I'i";?!! * \ LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, NEW YORK n DiDmnmnm nunnrumn m iiiinn n imp n r cornel. UnWersltyUbrary SF 967.T5P36 ..hePennsyWa I Cornell University S' Library The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000379598 COMMONWEALTH OF PEI^NSYLVANIA. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. BULLETIN NO. 75. '^*^ W TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE AND THE ' \^M^^'^'^ PENNSYLVANIA PLAN FOR ITS REPRESSION ^^:;tSf ^V>ii^ LEONARD li;ARaO$l, B, S., V. M. D., 'State Teterij? one being so badly tubercular that it had to be condemned. One after the other all- the cows in this same row were attacked and were sent to the slaughter house, as soon as they became ill, but in 1892, the tuberculin test showed that of the 20 animals composing the herd, 7 were tubercular, these 7 being in the same row, the 12 in the other row being quite sound. The diagnosis was confirmed by post-mortem examination in all of these cases. Inquiry into the cause of the contamination of the stable revealed the fact that in 1883, three years before the recognition of the first two cases, the farmer had engaged as a herdsman, a man suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. This man slept in the stable immediately over the two cows which were the first to fall ill, and was in the habit of coughing and expectorating constantly. He resided in the stable until 1891, in the meantime having been treated for pulmonary tu- berculosis. In the absence of all other opportunities for contamina- tion, and the fact that no strange cattle had been brought in, which might have introduced the disease, it seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that this stable was infected by the tubercular attend- ant; and especially in view of the experiments related on the fore- going pages of where animals have been rendered tubercular by the products of diseased men. Tubercvlosis is not a hereditary disease. — There is still one point bearing on the question of the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to man which remains to be considered, namely, the influence of heredity. Until quite recently when the disease appeared in chil- dren and young persons it was believed to be hereditary, but careful study has shown that all the facts are against this idea, and it may be stated positively that inheritance plays a very small part in the spread of tuberculosis. It is, however, unquestionably true that the children of tuberculous parents are much more apt to become tuber- culous than the children of healthy parents, a fact well shown by comparative statistics, and from this rather common observation has arisen the belief held until recently even by mem'bers of the medical profession, that the disease was commonly transmitted by inheri- tance. In these cases, however, we have only ideal conditions for contagion, the children being constantly and closely associated with their diseased parents, kissing them, sleeping in contact with them, and what has been shown experimentally to be especially dangerous, eating from the same plate of food and drinking from the same cup. I have already given some figures showing the frequency of intestinal 86 tuberculosis in children, using them as evidence of the transmission of tuberculosis by means of food. We will now see if there is any reason to admit that these cases may have been congenital. In 1889, Woodhead published a series of statistics of tuberculosis in children, showing that during the first year of life the number was compara- tively small, but that from one to five and a half years there was a rapid rise, which could be accounted for only on the supposition that infective material found its way into the digestive tract of children, most probably along with milk, and produced there intestinal and me- senteric tuberculosis. If this is the correct idea as to the origin of the disease in children, we would expect that the death rate from tuberculosis would increase with age from birth, and for a certain period after, during the time when children are fed largely on a milk diet, and such seems to be the case. Bolz, examining the statistics of children who died in Keil during the years 1873-18S9, on whom post-mortem examinations were made, found that 16.4 per cent, of the whole mortality, or 424 out of 2,576, was due to tuberculosis, and he gives the percentages of tuberculo- sis to the whole mortality at each of the different ages, as follows: Per cent. Still-born children, 0.0 Up to four weeks old, 0.0 From 5-10 weeks old, 0.9 From 3-5 months old, 8.8 From 6-12 months old, 18.3' From 1-2 years old, 26 . 8 From 2-3 years old, 33 From 3-4 years old, 29 . 6 From 4-5 years old, 31.8 From 5-10 years old, 34 . 3 From 10-15 years old, 30 . 1 Ohservations on the lower animals. — The number of calves slaughtered in abattoirs gives abundant opportunity for observation on this point also. Nocard gives the following figures: At the abattoir in Munich about 160,000 calves are killed eaqh year. Of this number two only, in 1878, were found tubercular, one in 1879, none in 1880, none in 1881, and two in 1882. At Lyons, Leplerc, who has studied this question particularly, has found in some 400,000 calves that five only were tubercular. J5hne, in Berlin, has found four in more than 150,000. From the 1st of April, 1892, until the 31st of March, 1893, there were killed in the public abattoirs of Prussia 600,501 grown animals, of which 51,136, or 8.6 per cent., were tubercu- 87 lar. During the same time 914,216 calves were also slaughtered; 446 or about 0.04 per cent., were tubercular. Saxony is perhaps more gravely infected with tuberculosis than any other part of Europe. In 1890, in all of the abattoirs of the kingdom, 16.5 per cent, of the cattle were tubercular, while the proportion of calves which were tubercular was only . 04. To better understand the value of these figures, it must be re- inembered that cows are very much more subject to tuberculosis than are the males of the bovine species. At Copenhagen, in 1888, for cattle of all kinds and ages, the percentage of tubercular ones was 6 per cent., while for cows the proportion was 16 per cent. In European countries of all calves slaughtered under one month old, not more than one in 10,000 is tubercular. There is, however, no doubt that hereditary transmission of tu- berculosis does take place at times, but so seldom that it may be almost. ignored as a factor in the spread of the disease. There are now 20 cases of congenital tuberculosis of infants on record; and an even larger number has been observed among the lower animals. The following table taken from Nocard and Leclainche (with a few additions) gives a partial list of such cases. Professor Bang in eight years has gathered reports of 85 cases of congenital tuberculosis, partly in fetuses and partly in new born calves. When we consider the enormous number of observations which have been made, this small number of reports of cases proves that hereditary transmission is extremely rare. Bacilli Found. Bacilli Not Found. Observer. Subject. Age. Observer. Subject. Age. « Fetus Fetus Fetus Calf, Fetus Calf 2 CELlves, 2 calves 1 calf, 2 calves,. .... 6 fetus 32 calves, .. Fetus Fetus Calt Calf Fetus 8 mos. 8 mos. 5 days. 6 mos. Born dead. 1 day. 2 days. 14 days. 1 day. 6-8 mos. 14 days. 6 mos. 4% mos. Few days. 7 days. 7 mos. Grothaus, Fetus, Fetus 2 fetus, Calt Calf Fetus, Calf Calf, .■ 2 calves, ... 1 calf, 9 mos. Malvoz et Brou- Kohler ? Misselwitz ? C^k"^' ' Falk 6 days. McFadyean Bayersdorf er 14 days. 6 mos. ^"^ Kohl 2 days. ^ Sahner S days. Barlund 7 days. 14 days. Lungwitz, I^ungwitz McFadyean McFadyean 88 Dcmish system. — Perhaps the strongest argument against the oc- currence of hereditary transmission of tuberculosis, and one which of itself seems to be convincing, lies in the well proven fact that it is possible in the vast majority of cases, to rear healthy animals from tuberculous parents, provided they are removed at once and fed on sterilized milk, which may, however, be taken from tuberculous cows. This is the practice in the Danish system, described in another part of this report (see page 247). On one farm where Bang has carried out this system for three years, there were 131 tubercular animal? against only 77 healthy ones, yet during this time all of the calves born of the diseased cows were raised in perfect health, with the ex- ception of two only. Orphcm asylums. — The statistics of orphanages show the same thing, though not in quite so positive a manner. Thus Stich, physi- cian to the Orphan Asylum in Nuremberg, during eight years has seen only one case of tuberculosis among the hundred children living there, though many of them came from tuberculous ancestors. In Munich, Sehnitzlein, physician to the Orphanage, from 1866 to 1888, saw 613 children, of whom 43.59 per cent, had lost either father or mother by tuberculosis, and 6.86 per cent, had lost both parents of this disease, yet since 1876 not a single death has taken place in the institution from tuberculosis. These figures are very striking when compared with tables showing the usual death rate from tuberculosis at the same age, and demonstrates clearly that tuberculosis is in the vast majority of cases the result of infection after birth. 89 CHAPTER IV. THE DISPOSITION OF THE FLESH OP TUBERCULAR CATTLE. SUMMARY. TUBERCLE BACILLI SOMETIMES INVADE THE BLOOD AND THE PARTS OF THE ANIMAL THAT ARE EATEN. IN THESE CASES, THE FLESH IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING TUBERCULOSIS UNLESS IT IS SO WELL COOKED THAT ALL OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLI ARE KILLED. IN MOST CASES, HOWEVER, THE DISEASE IS LOCAL AND/ ITS GERMS ARE CONFINED TO THE SYSTEMS OF ORGANS SOME PARTS OP WHICH SHOW TO THE NAKED BYE EVIDENCE OF DISEASE. TUBERCULAR CATTLE SHOULD BE VERY CAREFULLY EXAMINED AT THE TIME OF SLAUGHTER AND THE DISPOSITION OF THE FLESH SHOULD DEPElND UPON THE CHARACTER AND EXTENT OP THE LE- SIONS THAT ARE FOUND. The flesh may contain Tvherde Bacilli.— ^^ev since it has been shown by Villemin that tuberculosis can be transmitted by feeding tuberculous material, and since Koch has shown the identity of human and animal tuberculosis, it has been apparent that danger must attend the unrestricted use of food of the flesh of tubercular animals. Ohauveau, Arlong, Galtier, Nocard, Bollinger, McFadyean, Woodhead and Martin have worked on this problem and as a result of their investigations, and others as well, it is clear that the in- gestion of tuberculous material will produce tuberculosis in a high percentage of cases. Leclainche has shown that out of 566 inocu- lations with the juice expressed from the meat of tubercular cattle, 17.3 per cent, gave positive results. Comparatively few experiments have resulted affirmatively where similar material was fed to experi- mental animals. The explanation of this lies, no doubt, in the fact that more tubercle bacilli are required to produce infection by way of the digestive tract than when injected into the peritoneal cavity or underneath the skin. The feeding experiments in which meat from tubercular animals was used and not tubercular lesions, have shown that the disease must be generalized before the meat becomes infectious. 90 How Tuherculosis spreads in tJie tody. — By reverting to the path- ology of tuberculosis, it will be noted that the disease always begins as a local process and that the bacilli are, for a time, confined abso- lutely to the point where they lodge and grow. From this point the germs of the disease may spread (1) through the lymphatic channels, (2) through contiguous tissues or cavities, or (3) they may be carried in the blood. It is well known that tuberculosis usually starts in some part of the respiratory or digestive tract. The point of origin can sometimes be determined by the age of the lesion, but if the lesions are extensive and widespread, the differences between them are not distinct enough to enable one, in all cases, to determine the original point of infection. If, however, the lesions are found in one organ and in the lymphatic gland connected with it, as in the lungs and mediastinal or bronchial glands, and no lesions are to be found in other parts of the body, it is probable that the tubercle bacilli entered the lungs, passed through the mucous membrane lining the air passages, probably producing a tubercle at the point of passage, and their progeny were then carried through the lymphatic channels to the glands. The lymphatic glands act as filters and remove solid matter from lymph ; so here the germs are detained and grow. If the only tubercular lesions are found in the lymphatic glands of the mesentery it is evident that in- fection occurred through the walls of the intestinal canal. Tubercle bacilli may emerge from diseased lungs or lymphatic glands adjacent to them, and enter the pleural cavity. In this cavity they are distributed over a large surface. It is conceivable that they are well rubbed into the pleura by the movements of the lungs and thus the tubercular lesions of the pleura result. From this cavity, or if—by a process similar to that just described— a tubercu- lar peritonitis is established, tubercle bacilli may pass through the diaphragm and infect the adjacent cavity. If lesions are found in the substance of the spleen, in the kidneys or in the bones, it is evident that tubercle bacilli were carried by the blood-because they could reach these parts in no other way. This is also manifest when many small tubercles of uniform size are dis- tributed widely through both lungs. Where there is evidence of such generalization, the meat is particularly dangerous. This con- dition arises when the wall of a blood vessel is involved in the tu- bercular process, disintegrates and admits tuberculous material into the circulation. The flesh of an animal cannot be involved in a tu- bercular process excepting when tubercle bacilli are carried into it by the blood or grow into it from neighboring lesions. T'uhercle Bacilli do not remain long in the Hood. — It was once supposed that tubercle bacilli admitted to the blood circulated in it indefinitely. It has, however, been shown by Nocard that even when 91 tubercle bacilli are injected into the blood in large numbers, they are deposited in the solid tissues or they are destroyed within four or five days. Hence, in any animal the blood is not infectious for a long time. An animal may he dangerous to its herd mates and still have sound flesh. — An animal may have a softened tubercular area in the lungs from which tubercular debris is constantly being eliminated and expectorated. Such an animal is dangerous to its herd mates. Moreover, the tubercle bacilli that it excretes through the respiratory tract, may readily lodge in places where they may afterwards fall into the milk as it is drawn from the cow and propagate disease in this way. If, upon slaughtering this animal, it is found that the lesion in the lungs is local, that is to say, if it does not extend beyond these organs and the lymphatic glands attached to them, there is no reason to fear that the meat is at all infectious. If, on the contrary, it should be found that in addition to the lesions in the lungs and lymphatic glands attached to them there were caseous, tuberculous areas in the liver or kidneys, this would indicate that the tubercle bacilli had been carried by the blood. In the latter case there was a chance for the flesh to become infected, so the meat should not be used. If the lymphatic glands in the fleshy part of the carcass show tu- bercular changes, or if the pleura lining the ribs is studded with tu- bercular growths there is a probability that the meat is infected. • The distribution of lesions shows how Tubercle Bacilli were carried. — By examining the lungs of a tubercular animal it is often possible to determine whether tubercle bacilli have entered and been carried by the blood. If the tubercles in the lungs are all adjacent to the air passages, it is evident that the bacilli have been carried in these passages; but if they are away from the air passages and in the walls of and adjacent to the blood vessels it is then evident that they have been carried by the blood. Indeed tubercles in the walls of and immediately adjacent to the blood vessels of the lungs are among the most common lesions resulting from blood-borne tubercle bacilli. The reason for this is plain. The tubercle bacilli that enter in any part of the body are carried to the left heart and thence pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood passes through an intricate net work of fine capillaries, where there are excellent opportunities for many of the tubercle bacilli to be detained and to lodge upon their walls. And wherever tubercle bacilli lodge and grow, tubercles are produced. When the flesh of tubercular animals is not dangerous. — It must now be evident that the flesh of all tubercular animals cannot be regarded as equally dangerous, for where the disease is purely local and there is no evidence that the tubercle bacilli have been 92 carried to the flesh or through the blood, there is no reason to believe that the meat contains tubercle bacilli and, this being the case, it can- not produce tuberculosis. Local meat inspectors rega/rd all carcasses of tuiercula/r animals alike. — The meat inspectors of Philadelphia and of other places in Pennsylvania where meat inspectors are employed, do not discrimi- nate between tubercular carcasses. They go on the principle that all meat from tubercular cattle is dangerous and all of it must be condemned. Federal meat inspectors discriminate. — In the federal meat in- spection service carried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry, it is provided that only advanced or generalized cases of tuberculosis shall be condemned. In slight and local tuberculosis, only the diseased parts are condemned and the remaining healthy portions of the car- cass are used for food. The system that is in vogue among the local inspectors in this State would not be possible if our cattle were afflicted with tubercu- losis to the extent that they are in Europe. Since meat inspectors come upon tubercular animals only occasionally, their condemnation does not cause very great loss. If, however, 10 to 40 per cent, of all cattle killed for food were tubercular, as is the case in Germany, the losses under the present system would be unbearable and a change would speedily occur. Opinion of the international veterinary congress. — At the Inter- national Veterinary Congress held in Baden Baden in 1899 it was resolved that there is need for a general inspection of food animals both before and after slaughter. It was recommended in regard to tubercular animals that all parts of the body actually afflicted with tuberculosis should be destroyed, together with the lymphatic glands adjacent or attached thereto, and that when there is evidence of blood infection or recent generalization, the entire carcass should be con- demned. Where the lesions are local or where there is an old but sta- tionary generalization of the lesions confined to the viscera, the meat is considered safe for general consumption. Where the lymphatic glands in the muscular tissue are tubercular or where the local char- acter of the disease and the harmlessness of the meat are in doubt, it is recommended that it should be sterilized by thorough cooking and sold only in this condition. Ostertag''s method. — The method recommended by Ostertag may be a useful one where, as in Germany, there are facilities for steri- lizing the flesh of some tubercular animals, which are then sold as cooked meat, and where the flesh of animals in other stages of disease can be sold from a special stall with a caution that it may be harmful if not thoroughly cooked. Ostertag's method is as follows: 1. The flesh of animals with slight or restricted lesions of tuber- 93 culosis, in whicli the disease is purely local, may be sold without restriction after the tubercular parts are removed. 2. The flesh of animals with more extensive, but unquestionably local lesions may be sold raw, with a caution to the purchaser. 3. When there are lesions of a generalized tuberculosis confined to the organs (lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys), and these lesions have healed, the flesh may be sold without restriction or with a caution to the purchaser, according to the development of the disease i. The flesh must be excluded from consumption and used for tech- nical purposes only when the animal is emaciated, or when there is evidence of recent infection of the blood (as shown by enlarged spleen, swelling of the lymphatic glands, miliary tubercles in the lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys) or when the flesh contains lesions of . tuberculosis. 5. When there is doubt as to the local character of the disease and the harmlessness of the flesh, the meat should be cut into small pieces and thoroughly cooked or, better, sterilized with steam, and it may then be placed on the market. Prussian regulations^ — The official regulations of Prussia, adopted March 26, 1892, provide in regard to the disposition of the flesh of tubercular animals: "A. The flesh of a tubercular animal is to be considered unwhole- some when tubercles are found in the flesh or if the tubercular ani- mal is emaciated even if it does not contain tubercles in the flesh. "B. On the other hand, the flesh of a tubercular animal is to be considered safe (1) when the lesions are confined entirely to one organ, or (2) in case two or more organs are affected ; these organs shall be in the same body cavity and connected with each other directly or through the lymphatic channels or by blood vessels that are not a part of the general circulatory system but belong to the portal or to the pulmonary circulation." Bavarian regiiZations. — -In 'Bavaria, the regulation that has been in operation since June 20th, 1892, governing the meat of tubercular cattle and swine, is as follows : "A. If, in slaughtered cattle or swine, it is found that tuberculosis is localized and in the first stages of its development and if the ani- mal is in a well nourished condition, the flesh is to be permitted to go on to the market after the diseased organs have been removed and destroyed. "B. The flesh of animals and swine that are afflicted with general or advanced tuberculosis and that at the same time are emaciated, and meat that contains tubercular lesions is to be looked upon as unwholesome and is to be excluded from human consumption." Saxon regulations. — The regulations of Saxony, established May, 1887, provide: r~"" 94 "The flesh of tubercular animals is to be considered unwholesome when the disease is generalized (not confined to one organ and the lymphatic glands proper to it) or widespread (not confined to small areas), that is to say, when, in addition to tuberculosis of the or- gans of the thoracic cavity, there is at the same time tuberculosis of the organs of the abdominal cavity or advanced tuberculosis of the peritoneum, or when in addition to tubercular changes in the organs of the thoracic cavity, or the pleura, or the organs of the abdominal cavity, or the peritoneum, there is tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands of the body, of the muscles, of the bones or of the udder, or when in addition to extensive tuberculosis of the organs, the animal is also emaciated." Becommendations of the Royal Commission. — In Great Britain this question of meat inspection was considered by the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis which reported in 1898. Their recommendations are as follows : "MEAT. "A. Slaughter Houses. "1. We recommend that in all towns and municipal boroughs in England and Wales and in Ireland, powers be conferred on the au- thorities similar to those conferred on- Scottish corporations and municipalities by the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892, viz : "(a) When the local authority in any town or urban district in England and Wales and Ireland has provided a public slaughter house, power be conferred on them to declare that no other place within the town or borough shall be used for slaughtering, except that a period of three years shall be allowed to the owners of exist- ing registered private slaughter houses to apply their premises to other purposes. The term three years to date, in those places where adequate public slaughter houses already exist, from the public an- nouncement by the local authority that the use of such public slaughter houses is obligatory, or in those places where public slaughter houses have not been erected, from the public announce- ment by the local authority that tenders for their erection have been accepted. "(b) That local authorities be empowered to require all meat slaughtered elsewhere than in public slaughter house, and brought into the district for sale, to be taken to a place or places where such meat may be inspected; and that local authorities be empowered to make a charge to cover the reasonable expenses attendant on such inspection. "(c) That when a public slaughter house has been established, in- spectors shall be engaged to inspect all animals immediately after slaughter, and stamp the joints of all carcasses passed as sound. "2. It appears desirable that in London the provision of Dublin 95 in substitution for private slaughter houses should be considered in respect to the needs of London as a whole and in determining their positions, regard must be had for the convenient conveyance of animals by railway from the markets beyond the limits of London, as well as from the Islington market, to the public slaughter houses which should be provided. At the present time no administrative authority has statutory power authorizing it to provide public slaughter houses other than for the slaughter of foreign cattle at the port of debarkation. "3. With regard to slaughter houses in rural districts, the case is not so easy to deal with. But the difficulty is one that must be faced, otherwise there will be a dangerous tendency to send un- wholesome animals to be slaughtered and sold in small villages where they will escape inspection. We recommend, therefore, that in Great Britain the inspection of meat in rural districts be admin- istered by the county council. In Ireland the duty of carrying out inspection ought to devolve upon authorities corresponding as nearly as possible to those charged with that duty in England and Scotland. In view of the announced intention of the government to introduce a new scheme of local government into Ireland we refrain from speci- fying the exact machinery which should be employed. "4. We further recommend that it shall not be lawful to offer for sale the meat of any animal which has not been killed in a duly licensed slaughter house. "B. Qualiflcations of Meat Inspectors. "5. We recommend that in future no person be permitted to act as a meat inspector until he has passed a qualifying examination before such authority as may be prescribed by the local Government Board (or Board of Agriculture), on the following subjects: "(a) The law of meat inspection, and such by-laws, regulations, etc., as may be in force at the time he presents himself for examina- tion. "(b) The names and situations of the organs of the body. "(c) Signs of health and disease in animals destined for food, both when alive and after slaughter. "(d) The appearance and character of fresh meat, organs, fat, and blood, and the conditions rendering them, or preparations from them, fit or unfit for human food. "C. Tuberculosis in Animals Intended for Food. "6. We recommend that the Local Government Board be empow- ered to issue instructions from time to time for the guidance of meat inspectors, prescribing the degree of tubercular disease which, in 96 the opinion of the Board, should cause a carcass, or part thereof to be seized. ' "Pending the issue of such instructions we are of the opinion that the following principles should be observed in the inspection of tu- berculous carcasses of cattle: "(a) When there is miliary tuberculosis of both lungs. "(b) When tuberculous lesions are pres- ent on the pleura and peritoneum. "(c) When tuberculous lesions are pres- ent in the muscular system, or in the lym- phatic glands embedded in or between the muscles. (d) When tuberculous lesions exist in any part of an emaciated carcass. The entire carcass and all the organs may be seized. The carcass, if other- wise healthy, shall not be condemned, but every part of it contain- ing tuberculous lesions shall be seized. . "(a) When the lesions are confined to the lungs and thoracic lymphatic glands. "(b) When the lesions are confined to the liver. "(c) When the lesions are confined to pharyngeal lymphatic glands. "(d) When the lesions are confined to any combination of the foregoing, but are , collectively small in extent. "In view of the greater tendency to generalization of tuberculosis in the pig, we consider that the presence of tubercular deposit in any degree should involve seizure of the whole carcass and of the organs. "In respect to foreign dead meat, seizure shall ensue in every case where the pleura have been 'stripped.' " British regulations. — The latest order issued in Great Britain cov- ering the treatment of tubercular animals bears date of March 11, 1899. It is based upon the above recommendations and provides that the entire carcass and all of the organs shall be seized : (a) When ithere is miliary tuberculosis of both lungs. (b) When there are tuberculous lesions on the pleura and perito- neum. (c) When tuberculous lesions are present in the muscular system or in the lymphatic glands imbedded in or between the muscles. (d) When tuberculous lesions exist in any part of an emaciated car- cass. The carcass if otherwise healthy should not be condemned'but every part of it containing tuberculous lesions shall be seized : (a) When the lesions are confined to the lungs and the thoracic lymphatic glands. 97 (b) When, the lesions are confined to the liver. (c) When the lesions are confined to the pharyngeal lymphatic glands. (d) When the lesions are confined to any combination of the fore- going but are collectively small in extent. Lack of general regulations or uniform practice in Pennsylvania. — Since no regulations have ever been formulated to govern the dis- position of the flesh of tubercular animals in Pennsylvania in the localities where meat inspection is practiced, other than to destroy outright the carcasses of all animals tubercular in any degree, it has not been possible for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to arrange for the utilization of the carcasses of any of the animals condemned under its auspices. If, in the future, a more carefully studied out plan for dealing with such carcasses shall be devised and put in operation by the local authorities, it will be possible to effect a very material saving to the State by utilization of such carcasses as show only slight and local alterations, and to suppress tuberculosis among herds at a more rapid rate without increased expense. The effect of such an arrangement would be to greatly safeguard the public health. There is reason to believe that at present, animals that are thought to be tubercular and that are de- signed for slaughter, are killed in slaughter houses in the outskirts of towns and cities where there is no inspection and their carcasses are placed on the market without restriction. Some of these ani- mals are, no doubt, afflicted with tuberculosis to a very advanced degree; while animals diseased to a very much less degree are con- demned and their carcasses seized if detected in the city. If the inspection were discriminative and only such meat as is dangerous to health were condemned and slight local cases of tuberculosis were dealt with as they are with perfect safety in other places where this question has been studied carefully for a long time, the surreptitious killing of tubercular animals in small slaughter houses could more readily be discouraged and this source of danger to the public Te- moved. The method at present in operation consists, in affect, in closing the eyes to the dangers of tubercular animals slaughtered outside of the city or town having inspection and admitting such meat freely; while even the slightest cases, which there is no reason to believe are dangerous, are seized if slaughtered within the city or town limits. 98 CHAPTER V. MORBID ANATOMY. SUMMARY. THE MOST USUAL, SEAT OF TUBERCULOSIS IS THE LUNGS, GIVING WHAT IS KNOWN COMMONLY AS PHTHISIS OR CONSUMPTION. THE DISTINCTIVE LESION OF TUBERCULOSIS IS THE TUBERCLE, FROM WHICH THE DISEASE DERIVES ITS NAME. TUBERCLES ARE AT FIRST VERY MINUTE, BUT MAY ATTAIN CONSIDERABLE SIZE BY MASSING" TOGETHER. IN MAN, CAVITY FORMATION IN THE LUNGS IS MUCH MORE COMMON THAN IN CATTLE. THE DISCHARGES FROM THESE CAVITIES ARE COUGHED UP AS SPUTUM, VERY RICH IN BA- CILLI, CONSTITUTING ONE OF THE CHIEF METHODS BY WHICH THE DISEASE IS SPREAD. COWS ALSO COUGH UP MATERIAL CONTAINING TUBERCLE BACILLI, BUT TO A LESS EXTENT. A COMMON TYPE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE IS THE FORMATION OF FLESHY TUMORS OR NODULES ON THE SEROUS SURFACES OP THE LARGE CAVITIES OF THE BODY, GIVING WHAT IS KNOWN AS "PEARLY" OR "GRAPE" DISEASE. THERE IS NO ORGAN OR PART OF THE BODY, EITHER IN MAN OR ANIMALS WHICH IS EXEMPT FROM ATTACK. Human Tubereulosis. — In man tuberculosis shows itself most fre- quently by affecting the lungs, producing the disease known as phthisis or consumption, though there is no part of the body which may not be affected. In one thousand autopsies there were 275 cases with tuberculous lesions. With but two or three exceptions the lungs were affected. The distribution in the other organs was a:s follows: Pericardium, 7 Peritoneum, 3g Brain, 3j^ Spleen, 23' Liver, 12 Kidneys, ; 32 Intestines, ';/ 35 Heart, ,i . . . . , 4 Generative organs, ,.;..'