbermen. In the Rocky Mountains are gold, silver, and copper mines. Thousands of men find work in these mines. In the Rocky Mountains In the northern part of the United States much copper and coal are mined, and there is much oil there. All the middle part of the United States is a great plain which slopes down in the west from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. On the east it slopes down from the Appalachian Mountains to the 90 Mississippi River. The northern part of this great plain is covered with wheat farms, where millions of bushels of wheat are raised every year. South of these wheat farms the plain is covered with farms where the farmers raise corn. In the hot southern part of this plain the farmers raise cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Oranges grow there, too. On the high parts of the plain, near the Rocky Mountains, a great number of cows, sheep, and horses are raised. In the great cities in the east and middle of the United States are many factories where men find work making iron and steel, cotton and woolen cloth, clothes and shoes, and thousands of other things. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Go to the map and put your finger on the Rocky Mountains. Find the Appalachian Mountains. Put your finger on the Mississippi River. Show me where coal comes ifrom. Show me where iron comes from. Show me where farmers raise wheat. Put your hand on a place where farmers raise corn. Put your hand on the part of the United States where there is no winter. Tell me what men work there. Tell me what farmers raise in the south. Write in your book answers to these questions : Where does coal come from ? Where does gold come from ? 91 Where does iron come from ? Where do farmers raise wheat ? Where do farmers raise cotton ? Where does your tobacco come from ? LESSON 41 THE EMPHATIC FORM OF THE VERB (Note. — Foreigners find this form of the verb diffi- cult and too much drill cannot be given.) like walk come wish know feel work smoke want I do. We do. Do I? Do we? You do. You do. Do you ? Do you ? He does. They do. Does he ? Do they ? She does. Does she ? It does. Does it ? I do not. I don't. We do not. We don't. You do not. You don't. You do not. You don't. He does not. He doesn't. They do not. They don't. READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Do you work every day ? Yes, I work every day. Does John work every day ? No, he does not work every day. Do you walk to work ? No, I do not. I take a car. Does John walk to work ? 92 No, he does not. Do you smoke tobacco ? Yes, I smoke. Does John smoke ? No, he doesn't. Do you come to school every night ? No, I don't come every night. I come every night it is open. Does he like to walk to work ? No, he does not. Do you like oranges ? Yes, I do. Do you feel cold ? No, I do not. I am warm. Does this car go to Main Street ? Yes, it does. Does Mr. Cohen live here ? No, he does not. Do you want work ? Yes, I do. Do these men want work ? No, they do not. They have work. Do you want to ride on this car ? No, I do not. Do these men want to ride on this car ? Yes. Where do you want to go ? We want to go to Grand Street. Where do they want to go ? They want to get oflf at Ninth Street. Where does he want to go ? He wants to go to Scranton. 93 Where do you live ? I live in Scranton. Where do you work ? I work at the Steel Plant. What does he want ? He wants work. Does he know how to do this ? Yes, I think so. How much does he want ? He wants two dollars a day. Do you know where Mr. Dann lives ? No, I don't. SPELLING LESSON do does not. what where you want know they like feel LESSON 42 ride morning noon evening breakfast dinner supper eat meals carry pail READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS How many times do you eat in a day ? I eat three times in a day. When do you eat first ? I eat first in the morning. What do you call this first "meal" in the morning? My first "meal" is my breakfast. 94 What do you call your second meal ? My second meal is my dinner. When do you eat your dinner ? I eat my dinner at noon. At what time is noon ? Noon is at twelve o'clock. When do you eat your third meal ? I eat my third meal after I come from work in the evening. What do you call your third meal ? My third meal is my supper. READING LESSON I eat three meals in a day. My first meal is in the morning before I go to work. This I call my breakfast. At noon I stop work and eat my dinner. Noon is at twelve o'clock. WTien I come home from work in the evening I eat my supper. The Noon Meal 95 My breakfast I eat at home. Sometimes I come home to dinner and sometimes I carry it to my work in a pail. On Sunday I eat dinner at home. I eat my supper at home. POLITENESS When you want anything, use the word "please." Please tell me where Mr. Blank lives. Please tell me where Center Street is. Please tell me how to go to Center Street. Please tell me if this is Eighth Avenue. Please tell me where the Steel Plant is. Please give me some water. Please show me where the City Hall is. Please throw down my hammer. Please send these groceries to my house. SPELLING LESSON noon eat pail call meat plain supper meal please dinner (Note.— The next lesson requires a map of the United States.) LESSON 43 states state THE STATES OF THE UNITED STATES The United States is made up of forty-eight states. Every state has a star on the United States flag. There is one star for each state. 96 Some states are very large and some are small. The largest state is Texas. Texas is in the southern part of the United States. It is 700 miles (1100 kilometers) long and 700 miles wide. It is larger than Germany or Austria or Italy. It is larger than Germany and Eng- land put together. The state of California is larger than Austria. Five states are larger than Italy. Some states touch the ocean and some do not. Fif- teen touch the Atlantic Ocean. Three touch the Pa- cific Ocean and five touch the Gulf of Mexico, which is a part of the Atlantic Ocean south of the United States. At first there were only thirteen states in the United States. That is why there are thirteen stripes on the flag. There is one stripe for each of the first thirteen states. All these thirteen states touched the Atlantic Ocean. Before 1776 all the land in the eastern part of America belonged to England. The thirteen states were called colonies of England. In 1775 the thirteen colonies made war on England and on July fourth, 1776, they declared themselves free from England. We eaU July fourth "Independence Day" because on that day the United States became an independent country. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Go to the map and find the largest state. Tell me its name. Find New York. Find California. Name the states that touch the Atlantic Ocean. Go to the map and find the thirteen original states. Put your finger on the Mississippi River. 97 What does the Mississippi River run into ? Put your hand on the Gulf of Mexico. Tell me where it is. What weather are they having in Texas to-night ? What weather are we having ? Write in your book answers to these questions : How many states are there in the United States ? Which is the largest state ? How many states were there at first ? How many stars are there on the United States flag ? How many stripes are there ? (Note. — The next lesson requires a cup, a fork, and a spoon.) LESSON 44 food drink fork meat tea spoon bread coffee cup butter milk glass eggs fish dishes dish thing things plate READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS How many meals do you have in a day ? I eat three meals in a day. What are they ? They are breakfast, dinner, and supper. What do you eat at your meals ? I eat food. What food do you eat ? I eat meat, bread, vegetables, fruit, eggs, and fish. FIRST LESS. IN BNG. - 98 What do you drink at your meals ? I drink tea, coffee, and milk. What do you eat with ? I eat with a fork and a spoon. What do you cut your meat with ? I cut my meat with a knife. What do you eat from ? I eat from a dish or a plate. Where do you eat your meals ? I eat at a table, sitting in a chair. What do you drink from ? I drink from a cup or a glass. READING AND ACTION LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Go to the table and find me a knife. Tell me what it is made of. Tell me what you do with a knife. Find a fork. Find a spoon. Show me a plate. Show me a cup. Tell me what you do with a cup. What else do you drink from besides a cup ? Put the plate on the table. Put the knife on the right side of the plate. Put the fork on the left side of the plate. Put the spoon on the right side of the knife. Put the cup on the right side of the plate. READING LESSON At my meals I eat my food. I eat many things, such as meat, bread, eggs, fish, fruit, and vegetables. I eat 99 a great deal of meat and bread. On the bread I put butter. On some days I eat fish and eggs instead of meat. To eat my meals I sit at a table in a chair. I cut my food with a knife. I put my food into my mouth with a spoon and a fork. My food is in dishes on the table. With my food I drink tea, coffee, and milk. These I drink from a cup or a glass. I put milk and sugar into coffee. POLITENESS