708 B82 1866 Suppl. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE ^. .Cornell University Library QL 708.B82 1866 Suppl. ^^'^iPSIiiSiii'Rl..,?^?!* "^'^ whales n the Bri 3 1924 024 782 611 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782611 SUPPLEMENT CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES BRITISH MUSEUM. JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1871, PRINTED BY TAYLOK AND PEANCIS, BED LION COURT, FLIBT STRIET. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Fuee Suborder PINNIPEDIA .... 1 Fam. 1. Phocxd^ 1 Tribe I. Phocina 2 1. Callocepbalus 2 2. Pagomys 2 3. Pagophilus 2 equestris. N. Pacific. . 2 ochotensis. N. Pa- cific 2 4. Halicyon 2 Richardi. N. Pacific . . 2 Pealei. Antarctic Seas? 2 5. Phoca 3 barbata. North Sea. . . 3 naurica. N. Pacific . . 3 Tribe II. Halichgbhina .... 3 6. Halicboerua 3 Tribe UI. MoNACHiNA 3 7. Monachua 3 Tribe IV. Stenobhynchina . . 3 8. Stenorhynchus 3 leptonyx. Falkland Is., New Zealand . . 4 9. Lobodon 4 10. Leptonyx 4 11. Ommatophoca 4 Tribe V. Ctstophoeina .... 4 12. Morunga 4 elephantina. Falk- land Island 4 angustirostris. Cali- fornia 5 13. Cystophora 6 Fam. 2. Tbichbchid^ 5 1. Tricbechus 6 rosmarus 6 Fam. 3. Otajoadx 6 Tribe I. Otariina 11, 12 1. Otaria 11, 12 jubata. S. America . . 13 Page Tribe II. Callobhinina . . 11, 14 2. Callorhinus II, 14 ursinus. Kamtschatka 15 Tribe in. Abctocbphalina. 11, 15 3. Pbocarctos 12, 15 Hookeri. Oape Horn 15 4. Arctocepbalus .... 12, 17 antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope 17 nigrescens. Falkland Islands 20 cinereuB. Australia. . 24 Forsteri. N. Zealand. 25 falklandicus. Falkland Islands 25 nivosus. Cape of Good Hope 27 Tribe rV. Zalophina .... 12, 27 6. Zalophus 12,27 Gilliespii. N. Pacific 28 6. Neopboca 12, 28 lobata. Australia .... 28 Tribe V. EtiMBTOPiiNA . . 12, 29 7. Eumetopias 12, 29 Stelleri. California . . 30 8. Arctophoca 12, 31 Philippii. Juan-Fer- nandez Island .... 32 Order CETACEA ?4 Section I. Mysticbte 35 Suborder I. BALiBNomEA .... 36 Fam. 1. Balmnivx 36 1. Balsena 37 mysticetus. North Sea 38 mediterranea. Medi- terranean 38 angulata. North Sea ? nordcaper. Iceland . . 39 [cullamacha. N. Paci- fic] 39 TABLE OF CONTBMS. Page 2. Neobalsena 39 marginata. New Zea- land 40 3. Eubalsena 42 australis. Cape of Good Hope 43 Sieboldii. Kamts- chatka . . . ^ 43 [japonica. Japanj . . 43 cisarctica. Atlantic . . 43 4. Hunterius 44 Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope .... 44 biacayensis. St. Sebas- tian 44 Swedenborgii. North Sea 44 5. Oaperea 45 antipodarum. New Zealand 45 6. Macleayius 45 australiensis. Austra- lasia 46 britannicus. Dorset- shire 46 Suborder H. BAL.a:NOPTBi!,oi- DBA 46 Fam. 2. AoAPHBLiDiE 47 1. Agaphelus 47 S'bbosus. N. Atlantic 48 ichianectes 48 . glaucus. California . . 48 Fam. 3. MBaAPTBRiD^ 50 1. Megaptera 50 longimana. North Sea 50 novse-zelandisa. New Zealand 50 Burmeisteri. Buenos Ayres 50 americana. Bermuda 50 kuzira. Japan 50 osphyia. Atlantic. ... 51 ver.gabilis. N. Pacific 61 2. Poescopia 51 Lalandii. Cape of Good Hope 51 3. Eschrichtius 52 robustus. Atlantic . . 52 Fam. 4. PHYSALiDiE 52 1. Benedenia 52 Knoxii. North Sea . . 52 2. Physalus 52 antiquorum. North Sea 58 Duguidii. North Sea 53 patachonicus. River Plata 53 brazUiensis. Bahia . . o3 3. Cuvierius 54 Sibbaldii. North Sea 54 4. Rudolphius 64 laticeps. North Sea . . 54 6. Sibbaldius 55 borealis. North Sea . . 65 Schlegelii. Java .... 55 antarcticus. Buenos Ayres 65 sulphureus. N.Pacific 55 tectirostris. N. Pacific 56 tuberosus. North-east America 56 Fam. 5. Bkt.mthovi'ebxdm . . 56 1. Balsenoptera 56 rostrata. North Sea. . 56 velifera. Oregon .... 66 2. Swinhoia 57 chinensis. Formosa . . 57 Section II. Dbnticktb .... 67 Suborder HI. Phtsbtbroidba 67 Fam. 6. Oatodontid^ 68 1. Catodon 68 macrocephalus. Trop. 69 2. Meganeuron 59 Krefftii. Australasia 59 Fam. 7. PHYSBTBaiD.ffi) 60 1. Physeter 60 tursio. North Sea. ... 60 2. Kogia 60 breviceps. Cape of Good Hope 60 Macleayii. Australia, India 61 3. Euphysetes 61 Grayii. Australia. ... 61 Suborder IV. Stjsuoidba .... 61 Fam. 8. PLATANiSTrD.ffi; 62 1. Platauista 62 gangetica. India .... 62 Indi. India 62 Suborder V. Dblphinoidea . . 62 Fam. 9. lNiiD.ffli 63 1. Inia 63 Geoffroyii. Brazil. ... 64 Fam. 10. Dblphinid*; 64 Tribe I. Stbnonina 65 1. Steno 66 frontatus. Indian Ocean 65 compressus. South Sea 65 chinensis. China .... 65 capensis. Cape of Good Hope 66 lentiginosus, ' India . . 66 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page [rosei-ventris. Moluc- cas] 66 tucuxi. Brazil 66 attenuatus. India .... 66 fuscus 66 [brevimanus. Singa- pore] 66 [coronatus. Spitzber- gen] 66 [rostratuB. North Sea] 67 2.Sotalia 67 guianensis. British Guiana 67 Tribe II. Delphinina 67 3. Delphinus 67 longirostris. Japan, Cape of Good Hope 68 delphis. North Sea . . 68 Moorei. S. Atlantic . . 68 major 68 Walkeri. S. Atlantic 68 Janira. Newfoundland 68 fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen's Land. ... 68 obliquidens. N. Pacific 69 pomeegra. India .... 69 Forsteri 69 4. Clymenia 69 stenorhyncha 69 microps. CoastofBrazil 69 Alope. Cape Horn . . 70 Styx. West Africa . . 70 Euphrosyne. North Sea 70 gadamu. India 70 normalis 70 Doris 70 euphrosynoides 71 dorides 71 obscura. S. Pacific . . 71 similis. Cape of Good Hope 72 crotaphiscus 72 . esthenops 72 5. Delphinapterus 72 Peronii. S. Atlantic. 72 6. Tursio 72 truncatus. North Sea. 74 erebennus. Philadel- phia 74 Metis. West Africa . , 74 Cymodoce. River Ura- gua 74 abusalam. Cape of Good Hope 74 Eurynome. South Sea 74 catalania. N.W. Aus- tralia 75 Page 7. Eutropia 75 DicHei. Chili 75 Heavisidii. Cape seas 75 Tribe HI. Lagbnobhynchina 75 8. Electra 76 obtusa 76 Asia 76 fusiformis. India .... 76 acuta. North Sea. ... 76 brevicepB 76 clancula. S. Pacific . . 77 crucigera 77 thicolea 77 9. Feresa 78 intermedia 78 10. Leucopleurus 78 arcticua. North Sea. . 78 11. Lagenorhynchus .... 79 albirostris. North Sea 79 Tribe IV. Pseudobcaina .... 79 12. Paeudorca 79 crassidens. North Sea 80 meridionalis. Van Die- men's Land 80 13. OrcaeUa 80 brevirostris. Ganges. . 80 fluminaUs 80 Tribe V. Phoc^nina 81 14. Phocsena 81 communis. North Sea 81 [brachycium. Harbour of Salem] 81 [vomerina. N. Pacific] 81 15. Acanthodelphis 81 spinipinnia. Brazil . . 81 16. Neomeris 81 phocsenoides. India . . 82 Eam. 11. GHAMPiD.a! 82 1. Grampus 82 Rissoanua. Nice .... 82 Cuvieri. North Sea . . 82 Richardsonii. Cape of Good Hope 83 Fam. 12. GLOBrocEPHALrD.a;. 83 1. Globiocephalus 83 svineval. North Sea. . 83 melas. Mediterranean] 83 affinis. North Sea]. . 84 intermedius. Dela- ware Bay] 84 TEdwardsii. South Sea] 84 [guadaloupensis. Gua- daloupcj 84 Grayi. Buenos Ayres 84 macrorhynchus. South Sea 84 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page rScammonii. N. Paci- ^ fio] _. .. 85 austoalis. Australia] 85 "indicus. Bengal] . . 85 'Sieboldii. Japan] . . 85 fchinensis. China] . . 85 [sibo. Japan] 85 2. Sphasrocepnalus 85 incrassatus. British Channel 85 Fam. 13. Obcad.2e 85 1. Orca 90 stenorhynoha. North Sea 90 capensis. Cape of Good Hope 90 africana. AlgoaBay. . 91 latirostris. North Sea 91 [gladiator, var. arcti- cus. Faroe Islands] 91 [gladiator, var. euro- psBus. Atlantic] . . 92 [gladiator, var. euro- pseus. Mediterranean]92 magellanica. Patago- nia 92 tasmanica. Tasmania 92 rectipinna. California 92 atra. Oregon 92 2. Ophysia 93 pacifica. N. Paciftc . . 93 Fam. 14. Bmi^vqidm 93 1. Beluga 94 catodon. North Sea.. 94 "rhinodon. Arctic seas] 94 'declivis. Arctic seas] 94 'angustata. Arctic seas]94 Page [canadensis. Canada] 94 Kingii. Australia. ... 95 2. Monodon 95 monoceros. North Sea 95 Fam. 15. Pontopoiiiad.s; .... 95 1. Pontoporia 95 Blaimdllii. S. Atlantic 96 Suborder VI. Ziphioidba .... 96 Fam. 16. HYPEaooDONXiDiB. . 96 1. Hyperoodon 96 butzkopf. North Sea 97 [semijunctua. Charles- town] 97 2. Lagenocetus 97 latifrons. North Sea 97 Fam. 17. EpioroNTrD.ffii. 97 1. Epiodon 98 Desmarestii. North Sea 98 austraUs. Buenos Ayres 98 2. Petrorhynchus 98 mediterraneus. Medi- terranean 98 capensis. South Sea 98 Fam. 18. Zipbdudje 99 1. Berardius 99 amuxi. New Zealand 99 2. Ziphius 100 Sowerbiensis. Britain 101 8. Dolichodon 101 Layardii. Cape of Good Hope 101 4. Neoziphius 101 europseus. Mediter- ranean 101 5. Dioplodon 102 secheUensis. Sey- chelles 102 SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES. Suborder PINNIPEDIA. Phocidse, Catalogue of Seah <^ Whales, p. 1. Pinnipedia, lUiger, Prodr. p. 138, 1811. Pinnipedes, OiWs Prodomvs, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. v. 18(36. Family 1. PHOCID^. Muffle hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Ears without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very short ; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind feet large, fan-shaped ; ' the inner and outer toes large and long, the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws distinct, sharp. Skull : — postorbital process none or obsolete ; no alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swoUen, seeming to form part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum. Phocidae, Gray, Ann. 8/- Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 842, 344 ; GiU, Proc. Essex Instit. 1866, p. 6 ; Allen, BuU. Mus. Camp. Zool. ii. 1870. ^ 2 PHOCID^. Sect. I. Cutting-teeth f , curved, conical, and small. The palate produced nearly to the hinder molars. Tribe I. PHOCINA. Skull tapering in front. Fose-tole moderate. Molars, except the first, with two roots. Phocina, Gray, Cat. Seals Sr Whales, p. 20. Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. 1. CALLOCEPHALUS. Oallocephaluis, Gray, Cat. Seals 8f Whales, p. 20. 2. PAGOMYS. Pagomys, Gray, Cat. Seals If Whales, p. 22. 3. PAGOPHILUS. Pagophilus, Gi-ay, Cat. Seals Sr Whales, p. 25. 1. Pagophilus ? equestris. Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs, and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back. Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 340; Schrenek, Amur-Land, p. 182, tab. 9. flgs. 1-3. Phoca fasciata, Shaw,' Zool. i. p. 276 (from the Kibbon-Seal, Pennant's Quad. 276). Phoca annellata, Madde, Reisen im SUden von Ost-Sibirien, 1862, i. p. 296, t. 1-3. Inhab. North Pacific. 2. Pagophilus ? ochotensis. Phoca ochotensis, Pallas, Zoog. Poss.-Asiat. i. p. 117; Schrenek, Amur-Land, p. 181. Inhab. North Pacific. 4. HALICYON. Halicyon, Gray, Cat. Seals 8f Whales, p. 27. 1. Halicyon Eichardi. Halicyon Richardi, Cat. S. l^ Whales, p. 30. Inhab. North Pacific ; Columbia Eiver. 2. Halicyon Pealei. Halichoerus antarcticus, T. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. Mr. GDI says that this is a typical species of Ph^ca, but appears to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Ore- gonian coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned habitat in the Antarctic seas — and proposes the name Phoca Pealii (Prcc. Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4). 8. STBNOEHTNCHTJS. 3 5. PHOCA. Phoca, Cat. Seals ^ Whalea, pp. 6 & 31. Erignathus, GHll, 1865. 1. Fhoca barbata. Plioca barbata, Cfray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 31. Phoca lanica, iZees. Cyclopcedia, Phoca (from Lepechm). Inbab. Nortb Sea. 2. Phoca naurica. Phoca barbata, Temminch, Fatma Japonica. Phoca naurica et Phoca albigena, Pallas, Zoog. Moss.-Asiat. i. pp. 108, 109 (vide Schrenck) ; Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 181. Inbab. North Pacific ; Japan. Mus. Leyden. Tribe II. HALICHCERINA. Muzzle broad, rounded. SkuU higher in front. Nose-hole very large. Grinders conical; the two hinder of the upper and the hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted. Inbab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. 6. HALICHffiKUS. Halichoerus, Oray, Cat. Seals ^ Whales, pp. 6 & 33. Sect. II. CiMing-teeth four above, and fowr or two below. Tribe III. MONACHINA. Cutting-teeth ^ ; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits. Inbab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic. 7. MONACHUS. Monachus, Gray, Cat. Seals 8f Whales, pp. 6 & 17. Tribe IV. STENORHYNCHINA. Cutting-teeth f ; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawleas. Stenorhynchina, Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 8. Inbab. Antarctic Ocean. 1. Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the first in each jaw. 8. STENORHYNCHUS. Stenorhjmchus, Gray, Cat. Seals ^ Whales, p. 15 ; Gill, I. c. p. 10. b2 4 PHOCIDJS. 1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Stenorliynchus leptonyx, Gray, Cut. Seals Si' Whales, p. 16. Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 192 &527. Inhab. Falkland Islands (Abbott, Leeomte). This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zea- land, the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands. 2. Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower grinders single-rooted ; the rest two-rooted, 9. LOBODON. Lobodon, Oray, Cat. Seals 8f TVhales, p. 8 ; Gill, I. c, p. 10. 3. Lower jaw very vieak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted ; the rest two-rooted, 10. LEPTONYX. Leptonyx, Gray, Cat. S. <^ W. p. 11 ; Gill, I. c. p. 10. 11. OMMATOPHOCA. Ommatophoca, Gray, Cat. S. ^ W. p. 13; Gill,l. c. p. 30. Tribe V. CYSTOPHORINA. Cutting-teeth |- ; grinders with large swollen roots and a small compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable appendage. Cystophorina, Gray, Cat. S. ^ W. p. 38. 12. MORUNGA. Morunga, Gray, Cat. S. i^ W. p. 38. Maerorhinus, Gill, I. c. p. 9. 1. morunga elephantina. Morunga elephantina, Cat. S. 8f W.^. 39. One of the Falkland Islands is caUed Elephant Island, from the former abundance of Sea-elephants there ; but Mr. Sclater informs us that when Locomte visited it, it was " found to be quite deserted by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct * in the Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent home."— P. Z.S. 1868, p. 527. This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home were those of 0. jubata, as is proved by the following remarks of Dr. Murie : — " Leoomte and his companions believed these large old * See Dr. Solater's preyiouB statement, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 189. TKICHECHIDiB. , O skulls of Otaria juhata [whicli he brought home] to be those of the Elephant-seal {Morunga ehphantina), as it was stated by some of the party that these animals formerly did exist on this island. One of the pUots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years ; but about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear." And further on he observes that they are " now only rarely met with in the Ealklands."— P. Z. S. 1869, pp. 106 & 109. 2. Morunga angustirostris. Macrorhinus angustirostris, Gill, I. c. p. 13 ; C(^e, Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 51. Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Eeyes. Its colour is light brown when the hair is grown to the full length. The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long. Canines of the males 4 or § inches long. 13. CYSTOPHOEA. Cystophora, Gray, Cat. S. S/- W. p. 40 ; Gill, I. c. North Atlantic. North Padfic. Callocephalua vitulinus. Halicyon Richardi. Oallocephalus dimidiatus. Halicyon P Pealii. Pagomys foetidus. Pagophilus ? equestris. Pagophilus groenlandicus. Pagophilus ? ochotensis. Phoca barbata; Phoca naurica. Halichoerus grypus. Morunga angustirostris. Cystophora cristata. . Antarctic Ocean. Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal. Lobodon carcinophaga. Callucephalus caspica. Leptonyx Weddellii. *Pagomys foetidus. Ommatophooa Rossii. . , . , . Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Tropical Atlanttc. Morunga elephautina. Monaohus tropicalis. Jamaica. Cystophora antillarum. West Indies. ^<^ Zealand. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Australia. Monachus albiventer. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Mediterranean and Subtropical Atlantic. Australia. FamUy2. TRICHECHID^J. Trichechidae, Crray, Ann. Philosoph. 1825, p. 348; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 268. Rosmaridse, Gill, H-oc. JEssex Inst. v. 1866, p. 11. Trichechina (part.), Gratj, Cat. S. Sf W. p. 33, Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears with- out any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted. g OTABIAD^. Cutting-teeth 4 in young, and f in adult ; grinders aU single-rooted. The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones ; the fingers decrease in a curved Une, destitute of claws ; the hind feet with five toes, very gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws j palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. TaU rudi- .mentary. Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinct aUsphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface conti- nuous with the auditory buUa. The scapula, hinder margin nearly straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel with it. Besting on its body with the fore feet extended and the hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal muscles. (See P. Z. S. 1853, p. 112.) 1. TRICHECHUS. Trichechus, Gray, Cat. 8. §■ W. p. 36. 1. Trichechus ? Trichechus rosmarus, Schrenoh, Amur-Land, p. 179. Inhab. North Pacific. Family 3. OTARIAD^. Nose simple ; muffle rather large, caUous above and between the nostrils. Ears with a cyUndrical, external conch. Arms and legs rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fln- like, with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald, longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Pingers gradually diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44, f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital pro- cess. An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth f , upper often bifld ; canines conical ; grinders |^ or -f. The scapula is curved backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum. They walk on their fore and hind limbs ; they rest with the hind part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the male ; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to swim. OtariadsB, Brookes, Mus. Cat. 1836, pp. 18, 28 ; Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 268 ; GiU, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, v. p. 7 ; Alhn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 27. Arctocephalina, Gray, Cat. S. Sf W. p. 44. The Eared Seals (Otariadffi) form a distinct family from the Ear- OTAETAD^. 