.. g (O LEE.) /• ,: I y9 In chronic tuberculosis of the lungs a large variety of lesions may be noticed, such as nodular tubercles which often attain a consider- able size, diffuse tuberculous infiltration, areas which have under- gone caseous -degeneration, pneumonic areas, cavities of various sizes and also changes in the pleura, bronchi and bronchial glands. The most advanced lesions are commonly found in the apices, the disease progressing downwards, usually more rapidly in one lung than in the other. During cavity formation through the softening and breaking down of nodules, small vessels are ruptured and hem- orrhage takes place. Large quantities of purulent matter may also be thrown out through the mouth. These products of the breaking down of tubercle are very rich in tubercle bacilli and constitute the chief mode in which a tuberculous person is dangerous to his fellow men. Nuttall has estimated by his method of counting that in a pa- tient in wTiom the disease was moderately well advanced and where expectoration amounted to from 70 to 130 cc. per day, the num- ber of bacilli daily expectorated amounted to from one and a half to four and one-third billions in number. These figures emphasize the precautions which we should take in the disinfection of sputum from tuberculous patients. The interior of cavities in the lungs is often thickly lined with bacilli and they may be present in considerable numbers in the caseous matter. Formation of the Tubercle. — The formation of a tubercle is compar- atively simple. When the bacilli gain entrance to an organ, the fixed connective tissue cells, as well as those of the endothelium of the capillaries begin to multiply around them with the production of rounded, cuboidal or polygonal bodies with vesicular nuclei which stain clearly, and are known as epithelioid cells. Soon smaller round cells with a smaller amount of bioplasm, known as lymphoid cells in- filtrate the tissue and the epithelioid cells are, as it were, hidden from view. From these appearances, the primitive tubercle is known as the epithelioid tubercle, and later when the lymphoid cells become predominant it is known as the lymphoid tubercle. All the new cells are normal but in an abnormal position. The bacilli multiply and invade new tissue so that the tubercle spreads from the periphery. When it reaches the size of a jjin's head the lymphoid cells have usually become so numerous as to interfere with nutrition, and degeneration begins to take place, starting at the centre. The most delicate cells, which are usually the lymphoid, die first, the epithelioid cells resisting for a longer time. The centre breaks down into a sort of granular matter and the contained bacilli usually perish also, or at least disappear. This death of the cells is known as coagulation necrosis or caseation. These processes may be rapid or slow. When rapid all the cells die, leaving a slightly yellowish granular matter. When slow the cells seem to fuf 100 gether, as it were, to form giant cells. These giant cells are most often, probably, the product of a fusion of the epithelioid cells though they seem also to be formed by an increase in the proto- plasm and a multiplication of the nuclei in an individual cell. The formation of giant cells seems to be in inverse ratio to the number and virulence of the bacilli. In tuberculosis of the joints and skin and in scrofulous glands where the bacilli are scanty, giant cells are found in large numbers, while in miliary tubercles and in other lesions where the bacilli are in large numbers, giant cells are not so often met with. Giant cells were at one time considered diagnostic of tubercle but this is now known not to be the case. The arrangement of the nuclei in a wreathlike form around the periphery or else at the poles, is how(^^'er, itcculiar to tuberculosis. Tubercles undergo two forms of d( pciieiation — caseation and sclerosis. Caseation is a destruc- tive and dangerous process, while sclerosis may be regarded as a healing process. It is believed by many to be due to the poisonous action of the bacilli or their products. It begins at the centre, as described above, and proceeds outward, the cells losing their out- line and their property of taking up stains, and are finally con- verted into a homogenous, structureless substance in which the bacilli are abundant. No blood vessels are found in them. When massed together these form the cheesy nodules found in tuberculosis, and may undergo softening and encapsulation or calcification. In the second process of degeneration there is a great increase in the fibroid elements, the tubercle becoming converted into a firm, hard structure. In the peritoneum this seems to be the natural tendency of the tubercle, though it is found in the lung quite fre- quently. The final end of the tubercle depends upon the power of the individual to restrict or limit the growth of the bacilli. Bovine Tuberculosis. — In bovine tuberculosis the anatomical changes are to be seen most frequently in the lungs and in the serous membranes of the large cavities of the body, where the nodules may be crowded together in great numbers so that the name "grape dis- ease" has been given to this condition. In about half of all cases the lungs and serous membranes are simultaneously affected; the lungs alone in about one-third and the serious membranes alone in about ome-fifth. The respective lymph glands always be- come affected also. When the disease becomes generalized almost every organ and tissue of the body may show changes. In the lungs we may find circumscribed pneumonic foci of different sizes which develop from a catarrhal pneumonia with imperfect expansion of the alveoli and the bronchioles, migration of leucocytes and accumula- tion of the large epithelioid cells in the interior of the alveoli, and subsequent caseation or suppuration of the affected areas, which 101 gives rise to the formation of cavities containing yellowisih caseous, crumbling, and greasy or purulent material. Tbese changes are ac- companied by a chronic inflammatory process in the interstitial tis- sues of the lungs, giving rise to induration and thickening. They are seen mostly in the neighborhood of the tubercular foci, and shovs^ themselves by an interstitial new growth of connective tissue, and shrinking of the lung tissue, which sometimes shows an almost car- tilaginous thickening, or even complete calcification which offers con- siderable resistance to the knife in cutting. Another condition seen in the lungs is characterized by the presence of miliary tubercles varying in size from a millet seed to the head of a pin, and being of a pale yellow color, moderately firm consistence and slightly trans- lucent. They usually occur in great numbers and may be on the pleural surface of the lung or seen on the surface of sections, and at first are usually surrounded by healthy lung tissue. They later be- come oaseated and calcareous, the process beginning at the centre. Large, tubercular nodules are frequently made up by the agglomera- tion of a number of these miliary tubercles. The bronchial mucous membrane is often in a condition of chronic catarrh in which greater or less dilation of the bronchi is not un- common. Tubercular ulcers and miliary tubercles are not uncom- monly seen in the mucous membrane of the bronchi and larynx. These ulcerations have thickened turned up edges, and the tuber- cles are arranged in rows. From the bronchial mucous membrane the tubercles spread into the adjacent tissues and also into the lung tissue. The bronchial glands are always found swollen, enlarged and infiltrated with miliary tubercles, and later are prone toi become caseous and calcareous. Orape disease. — The pleurae usually undergo a chronic inflamma- tion which may be followed by adhesion to the lungs and the thoracic wall. Tuberculosis of the pleurae and peritoneum, called in Ger- many, perlsucht, and in English, grape disease, begins by the for- mation of minute light grey translucent nodules, which are smaller than a grain of sand, and which cause a granulated condition of the surface of these serous membranes. An abundant new growth of connective tissue takes place around these tubercles, so that they are, as it were, embodied in a frame-work of connective tissue. Through the confluence of several such tubercles, with the proliferation of the connective tissue, layers of nodules from the size of a lentil to a pea, form both on the visceral and the parietal membrane and may become as large as a hen's egg, or even the closed fist. When young they are of a rather soft, gelatinous coinsistence, have an orange color, showing on section a dark red centre, but later they grow harder and finally become fibrous in consistency, the surface becoming uneven and nodular, and grate on being cut through with 102 the knife. They ma.v, on the other hand, undergo caseation or cal- cification of their central portion with the production of a brittle, mortar-like, greasy, yellow substance. In this condition their color is light grey or blueish white. They become variously grouped to- gether §0 that they may present a villous, wart-like form, in appear- ance like a bunch of grapes, or they may talce the shape of a cauli- flower or mulberiy. They may have a broad base or else be pe- dunculated. They may cover the entire surface of the serous mem- brane and increase in numbers to an enormous extent, so much so that the new tissue attains a weight of from sixty to eighty pounds or even more. Glandular changes. — The anterior and posterior mediastinal glands become enlar'ged also. They may be infiltrated with miliary tubercles, indurated or caseous, and changed into tumors of consid- erable size, some of them being as large as 18 inches long. These tumors may enclose and compress the esophagus. Almost all of the lymph glands of the body may undergo changes similar to the above: On the head the glands usually affected are those of the larynx and parotid region; on the neck the retro-pharyngeal, middle and lower cervical glands; in the anterior extremities the glands of the shoulder, the axilla and brachial glands; in the posterior limbs the inguinal glands, the iliac glands and popliteal gland; on the udder the pudic or supra-mammary glands; on the croup the external pelvic glands; in the thoracic cavity, the intercostal and sternal lymph glands; in the abdominal cavity the glands of the mesentery, lumbar region, liver, spleen, kidneys, and so forth. Abdominal cavity — In the abdominal cavity besides the implica- tion of the peritoneum and lymph glands there may be tubercular changes in the liver and spleen and other organs which will then con- tain large and small tubercles and caseous foci. The kidneys may become affected, enlarged and studded with numerous yellowish- white tubercles varying in size from a millet seed up to a pea. These nodules undergo a caseous change, beginning at their centres and become surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. According to Schutz their development takes place in the interstitial tissue, during which process the normal component parts of the kidneys become destroyed, and at the same time a parenchymatous or hem- orrhagic nephritis may be set up. The ovaries often become the size of a man's head. Tuberculous ulceration of the udder may be ob- served. Ulceration of the mucous membrane of the uterus occurs, the nodules being formed usually in the subserous inter-muscular or submucous connective tissue, and then ulcerating through into the uterine cavity. Tubercular disease of almost every part of the genital apparatus also occurs. The mucous membrane of the intes- 103 tine, especially in the colon, sometimes shows the tuberculous ulcer- ations, and less frequently in the abomasum or omasum. Udder. — Tuberculosis of the udder, in cases of chronic general tu- berculosis, manifests itself as a diffuse, firm enlargement, and, on post-mortem examination the gland lobules appear swollen, uni- formly gray colored, and studded with small yellow points and striations, and show small hemorrhages. The larger milk ducts con- tain yellowish caseous masses with large numbers of bacilli. In older cases there occurs a considerable increase of the connective tissue of the udder, and firm tubercular nodules, which may be caseated or calcareous, are observed. The udder sometimes attains a tremendous size, has a nodular, firm feel, sometimes almost as hard as wood, and occasionally weighs as much as 40 pounds. In the walls of the milk reservoirs and the larger milk canals, large num- bers of miliary tubercles may be present. All through the udder enormous deposits of tubercle bacilli may be found. The lymph glands lying above the posterior region of the udder always become enlarged and may become caseous. But these extensive changes in the udder do not occur until very late in the disease and are rare. The udder may be slightly tubercular and secrete excessively viru- lent milk without being more than nodulated. Tubercular changes are met with not infrequently in the brain and spinal cord. Tubercles varying in color from gray to yellow, and from the size of a millet seed up to that of a hen's egg, may form in the pia mater, arachnoid, brain substance, and inner walls of the ventricles. They are most commonly found in the pia mater at the base of the brain and may remain there for a considerable length of time without producing inflammatory changes, though they may give rise to a tubercular meningitis so that the membranes of the brain may become adherent to each other. Similar changes are seen in the spinal cord, in which the pia and dura mater become filled with numerous small tubercles and frequently become adherent to each other. Tubercular changes are also met with in the eye, in the iris and choroid. In the muscular system, especially the muscles of the croup, adbomen, chest and heart with adhesions of the heart to the peri- cardium, in the bones, in which it usually starts from the medulla and runs its course by the formation of reddish gray granular foci, with breaking down of the bone tissue with central 'caseation and the formations of cavities. Tubercular changes also occur in the cartilages, such as the septum of the nose; in the joints; in the large blood vessels; and in the skin. Statistics. — The researches made from 1888 to 1889 in the German empire, respecting the seat of tubercular changes, show the follow- ing results: One organ only was affected in from 50 to 60 per cent. 104 of the cases; one cavity of the body, in 13 to 17; several cavities, in- 15 to 20; and the flesh in about one-half per cent. General tubercu- losis was present in 10 per cent. The following table* gives the com- parative frequency of the disease in different organs: Per cent. 7K Lungs, Visceral pleurae, °^ Peritoneum, ^° Costal pleurae, ^' Bronchial and mediastinal glands, 29 Liver, 28 Spleen, • • • ^^ Uterus, 10 Lumbar glands, ^ Pharyngeal glands, 4 Trachea, ^ Udder, 1 Intestiness, 1 Ovaries, 1 Lymph glands of the liver, 1' Lymph glands of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, 0.9 Heart, 0.9 Kidneys, 0-7 Bones, 0-4 Internal viscera (including the brain), 0.3 All the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, 2.0 Submaxillary glands, 0.2 Diaphragm, 0.2 Stomach, . 16 Larynx, 0.13 Muscles, 0.1 Iliac and inguinal glands, . 06 Brain, .04 Spinal cord, 0.03 Tongue, 0.01 Thymus gland, 0. 01 Vagina, 0.01 Testicles, 0. 01 These figures differ somewhat from those given in the two follow- ing tables which are taken from American sources. The first gives the result of 1,200 post-mortem examinations made under the direc- •This table is made up from slaughter house records of animals killed in Germany and covers animals of both sexes and all ages. Por this reason, figures relating to sexual organs, as the udder, are of little va^ue, as it Is not known how many milch cows are reported upon. 105 tion of Dr. Pearson for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board of Penn- sylvania. The organs nientione.d are arranged in the order of fre- quency of infection. The actual number of lesions in a given organ are indicated in the first column and the percentage is shown in the second. Practically all of the animals covered by this table were milch cows.- TABLE SHOWINa DISTRIBUTION OF LESIONS IN 1,200 CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS. structure? Presenting Lesions on Autopsy, Arranged in Order of Frequency of Infection. Right lung, Mediastinal lymphatic glands, . . . . Left lung, Bronchial lymphatic glands, Small intestine, . . . ; Mesenteric lymphatic glands, Pleura, Liver, Large intestine, Post pharyngeal lymphatic glands, Peritoneum, Lymphatic glands of udder, Diaphragm, Portal lymphatic glands, Lymphatic glands of flank, Udder, Pericardium, Lymphatic gands of shoulder, .... Stomach, Spleen, Uterus, Kidneys, 724 725 685 404 388 278 264 247 189 181 168 161 136 123 108 104 98 93 86 68 66 25 63.1 eo.7 57.3 33.8 32.5 23.25 22.0 20.7 15.8 15.15 14.0 13.5 11.4 10.3 9.0 8.75 8.2 7.75 7.2 5.7 5.5 2.1 Of course, in a great many of these cases lesions were found in a number of organs, and sometimes they were distributed throughout the abdominal and thoracic cavities. No reference is made to le- sions in the hrain, skin, muscles, bones or joints, because these parts were not examined in all cases. 106 The next table is taken from the report of the Commissioners on Diseases of Domestic Animals of Connecticut for the year 1896, and is made up from the post-moitem records of 878 animals. In 135 cases, 15.1 per cent., lesions found in retro-pharyngeal glands. In 287 cases, 32.7 per cent., " " " mesenteric glands. In 101 cases, 11.5 pfer cent., " " " portal glands. • In 533 cases, 60.7 per cent., " " " liver. In 431 cases, 49.0 per cent., " " " peritoneum. In 26 cases, 3.0 per cent., " " " uterus. In 688 cases, 78.4 per cent., " " " lungs. In 301 cases, 34.3 per cent., " " " bronchial glands. In 501 cases, 57.1 per cent., " " " mediastinal glands. In 60 cases, 7.0 per cent., " " " udder. In 347 cases, 38.4 per cent., " " " pleura. The Commissioners- note that while the lesions may be located in any part of the body, there is a seeming tendency for the same part to be affected in the same herd. For instance, in one herd the throat may be the part, and nearly all the infected animals will be found with lesions in that region. In another herd, it may be the liver or peritoneum in which the disease is most located. The same obser- vation has been made by inspectors in Pennsylvania. 107 CHAPTER VI. BACTERIOLOGY OP TUBERCULOSIS. SUMMARY. THE BACILLUS OF TUBERCULOSIS WAS DISCOVERED BY KOCH IN lf'82,AND PROVEN TO BE THE ESSENTIAL CAUSE OP THE DISEASE. THE DISCOVERY HAS BEEN CONFIRMED BY EVERY ONE WHO HAS STUDIED THE MATTER EXPERIMENTALLY. THE BACILLI ARE FOUND IN THE "TUBERCLES," AND IN DIS- CHARGES FROM DISEASED MEN AND ANIMALS, SUCH AS THE SPUTUM. THEY MAY BE CULTIVATED ARTIPCIALLY ON HARDENED BLOOD SERUM, AND ON OTHER MEDIA CONTAINING GLYCERINE. THE- GROWTH IS SLOW, AND TAKES PLACE ONLY AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE NEAR THAT OF THE BODY. THE BACILLUS IS PECULIAR IN ITS METHOD OF STAINING, AND IS READILY • RECOGNIZED UNDER THE MICROSCOPE BY THIS FACT. SPORES HAVE NOT BEEN DEMONSTRATED. IT IS KILLED BY A MOIST HEAT OF 140 DEPREES P. (60 DEGREES C.) IN 20 MINUTES, BUT WHEN DRY WILL RESIST 212 DEGREES F. (100 DE- GREES C.) FOR ONE HOUR. IT IS KILLED BY A FIVE PER CENT. SOLUTION OP CARBOLIC ACID IN 30 SECONDS, AND IN ONE MINUTE BY A 1 PER CENT. SOLUTION. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE 1-1000 IN WATER DESTROYS IT IN 10 MINUTES. SUNLIGHT IS RAPIDLY FATAL TO IT. THE BACILLUS FROM DIFFERENT ANIMALS SHOWS SOME DIF- FERENCES IN GROWTH AND VIRULENCE. .THAT OBTAINED FROM ■ CATTLE IS USUALLY MUCH MORE VIRULENT THAN PROM MAN. THE GERM POUND IN BIRDS SHOWS MARKED DIFFERENCES FROM THAT IN MAMMALS. A TYPE IS FOUND IN FISH WHICH GROWS AT LO'W TEMPERATURES, BUT HAS MUCH THE SAME MORPHOLOGY, AND STAINING REACTIONS. EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT ALL THESE FORMS HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN, AND MAY BE CONSIDERED AS VARIETIES OP THE SAME SPECIES. TUBERCULIN IS AN EXTRACT OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS, WHICH IS LARGELY USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TPIE DISEASE IN CATTLE, AND TO SOME EXTENT IN THE DIAGNOSIS AS WELL AS TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN MAN, IT HAS SOME CURATIVE EFFECT. THERE ARE SjflVERAL FORMS OF TUBERCULIN. THE OLD FORM WAS A GLY- CERINE EXTRACT OF THE BACILLI, WHILE THE NEWER TUBER- CULINS CONTAIN THE ACTUAL SUBSTANCE OF THE BACILLI, WHICH ARE SO PINEI.,Y GROUND UP THAT THpY PRACTiqAJ..LY GO IN'TO SO- LUTION. THE OLD FORM IS GENERALLY UpBD,'t'64^ TESTING CATt'lE, WHILE THE NEWER FORMS ARE MORE USED -IN \ThEATlNG/THE DI- SEASE IN MAN. _ '\ \' \\ >■'• 108 Historical.— '^^& discovery of Villemin that tuberculosis was a con- tagious and inoculable disease, with his prediction that the virus was a living entity coming from outside of the body, led some observers to search for the organism which produces the trouble. Already germs had been found in some other diseases, notably anthrax. In 1877 Klebs studied tubercular products by means of his method of fractional cultures. He obtained a growth which, injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals, produced, according to him, tuber- cles, identical with those which resulted from the inoculation of the tubercular products themselves. He concluded that this or- ganism to which he gave the name of "monas tuberculosum," was the living cause of tuberculosis. His researches were repeated by Schiiller, who obtained like re- sults and found an organism which he considered identical with that, obtained by Klebs. Toussaint, in 1881, by cultural methods obtained an organism which he considered the cause of the disease. Subsequent examina- tions of tissues coming from animals which had been rendered tu- bercular by Touissaint by injections with his organism, showed the presence of genuine tubercle bacilli, so that we now know that in cases where animals really became tubercular through these injec- tions there must have been some genuine tubercular products which contained the true tubercle bacillus. In 1882 Robert Koch, of Berlin, announced his discovery of the tu- bercle bacillus, which has stood the test of time, and is universally accepted as being the real cause of the disease. Koch's success was due in part to the introduction 'of the aniline dyes in the staining of bacteria, but more still to his indomitable perseverance and ability. Description of Tubercle Bacillus. — Tlie bacillus of tuberculosis is< a slender rod, with rounded ends, from 2 to 5 microns in length and about three-tenths of a micron in thickness, or about one-fourth to one-half the diameter of a red blood cell in lenglh. Thus in propor- tion to their length they are comparatively thin organisms. Occa- sionally, both in cultures and in tissues, forms as much as eight mi- crons in length are found. The rods are straight or slightly curved, and occur singly, in pairs, or in little bundles. Quite frequently they cross one another so as to form Y shapes, and especially as seen in sputum, this is considered more or less characteristic. According to Crookshank's observations, "The bacilli in tissue sections of bovine tuberculosis are shorter and less granular than those of human tuberculous sputum, but in milk they are quite as long, and even longer, and very distinctly granular or beaded, and are thus brought much closer morphologically to the bacilli in human 109 sputum. Speaking generally, however, the average length of the human bacilli is greater than the average length of • the bacilli in cow's milk, but the longest of the bovine bacilli cannot be distin- guislied in length from the longest human bacilli. There -are how- ever, exceptional cases, for in some preparations of pus from human lungs, the bacilli are remarkable not only for their thinness and their uniformly beaded character, but more particularly for their extra- ordinary length. * * » » "Neither length nor granularity is a characteristic sufficient to denote any specific difference between human and bovine bacilli. * * * * Thus morphological diiferences are found under different circumstances, and within lim- its, the morphology of the tubercle bacillus varies with its euviron- ment." In my own observations the longest bacilli that I have ever ob- served, excepting in old cultures, have been obtained from the coughed-up sputum of a cow. These bacilli were slender and a few of them as much as three times the usual length as seen in human sputum, and showed well marked beading. From the lungs of a pig, however, which had been fed on the milk of this cow and thus contracted tuberculosis, I obtained tubercle bacilli which in all re- spects could not be distinguished from those usually met with in human sputum, showing that in some instances at least, variations in morphological characteristics are due to the soil in which the bacillus is grown and not to any inherent difference in the germs themselves. In stained preparations they frequently appear beaded, this ap- pearance being due to the occurrence of small uncolored areas along the length of the rod, with deeply stained parts in between. In such extremely minute organisms it is difficult tO' make out the exact character of the unstained areas. By some observers they are con- sidered to be of the nature of spores, but it is impossible to stain them by any of the known methods for staining spores, and con- sequently others consider them to be vacuoles, which are possibly produced during the process of staining. In the same specimen of sputum, varying amounts of beading can be brought out by diiferent processes of staining. For instance, by Gram's method it is usually more marked than by carbol-fuchsin. Some believe that the deeply stained areas sometimes observed indicate spore formation. As a rule it may be said that the younger bacilli stain evenly, while in the older germs this inequality of staining is seen. Some authorities state positively that spore formation takes place. Thus Crookshank says: "In old cultivations true spore forma- •tion can readily be observed both in stained and unstained prepara- tions." Others consider that it forms spores in the tissues, but not 110 in cultures. Spore formation has not been definitely proved and it is doubted by many. It may be stated that in many ways the ba- cillus acts like a spore-forming organism. Tissues taken from tu- bercular areas in the body will often produce tuberculosis, when by staining methods we cannot detect the presence of any bacilli. The resistance of the germ to destruction by putrefaction and its' ten- acity of life when dried, seem to indicate the presence of spores, while on the other hand it is rapidly destroyed by chemical antiseptics. The tubercle bacillus is a non-motile, faculative anaerobic organ- ism, and until recently has been considered a strict parasite. In cultures it usually occurs singly, though sometimes chains of two or three are observed, and in old cultures filamentous and branched forms are not infrequently met with. These filaments may be swollen or clubbed at their extremities and be irregularly beaded. Such forms are seen particularly in cultures derived from birds, and have been studied by Noeard and Eoux, Metchnikoff, Maflfucci, Klein and others. Distribution in lesions- — In the tissues the bacilli. grow scattered irregularly or in little masses, either singly or in twos, end to end, often forming thus, an obtuse angle. They may occur in numbers forming such masses that they are easily visible under low powers of the microscope, or else there may be a very few and exceedingly hard to find, as for instance in skin lesions or in old chronic lesions which have undergone caseation. As a rule in chronic lesions, whether they be nodules with connec- tive tissue formation or old caseous areas, they are few in number. In such material a few bacilli faintly stained are sometimes seen and also very minute unequally stained granular points, which may be spores, the best evidence of which is, as remarked before, that such material in which no bacilli can be found, may still prove virulent on inoculation into animals. The bacilli are most numerous in acute tuberculous lesions, especially where caseation is rapidly advancing, for example in such conditions as caseous catarrhal pneumonia. In less acute lesions with well formed tubercle follicles and little case- ation, the bacilli are generally very scanty. In the ox, tubercle bacilli are often found in giant cells in considerable numbers, which is not common in the human being, and also they are found in con- siderable numbers throughont the cellular connective tissue of the lesions even when there is little caseation. In tuberculosis of the horse and avian" tuberculosis, the number of bacilli may be enormous, even when the lesions are not very acute. The bacilli are found commonly in large numbers in the discharges from tuberculous lesions which have undergone softening and break- ing down. In the sputum of man, in the nasal secretion of cows, as Ill well as in the bronchial secretion, they can almost always be shown at some period of the disease. In tuberculosis of the urinary tract they may often be found in the urine— best by means of a centrifu- gal machine; and in tuberculosis of the intestine with ulcerations, their presence in the feces can be demonstrated. CuUi/oation. — Koch first succeeded in obtaining a growth of the tubercle bacillus on coagulated blood serum. Later it was shown by Noeard that the addition of peptone, salt and cane sugar made a better culture medium, and later still Noeard and Roux have shown that it grows well on almost all culture media to which 5 per cent, of glycerine has been added, in fact it grows most abundantly on such media. The bacillus will even grow, though very slowly, on gelatine to which glycerine has been added, and on potato, at 22 degrees C. (71.6 degrees F.). Grown on blood serum the colonies will appear from Ihe tenth to the fourteenth day, as minute points of growth of a dull whitish color, irregular and slightly raised above the surface, an appearance compared by Koch to that of small dried scales. In sub-cultures the growtb is more luxuriant and may form a wrinkled film of a whitish color which may cover the greater part of the surface of the medium, and the water at the bottom of the tube. Under a low power of the microscope these colonies can be seen ex- tending at the edge in the form of wavy sinuous streaks, which have been compared to pen flourishes, and the smallest colonies are mostly S shaped. The growth on agar containing 5 per cent, of glycerine is usually quite characteristic. The growth starts as minute whitish colonies which increase in size, and if the sowing has been abundant enough, soon coalesce to form a more or less continuous film which will cover a large part of the surface of the culture media. It becomes folded and wrinkled and of a creamy white color, the surface of the water at the bottom of the tube being also covered. In older cultivation the color may become creamy, and oftentimes is not unlike patches of lichen seen on trees. Some cultures are more granular than others, the membrane-like formation not being so marked. In all cultures, however, there is considerable tenacity, the bacilli cling- ing together in masses so that it is not easy to break them up. On bouillon to which glycerine has been added, growth is very rapid when kept at incubator temperature, and if the culture is made to float on the surface. Under these circumstances the growth is very rapid when kept at incubator temperature, and if the culture is made to float on the surface. Under these circumstances the growth spreads from the periphery and soon covers the entire surface of the liquid, then becoming folded and wrinkled, occasionally being of a granular character and spreading to a considerable extent up the 112 wall of the vessel at the edges. The bouillon always remains per- fectly clear, and any clouding is a sure indication of contamiration by some other organism. Temperature. — The tubercle bacillus grows best at from 37 to 39 degrees C. (98.6 to 102.2 degrees F.); it ceases entirely at 42 to 43 de- grees C. (107.6 degrees F. to 109.4 degrees F.), and usually below 28 degrees C. (82.4 degrees F.), though by continued cultivation at lower temperatures it may grow at 22 degrees 0. (71.6 degrees F.). Methods of staining.— The staining reactions of the tubercle ba- cillus are characteristic. One of the diflaculties in the way of its dis- covery was its inaptitude to take up the stains in use. Koch first succeeded in coloring it by a solution of methylene-blue to which caustic potash was added, in which it was left for a number of hours. He soon abandoned this in favor of a solution of gentian violet, in water saturated with analine oil, introduced by Ehrlich. At the present day the use of the Ziehl-Neelsen carbol-fuchsin solution has practically superseded all other methods, except for the staining of sections of tissues, and even for this purpose it is one of the best methods. As used at present it is made by adding 11 cubic centime- ters of a saturated solution of f uchsin in alco'hoi to 100 cc. of a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid, the carbolic acid acting as a mordant. The peculiarities of staining shown by the tubercle bacillus con- sists in the difficulty with which it takes up the staining material, but having once taken it up, it parts with it with even greater dif- ficulty; hence in preparations of sputum, pus, and so forth, we are able to give the tubercle bacilli one color, while other bacteria, pus cells, etc., which may be present are stained in a second color; or what seems to me better practice for ordinary purposes, we may re- move the color from everything else and leave the tubercle bacilli brightly stained in an uncolored field. In thin layers the tubercle bacillus is stained by boiling carbol- fuchsin in one minute, and by cold fuchsin in 20 minutes. The procedure is as follows for sputum, pus or such like material: Spread a small particle of the suspected matter in as thin a layer as possible over a clean cover glass; allow it to dry in the air or high above a gas flame at a temperature which will not burn the hand; then pass through the flame of a Bunsen burner three times with about the rapidity which one would wave a handkerchief at a friend. This is done for the purpose of flxing the preparation, or, in other words, of coagulating the albumen, so that the elements will remain fixed to the glass, and in their normal relations. The cover glass is then held between special forceps and the stain dropped on it until the whole glass is well covered, taking care not to add so much that it will run over. It is then heated over the flame until boiling commences, and is kept at this temperature for two or three 113 minutes, according to the thickness of the layer on the glass. If properly spread, one minute at the boiling temperature is sufficient but in practice it is safer to allow it to remain the length of time first given. By this process we stain equally everything on the glass, all bacteria, pus, epithelial scales, and so forth, and the tubercle bacilli cannot be distinguished from other bacteria which may be present. As has been said, the tubercle bacillus parts with color which it has once taken up, with even greater difficulty than it absorbs it, a characteristic which belongs to it alone of all bacteria which are at present known. Our next step, then, is to remove the color from everything else in the preparation, which can be done without fear of depriving the tubercle bacillus of its stain. It may be washed in strong solutions of the mineral acids, such as 33 per cent, nitric acid, or 25 per cent, sulphuric acid, but it is better to use a milder decolorizer. In my experience the best is made by adding 5 parts of niti'ic acid to 95 parts of 80 per cent, alcohol. By the use of this preparation there is practically no danger of leaving the preparation in the decolorizing solution for too long a time, such as exists when the stronger acids are used. The preparation is washed alternately in this solution and in plain water until all color disappears, as seen by the naked eye, or until only a faint pink is visible. It is then mounted in water or in Canada balsam and examined under the microscope, when the tubercle bacilli will be seen as brightly stained rods in a practically uncolored field. If one prefers, the other matter in the preparation may be counterstained by some contrasting color, the best of which is probably blue. Two other bacteria, the bacillus of leprosy and the smegma ba- cillus show staining characteristics somewhat like the tubercle ba- cillus, and also resemble it in their morphology. The diagnosis is usually easy. The bacillus of leprosy stains much more easily than the tubercle bacillus and stains easily even with cold aqueous solu- tions of the aniline colors. Its grouping, packed in the lepra cells, is also characteristic. The bacillus of smegma may be differentiated by the following means: If we submit it to the action of a warm solution of soda con- taining 5 per cent, of alcohol for ten minutes and then wash care- fully in water and in alcohol, we will entirely remove the fatty mat- ter which they contain and such preparations do not stain by the method of Ehrlich, while the tubercle bacillus is not affected by this treatment. It may be known also by the fact that when stained by the carbol-fuchsin method, it resists decolorization by mineral acids, but gives up the stain readily when treated with alcohol. Thermal death point. — The thermal death point of the tubercle bacillus is about 70 degrees 0. (158 degrees F.). Sternberg found 8 114 that tuberculous sputum exposed for ten minutes to a temperature of 66 per cent. C. was not virulent for guinea pigs. Another specimen of the same ajjutum heated to a temperature of 50 per cent, for ten minutes caused tuberculosis in a guinea pig; from which he placed the death point between 50 and 66 degrees 0. (122 and 150.8 de- grees F.). Yersin by culture methods did not obtain growth from bacilli which had been heated to 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), for ten min- utes, while those heated to 55 and 60 degrees C. (131 and 140 degrees F.), gave growths in glycerine bouillon in 10 and 22 days respectively. McFadyean and Hewlett found that milk to which powdered dried sputum had been added was rendered harmless by a momentary heat- ing to 67-68 degrees 0. (152.6-154.4 degrees F.). Experiments by the Eoyal Commission on Tuberculosis, with tuberculous milk gave somewhat irregular results. In one instance milk which was heated to 65 degrees 0. (149 degrees F.), for two and one-half minutes was harmless, while in another instance after five minutes at 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), it still retained its virulent properties to some degree, but twelve minutes at the same temperature rendered it inert. It is stated by Muir and Ritchie that when completely dried they can withstand a dry temperature of 100 degrees C. for one hour. Grancher and Ledoux-Lebard found that the avian tubercle bacillus grew after being heated for 50 minutes to 50 degrees 0'. (122 degrees F.), but was killed by this temperature in 60 minutes. It grew after 10 minutes at CO degrees C. (140 degrees F.), but was killed in 20 and 30 minutes. All cultures heated to 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), and above were killed in one minute, while at 100 degrees C. (212 de- grees F.) one-half minute destroyed them. Those cultures which survived, grew more slowly than normal. The virulence of the germ was not affected by heating to 50 degrees C. (122 degrees F.), for 15 minutes, but heating to 60 degrees C. (140 degrees F.), and above lessens the virulence rapidly. These results were obtained with moist heat. For the human bacillus they found that growth took place after moist heating to 50 degrees C. (122 degrees F.), for 15 minutes, but were killed in the same time by heating to 60 de- grees 0. (140 degrees F.). It begins to lose its virulence in 5 minutes at the latter temperature. Cultures heated to 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), for 1, 2, 5 and 10 minutes, lost their virulence, and one- half minute at 100 degrees C. (212 degrees F.), produced the same re- sult. 'S^'hen dried, the human bacillus maintains its virulence when subjected to a dry heat of 79 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), for seven hours; at 100 degrees C. (212 degrees F.), the virulence is gradually lessened, but not entirely destroyed even after three hours. De Man has tested the effect of moist 'heat in destroying the viru- lence of natural products, such as milk from tubercular cows, puru- 115 lent fluid from tubercular udders, tuberculous spuium, and a^so sus- pensions of tubercular nodules, etc., made by rubbing them up with water containing salt. In such fluids he found that the bacilli were killed as follows : At 55 degrees C. (131 degrees F.), at the end of 4 hours. At 60 degrees C. (140 degrees F.), at the end of 1 hour. At 65 degrees C. (149 degrees F.), at the end of 15 minutes. At 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), at the end of 10 minutes. At 80 degrees C. (176 degrees F.), at the end of 5 minutes. At 90 degrees C. (194 degrees F.), at the end of 2 minutes. At 95 degrees C. (203 degrees F.), at the end of 1 minute. The recent work of Theobald Smith, which has been confirmed by Russell, proves that when precautions are taken to insure the even and thorough application of the heat to the tubercle bacilli, they are killed more easily than has been heretofore believed. When heated in milk, the bacilli may be carried into the pellicle which forms on the surface, and be protected from destruction to a certain extent. In this way the irregular results obtained by different observers which have been given above may be accounted for. Smith concludes: 1. "Tubercle bacilli when suspended in distilled water, normal salt solution, bouillon and milk, are destroyed at 60 degrees C. (140 degrees F.), in 15 to 20 minutes. The larger number are destroyed in 5 to 10 minutes. 