AT TABLE "Always be mannerly at table. At least as far as you are able." When I eat my meals I must do some things to be polite. I must put my food into my mouth with my fork and not with my knife. I must not put my knife into my mouth. When I want food I must say " Please," or "If you please." When food is given to me I must say "Thank you." I must not put my arms on the table. "At dinner use your fork and spoon, It may prolong your life ; My grandfather once cut himself, While eating with a knife." "Politeness is to do or say The kindest thing in the kindest way." SPELLING LESSON knife tea food life meat wood coffee think drink thing 100 cow sheep pig pound mutton LESSON 45 butcher kill shop weigh pork young calf lamb weight beef READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What is this a picture of ? That is a cow. A Calf and Two Cows "What is this a picture of ? That is a sheep. What is this? That is a pig. What do you call the meat of a cow ? The meat of a cow is called beef. 101 Pigs What do you call the meat of a sheep ? The meat of sheep is called mutton. What do you call the meat of pigs ? The meat of pigs is called pork. What is a young cow called ? We call a young cow a calf. What is a young sheep ? Four Sheep and a Lamb 102 A young sheep is a lamb. What do you call sheep, cows, and pigs ? We call them animals. Who kills these animals ? Butchers kill animals. Where do butchers get these animals ? They buy them from farmers. Where do the farmers get these animals ? They raise them on their farms. Where do you buy your meat ? I buy it at the meat market. Do you buy meat by the quart or the peck ? No, I buy meat by the pound. Meat sells by weight. A pound is about 454 grams. READING LESSON At my meals I eat a great deal of meat. I buy meat at the meat market or the butcher shop. I can buy more than one kind of meat. I can buy beef, pork, mutton, and lamb. Most of the meat that I eat is beef. Beef is the meat from cows. Young cows are called calves, and their flesh is called veal. Pork comes from pigs, and mut- ton from sheep. Young sheep are lambs. In Europe many people eat meat from horses, but in the United States we do not. Cows, pigs, and sheep come from farms. Farmers raise these animals and sell them to butchers who kill them. Meat is sold by the pound. A pound is about 454 grams. We buy coal by the ton which is two thousand pounds weight. A bushel of potatoes weighs sixty 103 pounds. A cow weighs about eight hundred pounds. A man weighs about one hundred and sixty pounds. How much do you weigh ? SPELLING LESSON pork weigh sheep work high pig kill night beef weight (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States.) LESSON 46 Good morning roast too much All right boil cheap Good-by basket good READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS AT THE MEAT MARKET "I must have some meat to-day. We will go to Mr. Colt's meat market. This is it. We will go in." "Good morning, Mr. Colt. I must have some beef for supper. What have you ? " "Here is a good piece to roast at fifteen cents a pound." "That is not what I want. I want a piece to boil." "Here is a piece at nine cents a pound. Here is a good piece of pork at eight cents a pound." "I do not want pork. I want beef. Give me four pounds of this at nine cents. Have you any good mutton?" 104 "Yes, here is a piece at ten cents. Here is a leg of mutton at fourteen cents. That is very good, and it is cheap at fourteen cents." A Meat Market "That is too much. Let me see that piece at ten cents. That is too much for that, too." " I will sell you this piece at nine cents if you take it all." "All right, I think I will take it. How much does it weigh?" " It weighs six pounds. That will be fifty-four cents. Will you take it?" "Yes, I will take it. Put it into my basket. Put the beef into my basket, too. How much is that ?" "The mutton was fifty-four cents and the beef was thirty-six cents. That will be ninety cents." "Here is a dollar." 105 "Thank you. Here is your change, ten cents. Good-by." "Good-by." OUR MEAT Most of the beef we eat comes from cows raised on farms in the western part of the United States. Thou- sands of cattle (cows) are raised on the plains in the states of Colorado, Montana, Texas, and Idaho. They are sent on railroads to Kansas City, Chicago, and Buffalo, where they are killed in great "slaughter houses." Our mutton comes from sheep raised near the Rocky Mountains. Our pork comes from pigs raised on farms in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. The pigs and the sheep are killed in the slaughter houses in Chicago and Buffalo. After the animals are killed they are put on cars made cold with ice and are sent to all parts of the United States. A great deal of this meat is put on steamships and sent to Europe. People in the United States eat more meat than people in Europe. Meat is so dear in Europe that poor people cannot buy much. In the United States meat is so cheap that any one can buy it. Write in your books answers to these questions : Where does our beef come from ? Where do farmers raise many sheep ? Where are the animals killed ? What do you call the houses where animals are killed? 106 SPELLING LESSON cheap much too keep such two good food wood boil oil basket (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States.) LESSON 47 lake river sail beautiful busy salt world THE LAKES AND RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES In America are some of the largest lakes in the world. North of the United States, between the United States and Canada, are five lakes which we call "The Great Lakes." They are very large, so large that they look like the ocean, but the water in them is not salt like ocean water. On these lakes are steamships as large as ocean steamships. There are many great and busy cities along these lakes. The largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior. It is the largest lake in the world. It is 370 miles long. Near Lake Superior are many copper mines and iron mines, and west of it are the great wheat fields of Minne- sota and Dakota. The steamships on Lake Superior carry wheat, iron ore, and copper ore. The other Great Lakes are Lake Huron, Lake Michi- gan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan is in the United States, but the other four are between the 107 United States and Canada. Steamers carrying wheat can come from the western end of Lake Superior to the flour mills at Buffalo, nearly a thousand miles. aa*r--- — ' Lake Steamers at Buffalo Besides these large lakes there are many smaller lakes in the United States. In the western part is Great Salt Lake, the water in which is salt like the water in the ocean. In New York there are some beautiful lakes. Some of the largest rivers in the world are in the United States. The Mississippi River is the largest of our rivers. It is in the middle of the United States and runs from the northern part to the Gulf of Mexico. It is 2547 miles long and steamships run on it for 2000 miles. On it are many large cities. It is a busy river. Another great river is the Ohio River. This runs west from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. It is 975 miles long. Like the Mississippi River it is a very busy river and has many large cities on it. 108 In the eastern part of the United States are the Hud- son River and the Delaware River. The Hudson River is in New York and is a busy river. New York city is on the Hudson River. In the western part are the Colorado and Columbia rivers, running from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 'Ocean. The Missouri River, a very long river, runs from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. GEOGRAPHY LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Go to the map and find the Mississippi River. Find the Ohio River. Put your finger on the Hudson River. Put your finger on the Delaware River. Find the Columbia River. Find the Missouri River. Put your hand on Lake Superior. Find a city on Lake Superior. Find Lake Michigan. Find a city on Lake Michigan. Find Lake Erie. Put your finger on a city on Lake Erie. Show where sheep are raised. Show me where cattle (cows) are raised. Show me where the great wheat farms are. SPELLING LESSON sail lake river nail take live railroad bake five tailor 109 LESSON 48 look read dig build sell want earn sew I am looking. We are looking. You are looking. You are looking. He is looking. They are looking. Do I want ? Do we want ? Do you want ? Do you want ? Does he want ? Do they want ? READING LESSON What are you looking at ? I am looking at the map of the United States. What lake are you looking for ? I am looking for Lake Superior. What did those women want ? They were looking for Mr. Blank. Did they want to sell you anything ? Yes, they wanted to sell me some apples. Did you buy some ? Yes. Please give me one. I took them home. What are you doing ? I am reading in my book. What are those men working at ? They are digging a cellar for a new house. Who is building the house ? Mr. Anson is the carpenter who is at work on it What is John Smith doing ? He is working in a tailor shop, sewing coats. no How much does he earn in a day ? He