7 less Seals (Phocidse). They have more power of using their limbs like the more typical mammaHa, walking on them with the body raised from the ground ; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards. These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster's figures, engraved by Buffon ; and they have been verifled by the study of the living Eared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital organs are exposed as in the Dog. The Otarice come to the surface during the process of mastication, and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They do not drink, while the common. Seal occasionally sucks in water as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an enormous extent. The Sear-bears (Otariadce) inhabit the more temperate and colder parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more northern regions of the Paciflc Ocean. The Otarim appear to make periodical migrations towards the south; and the Sea-Uons (0. jubata) come to the Falkland Islands in Kovember, where they remain till June or July, when the greater number depart; but some remain there the whole year round (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals, have Regarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid con- siderable attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done the same. Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions three species of Eared Seal ; — 1, Otaria jubata; 2, 0. ursina ; and, 3, 0. australis. He believed that the first was common to the Falk- land Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the second to Magellan's Straits, Patagonia, New HoUand, and the Cape. We now know that the species have a very limited geographical distribution. "When I published my ' Catalogue of the Seals in the British Mu- seum,' in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller's description that the species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those found in the Southern seas ; and when I at last succeeded in obtain- ing specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific, I not only fouaid that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species figured in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1 859, and thus greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New Zealand. The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror ' and in the ' Proceedings 8 OTAKIADJK. of the Zoological Society,' formed no less than five species from the skulls of the southern Sea-lion {Otaria jvhata) —0. juhata, 0. By- ronia, 0. leonina, 0, Oodeffrotji, and 0. UUom, — referring the first four to the subgenus Otaria, and the last to Phocarctos (see Monats- bericht. May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published a few months later {ibid. Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he placed them all together in one subgenus (Otaria), and seems, by the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their distinctness. It womld have been better if he had at once simply reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included with them 0. Ulloce, which is only the skuU of a young specimen, ■such as was called 0. molossina by Lesson and Gamot. I may observe that I had shown in my first ' Catalogue of Seals ' (1850), from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of these nominal species were only very old or young skulls of the southern Sea-lion. It is the character of the Eared Seals or OtariadcB to have a very close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid hairs. They are therefore called Fur-Seals by the sealers, and are hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and fineness of the under-far difier in the various species ; and the skin and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the (jountry and the species from which they are obtained. Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be made into " seal-skins ;" these are therefore called Hair-Seals by the sealers. They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of comparatively little value. The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expen- sive than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like the skins of the Earless Seals or Phoddce, for very inferior purposes, as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c. ; but the animals are much sought after for the oil they afibrd. The furs of the different species of Eur-Seals are exceedingly dif- ferent in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens, or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species the hairs are much longer than the under-fur ; they are flat and more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur ; in these spe- cies the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, form- ing a very soft elastic coat, as in 0. falldandicus and 0. Stelleri. The hair of 0. nigrescens is considerably longer than that of 0. d- nerea, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown 0. nigrescens being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to the feel ; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth to the touch. The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen OTABIADiE. 9 is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals hair- and others fur-seals ; but that is only because what they caH hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur in the fur-season ; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long and abundant at other periods. Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet, showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see Zool. Erebus & Terror). The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-co- loured at the basal half of their length, and thicter and darker at the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is sub- cylindrical, the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The abso- lute length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging from the old and young specimens of A. nigreseens, the hairs seem to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the imder-fur, in the young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species ; and in the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like the under-fur of the Fur-Seals. The Fur-Seals are CallorMnus ursinus, Aretoeephalus antarcticus, A. nigreseens, A. cinereus, A. Forsteri, A. falMandicus, Eumetopias SteUeri, Arctophoca PMlippii. The Hair-Seals are Otaria jubata, Phocarctos HooTceri, Arctoce- phalus nivosus, Zalophus Gilliespii, Neophoca lobatus. Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals {Otaria) uses the length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under- fur, as well as the characters used by Mr. GiU. and myself, to separate the species of these animals into subgenera. The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in the living animab. As yet, only one species of these animals, the Sea-lion or Sea-bear (Otaria leonina), has been observed alive in Europe ; so that Dr. Peters's notes could only be derived from the examination of more or less carefully preserved skins ; and, I fear, little dependence can be placed on them. The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined, have been regarded as constituting a good character ; but when an extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species, have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its 10 OTAEIAD^. front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged ; and in the skulls of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight round- ing at the sides. The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygo- matic arch is a good character for the distinction of the species, especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and from the same locality, of each species are compared together ; and it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar, that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult. The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it di- vides into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in dif- ferent species, and thus affords characters for their separation ; but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnatu- rally stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum. If I am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to be longer in the adult than in the young specimens ; and judging from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in Callorhinus ur sinus, and it gradually becomes shorter in Aretocephalus antareticus, A. fdlJclandieus, Phocarctos Hooheri, A. cinereus, Otaria juhata, and A. nigrescens. It is very short in Neophoca lohata and Ewmetopias Stelleri. The " Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes," by Mr. Theo- dore GUI, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a paper by Dr. Peters on the Otarice of the Berlin Museum, in the ' Monatsbericht ' for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the skulls and skeletons in the British Museum. I may observe that Dr. Peters considers aU the Eared Seals one genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters's paper is interesting as determining the specimens described by Pander and D' Alton, Johann MiiUer, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which certainly is one of the most important on the Continent. Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ' Cast away on the Aucklands,' 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very inter- esting account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Pho- cidse). The female brings forth her young far inland, and has to teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home. Captain "Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of the Pur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag Nat Hist. 1839, p. 87). Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ' Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative OTAEIAB^. 11 Zoology' at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870) an. essay on the Eared Seals (Otariadae), with detailed descriptions of the North-Pacific species. He divides the family into subfamilies : — Subfam. 1. TriehopJiodncB, without under-fur, and containing the genera Oxakia, Etjmetopias, Zalophtjs. Subfam. 2. Eulophodnm, with thick under-fur, containing Callo- KHunis and ARCiocBPHtirs. He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North- Pacific species. Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two North-Pacific species to study, and he does not seem to be aware that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season and age of the animal when collected ; and unfortunately he seems to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable him to study their characters ; yet with these limited materials he has ventured to propose a revision of the species of OtariadEe, and, from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred (myself among the number) in making too many genera and species ; but the correction of this error requires as much study and consi- deration of the entire subject as have been used in their determina- tion ; and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a few specimens. The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the bases of the longer hairs. These are called " Eur-Seals ; " and the skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different commercial and economic value. The skins oi Neophoca lohata (of Australia) and Phocarctos Hookeri (of the Southern Ocean), being nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called Hair-Seals by the sealers. Their skins are of little comparative value, as they are only used like the skins of the Earless Seals (PhocidsB). Synopsis op the Gbneea. Section I. Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the jaw. Grinders f.^. Under-fur sparse. Sea-lions. Tribe 1. Otabiina. 1. Ota')ia. Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America. » Section II. Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle part of the zygomatic arch. Sea-bears. Tribe 2. Oallouhinina. Grinders f.|. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit ; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long. 2. Callorhinus. Under-fiu^ abundant. North-west coast of America. Tribe 3. Abctocbphalina. Grinders f . f ; face of the skuU shelving 12 OTAEIAD^. in front ; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygo- matic arch. Flap of toes moderate. 3. Phocarctos. Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches on the hinder edge. Under-fui sparse. South America. 4. Arctocephalws. Grinders thick ; crown conical. Under-fur abundant. Tribe 4. Zalophina. Grinders | . |, large, thick, in a close continuous series ; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch. 5. Zalophus. Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series. Under-fur sparse. North Pacific. 6. Neophoca. Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes yery short. Australiai Tribe 6. Eumetopiina. Grinders f. f, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other grinders by a concave space. 7. JEumetopias. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast of North America. 8. Arctophoca. Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast of South America. Sect. I. Tlie palate pi'oduced behind to a line even with the condyles. The palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with its posterior processes very long. It is deeply concave behind, and becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long. Sea-lions. Tribe I. OTARIINA. Otariina, Oray, Ann. i^ Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 269. 1. OTAEIA. Grinders |. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the younger skull are more lobed than iu the adult ; the upper grinders are also diiferently disposed : the third upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind it (see skull. Cat. S. & W. p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable, as the teeth of the young and the adult Zalophus QilUespii are similar in number and position. Otaria (subg. Otaria), Peters, Monatsb. 1866, p. 263. Otaria, Gray, Cat. Seals ^ Wluiles, p. 57 ;. Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 2.30 ; Gill, and Peters. Platyrhynchus, F. Cuvier. 1. OTARIA. 13 1. Otaria jubata. Sea-lion. Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead black ; neck greyish brown ; back of the neck yellow-brown ; belly dusky black ; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish intermixed, without any under-fur. Sea-bear, Illustrated London News ; Boy's Own Booh. Otaria jubata, label in Zoological Gardens, 1865 ; Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, i. p. 109; Murie, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male, female, and young); Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 528 ; Peters, Mmatsber. 1866, p. 262. Otaria leonina, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 264, 665 ; Grau, Cat. Seals 8f Whales, V. 59, f. 18. Otaria Godefiroyi, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, p. 266, t. 1. Otaria Bvronia, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 269 & 666. Otaria (tbooarctos) UlloEe, Peters, Monatsb, 1866, p. 270. Otaria UllosB, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, pp. 135, 136, t. vi. Otaria (Otaria) Ullore, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 667 & 671. Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili. The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of the palate being closer together than in the rest ; but this character seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, as it differs slightly in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart. Dr. Peters considers (1) Platyrhynchus leoninus of F. Cuvier, (2) PTioca Byronia of BlainviUe, and (3) an adult specimen which is in the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the skull as 0. Godeffroyi, to be distinct species. I cannot see any difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which Fhoca Byronia was founded, and those in the British Museum ; and the figure of the skuU described as 0. Godeffroyi is very similar to the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called 0. jubata. This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of Phoe- arctos Eookeri ; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as it is not nearly so large as the half-grown P. Hooheri in the British Museum. In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal resembles the adult Neophoca lohata from Australia ; but in that species the pale colour extends aU over the crown, while in the young male Otaria jubata there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the middle of the crown and nose. Dr. Murie represents the skidl of a nearly full-grown male and of a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2). They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down. 14 OIAEIAD^. He observes, " the whole of the palate is much narrower than in the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed." He observes, " The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsaUy, while the abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter little. " Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males alone are maned. " There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly di- minishes with age. " The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the latter being comparatively the narrower of the two — the former pos- sessing a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally immense canines. " The teeth of Otariajuhata are subject occasionally to a peculiar wearing, of a median constricted character. " Between the female and male of this species, there is a wide difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is equal to or greater than the length of the body ; in the female the reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming- power of the former." Sect. n. The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch. Sea-bears. Tribe II. CALLORHININA. Grinders | . |. Skull oblong ; face broad, shorter than the orbit ; forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull). Oallorhinina, Oray, Awn. Sr Mag. iV! H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 269. 