2. "When tubercle bacilli are suspended in milk, the pellicle which forms during the exposure at 66 degrees 0. may contain living ba- cilli after 60 minutes. Russell has employed this new standard on a commercial scale for more* than a year at the University of Wisconsin, and in a recent pub- lication gives the following conclusions: 1. "An exposure of tuberculous milk in a tightly closed commercial pasteurizer for a period of ten minutes destroyed in every case the tubercle bacillus as determined by the inoculation of such heated milk into susceptible animals like guinea pigs. 2. "Where milk was exposed under conditions that would enable a surface pellicle or membrane to form on the surface, the tubercle organism is able to resist the action of heat at 140 degrees F. (60 de- grees C), for considerably longer periods of time. 3. "Efficient pasteurization can be more readily accomplished in a closed receptacle such as is most frequently used in the commer- cial treatment of milk than where the milk is heated in open bottles or vats. 4. "It is recommended in order to thoroughly pasteurize milk so as to destroy any tubercle bacilli which it may contain, without in any way injuring its creaming properties or consistency, to heat the same 116 in closed pasteurizers for a period of not less than twenty minutes at 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C). "Under these conditions one may be certain that disease bacteria such as the tubercle bacillus will be destroyed without the milk or cream being injured in any way." Action of chemical disinfectants.. — Yersin found that the tubercle bacillus was killed by a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid in 30 seconds, and in one minute by a 1 per cent, solution; by absolute alcohol in five minutes; by corrosive sublimate in a solution of one to one thousand in ten minutes. Crookshank found that tuberculous sputum, when mixed with equal parts of a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid, became innocuous in a few minutes, even when nO' pre- cautions were taken for breaking up the masses. It should always be remembered when. disinfecting material containing albuminous matter, that many chemicals are rendered inert by combining with albumen, hence enough of the chemical should be used to satisfy the combining power of the albumen contained in the mixture, and still leave enough to act on the bacteria. The combination with albumen thus formed by some chemicals, protects the bacteria contained in the centre of the masses. For this reason corrosive sublimate is not a good material with which to disinfect sputum. Effect of d/rying etc.. — The tubercle bacillus is. quite resistant to the effects of drying. Koch found that tuberculous sputuni dried at the temperature of the laboratory was virulent for guinea pigs after eight weeks. Schill and Fischer showed that sputum when dried quickly, always preserved its virulence for four months; about the sixth month some inoculations succeeded, while some failed, but after seven months the virulence was entirely lost. In tuberculous sputum which had undergone putrefaction, they found virulent ba- cilli after six weeks. Galtier showed that tubercular tissues could remain virulent for as long as two months immersed in water, which was renewed from time to time. The bacillus retains both its power of growth and its virulence for a much longer time in sterile water. Ohantemesse and Widal found cultures alive after 70 days of immer- sion in sterilized Seine water, though they had lost their virulence, while Straus and Dubarry found that the avian tubercle bacillus would live 115 days under the same circumstances. Sawizky experi- mented with tuberculous sputum by subjecting it to conditions such as are found when spread on the floors of dwellings, and found that it retained its virulence for two and a half months. The tubercle bacillus also preserves its virulence in tissues for some time after burial and when putrefaction is far advanced. Ca- diac and Molet obtained positive results by inoculation of frag- ments of tubercular lungs after burial for 167 days, and according to Schottelius this virulence is regained for several years. 117 Effect of light.. — The tubercle bacillus is exceedingly sensitive to the action of light. Koch found that the bacilli were killed by expo- sure to direct sunlight in a few minutes to several hours, according to the thickness of the layer in which they were exposed. He found also that diffused light had the same eft'ct, only not so rapid. Cul- tures placed near a window in broad daylight, but protected from the direct rays of the sun were killed at the end of five to seven days. Straus has also found that luxuriant cultures of the bacillus both from human and avian sources, grown on the surface of glycerine bouillon, were killed by two hours exposure to the direct rays of the sun on a summer day. Along with these flasks, he exposed to the action of the sun, cultures of the bacillus previously dried and spread in a thin layer on pieces of glass. At the end of a half hour they had lost both their virulence and their power of growth. Experimental inoculation. — All animals which are susceptible to tuberculosis under natural conditions, and many which are immune, may be infected by inoculation with small quantities of pure cul- tures of the tubercle bacillus, which may be introduced under the skin, into the circulation or into the peritoneal cavity. Many ani- mals may be infected by feeding with material containing bacilli, and by direct inhalation of bacilli suspended in air or a spray. Of all the domestic animals, the guinea pig is the most susceptible, the rabbit less so, and dogs have considerable powers of resistance. Cattle, sheep and swine are easily infected. The monkey is very susceptible to the disease. As a general rule, when tubercle bacilli are introduced into the tissues of a susceptible animal, such as the guinea pig, a local swell- ing with induration occurs at the point of inoculation, which is well marked by the eighth to the tenth day. This swelling becomes soft- ened and undergoes a cheesy change, and if superficial, an irregular ulcer results. The lymphatic glands in relation to the part, become enlarged about the second to the third week and soon undergo a caseous change also, the process extending to other glands along the lymphatics, and also involving in time those of the opposite side of the body. The blood-stream may become loaded with bacilli which are thus carried to organs throughout the body, producing a rapid general tuberculosis. While these changes are going on, the animal shows marked changes of nutrition, emaciates, becomes ca- chetic, and finally dies, sometimes within four weeks, though some- times not for two or three months. As a rule, the spleen is the organ found most affected after deatb, but the liver and lungs often show marked changes also. When the inoculation is made into the peritoneal cavity, death is usually more rapid. Post-mortem the omentum is found thickened lis and infiltrated by a mass of tubercles, giving It, as it were, the ap- pearance of being rolled up. Sometimes there occurs an acute erup- tion of numberless tubercles over the peritoneum. The retro-peri- toneal and other lymphatic glands undergo enlargement and casea- tion. When the injection is made into the circulation, a typical acute tuberculosis of rapid form is induced, and death occurs in about three weeks. In more resistant animals such as rabbits, subcutaneous inocula- tion sometimes leads to generalized tuberculosis, and sometimes only to a local disease, depending on the virulence and dose of the culture. Action of dead Tubercle Bacilli. — It has been shown first by Prud- den and Hodenpyl, that dead tubercle bacilli when injected into the tissues in sufficient numbers can produce nodules like those caused by living bacteria. By intravenous injection of rabbits with cultures v/hich had been killed by heat, these observers caused in f^e lungs small nodules in which they found giant cells occasionally, though no caseation ever took place, and there was more growth of fibrous tissue than is seen in the common tubercle. Straus and Gamal6ia, who made a complete study of this subject, obtained results which were entirely confirmatory. They found that if the number of bacilli introduced into the circulation is large enough, tubercular nodules ■with well formed giant cells, and in which there are occasionally traces of caseation are produced. In some instances they used cul- tures which had been exposed to a temperature of 115 degrees for a number of hours, and on successive days, with the same results, and what is still more remarkable, they found that even after these bacilli had remained in the bodies of animals for several months they still retained their morphology and staining characteristics. Sub-cutaneous injection of dead bacilli, if in any number, produces local abscess without subsequent involvement of the internal organs, though in many animals inoculated by various methods, into the circulation or into the peritoneal cavity, it produces a condition of marasmus leading to great emaciation, and death results. Identity of the Tubercle Bacillus from various sources. — There has been considerable discussion as to the origin of the germs caus- ing tuberculosis in the various mammals and in birds, and with-, out doubt, cultures obtained from different sources show certain peculiarities of growth, morphology and virulence. Experiments by Dr. Theobald Smith would seem to indicate that pure cultures of the organisms obtained from cows are considerably more viru- lent for guinea pigs, rabbits and for cattle than are cultures ob- tained from tuberculous sputimi of man. These results have been confirmed in the main by the woik of Dinwiddle and ourselves, but .119 one would naturally expect the bacilli which have been grown in the bodies of certain animals for some time to be more virulent for that species than would bacilli coming from another sourc?, and having grown in an animal (man) whose temperature is normally lower Even admitting all of the* differences which are claimed, there are none of them which are marked enough to put in doubt the identity of the organisms. It is all but universally admitted that the bacilli as seen in different mammals are varieties of one and the same or- ganism, the differences being due probably to differences in their sur- roundings. • Tuberculosis of birds. — For the bacillus as seen in birds, the case is somewhat different, though even here it seems that this organism may be regarded as only a variety of the other. Tuberculosis of birds affects almost exclusively the organs of the digestive apparatus. The liver is most often the most seriously affected; it is always very large and packed with tuberculous granules, sometimes to such an extent that it has the appearance of having been sprinkled with fine sand. The spleen is almost as often affected as the liver and is usually infiltrated with fine whitish granules. The intestine and peritoenum often show miliary tubercles, and in the wall of the intes- tine they not infrequently attain such a size as to obstruct the canal. The lungs are rarely affected. At times, lesions of the mouth, of the joints, of the pharynx, of the nose, and of the eye are seen. \Vhat- ever the location of the lesion, or its form, it is always exceedingly rich in bacilli, sometimes so thickly packed as to mask the anatom- ical elements. The bacilli appear generally a little longer than those which are met with in mammals, they have the same staining re- actions, they grow well on the same culture media, though in gen- eral they appear more vigorous and grow more rapidly. They have greater power of resistance to destructive agents and live longer in cultures; they grow more quickly and more abundantly, everything being equal; they grow at a temperature of 43 degrees 0. (109.4 degrees F.), a point which is above that at which the mammalian organism ceases to grow, and the cultures on solid media are not so tough, are softer and more greasy in appearance, and are easily spread on a cover-slip. Experimental inoculation shoAvs differences, also, as cultures from human sputum usually fail to produce tuber- culosis in birds, while those of avian origin readily do so. Birds are very susceptible to the disease when fed with portions of the diseased organs of other birds, but numerous observers have found that they can consume large quantities of tuberculous sputum and other morbid products coming from man, without con- tracting the disease, though on the other hand there are many in- stances in which birds have become affected by eating such products; and tuberculosis has been observed in chickens raised around abat- 120 toirs, where they obtained pieces of diseased meat and tubercu- large organs. ,Also when the avian tubercle bacillus is inoculated into guinea pigs, the effects are very different. Guinea pigs usually survive a sub-cutaneous inoculation, though they sometimes die, and in such cases, while no tubercles visible to the naked eye can be found, numerous bacilli may be present in the internal organs, such as the spleen. Intra-peritoneal inoculation, as well as intra- venous injection are both fatal to guinea pigs and rabbits, though even in these cases there is no formation of tubercles, as ordinarily seen following injections of human tubercle* bacillus. In the same way the dog is refractory to intra-venous inoculation of large quan- tities of the avian tubercle bacillus, though it is susceptible to inoculation by the organism from a human source. On the other hand, many observers, such as Cadiot, Gilbert and Roger, Oourmont and Dor, and Nocard, have shown that some- times inoculation of chickens by the tubercle bacillus from a mam- malian source succeeds, and when this is the case, subsequent inocula- tions are always successful, showing that the bacillus can undergo' a change which makes one variety assume the character of the other. It has also been shown that the inoculation of guinea pigs with cultures of the avian tubercle bacillus sometimes produces ordinary tubercular nodules, and that after passing the bacilli through a num- ber of guinea pigs in succession, they produce the general type of tuberculosis, so well described by Villemin. From these facts we may conclude that the bacillus of avian tuber- culosis is not a distinct and permanent species, but only a variety which has been modified by long growth in the tissues of birds. The change may be accounted for to some extent, perhaps, by the much higher temperature of birds than of men. The rabbit is practically ' equally susceptible to the bacteria from the two sources, though the type of lesions produced is different, but after two or three passages from rabbit to rabbit the lesions are so identical that it is impossible to tell their origin. Fischel, by cultivation, on agar containing boric acid, and on eggs, has succeeded in making the mammalian tubercle bacillus grow ac- cording to the avian type. There are also several cases on record in which the bacilli cultivated from human cases showed an avian type, the probability being that the infection in these cases was from an avian source. The final argument in favor of the identity of all tubercle bacilli, is the fact that whatever be their origin, it is im- possible to detect any sensible difference in tuberculin which has been made from the different cultures. Experiments hy Nocard. — Nooard has recently (1898) given new facts and experiments to prove the identity of avian tuberculosis with that seen in man and animals. He has for a long time observed that 121 tuberculosis in horses, which are naturally quite exempt from the dis- ease, assumes two types, which are readily distinguishable clinically, an abdominal type and a pulraonary type, the difference being due to the origin of the infection. The pulmonary type corresponds to an infection from human origin ; the abdominal type to an avian origin. In studying the sputum of a tubercular man by inoculation into various animals, he foaud that it killed the rabbit as did avian tu- berculosis, but that it was seldom virulent for guinea pigs. He ob- tained pure cultures, after several passages through rabbits in suc- cession, and found that they were identical with those of avian tu- berculosis. From this he infers that the consumption of tubercu- lar poultry is not without danger to man. In an attempt to trans- form the character of the bacillus of human tuberculosis, Nocard inserted into the peritoneal cavity of chickens little sacs of collodion containing glycerine bouillon inoculated with cultures of the tuber- cle bacillus. After these sacs have remained from five to eight months in the peritoneum of a chicken they are found to contain only a sort of mortar-like substance made up of bacilli, from which cul- tures could be obtained, showing that in spite of the long period of time during which they had remained in this condition they had re-, tained life. The cultures showed most often the characteristics of the avian bacillus. They thrived at temperatures above that at which the human tubercle bacillus will grow. They had lost entirely the dried scaly appearance they formerly possessed before their sojourn in the body of the chicken. Inoculation of this material into chickens most often was without effect, probably because the change of character was not complete, b:ut after passing through several chickens in succession, from one to the other, during four to six months, the culture then became almost always fatal to chickens. In one month's time this culture was fatal to rabbits, with the production of lesions identical with those produced by the avian bacillus. In one of his experiments he allowed a sac to remain eleven months in the chicken. Seeing that it was sick and wasting away, he killed it, and found that it had become tubercular; imbedded in a mass having a sacromatous appearance he found the little sac which had been inoculated with tubercle bacilli, torn. In this way bacilli had accidentally been set at liberty in the peritoneal cavity after a period of time during which their transformation into the avian type had become well advanced. In this case the transformation of the culture took place without the successive passages. These observations go to prove that the ba- cilli as seen in birds and in man are not two different species but only two varieties of the same species. Tubermlosis of fish. — In 1897 Dubard, Terre and Bataillon found in fishes affected with tuberculosis, which had for its origin the 122 eating of the sputum and dejections of a tubercular person, an organism whicli tliey named "bacillus tuberculosus piscium," which grows best at low temperatures and does not bear high temperatures well, except after a considerable period of acclimatization. In this we have further evidence of the unity of origin of all the different forms of the tubercle bacillus, the modifications being apparently due solely to the soil and conditions under which it was grown. Ex- amination of cultures and a complete study of the organism thus isolated has confirmed the identity of origin of this bacillus and the tubercle bacillus of Koch. The circumstances of this discovery are interesting. The sputa and dejections of a woman well advanced in tuberculosis of the lungs and intestines had been constantly thrown into a stream used for fish culture. Eight carp, six of which became afterwards affected, had passed an entire year in the same reservoir with trout. Some years before the same reservoir had contained hundreds of carp which remained in good health, and about twenty had passed fourt~een months there without being infected, hence some local cause must be looked to to explain the breaking out of the disease in these fish. It was first noticed in the fall of 1896. An in- quiry showed that a constant contamination by the products from a tubercular person had been taking place in this part of the brook during the years 1895 and 189(5, which had started sometime be- fore the putting of these carp in this part of the stream. At this point the stream formed an eddy where the current was very slight, thus attracting the carp, and which also allowed the tubercular products to fall to the bottom of the stream. The^se fish showed lumps on their sides, were deformed, their color became dark and the abdomen voluminous. The study of the cultures obtained from these tubercular fish have confirmed the opinion that this was a genuine tuberculosis, and the mode of contagion is undoubted. The bacillus thus obtained grows best between 22 degrees and 27 degrees C. (71 . G degrees F. to 80 . 6 degrees F.), but grows as low as 10 degrees C. (50 degrees F.). Above 34 degrees C. (93.2 degrees . F.) growth ceases or becomes very slow, but by frequent replant- ings and by gradually raising the temperature at which these suc- cessive cultures are kept, it is possible tO' obtain one which will grow at 37 degrees C. (98.6 degrees F.). The cultures, after having become accustomed to an artificial life, form quite a thick membrane on the surface of the medium and also push up a little on the walls of the vessel. The odor of cultures is identical with that of the human tubercle bacillus. From the twentieth day up to the thirty-fifth they have the same odor as corresponding cultures of the tubercle bacillus of the same age. It stains deeply by cold carbol-fuchsin in a few minutes, but having taken the stain, resists decolorizing strongly. It is not pathogenic at first for rabbits, birds or guinea 123 pigs, but is virulent for all cold blooded animals on which it has been tried, such as carp, tritons, frogs, toads, tortoises, lizards, ser- pents, water snakes and vipers. By successive passages through guinea pigs and rabbits it becomes virulent for these animals, and causes unquestionable lesions of tuberculosis in the liver, spleen, and in one case, ol the lung. From these organs biacilli were obtained which differed in no respect from the ordinary human tubercle ba- cillus. So large a proportion of the guinea pigs experimented on became tubercular that the idea of an accidental contamination could not be entertained. A thorough study of the morphology and biology of this organism by Dubard and Krai have led them to the positive conclusion that this is not a new species of organism but a. modification of the tu- bercle bacillus as seen in warm blooded animals. It has been dexaonstrated that by passing the bacillus of Koch through cold- blooded animals, it acquires the property of growing at lower tem- peratures than that of the body, but at the same time, these cultures which have a perfect resemblance to ordinary cultures of the tubercle bacillus, lose their virulence for warm-blooded animals. These discoveries have shown us that the tubercle bacillus has great power of adaptability. They show also that the bacillus is not the strict parasite which we have heretofore considered it, but that it may accustom itself to almost any surroundings in which it is placed, and may possibly lead a sai)rophytic life. "This power of adaptation to different surroundings possessed by the tubercle bacillus introduces this further element of danger, that as it becomes .adapted to its life in a given animal, or in different members of a closely bred herd of cattle, in the natural course of events it must become better and better adapted to survival in that particular ani- mal and breed, and hence increasingly dangerous to all of its mem- bers. This is one reason why tuberculosis is so liable to get intensi- fied in special herds of thoroughbred stock and why common cattle with their varied ancestry will sometimes seem to afford lotger re- sistance to the affection. It may also explain the fact that with ample exposure the disease does not always pass from man to cattle and from cattle to man, yet it would be folly to argue from such data, that the disease when present in an occult form in a herd may be safely neglected and that the products of such a herd may be safely consumed by man. The very adaptability of the tubercle bacillus sufficiently contradicts this conclusion. The mere continu- ous presence of the bacillus in a given system, human or bird, is the means of securing a better and still better adaptation to that form of life and a greater and still greater measure of potency, so that when the health of the host or exposed animal isi in any way reduced, it may at once become deadly and far reaching in its evil effects.'" 124 PRODUCTS OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS. Tuberculin. In 1890, Koch announced at the National Congress of Berlin that he had succeeded after long trials in finding "a substance which inoculated into a guinea pig rendered it immune to the in- oculation of the tuberculous virus; this same substance in guinea pigs already affected with advanced and generalized tuberculosis caused a complete arrest in the development of the disease, so that under the influence of this remedy the animal felt no bad effect." Three months after, he gave the results of the employment of this remedy in tubercular men with regard to its curative effects and its diagnostic value. To this preparation he gave the name tuber- culin. The announcement of this discovery in some respects made a greater sensation than did the announcement of the discovery of the tubercle bacilli, and from all parts of the world, students, as well as tubercular people, flocked to Berlin, the former to learn the methods of the new cure which it was believed had been discovered, the latter to take advantage of the hope thus held out to them of regaining health and preserving life. Unfortunately, these hopes have not been realized, and tuberculin is now no longer believed to have the power of curing the disease, although we occasionally .have reports of its beneficial use in the human subject. Its great value, however, has proved to be in the diagnosis of the disease as seen in cattle, and for this purpose, its use is steadily increasing, while every observer the world over gives it the highest place. Its method of use and the results obtained by it are fully discussed in another part of this report. Tuberculin may be described, roughly,- as a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacillus. It is a brownish or dark amber colored liquid, somewhat syrupy owing to the fact that it contains 50 per cent, of glycerine, and has a characteristic aromatic odor, which is rather attractive, and described by some German writers as being fruity and delightful. It keeps well, owing to the amount of glycerine it con- tains, and may be preserved indefinitely in a cool, dark place. It should, however, be preserved in sterile, well stoppered bottles, and, according to Koch, is good as long as it remains clear. It should never be used in its pure condition, but should be diluted with a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid. If diluted simply with water the solution very rapidly spoils. Preparation of Tuberculin. — It is prepared by growing the tubercle bacillus in a broth made from the flesh of veal, to which is added dried peptone in the proportion of one per cent., common salt in the proportion one-half of one per cent., and glycerine in the proportion of 5 per cent. In making 125 the cultures it is necessary to make a small particle float on the sur- face of the liquid. The cultures are kept at the temperature of the body, or preferably slightly above, between 37 and 39 degrees 0. (98.6 to 102.2 degrees F.), for from six to ten weeks. The little island soon extends itself over the entire surface of the liquM and becomes thrown into folds and wrinkles, and pushes itself up to some extent on the walls of the vessel at the edge of the liquid. When the growth is sufficient, the whole mass is sterilized either in an auto- clave at 115 degrees 0. (239 degrees F.), for 15 minutes, or else in the steam sterilizer for from one to two hours. The masses of bacilli are next filtered out through ordinary filter paper, and the liquid evapor- ated over a water bath to one-tenth of its volume, and then passed through a porcelain filter. Or else the whole mass is put together in a water bath until concentrated to about on'e-tenth of the original vol- ume and the bacilli then filtered out. This was the original way of making it, but the way first given is much more convenient and ren- ders the subsequent filtration through porcelain more rapid and easy. An abundant growth of the germs seems to be necessary to obtain a tuberculin of good strength, but it is not necessary to have a virvi. lent culture. Discovery of Tui&rcuUn .—Koch was led to the discovery of tuber- culin by observing the different action following the sub-cutaneous inoculation of a virulent culture of the tubercle bacillus in guinea pigs, which were already diseased, and in those which were healthy. In a healthy guinea pig such an inoculation caused a typical tubercu- lous ulcer which remained until the death of the animal. If the guinea pig is already diseased we notice about the tenth day that the skin at the point of inoculation takes on a deeper color and becomes indurated; soon there is an area of necrosis which sloughs off, leav- ing a clean ulcer which heals quickly and without infection of the cor- responding lymphatic glands. This action was obtained not only with living germs, but also with cultures killed by heat or by other means. Dead cultures injected under the skin of healthy guinea pigs only determine a local abscess. Koch says: "This same injection in a much smaller dose, leads on the contrary to the death of tubercu- lar guinea pigs at the end of from 6 to 48 hours, according to the dose employed; if the dose injected is too small to cause death in the animal, it provokes an extended necrosis of the skin at the point of in- jection. If the dose of the bacilli is smaller still the animal remains living, and when similar injections are repeated every day, or every other day, there is soon noticed a marked improvement in the condi- tion of the guinea pig. The tuberculous ulceration does not extend and finally cicatrizes, a termination which one never sees in cases not treated. The enlarged lymphatic glands grow smaller, the general induration is modified and the morbid process is arrested, if the case 126 lias not been too far advanced and the animal too much weakened." This observation was the starting point of his method of treatment against tuberculosis. Koch's theory of the action of tuberculin was that ordinarily the tubercle bacillus secretes a substance which has a necrotic action on the tissues and this substance is contained in tu- berculin. When tuberculin is injected into an animal suffering with tuberculosis, the quantity of the substance producing necrosis of the tissues around a tubercular focus is suddenly increased, and ne- crosis of the margin spreads very rapidly. Inflammatory reaction takes place around, and the material containing the bacilli either dead or living is thrown off as a slough instead of disintegrating more slowly. Tuberculin injected under the skin possesses active and remark- able qualities, but taken into tie stomach it has no effect. Man is very much more sensitive to its action than is the guinea pig. We can inject under the skin of a healthy guinea pig as much as two cubic centimeters of tuberculin not diluted, without causing any ap- preciable effect, but if they are tubercular, a dose of 1-100 part of a gram will cause death, if the disease is well advanced. If less ad- vanced, a dose of two to three-tenths of a gram may be required, but a dose of one-half gram always proves fatal. The post-mortem ap- pearances are quite characteristic and consist of congestion of the lympTiatics and the viscera. On the liver and spleen may be seen dark red spots, from mere points to the size of hemp seed, which are due to the enormous dilatation of the capillaries in the immediate neighborhood of tuberculous deposits. These hemorrhagic spots on the liver are considered almost certain evidences of death from tu- berculin. Action on man. — The minimum dose which produces any effect in a healthy man is one one-hundredth of one cubic centimeter. In this dose it causes only generally slight weakness. The action of a like dose, one one-hundredth of a cubic centimeter, on one suffering from tuberculosis is very different. It causes a well marked local and general reaction, which begins usually with a chill, the temperature rising to 39 degrees C. (102.2 degrees F.), 40 degrees C. (104 degrees F.), and even 41 decrees C. (105.8 degrees F.), with cough and muscu- lar weakness. These symptoms commence ordinarily about the fourth or fifth hour and last from 12 to 15 hours. Even doses of 0.0003 gram will give a reaction in tubercular individuals. Local re- action, which is best observed in those having external tubercular dis- eases, such as lupus, is well marked. 'A few hours after the injec- tion, which is usually made at a point some distance from the lesion, the diseased areas become red and swollen, usually before the chill. The swelling of these areas diminishes usually when the fever les- sens and in a few days has disappeared. The spots become then 127 covered with crusts formed of a dried serous exudate which fall at the end of two or three weeks, leaving a red shining cicatrix. The alterations described are limited exclusively to the diseased areas. The local reaction caused in tubercular glands and bones, while not so striking as in lupus, is still (luite perceptible. In tubercular lungs the local reaction' is manifested- by an increase in the cough and expectoration, and it is probable that there is here an action not unlike that which can be seen openly in cases of lupus. By cau- tiously repeating the dose a toleration may be acquired so that con- siderable doses cause little or no disturbance. G'reat improvement, especially in external lesions, apparently re- sults in some cases, so much so that a cure is often believed to be effected, but unfortunately when the tuberculin treatment is stopped the scar may break down and the disease return, though in some cases a permanent cure seems to be effected. Crude i/uberculin contains, besides the active principle, all other products of the tubercle bacillus which are soluble in a 50 per cent, solution of glycerine, except those which are destroyed by the boil- ing temperature. The quantity of the active principle is certainly very small; it is estimated by Koch to be about one part in one hundred. From this, its extreme activity may be understood. If we filter the cultures and use only the bouillon in which the germs have been grown, a very slight reaction is given, although it is said that by heating the bouillon to 100 degrees 0. (212 degrees F.), it has more nearly the effect of ordinary tuberculin. On the contrary, quite an active tuberculin may be extracted from the bacilli, from which we see that the active principle of tuberculin is no doubt a I)roduct elaborated within the body of the bacteria themselves. Gam- al^ia has injected into the circulation of rabbits as much as 20 cubic centimeters of the bouillon on which the tubercle bacilli have been grown without producing any appreciable effect. From the various studies that have been made on tuberculin, we conclude that the ac- tive' principle is contained in the bodies of the bacilli and belongs to the group of nuclear proteids, and not, as was supposed by Biich- ner, to the group of toxalbumins, since the latter are destroyed rapidly by heating to 80 degrees C. (176 degrees F.), or 100 degrees C..