earns two dollars a day. Are you looking for work ? Yes. What work do you want ? I am looking for work as a carpenter. What wages do you want ? Three dollars a day. Have you looked for work ? Yes, I was looking for work to-day at the new house on White Street, and to-morrow I am going to the new houses on Ninth Avenue. AT THE HARDWARE STORE "A boy broke one of my windows to-day. I must have a pane of glass. We will go to Mr. Sly's hardware store for it. Here it is. We will go in." "Good morning, Mr. Sly. I need a pane of glass." "How big must it be?" "It must be eighteen inches long and ten inches wide. " I have two kinds of glass. This pane \nll cost you forty cents and this will cost twenty-eight cents. The forty-cent pane is thicker and heavier." " The twenty-eight-cent pane will do. Now I want some small nails. How much are sixpenny nails ?" "Seven cents a pound." "Give me a pound of sixpenny and a pound of three- penny nails. How much is this hammer?" " That is sixty cents. Here is a cheap one for fifteen cents. This one here is a very good one. It -will cost one dollar and twenty-five cents." Ill "Give me the fifteen-cent hammer. I think that is all I want. How much is that?" "It is fifty-eight cents." "Here are seventy-five cents." " Here is your change, seventeen cents. Thank you." "Good-by." SPELLING LESSON pane pay hammer rain day show thick say snow LESSON 49 THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES In the United States there are many large cities. Some are in the eastern part, on or near the Atlantic Ocean. Some are on the Great Lakes and the rivers in the middle of the country. Others are in the west on the Pacific Ocean. The largest city is New York city. It is the second largest city in the world . More than four million people live in New York city. It is in the state of New York, on the Hudson River, where the Hudson River runs out into the Atlantic Ocean. Many steamships come to New York from Europe, and many railroads come into it from all over the United States. It is a great, beautiful, busy city. New York city gives work to great numbers of people. Many m.en find work on the ships, loading and unloading them. Many thousands work on the railroads and the street cars. Iron and steel are made 112 there. Thousands of men work in tailor shops, mak- ing clothes. There are large sugar refineries and oi! refineries where many men work. Great stores give work to many thousands of men and women. New York from the West The second largest city in the United States is Chicago. Chicago is in the state of Illinois, on Lake Michigan. Many railroads run into Chicago, and many lake steamers come there, bringing coal and taking away wheat and other things. Ten thousand men work there in one factory making steel, and thousands more make railroad cars. Cattle, sheep, and pigs are sent to Chicago on railroads to be killed there in the great slaughter houses. Two other large cities are Philadelphia and Boston. Philadelphia is in the state of Pennsylvania on the Delaware River, where it runs out into the ocean. Steamships come there from Europe, and many steam- ships are built there. Boston is a beautiful city in the state of Massachusetts. 113 On the Pacific Ocean in the western part of the United States is the city of San Francisco. Steamers come there from China and Japan. On the Great Lakes there are many large cities. Besides Chicago, there are Milwaukee, Buffalo, and Cleveland, and many smaller ones. In Buffalo and Cleveland there are great factories where iron and steel are made, and oil refineries which make kerosene, gaso- line, and other oils. Great numbers of steamships and railroads come into these cities, bringing coal and iron ore and wheat, and taking away steel and iron and flour. Pittsburgh is a city on the Ohio River, in Pennsyl- vania. It is in the middle of the coal- and iron-mining country, and steel and iron are made there. The capital of the United States is Washington. It is in the east, in the "District of Columbia." In this city lives the President of the United States, and here the laws of the country are made. FIRST LESS. IN ENQ. - 114 GEOGRAPHY LESSON Go to the map and find New York city. Put your finger on Chicago. Where is Philadelphia ? Find San Francisco. Find Pittsburg and Cleveland. Find Buffalo and Washington. (Note. — The next lesson requires iron ore, limestone, coke, cast iron, and steel.) LESSON 50 iron red furnace iron ore black hot iron mine gray melts miner hard bars ground coke limestone What is this? That is a piece of iron ore. What is the color of this iron ore ? That iron ore is red. Some is black. Where does iron or^ come from ? It comes from iron mines. In what countries is iron ore found ? It is found in the United States, England, Germany, and Austria. What is made from iron ore ? Iron and steel are made from it. What is this? That is limestone. What color is this ? 115 Limestone is gray. How does it feel ? It feels hard and rough. What is this ? That is coke. What is coke made from ? Coke is made from coal. Where in the United States is coal found ? Coal is found in the state of Pennsylvania. Where is limestone found ? It is found all over the country. In some places houses are built of limestone. If you burn limestone, what will you have ? I would have Hme. What does lime look like ? Lime is white hke flour. We mix it with sand to make mortar. IRON AND STEEL Iron and steel are made from iron ore. The ore is red or black and is rough and hard and heavy. Miners dig it out of mines in the ground. Much iron ore is found in the United States, England, and Germany. In the United States it is found in Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Iron is made in a furnace called a "blastfurnace." Iron ore, limestone, and coke are put into this blast furnace and burned. The ore becomes very hot and the iron in it melts and runs out of the bottom of the furnace. The melted iron is made into bars called "pigs," and this iron is called "pig iron." Steel is made from this pig iron. Pig iron is gray, and very hard and rough. 116 Many things are made of iron. Parts of this desk are made of cast iron. Many machines are made of it. Stoves are made of cast iron. This iron is cheap. Ikon Smelter Of steel a great many things are made. The rails on railroads, the bridges over rivers, the frames of large houses, tools, and thousands of other things are made of steel. Iron and steel are made in Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, and other cities. SPELLING LESSON cast ore dug last more dig furnace machine pig face 117 (Note. — The next lesson requires as many of the fruits and vegetables as can be easily obtained.) LESSON 51 vegetables fruit besides potatoes apples head cabbages oranges dozen beans peaches grapes tomatoes berries cherries trees vines plants grow plant pick READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What do you eat at your meals besides meat and bread? I eat vegetables and fruit. Name some vegetables. Potatoes, cabbages, beans, and tomatoes are vege- tables. Where do you buy vegetables ? I buy vegetables at the grocery or at the market. Where are they cheapest ? They are cheapest at the market. Where do vegetables come from ? Farmers raise them on their farms in the country. Where do grocers get them ? Grocers buy them from farmers at the market. How do potatoes grow ? They grow in the ground. How are they planted ? 118 Potatoes are planted by a machine pulled by horses. This machine plants them and covers them with earth. How are they dug ? A machine digs them. The machine is pulled by horses. Potato Digger In what states are many potatoes raised ? Many potatoes are raised in New York and Michigan. How do tomatoes grow ? They grow on vines. How do beans grow ? Beans grow on vines, too. How do you buy vegetables ? Do you buy them by the pound ? No, I buy potatoes by the peck or the bushel, beans by the quart, tomatoes by the quart or peck, and cab- bages by the head or the dozen. Name some fruits. Apples, oranges, peaches, grapes, berries, and cherries are fruits. 