2. CALLORHINUS. SkuU elongate ; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders mo- derate, fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Plap of toes very long. Oallorhinus, Oray, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 359 ; Annals 8r Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 284; Cat. S. If W. p. 44, f. 16 (skull): Peters. Arctocephalus, QUI I 3. PHOCAECTOS. 15 1. CaUorhinusursinus. Northern Sea^Bear, B.M. Phoca ursina, Linn. ; Pander Sr JD' Alton, t. 7. f. 1 (not good). Otaria (Oallorliiiius) ursina, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, pp. 273 & 672. Otaria Stelleri (part.), Lesson Sf Miiller. Callorhintis ursmns, Grmj, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 869, t. 58 (skuU) : Ann. ^ Mag. N. B. 1866, xviii. p. 235 ; Cat. Seals Sr W. p. 44, f. 16 (skull) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. pp. 44 & 73, tab. 2 & 3. figs. 1-8. Arctocephalus uismus, GiU, Proo. Essex Inst. vol. v. 1866, p. 13 (not F. Cuvier). Young. Arctocephalus monteriensis,Oa«/, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 368 (skin only). Aictocephalus califomianus, Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 61 (skin only). Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M. Tribe III. ARCTOCEPHALINA. Grinders ■§■ • f 5 face of the skull shelving in front ; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch. 3. PHOCAECTOS. The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep, with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth ; the iaternal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the front edge in a Une with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch. Grinders large, compressed ; the fifth and sixth upper behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed roots ; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on the side ; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear- bones scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes moderate. I have not seen an adult skuU of this genus. The skuUs described are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. S. & W. p. 47, f. 17). Arctocephalus § II., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 109. Phocarctos, Gray, Ann. "^ Mag. W. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234. Otaria (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 44. 1. Phocarctos Hookeri. The Southern Hair-Seal. B.M. . Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath ; hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the sides ; feet reddish or black ; whiskers black or whitish. Young pale yeUow, varied with darker irregular patches ; length 18 inches. B.M. Arctocephalus Hookeri, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 14, 15 16 OTABIAD^. (skull) ; Cat. Seals B. M. p. 45. f. 15 ; P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 109, 860, Cat. Seals and Whales B. M. pp. 53, 54. Arctocephalus talklandicus, Burmeister, Ann. Sr Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 (skull only). Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 269 & 671. Phocartos Hookeri, Oray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. 11. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234 (the Hair-Seal of the sealers), Otaria jubata (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45. Young or albino ? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long. Eared Seal, Pennant, Quad. ii. p. 278. Phoca flavescens, Shaw, Oen. Zool. i. p. 200, t. 73 (from Pennant). luhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. Pennant, in his ' Quadrupeds,' describes an Eared Seal, rather more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour ; it was brought from the Straits of Magellan, and preserved in Parkinson's Museum on the south side of Blackfriar's Bridge (see ■" Eared Seal," Pennant's Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ' General Zoology,' gav6 the name of Phoca, flavescens to this species, and figured it (i. p. 260, t. 73). This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falk- lands, described by me as Arctocephalus Hookeri, which is of a pale- yellowish colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the under-fur. Dr. Burmeister observes : — " We have in the Museum [at Buenos Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of Arctocephalus fatklandicus'] nearly 3 feet long. From this I have taken the skuU, of which I send you a description and drawings " (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older skull of Arctocephalus Hooheri, I have little doubt that it is the skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all de- veloped. It is not the skull of Otaria jubata, which the other spe- cimen he called A. fallclandicu^s is, as proved by the form and position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young skull differs from the older skuU of A. Hookeri in the British Mu- seum in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of A. HooTceri has a conical prominence in the same place. Such dif- ferences are found in skulls of Seals at different ages. The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Bur- meister as Arctocephalus falklandicus (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this species. It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and in the large size and great development of the processes' of the orbits. Dr. !Murie regards Otaria Philippii as founded on the skull of this species (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes Otaria HooJceri as a syno- nym of Otaria jubata. One could not have a better proof of the want 4. ARCIOOEPHALTTS. 17 that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision of the family. 4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. Ajctocephalus, F. Cuvier, Peters. The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate con- cave, especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate. In the adult skull of A. antaretiea, from the Cape, the fifth hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which are slightly divided into two lobes ; and the hinder sixth upper grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state. In the skulls of the older specimens (which axe not adult, as they have the sutures between the bones BtUl distinct), the fifth and sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots. * The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (?) ; the sixth upper partly behind the hinder edge of the. zygotnatic arch. Arcto- cephalus. (Africa.) 1. Arctocephaliis autarcticus. The Gape Fur-Seal, Phoca antaretiea, Thwnh. Mem. Acad. P4^rsb. ill. p. 322 ; Fischer's St/nop. p. 242. Arctocephalus schisthjrperoes, Ttirner, Journ. Anat. 1868, p. 113,, f. . . Arctocephalus schistuperus, OUnther, Zool. Record, 1868, p. 20. Arctocephalus antarcticus, Gray; Allen, Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii.' p. 45. Arctocephalus Delalandii, 'Oray, P.Z. S. 1859, t. 69 (skull) ; Ann." 8f Mag. N. S. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235 ; Cat. S. %■ W. p. 62. ■ Phoca ursina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 219. f. 5. Arctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuvier, M4m. Mm. vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15, no. 1. o,6, c (skull). Otaiia uTsina, Nilsson. Halarctus Delalandii, Gill, I. c. p. 7. Otaria (Arctocephalus) pusilla, Peters, Monatsh. 1866, pp. 271 & 671.' jMmor. Petit Phoque, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 53,= Phoca pusilla,' Schreb. Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. The two adult skuUs in the British Museum differ greatly in the width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of that bone, and in the shape of the condyles. The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh, was described a,nd figured by Dr. Turner under the name of Arctocephalus schisihyperoes, in the. ' Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,' vol. iii. p. 113. The name c 18 OIAEIADai. is changed to A. schistuperus by Dr. Giintlier in the ' Zoological Eecord' for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skuU of a half-grown animal, with aU its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of Arcto- cephalus antarcticus from the Cape ; but unfortunately the two skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British Museum are from old animals ; and the specimen figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss. V. 220, 1. 18. f. 5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the trans- verse palato -maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal- skuU, seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species. From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it is an individual abnormality of ArctocepJialvs antarcticus. I have observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species. I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the other examples, to regard a skuU with such. a deformity as a distinct species. At one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens of Euotaria nigrescens ; but the skulls of the very young spe- cimens of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form, with well- developed square palatine bones united by a central suture just as in the adult, but broader and straighter. It was this observation that induced me to return to my original opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young , skull of Arctoeephalus monteriensis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and then as a separate species under the name of A. californianus (Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of A. monteriensis, as I did in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 232 ; and I am now- induced to believe that Arctoeephalus scliisihyperoes is only an imperfectly developed skull of A, ant- arctica. Dr. J. K. Forster, in Cook's voyage in 1775, observed the Eared Seal at the Cape of Good Hope, and called it Phoca ursina. Be- lieving it to be the same as the Sea-bear he had observed in New Zealand, Thunberg, in his list of Cape Mammalia in the third volume of the ' Transactions of the St. Petersburg Academy,' iii. 322, notices this animal under the name of Phoca antarctica (see Fischer, Syn. Mam. p. 242). Dr. Peters has applied the name of Otaria pusilla to this species, believing it to be tiie Petit Phoque of Buffon, which has been named Phoca pusilla by Schreber, and had before been named Phoca parva by Boddaert. Buffon says that it came either from India or the Levant ; but it is not by its descrip- 4. AECTOCEPHALTTS. 19 tion to be distinguished from a young specimen of almost any of the species. It is as likely to have come from the Falkland Islands as from the Cape, as the French had traflic with Les lies Ma- louines, as they call them. M. de Buffon describes a small Eared Seal, which he calls a " second Phoque " (vol. xiii. p. 341, t. 43, where it is named " le petit Phoque "), which, he was assured, came from India, but very probably came from the Levant; and he considers it adult, be- cause it has all its teeth. It is only one- fifth of the size of the Seal of the European seas (Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 344). He further speaks of it as " le petit Phoque noir des Indes et du Levant " (p. 345). It is evidently a young Eared Seal. The figure is pro- bably from the skin, with the bones of the toes and jaws, pre- sented to the cabinet by M. Mauduit (mentioned at p. 433. n. 1278), and said to have come from India. The specimen Buffon figured, then being in the Paris Museum, was thus described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. p. 220) : — " Get animal a deux pieds de long ; ses oreilles sont grandes et pointues ; son pelage est fourre, luisant, d'un brun noir tres-fonce et a sa nuance blanehatre. Le ventre seul est brun-jaunatre." The teeth show that it is young. The figure and description of the Petit Phoque of Buffon have had the following names given to them : — Little Seal, hy Pennant and Shaw. Phoca pusilla, Schreber, Sdugeth. 314 {Peters). Phoca parva, Bodd. Elench. 78. Otaria pusilla, Desm. iV. Diet. Otaria Peronii, Desm. Mamm. Fischer, in his ' Synopsis,' under Phom pusilla, p. 252, gives the Cape of Good Hope and Eotteness Island, on the coast of Australia, as the habitat of the species. The description of Cuvier much more nearly fits that of the young ArctoeephaMs nigrescens from the Falkland Islands. The fur of the young Cape Seal is dark, black above and below ; the hairs are slender, and brown (not whitish) at the base ; and the underside is not yellowish brown ; so that it is very doubtful if it is the young of the Cape Seal. Dr. Peters, believing Buffon's specimen to be a young Cape Seal, changed the name of Delalandii to pusilla. In the Museum are three states in flat skins : — 1. Adult male, with slight mane, called in the sale-catalogue « large-wig." Fur whitish, with a few intermixed black hairs ; under -fur short, reddish. B.M. 2. Adult, without the mane, called in the sale-catalogue " mid- dling." Fur reddish white, grizzled with scattered black hairs ; underside of the body darker, reddish brown; under-fur short, reddish. B.M. „ , . „ 3. Young, about 18 inches long, called m the sale-catalogue " black pup," from the Cape of Good Hope. Fur black, polished, soft, smooth, without any grey tips, rather browner black be- 20 OTAKIAD^. neath; under-far brown, very sparse; hairs slender, polisied, black, with very slender brown bases. B.M. ** The fourth, fifth, and sixth wpper grinders with two distinct diverging roots ; the fifth in a line with the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch. Buotaria. (America.) 2. Arctocephalus nigrescens. The Southern Fur-Seal. Arctocephalus nigrescens, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. ; P. Z. S. 1850, pp. 109, 860 ; Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 52 ; Gerrard, Cat. of Bones, p. 147. Arctocephalus (Euotaria) nigrescens, Gray, Ann. §■ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 236. Arctocephalus falklandicus, Gray, Cat. S. ^ W. p. 65 ; Allen, Sidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 46. Otaria (Arctocephalus ?) falklandica, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, p. 273. ■Otaria (Arctophoca) falklandica, Peters, Monatsb. pp. 371 & 671. Otaria falklandica, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 628 ; Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 192. Otaria jubata (young), P.M. Euotaria nigrescens. Gray, Ann. 8r Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, p. 104. Otajia nigrescens, Murie, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 106. Inhab. Palkland Islands, Volunteer Rook {Oapt. Abbott). The two skulls of this species in the British Museum agree in most particulars ; but they differ considerably in the form of the hinder nostrils. The larger one is without its upper teeth, but the forms of the roots are well exhibited by their sockets ; the front edge of the hinder nasal opening is produced rather further for- ward, and is acutely angular. The other skull, which is rather smaller and has the teeth in good condition, has the hinder nasal opening with a slightly arched, nearly truncated, front edge. Dr. Peters refers Phoea faVclandica (Shaw, Zool. i. p. 256) and Otaria faVclandica (Hamilton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1839, p. 81, t. 4 ; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 25) to this species. But as neither Dr. Shaw nor Dr. Hamilton describes the number or posi- tion of the teeth, it is not possible to determine if this is the Fur- Seal of the sealers, collected at the Falkland Islands, more espe-r ciaUy as the fact of the skull coming from the Falkland Islands is not well ascertained. See the other synonyma which have been established on the sealers' descriptions and iigures or the skins collected for the furriers at the Falkland Islands (Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, pp. 55, 56). Dr. Hamilton, who prides himself on his figure, represents the hind legs as extended behind : but they look very awkward in that position, the stuffer having evidently had a difficulty in extending them. The hair of A. nigrescens is considerably longer than that of A. einereus, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown A. nigrescens being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving it a crisp- ness to the feel ; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth to the touch. 4. AECTOCEPHALTTS. 