(212 degrees F.), while the proteids resist a boiling temperature for many hours. Purification of TuhercuUn. — Numerous attempts have been made to get rid of the toxic substances contained in tuberculin and to retain only its curative properties. Koch has prepared one by pre- cipitation with 60 per cent, alcohol, which he calls purified tuberculin. Similar preparations may be obtained by adding alcohol to tuberculin in a proportion of two parts to three, a white flocculent powder being 128 thus thrown down which can be purified by washing with 60 per cent, alcohol, and then with absolute alcohol^ and drying in a vacuum. The powder thus obtained seems to contain all the active principles, of tuberculin. It is soluble in water but loses its activity very rapidly. A solution in 50 per cent, glycerine and water is very stable and retains its active properties for many months unchanged. These solutions may be heated in the autoclave to a temperature of 130 to 160 degrees C. (266 degrees F.), for several hours without being changed. This purified tuberculin gives all the proteid reactions; it contains sulphur and from itsi reactions and elementary analysis, evidently belongs to the proteid group and is most closely allied to the proteoses. Klebs attempted to purify tuberculin by ridding it of its injurious properties. In his process he precipitated it with alcohol and treated the precipitate with a mixture of alcohol, chloroform and crystallized benzol. To this substance he gave the name of "tuberculocidin," from the effect which it seemed to have on the bacilli in tubercular subjects, provoking in them a degenera- tive change. Klebs claims to have obtained well marked curative results with this preparation, but general success has been but little more marked with this than with the older preparation. The newer Tuberculins. — Koch has more recently devised three new modifications of tuberculin, the first, which he terms T. A. (Tu- berculin Alkaline), is prepared by digesting cultures of the tubercle bacillus with a one-tenth normal solution of caustic soda, and then filtering. It causes much the same reaction as the original tubercu- lin, but relapses do not seem to occur so often. It causes abscess at the site of inoculation when used in any quantity, which forms an insuperable objection to it. The two other preparations are prepared by thoroughly triturating the tubercle bacilli, previously dried in a vacuum over sulphuric acid, until reduced to fine powder. They are then rubbed up in distilled water and put in a centrifugal machine which separates it into two layers. The upper one called T. O. (Tu- berculin Oberst), consists of a whitish opalescent liquid; the lower one, which is called T. E. (Tuberculin Rest), consists of a muddy resi- due. This residue is dried, again triturated and run through a centri- fugal machine as before, the operation being repeated until no resi- due is left. These preparations are said never to cause abscess formation. The top layer after the centrifugalization is the only one which needs to be distinguished from the others, the liquids resulting from the succeeding operations being all alike in their action. In making these tuberculins it is necessary that the cultures should be young and highly virulent. The trituration is exceedingly dangerous unless done by machinery. The T. O. closely resembles T. A. but has the advantage of not causing abscess formation. Its 129 immunizing properties are slight. T. R. is said to possess powerful immunizing properties and does not cause suppuration nor reaction. When healthy guinea pigs are treated with increasing doses of T. E., they become immune against virulent cultures of the tubercle bacillus. By treating guinea pigs previously inoculated with viru- lent cultures, by injections of T. R. a cure may be effected if the treatment is commenced within one or two weeks after the inocu- lation. Oosytithereulvn. — Still another modification of tuberculin has been made by Dr. J. O. Hirschfelder, of San Francisco, which consists of modifying the first tuberculin of Koch by means of peroxide of hydro- gen. To this preparation he gave the name of Oxytilberculin. His results have been most encouraging and a committee reporting in the Lancet, January 15, 189S, gave the following conclusions: "That oxytuberculin stops the growth of the tubercle bacillus; that in 15 cases treated they observed a distinct therapeutic value; and third, that it produced no dangerous effects." All these preparations are still under judgment, and while here and there good results are reported, they have not come into gen- eral use, though we cannot help hoping from what has been done, that the day is not far distant when a cure will be found for tuber culosis, which will equal the results which have been given by anti- toxine in diphtheria. At present it may be said that the chief use of tuberculin still remains in the diagnosis of the disease in cattle, though it is also employed in the production of serums for the cure of tuberculosis, and its use as a diagnostic agent in man is increasing. Tuberculin is free from germs. — The prejudice against the use of tuberculin on the ground that it may cause tuberculosis in healthy animals is wholly without reason and must be the result of ignorance on the part of those holding to such an idea. It has been shown that momentary heating to 95 degrees C. (203 degrees F.), is fatal to the tubercle bacillus. In the process of making tuberculin as described above, it will be seen that the bacilli are subjected to the boiling tem- perature 100 O. (212 degrees F.), for at least one hour, and after- wards subjected to the temperature of a water bath during the period of at least six hours during the process of evaporation. Before being injected the tuberculin is diluted with a one per cent, solution of carbolic acid, with which it remains in contact never less than three days before use and most often from one to two weeks. One per cent, solution of carbolic acid is fatal to the tubercle bacillus in one minute, and there can be no possible chance of the bacillus es- caping death in the solution as used for injection. But another safeguard exists in the filtration through the porcelain filter, which 9 130 has been proven time and again to arrest all germs, so tliat tuberculin contains absolutely no living or dead bacteria, but only the products of the growth of the organism. It would be as rational to plant the coffee as we drink it and expect to raise the coffee plants with their berries as to look for the production of tuberculosis in animals by the injection of a few drops of tuberculin. 131 CHAPTER VII. THE GENERATION AND SYMPTOMS OP TUBERCULOSIS. SUMMARY. TUBERCULOSIS STARTS IN THE BODY AT ANY PLACE WHERE THE GERMS OF THIS DISEASE LODGE AND GROW. THE GERMS USUALLY liODGE SOMEWHERE NEAR THE PLACE WHERE THEY ENTBIR, BUT SOMETIMES THEY ARE CARRIED A LONG DISTANCE BEFORE THEJY SETTLE DOWN AND PRODUCE CHANGES IN THE TISSUES OF THE ANIMAL. AFTER TUBERCLE BACILLI ENTER THE ANIMAL THEY MAY BE CARRIED FROM PLACE TO PLACE THROUGH THE TISSUES, OR THROUGH CANAIjS OR CAVITIES OR IN THE LY'MPH OR BLOOD. IN THESE WAYS THE DISEASE SPREADS THROUGH THE BODY. ANY PART OE' THE BODY MAY BE AFFECTED BY TUBERCULOSIS. THIS DISEASE IS USUALLY SLOW IN ITS DEVELOPMENT, REQUIRING MONTHS OR YEARS FOR ITS FULL MATURITY. DURING A LARGE PART OP THIS TIME TPIE AREAS OF DISEASE ARE EXFOLIATING AND THE GERMS ARE BEING DISCHARGED FROM THE BODY BY ANY CHANNEL THAT IS IN COMMUNICATION WITH THE PART THAT IS DISEASED. THE SYMPTOMS DEPEND ON THE LOCATION AND SIZE OP THE DIS- EASED PART OR PARTS. IN THE EARLY STAGES THERE ARE NO SYMPTOMS BECAUSE THE DISEASED PARTS ARE CONCEALED WITHIN THE BODY AND ARE NOT LARGE ENOUGH TO NOTICEABLY IMPEDE THE FUNCTION OP THE ORGAN IN WHICH THEY ARE LOCATED. FOR EXAMPLE, IF 1-50 OF THE LUNG IS TUBERCULAR AND HAS LOST ITS FUNCTIONAL ACTIV- ITY, THE ANIMAL WILL GET ALONG VERY WELL WITH THE OTHER 49-50 AND NO DISTURBANCE OF BREATHING WITH RESULT. WHEN, HOWEVER, SO MUCH OF THE LUNG IS DISEASED THAT THE STILL ACTIVE PART IS OVERWORKED, SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE APPEAR. IT IS THE SAME WITH OTHER ORGANS. IN ITS SYMTOMATOLOGY TUBERCULOSIS MAY BE COMPARED TO CANCER. BOTH DISEASES ARE ESSENTIALLY LOCAL AND SPREAD SLOWLY. THEIR SYMPTOMS RESULT PROM THE IMPAIRMENT OF THE FUNCTION OP A PART. THE CHARACTER OP THE SYMPTOMS DE- PENDS UPON THE SITUATION AND CHARACTER OP THE LOCAL LE- SION. BUT TUBERCULOSIS BEGINS IN NEARLY ALL CASES WITHIN THE BODY, HIDDEN PROM VIEW AND MAY REACH A REMARKABLE DEVEI-OPMENT WITHOUT SERIOUSLY INCONVENIENCING THE ANIMAL BY DISTURBING THE FUNCTIONS OP ANY OP ITS ORGANS. ONE OF THE MOST STRIKING AND IMPORTANT FACTS IN REGARD TO TUBERCULOSIS IS THAT IT MAY EXIST TO A DANGEROUS DEGREE FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT PRODUCING SIGNS OP ILLNESS OR EVEN LOSS OP CONDITION. 132 OF THE USUAL SYMPTOMS OF ADVANCED TUBERCULOSIS THE FOL- LOWING ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT: COUGH, EMACIATION WITH GObD APPETITE, HARSH COAT, SUNKEN EYES, ENLARGED LYM- PHATIC GLANDS, DULLNESS UPON PERCUSSION OVER THE LUNGS, SIBILLANT AND MUCOUS RALES AND, TOWARD THE END, RAPID EMACIATION -VA'ITH DIARRHOEA. TUBERCULAR CATTLE USUALLY BREED IRREGULARLY. Tuberculosis hegins as a local disease. — Tuberculosis always be- gins as a localdisease at the point at which the tubercle bacilli are arrested and grow. The location of the point of primary infection depends largely upon the channel of infection. If the germs have been inhaled, disease is most liable to start at some part of the respi- ratory tract. If the germs have been taken in with the food or water, disease is liable to start at some part of the digestive tract, usually in the throat, small intestine, liver or mesenteric lymphatic glands. If infection is through the skin, tubercles will first form at the point of inoculation. If a cow is infected by a tubercular male, the disease will originate in the uterus. Sometimes tubercle bacilli are carried a certain distance from the port of entrance before they lodge and commence to multiply. Until recently it was denied that the tubercle bacilli could thus be carried from the point at which they are introduced without leaving an area of disease at that place, but it is now known that these germs may pass through the lungs and not cause discoverable disease until they reach the bronchial or mediastinal lymphatic glands. Similarly, tubercle bacilli may pass through the wall of the pharynx and produce no alteration of struc- ture until they arrive in the post-pharyngeal lymphatic glands. It may be, and there are some observations that indicate, that tubercle bacilli may be carried much longer distances before they occasion visible disease. The changes that result from the development of tubercle bacilli in living tissues are described on page 99. The disease afterwards spreads to other parts. — After gaining a foothold in the body and after one or more tubercles are formed, the bacteria may invade other regions by passing through tissue, by being distributed mechanically in cavities or in canals or by being transported in currents of lymph or in the blood. Progression of tuberculosis by continuity of structure is not rare and explains the invasion of the pleura from the lung, or of the diaphragm, and subsequently the pleura, when the peritoneum cover- ing the abdominal side of the diaphragm is the seat of tubercles. Infection may be carried from one part of the lungs to another by tuberculous material that is distributed through the bronchial tubes. 133 If tuberculous material Is discharged into the pleural pr peritoneal cavity, it is scattered by the movements of the animal and of the organs within these cavities, so widespread infection of the serous membranes 'lining them may result. The lymphatic gland shows infection of correlated port — Where tuberculosis exists in an organ, it is customary to find the lymphatic glands of that organ involved in a tuberculous process. The bron- chial and mediastinal lymphatic glands are usually tubercular when the lungs are. Tuberculosis of the portal lymphatic glands fol- lows tuberculosis of the liver and similarly, we find infection of the mesenteric lymphatic glands and of the supra-mammary lymphatic glands in tuberculosis of the intestines and of the udder respectively. The most widespread infection occurs when tubercle bacilli enter the circulation. This accident results from the perforation of a blood vessel wall and the subsequent discharge into the blood cur- rent of the contents of a tubercle or tubercular abscess. There is no part of the body that is exempt from the ravages of tuberculosis. Some parts, however, are more predisposed to the attacks of the germ than others; some tissues are better adapted for their growth than others and, therefore, the disease is more common in some organs than in others. Acute miliary tuberctilosis . — Where the germs are carried in the circulation and the form known as acute miliary tuberculosis de- velops, the lesions are distributed widely. This form of tuberculosis usually kills quickly and upon post mortem examination it is found that while the lesions are numerous and widespread, they are often of the young gray form and have not consolidated into the large, yel- low, cheesy masses. THE SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS. The symptoms of chronic Tuberculosis. — On discussing the symp- toms of tuberculosis it seems best to divide the disease generally into two classes: (1) The chronic form, which is usual; and (2) the acute, miliary form, which is not so common. The symptoms of chronic tuberculosis depend upon the location of the lesions and their extent. When the lesions are situated deeply and are not of great extent, they may occasion no visible symptoms of disease. In such conditions the infected animal may present the picture of perfect health and show no disturbance of function. In- deed, in some animals in which the lesions are both extensive and widely distributed and which have never presented noticeable signs of disease and are killed in prime condition for beef, the owner is astonished to learn that his supposed healthy animal contains large masses of tubercular tissue. 134 Since the lesions of tuberculosis vary so much in different cases, it is not possible to give a 'description of what can be designated the characteristic or even the usual symptoms of this disease. There are, however, some general symptoms that occur in most of the ad- vanced cases, as emaciation, while the appetite continues good. This is always a suspicious indication and especially if accompanied by cough, rough coat and tight, harsh skin. Bough or loud breathing sounds are suspicious, and, in advanced cases, it is often found that the animal groans when pressure is brought to bear upon the chest wall. Many cases bloat habitually, and hard, painless swellings (enlarged lymphatic glands) beneath the skin in the region of the escutcheon, flank, shoulder or throat are suspicious. Since tuberculosis of the lungs is more common than of any other organ, it was formerly the practice with some to examine these organs alone in inspecting cattle for tuberculosis. It is shown by the table above that about 60 per cent., or more than half of the cases of tuberculosis, are diseased in these organs, and some tables show as high as 75 per cent, of pulmonary infection. In tuberculosis of the lungs it may be said that coughing is the most noticeable symptom. Coughing is most common after feeding, drinking or after moving following a period of repose, but sometimes it occurs without any apparent cause. The cough is usually strong, dry and frequently of a high pitch. Sometimes it is very violent and accompanied by protrusion of the tongue. Auscultation reveals modified and abnormal sounds of different kinds in the lungs; sibilant, sonorous and mucous rales are most common. In some cases there are areas of complete silence stiowing that no air is entering the portion of the lung that is under examination. The dull sound is often detected on percussion. It is also to be noted that this condition is of slow development and long duration, thus aiding one to distinguish it, in many cases, from bronchitis or pneumonia. Where the mediastinal lymphatic glands are enlarged and press upon the oesophagus, it is customary to find that the animal bloats habitually. Chronic or habitual bloating accompanied by good ap- petite and no other evidence of disease of the digestive tract, and es- pecially if there is shortness of breath and cough, may be looked upon as strongly indicative of tuberculosis with enlarged medias- tinal lymphatic glands. Sometimes large tubercular masses develop on the pleura. In such cases the principal symptom is a friction sound that is heard most distinctly during the end of the act of inspiration. If the masses are large enough they give rise to a dull sound upon percussion. In tu- berculosis of the stomach and intestines, digestion is interfered with. This gives rise to poor appetite, frequently to diarrhoea and some- times alternations of diarrhoea and constipation. In tuberculosis 135 of the peritoneum or the lining of the abdominal cavity, the lymph- atic glands of the flanks are often enlarged and hard. iSometimes this condition can be diagnosed positively by a rectal examination and the discovery by this means of the hard, nodulated masses. Tu- berculosis of the liver does not give rise to any symptoms unless the disease is of very great extent, in which case jaundice may be ob- served. In animals in v?hich the postpharyngeal lymphatic glands are en- larged from tuberculosis, the breathing is harsh and noisy. In this condiftion there is sometimes difficulty in swallowing, and particles of chewed up food are occasionally expelled from the mouth, either voluntarily, when it is found that they cannot be swallowed con- veniently, or by the coughing that they occasion upon reaching the pharynx. These enlarged glands may sometimes be detected by pal- pitation accomplished by placing one hand on each side of the throat above the larynx and then pressing from opposite sides. Tuberculosis of the udder is characterized by an enlargement and hardening of the afCected part, usually by the absence of pain and the fact that the secretion is not altered until the part has been diseased for some time. In advanced cases, instead of milk, the udder se- cretes a yellowish, cloudy and sometimes flocculent fluid. In acute, rapidly developing cases, there may be pain and edema of the skin. In nearly all cases of udder tuberculosis the supra-mammary lymph- atic glands, situated above the udder in the middle of the escutcheon, are enlarged and hard. If there is doubt as to the character of the disease in the udder, the milk or a piece of udder tissue, extracted by means of an instrument called a harpoon, may be examined bac- teriologically. In tuberculosis of the brain, the animal is unsteady and uncerta^'n in its movements. It lies down a great deal, is usually subject to occasional cramps and is apt to carry the head in an unusual position. Such cases are inclined to progress rapidly and terminate in death following coma or convulsions. In tubercular disease of the bones and joints, these parts are enlarged, there is loss of motion, pain and usually abscess formation followed by the discharge of thick yellow pus. The stifle joint is often enlarged from this cause. In tubercu- losis of the uterus or ovaries and sometimes in peritoneal tuberculosis in the cow, the subject is almost continually in heat. In tuberculosis of the uteru&, there is sometimes a discharge of thick, yellowish material mixed with mucus and slime. In tuberculosis of the tes- ticles these organs become enlarged and hard. In all advanced cases the nutrition of the animal is interfered with and, sooner or later, the "tuberculous cachexia" appears. It is, ■ however, in many cases remarkable to note the extent of lesions in animals that are well nourished and present no external signs of 136 disease. Animals killed in prime condition by the butcher are some- times found to contain extensive lesions of tuberculosis widely dis- tributed. In widespread or general tugerculosis, many of the symp- toms described above may occur simultaneously. The symptoms of acute tuberculosis. — The course of tuberculosis is usually long, extending over months or even years. Occasionally, however, it is cut short by the rapid form known as acute miliary tuberculosis, which is often referred to when it occurs in man as "galloping consumption." The symptoms of acute miliary tu- berculosis are rapid loss of condition, depression, poor appetite, cough, weakness, rapid breathing, harsh respiratory sounds, some ele- vation of temperature, increased pulse rate and, sometimes, enlarged lymphatic glands. The course of this form of tuberculosis is always rapid and terminates in death. Acute miliary tuberculosis results, as previously stated, when large numbers of tubercle bacilli are dis- charged into the blood current; they are then carried to all parts of the body, are filtered out in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and else- where, setting up tuberculosis in each of these localities. The point at which the infectious material entered the circulation may have been a comparatively small area of disease; perhaps a tubercular lymphatic gland. This form of tuberculosis is more likely to appear in young animals than in adults, and is more common among swine than among cattle. 137 CHAPTER VIII. THE RECOGNITION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN LIVING CATTLE AND THE TUBERCULIN TEST. SUMMARY. THE SYMPTOMS OP TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE ARE AS A RULE NOT SUFFICIENTLY PROMINENT TO ENABLE ONE TO DIAGNOSE THE DIS- EASE EXCEPTING WHEN THE LESIONS ARE EXTENSIVE, ARE IN- TERFERING WITH THE FUNCTION OF AN IMPORTANT ORGAN OR ARE CLOSE TO THE SURFACE. AN ANIMAL MAY HAVE TUBERCU- LOSIS TO A DEGREE THAT RENDERS IT CAPABLE OF SPREADING DIS- EASE WITHOUT SHOWING PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS. THE TUBERCULIN TEST FOR ITTBERCULOSIS DEPENDS UPON THE FACT THAT WHEN A SMALL QUANTITY OF THE REAGENT TUBER- CULIN IS INJECTED BENEATH THE SKIN OF A HEALTHY OR NON- TUBERCULAR ANIMAL NO EFFECT IS PRODUCED, BUT IP THE ANIMAL IS TUBERCULAR A FEBRILE REACTION OCCURS. TUBERCULIN IS A GLYCERINE EXTRACT FROM CULTURES OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WHICH HAS BEEN ETCLTERED THROUGH POR- CELAIN, STERILIZED AND MIXED WITH A SOLUTION OF CARBOLIC ACID. IT CONTAINS NEITHER LIVING NOR DEAD GERMS OF TUBER- CULOSIS AND IS ABSOLUTELY INCAPABLE OF PRODUCING TUBERCU- I,OSIS. TO GIVE SATISFACTORY RESULTS IT IS NECESSARY THAT TUBER- CULIN SHALL BE USED WITH A DUE REGARD FOR CERTAIN RULES BY ONE WHO UNDERSTANDS THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT MAY BE EMPLOYED ADVANTAGEOUSLY^ THE CONDITIONS IN WHICH IT IS CONTRAINDICATED AND THE METHOD OP INTERPRETING THE RESULT OP THE TEST. THE TUBERCULIN TEST IS NOT INFALLIBLE. IT HAS, HO'WEVER, FURNISHED A METHOD FOR RECOGNIZING TUBERCULOSIS THAT IS INCOMPARABLY THE MOST ACCURATE THAT HAS EVER BEEN EM- PLOYED. HERDS REPEATEDLY TESTED WITH TUBERCULIN DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS ARE NOW IN BETTER CONDITION THAN EVER BE- FORE AND THERE IS NO REASON TO PEAR THAT THIS REAGENT IS CAPABLE OF INJURING CATTLE IN ANY WAY. Physical examination insufficient. — By the ordinary methods of physical examination it is only possible to recognize tuberculosis when the diseased parts are extensive and interfere with the function 138 of an important organ or lie close to the surface. Tuberculosis may exist as a local disease for a long time before general symptoms of ill- ness appear. Indeed, as has been explained in a previous chapter, the disease may sometimes be remarkably extensive without re- ducing the apparent condition of the animal or interfering with the functions of any of its organs enough to occasion signs of disease. During all but the last part of this period of slow development, the cow containing lesions of tuberculosis may eat well, be in good flesh and condition, have a pliable skin and a smooth, bright coat, rarely cough, produce a full flow of milk and pass almost anywhere for a sound animal. It is not until late that the symptoms described in the previous chapter appear. Until tuberculin was known it was not possible to recognize early stages of tuberculosis in the living animal, nor was it possible to recognize early cases that were quite advanced. In man, diagnosis is made frequently by the discovery of tubercle bacilli in the sputum. This method has been applied to cows but its results, except in very advanced cases, when it is not needed, are uncertain. If tubercle ba- cilli are found by this examination, it shows that tuberculosis exists, but if they are not found, it does not signify that the animal may not be diseased to a dangerous degree. The most accurate of the old methods of diagnosis consisted In inoculating experimental animals with the milk or expectorations of the suspected cow, but even here the absence of affirmative results did not prove freedom from disease, moreover from four to six weeks were required for obtaining results by this method. It was therefore a great advance when Koch showed that tuberculin is an extremely delicate reagent for the pur- pose of revealing the existence of tubercular disease in the living animal. Tuberculin. — Tuberculin was invented by Koch in 1890, and was first used experimentally as a remedy for tuberculosis. It was ob- served that whenever tuberculin was administered to a consumptive or tubercular patient the administration was followed by a fever, called a reaction, lasting a few hours or a day. This observation led veterinarians to apply tuberculin to tubercular and suspected cattle for the purpose of determining whether a similar fever or reaction would occur. It was soon found that a small quantity of tuberculin injected beneath the skin of a tubercular cow would, with remarkable regularity, cause a febrile reaction; whereas, no change- was produced in animals that were not aflBicted with tuberculosis or were suffer- ing with some other disease. Since 1891 the use of tuberculin for testing cattle to determine the presence or absence of tuberculosis has grown at a rapid rate in all parts of the world. It has not been found, and has never been claimed, that tuberculin is an infallible diagnostic agent. It has, how- 139 ever, been shown conclusively that tuberculin has increased the power to recognize tuberculosis many fold and furnishes results that are immeasurably more accurate than those obtained by the use of any other agent or method that has ever been employed or proposed. Objections to the use of tuberculin have been made from time to time and are considered below. It can be safely said that so far as al- leged injury to a healthy animal is concerned, no fear need be en- tertained, but this matter is considered in greater detail elsewhere and the reader is referred to the reports of herd owners whose cattle have been tested with tuberculin (See appendix to Chapter X). THE TUBERCULIN TEST. The following is a copy of a circular issued by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and contains the instructions given to inspec- tors employed by this Board: "CIRCULAR NO. 1. Directions for Inspecting Herds for Tuberculosis. "It is necessary that a certain uniformity shall be observed by those who inspect herds for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and, while it is not desired to interfere in any way with approved in- dividilal methods, the following plan is recommended to all in- spectors : "The herd should be stabled while the inspection is being made, although this is not absolutely essential in warm weather, if the cat- tle can be tied or kept quietly in a small paddock. If it is necessary to stable animals under unusual conditions or among unusual sur- roundings that make them uneasy and excited, the tuberculin test should be postponed until the cattle have become accustomed to the conditions to which they are subjected. "The herd should be fed and watered as usual during the test, ex- cepting in winter, the animal must not be allowed to drink freely of cold water less than two hours before temperature measurements. "The inspection should begin with a careful physical examination of each animal. This is essential because in some advanced cases of tuberculosis no reaction follows the injection of tuberculin, but experience has shown that these cases can be discovered by physical examination. This examination should be complete and include a careful examination of the udder and of the superficial lymphatic glands and auscultation of the lungs. "Each arjimal should be numbered or described in such a way that it can be recognized without diflflculty. It is well to number the 140 stalls with chalk and transfer these numbers to the temperature sheet so that the temperature of each individual can be recorded in its appropriate place without danger of confusion. The following procedure has been used extensively and has given excellent re- sults: "1. Take the temperature of each animal to be tested at least twice at intervals of three hours, before tuberculin is injected. "2. Inject the tuberculin in the evening, preferably between the hours of 6 and 9. The injection should be made with a carefully sterilized hypodermic syringe. The dose should be graduated accu- rately. The most convenient point for injection is back of the left scapula. "Prior to the injection, the skin should be carefully washed with a 5 per cent, solution of creolin or' with some other antiseptic. "3. The temperature should be taken nine hours after the injection, and temperature measurements repeated at regular intervals of two or three hours until the sixteenth hour after the injection. "4. Where there is no elevation of temperature at this time (six- teen hours after injection), the examination may be discontinued; but if the temperature shows an upward tendency, measurements must be continued until a distinct reaction is recognized, or until the tem- perature begins to fall. "5. If a reaction is detected prior to the sixteenth hour, the meas- urements of temperature should be continued until the expiration of this period. "6. The thermometers used for this work must be accurate, and if several are used, they should be compared before the examination is commenced. "7. If there is an unusual change of temperature in the stable or a sudden change of weather, this fact should be recorded on the report blank. "8. If a cow is in a febrile condition when the initial temperatures are taken, tuberculin should not be used on her, because in this case the temperature curve is irregular and the result of the test un- certain. "9. The tuberculin test is not recommended for calves under three months old. "10. In old, emaciated animals and in retests, use twice the usual dose of tuberculin, or more, according to the conditions. "In reporting upon the examination of the herd, the large tempera- ture sheets should be filled out and returned, together with a more detailed record for each animal that proves to be tubercular. This detailed report should be made out on the individual report blanks provided for this purpose, but is not necessary for cattle that are sound. 141 "Each cow that proves to be tubercular should be appraised either by agreement between the inspector and the owner or, when a just, fair and legal agreement can not be made, by three sworn appraisers appointed in accordance with the act of May 21, 1895. This law pro- vides that in appraising, the actual value and condition of the ani- mal at the time of appraisement shall be taken into consideration, and this provision must not be lost sight of. "The records of the examination of the cattle and premises and the appraisement of the tubercular animals should all be forwarded to the State Veterinarian at the same time and as soon as possible after the inspection has been completed, after which, advice in refer- once to the disposition of the condemned animals will be sent to the inspector. "In special cases, inspectors may be directed to destroy and take post-mortem -examinations upon the condemned animals as soon as they are recognized, but this must be done only when directions to this effect are given in the original letter of advice. "Condemned cattle must be removed from the herd and kept away from those that are healthy. "In making post-mortems, the carcasses should be thoroughly in- spected, and all of the organs mentioned on the blank for reporting this work, should be examined. The extent of the disease in the various organs should also be indicated. "After the completion of the inspection and the removal of the dis- eased animals from the herd, the buildings and surroundings must be very thoroughly disinfected in accordance with the special instruc- tion for this work contained in Circular No. 2. This must not be overlooked in any case, and must be carried out with close atten- tion to details. The owner of the herd agrees to do this at his own expense, as one of the conditions upon which the examination is made. The inspector is, however, expected to furnish full instruc- tions regarding it and to know that the work is thoroughly per- formed. "Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian." The method of interpreting the result obtained iy the test, differs under different examiners. The directions issued from the research laboratory of the Royal Veterinary College by McFadyean advise that "Animals in which the temperature during the fifteen hours following injection, rises gradnally to 104° F. or more, may be classed as tubercular. When those in which it remains under 103° F. as not tubercular. When the maximum temperature attained is under 104° but over 103° F., the case must be considered doubtful, and the animal may be retested after a month." 142 In Germany, the official regulations from the Minister of Agricul- ture issued in 1896 state that: "If one compares the highest tempera- ture before the injection with the highest temperature after the injec- tion the following is to be noted in regard to the difference between them: "A. If this difference equals 1 . 5° 0. or more, the existence of tuber- culosis is to be assumed. "B. If the difference is less than 1.5° C. it is probable that the animal is free from tuberculosis." Instructions issued from the same source on October 29th, 1900, advise as follows: "A. Cattle are to be regarded as having reacted when their tem- perature before injection of tuberculin does not exceed 39.5° C. but does exceed 39.5° 0. after injection, and when the difference between the highest temperatures before and after injection is more than 1° 0." "B. In the case of calves up to the age of six months, a rise in tem- perature following the injection of tuberculin, to above 40° C. and at least 1° O. above the highest temperature before inspection, is to be regarded as a reaction." Similar systems are followed in Belgium and France, with the ex- ception that a rise of 1.4° 0. is looked upon as a reaction indicating the existence of tuberculosis; while if the highest temperature after injection is less than 1.4° 0. above the highest temperature before injection, the animal is considered free from tuberculosis. The Swiss method differs materially from those mentioned, in that while a rise of 1.5° 0. is regarded as a reaction and indicative of the existence of tuberculosis, the animal is not considered free from tuberculosis if there is a rise of temperature following the injection of tuberculin exceeding 0.5° 0. and, therefore, the animals that show a rise of between 0.5° and 1.5° C. are considered doubtful. By this method of interpreting the tuberculin test a great many cattle that would be passed as sound or condemned in other countries, are marked doubtful in Switzerland. In Denmark the tendency has been to refrain from fixing a definite standard for reactions. The temperature curve following injection is there compared with the temperature measurements made prior to the injection of tuberculin, and the character of the curve, as well as its altitude is given consideration. A rise of temperature ex- ceeding 40° C. continuing for several hours and occurring within the limits of time during which experience has taught that a reaction may be expected, is sufficient to lead to the condemnation of the animal. If there is doubt as to whether a certain temperature curve is a reaction, the central authorities are conferred with and some- times a retest is made. 143 Eber, of Dresden, in his excellent little book on ^'^e Tuberculin Test and the Suppression of Tuberculosis of Cattle," -has described a method of interpreting tuberculin tests that has given remarkably accurate results in his hands. He divides reactions into four groups and instructs as follows: First. In all cattle with temperatures not exceeding 39.5° 0. be- fore the injection, an elevation of temperature after injection to 40° C. and above, is to be regarded as a reaction. Second. If the highest temperature after injection lies between 39.5° and 40° C. this is to be regarded as a reaction, provided this temperature is at least 1° C. above the highest temperature before injection. T^ird. Doubtful reactions are those in which the highest tempera- ture following injection lies between 39.5° and 40° 0. and is from 0.5° C. to not more than 1° C above the highest temperature, before injection. Fourth. T^Tiere the temperature after injection does not exceed 39.5° C, or if it exceeds 39.5° C. but is not more than 0.5° 0. above the original temperature, the animal may be regarded as free from tu- berculosis. Eber reports 78 reacting animals that were judged according to this method and were slaughtered. In each case the lesions of tu- berculosis were found. Ten that did not react were killed and found to be free from tuberculosis. In two animals the result of the test was doubtful. One of these showed well marked symptoms of tuber- culosis during life and lesions of tuberculosis were found, as expected, upon post-mortem examination. The other animal did not present symptoms of tuberculosis and upon slaughter no lesions of tuber- culosis were found. In testing 571 cattle, of which 439 reacted and 118 did not react, only 14, or 2-J per cent., had temperature curves that could not be classified as reaction or no reaction and had to be regarded as doubtful according to the third part of the scheme. One of the advantages of Eber's method as compared with the offi- cial English, Prussian and French methods, lies in the fact that many cases of very advanced tuberculosis do not respond to the tuberculin test and thus with a rigid standard, some of the worst cases of tu- berculosis might be passed as sound. It should be stated, how- ever, that McFadyean calls attention to the fact that the test is not reliable in the last stages of the disease, or in those in which the temperature is above 103° F. before injection. Hutyra has recently published a system that he has developed for interpreting the result of the test. He says: "Every animal is to be regarded as tubercular (a), when the temperature after injection rises, in a way that is typical of reaction, 1.5° 0. or more above the temperature before injection, or to above 40° 0. and at least 0.5° C, 144 and (b) when tlie temperature rises from 1° C. to 1.4° 0. and there is an organic reaction. The organic reaction is expressed by muscular tremors. "On the other hand, there is no reason to regard an animal as tu- bercular if the temperature rise does not exceed 1.4° 0. nor the abso- lute temperature does not exceed 39.5° C, if there is no organic re- action, and if no evidence of tuberculosis is revealed by a systematic physical examination." In Pennsylvania, we do not have an inflexible method of inter- preting the tuberculin test. In general, however, a rise of 1.5° F. or more above the previously established normal, and to above 103° F., within from eight to sixteen hours after the administration of tuberculin, and the continuance of this elevation for at least three hours, is looked upon as a reaction when no cause of fever is evident except the injected tuberculin and where all of the necessary precau- tions have been observed. In averaging the results of 700 positive tests, it is found that tht usual time for the maximum reaction is 14 hours after injection of tuberculin, and the average rise is 4.1° F. above