119 Where does fruit come from ? Fruit grows on farms. How do apples grow ? They grow on trees. What other fruits grow on trees ? Oranges, peaches, and cherries grow on trees. How do grapes grow ? Grapes grow on vines. How do berries grow ? Berries grow on vines, too. How do farmers get these fruits ? They pick the apples and oranges and cherries from the trees, and they pick the grapes and berries from the vines. How do you buy fruit ? I buy apples by the peck or quart, peaches by the basket, berries and cherries by the quart, and oranges by the dozen. What are the colors of the fruits ? Apples are red or green, oranges are yellow, cherries are red, peaches are pink, and grapes are purple. Write in your book the answers to these questions : How do apples grow ? How do potatoes grow ? Name three fruits. Name three vegetables. What is the color of oranges ? SPELLING LESSON fruit potato bean quart apple green vine mine nine tree see three 120 (Note. — The next lesson requires a map of the United States.) LESSON 52 FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES Farming in the northern part of the United States is not like farming in the South, because the weather is not the same. In the North the winter is long. There / are only four or five months of warm weather. In the On a Farm South there is no winter. Snow does not fall, and there are no frosts. The summers are very hot. In th^ middle of the United States the winters are short and not very cold. In the North farmers raise wheat, cattle, and sheep. In the state of North Dakota wheat fields are very lai'ge. Many are a mile long, and one farm is twenty miles long. Thousands of men find, work in spring, summer, and fall in these wheat fields. There are not enough men to do all the work, and wages are high. 121 Farther south much corn is raised. In the states of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois millions of bushels of corn are raised every year. Some of this corn is given to pigs and cattle to make them fat. Some is ground in mills and made into corn meal. Did you ever eat corn bread ? Reaping Wheat In the middle of the country farmers raise potatoes and other vegetables, and fruit. Potatoes, apples, grapes, and peaches are raised a great deal in New York, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, and Delaware. The farms in these states are not so large as farms in Dakota. They may have only from ten acres to two hundred acres. (1 hectare is about 2|- acres.) A good farmer can raise two hundred bushels of potatoes on one acre. In New York and Ohio you may see miles of grapevines, and in Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, and New York 122 thousands of acres of peaches. In these states, beans, peas, and tomatoes are raised and sent to "canning factories" where they are put into tin cans for use in the winter. Many Italians and Poles live in the cities in the winter, and in spring go into the country to work on these farms. A great many Germans and Italians save a little money and buy small fruit farms, where they make money. A httle farther south farmers raise tobacco. Much tobacco is raised in Kentucky and Virginia. In the South where there is warm weather all the time, the farmers raise oranges, cotton, and sugar. Oranges grow on small trees. A little frost will kill these trees. All our oranges grow in the states of Flor- ida and California. Many of the people who work in the "orange groves" in Florida are negroes (black people) and in California many are Chinese. Cotton and sugar must have a very hot chmate. They grow in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and Alabama. Much of the work in the cotton and sugar fields is done by negroes. Negroes are black people who can work in a hot climate better than white people. They work for very small wages. Many Italians are going to the South to find work. SPELLING LESSON in save money tin have small cans long field man song tobacco (Note. — The next lesson requires blank checks, de- posit slips, and receipts.) 123 LESSON 53 save bank interest spend check per cent earn sign rent READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS What do you call dollars, quarters, and nickels ? I call them money. What kind of money do we have ? We have gold money, silver money, copper money, and paper money. What gold money have we ? We have five-dollar gold pieces, ten-dollar gold pieces, and twenty-dollar gold pieces. We also have two- dollar and a half gold pieces. What silver money have we ? We have silver dollars, silver half dollars, silver quarters, and silver ten-cent pieces. We call the ten- cent piece "one dime." What do we call paper money? We call paper money "bills." What paper money is there ? We have dollar bills, two-dollar bills, five-dollar bills, ten-dollar bills, and twenty-dollar bills. How do you get money ? I work for it and earn it. What can you do with money ? I can spend it or I can save it. What must we spend money for ? We must spend money for food, clothes, coal, and rent. Where can you put money when you save it ? 124 I can put it into the bank. Why do you put money into the bank ? In the bank my money earns more money. We say that we get "interest on our money." How much does money earn in a bank ? I get about four cents a year on every dollar, or four dollars a year on every hundred dollars. We say we get four "per cent" on our money. How can you get your money out of the bank ? I must write a check. What is this in my hand ? That is a check. Where can you get checks ? I can get a check book at the bank. When I deposit my money I must ask for the check book. What must you do with the check if you want money from the bank ? I must write on it how much money I want and sign my name on it. How can you pay a man money with a check-? I must write the man's name and how much money I must pay him and sign my name. WRITTEN LESSON Write in your books these checks : The Third National Bank No. 1 Buffalo, NY., February 10, 1912. Pay to .Myself. . .or order $40.00 Forty ^%% Dollars. James Snyder. 125 No. 2 Pay Thirteen i^^V No. 3 Pay to . Six tVt- Bank of Commerce New York, N.Y., February 12, 1912. . . . Cash . ... or order $13.56 Dollars. ..H, City Bank SCRANTON, Pa. J. Kraus. John Nowak. February 12, 1912. . or order $6.75 Dollars. Simon Blank. Merchants' Bank No. 4 Pittsburgh, Pa., February 13, 1912. Pay to Marotti and Borodini . . .or order $3.95 Three iVo Dollars. save gave have saving SPELLING LESSON spend lend spent rent John Simson. sign check bank thank LESSON 54 TENSES OF THE VERB to-day yesterday to-morrow finished now last night next week present past future perfect I work I worked I will work I have worked I save I saved I will save I have saved 126 I buy I bought I will buy I spend I spent I will spend I walk I walked I will walk I build I built I will build I break I broke I will break I earn I earned I will earn I cut I cut I will cut I put I put I will put I eat I ate I will eat I hold I held I will hold Conjugation of the verb "work" in future, and present perfect tenses. I have bought I have spent I have walked I have built I have broken I have earned I have cut I have put I have eaten I have held the present, past, Present I work you work ( he works she works [it works we work you work they work Past I worked you worked [he worked she worked [it worked we worked you worked they worked Future I will work you will work [he will work she will work it will work we will work you will work they will work Present Perfect I have worked you have worked r he has worked she has worked I it has worked we have worked you have worked they have worked 127 READING LESSON FOR TWO PUPILS Did you work yesterday ? Yes, I worked yesterday. Shall you work to-morrow ? Yes, I shall work to-morrow if it does not rain. Is John working now ? Yes, he works every day. Where does he work ? He works in the box factory. Does he save his money ? No, he spent all his money last month. Do you save any money ? Yes, I save a little. I put twelve dollars into the bank last month. Shall you save any money next month ? Yes, I think that I shall. I shall walk to work every day and shall carry my dinner in a pail. So I shall save four car fares a day. That will be about six dollars a month. Next month I will not smoke any tobacco. That will save me about two dollars. How long have you worked in the box factory ? I have worked there for three months. How long have you lived in the United States ? I have lived here for nine months. Where else have you worked ? I have worked on the railroad. In Europe I have worked on a farm. What is Antony doing with his knife ? He is cutting his pencil. He has broken the point off his pencil, and he will put a new point on it. Now he has cut his finger., 128 Has Mr. Nowak finished that new house on Glen Street ? No, he will finish it next week. Next month he will build three more new houses on Cliff Street. SPELLING LESSON worked saved spent built brought walked shall earned bought broken (Note. — The next lesson requires some bills and re- ceipt blanks.) LESSON 55 bill paid receipt payment cost again received amounted to READING LESSON Mr. Nowak, a carpenter, went to Mr. Harki's store and bought some nails, a hammer, a saw, and twelve panes of glass. Mr. Harki wrote out a bill and Mr. Nowak paid the bill. Here is the bill : February 5, 1912. Mr. Nowak, Bought of John Harki, 40 pounds twelvepenny nails, r«) 3^ .... $1.20 1 hammer 75 1 saw 1.35 6 panes glass, 12 inches by 18 inches, t" 22^ . . 1.32 6 panes glass, 12 inches by 12 inches, @ 18^ . . 1.08 $5.70 Received Payment, John Harki. 