21 Capt. Abbott's young specimen in the British Museum chiefly differs from the adult specimen in the same collection in the hairs being longer, more erect, and with minute white tips, and in the face, throat, and chest being rufous brown ; but this reddish colour is common to the young of several Sea-bears. The skulls from Desolation Island, on the south-west coast of Patagonia, presented to the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh by the late Professor Gbodsir, evidently belong to Euotaria nigrescens, the usual Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands and other pai-ts of the coast of South-west America. Two of the skulls are from adult animals, are without the lower jaws, and have only a few worn and broken teeth, having been rolled on the beach. The other skull is pf a young animal, exactly similar to the skull of a young Euotaria nigrescens, n. 1013 «, in the British-Museum collection. The front edge of the hinder nostrils is as arched as in that specimen ; the teeth are rather more developed than in our skuU ; they have a weU-marked central lobe and a distinct small acute tubercle on the front edge of the cingulum. The two adult skulls axe very like the adult skull of E. nigrescens, 1013 c^, in the British Museum; but the opening of the internal nostrils is narrower, and their front edge in one is not nearly so angular, and in the other it is rather more arched than in either of the other two skuUs, showing that the size of the posterior nasal aperture and the form of its front edge vary in different specimens of this species. The comparison of the young skull with the more adult one shows that the grinders change their position considerably as re- gards the front edge of the hinder nasal opening. In the young skull of Euotaria nigrescens the hinder end of the tooth-line is very near (not a quarter of an inch from) a line level with the front edge of the internal nasal opening, and the hinder part of the pa- late in front of the aperture is nearly as broad as the middle of the palate : in the adult skull the hinder end of the tooth-line is a fuU inch from the front edge of the internal nasal opening, the hinder part of the palate is contracted toward the internal nostril, and the internal nasal opening is lengthened and narrowed ; but the real position of the teeth, as compared with the front part of the zygo- matic arch, is little altered, though the form of the palate gives them the appearance of being more changed than they really are. These skulls are interesting as showing that Euotaria nigrescens, like Otaria leonina and Morunga elephantina, is, or was, common to the Falkland Islands and- the west coast of South America. The chief character by which the adult skull of Euotaria nigres- cens can be distinguished from the adult skuU of Arctocephalus antarcticus is, that the hinder or fifth upper grinder and the pen- ultimate or fourth are placed rather in front of the hinder edge of the front part of the zygomatic arch ; but the position of the teeth is most distinctive in the skull of the young animal, and loses much ■ of its importance in comparing old skulls together, unless the skulk 22 OIABIADJE. and teeth are very accurately compared; and even then the di- Btinction is more imaginary than real. I cannot understand Capt. Abbott's account of this species. He says that " the full-grown Seal is about the size of the common English Seal. The largest skin I have ever seen I do not think mea- sured more than 4 feet in length, perhaps hardly so much. The hair differs in colour, being sometimes grey, and at other times of a brownish tint ; that of the young is of a darker brown colour." AH this agrees better with the true 0. falJclandica ; but yet he says the sHn of his half-grown specimen is now in the British Museum, and that skin is undoubtedly Euotaria nigrescens. Has Mr. Abbott confounded the two species in his mind? Or did he forget the animal ? for he informed me that there were no Sea-elephants now living on the island. (P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 190.) _ " The bones of the pectoral Umb of the Fur-Seal of commerce differ from those of the &ea-]ion."—Murie, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 109. See Lecomte's account of the habits of these animals, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 106. The British Museum contains the skin and skull of a large blackish Eared Seal, nearly 6 feet long, that was purchased of a dealer as " a Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands ;" but, as the dealers seem always to give that as the habitat for all seal-skins with a distinct under-coat that come into their possession, I have quoted the habitat with doubt. When occupied in describing the Seals of the southern hemisphere for the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' I named the Seal Arctocephalus nic/reseens, and had the skuU figured under that name ; but the plate has not yet been pub- lished, though copies of it have been given to Dr. Peters and other zoologists. In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1859, pp. 109, 360, and in the ' Catalogue of Seals and Whales,' I described the skuU. of this species. There is also in the Museum a skull of a younger animal of the same species. Capt. Abbott, in 1866, sent to the British Museum a large and a small Seal from the Falkland Islands. The large one was examined and determined to be the southern Sea-lion (jOtaria juhata). The smaU one, nearly 3 feet long, was very similar in external appear- ance ; and as the teeth, which could be seen without extracting the skull, showed that it was a young animal, it was regarded as the young of the Sea-lion, and it was stuffed without extracting the skuU, and labelled as such. This specimen has been examined by several zoologists, among the rest by Dr. Peters, when engaged with his paper on Eared Seals, and has passed unchallenged untU this time, thus showing how difficult it is to distinguish these animals by their external characters alone. Capt. Abbott, who is now residing in England, informed me that the smaller specimen was the Fur-Seal of the Falkland Islands, that it grows to about half as long again as the specimen sent, and that the old males are grey from the tips of the hairs. I have ♦therefore had the skuU extracted from the specimen ; and there is no doubt that it is quite distinct from the Sea-lion (Otaria juhata) ; 4. AECIOCEPHAITTS. 23 and, on more careful examination of the skin, I have little douht, from the colour and the character of the fur, that it is a young spe- cimen of the Seal that I described as Arctocephalus nigrescens. It is interesting as confirming the accuracy of the habitat that I received with that specimen, and which untU this time I considered doubt- ful, as Pennant and others describe the Falkland Island Fur-Seal as grey, and white beneath. Dr. Peters, on the authority of this habitat (which I have always quoted with doubt), has given the name of Arctophoca falMandica ' to the animal and skull on which I had established my Ardo- e&phaliis nigrescens. In the British Museum there is the skia of a very young Seal, which was presented by Sir John Richardson as the Falkland Island Fur-Seal, with the observation appended that the adult is 5 feet long, and its skin is worth fifteen dollars. It is without its skuU. The fur of this young Seal is dark brown, reddish beneath, and very like that of the young specimen sent by Capt. Abbott ; but the hairs are smoother, and the white tips to them are longer and more marked, giving the animal a more grizzled appearance. There is another young Eared Seal, very like the former, which was received with General Hardwicke's Collection (who, no doubt, purchased it of a dealer), said to have come from the Cape of Good Hope. I suspect this habitat must be erroneous ; for it is very un- like what I recollect of the young Cape Eared Seals, which are called " Black Dogs," on account of the blackness of their colour. Unfortunately we have no specimen of the latter in the Museum collection. General Hardwicke's specimen only differs from Sir John Richardson's in being less punctulated with white; fewer hairs have a white tip, and the tip is shorter. Both these young specimens differ from the half-grown one obtained from Capt. Abbott, in the fur being softer and smooth to the touch ; and Capt. Abbott's specimen differs from the adult in the length and greater crispness of its fur, the fur of the old one being harsh and hard and closer pressed. In the first essay. Dr. Peters places Phoca falMandica, Shaw, and Otaria nigrescens together, with doubt, observing that one was known from the skin, and the other by the skuU, overlooking the fact that the name nigrescens implied that I had seen the colour of the fur, which was not that given by Shaw to his animal ; in his second essay. Dr. Shaw's, Dr. Burmeister's, and my animal are all classed together without any doubt. The skuU of Capt. Abbott's Fur-Seal from the Falkland Islands shows that it was a very young animal, which had only developed its first grinders, the permanent series being developed below them. The tentorium is bony and weU developed. The teeth are the same in position and number as they are in the adult skuU; and the upper ones, as far as developed, are small and conical, except the fifth upper grinder, which is largest, triangular, with a single sub- conical lobe on the base of the hinder edge of the cone. The lower canines are small, scarcely larger than the cutting-teeth, which are 24 OIAKIADA. nearly uniform in size. The lower grinders are of a mnch larger size than the npper ones in the adult skull, as if they belonged to the permanent series ; they are of the same form as the teeth in adult skulls ; but the central cone is higher and more acute, and the anterior and posterior lobes at the base of the cone are more deve- loped and acute, the lobes of the last or fifth grinder being larger and rather on the inner surface of the tooth. The skuU of Capt. Abbott's animal is evidently not the same as ■ the skull of a young Eared Seal described and figured by Dr. Bur- meister as the skull of Arctocephalus falJclandicus from the mouth of the Eio de la Plata, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii. p. 99, t. 9, which, from the appearance of the grinders, I suspect is the young skull of PJioearetos HooTceri, the Hair-Seal of the Falkland Islands. There is a considerable difference in the proportions of the skuU sent by Capt. Abbott from those of the one figured by Dr. Biirmeister. In Capt. Abbott's specimen the brain- case, from the back edge of the orbit to the occiput, is as long as the length of the face, from the same edge of the orbit to the end of the nose. In Dr. Burmeister's figure, the face from the same point is much longer than the brain-case. *** Fourth, fifth, and sixth tipper grinders with two diverging roots; the fifth upper grinder entirely behind the hinder edge o/' the zygomatic arch. The palate narrow. Gypsophoca. (Australia.) 3. Arctocephalus cinereus. Australian Fur-Seal. Otaria (Arctocephalus) cinerea, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, -pp. 272 & 671. Arctocephalus nigrescens, h ^ c, Gerrard, Cat. Sones B.M. p. 147. Black Seal, Otaria, Cat. Sidney Museum, ii. p. 36. Arctocephalus cinereus, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 56 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. JET. 1866, xviii. p. 236 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45, Inhab. Australia (John Macgillivray). Black, greyer beneath ; imder-fur abundant, reddish brown. There are the stuffed skin, with its skull, and the bones of the face of another young specimen of this Seal in the British Museum, collected in the Australasian Sea by Mr. John MacgUUvray. According to the observations of Dr. Peters, founded on the exa- mination of the typical skulls, Otaria ursina of Nilsson and Otaria Lemarii of J. Miiller (Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, p. 334) include the Arctocephalus antarcticus from South Africa and A. cinereus of Aus- tralia. Otaria SUlleri of Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, t. 22. f. 55) includes both the Australian Eared Seals, viz. Arctocephalus cinereus and Neophoca lolata ; and it is quite distinct from the Otaria Stelleri of Lesson and J. MiiUer, which is a combination of the Sea-bear and Sea-lion of SteUer (that is to say, Ehmetopias Stelleri and Callorhi- nus ursinus). The males of these animals are described as twice as long and 4. AKCTOCEPHALirS. 25 broad (that is, four times as large) as the females. This may ex- plain the difference in size of the sktdls from the same localities. The fur changes its colour as the animal grows, the young being generally black ; and the adult males and females also differ con- • siderably in the colour of th^ fur. The skulls of the following species are not known : — • 4. Arctocephalus Forsteri. Grinders -J . -I, conical. Axctocephalus Fosteri, Mscher; Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, 1. p. 219. Phoca uisina, J. R. Forster. Inhab. Cloudy Bay, New Zealand. This animal is only known from Dr. Forster's description and figure. Mr. Allen observes, " I can see no evidence of the New-Zea- land Fur-Seal (of Forster) being specifically distinct from the Fur- Seal of Australia, A. cinerem (auct.)." — Bull. Mus. Oomp. Zool. ii. p. 15. At the same time Mr. Allen ventures to remark, " perhaps the A. cinereus and the A. antarctieus are to be referred to the A. falTclan- dious, in which case the habitat of this species is the southern seas generally " (BuU. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 45) : but he does not seem to have had specimens of any of the three species ; otherwise I do not think he would have ventured upon the observation. Unfortunately, having no skull or other parts of the Lion Seal of the Auckland Islands (the most southern of the New-Zealand group), we are not able to determine whether it is the same species as the Sea-Hon of the southern end of the American continent (Otaria juhata), or whether it is the Sea-Uon of the sou.thern end of the African continent {ArctocepTialiis antarctieus), or the Sea-lion of the Northern Australian Seas {Neophoca lohata). 5. Arctocephalus falklandicus. Fur very soft, elastic ; hairs very short, exceedingly close, slender at the base, thicker above, with close reddish under-fur nearly as long as the hair ; the upper surface pale, nearly uniform grey, mi- nutely punctulated with white ; hairs brown, upper half black, with minute white tips. The nose, cheeks, temples, throat, chest, sides, and underside of the body yellowish white. Falkland Seal, Perm. Quad. ii. Phoca falklandica, Shaw, Oen. Zool. i. p. 256 (from Pennant). Otaria falklandica, Desm. Mamm. p. 252 (from Pennant ; not Peters or £urmeister). Otaria Shawii, Zesscm, Diet. Class. d'S. N. xiii. p. 424 (from Pen- nant). Arctocephalus falklandicus, Gh-ay, Cat. Mam. in Brit. Mus., Seals, p. 42 ; Ann. SfMag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 103. Fur-Seal of Commerce (Otaria falklandica), Hamilton, Ann. SfMag. 26 OTAKIAD^. N. S. 1888, ii. p. 81, t. 41 ; Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. p. 271, t. 26 (not Otarie de P&on, Blainmlle, Joum. de Physique, xci. p. 298 ; Cuvier, Oss. Fossihs, v. p. 220. Otaria Houvillii, Lesson, Diet. Class. d'S. N. xiii. 425. Phoca Houvillii, Fischer, Syn. Mam, p. 164. These three names are all from the same animal. Inhab. Falkland Islands (^66o« ; B.M.); New Georgia. This is a most distinct species, and easily known from all the other Fur-Seals in the British Museum by the evenness, shortness, close- ness, and elasticity of the fur, and the length of the imder-fur. The fur is soft enough to wear as a rich fur without the removal of the longer hairs, which are always removed in the other Fur-Seals. Unfortunately the specimen is without any skull ; and therefore I cannot give a description of the teeth, or refer it to any of the re- stricted genera of Otariadoe. Mr. E. Hamilton, in the 'Annals of Natural History ' for 1838, ii. p. 81, t. 4, gives the history of the Fur-Seals of commerce and the method of catching them ; and he deposited two specimens in the Museum of Edinburgh, which had been procured by Capt. Weddel. Mr. Abbott having informed me that what I had described under the name oi Arctocephalus falMandicus is not now found in the Falkland Islands, and Mr. Bartlett having shown me an imperfect skin of the same species, which he had obtained from a fur-monger, who in- formed him that such fur-skins were only received from the Arctic part of the Pacific Ocean, I was induced to request Mr. Archer, director of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, to allow me to examine the Seals described by Mr. Hamilton, which, on exami- nation, proved to be my Aretoc&phaliiis jfalJclandicus, only difiering from the Museum specimen in the fur being considerably darker and harsher ; and, from Capt. Weddel's account as given in the ' Annals,' these specimens came from South Georgia or South Shetland. These Seals, which were brought from the Antarctic Ocean, may formerly have inhabited the Falkland Islands, and, like the Sea-lion found there by Pernetty, have been destroyed or driven away. Arctoce- jphdlus ffooJceri is said to be now found in the Antarctic Ocean and the Falkland Islands. In that case it may be the Falkland-Island Seal of Pennant. The A. falhlandimis is very like the Fur-Seal from Australia {H. dnereus) in the length of the under-fur as compared with the length of the hairs, and also in the colour of the under-fur and hair ; but the fur is much softer, and its general colour is much darker, both above and below. Pennant describes the " Falkland-Island Seal " from a specimen 4 feet long, in the museum of the Koyal Society, thus : — " Hair short, cinereous, tipped with dirty white ; " " grinders conoid, with a small process on one side near the base." It is to this description that Dr. Shaw applied the name of Phoca falhlandiea (Gen. Zool. i. p. 2S6), This agrees with a specimen in the Museum in aU particulars. It certainly is not the dark blackish-brown Seal which I have described 5. ZALOPHTJS. 27 as the Aretoeephcdus nigrescens, aad which. Dr. Peters calls 0. falh- landica. I sent a piece of the fur of this Seal to Dr. Peters to be compared with the fur of 0. PMUppii. He observes, " They appear to be quite different ; the wool of 0. falJclandica is fair and has more similarity in colour to the young of 0. cinerea. The wool of 0. Fhilippii is entirely ferruginous red, and the longer hairs are stiffer and have a much shorter grey tip than in 0. fallclandiea" 6. Arctocephalus ? nivostis. Cape Hair-Seal. B.M. Pur very short, close-pressed, black, varied with close, small, often confluent, white spots; underside of the neck with a few scattered white hairs ; belly red-brown (nearly bay) ; hairs short, thick, of one colour to the base ; under-fur none, except a very few hairs on the crown of the head. Skull unknown. Arctocephalus ? nivosus, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 219. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. Length of skin nearly 8 feet ; but stretched and flattened. Dr. Murie (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108) says that this is only a variety, seasonal, sexual, or of a different age from the specimens hitherto obtained. Mr. Allen adopts this view, never having seen the specimen, but changes the phrase into " a previously known species " (Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 18) ; but neither of them mentions the species to which he refers it. But surely Mr. Allen does not mean that it is only a variety of the skins which were received with it from the Cape of Good Hope ; for, if that were the case, the species would belong to one of his sub- families, and the variety to the other. In the form and length of the hair it is very different from Areto- cepJialus antarctieus ; and it is almost destitute of imder-fur, except on the crown of the head. Tribe IV. ZALOPHINA. Grinders ^ . ^, large, thick, in a close continuous series ; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch. In the younger skuU the grinders are placed rather further back, the hinder part of the upper grinder being behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders aU single-rooted, as the last or sixth grinder in each jaw, which is generally two-rooted, is absent. The face of the skuU is considerably produced, and the forehead is flat. ZalopMna, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 269. 