the previously estab- lished normal. In addition to the reaction as indicated by the rise of temperature, some authors have called attention to, a swelling at the point of injection which they regard as of diagnostic importance. It is some- times observed that a hot, painful swelling appears about twelve hours after injection and continues for one day. It is not believed, however, that this swelling, which is by no means constant, is of diagnostic significance, because in many tests of herds it is not seen at all and it sometimes occurs in cattle that do not respond to tuber- culin by rise of temperature. Indeed, it is highly probable that this swelling, if it is large, is usually due to uncleanliness on the part of the operator and to imperfect sterilization of the syringe. The beginning of the reaction is sometimes marked by a chill in which the coat rises, the animal stands in a contracted position and exhibits some trembling of the superficial muscles. Where the chill is marked, the reaction is characterized by a great rise of tempera- ture. Chills are not common. Some cows undergoing the tuber- culin test develop more or less well marked diarrhoea, accompanied, usually, by loss of appetite. It has been shown in a number of cases that this manifestation is accompanied by well marked lesions in the abdominal cavity. The effect of tuberculin on the fiow of milk is Immaterial, if there is no reaction. In the last test of the herd belonging to the Pennsyl- vania State College Experiment Station, 27 cows were giving milk and all of them were found to be free from tuberculosis. The shrink- age was less than 1 per cent, and this was ascribed to the fact that 145 the cofrs were disturbed during the night when their temperatures were taken. This shrinkage was less than the norinal variation on some days. The proportion of butter fat was unchanged. Where cows are tubercular and respond actively to the test, there is a greater influence on milk production. Sometimes, when the temperature is high, the shrinkage amounts to 15 or even 20 per cent., but the normal flow is re-established in two or three days. The actual lesions of tuberculosis are surrounded by a hyperaemic zone during the period of reaction. The effect of Tvherculin on healthy cattle. — It is explained in an- other part of this bulletin that tuberculin is a sterile fluid holding certain substances in solution. It cannot cause tuberculosis. The question as to whether repeated injections of tuberculin may injure an animal has been settled by the researches of Law (Bulletin on the Effect of Tuberculin on Healthy Cows, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station), who has shown that healthy ani- mals are not injured by repeated injections of this agent. The re- ports of the numerous herd owners that are contained in the Appen- dix to Chapter X are further proof in this direction. The largest and best herds in Pennsylvania have been tested. It is not claimed by a single one of these reporters that his cattle have been injured by tuberculin and there are numerous reports to the effect that the cows have done better since the test than ever before. In Pittsburg about 8,000 cows have been tested at the stock yards since January, 1898. Most of these cows were advanced in preg- nancy or had freshly calved. Some of them calved during the time that the test was being made. None of these cows was injured by the test. Indeed they do better; they calve and clean better and milk better than before, but this is probably due to the fact that they now have more attention. At any rate, there is in Pittsburg no room or inclination to ascribe any unfavorable results to the test. Herds that were tested six or seven years ago and have been re- tested at intervals, are sound and thrifty to-day. In the two largest dairy herds in the East (each one has about 600 cows) all cows pur- chased are tested before they are added to the herds. This practice has been going on for several years. There is not one case in either herd in which it appears that a single animal has been injured in the least. In Pennsylvania, the greatest number of tests are voluntarily ap- plied for in parts of the State, where the greatest number have al- ready been made ; that is, where the effects of tuberculin are best un- derstood. This would not be possible if tuberculin were in any way injurious. Numerous agricultural experiment station herds have been tested 10 146 with' tuberculin, notably that at the Pennsylvania State College where the first test was made in June and July, 1892. Since that time the cattle have been tested three times and have been under very close observation and there is no reason to suspect that the slightest injury has resulted from testing them. The herd is in fine condition and quite free from tuberculosis at this time, as it has been ever since the first test. The effect of tuberculin on tubercular cattle. — It was once feared that tuberculin might cause chronic lesions to blaze into activity. At the International Veterinary Congress held in Berne in 1895, this opinion was advanced by Hess. The subject was then thoroughly discussed by Bang, Nocard, Hutyra, Malm, Siedam- grotzky and others, viith the result that Hess' view was not sus- tained. In Pennsylvania, reacting cattle have not been kept alive for a very long time, usually not more than a few days. In a few cases several weeks, but in no instance has it been observed that the disease was stimulated into acute activity. Nocard reports that under 3,500 tests, he has observed but three in which he was able to discover any indication that the disease (in an already diseased animal) followed a more rapid course as a result of the use of tuber- culin. In Denmark, thousands and thousands of cattle have been tested and have been kept alive, some of them for years. It has not been observed there that the disease follows a more rapid course after the injection of tuberculin. There is ample justification for the statement that such an effect need not be feared. Indeed, there are numerous observations, some of them made at the Veterinary De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania, and others based upon experiments conducted under the auspices of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, which show that in many cases the disease is actually retarded by the use of tuberculin and that tuberculin in some cases has a certain remedial effect. Precautions.. — In testing cattle there are numerous precautions to observe. If these are disregarded the test will result in disappoint- ment. Some of these requirements are noted in the instructions for making the tuberculin test that are given above, the most important of them are: Eeliable tuberculin, sterile syringe, accurate thermom- eter, avoidance of conditions that will excite the animals under test, absence of febrile condition and accuracy of temperature measure- ments. To these must be added a very careful physical examina- tion, because, as has been stated elsewhere, animals that are exten- sively diseased with tuberculosis and to such an extent that it is re- vealed by physical examination do not always respond to the tuber- culin test. This is probably because they have developed a resist- ance to the action of tuberculin through the continued action of the products of the tubercle bacilli in their bodies. Their resistance is 147 comparable to the resistance that is occasionally observed when re- testing animals that have been subjected to the tuberculin test one or more times. It was formerly supposed that cows heavy with calf are not suit- able subjects for the test, and it was further believed that some preg- nant cows that were not tubercular would respond to the tuberculin test on account of their delicate condition. During the past three years about 50,000 dairy cows coming into Pennsylvania from other states have been tested and reported upon to the State Veterinarian. Many of these cows are "springers" and due to calve within a few weeks or a few days after the test. Others are fresh cows. Several hundred of them have calved during the time that the test was being made. It has not been observed in any of these cases that there is an increased sensitiveness to tuberculin. Indeed, only a small percentage of them has reacted at all. This view is supported by the Danish observations and by the statement of Eber, who says that he has tested cows that have calved within twenty-four hours of the injection of the tuberculin, that the tuberculin has not injured the cow or the calf and his belief is that "advanced gestation of an animal to be tested with normal conditions otherwise, does not constitute an obstacle to the tuberculin test. It is only when the tempera- ture materially fexceeds 39 . 5° C, or when there is dyspnoea on ac- count of pregnancy that the test should be deferred until the tem- perature falls to normal or parturition occurs." Accuracy of Tuberculin. — As to the value of the tuberculin test from the standpoint of accuracy, it is instructive to compare the results obtained by it with those obtained from physical examina- tion made by those who are most expert in this work. We then ap- preciate its immeasurable superiority and high value. It has never been claimed, and is not now claimed, that tuberculin is' infallible. Some conditions over which we have no control and some conditions that are not as yet fully understood, operate against it. In 1899, Voges gathered all published statistics showing tuberculin tests that had been controlled by post-mortem examination. He found that of 7,327 animals that had been tested and subsequently examined post-mortem, wrong diagnoses were made in 204; that is, in 2.78 per cent. This is a distinct improvement over the statistics that were published by Eber in February, 1892, in which it was shown that inaccurate results were obtained in about 13 per cent, of all cases. As experience with tuberculin accumulates, still better re- sults will, no doubt, be obtained. In the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, covering about 4,400 post-mortem examinations of reacting cattle, the lesions of tuberculosis have been found in all but eight animals that have reacted in a way that was deemed characteristic. We are not, how- 148 ever, justified in saying that tubercular lesions did not exist in these animals because every portion of the carcass could not be examined. It can only be said that they were not found. As to the number of failures that have been made on the other side, that is, the number of tubercular cows that have not re- sponded to the tuberculin test, v^e have no accurate data because very few of them are killed until after a long time and even of these very few are subjected to post-mortem examination. There is proof, however, that a variable, but small percentage of tubercular cattle fail to react. It is for this reason that badly in- fected herds should be retested and is advised in another place. In Europe a great many tested cattle have been killed and the opinion there, as expressed by the Sixth International Veterinary Congress (1895), is as follows: "Tuberculin is a very valuable diagnostic agent and can be of the greatest value in combatting tuberculosis. There is no reason to refrain from the use of tuberculin through fear that it will hasten the development of existing disease." At the Seventh Congress held in Baden-Baden in 1899, it was resolved, * * * "The best means thus far discovered for the prevention of tubercu- losis is tuberculin." A committee of the Royal Agricultural Society of England has recently studied this question in a most careful way and has con- ducted a number of investigations to secure further facts to aid in elucidating it. the report of this committee (December, 1900,) ends with the following words: "Even when full account is taken of these possibilities of error, the committee are of opinion that tuber- culin is an agent of great value, far surpassing all other methods of diagnosis, and that, if properly employed, it is calculated to render immense service in dealing with tuberculosis." No one doubts that tuberculin furnishes incomparably the best means of diagnosing tuberculosis of cattle and, therefore, it fur- nishes the best means for separating cattle that are tubercular from those that are healthy. It is always necessary, however, to use the test skilfully and to supplement it by careful physical exam- ination. 149 CHAPTER IX. THE PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE. SUMMARY. IT IS OF HIGH IMPORTANCE TO THE WELFARE OF THE LIVE STOCK OWNERS AND TO THE CONSUMERS OF MILK THAT TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE SHALL BE SUPPRESSED. WHETHER THIS MATTER IS OF MORE IMPORTANCE TO AGRICULTURE THAN IT IS IN THE CAUSE OP PUBLIC HEALTH, DEPENDS UPON WHETHER THE PUBLIC IS AL- READY PROTECTED BY EFFICIENT MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. THE VARIOUS MEASURES THAT MAY BE APPLIED BY CATTLE OWNERS TO RID HERDS OF TUBERCULOSIS MAY BE CLASSED UNDER FOUR HEADS, AS FOLLOWS: 1. THE SUPPRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS BY IMPROVED AND SALU- BRIOUS CONDITIONS OP LIFE. THAT IS, THE SUPPRESSION BY GOOD SANITARY CONDITIONS ALONE. UNPORTITNATELY, AS MANY MEN HAVE FOUND TO THEIR SORROW, NO STABLING CONDITIONS CAN BE GOOD ENOUGH TO ENTIRELY PREVENT THE SPREAD OP TUBERCU- LOSIS IN AN INFECTED HERD. TUBERCULOSIS WILL SPREAD, AL- THOUGH LESS RAPIDLY THAN UNDER WORSE CONDITIONS, IN THE BEST CONSTRUCTED AND APPOINTED STABLE, AMONG ANIMALS CARED FOR IN THE BEST WAY, IF PART OF THEM ARE TUBERCULAR. THIS METHOD OF SUPPRESSION IS RECOMMENDED BY PEOPLE WHO HAVE LITTLE PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF TUBERCULOSIS; IT IS NOT PRACTICABLE IN THE EAST NOR FOR DAIRY FARMERS— NOR IS IT SAFE TO RELY UPON IT ANYWHERE. 2. THE SUPPRESSION OP TUBERCULOSIS BY GOOD SANITARY CONDI- TIONS, ACCOMPANIED BY REMOVAL PROM THE HERD OF ALL ANIJIAI,S PRESENTING PHYSICAL SIGNS OP DISEASE. THIS METHOD NECESSITATES GOOD STABLING CONDITIONS, GOOD CARE AND FRE- QUENT INSPECTION BY A SKILLED VETERINARIAN FOR THE PURPOSE OP REMOVING ANY ANIMALS THAT SHOW THE: EARLIEST SIGNS OP TUBERCULOSIS. BY THIS METHOD EVERY ANIMAL THAT DEVELOPS TUBERCULOSIS TO A CERTAIN DEGREE, WILL BE REMOVED. HENCE, EVERY INFECTED ANIMAL THAT IS IN THE HERD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE APPLICATION OP THIS METHOD OF SUPPRESSION, WILL, IN TIME, BE REMOVED; BUT THERE WILL ALWAYS BE CASES AD- VANCED ENOUGH TO SPREAD SOME DISEASE AND, IN MOST IN- STANCES, TUBERCULOSIS CANNOT BE WHOLLY ERADICATED FROM A HERD BY THIS METHOD. THIS METHOD IS SUCCESSFUL WHEN THE STABLING AND SANITARY CONDITIONS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD AND WHERE THE SERVICES OP AN ESPECIALLY SKILLFUL VETER- INARIAN ARE FREELY AVAILABLE. SO LONG AS THIS METHOD WAS RELIED ON, TUBERCULOSIS SPREAD RAPIDLY IN ALL PARTS OP THE WORLD THAT IT HAD REACHED. 150 3. THE SUPPRESSION OF TUBBKCX'LOSIS BY THE REMOVAL OF TU- BERCULAR ANIMALS AS DETECTED BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND BY THE TUBERCULIN TEST. BY THIS METHOD ALL ANIMALS WITH TUBERCULOSIS CAN BE REMOVED FROM CONTACT WITH HEALTHY ANIMALS AND THE PROGRESS OF DISEASE CAN BE CHECKED COM- PLETELY AND QUICKLY. IT IS THIS METHOD THAT IS GENERALLY FOLLOWED IN THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF EUROPE AND IN DIF- FERENT STATES OF THIS COUNTRY WHERE SUCCESSFUL WORK IS BEING ACCOMPLISHED. THE REMOVAL OF THE TUBERCULAR CATTLE IS FOLLOWED BY DISINFECTION AND IMPROVED SANITA- TION. THE BANG OR DANISH SYSTEM COMES UNDER THIS HEADING AND SO DOES THE PENNSYLANIA PLAN. 4. THE SUPPRESSION OF TUBERCULOSIS BY QUARANTINING IN- FECTED AND EXPOSED CATTLE AND BY REARING THEIR PROGBNCY AS A SEPARATE HERD. THIS METHOD MAKES IT NECESSARY TO RE- GARD AND TREAT ALL OF THE OLDER CATTLE OF AN INFECTED HERD AS THOUGH THEY WERE TUBERCULAR. THESB: cattle are kept apart prom other cattle. THE YOUNG ANIMALS IN THE HERD ARE TESTED AND ALL THAT ARE TUBERCULAR ARE PLApSD WITH THE OLDER CATTLE WHILE THOSE THAT ARE SOUND ARE' KEPT IN A SEPARATE PLACE, AWAY FROM THE QUARANTINED HERD AND AWAY FROM THE POSSIBILITYOF IN- FECTION BY THEM. THE CALVES BORN OF THE COWS IN THE QUAR- ANTINED HERD ARE TO BE REMOVED AT ONCE AFTER BIRTH AND ^ FED ON MILK FROM HEALTHY COWS OR ON HEATED MILK FROM SUS- PECTED COWS. IN THIS WAY A NEfW SOUND HERD IS GROWN TO TAKE THE PLACE OF THE OLD HERD "WHICH WILL IN TIME DIE OFF, AND TUBERCULOSIS WITH IT. "OWNERS OP CATTLE OUGHT TO PREVENT THE CONTAMINATION OP CALVES AND OTHER ANIMALS STILL HEALTHY."— BANG. THE PUBLIC MEASURES TO SUPPRESS TUBERCULOSIS ARE (1) COM- PULSORY, (2) VOLUNTARY AND (3) PARTLY COMPULSORY AND PART- LY VOLUNTARY. THE METHODS THAT DEPEND LARGELY UPON THE CO-OPERATION OF THE HERD OWNER ARE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL. Importcmce. — The imijortance of suppressing tuberculosis of cattle is very great, both on account of the losses that are occasioned by this disease and because it constitutes a constant menace to the public health. The measures that have been directed against tuberculosis of cattle in different parts of the world have been based upon one or both of these grounds. In some places one reason is the more important, in other places the other. For example, in Germany where it is the almost universal practice to heat or boil milk before using it and where practically all of the slaughter houses are subject to veterinary control and dangerous meat is not permitted to reach the market, the public is subjected to little risk on account of the prevalence 151 of tuberculosis. among cattle; so that in that country, with its well developed sanitary cordon to protect consumers from injury by the products of tubercular animals, this subject is almost purely agricul- tural. In England, on the other hand, where meat inspection is in its infancy and is practiced efficiently in but few places, tuberculosis of cattle, as is shown by the reports of the two Royal Commissioners on Tuberculosis, is of much importance in relation to the public health. In most places in this country, the importance of the disease is two-fold, although in Massachusetts, in part of Minnesota, in the Dis- trict of Columbia, and in some other places where meat inspection and dairy inspection are practiced, these inspections serve to re- move most of the jeopardy to which the public is exposed in other places where tuberculosis prevails extensively am'ong cattle. In Pennsylvania there is no meat inspection at slaughter houses outside of Philadelphia and it is not complete in that city. A num- ber of towns require milk producers to exhibit certificates show- ing that their herds are free from tuberculosis and in these localities the losses caused by tuberculosis of cattle are principally agricul- tural. In other places the question of public health is involved. Whatever barriers may be erected to protect the public from tu- berculosis in meat and in milk, there can be no doubt that the most efficient protection and, in the end, the cheapest, may be obtained by suppressing the disease in herds. MEASURES THAT MAY BE APPLIED BY CATTLE OWNERS TO RID HERDS OP TUBERCULOSIS. Without the most thorough system of sanitary police as applied to domestic animals and the enforcement of rigorous and arbitrary methods, all of which would cost enormous sums of money and be exceedingly obnoxious to herd owners, tuberculosis cannot be eradi- cated from infected herds by State oflftcers, if they fail to secure the co-operation of the herd owners themselves. In other words, if tuberculosis is to be suppressed without too much expense, either to the State or to the owner of the cattle and without the use of burden- some measures, it must be done by co-operation of the farmers and the agents of the Commonwealth. First of all, general principles to be observed in suppressing tuber- culosis should be established. Then, measures based upon these principles should be formulated and herd owners should be assisted in enforcing them. The jnethods that have been suggested or em- ployed for the eradication of tuberculosis from infected herds are considered in the following parts of this chapter. These are re- garded first from the standpoint of the herd owner and afterwards 152 from that of the State. The methods that have been tried will be mentioned separately and some of the general measures that must enter into each of them will be discussed. The following are the principal methods that have been suggested or employed for suppressing tuberculosis in herds: 1. The suppression of Tuberculosis iy improved and salubrious conditions of life. By this method I refer to the suppression of tuberculosis by good sanitary conditions alone. If an infected herd can be kept under such very good conditions that the progress of the disease is not so rapid as the natural increase of the herd, tuberculosis may, in time, die out. For example: If 15 per cent, of the members of a herd of 100 cattle are afflicted with tuberculosis and the conditions of life are so good that it spreads to but 15 per cent, of the unifected animals each year, and the herd is changed each year by the addition to it and removal from it of 40 per cent, of its number, it will be seen that the healthy animals are increasing at a more rapid rate than the tu- bercular ones, so that, at length, the disease will disappear. The employment of the methods of care and management that are known to restrict the spread of tuberdulosis in the herd, by. prevent- ing the distribution and accumulation of infectious germs in the Stable and by placing cattle in a comparatively resistant condition, will do much to check the progress of this disease. Indeed, some writers have gone so far as to intimate, or claim, that tu'berculosis can be controlled sufficiently by the use of sanitary precautions alone. These claims are, however, in direct opposition to the results of careful observation that have been made by competent observers in nearly all of the civilized countries of the world. It is certain that tuberculosis cannot be eradicated solely by any conditions of stable management, feeding or care that can be generally practiced upon dairy herds, so long as tubercular cattle are permitted to associate or remain in the stable with those that are healthy.* Tuberculosis may spread, although usually slowly, among cattle at pasture. (See page 40.) It has, in many instances, been found to be very prevalent in stables of the best construction and among cattle cared for in a very much better way than is generally possible. While it is true that the rate of progress may be retarded by de- sirable conditions, these conditions cannot, in general farm practice, be good enough to retard the progress of tuberculosis to such an ex- tent as to cause it to disappear from the herd. This, however, is no argument against good conditions. These should, in all cases, be as •See account of experiment conducted by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, in which tubercular and healthy cattle were kept in a sanitary stable under the best possible care. Pub- lished as a separate Bulletin, No. 74, 153 good as they can be made and dairymen will derive numerous ad- vantages from whatever improved sanitary conditions they may adopt; but it is too much to expect such conditions to lead to the eradication of tuberculosis from an infected herd. To suppress tuberculosis by this method requires almost con- tinuous out-door life in a favorable climate. This is possible, and is practiced with beef cattle and upon ranches and large farms of the west; it carmot be practiced with dairy cattle in Pennsylvania. 2. The suppression of Tuberculosis hy good sanita/ry conditions, accompanied Tyy the removal from the herd of all animals presenting physical signs of disease. This method of suppression implies the maintenance of a herd under the best sanitary conditions that are in harmony with the pur- pose for which the herd is kept and the immediate removal of all animals showing symptoms of tuberculosis. In the case of the dairy herd, it means that it must be kept in thoroughly clean, light, well ventilated and comfortable stables. Each cow must be provided with her own stall and individual watering place. The cattle are to be fed in such a way as to keep them in good condition and impart to them the greatest possible vigor. It is necessary to allow plenty of exercise out of doors, to groom them, to disinfect the stable at regular and frequent intervals. Moreover, it is necessary for the herd to be subjected to frequent physical examination and for the owner to submit to the instant removal of every animal presenting symptoms of tuberculosis. The success of this method is in proportion to the value and ap- propriateness of the sanitary conditions to which the animals are subjected and the thoroughness and skill with which they are ex- amined by the veterinarian. Where the conditions of stable and of herd management are ideal and a careful physical examination is made at short intervals by a veterinarian of large experience and skill, it is possible, in time, to suppress tuberculosis in a herd by this method. This has been demonstrated by Professor Law at Cornell University and at Ovid, New York. At the same time, this is not a practical method of suppression for general application because, in the first place, the general herd conditions are not good enough and, secondly, the vast amount of expert care that is required is not generally available. It should be observed that under this method the herd owner is obliged to lose the tubercular cows that are in his herd at the begin- ning of the enforcement of measures for suppression and, in addition, he will lose the cattle that are contaminated by them, so that the total losses will be considerably greater than in the case where all of the tubercular cattle are taken out of the herd at one time. In this 154 case, instead of paying a ransom to tuberculosis in a lunap sum and re- ceiving a quit-claim, tribute is paid in instalments and__witli interest. This method of suppressing tuberculosis is the one upon which dependence was placed prior to the invention of the tuberculin test. It was enforced in many places with extreme care and under condi- tions that seemed to be excellent, but without satisfactory results. The inefBciency of this method for general application is shown clearly by the fact that so long as it was relied upon, tuberculosis of cattle increased in all parts of the world that it had reached, and at a rapid rate. 3. The suppression of Tvhm^culosis hy the removal of tvhercular animals as detected iy physical examination mid the tuberculin test. This method of suppression is the one that is now most extensively employed by the government of Europe and it is upon this method, also, that nearly all of the public work directed against the suppres- sion of tuberculosis in the United States is based. It has been shown that it is not possible by means of physical examination to detect any but advanced eases of tuberculosis, and only a fraction of these. None of the early cases nor those that are advanced but do not show physical symptoms, are revealed by physical examination, and these continue to sow the seeds of disease. By testing herds with tuber- culin and examining them physically at the same time, the diseased animals can usually be isolated from those that are sound and then, if the sound cattle are kept away from distributors of tubercle bacilli, they remain healthy. Thorough disinfection of premises occupied by tubercular cattle before they are used for the shelter of healthy cattle, is a necessary part of this method. It is by this plan that the prevalence of tuberculosis in Den- mark has been reduced from 40 to 23.9 per cent., and it is also under it that the results in Pennsylvania have been obtained. This is the method by which tuberculosis has been completely eradicated from a vast number of badly infected herds in every state and coun- try. It is the only method of suppression yet tried on a large scale in different parts of the world, with encouraging results. The principle of this method is exceedingly simple: The herd is tested with tuberculin ; it is then divided into two parts, the reacting section and the sound section. These two sections are kept entirely apart. The reacting cows may be killed or not, according to the local conditions or regulations under which the method is practiced, but at all events they are kept entirely apart from the cattle that are sonnd. The sound cattle are then re-tested, if the infection in 155 the herd is extensive, after an interval of from six months to a year, and they may be tested again or not, depending on the result of this test. The efficiency of this plan depends, first, upon the accuracy with which tuberculin points out the existence of tuberculosis in infected animals, and, second, upon the thoroughness of isolation. If tuberculin were an infallible diagnostic, this method would be more valuable than it is. Tuberculin cannot be depended upon in every case; but increased experience with it is leading to increased accuracy, and as greater accuracy in diagnosis is attained, the value of this method is increased in the same proportion. Since the latest authentic statistics on the use of tuberculin show that it leads to accurate results in from 97 to 98 per cent, of the animals tested with it, and since not more than 20 per cent, of the tubercular cattle in a herd can be picked out by physical examination, it will be seen that in one case the proportion of error is about 2^ per cent., whereas in the other case it is about 80 per cent. As to the second point — the thoroughness with which the tuber- cular cattle are isolated — this is an exceedingly important matter asi it is the practice of keeping tubercular animals alive. If pos- sible, they should be kept in separate buildings and cared for by separate attendants. If this cannot be done, a tight and solid par- tition should separate the tubercular from the healthy animals and there should be no internal communication between these apart- ments. The calves from the reacting cattle, with the exception of a few (about 3 per cent.), that are born tubercular, can be reared and will develop healthy animals if they are protected from contamination. These calves must be removed from the dams not later than the second day after they are dropped, and fed on milk that has been pasteurized or on milk from non-reacting cows. When they are a few months old and before they mingle with the general herd, they should be tested to positively establish their freedom from tubercu- losis. In this way, the healthy section is increased as the reacting and tubercular section diminishes until, finally, only healthy cows re- main. To properly execute this method after the Danish system, by keep- ing and using the reacting cattle, requires labor and care. In Penn- sylvania, herd owners usually prefer to avoid this extra effort by promptly slaughtering the reacting animals. ]j.. The suppression of Tuberculosis hy qiuircmfining infected and ex- posed cattle and ly rearing their progemj as a separate herd. Under this method tuberculosis is suppressed by a passive rather than by an active process. The disease is not stamped out; it is allowed to die out. 156 When this system is practiced, the older cattle in. infected herds are not tested at all. All of them being regarded as infected or sus- pected. They may be examined physically and the clinical or visible cases removed. The young cattle, however, are tested with tuber- culin, and those that respond, or are doubtful in any way, are placed with the older cattle, all of which are treated as infected animals. The non-reacting young cattle are kept in a separate herd, maintained in separate enclosures and stables. The calves are removed from the cows soon after birth and are fed only sterilized milk. These calves are tested when they are three or four inonths old and if they do not react they are placed with the healthy young cattle. If they do react, they are killed. In this way, a new herd of young cattl-e is developed and the old herd is allowed to gradually expire. This plan is, no doubt, an eflScient one and has yielded satisfactory results in a few cases. With a few modifications it can be carried out by the herd owner with little immediate loss. If the owner of an infected herd wishes to apply this method for the relief of his own cattle, he should start by removing all calves from their dams as soon as dropped or not later than the second day. These calves should be fed upon sterilized milk and kept en- tirely apart from the rest of the herd in untainted quarters. Indeed, the greater the distance that separates them the better, and they should be cared for by an attendant who has nothing to do with the infected animals. As calves accumulate and mature, the nucleus of a young herd is formed. Nothing is added to the old herd and it will in time die out, while the young herd will increase and, at length, supplant the original herd. Before the new herd of young cattle is placed in premises occupied by the old herd, these premises must be disinfected with the greatest thoroughness and painstaking care. If the herd owner practices this method he should accompany it by the removal from the old herd of all cows that have nodulated or indurated udders a chronic cough or diarrhoea, those that discharge from the vagina and those that become thin while feeding well. The other cows will probably give birth to healthy calves and if the calves are removed without delay and fed on milk that has been heated to 185° F. for ten minutes they will remain sound. Of course, the public health side of this question must not be lost sight of. If the milk from the old herd is used, it should be heated or the cows subjected to frequent careful veterinary examinations (special attention being devoted to the udders), and their milk to frequent bacteriological tests. In the second chapter of this report, attention is called to the general conditions that facilitate the spread of tuberculosis in herds 157 and in individuals. The avoidance of tlie conditions that are fa- vorable to the dissemination and progress of tuberculosis must de- pend largely upon the voluntary acts of the owners of cattle. As Prof. Bang has said, owners of cattle ought to prevent the contami- ination of calves and other animals still healthy. PUBWC MEASURES TO SUPPRE^SS TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTlvE. It appears desirable to preface the discussion of public measures to suppress tuberculosis of cattle by a very brief history of veterinary sanitation. This subject is of such recent development in this country that an introduction may not be out of place. "In the eighteenth century contagious diseases of animals prevailed extensively throughout Europe, causing famine and ruin. Veterinary sanitary science was called into being to check the distress resulting from this condition. The first step was to organize, formulate and distribute the knowledge applicable to the sup- pression of animal diseases that was already available; the next step was to gain more know- ledge by experience and research. This work was assigned to the institutions founded chiefly for this purpose and known as veterinary schools. The first of these schools was established in France in 1762 and this example was quickly followed by every civilized country in Europe. Effective systems for the control of the diseases of animals have been developed only since these schools have been in operation. During the present century, rinderpest has been crowded out of Europe by the well planned vieterinairy operations directed against it. The distress caused by this single disease can scarcely be appreciated in the present day, although we may gather an Idea from Its recent ravages in South Africa. In that country it brought large agricultural sections to a condi- tion of unproductivity; it cut off their means of communicating with the outer world and these and other hardships from the same cause led some of the , native tribes to rebellion. From 1740 to 1750, England lost 3,000,000 cattle from this disease. From 1745 to 1753 Denmark lost 2,000,000 cattle. During the sevei^al outbreaks that occurred during the eighteenth century, Germany lost 30,000,000 cattle, and Europe lost more than 100,000.00. Anthrax was at one time distributed over a large proportion of the cultivated area of the earth and frequently extended from animals to man. By investigations of bacteriologists, the cause of anthrax was discovered, veterinary measures were adopted to restrict its spread, and it has thus been checked and deprived of many of its terrors. But a few years ago, contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle imminently threatened the live stock industry of this country. The disease had been imported from E*urope and was carried to a number of States along the Atlantic seaboard and then inland as far as Missouri. Several thousand herds were involved in different parts of the country and at different times, and losses amounting to several millions of dollars occurred. But notwithstanding the im- mense headway that the disease was permitted to acquire, it was completely stamped out by appropriate public measures, and not a case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia has occurred in the United States for seven years. Glanders was formerly an exceedingly prevalent disease among horses and mules. Every horse breeder and horse owner was obliged to exercise the greatest care in order to protect his animals from contam.ination and even with this care, it invaded many of the best farms and stables in the country and numerous cases are recorded in which men contracted this deadly disease from horses in their charge. Active veterinary measures have been directed against glanders for a number of years, and now the disease is almost exterminated in many states. Every stockman will remember the frequent and destructive outbreaks of Texas fever that occurred among the cattle of all the northern states every summer up to a few years ago. Researches conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry in Washington revealed the cause of this disease and its method of transmission. Measures to check the spread of Texas fever based upon these discoveries were formulated and are now enforced with such success that Texas fever is practically an unknown disease among the cattle in northern states— the very districts where it formerly caused enormous losses. These successes could not have been obtained without strenuous and continuous effort on the part of veterinary sanitarians. This work has been checked from time to time until un- bearable conditions developed, when it was again resumed. The history of the operations directed against contagious pleuro-pneumonia in this country, are replete with illustrations of this statement. When Congress was asked to provide an '.ppropriation for the suppression of this disease it was stated by many and this opinion w(Ui voiced by a prominent member from a New England state, that pleuro-pneumonia of cattle was not contagious and, there- fore, the appropriation asked for was not necessary. The Bureau of Animal Industry was then required to conduct experiments to show conclusively that the disease was contagious as claimed and as has been well known to veterinarians for hundreds of years. Before these experiments were completed, while so many were declaring through the public prints that the disease was not dangerous or contagious and that our Immense cattle industry was 158 not imperiled, a distinguished member of tlie veterinary profession offered a large reward for evidence that would show that the claims made by veterinarians in regard to the communica- bility of pleuro-pneumonia, were wrong. It is only necessary to add that the reward was never claimed and that the experiments made by the Bureau of Animal Industry proved the intense virulence of this disease. But objections did not stop at this point. In suppressing pleuro-pneumonia, it was found necessary to restrict the movements of cattle in infected districts, thus interfering temporarily with a small part of the cattle trade, whereupon the in- spectors were assailed most viciously, as "cattle thieves," "pleuro-pneumonia boodlers" and so on. But, in spite of opposition, the work continued and the disease was eradicated in a shorter time and more economically than similar work has been accomplished in any other part of the world." Since so mucli has been accomplislied in the repression or eradi- cation of other widely distributed disastrous diseases of animals, we should be encouraged to expect favorable results in the combat with tuberculosis. The struggle against tuberculosis cannot be said to have com- menced systematically and actively until after the epoch-making dis- covery of the tubercle bacillus by Koch in 1882 and the subsequent acceptance of his proof that the tuberculosis of animals and of man are identical. Since that time, more attention has been devoted each year to this subject and numerous operations against this dis- ease have been planned and some of them have been enforced, with more or less satisfactory results. The public operations directed against tuberculosis may be divided into three general classes : (1) compulsory, (2) voluntary and (3) a com- bination of these two. (i) The compulsory method reached its greatest development in Massachusetts. It was proposed there to test all the cattle in the state with tuberculin. This examination was to commence at the eastern extremity of the state and progress westward. The in- spected area was always to be divided from the uninspected area by a quarantine line extending from north to south. Cattle were not to. be permitted to cross this line into the inspected area until it was shown by the use of tuberculin that they were free from con- tagion. Furthermore, all cattle coming into the state were to be tested with tuberculin and were obliged to pass through certain specified quarantine stations for this examination. The tubercular cattle found in the progress of the work, if they had been in the state for a certain length of time, were appraised at full value, up to the maximum of !if60.00, and killed. Their flesh was destroyed. It was soon found that this plan would involve the expenditure of enormous sums and it was so obnoxious to the owners of cattle that it was abolished by the Legislature after it had been in operation one year. The method that was afterwards followed, consisted in the inspection of all the herds in the state by local inspectors appointed by the different towns. These inspectors reviewed all of the cattle in their district at least twice a year. . Animals that were suspected of tuberculosis were placed in quarantine, subjected if necessary to 159 the tuberculin test by agents of the State Cattle Commission and if condemned, they were appraised and destroyed. Whole herds were tested only upon the application of the owner and upon agreement with him that was planned to insure the permanency of the work. It was not possible, however, to accede to more than a small per- centage of the applications for voluntary inspection, because the major portion of the energy and resources of the Cattle Commission were devoted to the examination of and, compensation for, cattle isolated by the local inspectors. In 1897, it was reported that the prevalence of generalized tuberculosis had been reduced from 32.6 to 3.6 per cent, of all cattle condemned. By this method, only the advanced cases in the herds were detected and removed. The ear- lier (younger) cases were not detected by the physical examination made by the local inspectors and they were therefore permitted to remain in the herd. This system was of benefit in two ways: It was the means of fur- nishing to consumers of milk and dairy products very valuable pro- tection by removing from dairies many cattle that were dangerous to public health; it was also of advantage to herd owners in that it relieved them of the losses that they would sustain from tuberculosis, if their badly diseased animals were not appraised and taken in charge by the Commonwealth. For the owners, it was, in effect, a free insurance system whereby they were protected from loss from tuberculosis. But this system was of less value in respect to eradi- cating the disease in herds. It is true that it was the means of re- moving the advanced and most dangerous cases, but the cases of less development were allowed to continue, and experience teaches that these furnish a potent means of spreading contagion, and are sufficient to propagate the disease indefinitely. At the 1897-1898 ses- sion of the Massachusetts Legislature, no appropriation was made to the Cattle Commission for payment for cattle condemned by local inspectors, so that for a time local inspections served to protect pub- lic health at local expense and the expense of the dairymen. This plan did not prove satisfactory, so the next Legislature (1899) appro- priated 175,000.00 for the purpose of the Cattle Commission, to be used principally in paying for cattle condemned by local inspectors. The radical system originally proposed in Massachusetts for the ex- amination of all of the cattle in the state and the stamping out of tuberculosis has not been attempted in any other part of the world. The method that resembles it most closely is the one adopted experi- mentally by Belgium in 1895 and continued for nearly two years, when it was found necessary to use a less expensive plan. In Belgium^ it was provided that all herds in which tubercular cattle were found by clinical examination or by meat inspectors, should be tested with tuberculin. The reacting animals showing 160 clinical signs of tuberculosis, were obliged to be killed. The reacting cattle not showing clinical signs of tuberculosis, could be retained, although it was necessary to keep them entirely apart from the non- reacting portion of the herd. Up to the close of 1896, 19,000 cattle had been tested with tuberculin; of these 9,289 presented character- istic reactions, 48.88 per cent., or nearly one-half of the whole. 3,494 of these reacting animals were killed at once and the owners were permitted to keep the others alive under the requirements prescribed. The animals that were killed were taken to slaughter houses and killed under inspection. When the meat was seized as unfit for food, seven-tenths of the value of the meat was allowed the owner by the State. One-fourth of the value of the animal was allowed in all cases where slaughter was required. The indemni- ties allowed under this law amoiinted in one year to 721,584 francs. The present arrangement is based upon a regulation bearing date of August 10, 1897. This provides for the immediate killing of all animals that are clinically tubercular. From t).25 to 0.70 of the value is allowed in such cases, dependent upon whether the cattle are for the dairy or for breeding. (^ aTid 3) Voluntary measures directed against tuberculosis are fol- lowed in most of the countries of Europe and appear to give the greatest satisfaction to the owners of cattle, and under them sub- stantial progress is being made in the direction of eradicating tuber- culosis. In many instances compuhory features are coupled with systems that are in the main voluntary. In Switserland^the method of control is unique. Herds are tested there upon the owner's reijuest at the expense of the government and the animals that show clinical signs of tuberculosis are destroyed. The other tubercular animals (those that react but do not show clinical signs of tuberculosis), are marked by cutting a triangular piece out of one ear and the owner is permitted to dispose of them gradually and in a way that will cause him the least loss. As this method of marking is generally known, all buyers are warned and practically all of these cattle are killed in slaughter houses subject to veterinary control. In France^ the law provides for the immediate slaughter of cattle that are recognized as tubercular by clinical examination and, further, for the slaughter within one year of cattle condemned by the tuberculin test. The owner receives a partial indemnity in cases in which the flesh is deemed unfit or unsafe for human food. The amount of indemnity is equal to one-half of the value of the meat seized in generalized tuberculosis and to three-fourths of the value of the meat in cases of local tuberculosis. The use of tuberculin is growing in Switzerland and France in all of the cantons and departments, and the statistics show a regular 161 increase in the number of animals tested. All cattle coming into these countries, unless for immediate slaughter, are tested with tu- berculin. In some parts of Germany, the preyalence of tuberculosis is Tery great and the government is making extensive experiments for the purpose of ascertaining the best and the most economical method of procedure. There is so much tuberculosis among German cattle that the magnitude of the problem is staggering. Methods that are being tried in Germany are based upon the recommendations of Bang, Ostertag and Siedamgrotzky. The larger German states are doing a great deal to encourage the voluntary use of tuberculin and volun- tary prophylactic measures. The Prussian Minister of Agriculture has published a pamphlet in which instruction is given as to the nature and the importance of tuberculosis in cattle and a description is furnished as to the method that may be employed to suppress it. The method advised is similar to that of Bang. In all these German states there are official veterinarians who are prepared to advise and assist in this subject; tuberculin is furnished by the government free of charge and monetary assistance is afforded stock owners who will engage to adopt certain approved plans for eradicating disease in their herds. In most of the German states there are regulations requiring the heating of skim and butter milk returned from cream- eries and the destruction of the separator sediment. All cattle coining into the country are tested with tuberculin. All animals killed for food are inspected at the time of slaughter. If the flesh is condemned on account of tuberculosis, no indemnity is allowed. In Denmark, more work has been done in the direction of suppress- ing tuberculosis of cattle and the results achieved are of greater value than in any other part of the world. The importance of this subject is very great in that country since dairying constitutes its leading industry. Under the Danish (the Bang) method, an appro- priation of $27,000 per year is available for the inspection and for partial remuneration for some of the cattle that are condemned. It should be stated that most of this money is for the payment of in- spectors since, under the Danish system, as will be shown later, comparatively few tubercular cattle are destroyed at public expense. The work in Denmark has been going on on a large scale since 1893. The law has been changed and the work is now conducted under the act approved 26th of March, 1898. This law provides for the inspection of herds where owners will agree to observe the con- ditions that are imposed by the authorities having the work in charge. The system, in short, is as follows: Tuberculous herds are tested with tuberculin upon application of the owner of the cattle. After the test, the herd is divided into two parts, the healthy section and 11 162 the reacting or tuberculous section. These herds are, if possible, kept in separate buildings. If this cannot be done, they are kept in separate parts of the same building, a tight partition separating them. The milk from both sections is used by the creameries, but it is the almost universal practice in Denmark to pasteurize the cream preparatory to ripening it for churning, and the law requires that skim milk shall be heated to a point that will kill the tubercle ba- cilli, before it is returned to the farmers to be used for feeding pur- poses. The law further provides that the sediment that remains in the separator shall be burned. The calves from the cows in the reacting sections, are removed from their dams immediately after birth and are reared on the milk of healthy cows or on milk that has been heated. These calves are tested when they are three or four months old and if they do not react, they are permitted t^o enter the sound section of the herd. As a matter of fact, reactions are very rare among these calves. Most of them are born healthy, and, when cared for as directed, they re- main free from tuberculosis. All cows with tuberculosis of the udder, are required to be reported and are killed. Some compensa- tion is allowed for them. The appraisement is equivalent to one- fourth of the meat value of the animal. The other tubercular cattle in the reacting section are killed from time to time in public abattoirs under veterinary control, as the owner wishes to dispose of them. Their flesh is then disposed of in accordance with the recommenda- tion of the inspector. Some of it is seized and destroyed, some of it is sold for food. The law further provides that cattle brought into Denmark from other countries, shall be kept i-n quarantine until they are tested with tuberculin and found to be free from tuberculosis. Up to May, 1898, 224,969 cattle had been tested in 7,898 herds. Of these, 64,707 or 28.8 per cent., reacted to tuberculin. The use of tuberculin is constantly growing and the percentage of tuberculosis in the reacting herds is steadily diminishing, as is shown by the following table giving the percentage of reacting animals among the cattle tested during the years mentioned : Per cent. Until June 1894, 40 June, 1894, to February, 1895, 36.5 February, 1895, to October, 1895, 39.2 October, 1895, to May, 1896, 31.8 May, 1896, to June, 1897, _ 25 .5 June, 1897, to June, 1898, 23.9 163 It will be observed that the prevalence of tuberculosis in 1894 was 40 per cent, and has been reduced in four years to 23.9 per cent. This speaks in the highest terms for the value of the system em- ployed. The following table> gives the number of reacting animals at different ages and at different periods of the work. Calves Under 6 Cattle from 6 to Cattle from 1% Cattle Above 2% Months. 18 Months. to 2^ Tears. Tears. to B bit B 1 'd 5 ■a "5 ■d o -d o cd Oi <^ at ri 1 £ a £ 0) ft 1 F^ . ■M *i 4J ^ ■ u ti u a u a h m 0) a> cu 0) 01 Q) has seen a herd of tubercular cattle alive and has seen them killed and witnessed the alterations produced by the disease, he is willing to admit that an animal can be tubercular to a dangerous degree without showing symptoms. Of course, this same information' can be derived by the examination of animals killed for food. It is not an uncommon thing in large abattoirs to find animals apparently in the pink of condition, containing widespread and extensive lesions of tuberculosis. But this source of information is not generally available. As a striking proof of the value of the information imparted in 197 the manner just indicated, it may be said that the Live Stock Sani- tary Board is applied to for the greatest number of inspections in districts in which the greatest nymber of demonstrations of this kind have been held. As an illustration of this : There is a commu- nity in one of the eastern counties of the State in which there were many farmers who were opposed to any inspections of herds for the purpose of repressing tuberculosis. They did not believe that the disease was prevalent enough to be of economic importance and some of them claimed that it was of little or no importance from the standpoint of public health. Furthermore, they had been preju- diced against the tuberculin test by some of the agricultural papers. No inspections were applied for in this district until, a few months ago, the owner of a herd of twelve cows had lost three of his ani- mals by death from tuberculosis. He thereupon applied for an inspection of the remaining members of his herd, and much to his surprise, all of the animals reacted to the test. It was ar- ranged to have them appraised and killed. The matter excited a great deal of interest in the neighborhood and as many as two hundred farmers came to see the post-mortem examinations. They were so impressed with what they saw that a flood of applica- tions for herd tests came to the Live Stock Sanitary Board from that neighborhood and as the inspections could not be made as rapidly as was desired many cattle owners had their cattle tested at their own expense. This illustrates the fact, that has been reiterated in this report, that the farmers of Pennsylvania want healthy herds. The farmer who knows that his herd is infected with tuberculosis and who does not apply to the State for assist- ance in checking the infection, is the e?:ception. Therefore, what is needed is to bring the facts in regard to tuberculosis to the at- tention of cattle owners and no more effective way of doing this has been devised than to make it possible for them to wit- ness post-mortem examinations on tubercular cattle. Sometimes dairymen do not wish to have their tubercular animals utilized in this public way. They desire the slaughter to be con- ducted privately. Such requests are always observed. Where many animals are to be destroyed and where the facilities are poor, and especially during severe v/eather, it is most convenient to ship con- demned cattle to a fertilizer establishment. The expense of ship- ment is, in this case, taken out by the proprietor of the fertilizer works, of the amount allowed by him for the cattle, and the balance is paid to the owner. Another result of the recognition of the facts in regard to tuber- culosis has been the lessening of the tendency, that was so extremely prevalent, to exaggerate or minimize the facts in regard to this dis- ease. At one time it was extremely difficult to find articles or to 198 hear discussions on this disease in which the dangers were not grossly exaggerated or the importance underestimated. During the period of operation of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 44,801 cattle have been examined and tested with tuberculin at the expense of the State and of these 5,869 have been condemned, destroyed and paid for. The payments have averaged about |23.00 per head. An attempt has always been made to select the most extensively diseased herds for inspection. During the first eighteen months of the work, that is up to June 1, 1897, 9,108 cattle were tested and of these 1,839 were condemned. The percentage of tuberculosis, therefore, was 20.39. From June 1, 1897, to June 1, 1899, 16,687 cattle were examined and 2,116 were condemned, making the percentage of tuberculosis 12.67. The fact should not be lost sight of in this connection that these figures represent the percentage of infection among the most extensively infected herds in Pennsylvania. Since June, 1899, very few herds have been exam- ined where there was not the strongest reason to believe that they were infected, and, indeed, extensively infected, before the inspection was made. At present a good many herds are being examined at the expense of their owners and the tubercular animals are being taken over by the State. (Under the arrangement afforded by appli- cation form 0. See page 184.) At least as many herds have been examined by their owners as have been examined by the State, and only a limited portion of the tubercular cattle found in these herds are appraised and paid for by Ihe State. Some of them are no doubt sold to drovers and disposed of to other farmers where they may have an opportunity to spread disease and others are sold to butchers and turned into food for man. Still others are destroyed by their owners and no compensa- tion is asked for. It should not be inferred that in these inspections made at private expense, anything like as many tubercular cattle are found as in inspections made by the State, because the inspections made privately frequently, if not usually, reveal nearly the entire herd to be free from infection. The applications for herd tests are from three to four times as numerous as the inspections made by the State. Some applications are not accompanied by evidence that tuberculosis exists in the herd; others are accompanied by insufficient evidence. The applications are sifted very carefully; as many inspections are made as can be paid for, and it is the constant endeavor to select for inspection herds that are most likely to contain diseased animals. All of this shbws that knowledge of tuberculosis and the desire to eradicate it from herds, are developing at a rapid rate in Pennsyl- vania. This tendency is seen not only in requests for inspection 199 • but also in improvements in stables, increased care in purchasing additions to herds and by the increase of breeding as opposed to the purchase of dairy cows. An exact censusof tubercular cattle in Pennsylvania has never been made. Therefore, it is impossible to say how much tuberculosis there was in the State and to compare that amount with the undetermined amount that exists at this time. All evidence on this point must be somewhat indirect and circumstantial. There is, however, conclu- sive evidence to the effect that tuberculosis is very much less preva- lent among the cattle of Pennsylvania than it was when the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board started in 1896. For example, nearly all of the worn-out dairy cows from the herds in the vicinity of Philadelphia are shipped to that city for slaughter. These cattle are inspected more or less thoroughly by the city meat inspectors. The inspectors visiting or stationed at the Philadelphia slaughter houses, are impressed by the fact that there is very much less tuberculosis among cows than was the case three or four years ago. The prac- ticing veterinarians of the State are in constant contact with herds and are at all times informed as to the general health of the cattle within their fields of practice. The veterinarians testify almost uni- formly that tuberculosis is gradually but surely being repressed in the herds with which they come in contact. Not one-half as many tubercular cattle are found in the inspections made by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board as at the beginning of its work. Two hundred correspondents report that the average prevalence of tu- berculosis is reduced one-half in four years. In the dairy counties in the northeastern part of the State, where there was at one time considerable tuberculosis, thousands of cattle have been tested during the past two years without finding one per cent, of tubercular animals. It is in these counties that the Live Stock Sanitary Board has done the greatest amount of work, and about 550 tubercular cattle have been removed from them. The increased desire of herd owners to purchase cows known to be free from tuberculosis, is shown by the fact that many breeders of pure bred cattle guarantee the animals they sell to be free from tuberculosis as established by tuberculin test. At the principle auction sales of cattle of the better class in the eastern states, the tuberculin test is required by purchasers. Moreover, many dealers in ordinary dairy cows, find it to their advantage to have them tested with tuberculin so that they may be able to guarantee all cattle they sell to be free from disease. Since it is admitted by all who have carefully studied the sub- ject, that tuberculosis can never be eradicated from herds without the co-operation of herd owners and an earnest desire on their part that the disease shall be suppressed, the fact that the herd owners of 200 J 'cnnsylvania a/re so ea/rnest in this matter constitutes a moSt hope- ful and encouraging sign, amd means that the Aiseane will he sup- pressed. The work that has been and is being done has the effect of not only removing diseased and dangerous animals, but, so far as possible, it insures a permanent result for the money expended and, in addition, it has an educational value that must be looked upon as of great importance. There can be no doubt as to the urgent sanitary grounds for the removal from herds and from the food supply of all cattle afflicted vsrith advanced or udder tuberculosis. But this work alone would continue indefinitely if action were not taken to pre- vent the disease so that these excessively dangerously diseased ani- mals would not be continually produced. Nor would the removal of these animals alone check the economic losses from which the farmer suffers. It is for the purpose of striking at the root of the evil that the other meas.ures desribed above are designed. 201 SUPPLEMENT TO CHAPTER X. Reports from Herd Owners on their Losses from Tubercu- losis AND THE Condition of Inspected Herds. In order to get from herd owners important facts in regard to the condition of herds that were tested some time ago by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, the questions that follow were prepared and sent out to owners whose herds were tested during the years 1896 and 1897. It was considered that reports dating back to that time would be more valuable than reports on herds tested recently. All of the answers that have been received, are printed on the follow- ing pages. It is believed that the information contained in them, is of value as indicating, in some degree, the permanency of the work that has been done and also as throwing light upon the effect of tuber- culin on cattle not tubercular and the care with which the pre- cautions and measures recommended by the State Live Stock Sani- tary Board to prevent the reinfection of herds have been observed. The questions were: 1. When was your herd tested? 2. How many animals did you have at that time? 3. How many were condemned as tubercular? 4. How many cattle have you at present? 5. How many have you lost since the test? 6. Of what disease did they die? 7. What is the condition of the cows in your herd now as compared with their condition before they were tested? 8. What is the milk product of your herd now as compared to the yield before the test? 9. What is the extent of your loss from tuberculosis? 10. What is your opinion as to the extent of the prevalence of tu- berculosis among cattle in your vicinity? 11. Do you know in what manner your herd became infected with tuberculosis? 12. To what extent have your premises been changed and improved since the herd was tested? 202 Thi' uumbers in the answers refer to the number of the questions. (1) 1. December, 1896. 2. About 15. 3. None. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Slightly improved. 9. One cow sum- mer of 1896, worth about |30. 10. I do not know of any. 11. The cow that was infected was bought from a dealer, the balance of the herd were free from disease. (2) 1. February, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. One. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. They are all in good condition. 8. About the same. 9. |47.50. 11. I bought the cow out of a drove. (3) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twenty-five. 3. Fifteen. 4. Twenty-nine. 5. None. 7. Now in thrifty condition, which before they were not. 8. Regular; before it was irregular. 9. Two hundred dollars. 10. That there is a good bit more of it than the owners are aware of. 11. It came in a herd of thoroughbred Guernseys we bought. 12. Thor- oughly cleaned; our stables are sprinkled with slaked lime once a week. (4) 1. March, 1896. 3. Forty-three. 4. None. 9'. Over 75 head. 11. Do not; think from purchase of stock. (5) 1. December, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. One. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. Dry before test, now fresh; they are in ver-y good condition. 8. A great deal better. 9. Twelve hundred dollars; I lost about 30 head at two different times; one year ago I lost 17, four years ago I lost 13; 13 I never got anything for. 10. I think there is a good bit of it. 11. Six years ago I took a farm on halves where tuberculosis existed, although I was in ignorance of this at the time. 12. Have been thoroughly whitewashed and disinfected and try to give plenty of fresh air. (6) 1. 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. Just the same. 9. None lately. 10. Know of none at the present time. 11. Was affected when I bought her. 12. I have renovated my stables. (7) 1. December, 1895. 2. Twelve. 3. Not any. 4. Fourteen. 5. Not any. 7. About the sajue. 8. About the same. 10. To the best of my knowledge there is no tuberculosis in the neighborhood. 11. I dO' not. (8) 1. December, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. Not any. 4. Eleven. 5. One. 6. No disease, strangled in the stall. 7. The same. 8. No difference. 10. I do not know of any cases in this vicinity at present. 11. There was no infection found among them. (9) 1. February 6, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. Four. 4. Seven. 5. Not any. 7. Much better. 8. Much better. 9. |220. 10. A large num- ber have been affected. 11. 1 do not know. (10) 1. October, 1896. 2. Thirty-eight. 3. Nineteen. 4. Thirty- nic. 5. One. 6. Calving. 7. ^"ery good. 8. Much better. 9. 203 $1,495.00. 10. That many would not stand the test. 11. Do not. 12. Barns cleaner and better ventilated. (13) 1. July, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 5. One killed at time of test. 9. One cow. 10. It seems to be on the increase, particularly among thoroughbred or high grade cows, not so much among those that have been shipped into this neighborhood as those raised here. 11. I do not. (14) 1. October, 1896. 2. Seven. 3. Two. 4. Five. 5. None. 8. Cannot tell definitely, but it is fully as good. 9. Three head, one dying from it and twO' condemned and slaughtered. 10. Bather prev- alent. 11. From a cow bought of a fai*mer in Chester county. (15) 1. March, 1897. 2. Five cows. 3. Not any. 4. Three cows, two heifers. 5. Not any. 8. About the same. 10. Jhere have been a number of cattle killed that were affected with tuberculosis. (16) 1. December, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. One. 6 Milk fever. 7. Fair class. 8. Before 12 quarts, after test the same. 9. None. 10. Do not know of any. 11. Do not know.- (17) 1. January, 18197. 2. Thirty. 3. Nine. 5. One. 6. Inflamma- tion following abortion. 7. Somewhat better. 8. We have more cows and more milk. 9. A great deal. 10. I do not hear of many lately; I thint there is less of it. 11. From a cow that a tenant brought here. 12. We did everything we could to clean away every- thing of the disease. (18) 1. Fall of 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. Two. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. Somewhat better. 8. About the same. 9. $260. 10. They seem healthy as far as I know. 11. I do not. 12. Keep premises cleaned up and spread bleach around. (19) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. Four. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. Much better. 8. Much better. 9. |260. 10. To some extent. 11. Do not know. 12. To some extent. (20) 1. June, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. Two. 4. Ten. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. I see no difference. 8. The same. 9. Two cows worth |80, received |50 from the State. 10. Diminishing. 11. Bought two cows from neighbor, who subsequently had his herd tested by the State. 12. Thorough cleaning and disinfection. (21) 1. December, 1896. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. Lost none. 7. There seems no difference. 8. Running about the same. 10. I think it right to have the cows tested. (22) 1. December, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. Not any. 4. Eight head. 5. Not any. 6. No disease. 7. About the same. 8. Its yield is about the same. 10. My opinion is that the inspection is a very good thing. 11. Buying a western cow. ' (23) 1. About last of April, 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 5. None. (24) 1. May 30, 1896. 2. Four! 3. One. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. All right now. 8. Good. 9. $25.00. 10. Do not know of any now. 204 11. Bought the cow of a dealer. 12. Disinfected and stables white- washed. (25) 1. April, 1896. 2. Three. 3. Three. 4. Four. 5. Not any. 7. Good. S. Good. 9. §S5.00. 10. That there are few if any at the present time. 11. I do not. 12. I did not haye cattle in my stable for six months after my cows were killed. I filled the stable with new ground, scrubbed the mangers with carbolic acid, and white- washed. (26) 1. June, 1896. 2. Four. 3. One. 4. Three. .5. Xone. 7. They all seem healthy as far as we know. 9. I cannot tell, as I have only one heifer milking at present. She was a youiig fresh cow, valued at f40. We received 82.3 from the State. 11. 1 do not know, as we bought her of milkman and he has never had any cattle hare the disease. 12. Our stable has been cleaned and whitewashed and carbolic acid put Ground the stables. (27) 1. November, 1896. 2. iS'inetefen. 3. Twelve, i •^--eIlteen. 7. The ones I had tested are doing finely; I bought siiMisre and they are not in good condition. 9. Seven hundred dolliJ-5, I'}. I think there is plenty of the disease. 11. 1 do not. I have l>^ai teM by ex- pert breeders that I bred it in interbreeding. I had 1- ro—i I bred. I thought I had a fine herd, all full bred but unregisTeied. (28) 1. July, 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. Three. 4. Ten. -5. Xot any. 7. I think better. 8. About the same. 11. An old cow boright out of a drove. (29) 1. 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. One. 4. Twenty. 5. Xone. 7. Good. 8. Good. 9. 8.5.5. 10. Xot so much of it. 11. 1 do not. 12. Filled up and whitewashed. (30) 1. Summer, 1896. 2. Four. 3. One. 4. Three cows. o. Xone. 7. About the same. 8. Same in quantity, but better quality. 9. |20. 10. To the best of my knowledge there is no tuberculosis in vicinity. 11. By purchasing a drove cow from western Pennsylvania. (31) 1. August, 1896. 2. Twenty. 3. Eighteen. 4. Fifteen, 5. Xone. 7. Xot so good (all new eowsi. S. Fifty per cent. less. 9. 8300. 10. 1 think there are some cases not reported, but not of large extent. 11. From buying cows from dealers. 12. Everything cleaned out of the stables, filled in with fresh earth and thoroughly whitewashed. Xo other cattle allowed in for over two months. I think there are many cows that are slightly affected with tu- berculosis and in time will develop in many cases. The only way, in my opinion, to get rid of the disease is to have a law passed not allowing any cattle to be sold for breeding purposes unless tested under a penalty. I am satisfied there has been a number offered to me since I lost my herd that were affected and were sold on that account, and from that cause the disease is spread and still lingers in manv herds. 205 (32) 1. February, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. One. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. They are all in good condition. 8. About the same. 9. |47.50. 9. About the same. 11. I bought the cow out of a drove. (33) 1. November, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Good. 10. Good. 11. By pasturing with a neighbor's cow afflicted with the disease. 12. Stables covered with new earth, chloride of lime and whitewashed. (34) 1. Spring, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. One. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. Twenty-five dollars. 10. Cannot say. 11. Do not. (35) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty-one. 3. Fourteen. 4. Fifteen. 5. Two. 6. The first cow lost was one tested; she went within one- fifth of condemning point. He left her and in a few weeks after I disposed of her and made no examination, feeling satisfied of the cause. The other cow was purchased by my landlord in March fol- lowing the inspection. She was never tested, but showed symp- toms of the disease and it developed itself so fully that I killed her and opened her, finding lungs a mass of corruption; also the intes- tines and throat were diseased. 7. Our herd seems to be in good condition. 8. Those that were tested an-d not condemned are milk- ing very well. 9. Our cows that time would have averaged us |40 a head. We received |25. 