129 A bill is a paper on which is written the name of the man who bought something, the name of the man who sold it, the thing that was bought, the cost of it, and how much it amounted to. If the buyer pays for the things on the bill, the man who sells writes on it, "Received Payment," and signs his name under it. This shows that the bill is paid. We call this "receipting a bill" and we say that the bill is "receipted." When you pay a bill, get a receipt. If you do not get a receipt, the man that you paid the money to can make you pay him again. Mr. Schwartz owes Mr. Cohen seven dollars for the rent of his house for February. He pays the money, and Mr. Cohen gives him this receipt : New Yobk, N.Y., February 20, 1912. Received of John Schwartz seven dollars for the rent of house No. 139 Cable Street, for February, 1912. Israel Cohen. written lesson Write in your book the following receipted bills : (1) Pittsburgh, Pa., February 20, 1912. Mr. Starek, Bought of Simmons and Co., 1 ice-box $3.85 Received Payment, Simmons and Co. FIRST LESS. IN ENG. — 9 130 (2) New York, N.Y.. February 21, 1912. Mr. L. J. Stransky, Bought of Wanamaker and Taylor, 1 sewing machine $32.00 Received Payment, Wanamaker and Taylor. (3) ScRANTON, Pa., February 22, 1912. Anton Metezzi, Bought op Ulrich and Co., 1 shovel $.75 1 dinner pail 30 1 wash basin 10 $1.15 Received payment, Ulrich and Co. (4) BtTFFALO, N.Y., February 23, 1912. Received of Bron Nowicki eight dollars for rent of house No. 839 Pulaski Street, for January, 1912. F. G. Lang. You owe Peter Smith nine dollars for rent. Pay him with a check on the Third National Bank where you have money. 131 SPELLING LESSON receive receipt paid received bill payment owe owed day LESSON 56 THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES president vote become serve Congress elect laws liquor representatives citizen appoint tax senators duties composed consists READING LESSON The head of the United States government is called the president. The president is elected by the voters of the United States and serves for four years. He is elected on Election Day in November, but does not become president until the following March. The president lives in the city of Washington. The laws of the United States are made by Congress. I Congress meets every year in Washington on the fii'st Monday in December. Congress consists of two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is composed of men who are elected by the voters of the different states. Some states have more representatives than others. The representatives serve for two years. The Senate is also composed of men who are elected by the people of the states. Each state has two senators. They serve six years. 132 The money that the United States needs is raised by- Congress. This money is raised by taxes and duties. There is a tax on tobacco. There is another tax on Uquor (beer, whisky, and wine). When you buy a paper of tobacco, you will see on it a blue stamp. You The Capitol at Washington will see another stamp on cigar boxes. These are United States stamps. The man who sold the tobacco bought the stamp, and when you buy it, you must pay for the stamp. That is a tax, and the money for it goes to the United States government. A duty is money paid on things brought into the United States from some other country. When a farmer in Canada brings into New York a load of pota- toes, he must pay a duty on his potatoes. If a man in New York city buys cloth in Germany and brings it to the United States, he must pay a duty on the cloth. 133 If you buy a suit of clothes made from that cloth, you must pay more for it than if there were no duty on it. A " citizen " of the United States is a man, woman, or child who was born in the United States. Persons who come to the United States from some other country must live here for five years before they can become citizens. WRITTEN LESSON Write in your books the answers to these questions : Who is the head of the United States government ? Who makes the laws of the United States ? How old must a man be before he votes ? How long must you live in the United States before you can vote ? SPELLING LESSON ax law appoint tax saw point citizen vote pointed LESSON 57 REVIEW ACTION AND READING LESSON FOR FOUR PUPILS 1. Please tell me the time. 2. What did he do ? 3. He told us the time. 1. Hold up your book in your right hand. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is holding up his book in his right hand. 1. Put your book on the fourth desk. 2. What has he done ? 134 3. He has put his book on the fourth desk. 1. Open the door and two windows. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has opened the door and two windows. 1. Please shut the door and the windows. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has shut the door and the windows. 1. Show me the first letter that you wrote in your hook. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has shown you the first letter in his book. 1. Please tell me the time. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has told us the time. 1. Open your book and show me a check. 2. Tell me what he has done. 3. He has shown you a check. 1. Bring me your book and show me a bill. 2. Tell me what he did. 3. He brought you his book and showed you a bill. 1. What time is it ? 2. Tell me what he did. 3. He told us the time. 1. Count up to twenty. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has counted up to twenty. 1. Count from twenty to thirty. 2. Tell me what he has done. 3. He has counted from twenty to thirty. 1. Name the days of the week. 2. What did he do? 3. He named the days of the week. 135 1. Name the months of the year. 2. What did he do ? 3. He named the months of the year. 1. What time is it? 2. What has he done ? 3. He has told the time. 1. Tell me what state you live in. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has named the state we live in. 1. Go to the map and find this state. 2. What did he do? 3. He showed us this state on the map. 1. Go to the map and find the city that you live in. 2. What has he done ? 3. He has found this city on the map. 1. Count out one sheet of paper for each pupil. 2. What is he doing ? 3. He is counting out a sheet of paper for each pupil. 1. Put one sheet of paper on each desk. 2. What is he doing now ? 3. He is putting a sheet of paper on each desk. WRITTEN LESSON On this sheet of paper write the answers to these questions : What is your name ? In what country were you born ? In what city or town were you born ? In what year did you come to the United States ? In what city are you living now ? On what street do you live ? Where do you work ? 136 In what year were you born ? How old are you ? Why did you come to the United States ? LESSON 58 REVIEW OF WRITTEN LESSONS Wanted: 150 men to work in South Dakota, har- vesting wheat. Apply at office of Chicago and North- ern Railway, 285 Broadway, New York, N.Y. Write a letter to the Chicago and Northern Railway Co., asking about the wages paid in South Dakota and how to go there. You have bought a suit of clothes from Stanowitz and Baum, 164 Grand Street. You have forty dollars in the City Bank. Pay for your clothes with a check. The clothes cost thirteen dollars. Stanowitz and Baum were to send your clothes to your house last Friday, but they have not sent them. Write them asking that they send your clothes to-mor- row. You want ten dollars. Write a check on the City Bank for that much money. You are working in a shoe store. Mr. Amalfi buys from you a pair of shoes for $2.50, and two pairs of children's rubbers at thirty cents a pair. He pays for them and wants a bill. Write a bill and receipt it. LESSON 59 HOW THE STATES AND CITIES ARE GOVERNED Each state of the forty -eight states that make the United States is, in some ways, like an independent 137 country. The people of each state make their own laws and elect their own governor. They raise money by taxa- tion to support their own government. Congress can make laws for the United States as a whole, but not for any single state. The president of the United States has no control over the laws of any state. The money raised by the people of any state by taxation belongs to the state, not to the United States. In every state there are men who work for the United States, such as the mail carrier who brings letters to you, and the men who work in the post offices, and many others. In every state, also, there are men who work for the state. Every state is composed of " counties," some large and some small. At the head of the state is a " governor " who is elected by the citizens of the state. The laws of the state are made by the " legislature," which, like Congress, is composed of men elected by the voters of the state. Cities have their own governments. The head of a city is called a " mayor." He is elected by the voters of the city. The laws of a city are made by a " council " composed of men elected by the voters of the city. This council raises by taxation the money that the city needs. A city needs much money to pay the people that work for it. A city needs policemen to keep order, firemen to put out fires, and teachers to teach the children. A city needs schools for the children, good streets and side- walks, good water to drink, and sewers to keep it clean and healthy. All these cost money, and the money is raised by taxation. We say that the United States is a free country. By this we mean that the people make their own laws, elect 138 their own officers, and lay their own taxes. If the governor of their state is not a good man, they can elect a better one at the next election. If they do not like the mayor of their city, they can choose another. If the taxes are too high, they can elect men to their council who will try to make the taxes less. We say that the government of the United States is a govern- ment " of the