5. ZALOPHUS. Palate concave, narrow in front, wider at the line of the last grinder, and then contracted behind. The hinder nares narrow, 28 OTABIAD^. elongate, twice as long as wide, acutely arched in front, front edge in a line with the front edge of the orhital process of the malar bone. Under-fur sparse. Zalophus, GUI, Peters ; Oray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231. Ajctocephalus § 6**, Oray, Cat. S. Sf W. p. 65. 1. Zalophiis Gilliespii. Califomian Hair-Seal. Otaria Gilliespii, Maohairt. Arctocephalus Gilliespii, Ch-ay, P. Z. S. 1859, t. 70 (skuU) ; Cat. S. 8f W. p. 55. Zaloplius GiUiespii, Gray., Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231 ; Mien, Bull. Mvs. Comp. Zool. ii. pp. 33 & 44 ; Gill, Proc. Ussex Inst. 1866, V. p. 13. Arctocephalus (Zalophus) GiUiespii, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 275 &671. ? Otaria Stelleri, Schlegel, fide Peters. Inhah. North Pacific, South California (Brit. Mus.) ; Japan (fide Peters). I have not seen any skull or specimens from Japan ; so that I am not quite sure that the specimens from the coast of Asia are the same as those from the west coast of America. 6. NEOPHOCA. Palate concave, broad, as broad before as at the hinder part of the tooth-line, then rather suddenly contracted. The. hinder nares broad, rather longer than broad, with the front edge broadly arched, which is further back than the front edge of the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, or malar bone, which is thick and flat. Fur with very little under-fur. Elap of toes moderate. Arctocephalus § h***, Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 67. Otaria, § Zalophus (part.), Peters. Neophoca, Ch-ay, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 231. 1. Neophoca lobata. Australian Hair-Seal. Arctocephalus lobatus, Ch-ay, Spio. Zool. 1828, t. 4. f. 2 (teeth) : Cat S. ^ W. p. 60 ; Zool. E. S/- T. Mamm. 1. 16, 17. f. 3-5 (skull) ; GcyiM, Mamm. Austr. iii. t. 49 ; Feters. Otaria australis, Qiuyy S/- Cfaim. Astrol. t. 14, 15. f. 3, 4 (skuU). Arctocephalus australis, Gray, Cat. Seals S( Whales, p. 57. Neophoca lobatus, Ch-ay, Ann. 8r Mag. K H. 1866, xviii. p. 231. Otaria (Zalophus) lobata, Peters, Monatsbr. 1866, pp. 276 & 671. Zalophus lobatus, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 44. The upper grinders all single-rooted, the root of the last two (the fourth and fifth) being rather compressed, with an obscure central longitudinal groove on the inner side ; the first two grinders of the lower jaw with oblong, the last three with compressed roots, and the. fourth and fifth with a slight longitudinal groove on the side. In the younger skulls the roots of the grinders are more oblong, less compressed, and do not show the lateral grooves, as far as the teeth can be seen without being drawn from the sockets. In the 7. EFMBTOPIAS. 29 front part of the younger stall, which was received from Mr. Gould, the teeth are placed rather further back than in the adult skull from North Australia received from Capt. Grey, the hinder part of the fifth tooth being behind the back edge of the- zygomatic arch. Mr. Allen thinks that this is undoubtedly the 0. cinerea of Desma- rest, from Peron ; but it is not the 0. cinerea of Quoy & Gaimard (see obs. on Peron's Seal in the Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 57). Tribe V. EUMETOPIINA. Grinders f . |, more or less far apart ; the hinder upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other grinders by a concave space. Eumetopiina, Ch-ay, Ann. Sr Mag. iV. H. 1869, iv. p. 269. 7. EUMETOPIAS. Eumetopiaa, Cfill, Peters. Arctocephalus § a***, Gray, Cat. Seals ^ Whales, p. 51. Pur without any under-fur. Palate flattish or rather concave in front, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, and then slightly narrowed behind. Posterior nares oblong, elongate, broadly truncated in front, the front edge being behind the line of the orbital' process of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have large oblong roots ; the second, third, and fourth upper ones have a subcentral longitudinal groove on the outer side, and a less marked one on their inner surface ; the inner side of aU but the first of the lower ones are similarly grooved ; the fifth upper grinder (or, more properly, the sixth in the normal series) has two distinct roots. The lower jaw much more elongate than that oi' Otaria jubata, the hinder angle more oblique, and the lower margin long and straight. Plap of toes short. The skull of the young animal, which was sent by Mr. A. S. Taylor to Mr. Gurney from California, and which I first described, with doubt, as Ajrctocephalus monteriensis, junior (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 357), and which in the ' Catalogue of Seak and Whales ' I named A. californianus (see p. 51), agrees in every respect in its dentition with the large skull which we received from CaUfomia, and which I described and figured as A. monteriensis (P. Z: S. 1859, p. 358, t. 72); but it differs greatly in the form of the hinder nares, which are extended much more forwards, so that the front end, which is very narrow and acute, is much in front of the prominence of the orbit of the zygomatic arch, being, in fact, about in a line with the middle of the lower edge of the orbital cavity. This skuU is evidently that of a very young animal ; for the bones are separate ; but it has the same number and disposition of the teeth as the large skuU. There is the same wide space between the fourth and fifth upper grinders ; but there is at the back edge of the fourth grinder, on the right side of the skull, a small pit, from which, no 30 OIARIAD^. doubt, a email rudimentary tooth has fallen out ; and there is a much wider but shallow pit on the other side, which may have been pro- duced by the loss of a rudimentary tooth ; the last upper grinder has a large swollen undivided root. If this is a young skull of Eumetcpias monteriensis, that species is curious for having the teeth in the old and young skulls in the same situation as regards the bones of the face. The adult skuU and the young one were from the same locality, and, I believe, collected by the same person ; and this being the case, I am incKned to regard them as the same, only showing a curious pecuharity in the growth of the animal, and also showing that the form and position of the hinder nostril probably varies as the animal increases in age. Mr. Gill considers SteUer's Sea-bear (Callorhinus ursinus) to be the type of M. E. Cuvier's genus Arctocephaliu, and therefore abo- lishes Callorhinus and gives the new name of Halarctus to the true Arctocephali — thus unnecessarily adding to the confusion of the generic names of these animals. He fell into this mistake by not observing that Phoca ursina, and even Otaria ursina, had been applied to several species from very different localities, that F. Cuvier established his genus on the skuU. of P. ursina of Porster, from the Cape, which he (M. Cuvier) had named Phoca Delalandii, and that'jF. Cuvier does not figure a skuU of the Sea-bear of SteUer : indeed the French collection did not at that time, nor does it even now, possess one ; and I feel assured that, if it had, F. Cuvier would, according to his custom, have estabUshed for it a genus distinct from Arctocephal/us, the skulls of the two genera being of such distinct forms. 1. Eiunetopias Stelleri. Northern Sea-lion or Fur-Seal. Arctocephalus monteriensis, Cfray, &at. Seals &■ W. p. 49 ; P. Z. S. 1859, t. 72 (akuU). Eumetopias califomiana, Cfill, Proe. Essex Inst. 1866, v. p. 13. Otaria Stelleri, Gray, Cat. S. ^ W. p. 60 ; Peters ; Muller P Otaria (Eumetopias) Stelleri, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 274 & 671. Eumetopias SteUeri, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 233 ; Allen, BuU. Mm. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. pp. 44, 46, tab. 1 & 2 (skull &c.). Leo marinua, iSteUer. Phoca jubata, Pander 8f D' Alton, t. 3. f. d, e,f (skull, not good). Junior. Arctocephalus californianus, Cfray, Cat. S. Sf W. p. 61 (skull only). Inhab. California ; Behring's Straits. The skin of the young specimen which Mr. Guxney gave to the Museum along with what was said by Mr. Taylor to be its skull (see ' Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 51) was the only skin then known to exist in museums ; and consequently I described the fur of the genus from this skin as having abundant under-fur (see Proc. Zool. Soo. 1859, p. 358). Dr. Peters having discovered Pander and D' Alton's animal and skull in the Paris Museum, he observed that the adult 8. AKCTOPHOCA. 31 animal was entirely without under-far — a fact which has been con- firmed by Mr. Allen, who suggests that the skin' of the young re- ceived from Monterey is the skin of the young Evmetopias Stelleri, which, I think, is very probable. But this only shows the difficulties that must occur in the study of animals from the very imperfect ma- terials which until lately existed. The Sear-lion of SteUer has been one of the zoological paradoxes. Professor NUsson, like most preceding authors, regarded it as a va- riety of the Otaria jubata ; and therefore I supposed it might be a second species of the restricted genus Otaria. Dr. Peters has solved the enigma by uniting it and the Seal which I- described from Cali- fornia, observing that the skuU m the Berlin Museum, figured by D' Alton under the name of " Steller's Sea-lion " {Fhoca jubata), was received from Kamtschatka, and a second skull of an old male in the Berlin Museum was received from Mr. Brandt as coming from Behring's Straits. The figure of Pander and D' Alton is so imperfect that it would have been impossible to determine the species it represents without the examination of the original skull ; and then one sees that it may have been intended for the species to which it is referred. The same observation is applicable to the figure of the skuU of Stel- ler's Sea-bear. It is to be regretted that these skulls escaped the researches of Professor Nilsson, who visited most museums in Europe to examine the typical specimens. The specimen of OaUorhinus wsinus now in the Museum was re- ceived from St. Petersburg as Otaria leonina, or Leo marinus of SteUer, from Berhing's Straits ; so they evidently confound two species under that name. 8. ARCTOPHOCA. Arctophoca, Peters. Dr. Peters described this subgenus from a specimen sent from Chili by Dr. PhiEppi. It chiefly differs from Zalophus in the palate being much narrower, but rather wider behind, and the teeth rather far apart. I have not seen any skull agreeing with these cha- racters. " With abundant under-fur." Accordiug to figures, the form of the skull, and the large size of the orbit are very similar to those of Phocarctos Hoolceri, but the number and form of the teeth are different. In the 'Monatsbericht,' May 1866, p. 276, t. 2. a, h, c. Dr. Peters described and figured with considerable detail a skull of a Sea-bear (sent to the Berlin Museum by Dr. PhUippi, who obtained it at Juan Fernandez Island) under the name of Otaria Philippi, forming for it a subgenus which he calls Arctophoca. In his revi- sion of that paper, published in the same work for November 1866, p. 671, he places it as a synonym or subspecies of what he calls Otaria falhlandiea, which is my Arctocephalvs nigrescens, and not 32 OTAHIAD^. thie Otaria falklandica of Shaw nor the O.falMandica of Bunneister as Dr. Peters supposes, as I have shown above. In this paper he removes Otaria falklandica (that is, nigrescens) from the subgenus Phocarctos, to which he referred it in his first paper, and places it in his subgenus Arctophoea. 1. Arctophoca FhUippii. Chilian Pur- Seal. Otaria (Arctoplioca) Philippii, Peters, Monataberidht, May 1866, p. 276, t. 2 (skull), September 1866, p. 671. Otaria Hookeri, var., Murie, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108 ! Inhab. Juan Pernandez Island (Philippi ; in Mus. Berl.). Above black-grey, more greyish yellow on the head and neck, brownish black beneath ; the base of the limbs of a rusty brown, shining ; lips and lower jaw principally rusty brown ; hair of beard in six rows, partly black, partly quite white, partly black with white base. The outbristliQg (prominent bristly) pointed hairs are rusty brown at the base, black at the end, on the back mostly with very short rusty-yellowish points, and on the head and neck with somewhat longer ones. On the sides of the belly the ends of the coarser pointed hairs are either uniformly brownish black, or are very short rusty-red ones. The thick under-hair is rusty red. The hairs on the upper surface of the neck are 22 miUims. long ; those on the middle of the back 18, and those on the middle of the belly 11 to 12. The dense short hair on the back of the hand extends only to the middle of the same, not extending to the ends of the fingers, the ends of which are furnished with very smaU nails. In like man- ner, the very similar hair on the back of the foot does not ex- tend to the last " Phalahgen ? " of the middle toe. The naU of the large outer toe is small, flat, and cut off short outside ; that of the fifth inner toe is a little larger and cut off abruptly on the inner side. The very developed long nails of the three centre toes are of the form of keeled tegulae, and remote along their whole length by the emarginations of the skin of the foot. The skin- flaps of the foot are equally long ; and usually those of the centre toes are much smaller than the side ones, of which the outside one (the great toe) is the broadest. The scrotum, under the anus, is bare. — Peters, I. c. p. 277. I have not seen this skuU ; but I believe the alteration Dr. Peters made in his second paper is a mistake. The figure of the skull of his Otaria Philippii has no resemblance to the skull of my 0. nigrescens. It is more nearly allied to the skull of O.SMleri from California, agree- ing with it in having a vacant space with a pit m the bone between the fourth and fifth upper grinders on each side, looking as if a grinder had fallen out and the cavity had been filled up. The subgenus Arctophoca of Dr. Peters's first essay, not as modified in his second one to contain O. falklandica (nigrescens), chiefly differs from Gill's genus Eumetopias (which was formed on my description and figure of the skuU of O. SteUeri or californiana) in the fifth upper grinder not being so far back, but in a line with the back edge of the orbital 8. AECTOPHOCA. 33 process of the zygomatic arch instead of far behind it, as it is in Eumetopias. Dr. Murie, most curiously, considers the skull described by Dr. Peters to be the same as I have described as O. Hoolceri (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 108). Dr. Burmeister considered it O. falMandica of Shaw ; and Mr. AHen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. ii. p. 13) agrees in this opinion ; but further on (p. 15) he observes that both Dr. Gray and Dr. Murie have " evidently overlooked the fact that Dr. Peters expressly states that 0. PMlippii has a thick under-fur, -•whereas both the 0. Stelhri and the 0. Hoolceri are true hair Seals." But, in fact, this statement is a mistake as regards me ; I never said that 0. PhUijppii was the same as 0. Stelleri, but only that its skull was most nearly allied to it, which I still maintain. Antarctic Ocean and South Seas. Otaria jubata. S. America and Phocarctos Hookeri. Arctocephalus nigrescens. A. falMandicus. ArotophocaPhilippii. S.America. Arctocephalus antarcticus. Africa. A. nivosua. Africa. A. cinereus. Australia. A. Forsteri. 2few Zealand. NeoTihoca lobata. Australia. North Pacific and West Arctic Ocean. Callorhinus ursinus. West coast of America. Zalopnus Gilliespii. West coast of America and Japan P Eumetopias Stelleri. West coast of America. 34 Order CETACEA. Teeth all similar, conical, sometimes not developed. Palate often furnislied with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish- shaped, smooth, bald. Limbs clawless ; fore limbs fin-shaped ; hinder united, forming a forked l^orizontal fin. Nostrils eiiarged into blowers. Teats two, inguinal. — Carnivorous. They may be divided by the form of the pectoral fin; thus : — I. Pectoral Jin broad, truncated or rounded at the end ; fingers 5, shorter than the arm-bones, subeqtial, gradually shorter in the series. — ^Bax^- NrojB, Catodontid^, Susoidea, Okcad^, Bblugidje, Pontopo- BiAD^, Hypbkoodontidje, Epiodontid^, ZlPHnD^. II. Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side ; fimgers 5, elongate, longer than the arm-bones, the second and third much longer than the rest. — iNnDiE, DELPHINIDai, GbAMPIDJB, GLOBIOCBPHALIDiE. m. Pectoral fim elongate, truncated on the inner side ; fimgers 4, suhequal, more or less elongate. — AGAPlLS)LiDiE, Megaptbeid^, PHTSALiD.ffi;, BALiBNOPTEBIDiB. By the adhesion or non-adhesion of the cervical vertebrs9, thus : — 1. Atlas distinct, the other six cervical vertebrae united by theu- bodies and spines into a Single mass. Mysticetes. Denticetes. Catodontid^. GllAMPID.ffi;. 2. Atlas and cervical vertebrEB all united into one solid mass. BALiENroJE. PhysEteeid^. BAL^NOPTBErD.a;. HYPBROODONTIDiE. (?) ZiPSUBJE. 3. The atlas, axis, and generally one or two other vertebrae united ; the hinder ones sometimes free. MBGAPTEErDiE. EpiODONTIDiE. ? ZiPHnn^. DELPHrNID^!. GlOBIOCEPHALIDjE. OECADiE. 4. Atlas and the other cervical vertebriie entirely free. PhYSALID.*!. PLATANISTIDiE. AOAPHELIDiE. InIID^. PONTOPORIAD^. CETACEA, 35 Section I. ^MYSTICETE {cf. p. 57). Mysticete, Gray, Cat. Seak &■ Whales B. M. pp. 61, 68 ; Si/nops. Whales ^Do^h. -p. 1. Mystacoceti or Balsenoidea, Fkwer, Trans. 2!ool. Soc. vi. p. 110. Head large, depressed. Teeth rudimentary ; they never cut the guma. Palate with transverse, fringed, homy plates of baleen. Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic bones simple, large, cochleate, attached to an expanding periotic bone, which forms part of the skull. The baleen of the different Whales may be divided by its structure, by its form, and by its colour. The form and structure often go together. The baleen consists of two parts : — 1, the outer layer, called the enamel coat ; and, 2, the central fibres, which form the fringe on the inner edge of the blade : both are well seen in cross sections under the microscope. The outer coat or enamel differs in thickness in the different kinds. Thus it is very thick and forms the greater part of the blade in the Greenland Whale ; and in different kinds it gradually becomes thinner, until it only forms a thin coat over the central fibres. The central longitudinal fibres differ in thickness and in number. When they are very slender, as in the Greenland Whale, they form only a single layer between the two coats of ena- mel, and their produced ends make a very fine, long, flaccid fringe to the inner edge of the blade. In other Whales they are very nume- rous, in many series, and form a considerable part of the thickness of the whalebone, and make a more or less broad and rigid fringe to the blade. In some the fibres are so thick and rigid that they do not droop, but form an erect ragged edge to the short and broad blade, so rigid, indeed, that the fibres of this kind of whalebone are used to make brushes and brooms. The whalebone varies in form, from being narrow, elongate, many times as long as it is broad at the base, by many gradations, ac- cordLog to the families or genera, until it is not longer than broad. The longest blades have the most enamel and the finest and most flaccid fibres, which, on the other hand, gradually (as it belongs to different genera) become coarser and more rigid as the whalebone diminishes in length compared with its breadth. The whalebone or baleen offers exceedingly good and permanent characters for the distinction and characters of the species when its structure and form and colour are properly studied. It is stated that sometimes the character of the whalebone is changed by its preparation, as, for example, being soaked in water for some time before it is brought to this country ; but the soaking, although it may slightly alter the surface and make the enamel coat rather thinner, does not alter the general form or microscopic structure of the blades. In my essay on Whales in the ' Zoology of the Erebus & Terror,' r 2 36 BALJSNIBJ!. 1846, 1 separated the Eight Whales, orBatenidee, into two divisions — the one having very slender, long, polished whalebone with a single series of fringe, and the second with coarser, shorter, and broader whalebone and a thick coarse fringe. The first was afterw-ards called Balcena, and the second Eubalcsna. M. Beneden seems inclined to adopt this division (see ' Osteographie,' Cetaees, p. 144), observing that the former are confined to the Arctic regions and the other to the more temperate zones ; but this is not correct, for Balcena marginata, as I stated in my first essay, has the whale- bone quite as polished and as fine as that of the Greenland Whale. It lives on the west coast of Australia and New Zealand, in com- pany with the Black Whale of Australia and the Black Whale of New Zealand (both of which, I have no doubt, have short coarse whalebone). The Whale of the most northern parts of the Pacific yields the north-west -coast whalebone, which is of a very coarse character. The first section of Whales, with long, slender, elastic, polished, finely fringed whalebone, contains two genera, Balcena and Neo- balcena. The Whales of the second section, which have rough, brittle whale- bone, with a thick fringe of coarse hairs, includes four genera, viz. Euhalcena, Hunterius, Caperea, and Madeayius. It is very true that I have only seen the whalebone in one of these genera, Euhalcena, in connexion with the bones of the animal ; but as " the South-sea whalers " (that is to say, those who fish in the Southern and Pacific oceans) have only brought various examples of this kind of whalebone from any of their voyages (except a few blades of the whalebone of B. marginata, which they call " sea- tassel "), we may naturally conclude that all the large Eight Whales found in those seas have this kind of whalebone. Suborder I. BAL^NOIDEA (c/. p. 46). Head large. Body stout. Dorsal fin none. Chest and belly smooth, without plaits. Pectoral fin broad, truncated ; fingers -5, graduated. Arm-bones very short, thick ; radius and humerus of equal length. Baleen elongate, slender. Tympanic bones rhombic. Cervical vertebrse united. Balsenoidea, Gray, Synops. Whales Sf Bolph. p. 1. Family 1. BAL.a;NID.ffi. Right Whales. Balsenidse, Gray, Cat. Seals ^ Whales B. M. pp. 61, 75 ; Synops. Whales Sf Bolph. p. 1 ; Mljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi. Head very large, and body short. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. Baleen elongato, slender. Vertebrse of the heck anchyloscd. Pec- 1. BAL^NA. 37 toral fin broad, truncated at the end ; fingers 5. Tympanic bones rhombic ; maxillary bones narrow. Capt. Maury's Whale-Charts show that Eight Whales are found in almost aU seas, from the poles to within 35 or 30 degrees of lati- tude on each side of the equator. An experienced whaler observes that " Eight Whales are as seldom seen ia that belt as Sperm-Whales are found out of it." Capt. Maury justly observes, the torrid zone is to these animals "forbidden ground, audit is as physically impos- sible for them to cross the equator as it would be to cross a sea of flame. In short, these researches show that there is a belt of from two to three thousand miles in breadth, and reaching from one side of the ocean to the other, in which the Eight Whale is never found." — Maury, Whale-CTiarU, p. 233. Prof. Van Beneden, in a paper to the Eoyal Belgian Academy, and reproduced enlarged in the ' Osteographie — Cetaces,' gives a geogra- phical distribution of Whales.- He acknowledges only six species, having the following distribution : — 1. B. mystieetus. The Arctic Ocean on both sides of Greenland, and on the coast of Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk. 2. B. biseayensis. The North Atlantic, from latitude 65° to 45°, and a belt across the Atlantic to the coast of the United States, from lat. 45° to 50°. 3. B. japonica. A band across the North Pacific from lat. 60° to 45° on the west coast of America and 45° to 30° on the coast of Japan. 4. B. australis. A belt across the South Atlantic, from lat. 25° to 30° on the south-west coast of Africa and lat. 35° to 50° on the coast of South America. 5. B. antvpodarwm. In a similar belt across the South Pacific from the west coast of South America, in lat. 45°, to New Zealand. 6. A species which he does not name, said to inhabit a belt from Natal to the south-east part of Australia, about lat. 30°. See Dr. Gray's observations on this' theory, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, vol" i. p. 242, and 1870, vol. vi. p. 193, in which he ob- serves " I think I have proved that M. van Beneden's theory is entirely unsupported by facts." I. Baleen thin, polished, with a thick enamel on each side and a fine elongate slender fringe (cf. p. 42). 1. BAL.aiNA. Balsena, Gray, I. e. pr 79 ; Synops. Whales 8f Dolph. p. 1 ; Lillfeborg, N. Acta Upsal vi. 1867. First rib slender, narrow, and undivided at the vertebral end. Tympanic bones square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. There is at the end of the radius and at the end of the cubitus a large car- tilaginous compartment which corresponds with the radial and cu- bital bone, and has not even a bony nucleus ; between these two cartilages is an iutermediate cartUage ; below these are two or three 38 BAL^NID^. carpals. ' Cervical vertebrae united by their bodies. Upper lateral process of atlas broad at tbe base, compressed, rather narrow, and rounded at the end ; the lower lateral process elongate, suboylindri- cal, angulated at the lower side of the base (see Cat. Whales, p. 84, f. 4; Osteogr. Cet. t. 4. f. 5-9). The lower process of the second and third elongate and produced ; the upper process of the second, fifth, sixth, and seventh elongate, produced, and bent forward. Bladebone with a large, compressed, elongate acromion (Osteogr. Cet. t. 4. f. 26). Carpus cartilaginous, with three small carpal bones (Osteogr. Cet. t. 4. f. 27). 1. Balsena mysticetus. B.M. Balsena mysticetus, Ch-ay, I. c. pp. 81, 370, flgs. 1,2, 4, 5 ; Synops. Whales §■ JDolph.v. 1, 1. 1. f. 4 (baleen) ; JR. Broum, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 534. Inhab. North Sea. Dr. Eobert Brown gives an account and notes of the habits and migrations of this animal. He observes : — " Where the Whale goes to in winter is stOl unknown. It is said that it leaves Davis Strait about the month of November, and produces young in the St. Law- rence River, between Quebec and Camaroa, returning to Davis Strait in the spring. At all events, early in the year they are found on the coast of Labrador, where the English whalers occasionally attack them ; but the ships arrive generally too late, and the weather«at that season is too tempestuous to render the ' south-west fishing * very attractive. ... It is said that early in September they enter Cumberland (Hogarth's) Sound in great numbers, and remain until it is completely frozen up, which, according to the Eskimo account, is not until January. . . . They enter the Sound again in the spring, and remain until the heat of summer has melted oif the land-floes in these comparatively southern latitudes. It thus appears that they winter and produce their young aU. along the broken water off the southern coasts of Hudson's Strait, Davis Strait, and La- brador." He continues, " I am strongly of belief that the Whales of the Spitzbergen sea never, as a body, visit Davis Strait, but vsdnter somewhere in the open water at the southern edge of the northern ice-fields. The Whales are being gradually driven further north." 2. BalsBua mediterranea. Balsena mediterranea, Gh'ay, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. pp. 198, 200. Baleine, Lac^ide, Citac4s, tab. 7. flg, 1. Balsena biscayensis (part.), Van Beneden, OsUogr. Cit. tab. 7. flg. 1 (animal), figs. 8-11 (nuchal vertebraa), flgs. 2, 3 (P vertebrse). Inhab. Mediterranean, I. St. Marguerite (Lac&pide). 2. NEOBALBNA. 39 3. BalsBEa angnlata. B.M. BalsMia mystieetus, var. angulata, Gray, Cat. Seals 8f Whales, p. 86, f. 5 (eax-bones). Inhab. Nortt Sea ? Ear-bones, British Museum. 4. Balaena uordcaper. Baleena nordcaper, Bonnat. BalsBna ialandica, Brisson. Balsena biscayensis, JEschricht. Balaena mystieetus, var., Brown, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 546. Inhab. Iceland. Called " Slet-bag." It has been ascertained, " 1st, that it is much more active than the Greenland Whale,much quicker and more violent in its movements, and accordingly both more diiRcult and dangerous to capture ; 2nd, that it is smaller (it being, however, impossible to give an exact statement of its length) and has much less blubber ; 3rd, that its head is shorter, and that its v^halebone is comparatively small and scarcely more than half the length of that of the B. mystieetus ; 4th, that it is regularly infested with a cirriped belonging to the genus Coronula, and that it belongs to the temperate North Atlantic as exclusively as the B. mystieetus belongs to the icy sea." — Br. Brown, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 546. Dr. Brown says that barnacles are looked upon as a sign of age in a Whale ; and he considers that a considerable portion of the de- scription of the nordcaper corresponds with what he has said of the Spitzbergen whale (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 547). See also : — 1. Balsena mystieetus, Cope, Proc. Acad. K. S. Philad. 1869, pp. 17 & 35. The Bow-headed Whale, Scammond, American whalers. Inhab. Behring's Straits. 2. Balsena kuliomoch, Chamisso, Nov. Acta Natur. tab. 7. fig. 1 ; Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 202. Balsena cuUamacha, Chamisso, Nov. Act. xii. p. 251, t. ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phil. i868, p. 225, 1809, pp. 14, 17, & 40, fig. 4. Inhab. North Pacific. From wooden model made by the Aleutians. 2. NEOBAL.a:i!irA. Skull rather depressed ; brain-cavity nearly as long as the beak, depressed, much expanded on the sides, with a very deep notch on the middle of each side over the condyles of the lower jaw, and with a subtriangular crown-plate. The nose as broad as the expanded brain-cavity at the base, regularly attenuated to a fine point in front, and slightly arched downwards. Lower jaw laminar, compressed, 40 BALJSNIDiE. high ; the upper edge thin, and inflexed the greater part of its length, erect in front ; the lower edge inflexed in front, the rest of Fig.l. Figs. 1 & 2. Side view and top view of the skull of Neohakena marginata, from Dr. Hector's figures. the edge being simple. The baleen elongate, slender, several times as long as broad, with a fringe of a single series of fine fibres ; ena- melled surface smooth and polished, thick. 1. Neobalffina marginata. B.M. Balsena marginata, Gray, Cat. Seals %■ Whales Srit. Mm. p. 90 ; Hec- tor, Proo, &■ Trans, of the New-Zealarid Institute, 1869, t. 2 b. f. 1-4; Am. SfMag. Nat. Hist. 1870, v. p. 221, and vi. p. 155, figs. 1 & 2. Inhab. New Zealand ; Island of Kawau {Sw Q. Orey). Mus. Wellington. In width and general form the beak of the skull is somewhat like the beak of some of the Finner Whales ; but it does not at all justify Mr. Knox's idea that Balama marginata is a Finner. But this difference of skull makes us more anxious to have the descrip- 2. NEOBAliBNA. 41 tion of the entire animal and its skeleton, as the animal may prove to be the type of a new family of "Whales, between the true Whales and Pinners. This pigmy whale, which is not more than 15 or 16 feet long, is a representative in the Southern Ocean of the gigantic Right Whale of the Greenland seas. It has the most beautiful, the most flexible, most elastic, and the toughest whalebone or baleen yet discovered ; and if this were of larger size, it would fetch a much higher price than the whalebone of the Greenland Whale, the latter being three or four times the value of the brittle coarse whalebone of the JEuhalcmce or Eight Whales of the Southern and Pacific Oceans. The trade of the Continental nations being chiefly confined to their colonies, or their merchants obtaining the whalebone that is used in their manufac- tures second-hand, there are not in the market the varieties of whale- bone and flnner-bone which we have in this country, where the whale- bone and iinner-bone from different localities bear each a different value. This perhaps explains why the Continental zoologists (as Eschrieht) who have paid attention to the structure of whales have not paid sufficient attention to the characters afforded by the shape, structure, and colour of this substance, to which I called their atten- tion more than twenty years ago, and showed its value as a cha- racter for distinguishing the genera and species. It has been a fertile subject of reproach to me that I established some species on the characters afforded by this substance; but I need only mention, as a proof of the little attention Van Beneden has paid to this part of my work, that in his book on the anatomy of Whales, now in pro- gress, after saying that I have established the species Bdlcena mar- ginata on three blades of whalebone, he says I have called it Eula- Icena marginata, thus confounding it with the Whales with brittle and coarse whalebone — whereas the chief reason that induced me to consider the blades to belong to a distinct species was their very fine and tough structure. The accuracy of the determination is now proved by the very different form of its skuU from that of any other known Whale. In the same manner, the Physalus antarcticus, also esta- blished on finner-bone or baleen imported from New Zealand, has been proved to be a very distinct species of that genus, named Sul- phur-bottoms by the whalers. From the description given at page 90 of the British-Museum ' Catalogue of Seals and Whales,' there is no doubt that the baleen corresponds with the above species. The specimen was obtained at Kawau Island by Sir George Grey, and appears to be unique, as the species has hitherto only been known from the baleen. The dimensions are as follows : — lbs. Weight of cranium 58 Weight of lower jaw 13 ft. in. Length 4 9 Fronto-nasal section 2 10 42 BAL^NIDiE. ft. in. To centre of orbit 3 10 Width at orbit 2 5 Width at mastoid process 2 7 in. lin. Lower jaw, high 3 11 Depth (greatest) 8 Baleen 29 inches long, 3| inches in extreme width. Black margin from | to -I inch. "Knox now admits that this is not the Sulphur-botttom, which he says is the Trigger of the New-Zealand whalers. He fancies that B. marginata may be the true Finner of the south. I wUl try to find some more of the bones." — Trans. New Zeal. Inst. 1870, p. 26. This Whale, from the form and structure of the whalebone, can- not be a Finner, but is certainly, as I arranged it, a true Right Whale, very nearly allied to the Eight Whale of Q-reenland, and of a very small size. The bones of this Whale would be a most valu- able addition to the British Museum or any zoological museum. They appear not to be uncommon in the Kawau Islands ; and the measurements of the skull are a valuable addition to our knowledge of the species. This small Right Whale of the Antarctic Sea is the representative of the Eight Whale in the Arctic Sea, and, judging from the length of the head, cannot be more than 14 or 15 feet long, while the Greenland Whale is from 50 to 65 feet long. II. Baleen thicJc, not polished, with a thin enamel coat on each side, and a coarse thick fringe (of. p. 37). 3. EUBALaJNA. Eubalsena, Qray,l.c.-o.%\; Sijnops. Whales ^Dolph. -p. 1; lAiyeborg, iV. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867; Flower, Trans. Zool. Sac. vi. p. 115. First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square; aperture nearly as long as the bone. The first six cervical ver- tebrae aU united by their bodies. The upper lateral process of the atlas subcyUndrical, narrow at the base, recurved and rounded at the end ; the lower laterfil process narrow at the base, swollen and rounded at the end (Osteog. Get. t. 1. f. 19). Carpus cartilaginous, with six carpal bones, a radius and cubitus, one radial and one cu- bital and two carpals in the second range (Osteog. Get. t. 1. f. 1). Scapula as long as broad, with a small cylindrical coracoid process, rounded at the end. Five phalanges to the middle finger, four to the index and ring fingers, four to the little finger, and two to the thumb. The first rib is simple at the upper and thin at the free edge. The nasal bone rhomboidal, moderate. Vertebrae 50-59. 3. EtTBALaUfA. 43 1. Eulbalaena australis. B.M. Eubalsena australis, Gray, I. e. p. 91, fig. 6 ; Synops. Whales Sf JDolph. Bdsena australis, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25-27. Balsena capensis. Gray, Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. t. 1. f. 3 (baleen). Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. 2. Eubalsena Sieboldii. Eubalsena Sieboldii, Gray, I. c. p. 96; Synops. Whales Sf Bolph. p. 1, 1. 1. f. 2 (baleen). Balsena japonica, Gray,Zool. Ereh. 8f Ter. p. 16, tab. 1*. fig. 2 (ba- leen). Balsena alutiensis, ilfeyer; Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Selgigtce, xx. 1866, no. 14. [Both from the North-west-Coast whalebone of com- merce, which is quite distinct from the South-sea whalebone, brought from the Cape. J Balsena japonica, Eschricht, Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. ser. 5. ix. p. 1, Kjiibenh. 1869, pi. 1 (skull of fcBtus), pi. 2 (head) ; Gray, Ann, ^ Mag. Nat. met. 1870, vi. p. 202. Inhab. Kamtschatka. Skeleton of foetus 5| feet long, in Mus. Copenhagen. See also the following doubtful species : — 1. Balsena japonica, LacSpide, M6m. Mus. iv. p. 473. Balsena lunulata, Lac4p. M^m. Mus. iv. p. 475. These two are from Chinese, or, rather, Japanese drawings. 2. Balsena australis, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, Taf. 28 & 29 (not Des- mmdins). Balsena Sieboldii, Gray, Ann. If Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. p. 349. From a model made by the Japanese in porcelain clay. 3. Eubalsena? cisarctica. Eubalsena ? cisarctica. Cope. , Balsena cisarctica, Co^je, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 1 ; Gray, Ann. % Mag.N. H. 1868, i. pp. 244 & 247, 1870, vi. p. 200. Balsena biscayensis. Van Beneden, OstSogr. C^t. t. 7. figs. 4, 5, 6 (ear- bones only). Inhab. Atlantic. ■" There is a skeleton of the Balcena cisarctica in the Museum of the Academy of an individual of 37 feet, and a ramus mandibuli 16 feet in length, indicating a total of 68 feet, adult size. A sca- pula in the Museum, Kutger's College, New Brunswick, N. J., mea- sures 36 inches in height, and 48 5 inches in width, indicating an adult of 57 feet in length. A young individual of 45 feet, line- measurement, awaits mounting in the Museum Compar. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Of this individual I will shortly give a detailed description in an essay on the species. Like the other specimens. u -BALMSmX. it presents a strong acromion. The phalanges of the manus exhi- bited an important difference from those of B. australis. In it they number respectively 2, 5, 6, 3, 3, whUe Cuvier gives (Oss. Foss. 227. 23) 2, 5, 6, 5, 4." 4. HUNTERIUS. Hunterius, Gray, I. c. pp. 78, 98 ; Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 1 ; lAl^eborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867. First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tym- panic bones square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. Vertebrae 57- or 58 ; the five first cervical united. Five phalanges in the fourth or ring finger, and four to the second, third, and fifth fingers. The first rib bifid and articulated to the first two dorsals, or the last cervical and the first dorsal ; the second rib very thick at the free end. The nasal bones very large. 1. Hunterius Temminckii. Hunterius Temminckii, Gray, I. c. p. 98, fig. 8 ; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 1 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1870, p. 191. Balsena australis, Temm. F. Japon. t. 28, 29. Balsena australis, var., Vati Ben, OsUogr. CH. p. 85. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. M. van Beneden regards the character on which this genus is established as merely a variation of Balomia australis (Osteog. Get. p. 35). The skeleton was sent from the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Hor- stock. It is described by Schlegel, Abhand. Gebiete der Zool. 1841, p. 37 (Flower, P. Z. S. 1864). 2. Hunterius Mscayensis. Hunterius Mscayensis, Gray, Ann. §■ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, i. p. 244; Synops. Whales 8r Dolph. p. 2. Balsena biscayensis, Eschricht, Compt. Sendus, 1860, Act. Soc. lAnn. Bordeaux, xiii. ; Gray, Arm. ^ Mag. N. H. 1870, p. 200 (not Van Balasna eubalsena. Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 391. Inhab. St. Sebastian. Skeleton of very young animal in Miis. Copenhagen, from the Museum of Pampeluna. Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton belongs to the genus Hunter ms, which has brittle whalebone, with a large coarse fringe (which easUy splits into strips), and a bifid first rib. 3. Hunterius Swedenborgii. Hunterius Swedenborgii, LiUjehorg, N. Act. A. Sci. Upsal. vi. 1867, p. 35, t. 9, 10, 11 (skeleton) ; Gray, Synops. Whales 8f Dolph. p. 1, Inhab. North Sea ; Sweden (subfossU). 6. MACtEATITTS. 45 5. CAPEREA. Caperea, Gray, I. c. pp. 78, 101 ; Synops. Whales 8r Dolph. p. 2 ; Lill- jeborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. 1867. First rib ? Baleeu ? Tympanic bones irregular, rhombic ; aperture irregular, much contracted at the upper end ; the wide part not half the length of the bone. " Cervical vertebrae all united. First rib single ~ at the upper, and very broad at the lower end. Bladebone (acromion) rudimentary. Coracoid process none." — LiVjehorg. VertebrsB 55 ; the seven cervical all soldered by their bodies, and the spinous processes of the first five united into a single crest, and of the two last into a separate crest ; each has a distinct upper lateral process and, except the seventh, a distinct lateral process. Upper lateral process of the atlas narrow, square, reflexed, and bent up- wards ; lower one thick, enlarged, and rounded at the end (Osteogr. Get. t. 3. f. 4, 5). Scapula with only a slight ridge in the place of the acromion (Osteogr. Get. t. 3. f. 7). Carpus cartUaginous, with five small bones. Skull with a slender arched beak. Lower jaw subcylindrical, thick near the condyle, rather attenuated in front. The first rib is very narrow above, and gradually becomes very broad below and deeply notched on the lower edge, which embraces nearly the whole length of the sternum ; upper end with a single head. Second rib equally large at the free end, and not notched. Phalanges 1, 4, 6, 4, 3. I believe that the " honnet " of the Sandwich-Islands whalers is only the "tophnot" of the old male whale of this genus, or of a nearly allied species. 1. Caperea antipodarum. B.M. Caperea antipodarum, Oray, I. c. p. 101, f. 9; Synops. Whiles 8r Dolph. Balsena australis, Desm. Diction. Balsena antipodarum, Van Sen. Osteogr. CH. p. 46, t. 3 ; Oray, Dief- fenhach,t. 1. Inhab. New Zealand. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. The seven cervical vertebriE are completely soldered by their bodies ; and the first five spinal apophyses form a continuous crest, and the two last form a separate crest (Osteogr. Get. t. 3. f. 4, 5). The petrous portion of the skull short, small. The bladebone longer than broad, with only a slight indication of a process on the front edge. Upper lateral process of the axis square, bent back ; lower process rounded at the end and prominent. 6. MACLEAYITJS. Macleayius, Gray, I. c. pp. 103, 371 ; Synops, Whales Sf Dolph. p. 2. Cervical vertebrae united into a single mass ; upper lateral process of the atlas very broad, compressed, occupying the greater part of the side, truncated at the end. Lower margin close on the lower 46 BAL^NOPIEROIDEA. lateral process. Lower lateral process elongate, compressed, rather swollen in the middle, truncated at the end and hent forward, the upper processes of the second and third cervical vertebrtE forming a crest (Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 105, f. 10, 11, and p. 372, f. 74, 75). Baleen ? 1. Macleajrius australiensis. Macleayius australiensis, ffmy, I c. pp. 105 (figs. 10, 11), 371 (figs. 74, 75) ; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 2. Inhab. Australian seas. Atlas vertebra — the width, measuring from the extremity of the lower processes, 28|^ inches ; width of the atlas 25 inches ; height from the base of atlas to top of crest 18 inches. Thickness of last cervical vertebra 10 inches. 2. Macleayius britannicus. B.M. Macleayius britannicus, Gray, Ann. &■ Mao. N. H. 1870, vi. pp. 198 & 204. _ Balsena biacayensis, Van Beneden (part.), OdSoyr. Cett tab. 7. fig. 7 (copied from Gray, Cat. Seals ^ Whales, p. 83, fig. 3). Balsena britannica, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. JS. 1870, vi. p. 200. Inhab. Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. Cervical vertebrae of Balcena from Lyme Eegis (Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 83, f. 3) copied on plate of Balmna biscayensis, Osteog. Cet. t. 7. f. 7. Dredged up at Lyme Regis. The lateral processes of this bone are much more like those of Macleayius australiensis than those of any other species ; yet it differs in the outer edge of the broad lateral process being oblique, narrowed towards the base, and in the lower lateral process being shorter, turned up at the end, and the outer end obliquely truncated and subangular below. This massive vertebra has no afB.nity with B. biscayensis, and indicates the existence of a completely different new species of Right Whales, which appears to be an inhabitant of our seas. Suborder II. BALiENOPTEROIDEA (cf. p. 36). BalsBnopteridse, Gray, I. c. pp. 61, 106. Balsenopteroidea, Gray, Synops. Whales 8f Bolph. p. 2. Head moderate. Body elongate. Dorsal fln distinct, rarely wanting. Belly longitudinally plaited, rarely smooth. Baleen short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate ; arms elongate; radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. Fingers 4, subequal. Vertebrae of- the neck free, or partially united. Tympanic bones oblong or ovate. AGAPHELIDiE. 47 Family 2. AGAPHELID^. Scrag Whales. Head moderate ; body elongate ; hinder part of the back keeled and notched. Cervical vertebrae free. Pectoral fin lanceolate. Fingers 4. Throat ■without plaits. No dorsal fin. Eibs single- headed. Mr. Cope " mentioned that he had an opportunity of examining a portion of a specimen of the Scrag Whale of Dudley, Balcena giblosa of Erxlebeii, akd ascertained that it represented a genus not previ- ously knovm. It was a Fin-back Whale ; but without dorsal fin or throat-folds, resembUng superficially the genus Balcena. The bcdeen short and curved. The genus was called Agaphelus." •1. AGAPHELUS. Cervical vertebrae free. Fingers 4. Throat without plaits. No dorsal fin. Eibs single-headed. Scapula with acromion (Cope, Proc. Soc. N. Sc. PhU. 1869, p. 16). Agaphelus, Cope, Proc. Soc. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, pp. 159, 225 ; Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. K. 1870, vi. p. 200. " Fingers four, elongate. Cervical vertebrae ? Lumbar and anterior caudal vertebrae longer than their greatest diameter. Dorsal fin wanting. Gular and pectoral region without folds. Sca- pula with well-developed acromion and coracoid. Baleen narrow, short, curved. " The baleen is peculiar ; throughout the length of the maxillary bone it nowhere exceeded one foot in length, and the width of the band, or length of the base of each plate, four inches. It is of a creamy white ; the fringe very coarse, white, and resembling hogs' bristles. " The ear-bone is much compressed, with an inferior carina, towards which the lip of dense bone is suddenly decurved. The longitudinal opening is much contracted, especially anteriorly, where the bone is pinched up into a keelj and there is no abrupt concavity of the inner Up at that point. External surface not very rugose. Total length 3 in. 2-5 lines. " The scapula preserved is low and elongate, with well-developed acromion and coracoid process. It is evidently of the type of BalcB- noptera and Physalus ; the ulna and radius relatively less elongate than in Sihbaldius latieeps and boreaUs, being 1-5 as long as the humerus, thus resembling Physalus. " The four fingers, with the second much the longest, form a fin -of the type of those genera. " The ear-bone is much more compressed than in Physalus anti- quorum or Sibbaldius latieeps. " The mandibular ramus is rather massive, moderately curved, and with a more elevated coronoid process than in any Whale that I have seen. " The greatest peculiarity is in the form of the lumbar and 48 AOAPHELIDiE. anterior caudal vertebrae ; they are of a much more elongate form than any I have seen or found figured, excepting those of the Balx- noptera rostrata (as figured by Gaimard in ' Voyage de la Eecherche'), which, however, are relatively shorter. Those of the present species are of greater length than transverse diameter, the lumbars most elongate ; all furnished with an acute hypapophysial keel and con- cave sides, and entirely transverse diapophyses. This peculiarity is consistent with the account of my informant, who stated the animal to have been of an unusually elongate and slender form. When it came ashore it had perhaps been dead ten days ; the flukes and muscular region as far as the third caudal vertebra had been de- voured, probably by Sharks and Killers, and the abdominal region much lacerated ; the edge of a fin preserved was slit by the teeth of some carnivorous enemy. The measurement from the end of the muzzle to the end of the third caudal was SS feet, which may be reduced to 33 feet axial. Up to this point the dorsal line was, ac- cording to my informant, entirely smooth, without knob or fin, or scar of one ; hence I suppose the fin (if present) to have been situ- ated, as in Sibhaldius &c., at the posterior fourth of the length, and not, as in Baloenoptera, on the posterior third. It may then be safely assumed, bearing in mind the form of vertebrae, that ten feet of the whale's length had been removed, making in aU 43 feet. That the species attains over 50 feet is probable, as the present individual was quite young, the epiphyses separating from the vertebrae with the greatest ease. The slender form of the animal is corroborated by the slenderness and slight curvature of the ribs, one attached beneath the scapula, probably the second, being narrower than the corresponding ones in Sibhaldius. I therefore think it most probable that in this form the anterior ribs are single-headed." — Cope, I. c. p. 223. 1. Agaphelus gibbosus. The Scrag Whale. Agaphelus gibbosus, Cope. Baleena gibbosa, Gray, Cat. Seals §• Whales, p. 90. Scrag Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxiii. p. 259. Inhab. Forth Atlantic. 2. RHACHIANECTES. Rhachianectes, Cope, Proc. Acad. N. So. Philad. 1869, pp. 14 & 15, Cervical vertebrae free. Throat without plaits. Dorsal fin none. Scapula without acromion. 1. Rhachianectes glaucus. The Oalifomian Grey Whale. Rhachianectes glaucus, Cope, Proc. Acad. iV. Sc. Philad. 1869, pp 17- & 40, fig. 8. "^ Agaphelus glaucus, Cope, ibid. 1868, p. 226. Inhab. California, San Francisco. "The points in which this species differs from those of the genus Balaina previously known are numerous, and will no doubt be in- creased on a further knowledge of the animal. 2. EHACHIANECTES. 49 I' The head, between one-fourth and one- fifth of the total length, allies it to the shorter-headed species. From the B. austraUs the number of dorsal vertebrae, and the colour and shortness of the baleen, distinguish it ; and no doubt other features wiU be brought out when we are acquainted with the Cape species. The dorsal serration is not known to occur in any species of the genus Bdloena, though said to be characteristic of the A. gihhosus, whose characters I have just given. " Two BalcencB have been described as inhabiting the North Pacific Ocean, Balcena Sieholdii, Gray (Catal. Get. 1865, p. 96), and Balcena euUamach, Chamisso (Nov. Act. Acad. Cses. xii. p. 251, tab.) " Both have been estahlished on figures carved by the natives, of the Japanese and Aleutian Islands respectively, the former under the supervision of a naturalist, the traveller Siebold. The carving of the B. cullamach, judging from the figure given by Chamisso, can but doubtfully represent any species ; but if the species exist, it will rest on the following diagnosis of its describer : — ' Eictu amplo forma litteree 8 curvato, elasmiis maximis atro-cseruleis, spiraculis flexuosis, in medio capite, tuberculo in apiee rostri (ex imagine), pectore pin- nisque pectoralibus albis, dorso gibboso sexpinnato.' " These are, however, true Balcence.: A species of Agaphelus exists in the Kamtschattan seas, according to PaUas, who, however, derives hig information solely from wooden models made by the Aleutian Islanders. . This is not sufficient basis for an introduction to the scientific system ; yet Pallas indulges in applying to it the name Balcena agamachsdhik. The pectoral limb of this species is said, however, to be white, with the underside of the flukes, characters not found in the A. glaiwus. Dr. Gray has already (Cat. Brit. Mus.) indicated that this, if reliable, indicates a genus unknown to him. " The Agaphelus glaiicus is the Grey Whale of the coasts of Cali- fornia. Two specimens have been examined by my friend Wm. H. DaU, of the scientific staff of the U. S. Eussian- American Telegraph Expedition, one of them near Monterey ; and descriptions, as com- plete as the state of the specimens would allow, were made. " These, which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and placed in my hands by Prof. Baird, are quite sufficient to indicate a Whale of a species hitherto unnoticed, and to render certain its future identification. " Dorsal vertebrae and ribs 13 ; lumbar and caudal (those in the fluke cut off with it) 28. Scapula, breadth and height not very different, with a short broad coracoid process ; its head opposite first rib. Apparently only four fingers, of which the second is the longest. 145 laminae of baleen on each side, the longest 18 inches long ; colour bright yellow."