10. I think there are a few herds in the neighborhood that are affected. 11. By a cow that was bought and brought into the herd. 12. Thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and disinfected liberally. (36) 1. November, 1896. 2. Eighteen. 3. One. 4. Twenty. 5. None. 7. Favorable. 8. Equally good. 9. |50. 10. Do not know of any. 11. Cows bought from drovers. (37) 1. September, 1896. 2. Seventeen. 3. Not any. 4. Sixteen. 5. Not any. 7. See no difference. 8. See no difference. 9. Not any. 10. Have no reason to think there is any. (38) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. Two. 4. Seven. 5. One died, one slaughtered. 6. Inflammation of kidneys and bladder. 7. Con- sidering result of both tests which exhibited no symptoms of dis- ease, cows are apparently in good health. 8. In March before the test the quantity was 1,284 pounds for March and after first test, which was in April, there was considerable increase in quantity of milk. 10. My opinion is that there is more loss of stock each suc- ceeding year than is reported and that the disease is on the in- crease, judging from the amount of stock infected and killed. 11. Do not know, otherwise than being in an infected community, have been raising my own stock. The two cows affected were mother and daughter of Guernsey breed from registered stock. (39) 1. April, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. My cows are in good condition now. 8. I cannot say as my cow is dry. 206 9. I held the cow at $75. She was full Jersey breed. 10. I do not hear of any. 11. I do not. (40) September, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Perfect. 9. |40. 10. Have not heard of any for a year or more. 11. No. 12. New stabling and disinfected. (41) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. One. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. Not so good ; my barn burned last autumn and I have no good accommodations. 9. |2o. 10. Do not know of any. 11. Do not. 12. Thoroughly renovated, everything burnt up but the well of water. (42) 1. Spring of 1897. 2. Nine. 3. Not any. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. In better condition. 8. Product good. 10. Very few. (43) 1. October 15, 1897. 2. Seventy. 3. Four. 4. Seventy-one. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Can see no change. The killing reduced the milk product but we have heifers in milk in their stead. 9. |355. 10. Do not thing there is much. 11. Bought affected Guern- seys from New York and affected Jerseys from Swarthmore, Pa. 12. All manure, bedding, etc., removed, stables disinfected a number of times and mangers scrubbed with banner lye solution. (44) 1. January, 1897. '2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. One. 6. Chronic diarrhoea. 7. All are doing well except one with tetter. 8 About the same. 9. Not any. 10. I do not know of any. 12. 1 have made no change as I always kept things in pretty good order. (45) 1. 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 9. One cow. (46) 1. October, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. One. 6. Calving. 7. Good. 8. No change. 9. None. 10. There is very little heard. (47) 1.1897. 2. Five. 3. None. 4. Four. 5. No. . 7. All right. 8. About equal. (48) 1. 1892. 2. Fifty. 3. Three. 4. Sixty. 5. Seven. 6. Milk fever 2, pleurisy 1, bloat 3. 7. Better. 8. Much greater. 9. Nothing. 10. Not very prevalent. 11. An infected animal purchased for the herd. 12. But little. (49) 1. March, 1897. 2. Seventeen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. Much better. 8. Better. 9. None. 10. Not near as many; people are getting more careful. 11. No. 12. Have given it a general over- hauling. (50) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty-three head. 3. None. 4. Six- teen. 5. Two. 6. One of milk fever. One being stopped up in mani- fold. 7. In better condition. 8. About the same. 9. Lost none. 10. I think there is some among the stock in these parts. (51) 1. April, 1897. 2. Five. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. About the same. 10. My opinion is that thei*e is some. (52) 1. December, 1897. 2. Nineteen. 3. Three. 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Not near as good as before; it is a different 207 lot of cows. 9. About |215. iO. Plenty, if looked after. 11. Prom a drover who shipped from New Jersey. 12. New stalls and mangers ; the inside made new. (53) In 1893 had to kill three head ; they were not tested but were in last stages and killed them to get rid of them. 1. 1896 and 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. Nine. 4. Thirteen. 5. Not any. 7. In good condi- tion. 8. Improved. 9. Between |400 and |500. 11. Cattle bought from Wm. Singerly, Philadelphia, in 18912. 12. Interior of stable changed; old floors replaced by cement, stable raised, five more win- dows and doors. (54) 2. Ten. 3. Three. 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. Healthy and fine. 9. |50. (55) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Not any. 4. Fifteen. 5. Not any. 7. Apparently the same. 8. About the same. 10. Most of my herd I raised. I do not know of any affected in the vicinity at present. Think is more prevalent among cattle brought from a dis- tance. (56) ' 1. December, 1897. 2. One cow. 3. One. 4. None. 7. Have none. 9. |25. 12. Whitewashed and lined with tar paper. (57) 1. January, 1897. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. Not any. (58) 1. November, 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. Four. 4. Eight above one year and four under one. 5. None by disease. 6. Lost one calf six months old, with every evidence of poisoning by accident or in- tention; I know not which. 7. In excellent condition generally. 8. I have none of the original cows that I owned at the time of the in- spection, all were sold that were in any profit and the balance kept, one bull kept and four heifers ; all but one heifer was pastured in a separate field, but occupied the same stable at night, each having an individual stall. 9. |50. To this might be added flOO uselessly wasted in hay and feed to cattle in no condition to pay their way, because of their unthrifty condition, costing me in an indirect man- ner as above stated. 10. Much less than a year ago. The examina- tion of my herd caused the owners of several such to quietly bury them and pocket the loss. 11. The condition of the worst one bought, indicated the existence of the disease in her at least a year before I owned her, if not longer; this, no doubt, was the direct and only cause of my experience of the disease. 12. A general renovation and disinfection, removal of some of the surface soil of stables. The stables have been cleaned to the bottom at least once a week since and allowed to dry out till new bedding was put in, making them freer of bad odors and dampness, the latter of which is a disease pro- ducer, especially where but little sunlight can be had. I am glad to report favorably and hope the agitation of the sub- ject has helped to eradicate many existing cattle that were diseased; many have been killed quietly by those who were selling milk, be- 208 cause they did not wish their customers to know that the disease was in their herds. I might say that I think there is more disease among such herds than there is where butter is made, because of heavy feeding, and some times of feed of doubtful utility. Gluten being bad for cows, I think, causing them to cough as long as it is fed, though my herd gained in milk and gave a better analysis under its use; some of the gluten feed purchased, affected the cattle worse than others, so that I have about concluded to use something else. I shall be glad to receive any reports issued by the Department touching the dairy interests of farmers. I am trying to raise most of my own cows and thus avoid some of the risk in buying drove cows. The law passed to require the inspection of cattle coming into the State is in line of my suggestions, except that I would suggest a closer inspection of the cars which carry the cows, for I believe their filthy condition often is a producing cause of disease, and their ap- pearance indicates that the same car carries several loads without cleaning or disinfection; this should be remedied. (59) 1. 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Good. 9. About |30. 11. By buying the cow of a cattle dealer; I only had her about six months. (60) 1. August, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 4. None. 5. None. 8. |40. 10. Apparently greatly reduced. 11. No. (61) February, 1897. 2. One. 3. One. 4. None. 5. None. 7. Have not kept a cow since. 10. Those that suspected disease and were tested, generally lost a few. Many that suspect disease often dispose of it sooner than expose the entire herd to test. 11. 1 bought the cow about eight months before the test for the milk for own use. (62) 1. January, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. Eleven. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. Compare very favorably. My cattle seem healthy. 8. I have about same amount. 9. |700. 10. I am of opinion it is preva- lent more or less in large herds. 11. I do not. I sold and filled in whenever wanted, as is custom here generally in the fall. 12. I cleaned out the premises and disinfected with carbolic acid and lime. (63) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. Not any. 4. Eighteen. 5. Not any. 7. No. change. 8. No perceptible difference. 10. Do not know of any, although there are a great many cattle brought here from New York State and western Pennsylvania. My herd consists of Jerseys and grades; we expected to find two of them affected but they were not. (64) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. Three. 4. Ten cows one bull, seven heifers. 5. None. 7. They are doing very well and look- ing good. 8. They are doing better than they did before the test we are making more butter. 9. Over |100. 10. I do not know ll' 209 1 think I got it with a cow I bought at a sale at Langhorne. 12. We dug the stables out about 4 or 5 inches and refilled v/ith fresh earth, giving them a thorough washing with acids and whitewashing them with lime and carbolic acid. (65) 1. 1896. 2. Eight. 3. One. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. About the same. 9. |30. 11. I bought from a dealer. (66) 19. October, 1896. 2. Six. 3. Six. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. Have a new lot of cows. 9. |75, and was without cows for some months. 10. Not so prevalent as it was. 11. The only way I can account for it was through a cow I purchased from a neighbor. She would not get with calf. I purchased, fattened and slaughtered her and had to take the whole carcass and bury it; since that time we have had more or less of it among our stock. 12. The floor re- moved and the stable thoroughly disinfected. (67) 1. June, 1896. 2. Seven. 3. One. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. About the same. 9. $74. 10. None here. 11. Bought an Ohio cow. (68) 1. May, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. Fourteen. 4. Nine. 5. One. 6. Pneumonia. 7. Good. 8. I can see no difference. 9. $3,000. 10. 1 think there are several herds affected. 11. I feel certain that the infection was brought by a cow that I bought six or eight years ago. (69) 1. June, 1896. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. None. 5. None. (70) 1. Fall of 1897. 2. Four. 3. Not any. 4. Four. 5. Not any. 7. In healthy condition. 8. I have but one cow that was tested and she is doing fairly well at milking now; she was sick four weeks with catarrh of the stomach, but is well now. 10. Four of my neighbors have lost a cow apiece; two had them killed when they were in the last stage of tuberculosis; one was slaughtered for beef and thrown away ; one sold to Easton butcher, slaughtered and condemned. Farmers act is^if they did not want to know when their cattle are affected with tuberculosis, yet when suspected they will work them off. (71) 1. November, 1896. 2. Thirteen. 3. Ten. 4. Thirteen. 5. Not any. 7. My herd is entirely new and different breed; I think they are all healthy. 8. Before the test I was making butter from Jersey cows and now I am shipping milk from natives principally Holstein and Durhams; 12 of them are now milking from 140 to 150 quarts per day. 9. |280. 10. Not any as far as I know. 11. I do not, but suppose from in-breeding. 12. The stalls have been torn out and rebuilt and a thorough disinfection through all of the stables. (72) 1. October, 1896. 2. Thirteen. 3. Eight. 4. Thirteen. 5 14 210 None. 7. Show no signs of affliction. 8. Same or rather better; better milk and creamery man is not afraid to take it. 10. I do not know of any in my vicinity. 11. I have no reason to which I can at- tribute it. (73) 1. February, 1893. 2. Twelve. 3. Eight. 4. Twelve. 5. Two. 6. Tuberculosis in 1896. 7. About the same. 9. |1,475. 10. I seldom hear any complaint. 11. From the purchase of a cow at a farmer's sale in 1892. 12. The entire stable has been torn out and rebuilt after I lost the eight cows and thoroughly disinfected in 1896 when I lost two more. (74) 1. 1897; a year ago. 2. Three. 3. One. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Better. 9. |7o. 10. I think there is some. 11. Do not. (75) 1. June, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. Four. 4. Four. 5. None. 7. Have but one of the same herd. 8. Better. 9. |105. flO. I have no knowledge. 11. By buying two cows. (76) 1. April, 1894. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. Three. 6. Milk fever 1, nail in stomach, 1 killed. 7. Can see no difference. 8. Same. 9. None. 10. J think it less. (77) 1. August 16, 1896. 2. Twenty-nine. 3. Not any. 4. Thirty- four. 5. Not any. 7. They are in better condition. 8. Ten per cent, better. . 10. Growing less. (78) 1. May, 1897. 2. Thirty. 3. Two. 4. Twenty-two. 5. None. 7. My cows are in better condition and I get better results from them. 8. Fair. 9. |60. 10. I do not think it bad. 11. I have no idea. 12. Whitewashing and good ventilation. (79) 1. March, 1897. 2. Twenty-four head. 3. Not any. 4. Twenty- seven head. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. The same. 10. No know- ledge of any. 12. No change. (80) 1. Spring of 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. One. 6. Injured and had to be killed — in perfect health. 7. Fine. 8. About the same. 10. Do not know of any. 12. Not finding it necessary to make any change, have only been watchful about keep- ing everything clean and well aired. (81) 1. April, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 7. No difference. 8. No difference. 9. None. 10. Not much. (82) 1. June, 1896. 2. Twenty-two. 3. None. 4. Twenty-five. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. None. 9. Same. 10. I do not think there are any cattle affected in this vicinity. (83) 1. April, 1897. 2. Thirty-nine. 3. None. 4. Thirty-nine. 5. None. 7. Equally as good. 8. Equally as good. 9. Nothing. 10. Perhaps 4 or 5 per cent. (84) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty-four. 3. Nineteen. 4. Twenty. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Average about the same. 9. Considerable. 10. No new herds that we have reason to think have it. 11. I do not. 211 12. All «fd stalls taken out and whitewashed thorougnly and new stalls made. (85) 1. March, 1897. 2. Pour. 3. None. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. The same as hafore. 10. None affected that I know of. (86) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5. One. 6. Too much ground feed. 7: The same. 8. The same per head. 9. None. 10. I hear of no complaints. (87) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Not any. 4. Fifteen. 5. Not any. 7. Better. 8. The same. 10. Don't think there is any. (88) 1. March, 1897. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. Not any. 7. Cannot see any difiference. 8. About the same. 10. Very few, if any. (89) 1. April, 1898. 2. Twenty-five. 3. Nene. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Same. (90) 1. August, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5: None. (91) 1. September, 1896. 2. Eleven, I think. 4. Nine. 7. Good condition. 8. Same. 9. Lost one cow the fall they were tested. 10. I do not think there is any; several herds have been tested and very ■ few condemned. (92) 1. July, 1896, and January, 1897. 2. Abont thirty. 3. None. 4. Forty-seven. 5. None. 7. No' change. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. Do not know of any. (93) 1. August, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. About the same. 10. There is said to be some in one herd about 3 miles from here. (94) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Two. 4. Twenty-five. 5. None. 7. Good; look better now. 8. Made no difference; better feed, more milk. 9. |25. 10. Nearly gone; seldom hear of any. (95) 1. August, 1896. 2. Sixteen. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 10. Very scarce. (96) 1. April, 1898. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. No physical change. 8. Not milking at time. 10. Very few, if any, af- fected. (97) 1. 1897. 2. Twenty-five. 3. None. 4. Thirty-six. 5. None. 7. Much better. 8. No special change. 10. I do not think there is mucii. (98) 1. March, 1897. 2. Thirty-two. 3. None. 4. Forty. 5. None. 8. It was never better than the past year. 10. There is very little in this vicinity. (99) 1. April, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. None. 4. Twenty-five. 5. None. 7. In better condition. (100) 1. October, 1896. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Four cows. 5. One. 6. Oalving. 7. Improved. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. Small. (101) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. 212 None. 7. If anything, better. 8. Ten per cent, better. 10. I think there are no cattle affected here. (102) 1. March, 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. The same. 9. The same. 10. Most of the cattle are looking well, that is all I can say. (103) 1. March, 1897. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. A great deal better. 8. Better. 10. 1 do not think there is very much of it. (104) 1. November, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Seven besides four calves. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. Almost all the herds in this vicinity have been tested. (105) 1. June, 1897. 2. Sixteen. 3. None. 4. Eighteen. 5. None. 7. Are in good health. 8. Is good. 9. None. 10. Most cattle are in good health. (106) 1. Spring, 1896. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. Not any. 7. Good. . 10. 1 do not know of any. (107) 1. April, 1898. 2 Seventeen. 3. None. (In July, 1896, 30 cattle in this herd were tested and 11 condemned.) 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. The same. Good. 8. Since 1886, |600 above amount paid to me by the State. 9. It is now about IJ butter per day. 10. There is some but not very much. 11. Cattle purchased from other farms. 12. Two barns have had entire basements rebuilt and cement floors put in. Have also arranged for good light and ventilation. (108) 1. January, 1897. 2. One hundred and seventy-five. 3. One hundred and fifty-seven. 4. Two hundred. 5. None. 7. Ninety per cent, better. 9. Large. 10. Very nearly extinct. 11. Yes; I think I do. From New York State. 12. Cleaned up. (109) 1. December, 1897. 2. Five. 3. One. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Inflammation of brain. 7. Good. 8. Do not know. 9. $25. 10. I do not think many cattle are affected. 11. No. 12. Barn burned and a new one built. (110) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty-six. 3. None. 4. Twenty- nine. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. From tested animals about the same. 10. I don't think there is much. (111) 1. April, 1897. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. The same. 10. Not any. 12. By a new barn vrith basement stable. (112) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Six cows. 3. None. 4. Eight head. 5. None. 7. 1 think it is better. 8. Comparatively as good. (113) 1. May, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. Favorable. 8. Do not notice any difference. 10. Not so extensive as formerly. 12. The stables are kept cleaner, with better light and ventilation. (114) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eighty-three. 3. Seventy-eight. 4. Eighty-eight. 5. Two. 6. Tuberculosis. 7. They are a good deal 213 better condition. 8. I think it is much better. 10. I do not think there is much. 11. From cattle from New York State. 12. I disin- fected the barn. One barn burned and I rebuilt. I whitewash them frequently. (115) 1. October, 1896. 2. Nineteen. 3. Fourteen. 4. Ten cows, three yearlings and eight calves. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Milk pro- duction before test about one-half what it should have been — at present time as good as the average dairies. 9. Sixteen animals lost. 10. Very little. 11. No. 12. New interior. (116) 1. May, 1897. 2. Twenty-six. 3. Two. 4. Twenty-five. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Better this year than last. 9. Two. 10. I do not know. 11. Think from a sick cow brought here which died. (117) 1. April, 1897. 2. Sixty-eight. 3. Two, but they were bought a few days before testing; all'my own were free. 5. One. 6. In flammation of womb after calving. 7. They are as fine as silk. 8. I do not think quite as good, but would think it from other causes; we have been bothered greatly with abortion. 9. Two. They are nearly all purchases from neighboring towns. I do not know of a single animal that has been raised in our township. 11. Two cows bought from a drove. 12. Enti.rely new stables. (118) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. Not any. 4. Ten. 5. Not any. 7. The same. 8. The same. 9. Not any. 10. I do not know of any. (119) 1. October, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. Three. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. 1 think that it is better than before. 8. They have not all come in yet, but think it is better. 10 I think that most are all right. 11. It came from a diseased cow that we had some time before, that died of the disease. 12. They have been, torn out and new put in and whitewashed and well limed. (120) 1. July, 1896. 2. Five. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. No change. 8. Can not tell. (121) 1. 1896. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. (122) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eight cows. 3. None. 4. Fifteen from tested stock. 5. None. 7. As good as they were before testing. 8. No different. 9. None. 10. In herds that have been tested there seem to be very few. 12. Good ventilation and light. (123) 1. First in 1896; second, June, 1897. 2. Five. 3. Two at first, one at second. 4. Three. 5. Three (those condemned by tests). 6. Tuberculosis. 7. Good. 8. Cannot state accurately. 9. Three. 10. Cannot say. 11. Two cases from Laceyville, Pa.; one from Jef- ferson, N. Y. (124) 1. Spring, 1897. 2. Twenty. 3. Not any. 4. Sixteen. 5. Not any. 7. Can not see any difference. 8. Those that are milking 214 about the same. 9. Not any. 10. There is no tuberculosis in our part ; in fact, not any on this side of the Susquehanna river. (125) 1. September, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. No difference. 10. I think there is very little. (126). 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty-eight. 3. None. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. Same as before. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. Not so much. (127) 1. In 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. None.' 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. Fully as good. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. Very little of it, some scattered cases 12. My stables are warm, cemented floors, well ventilated and lighted. (128) 1. May 7, 1897. 2. Thirteen. 3. None. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 7. Better, of any difference. 8. About the same. 10. We do not hear much of it. (129) 1. April, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. Not any. 7. Good; if not better than before tested. 8. Just as good. 9. None. 10. I do not think there is much tuberculosis in my vicinity. 11. 1 do not think I ever had tuberculosis in my herd. (130) 1. In 1897. 2. Thirty. 3. None. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. See no difference. 8. Same. 10. Do not think it very prevalent. (131) 1. May 5, 1897. 2. Eighteen of my own. 3. None. 4. Sev- enteen. 5. Not any. 7. I see no difference. 8. Cannot say; do not remember how many we milked at time they were tested. 9. No loss. 10. I hear of no cases. I am the only person in this immediate vi- cinity who has had his cattle tested. (132) 1. In 1897. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Same. 9. None. 10. Small. (133) 1. March, 1897. 2. Forty-seven. 3. None. 4. Fifty-two. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Think better. 9. None. 10. A good many herds tested and only four found and they were traced back to the same herd; do not think there are any diseased cattle in this section of country now. (134) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. I can not see any change. 8. I see no diffe^,ence. 10. Most have been tested, few have been condemned. (135) 1. May, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. Do not know. (136) 1. April, 1897. 2. Twenty-three. 3. No. 4. Eighteen. 5. No. 7. A. No. 1. 8. More now. 10. Not much. (137) 1. November, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. Not any. 4. Seven. . 5. Not any. 7. About the same. 8. Just as good, if not better. 9. No loss. 10. Not as large a percentage, but in my opinion a good many yet. (138) 1. May, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. Can . 215 see no difference. 8. No perceptible difference. 10. Don't kuow of a single case within 15 or 20 miles. (139) 1. January, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. Ten. 4. Twenty-five in all. 5. One yearling and one j'oung calf. 6. Yearling, inflammation of lining of abdomen; little calf, scours. 8. Good. 9. |202. 10. Can- not tell. 11. Think from a cow brought into neighborhood from Philadelphia. 12. The stable was cleaned out, washed and disin- fected according to directions; the floors are nearly all made out of cement, stone and gravel. They are washed and disinfected and where there was any plank floor it was taken out and new put in. (140) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Not any. 4. Twenty- four. 5. None. 7. In good condition. 9. None. 10. I think very little exists. Most herds have been tested and found to be com- paratively free. (141) 1. April, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Good. 8. Just as good. 9. I have never had tuber- culosis in my herd. 10. It is not very large. 142) 1. October, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. One. 6. The covering of the heart was affected. 7. About the same. 8. The same. 9. None directly, but one indirectly. 10. Do not know of any. (143) 1. In 1896. 2. Five. 3. Two. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. About the same. 9. $25. 10. There is too much of it. 11. No. No. (144) 1. April, 1897. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Four. 5-. Not any. 7. No change noticed. 8. No change. 10. I do not know of a case in this community. (145) 1. January, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. Not any. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 10. About 5 per cent. ' (146) 1. June, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Five. None. 7. About the same. 8. No perceptible difference. 9. None. 10. There has been very little of it in this vicinity. (147) 1. March, 189^. 2. Seven. 3. None. 5. None. 7. Seem to l3e fully as hearty and well. 9. Fully as much or more. 9. None. 10. Our creamery has undertaken to test all its cows and out of 560 tested, five have been condemned and killed. Less than one per cent. 12. Have added more stable room and keep cows and calves in separate parts of barn. (148) 1. 1896. 2. Seventeen. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. Abont the same. 8. Do not see any difference. 9. No loss. 10. There are few cases, if any. (149) 1. June, 1896. 2. Thirty-five. 3. None. 4. Thirty-five. 5. None. 7. The same, as near as I can tell. 8. T can see no difference. 9. Nothing. 10. I think there is none. 216 (150) 1. May, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. One. 4. Fifteen. 5. Not any. 7. About the same. 8. I do not notice any difference. 10. Do not thinlv there is any; most of the herds have been tested and none found. 11. I do not think my herd was infected; the one condemned I bought in Towanda a few weeks before. I learned she formerly belonged to PioUet's herd. (151) 1. 1897. 2. Fourteen; eleven were tested; the others were calves and not tested. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. None. 9. None. 10. There isnH any that I know of. (152) 1. September, 1896. 2. Eighteen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. G-ood. 9. None. 10. I do not think there is any around here. (153) 2. Six. 3. Not any. 4. Six. 5. Not any. 7. All well. 8. It did not make any difference with the quantity of milk. 9. Not any. 10. There is some. (154) 1. March, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. Five. 4. Seven. 5. Not any. 7. Different cattle. 8. Not so good. 9. |325. 10. There ought to be none as all my near neighbors have had their herds tested. 11. My nearest neighbor brought a cow from Rome that dwindled away and died; he lost two or three, and I had one that got poor and coughed. As the two herds pastured together I thought perhaps tuberculosis was the trouble and had them tested. 12. Changed the cows from north to south barn, about 10 rods difference. (155) 1. December, 1897. 2. Five. 3. None. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. It is not very bad. (156) 1. October, 1896. 2. Forty-seven. 3. None. 4. Forty. 5. One. 6. Heart disease. 7. The same. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. I think there is but little. (157) 1. December, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. One yearling. 6. Blackleg. 7. No perceivable difference. 8. No change. 9. None. 10. Very few affected. 11. Not affected. 12. No change. (158) 1. February, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. Six. 4. Balance of herd. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. Do not know. 9. |200. 10. Can- not say. 11. No. (159) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. They are in a better condition. 8. About the same. 9. None. 12. Plank floor had been changed to cement. (160) 1. November, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. Better state. 8. Better. 10. Decreasing. 11. The cow was pur- chased from stock farm at Douglassville, which has since been con- demned. (161) 1. October, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. One. 4. Thirteen 5 Not any. 7. Good all but one. 8. Product is good. 9. Loss would be $60. 10. I do not believe there is any. 11. I do not. 217 (162) 1. April 7, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. One. 6. Old age. 7. No difference. 8. The same. 9. From 1891 to 1896 destroyed about 25. 10. Know of none. 11. Do not. 12. More ven- tilation. (163) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Six. 3. Three (in two tests). 4. One. 5. None since second test (sold two). 7. All right. 8. Nothing. 9. |150. 10. I cannot say; think there are some would stand testing. 11. By getting other cattle to my herd. 12. Had the stables and yard disinfected. I ha]d my herd tested in 1896 and one cow was within a few weeks of dropping her calf; she ran a little high and we came to the con- clusion that accounted for it, but now I think she had a touch of it then. She did very well until she had her next calf, then she com- menced to go back and became ailing and that caused me to have the second test made, so we had to have two killed, which leaves me one. In such cases I think it would be well to test them a few days after dropping their calves. What I have left now is all right. There are several herds around that I think should be tested, as I think my cattle got it from this herd by getting them on the place. We have some people that will not admit it, they do not care how much a poor man must suffer through it. I think each and every herd should be twice a year tested, with or vsdthout consent, to get rid of the trouble. I think in this way it could be gotten rid of in a short time. There are some of the people think their cattle have it and dispose of them, then others must suffer the penalty. (164) 1. January, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. Good. 11. 1 do not. (165) 1. October, 1896. 2. Seventy-three. 3. Nineteen. 4. Six- teen. 5. Two. 6. Accident. 7. Same, except as to number. 8. No. material change. 9. $1,200. 10. Have none. The test should be general and compulsory. 11. Have no knowledge. 12. Ventilation, light and cleanliness always faultless. (166) 1. November, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. About the same. 9. |72. 11. By a western cow. (167) 1. 1896. 2. Seven. 3. One. 4. Six. 5. One. 6. Paralysis. 7. Very good. 8. About the same. 9. One cow. 10. Very few cattle are infected in this neighborhood. 11. Only had one infected and killed; the same was bought of Wm. Singerly in February, 1891. (168) 1. December, 1897. 2. Nineteen. 3. Three. Have lost 14 cows from tuberculosis in eight years. 4. Seventeen. 5. One. 6. Not able to say, but had her opened, and she did not die with tu- berculosis. 7. As far as I can see my herd is healthy at present. 8. About the same to the number of cows I had. 9. $600. 10. Not able to answer. 11. By buying western cows. 12. The gutter and troughs well cleaned and disinfected. . (169) 1. May, 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. Four. 5. None. 7. Some- 218 what improved. 8. About the same. 9. |50. 10. I have heard of no complaint. 11. I suppose from cattle that passed my place from Virginia. (170) 1. December, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. They are all right now. 8. No difference in the quantity. 9. |51. 10. None. 11. One was coughing when I bought her, the other cow was all right. (171) 1. October, 1896. 2. Twenty-one. 3. Sixteen. 4. Thirty- four. 5. Not any. 7. I have all new stock and cannot answer. 8. As I have another herd it vrould be a difficult question to answer. 9. 1600. (172) 1. May, 1896. 2. One. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Cow about to calve. 9. |12. 10. Do not think there is much. 11. Mother of cow. (173) 1. October, 1896. 2. One. 3. None. 4. One. 5. None. 8. About the same. 9. No loss. 10. I know of none. 11. Had none af- fected. (174) 1. April, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. No apparent change. 10. I believe it exists in a moderate form. (175) 1. January, 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. One cow. 5. None. 8. About the same. 9. Nothing. 10. I have no knowledge. (176) 1. June, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. Ten. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. would say none of my cows died since the test, but I sold two of them. I also raised four young ones out of the tested cows. As they all appear to me now, and all winter, they look very healthy. 8. It is about the same. 9. |500. 10. Cannot express myself on that point. 11. I do not; I suppose they had it when we got them, as we bought them from Economy. 12. Disinfected. (177) 1. October, 1896. 2. Three. 3. Two. 4. One. 5. None. 9. The two cows killed, could not state exactly — consists of inconve- nience and inability to rent pasture. 10. Opinion not worth much, but think there is but little. 11. No idea. (178) 1. January, 1897. 2. had ten head of cattle. 3. Three were condemned. 4. At present we have five cows and six calves. 5. We lost none since the test. 6. We butchered three, none of which were affected. 7. Our herd is in good condition now. They were also in fair condition before the test. 8. This year near the holidays the average was about seven pounds of butter a week more than last year. 9. |100. 10. I do not think there is any tuberculosis here at present. 11. We do not know. (179) 1. December, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. Eleven. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Tuberculosis. 7. All right. 8. $1,000. 10. It is reduced, but still some here and there. 11. Yes; I got one cow, a Guernsey, 219 that died tuberculosis. 12. By a thorough scrubbing and white- washing. (180) 1. July, 1896, and April, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Nine. 5. (Before second test) one. 6. Pneumonia and tuberculosis. . 7. Much better. 8. Considerable more. 9. Value of two cows. 11. No. (181) In February, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. Two. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. In far better condition. 8. My cows are all springers and not in profit at this time, but are in a good healthy condition. 9. $20. 10. The disease exists to some extent. 11. Through a neighbor's bull that was afterwards killed for beef and found to be diseased. 12. Putting in new stabling and applying whitewash. (182) 1. April, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Seven. 5. One. 6. From calving. 7. Good. 8. Cannot say. 9. |25. 10. I believe some. 11. I do not. (183) 1. January and August, 1897. 2. About 12. 3. Four. 4. Ten. 5. Not any. 7. I see no evidence of tuberculosis. 8. I make butter, consequently the milk is not tested, but I think my herd is doing better. 9. About |75. 10. I believe there is a great deal of it here, but the farmers do not seem inclined to do their part toward eradicating the disease. 11. I bought a cow that was badly affected which came from Maryland. 12. 1 kept my stock away from the barn September and October, and had the building thoroughly cleaned and whitewashed, also used chloride of lime in profusion. I think the State Department should not only recommend this precaution but demand that it should be done. I believe the use of the products of diseased cows brings more misery upon the human family than any other one cause. (184) 1. August, 1896. 