people, by the people, for the people." When we say that we are " free," we do not mean that we can do anything we want to do. There are laws that the people have made and all of us must obey. The president of the United States or the governor of this state cannot make a man do anything that breaks a law that the people have made. Even they must obey the law. But every man must obey the law just as the president and the governor must obey it. And every man should obey the law of his own free will, because it is right to obey it, not because he must obey it. LESSON 60 One of the national songs that every citizen of the United States should know is called, "The Star-span-- gled Banner." This song was written by Francis S. Key, during the War of 1812, between the United States and England. Mr. Key wrote it while he was watching English warships firing at an American fort near Baltimore. The song was written about the fight there and about the flag of the United States. The word "banner" means flag and "star-spangled" means covered with stars, 139 STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 1 say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleam- ing— Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the clouds of the fight. O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly stream- ing! And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air. Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; ! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave ? On that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep. Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep. As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines on the stream ; 'Tis the star-spangled banner ; long may it wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave ! 3 And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battles' confusion A home and a country should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollu- tion. 140 No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave ; And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. ! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war's desolation ! Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto — "In God is our trust," And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. VOCABULARY This list of words used in tlie text comprises only those which cannot easily be explained by reference to the object named or, as in the case of verbs, prepositions, and some adjectives and adverbs, by action or gesture. English German Polish iTALLiN Yiddish r etwa '.um okolo, u about dokola presso vm across f iiber \ hinuber przez a traverso •'J'I'N after nach /- wiederum po dopo, poi 1W again J wieder I noohmals znowu di nuovo ly^V a great deal viel, sehr viel bardzo wiele moltissimo T<5 N a little ein bischen trooh^, malo un poco SyD'3 N all alle, alles wszystko tutto, -a "yf^>i amount to f sich belauf en \ betragen wynosic somma totale aay^mi suma another ein anderes inny (un) altro, -a lyiJN i"N answer antworten odpowiedz rispondere wymi'i any f etwas I irgend ein ktokolwiek fdel I qualunque anything irgend etwas cokolwiek qualche cosa Dysjj apply f bewerben I nachsuchen zglosid si^ chiedere C nominare IJjjy'iD^Nj appoint ernennen mianowafi ■j eleggere I appuntare jyD'DE'N? are, is bist, sind, ist sa, jest sono, sei, 6 I'!}. ]V)ri ask fragen pytac si^ domandare !»'?? author f Autor ISchriftsteller autor autore -ijjj'nu' lyji? bake backen piec fare il pane typ.N3 bank Bank bank banca pJN3 bill ^ (bank-bill) | Banknote banknot r biglietto di 1 banca ^v^:? bar Stange sztaba osteria MKig!2l be (to be) sein byd essere r'' 141 142 English German Polish ITALIAK TisniBH beautiful schiin pi^kny bello, -a I"? become werden stad si? divenire J7.1!!!' before vor przed prima T1? begin f anfangen 1 beginnen r gehoren zaczad cominciare jyjjNBjN belong } zugehoren I angehoren nalezec appartenere B-;?jy.^ beiTy Beere jagoda bacca IPI!??. bill (account) Rechnung rachunek conto JMJ^JT birthday Geburtstag dzieii urodzenia f giorno di I nascita jKBDOiiayj boil ( sieden I kochen gotowac 1 lessare t bollire ]m?. born geboren urodzony nato, -a ir!.N3?j. bottom Boden, Grund dno fondo p;t bread Brot chleb pane B'>13 bridge Brucke most ponte P'-^? bright hell jasny , przyprowa- briUante jwS bring bringen \ dzi6 {person] 1 przyniesu ' (thing) recaxe PJJ"-3 busy f geschaftig I beschaftigt czynny, pilny afiacendato IPJU-INP buy kaufen kupic comprare IPS"? by an, bei, neben przy per, da "J-JNB can konnen moze potere w'm carry fiihren, tragen niesd portare IJJN^O cattle Rindvieli bydJo bestiame ni2H3 cheap f billig I wohlf eil tani f a buon \ mercato / ciriegia J'S'I cherry Kirsche wisnia 5 or cUiegia (or cerasa \ytryi> child Kind dzieoko bambino ■^rp citizen Buerger obywatel cittadino -\;j-i;d city Stadt miasto citta BNB» clean rein czysty puro, netto I"! climate (Klima ... ■^ tr- 1^-1 klimnt I Himmelsstneli clima atro'hp 143 Ehoubh cold come cost count country dear deposit die different dig drive dry each earn earth east eat egg elect empty evening every factory German kalt kommen kosten zahlen Land teuer f einzahlen I anvertrauen sterben J verschieden \ anders graben treiben trooken jeder f verdienen 1 erwerbeii Erde f Ost(eii) \ ostlich essen Ei erwahlen leer Abend jede jeder I jedes f Faktorei I Fabrik Polish Italian zimny {cool) frigido przyjsd venire f kosztowaC (u6.) ■< , ^ , , costare I koszt {noun) liczyc contare fcampagna I paese kosztowny, drogi caro, -a depositare fall (to fall) fallen fall (autumn) Herbst f Bauerngut farm, n. S v. -j pachten V Pachtgut depozyt umrzefi rozny, inny kopafi powoziS sucliy kazdy zarabiad ziemia wsch(5d jaje wybraii pr(3iny wieoz6r kazdy fabryka spadafi jesien rola morire differente < zappare \ vangare f ficoare 1 guidare seooo, -a f ciasoheduno I ciascuno f guadagnars I luorare terra, suolo levante, est mangiare uovo eletto voto sera ogni fabbrica r cadere I cascare autunno f podere I campo Yiddish D7Np. •UN*? mro Ti • ?ypy, "!* ISD13 lyij.; iy|?'<9 tOD^iyn 1JN7 144 English farmer fast / fasten fat father feel field fire fish flat flour flower for free freedom freeze frost fruit full furnace future girl give go God good good-bye German r Bauer \ Landwirt schnell , befestigen \ zusammen- ) fligen ^ festmaohen fett Vater fiihlen Feld Feuer Fisoh rflach \ platt, eben Mehl Blume r anstatt, um Ifur frei Freiheit f frieren \ gefrieren I Frost iReif Frucht vol! f Schmelzofen I Heizofen klinftig Madchen geben gehen Gott gut lebt wohl Polish Italian rolnik ■ agricoltore ' . contadino pr^dko rapido przymocowad attacare t'tusty ojciec ozu5 grasso f padro \ genitore tatto pole ogieii campagna fuoco good evening guten Abend good morning guten Morgen govern regieren ryba pfaski maka kwiat dla wolny, darmo wolnosfi marzn5,6 mrdz OWOG petny {piec do topienia krusz- c6w przyszi'y dziewczyna dac p6j^6, iSc Bdg dobry bywaj zdr6w dobry wieczdr dzieri dobry rzadzic pesce piatto farina fiore per libero, -a liberti gelare gelata frutto colmo, pieno forno futuro ragazza dare andare Dio buon addio buona sera buon giorno governare Yiddish E"B "ID B"ninB SlB OBJip« UK} T iMJ 145 English German Polish Italian TroniSH government Kegierung rzj.d governo Jjnijj)^ grape Traube winogrono uva JJ)5''''-\!SJ"1J grass Gras trawa erba JN-JJ great gross wielki grande D'^-IJ grind mahlen mled macinare 1J!S°« ground fErde, Grund iBoden SruBt suolo ■'"'? grow wachsen rosnafi cresoere jypijNii hard hart twardy duro QiNn harvest Ernte zniwo raccolta he er on egli ■"l healthy gesund zdr6w sano •\iiin here hier tu qui NT high hoch wysoM alto, -a :i''in holiday- Feiertag §wi^to giorno di festa 3* D'l' hollow hohl zapadty cavo S'ln hot heiss goracy far caldo D"D hour Stunde godzina ora yniw ice Eis l<5d ghiaccio, gelo P'N interest • Interesse . Zinsen • procent . interesowac interesse DJTJtJJiN it es to, ono ci6 °l kiU f toten \ schlachten zabic • uccidere . macellare Wijfi''^^ know wissen, kennen umieft, znaC conosoere iy?\" lake See jezioro lago ■vk large gl'OSS wielki grande, largo 0*-\3 law Gesetz prawo legge y^n less weniger mniej ( minore \ inferiore yi^^vv level eben rowny livello ^nSa liberty Freiheit woluosc liberta la^^nino lightning Elitz bJyskawica lampo, baleno 'y'hk like (to do, &c.) I (tun, etc.) amare \nm a^i? like (similar) gleich wie podobny • da, come . tale, quale 1""?^ , geistiges Ge- liquor \ trank j Liqueur trunek liquore pJN-IBJJA ^Likor ■ FIRST LESS. IN ENG. - -10 146 Bhoush long look low machine many market meal meet melt middle might mill miller mine (coal-mine) mix morning mortar mountain much must nearly need north ' nothing now obey office officer old only other lang ( schauen \ sehen, blicken niedrig Masohine viel Markt Mahlzeit treffen sohmelzen Mitte Gewalt Muhle Mtiller {Mine Bergwerk Grube mischen Morgcii Mortel Berg viel miissen beinahe bedurfen f nordlich I Norden nichts nun, jetzt gehorchen {Comptoir Gescbiifts- stube Beamter alt nur, allein r anders I anderer Polish dfugi patrzei' nizki machina wiele targ jedzenie spotkaC topic srodek sila mJyn mtynarz kopalnia mieszaC rano wapno i piasek g6ra wiele musieC blizko potrzebowafi poUnoc nio teraz f byt postusz- nyra \ urzad urz^dnik stary tylko inny Italian lungo nsservare basso machina molte, molti mercato pasto iucontrare liquefare mezzo forza muUno f mulinaro I mugnaio mischiare mattina, -o calcina montagna molto bisogna presso avere bisogno ( nord l settentrione niente adesso I ubbidire I obbedire ufficio officiale vecchio ( soltanto I solamente alLro TiDDIBh ■]ttp N -I T BBN-ip J1K3 ■^y.)'