— Cope, Froe. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 226. 60 JIEGAPTEKID^. Pamay 3. MEGAPTERIDiE. Bwmjpbacked Whales. Megapterina, Cfray, I. c. p. 113. MegapteridsB, Orat/, Synops. Whales S^ Dolph. p. 2. Dorsal flu low, broad ; pectoral fin very long, with four very long fingers of. many phalanges. Vertebrae 50 or 60 ; cervical vertebrae often anciiylosed. Lateral process of the axis tardily ossified. Neu- ral canal large, high, triangular. Eibs 14 or 15. 1. MSGAFTERA. Megaptera, Gray, I. c. pp. 113, 117 ; Synops. Whales 8r Dolph. p. 2 ; IMljehorg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi. Bladehone without acromion or coracoid process. Body of cer- vical vertebrae subcircular. 1. Ilegaptera longimana. B.M. Megaptera longimana, Qray, I. c. pp. 119 (flg.), 373 ; Synops. Whales 4- Dolph. p. 2. Megaptera boops, Oray, Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. tab. 30 (baleen and jaws with rudimentaiy teeth), t. 33. f. 12 (vertebra). Inhab. North Sea. 2. Megaptera Novas-ZelandiaB. * B.M. Megaptera Novse-Zelandlae, Gray, I. c. p. 128, fig. 20 ; Synops. Whales §■ Dolph. p. 2. Inhab. New Zealand. Ear-bones in Brit. Mus. 3. Megaptera ? Burmeisteri. Megaptera P Burmeisteri, Oray, Cat. Seals Sr Whales, p. 129. Megaptera Lalandii (part.), Van Beneden, Ostiogr. CH. Inhab. Buenos Ayres, Skeleton, Mus. Buenos Ayres. 4. Megaptera americana. Megaptera americana, Oray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 129. Inhab. Bermuda. " The norwega is a Humpback which has the heUy white and smooth (?), back very dark bluish, length 50 to 55 feet. This whale gives more oil than the mystica." — Hartt, Geology Sf Physical Oeo- grofphy of Brazil, p. 182. " The whalebone is short, and sells well. The beach on which the whales are cut up is strewed during the season with bones. There must be the bones of 500 whales on the spot. The fishery is carried on at Bahia on a much larger scale than at CaraveUas." — L. c. p. 185. 5. Megaptera kuzira. Megaptera kuzira. Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 180. Inhab. Japan. SkuU, Mus. Leyden. 2. POBSCOPIA. 5] 6. Megaptera osphyia. Megaptera osphyia, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 4. Inhab. Atlantic. Skeleton, Mus. Niagara. " A second and more full examination of the Megaptera osphyia, Cope, furnislies the following additional points and characters. The specimen is young, and measures in its present condition 34 feet. It has, however, lost a considerable number of caudal vertebrae, and, from the posterior part of the column, of intervertebral cartilages also ; add to this the shrinking of the cartilages preserved, and the increase of length would perhaps amount to 8 feet, giving 42 in all. The asserted length of 50 feet, line measurement, which I quoted in my original description, is no doubt an exaggeration. " The glenoid process is margined by an angular prominence, the rudiment of the coracoid, precisely as in the M. brasiliensis. The diapophysis of the atlas is a flat vertical plate, extending from op- posite the base of the foramen dentatum to opposite the widest point of the spinal canal; inferior posterior outline of the atlas broad, slightly concave mesially. The mandible is peculiar in the strong angular process, ■which extends from behind, round the side, project- ing as far as the condyle, and separated from it by a deep groove. The third and fourth cervicals are united by the neural arch. The first rib is very broad at the extremity ; length 37 inches, width at end 8-22 inches. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are not contracted at the extremities as in M. longimana, but are more as in Baleenopterm ; entire width over and within edge of orbit 15| in. ; length to vertical plate of maxillary 31 inches. The baleen mea- sures 2 feet in length, is black, with three rows of coarse bristles. Its base is one curve ; its length is spirally twisted. The species is probably one of the largest of the Balmnidce." — Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 194. 7. llegaptera versabilis. Megaptera versabilis. Cope, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1869, p. 17, figs. 5 & 6. Inhab. North Pacific, Californian coast. 2. POESCOPIA. Poescopia, Gra^/, I. c. p. 113 ; Synops. Whales Sf Bolph. p. 2. Bladebone with small coracoid process. Body of cervical ver- tebrae nearly square. 1. Poescopia Lalandii. E.M. Poescopia Lalandii, Gray, I. c. pp. 126 (fig. 19, p. 125), 373 .; Synops. Whaks Sf Dolph. p. 2, tab. 33. f. 3, 4 (vertebrse, firom Cuvier), Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. 52 PHXSALID^. 3. ESCHRICHTIUS. Eschriolitms, Oray, 4 c. pp. 113, 131 ; Synops. Whales 8f Bulph. p. 2; LiUJeborg, N. Acta Upsal. vi. p. 12, 1867. Bladebone with large coracoid process. Body of cervical vertebrae separate, small, roundish-oblong. The neural canal very broad and high. 1. Eschrichtius robustus. B.M. Eschrichtius robustus, Gray, I. a. pp. 138 (flg.),373; Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 2 ; Lilljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, vi. p. 16, t. 1-S ; Cope, Proc. Acad.. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 4. Inhab. North Sea ; coast of Devonshire, Sweden ; Atlantic. " The Eschrichtius robustus is admitted on the evidence of a ramus of the under jaw in the Museum, Eutger's College, which is of pe- culiar form, and closely resembles the figure given by Lilljeborg of that portion of this rare species." — Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 194. Family 4. PHYSALIDiE. Finner Whales. Physalina, Gfray, I. c. pp. 114, 134. Physalinidse, Oray, Synops. Whales 8/- Dolph. p. 2. Dorsal fin high, erect, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths the entire length from the nose. Pectoral fin moderate, with four short fingers of four or six phalanges. Vertebrse 55 or 64. Cervical ver- tebrae not anchylosed. Neural canal oblong, transverse. • Vertebra 60 or 64 ; Ji/rst rib single-headed (of. p. 64). 1. BENEDENIA. Benedenia, Gray, I. c. pp. 114, 135 ; Synops. Whales Sr Dolph. p. 2. Eostrum of skuU narrow, attenuated, with straight slanting edges. Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes. The first rib single-headed. 1. Benedenia Enoxii. B.M. Benedenia Knoxii, Gray, I. c. pp. 138, figs. 24^26 ; Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 2. Benedenia hoops. Gray, Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. tab. 32. f. 1, 2 (cer- vical vertebrss). ' Inhab. North Sea, coast of Wales. 2. PHYSALUS. Physalus, Gray, I. c. pp. 114, 139; Synops. Wliales 8f Dolph. p. 2; IMljeborg, N. Acta Upsal. 1867, p. 72. Eostrum of the skull narrow, attenuated, with straight sloping sides. Second cervical vertebra with a broad lateral process, with a large perforation at the base. First rib single-headed. Sternum 2. PHYSAIUS. 53 trifoliate, with a long slender hind process. Fingers shorter than the forearm-bones. Scapula very broad ; acromion and coracoid process well developed. t Lateral rings of the second cervical vertebra as long as the diameter of the body of the vertebra.— Gmy, I. c. p. 374 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 2. 1. Fhysalus autiquorum. B.M. Eibs 14 . 14. Physalus antiquorum, Gray, I. c. pp. 144 (flga. 29-32), 374 ; Synops. Whales §• Dolph. p. 2, t. 1. f. 6 (baleen), t. 32. f. 5, 6 (cervical vertebrae) ; Flower, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 604, pi. 47 (male). Balsenoptera musculus, Van Beneden, OsUoqr. Cit. t. 12 & t. 13. figs. 11-24. Inhab. North Sea, Greenland, Hampshire, 6lph. p. 5. Inhab. Southern Ocean ; Cape of Good Hope ; Japan ; Malabar. ** Beak of skuU once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth il- to ti. 2. Delphinus delphis. B.M. Delphinus delphis, Cfrag, I. c. pp. 242 (n. 3), 396 ; Synops. Whales 8f Dolph. p. 5 ; Beinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1866, t. 1. Black, sides grey, beneath white. Inhab. North Sea ; North Atlantic ; Mediterranean. Vertebrse 75 :— C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31. 3. Delphmus Itloorei Delphinus Moorei, Gray, I. c. p. 396, fig. 99; Synops. Whales SrDolph. p. 5. Inhab. South Atlantic. 4. Delphinus major. B.M. Delphinus major, Gray, I. c. p. 396 ; Synops. Whales Sr Dol^. p. 5. Inhab. . ? 5. Delphinus Walkeri. Delphinus Walkeri, Gray, I. c. p. 397, fig. 100; Synops. Whales Sf JDolph. p. 5. Inhab. South Atlantic. Burmeister (' Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,' i. p. 306) erroneously considers it a synonym of D. microps, which is a Olyinenia. 6. Delphinus Janira. B.M. Delphinus Janira, Gray, I. c. pp. 245, 398; ZookEreb. 8r Terror, t. 23; Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 6, t. 23. Inhab. Newfoundland. 7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. B.M. Delphinus fulvifasciatus, Pucheran, Voy. Bumont d'Urvilk, Mamni. t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skuU); Gray, Cat. Seals % Whales,-^. 252. Inhab, Van Diemen's Land. 4. CITMBNIA. 69 8. Delphinns obliqTudens. Delphinus obliquidens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. PhUad. 1869, p. 12. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Cope, Proe. Ac. Nat. So. Philad. 1866, p. 177. Inhab. Forth Pacific. Bottle-nose. 9. Delphinus pomeegra. B.M. Delphinus pomeegra, Owen, Trans. Zool. Sac. vi. t. 6. f. 3, t. 8 ; Gray, Si/nops. Whales 8f Bolph. p. 5. Inhab. India (W. Elliot) Skull, Brit. Mus. 10. Delphinus Porsteri, Delphinus Forsteri, Gfray, Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 6, t. 24 fcopied from Forster's drawing). Skull not known. b. Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, teithout any lateral groove. 4. CLYMENIA. Clymene, Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 249; P. Z. S. 1864, p. 237, 1866, p. 214. Clymenia, Gray, Synops. Whales 8^ Dolph. p. 6. Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate ; hand larger than the forearm-bones. SkuU elongate, slender ; brain-case spherical ; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case ; in- termaxUlaries convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate. * Beah of the skull tunce as long as the brain-case. Teeth flve in an inch. Micropia. 1. Clymenia stenorhyucha. B.M. Olymene stenorhyncha. Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214. Clymenia stenorhyncha, Gray, Synops. Whales Sr Dolph. p. 6. Delphinus stenorhynchus. Gray, Cat. 8. 8r W. p. 396. n. 1*. Delphinus microps. Gray, I. c. p. 240. ** Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity. Teeth six in an inch. Euphrosyne. 2. Clymenia microps. B.M. Clymene microps, ffray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214. Clymenia microps. Gray, Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 6. Delphmus microps. Gray, Cat. S. 8f W. pp. 240, 395; Zool. Breb. ^ Ter. t. 25. Inhab. Coast of Brazil. 70 DELPHINIDJE. 3. Clymenia Alope. B.M. Inhab. Cape Horn. Olymene Alope, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 214. Clymenia Alope, Chay, Synods. Whales ^ Dobph. p. 6, t. 32. Delphinus Alope, Gray, Cat. S. ^ W. pp. 252, 399. 4. Clymenia Styx. B.M. Delphinus Styx, Gray, I. c. p. 250. Clymenia Styx, Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 6, t. 21. Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific. 5. Clymenia Euphrosyne. B.M. Clymene Euphiosyne, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 214. Clymenia Euphrosyne, Gray, Synops. Whales 8r Bolph. p. 6, t. 22 & t. 31. Delphinus Euphrosyne, Gray, I. c. p. 251 ; Zool. Ereh. 8f Ter. t. 22. Inhab". North Sea. *** Beak of the skull once \ >> ' y The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at the notch. Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth. Tribe IV. PSEUDORCAINA. Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth Qonical. Beak of the skuU depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain- cavity. 12. PSEUDORCA. Pseudorca, Gray, 8ynops. Whales 8f Dolph. p. 8. Head rounded, convex : body moderate ; dorsal fin moderate, in the centre of the back ; arm-bones very short and thick, the hu- merus rather the shortest. Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute, permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Meta- carpal bones five, close together. Pingers very unequal, second and third much longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed ; first finger very short, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of the upper jaw nearly to the notch ; of the lower jaw rather shorter. Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple. Vertebra 50 :—C. 7. D. 10. L.-9. C. 24. The first to the sixth cervical vertebrae united by their bodies 80 DELPHINID^. and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, witt large coracoid and acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual. * Beak hlunt, trvmeatedin front. Pseudorca. 1. Pseudorca crassidens. Pseudorca crassidens, Gray, Cat. 8. 8^ W. p. 290. no. 1 ; Synops. Whales ^ Bolph. p. 8 ; Gervais, Ostfogr. CH. t. 50. f. 7-17. Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front ; teeth 8. Inhab. North Sea. ■** Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front. Neoorca. 2. Pseudorca meridionalis. B.M. Pseudorca meridionalis, Gray, I. c. p. 291. no. 2, figs. 58, 59 ; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 8 ; Gervais, Ostiogr. CM. t. 60. Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and rounded in front. Teeth 8. Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 13. ORCAELLA. Orcaella, Gray, I. c. p. 285 ; Synops. Whales 8f Dolph. p. 7. Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back ; the pectoral fin- broad. Skull : — brain-case subglobular ; beak very short, two- thirds the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermax- illary half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, j|^ or jj^. 1. Orcaella brevirostris. B.M. Orcaella brevirostris, Gray, I. c. p. 285 ; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 7 ; Anderson^s Icon. ined. (animal and skull). Phocasna brevirostris, Owen, Trans. Zool. Sac. n. t. 9. Globiocephalus indicus (part.), Blyth. Black ; body stout ; dorsal fin subcentral. Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (Br. Anderson) ; Madras {Elliot). 2. Orcaella fluminaUs. Orcaella fluminalis, Andersm's MS. ^ Icon. ined. Dolphin of the Irawady, Anderson, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 220, 644. " Body slender, dirty white ; dorsal fin more posterior." Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 mile? trom the sea {Dr. Anderson). 16. NEOMEEIS. 81 Tribe V. PHOC^NINA. Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Tri- angle in front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed. 14. PHOCJENA. Phocoena, Gray, Cat. 8. ^ W. p. 301 ; a/nops. Whales ^ JDolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, truncate. Vertebrae 64 to 66 :— C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46. 1. Fhocsena commtmis. Phoceena communis, Gray, I. c. p. 302; 8ynops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 8. Var. ? Phocsena tuberculifera, Gray, I. c. p. 304. Inhab. North Sea. 1. Phocsena brachycium, Cope, Proc. Acad. iV. Sc. Phil. 1865, p, 6 ; 1869, p. 28. Inhab. Harbour of Salem. 2. Phocsena vomerina, Gill, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1865; C(^e, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1869, p. 13. Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise. 15, ACANTHODELPHIS. Acanthodelphis, Gray, I. c. 304 ; Synops. Whales 4r Dolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical. 1. AcanthodelpMs spinipinnis. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, Gray, I. c. p. 804; Synops. Whales ^ Dolph. p. 8. Phocsena spinipinnis, Surmeister, Anales Mus. Bttenos Ayres, vol. i. t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull). Inhab. Coast of Brazil. 16. NEOMBRIS. Neomeris, Gray, I. e. p. 306 ; Synops. Whales 8r Dolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. M^etacarpal bones five, large. The hand rather large ; the second and third fingers 82 OEAMPID^. elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short. Vertebrse 63 :— C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43. 1. Neomeris phocsenoides. Neomeria phocssnoides, Gray, I. c. p. 306 ; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 8. " Delphinapterus molagan," Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 24, a name given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot's ! Inhab. Indian Ocean ; Bengal ; Cape of Good Hope ; Japan. Sehlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed figure of the skuU, the dorsal vertebras, the chest-bone, and the fore Umb of this animal. B. Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third Jmgers very long, of nine or twelve phcdanges (cf. p. 63). FamUy 11. GRAMPIDiE. Head rounded ; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical ; of upper jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. SkuU depressed, with the lateral expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. IntermaxiUaries dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free ; rest of cervical vertebrae and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges ; the other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone single, broad in front. 1. GRAMPUS. Grampus, Gray, I. e. pp. 230, 295, 893 ; l^nops. Whales Sf Bolph. p. 9. t Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the vomer. Bladehone triangular, the height about two-thirds the width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its 1. Grampus Rissoanus. Grampus Rissoanus, Gray, Cat. Seals Sf Whales, p. 298 ; Gervais, Ost4og. Ca. t. 54. figs. 1-6 : Murie, Joum. Anat. St Physiol. 1870, V. p. 129, t. 6 (good). ^ n > Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladehone triangular, the height three-fourths the width. Inhab. Nice. GLOBIOCEPHALID^. 83 2. Grampus Curieri. B.M. Grampus Cuvieri, Ormj, I. o. p. 295, fig. 60; Synops. Whales S; Dolph. p. 9. Grampus griseus, Gervais, Osteog. CU. t. 64. figs. 1-6. Inhab. Fortli Sea, Hampshire. tt Triangle in front of the blotoers short, broad. 3. Grampus Richardsonii. Grampus JRichardsonii, Gray, I. v. ^. 299; Synops. Whales Sf Dolph. p. 9. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDiE. GlobiocephalidsB, Gray, I. c. pp. 62, 313 ; Synops. Whales