? 147 En<^lish German f Backofen lOfen POIISH ITALIAH TlDDIRfl oven piec, piekarsk i forno lyj.VlN |1N j-uber over ■j heruber »• hinuber nad sopra lya'N owe r schuldig sein \verpflichtetsein^y*^'°°y" dovere 3l^i7W pair Paar para paio IKS past vorbei przeszly passato iiayp pay bezahlen ptacid pagare TJ'^«?>'?. payment Bezahlung zapJata pagamento j:iSnsp3 peach Pfirsich brzoskwinia pSsca people Leute lud popolo B"|j perfect i (tense) i Perfectum f czas przeszty I dokonany P^-^^^"" t3Jn:jy)j pickax Spitzhammer motyka zappa pxri N pig Schwein prosi^ maiale, porco iV.n pilgrim Pilger pielgrzym pellegriuo iJ^y'^.JNli plain Ebene rdvenina pianura riNOJ'^N pleasant r angenehm \ gefallig przyjemny ameno tsyjj'.i.iN polite hoflich grzeczny f educate I pulito vhq»'? poor arm ubogi povero rufficio Postale DJIN post-office Postamt poczta ■ ufficio della posta I3DN3 present - (tense) .' Praesens f czas teraz- l niejszy j tempo I presente yj'Pfv.; pride Stolz pycha pregiarsi yhKOI!' product Erzeugnis produkt prodotto protect beschiitzen bronic proteggire lys^pj pull Ziehen ciagnafi tirare lyey^? railway Eisenbahn droga zelazna strada ferrata IN3JK!"« rain Regen /* aufheben deszcz pioggia m-i raise ■ heben aufrichten J uprawiafi 1 podnie§(i ( coltivare 1 (piante) imD read lesen czytaC leggere w'; receive rempfangen lerhalten przyiac ricevere IjoSkh-ip 148 ESOWSH Geemah Polish Italiaw i'lDDISH rent Miete, Zins komorne pigione WP repair 1 ausbessern I repariren naprawi(5 riparo Ijra?'-;?? ride fahren jechad f andare a I cavallo t?;*"? river Fluss rzeka riviera, fiume -,Ma roast braten, rosten pieczei'i arrostire i'?yj;i fSNt run laufen biegac correre sail segeln 4agiel navigare salt Salz s61 sale same derselbe samo medesimo v^n sand Sand piasek arena IDNI save retten, sparen oszcz^dzic risparmiare ^yytso seasons Jahreszeiten poryroku(pi.) stagione i??"S'i«; send ■ schicken \ senden poslac spedire lyR'?" sell verkaufen sprzedaC vendere VB-'' short kurz krdtki corto r-wp show zeigen okazac mostrare ipj"? sing singen spiewaC cantare iwv'- small klein maly f piccina, -o t piccolo, -a !"S? smoke i (tobacco) J rauchen pali6 tytofi ( fumar (del") \ tabacco ,yr>T snow Schnee ^nieg neve "if sometimes zuweilen czasem qualche volta '?NDDJKp south f SUden 1 sttdlich potudnie sud IPT' speak sprechen mdwid parlare ]v;jii spend ausgeben trwoniu spendare IJOyjD'Mt spring 1 FrUhling wiosna primavera JJ'S'TE 149 English Stay steamship stone stove sugar summer sun support tax taxation teacher tell then there they thick thing thresh thunder together tool us use vegetahle very vote wages vragon fiERMAN bleiben Dampfer Si-ein Ofen Zucker Sommer Sonne / unterstiitzen -j ertragen I erhalten f Steuer I Abgabe {Steuer Schatzung Besteuerung Lehrer r sagen I erzahlen dann da, dort sie dick Ding dreschen Donner zusammen Werkzeug uns gebrauohen ( Pflanze I Gemtise sehr f Rebe 1 Ranke wahlen f Lohn 1 Gehalt Wagen Polish zostafl statek parowy kamien pieo cukier ato sfouce wspiera6 podatek uauczyciel povciedzieu potem tam oni, one g?sty, gruby rzecz mioaii grzmot razem narz^dzie nam, nas uzywao warzyvfa bardzo f winna \ latorosl glosowad Italian fermarsi ( battello a I vapore pietra stufa zucchero estate sole sustenersi tassare podatkowauie tassa maestro, -a dire allora li, la eglino, essi sfesso cosa trebbiare tuono insieme ordigno noi usare vegetale molto vite {dare il sue veto votare zarobek salario fura(load),"w6z carro TtDDlSU 111 V3NJ31J m NT n pn ■1"?P"1>'1.1 IJIX IP-"*;.! 150 ENeLISH Gees[ax Polish ITAI-IAN TiDDlBH want ) bediirfen I wiinschen chciec mancare IJ^'ll war Krieg wojna guerra •"'■Ji? warm warm cieply caldo DyiNii we wlr my noi 'td wear tragen nosic jndossare jyjKna weather Wetter pogoda tempo lyoyii weigh wiegen v/a,tj6 pesare w):!)) west f Westen 1 westlich zach6d J occidente . ovest OD?ri what was CO che, come DNVI wheat Weizen pszenica grauo ^»^ll when als, wann kiedy, gdy quando trv where wo gdzie dove \ why warum dla czego perche 0N1T1NB wind Wind wiatr vento -U'll winter Winter zima invemo ny^ri; wish ■wiinschen zyczy6 r mancare 1 desiderare tJfJ'V' woman Frau kobieta donna MTT you Sie, du fty. "wy 1 {sg.<&pl.) voi I'?-'-; young jung miody giovane jjj' ADVERTISEMENTS AM ERICA FIRST By JASPER J.,. McBRIEN, A. M., School Extension Specialist for the United States Bureau of Education, Washington, O. C, and formerly State Superintendent of Public Instruction of Nebraska. TO INSTILL patriotism into the hearts of the rising generation is one of the greatest privileges of every school teacher. For it is chiefly to the teachers of America that the duty comes of amalgamating into one loyal, patriotic whole all the children of this country, whether they are the offspring of parents who were born here or of parents who come from other lands. Material which the teacher can definitely work toward this end is necessary and in this new book, "America First," this need is adequately met. ^ The chief feature of the book is an original dramatization of the events of the Continental Congress of 1 776; in addition, there are numerous and famous patriotic speeches and orations, songs and poems. All of this material is excellent for use in eighth grades and high schools. ^y Dr. A. E. Winship in the Journal of Education, writes of this book as follows: "In 'America First,' Mr. McBrien has surely made the book of the hour in the true Americanism and the lofty patriotism that it teaches. Every student of current events must see the imperative need for such instruction. Before the American people realized it the European war had erected a Tower of Babel in our midst and we found ourselves in a con- fusion of tongues on Old- World problems. The purpose of this book is to rebaptize all with the love of our own country, revise American ideals and make 'America First' the national slogan of every man, woman and child under the stars and stripes.*** Never was there such an opportune time for the universal use, in school and out, of such a book as Mr. McBrien' s 'America First.' " AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (J4II SUPPLEMENTARY READING By EDWARD EGGLESTON STORIES OF GREAT AMERICANS FOR LITTLE AMERICANS THIS book is eminently suited to second year pupils. Not only does it make learning to read an easy task, but it provides matter which is stimulating and enjoy- able. By means of interesting personal anecdotes, the child is made familiar with the history of our country and some of its leading figures. Famous warriors and patriots, states- men, discoverers, inventors, men of science and letters, find a place in these tales. Some of the stories should be known to every American, because they have become a kind of national folk-lore. The words are not too difficult, while the sentences and paragraphs are short. STORIES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND ADVENTURE HERE are presented for third year pupils exciting stories which tell of the adventurous pioneer life of this country, and which show why the nadonal character is disdnguished by traits of quick-wittedness, humor, self- reliance, love of liberty, and democratic feeling. These historical anecdotes include stories of Indian life, of frontier peril and escape, of adventures with the pirates of Colonial dmes, of daring Revolutionary feats, of dangerous whaling voyages, of scientific explorations, and of personal encounters with savages and wild beasts. With them are intermingled sketches of the homes, the food and drink, the birds and animals, the schools, and the children's plays of other times. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (IV HUNT'S COMMUNITY ARITHMETIC By BRENELLE HUNT, Principal of the Training School Department, State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass. THIS arithmetic is intended as a supplementary book for the upper elementary grades and the junior high school. For pupils who have become acquainted with the ftinda- mental operations and need to learn how to apply these oper- ations in actual life this book offers definite training in the economic activities of the average community. It shows the pupil how to make practical use in factory, oiEce, store, or bank, of the arithmetical principles he has learned. ^ Each lesson, or series of lessons, deals with a single line of everyday work and gives enough practice to secure an intel- ligent understanding of that business. The lessons are pre- sented from the point of view of the people doing the work and reflect actual business conditions. The work of a clerk in a grocery store, a meat market, or a dry goods store; prob- lems in heating and lighting, the labor and problems involved in poultry keeping, carpentry and building and practical exercises in household expenses and accounts are some of the kinds of work in which the pupil is drilled. V Special attention is given to the subjects that are taken up for the first time. At every stage, the pupil's mental equip- ment has been duly considered, and the gap between the known and the unknown has most carefully been bridged. In many cases, guide questions lead the pupil to an understand- ing of what he is to do. The numerous line cuts and half- tones also help to clear up any possible difEculties. •[J This book not only makes for efficiency in the ordinary trade operations but it also trains the pupil to be carefiil in his own expenditures and to appreciate the value of accuracy. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY to?) STEADMANS' WRITING By ANDREW H. STEADMaN, Supervisor of Penmanship, Cincinnad Public Schools, and CARRIE D. STEADMAN, formerly Assistant Supervisor of Penmanship. STEADMANS' Graded Lessons in Writing train the child to maintain a truly healthful position, and to use the large muscles of the upper arm and shoulder as the motive power in writing. As the ability to write automatic- ally is acquired, a correct sitting habit is inculcated; stoop- ing over the desk, cramping the lung space, bringing the eyes so close to the paper that they are permanently injured, be- come impossible. The child is no longer subjected to the harmfiil tendencies of former days. ^This system teaches the child to write a good, characteristic hand that will remain with him through life. The course is presented in eight pads. Each pad is a complete cycle, covering the work for an entire year, and containing forty sheets, eighty pages, three and one-third times as much as a copybook. Each page presents a central idea, around which the lesson is constructed. The drills constitute a ser- ies of graded, specialized, physical culture exercises. These exercises are so devised and arranged that the pupils are led, by easy gradations, from the simplest forms and letters to the more complex. Each drill is based upon the movemcjit re- quired to form the letter or letters under consideration during that particular writing lesson. ^The work is simplicity itself. It teaches an easy, gracefiil style of free handwriting with fiiU play for the writer's indi- viduality. It requires oo extra exercise books, no teacher's manual, no blank pad , and no additional paper. Any teacher can teach it with ease without further assistance, and any child will find no difficulty in performing it successfully, and in acquiring a handwriting that is legible, rapid, and automatic. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY WILLIAMS & ROGERS COM- MERCIAL PUBLICATIONS THE success and popularity of these books for business colleges, and for commercial departments of highsciiools, are well-known. No other series of a similar nature is so widely used, and none fits the pupil so well for the practical pursuits of later life. Among these publications are: MODERN ILLUSTRATIVE BOOKKEEPING Introductory, Advanced, and Complete Courses. MODERN ILLUSTRATIVE BANKING OFFICE ROUTINE AND BOOKKEEPING Introductory, and Complete Courses. BOOKKEEPING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE THREE WEEKS IN BUSINESS PRACTICE PRACTICE SYSTEM OF BUSINESS TRAINING FIRST LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING NEW INTRODUCTORY BOOKKEEPING NEW COMPLETE BOOKKEEPING ADVANCED BOOKKEEPING AND BANKING MENTAL COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC BUSINESS ARITHMETIC MOORE'S NEW COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC GANG'S COMMERCIAL LAW TEST QUESTIONS IN COMMERCIAL LAW MILLS'S MODERN BUSINESS PENMANSHIP NEW PRACTICAL GRAMMAR BELDING'S COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE STUDIES FOR LETTERS ENGLISH PUNCTUATION PITMANIC SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR SEVENTY LESSONS IN SPELLING TEST LESSONS IN SPELLING NEW CIVIL GOVERNMENT DESCRIPTIVE ECONOMICS AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Cl44S) ENGLISH COMPOSITION SCHOOL COMPOSITION By WILLIAM H. MAXWELL, M.A., Ph.D , City Superintendent of Schools, New York City, and EMMA L. JOHNSTON, A.B., Principal of Public School No. 140, Brooklyn THIS book is designed for the last two years of the grammar school, and is carefully graded, each of its four parts furnishing material for about twenty weeks' work. In Parts I and II each lesson begins with an interesting model composition, taken from the work of a literary writer, which is sufficiently brief and simple to serve as a model of form for young writers. By means of brief "studies" pupils are led to discover some of the broad principles underlying the art of expression, and by means of exercises in imitation they are taught to apply these principles. Part III is devoted to the study of paragraphing, and in Part IV all that was learned empirically in the other three parts is systematically set forth. WRITING IN ENGLISH By WILLIAM H. MAXWELL and GEORGE J. SMITH, M.A., Ph.D., Member of the Board of Ex- aminers, New York City IN this course for upper grammar classes and high schools, entire composirions are taken up at first, followed by paragraphs, then by sentence construction, and finally, by the smallest units of composition, words. Models of good composition, selected for their style and for their skilfiiUy ordered presentation of ideas, form a prominent feature, and, because of their character, give interest and value to the work. Particular attention is called to the large number and practical character of the exercises, which have been planned and arranged with the greatest care, and which constitute the active and living element of the book. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY C83) AMERICAN LITERATURE AMERICAN POEMS With notes and biographies. By AUGUSTUS WHITE LONG, Preceptor in English, Princeton University, Joint Editor of Poems from Chaucer to Kipling THIS book is intended to serve as an introduction to the systematic study of American poetry, and, tlierefore, does not pretend to exhaustiveness. All the poets from 1776 to 1900 who are worthy of recognition are here treated simply, yet suggestively, and in such a manner as to illustrate the growth and spirit of American life, as expressed in its verse. Each writer is represented by an appropriate number of poems, which are preceded by brief biographical sketches, designed to entertain and awaken interest. The explanatory notes and the brief critical comments give much usefiil and interesting information. MANUAL OF AMERICAN LITERATURE By JAMES B. SMILEY, A.M., Assistant Principal of Lincoln High School, Cleveland, Ohio THE aim of this little manual is simply to open the way to a study of the masterpieces of American literature. The treatment is biographical rather than critical, as the intention is to interest beginners in the lives of the great writers, and thus to encourage a freer and less mechanical study of their works. Although the greatest space has been devoted to the most celebrated writers, attention is also di- rected to authors prominent in the early history of our country, and to a few writers whose books are enjoying the popularity of the moment. Suggestions for reading, both with reference to each author's works and along biographical lines, appear at the end of the chapters. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY C98) BRIGHAM and McFARLANE'S ESSENTIALS OF GEOGRAPHY By ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM, A. M., Professor of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y., and CHARLES T. McFARLANE, Pd. D., Professor of Geography, Teachers College, Columbiz University. FIRST BOOK SECOND BOOK Each book also published in two parts. IN THIS series every lesson makes a vivid impression because it shows the pupil that geography has a real and definite connection with the everyday world he knows. The human side of the study is continually emphasized, yet there is no trace of Actionized geography, no irrelevant story- matter. Up-to-date, accurate and pertinent facts give the pupil inspiring ideas of the unity of the world and its peoples. ^ These are the first school geographies to employ the natural groups adopted by the United States Census Bureau, — the groups alluded to in all government publications, magazine articles and newspapers. 'S For the first time in any school geography the inter-relation of the world's life and work with physical geography is ade- quately shown. Each main industry is described in connec- tion with the place where it is chiefly located or developed. ^ Over and above all other topics treated in these books is the dual subject of industry and commerce. The industrial side of life in every country of the world is continually kept in the foreground. In connection with commerce, the trans- portation routes of the various countries of the world are fiilly described and illustrated. ^ One of the most striking features of this series is the perfection of the maps, which were made especially for these geographies, regardless of expense. They represent the highest art of map- making known today. Equaling the maps in unusual merit and charm are the illustrations, which have been reproduced from photographs from all over the world. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY (34a)