2. Seven. 3. One. 4. ■Five. 7. The cows are in healthy condition. 8. Better. 9. One. 10. I do not know of any. 11. The cow had the disease when we bought her. (185) 1. In November, 1896. 2. Five. 3. Five. 4. None. 5. Not any. 9. $450. 10. Not so bad as it was. 11. Do not. 12. Nothing done to them since. (186) 1. March, 1896. 2. Ninety-six. 3. None. 4. Ninety-one. 5. Six. 6. Four "milk fever," one "nail found in heart," one calving. 7. Same. 8. No change. 9. Nothing. (187) 1. 1897. 2. Forty. 3. None. 4. Thirty-five. 5. Not any. 7. About the same; healthy. 8. About the same. 10. I do not know of a single case. (188) 1. August, 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. Thirty-three head. 5. None. 8. One cow. 9. One cow. 10. I do not know of any. 11. No. (189) 1. June, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3.. Ten. 4. Seventeen. 5. Not any. 7. I think the cattle are in a healthy condition. 8. Bet- 220 ter. 10. I think the cattle are in a healthy condition. 10. I do not know of any. 11. I do not. (190) 1. December, 1896. 2. Twenty-three. 3. None. 4. Twenty- two. 5. Have not lost any. 7. Conditions similar. 8. About the same. 9. One cow valued at |40 in February, 1896. 10. I think there is very little in this vicinity. 11. The cow I killed I purchased from a drove in May, 1895, was doubtless affected when I got her. She was with the herd all summer; about the time they came oS pasture in fall she was isolated until she was killed, after which time application was made to have the rest of the herd tested. (191) 1. October, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5, None. 7. No noticeable change. 8. About the same. 10. A bad disease; slow but sure; not many diseased here. 12. Prom pole and chains to stanchions and from ground floor to plank ones. (192) 1. October, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. All right. 8. About the same. 10. Do not think there is any. (193) 1. May, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. The same. 10. 1 think very little, if any. (194) 1. July, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. Not any. 4. Twenty. 5. Not any. 7. About the same. 8. Not any. 9. About the same. 10. There is none in the neighborhood. (195) 1. September, 1896. 2. Five cows. 3. None. 4. Twenty- one. 7. About the same as it was before the test. 8. About the same. 9. flOO. 10. Do not think there is much. Do not know of any. 11. I killed one steer in 1896 and one bull that were con- demned and they were among a lot of cattle bought in Buffalo, N. Y. (196) 1. August, 1896. 2. Eleven or twelve. 3. One. 4. Ten. 5. Two by tuberculosis. One was a steer bought since the test for beef. 6. Were killed for beef and found diseased and buried. 7. No difference noticeable. 8. Same. 9. |70. 10. I believe on the in- crease. 11. No; unless I got it from cattle that I bought in Sullivan and Bradford counties to feed for beef. (197) June, 1896. 2, Fifteen. 3. Not any. 4. Sixteen. 5. Not any. 7. Our herd has always been in good condition. 8. The same. 10. There is but little. 12. Stables cemented and stanchions put in. (198) 1. September, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. Have not heard of any. (199) 1. June, 1896. 2. Twenty-four. 3. Eleven. 4. Twenty-three. 5. None. 7. They are in better condition. 8. They are giving more milk. 9. 1475. 10. I do not think there are many affected. 11. I bought one cow and one heifer of Mr. Singerly; the cow died about two years before they were tested and I think she was affected. 12. The old mangers have been removed and replaced by improved swing stanchions, the plank floor has been replaced with cement, the ceil- 221 ings have been raised, the windows enlarged, the alley between the rows of cows is wider than before. (200) 1. 1896. 2. Thirty. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 8. No difference. 9. Nothing. 10. I do not believe we ever had much or any in our neighborhood. I had a good looking Jersey cow that had a weakness, but never betrayed it, but the test proved her free from tuberculosis. (201) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Twenty-five. 3. None. 4. Thirty-five. 5. Three. 6. One cow and two yearlings, the former from meningitis, the latter from concretions in rumen. 7. As good, possibly better, condition. 8. Just as good; if any difference, better than before. 9. None. 10. Do not know of any. 11. Never infected. (202) 1. August, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. One. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. About the same. 9. $13. 10. Very little in our sec- tion. 11. No. 12. Special attention has been given to ventilators and cleanliness. The cow that was condemned was in the first stage of the disease. (203) 1. June, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. One. 6. Result of eating some poisonous substance supposed to have been wild cherry. 7. All stock in fine condition; same as before the test. 8. No difference. 9. None. 10. There is little or none. 12. My stock is kept in a good warm stable in stanchions, plank fioor with drop in rear and a four foot space between drop and trough and side of stable ; it is cleaned two and three times a day, and stock is turned out during the day for from one to four hours, except during severe storms. (204) 1. August, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. About the same. 1 0. 1 do not know that there is any. (204) 1.. July, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Nine. .5. Two-. 6. Apoplexy. 7. Same. 10. None. (206) 1. March, 1896. 2. Twenty-five. 3. None. 4. Twenty-five, o. None. 6. None. 7. Good. 8. None. 9. None. 10. None that I know of. (207) 1. December, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. None. 8. Better than for a fev*' months before. 9. Nothing. 10. None that I know of. 12. Our barn was burned in the spring of 1896 and it was while we were without a barn that we became afraid that our cattle had tuberculosis, and decided to have them tested. (208) 1. July 6, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. Foar. 4. Fourteen. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. |80. 10. I do not think there is half as much of it. 11. Bought a cow from a dealer that was badly af- fected. 12. No particular change. Stables filled up, disinfected and cleaner stables throughout. (209) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5. None. — " 222 '■ ' 6. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 9. Nothing. 10. None that I know. (210) ■ 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty. 3. Nine. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. About the same as before. 9. |265. 10. Do not know of any. 11. We bought four head and they had the dis- ease. (211) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. Five. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Better than before. 8. More and better quality since. 9. |340. 10. 1 do not think there is any tuberculosis in this vicinity. 11. I do not know how they became infected. 12. Thoroughly disinfected. (212) 1. February, 1897. 2. Three. 3. One. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. All right. 8. About the same. 9. |50. 10. They certainly look very good. 11. I do not. (213) 1. June, 1896. 2. Seventeen. 3. One. 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. Healthy. 8. Same. 9. $25. 10. Very healthy. 11. By buying a Jersey cow at a sale. (214) 1. 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. About the same. 10. There is none that I know of. (215) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. Seven. 4. Replaced by twenty-two. 5. None. 8. Improved fully 100 per cent. 9. Cannot say definitely. 10. Plenty of it. 11. By buying diseased cattle out of William J. Rose's stable. 12. Thoroughly renovated accord- ing to directions of Dr. Oyler. The stable dug out, filled up and new troughs and races. (216) 1. August, 1897. 2. Thirteen. 3. Not any. 4. Fifteen: 5. Not any. 7. Better. 8. Better. 9. Not any. 10. Not any. (217) 1. December, 1896. 2. Five. 3. Four. 4. Five. 5. One. 6. Inflammation of the womb. 7. About the same. 8. According to the amount of butter churned not as great. 9. |125. 10. There seems to be none of it prevailing in this vicinity at present. 11. Through contact with diseased cow of a neighbor. 12. To no extent except the full application of the disinfectant measure recommended in your pamphlet; our stables were in first class condition before the test. (218) 1. June, 1896. 2. Four. 3. Two. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Apparently all right. 8. About the same. 9. Lost |145 worth of cattle. 10. More than people are aware of. 11. No. 12. Disinfected stable as. directed. Used carbolic acid. (219) 1. June, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. Six. 4. Thirteen. 5. Not any. 7. In good condition now. 8. One-third 'more after test. 9. $225. 10. 1 do not know. 11. 1 do not. 12. Disinfected. (220) 1. March, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. Fifteen. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Chronic pneumonia. 7. Herd is in fine condition; no signs of dis- ease. 9. |145. 10. Do not know of any cases in this neighborhood. 11. Never could account for it. 12. The barnyard was thoroughly 223 cleaned and also went over the stable three times with carbolic acid, lime and water, using spray pump, and afterwards whitewashed. (221) 1. March, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. One. 6. Bloated. 7. Fully as good. 8. Nothing. 9. Nothing. 10. I know of none. (222) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twenty. 3. None. i. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. No loss. 9. No loss. 10. Only one or two individual cases in several miles. 12. By admitting more light. (223) 1. January, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Better in every respect. 8. Somewhat better. 9. |25. 10. I think the disease is on the decrease. 11. 1 do not. (224) 1. January, 1897. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Same. 10. It is getting less. (225) 1. February, 1897. 2. Nineteen. 3. Nine. 4. Fifteen. 5. One. 6. Broke his neck. 7. Very good. 8. Much better. 9. |500. 10. 1 believe there is some. 11. I think from a bull shipped from the west. 12. Thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. (226) 1. 1897. 2. Twenty-two. 3. Five. 4. Twelve. 5. One. from bloat. 7. They are in good condition. 8. Is good at present. 9. |125. 10. I do not think there is any in our neighborhood at pres- ent. 11. I do not. (227) 1. 1897. 2. Six. 3. Two. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. Much bet- ter. 8. Big increase. 10. Not any to my knowledge. 11. I do not. 12. Thoroughly overhauled. (228) 1. June, 1897. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Three cows. 5. None. (229) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eleven cows and nine steers. 3. Three " cows. 4. Nine cows. 5. None. 7. They are in a good condition. 8. I am unable to tell. 10. Not any to my knowledge. 11. I do not know. (230) 1. May, 1897. 2. Fifty-nine. 3. Five. 4. Fifty-six. 5. None. 7. The general appearance is about the same as the cows condemned were in the best condition and no cough. 8. I see no difference. 9. $200. 10. I think there are more diseased cattle than is generally supposed. 11. By buying two cows from a neighbor. 12. Thor- oughly disinfected. (231) 1. 1896. 2. Three. 3. One. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Good. 11. Bought of neighbor. (232) 1. November, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. Seven. 4. Six. 5. Seven. 6. Yellow fever. 7. Good. 11. I got by buying cows at sales from shysters. (233) 1. October, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. Four. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. My herd is doing well. 9. |50. 10. I do not know of any. 11. 1 do not. 224 (2:54) 1. November, 1896. 2. Twenty-one. 3. Two. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. No difference. 9. Could not tell. 10. Do not know. 11. No, sir. (235) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twenty-two. 3. Twenty. (The two head of young cattle that were left I also killed, so as to be sure to stamp out disease.) 4. Eight. 8. New herd tested and milk product as good after test as before. 10. Butchers occasionally find one sup- posed to be affected. 11. Four years before my cattle were killed I bought a cow which I think was infected. Then overcrowding and close confinement. (I practice soiling.) 12. Every stick of timber and boards taken out, except ceiling, and thoroughly disinfected, then left almost three months and filled up with fresh earth before putting new mangers and floor. (236) 1. February, 1897. 2. Sixty-eight. 3. Forty-six. 4. Sixty- four. 5. One. 6. Dropsy. 7. Apparently the same. 8. About the same proportionately. 9. |2,500. 11. No. 12. Thoroughly cleaned, disinfected and generally renovated. (237) 1. June, 18§6. 2. Ten. 3. Five. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. All right. 11. 1 do not. (238) 1. April, 1897. 2. Twenty-five. 3. None. 4. Twenty-four. 5. None. 7. No change. 8. About the same. 9. Nothing. 10. About six per cent, infected. (239) 1. 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. Good. 9. About the same. 10. Have none. 11. No. (240) 1. October, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. All right. 10. I know of no cases. 11. They were not infected with tuberculosis but were sick and veterinarian did not tell me what was wrong. (241) 1. April, 1897. 2. One cow and one calf. 3. One cow. 4. Ten head. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Good. 9. $10. 10. There is some that I know of. I do not know. 12. I did not keep cow in the stable with rest. (242) 1. In 1897. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. One. (243) 1. April, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. Pour. 4. Six. 5. Not any. 7. At present the^ are perfectly sound. 8. About the same. 9. |60. 10. I know of none in the neighborhood at present. 11. I think from one of the Holstein cows I bought from Dupont Dairy of Wilmington three years since. 12. It has been whitewashed frequently and kept cleaner. (244) 1. December, 1896. 2. Twenty. 3. Four. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 7. It is healthy. 9. |60. 10. I believe we have some of the diseaserbut not more than usual in other sections. 11. Do not know. 12. We have scrubbed and whitewashed and used disinfectants of various kinds. 225 (245) 1. January, 1897. 2. Sixty-three. 3. Fifty-two. 4. Twenty- eight. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Millv is not as rich. A herd of good cows of years of raising and buying is not to be picked up in one year. 9. $2,500 would not cover loss. Cows in that herd cost us |70. Money cannot replace the loss. As to disadvantages, we lose manure, years of hard work and milk trade. 10. I think it is being wiped out. The test is doing its work well for the community. 11. High feeding, taking out their strength in good milk year in ^nd out. 12. Stables dug out a foot deep, filled in with fresh saijd, fresh dirt, stalls thoroughly disinfected, whitewashed, plenty of fresh lime. Stables rested from cows few months, fresh air, sunlight, plenty car- bolic acid used in whitewash and chloride of lime. We believe in the test and that it should be a law of Pennsylvania. (246) 1. March, 1897. 2. Five. 3. Four. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. Perfect as far as we know. 8. Cannot make a satisfactory comparison as we try to have our cows come in fresh during April and May. Just now (April 11), we are only milking one cow. 9. $150. 10. Do not know of any, but think its presence is revealed by test. 11. We remember some years ago we had a cow die that was probably af- fected with tuberculosis. At that time we were not so well informed and thought nothing of the symptoms. 12. After the test in March, 1897, we removed the cows from the part of the stable they had been using and did not put them back there until October following. The stalls were washed with a carbolic solution after the test. (247) 1. 1897. 2. Three. 3. Two. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. I con- sider good. 9. The value of two cows. 10. Do not know of any. 11. No. (248) 1. June, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. One. 5. One. 6. Do not know. 10. Don't hear of any. (249) 1. October, 1896. 2. Six. 3. One. 4. Fourteen. 7. A new herd. 9. |75. I disposed of cattle as soon as I found only one was affected. 10. Don't know of any. 11. Do not. (250) 1. 1897. 2. Thirty-four. 3. Three or four. 4. Twenty-eight. 5. None. 7. My herd is now in fine condition. 8. See no difference, according to number of cows. 9. About |150. 10. Don't think there is very much. 11. I do not, but believe from a standard Jersey bull I bought; I owned him only six or seven months and his case was the worst. 12. Some of my sewers were closed which I had cleaned out and barn cleaned, limed, etc., the best I could get done. (251) 1. 1897. 2. Thirty-two. 3. Thirty. 4. Twenty-seven. 5. None. 8. It is pretty much the same. 9. |3,500. 10. I think there is a good bit of it. There are plenty of herds would not stand the test. 11. I do not. 12. It was disinfected thoroughly with boiling water, carbolic acid and copperas; then whitewashed. 15 226 (252) 1. February, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. Twelve. 4. Twenty- nine. 5. None. 7. Have but one cow; bought the stock cattle in Chicago, February 14, 1898, young steers. 8. About the same. 9. |525. The loss of having no cattle for one year. 10. I do not know of any at present. 11. Do not know ; had the same herd without any additions by purchase for five years; the nearest infected herd was three miles away. 12. Our farm buildings, except the house were burned last November. Have rebuilt them. (253) 1. May, 1897. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Healthy. 8. 1 haven't any of the same herd. 9. The value of one cow. 10. Not any that I know of. 11. By a cow bought at a sale. (254) 1. May, 1897. 2. Three. 3. One. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. All healthy. 8. The remaining about normal. 10. Very little. 11. I do not. (255) 1. -October, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. None. 5. None. 10. Very little, if any. (256) 1. September, 1896. 2. Three. 3. None. 4. One. 5. One. 6. Calving. 8. The same. 9. None. I look upon the question of necessitating tests for tuberculosis as one of the most important be- fore our State government. (257) 1. Spring, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. Very good. 8. Cannot tell; have not kept a record. 9. Two head; one having died just previous to test, and one condemned, $65. 10. It still prevails more or less. 11. By buying from an infected herd without knowldege. (258) 1. May, 1897. 2. Two. 3. Two. 4. One. 5. None. 7. Cow has remained in fine condition. 8. Much better. 9. $120. Loss of a decent yield of milk for a period of seven years. Loss of eight or ten calves. 10. I do not think it has spread much. There are three or four isolated cases that have come to my knowledge. 11. By buying cow from a drove brought from the mountain of Ful- ton county. (Perhaps the cow alleged to have been from Fulton county was from some other place ; there is little tuberculosis in that section.— L. P.) 12. In my opinion the loss from tuberculosis is in- calculable. High feeding, doctoring, unusual care, efforts to build up your herd, all ending in failure, require to be taken into account. (259) 1. First test July 26, 1896. Second test March, 1897. 2. Twenty-five. 3. Three at first test; none at second. 4. Twenty-six. 5. None. 7. Perfectly sound. 9. Good. 10. I hear or see none pre- vailing. 11. By a Jersey heifer coming from the eastern part of this State. (260) 1.1896. 3. None. 4. Thirty-four. 5. None. 7. Better; new barn, more light. 8. Milking ten cows, getting forty gallons per day. 9. None. 1 0. None. 12. New barn and light, ventilated stable. 227 (261) 1. December, 1896. 2. Eight. My cows had a cough at that time, but I think it was caused by rag weed. 3. None. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 9. No loss. 10. None at the present time. (262) 1. October, 1896. 2. Six. 3. One. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. Improved. 8. Same. 9. $60. 10. Not any in the vicinity. (263) 1. October, 1896. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. About the same. 10. None that we know of, but we ar^ the only ones who have had a test made in this section. 12. New barn. (264) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Pour. 4. Pour cows. 5. None. 7. My cows are sound. 8. Very good. 9. |80. 10. I think very little. 11. I do not. (265) 1. April, 1897. 2. Three. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. One. 6. Hogs killed. 7. Good. 10. None that I know of. 12. Barn moved and fixed over. (266) 1. April, 1897. 2. Four. 3. One. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Yield about the same. 9. $40. 10. Do not know of any cases in this vicinity. 11. 1 do not. (267) 1. August, 1896. 2. Three. 3. Two, and one died before the test. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. So far as I know there are none af- fected. 8. I cannot tell. 9. |230. 10. None of any account. 11. Do not know. (268) 1. May, 1896. 2. Fifteen cows, five head young cattle. 3. Three cows, three young cattle. 4. Twenty-three head. 5. One. 6. Choked by an apple. 7. Are better than before. 10. Four per cent. 11. 1 do not know. (269) 1. June, 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. Three. 5. None. 6. None died. 7. Perfectly healthy now. 8. About the same. 9. One cow June, 1896; value of cow, |41.50. 10. I do not know of any. 11. I do not. (270) 1. June, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. 4. Seventeen; all tested. 5. None. 7. Better condition. 8. Increased in quality and quantity. 10. I think there is some in our vicinity. 12. More windows and ventilation. (271) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. One. 4. Thirteen. 5. Not any. 7. Herd in good condition. 8. Milk product is better than be- fore the test. 10. 1 do not know of any around here. 11. 1 do not. (272) 1. August, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. Seven. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Better after test. 9. None since test. 11. No. (273) 1. Two years ago. 2. Thirty. 3. Fifteen. 4. Twenty-five. 5. None. 7. Improved. 8. No difference. 10. Twenty-five per cent. 11. By the purchase of a cow which died from the effects. (274) 1. April, 1897. 2. Three.- 3. Two. 4. One. 5. None. 7. In good health now. 8. Is much better than before. 9. $60. 11. I do 228 not know, more than that they started with a cough. 12. I am not living at the same place now. I regard the work of your Board as the best measure for the relief of the farmer from this scourge. (275) 1. December, 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. Two. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Same. 9. Same. 30. Am suspicious of a neigh- bor's herd. 11. No. (276) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Eleven. 3. One. 4. Twelve. 5. Not any. 7. Before test several had a cough, but since all have milked well and seem healthy. Think the cough was caused by dry, dusty pasture. 8. Never milked better than through winter and spring after test. 9. One cow. 11. No; the condemned cow was one we raised on the farm. (277) 1. April, 1896. 2. Four. 3. Four. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Have had these three tested and are sound. 8. None tested that were not killed. 9. I would have refused |500 for what I lost with what was tested, as some of the tested cows I refused |75 apiece for. 10. I believe you would find a good bit of it. 11. Through getting ani- mals from an unsound herd. 12. The stables have all been thor- oughly cleaned and dug up and whitewashed with carbolic acid in lime. I am a strong believer in tuberculosis; from experience could tell you more than I can write, as I have a little girl with a case of tuberculosis in the hip now; she is only six years old. (278) 1. August, 1895. 2. Twenty-two. 3. Eight. 4. Nineteen. 5. One. 6. Do not know. 7. Much better physically. 8. Greater in proportion. 9. |260. 10. I think it is much less. 11. Think it came from three cows purchased; two from other states and one from this. (279) 1. 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. One. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. No difference. 10. Most of the cattle in this vicinity have been tested and the diseased ones killed, so there is very little, if any, tuberculosis about here. 11. My herd was not infected. I bought the cow that was infected. I raised all the others and they were all sound and look fine. 12. Have made no changes. I have tried for years to keep the stables as clean as pos- sible and give the stock pure water and feed, and have no trouble. (280) 1. 1897. 2. Twenty-two. 3. None. 4. Thirty-five. 5. None. 7. Extra good. 8. Cattle were not affected by it. 9. None. 10. I have no knowledge of any. Cattle seem exceptionally healthy. (281) 1. December, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. Four. 4. Twenty. 5. None. 7. In better condition. 8. Considerably improved. 10. Do not know much about it. 11. Think it was caused by coming in con- tact with deseased cattle. (282) 1. February, 1896. 2. Thirty-six. 3. Thirteen. 4. Thirty- seven. 5. One. 6. Leg broken. 7. Much better. 8. The cows that were tested yield better than before. 9. |1,800. 10. Do not know of 229 any in our neighborhood. 11. Do not know positively. Suppose we bought it. 12. Thoroughly disinfected; wooden manure pits taken out and concrete ones put in; paying much attention to ventilation as we can. (283) 1. 1896. 2. Three. 3. One. 4. Five. 5. Not any. 7. It is in good condition at present. 8. It is better but we changed cows. 10. 1 do not know of any diseased. 11. No. (284) 1. April, 1896, and November, 1896. 2. Twelve. 3. One. 4. Fifteen. 5. One. 6. The veterinarian said the lungs were very much marbled like contagious pneumonia. (Probably sporadic pneu- monia.) T. Don't notice any difference. 8. Average about the same. 9. Two cows lost before the test was made. 10. Don't know of any. 11. Both were infected when purchased. 12. Remodeled and location changjgd. (285) 1. 1896. 2. Five. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Improved. 10. There is none in the vicinity. (286) 1. Fall, 1896, and winter of 1897. 2. Eight each time. 3. First time two, second one. 4. Six. 5. Killed one for beef was all right. 7. They appear better. 8. Per cow I do not think there is much difference, if any it is greater now. 9. This is hard to state but at least $20 per head (|60), besides the loss of the milk and but- ter. 10. I believe there are a great many infected herds. (287) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twenty-six. 3. Twelve. 4. One. 5. None. 6. None. 7. I have quit farming and keep but one cow and she seems all right. 8. I am unable to answer, as I kept no record. 9. I could not have replaced the cow for flOO more than I received. 10. Large per cent, of it is affected. 11. I do not. (288) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. None. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 9. None. 10. Good as far as I know. {289) 1. October, 1896. 2. Five. 3. One. 4. Six. 5. None. 8. The same. 9. $20. 11. By buying the animal that was condemned. (290) 1. 1897. 2. Five. 3. One was only slightly affected. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. No difference that I can see. 8. No perceptible difference. 10. Have made no observations. 11. No. (291) 1. 1897. 2. Ten. 3. Three. 4. Nine. 5. One. 6. Bloated at night; found dead in morning. 7. Much better. 8. Somewhat better. 9. |45 in price of cattle alone. 10. I believe the country is full of it. 11. From a cow I bought at a dealer's sale. (292) 1. May, 1896. 2. Four. 3. One. 4. Four. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 9. Four cows. In the spring of 1894 I had a S'ale of stock; five of the cows were condemned in 1895 and 1896. 10. I think half of the herds in my vicinity have been tested. I believe .05 per cent, would be about right. 11. No. (293) 1. March. 2.' One. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 11. I owned the cow only one week before I had her examined. 230 (294) 1. January," 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. (295) 1. January, 1898. 2. Twelve. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 8. I make more butter at present than before the test. 7. If any difference in condition, I think better. 9. In 1896 I had my cattle tested the first time and had two head condemned. One cost $21.50, the other |35. I received for the first |8 and the other |20, a loss to me of 128.50. 10. I think it is getting less. 11. In 1896 my herd became affected by introducing cattle shipped from another State. 12. I changed location since 1896 but we have made no changes since the last test, January 9, 1898. (296) 1. November, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Improved. 10. It is decreasing. 12. No change. (297) 1. 1896. 2. One. 3. None. 4. One. 5. None. 6. NoJ; any. 7. Same. All the same. 9. Nothing. 10. Nothing that I know. 11. Nothing at all. (298) 1. April, 1896. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. One. 5. One. 6. Con- demned and slaughtered. 7. Sound. 8. Same. 9. Only keep one to two cows for our own family supply. The one condemned is the only loss. 10. Probably 20 per cent, were infected before your Board in- tervened. Less than 3 per cent. now. 11. The condemned animal was probaly infected when bought from a herd in same county, probably ten months before disease was detected. 12. Cleaning, re- moval of manure, etc., use of sulphate of iron, chloride of lime, white- wash; and providing additional ventilation and sunlight for stables; all under direction of your deputy. (299) 1. December, 1896. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 9. None. 10. There may be gome cases, none, however, that are suspected of having that disease. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5. None. (300). 1. July, 1896. 7. 1 cannot see any change. 8. The same. 10. 1 know of none. (301) 1. August, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. Seven. 4. Thirteen. 5. Not any. 7. My herd is all right. 9. Fourteen cows. 10. I think it is much less than two years ago. Farmers are giving their stock more attention and are not so much opposed to having them exam- ined. 11. Probably brought to my barn by a bull. 12. Everything thoroughly disinfected; no cattle allowed on the ground for the space of about four months; all cattle tested and no symptoms of disease now. (302) 1. May, 1896. 2. Five. 3. Four. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Have none of former herd left. Good. 9. $300. 10. There are no doubt some affected but not to a great extent. 11. By the purchase of infected cow. 12. Premises have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with carbolic acid and lime. (303) 1. 1897. 2. Four. 3. Two. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. ' 7. My 231 herd is doing well. 8. They milked finely last year. 10. I do not think it was infected. (304) 1. November, lS96. 2. Nine. 3. Not any. 4. Six. 5. Not any. 6. I sold the fresh cows last fall. 7. About the same. 8. No change. 10. I think there is none in this vicinity. 11. There was a cow running with mine supposed to have it, but it did not prove con- tagious. (305) 1. December, 1898. 2. Two. 3. One. 4. Three. 5. Not any. 7. They are fat and sleek. 8. They produce a great deal more. 11. 1 do not -know. (306) 1. October, 1896; August 17, 1897. 2. The first test 23; sec- ond 30. 3. Two. 4. One hundred and seventy-six cows, two bulls, three heifers. 5. One cow. 6. Heart trouble. 7. Herd has been im- proved. Apperently all healthy. All cows are tested before adding to herd. 8. No effect. 9. Two cows condemned and killed. $45 loss above State- remuneration. 10. Do not know that it exists. 11. Were purchased two months and six weeks respectively before they were condemned. Presumably had tuberculosis at the time. 12. A new, well ventilated, lighted and drained barn had just been con- structed. (307) 1. June, 1896. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. Con- dition fine at the time of test, only one had a cough, but thought it better to test both. 10. 1 do not know of any cases. (308) 1. June, 1896. 2. Think fifteen. 4. Fourteen. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Much better. 8. I think a slight increase after the test and diseased animals killed. 9. One. 10. Do not think as many. 11. The herd I raised on the farm when tested were all right and the cows I bought all showed tuberculosis except one. (309) 1. October, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. Not any. 4. Seven. 5. Killed one. 7. They look splendidly. 8. It is better. 10. I know ot none now. 12. In the fall of 1896 my herd looked very badly, one in particular, and several of them coughed. I sent for an inspector and he thought their condition justified a test, which he made; all but one showed no reaction, and she shows no sysptoms at present. My nearest neighbor's herd were all affected the winter previous and he had to get rid of them. (310) 1. September, 1896, first test; second test January, 1898; the first time I lost ten, the second, four. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. All right. 8. About the same. 10. I think there are some herds that ought to be tested. 11. I bought three cows from Wm. Singerly's sale; they were the first to get sick. (311) Summer, 1896. 2. Six cows. 3. One. 4. Five. 5. None.^ 7. Considerably improved. 8. It is better. 9. |18. 10. I think it is very prevalent in some places. 11 . I bought the cow out of a drove. (312) 1. Spring, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. One. 4. Seven. 5. None. 8. 232 As I have few of the original cows, I cannot say. 9. |20. 10. Do not believe there are many. 11. No; the one condemned was one I raised; the mother was healthy. (313) 1. June, 1896. 2. Eighteen. 3. Seventeen. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. Satisfactory. 8. More milk now; but on account of breed not the quality. 9. On account of some insurance, the loss on cows did not exceed |100 and the indirect $150. 10. Could form no definite opinion. 11. There is evidence that it was contracted from an ani- mal purchased for breeding purposes. 12. Troughs replaced by new; floors and gutters laid in brick on edge and cemented over. Im- provement made in the amount of light admitted by increase in num- ber of windows. (314) 1. Spring, 1897. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. One. 6. Old age. 7. Good condition. 8. No change. 9. None. 10. Know of none. (315) 1. December, 1897. 2. Four. 3. Not any. 4. Four. 5. Not any. 7. Same. 9. Same. 10. Not any. 12. Cement floors and un- derdrained. Barn generally improved. ^Vater introduced through- out for flushing purposes. (316) 1. June, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. Six. 4. Nine. 5. None. 7. Bet- ter. 8. Improved. 9. |220. 10. Not many. 11. No. (317) 1. Summer, 1896. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Four cows, two calves. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. Do not know of any cases. 11. Have not had it. (318) 1. 196. 2. Thirteen. 3. Six. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. Healthier. 8. It is about the same. 9. $293. 10. I am in favor of examining cows before admitting into State of Pennsylvania. 11. I suppose from buying other cows. (319) 1. March, 1897. 2. Two. 3. Two. 4. None. 5. None. 6. We do not keep cows at the present time. 9. |70. 11. Do not know. (320) 1. December, 1896. 2. Three. 3. Two. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Are now in first class condition. 8. Small increase. 9. Two. 10. From the number found affected I should think there is consider- able more in herds not examined. 11. Think it came from a cow I bought which was raised on an adjoining farm. (321) 1. January, 1897. 2. Fifteen cows. 3. One. 4. Fourteen cows, two bulls and five heifers. 5. None. 7. I think my cows are all in good health. 8. Better and I know there is no bad milk from my cows. Four and three-fourths to five pounds of butter fat to 100 to milk. 10. I think and know that there are herds that ought to be tested. I would not own a cow that was diseased. 11. I bought the diseased cow you killed. 12. My barn is clean and in good condi- tion and I keep the stalls well whitewashed and well aired and lighted; the young heifers I raised from my own stock. I will not buy a cow that has not been examined. 233 (322) 1. March, 1897. 2. One. 3. One. 4. None. 5. None. 9. |25.. 11. 1 do not know. (323) 1. October, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. One. 4. Ten. 5. One; my stock was tested again in March, 1897. 6. Tuberculosis; condemned on second test. 7. In better condition. 8. Better. 9. |35. 10. By being careful what and when buying and by buying expressly of those shipped cattle. 11. By getting cows shipped from the west. Both of them were of that kind. • (324) 1. July, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. None. (325) 1. July, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. Eight. 4. Seven. 5. One. 6. Died suddenly from indigestion. 7. Have natives now; former herd were Jersey. 9. I received from the State |215 which I suppose was not much' more than half of their value. It is hard to tell indirect loss, but I had to buy butter for my custom for several months. The herd was one that contained several superior animals that I have not been able to replace. 10. Do not think there is a great deal for this neighborhood. 11. Five or six years ago I bought a cow jn the neighborhood for beef; she was to all appearances healthy, ate well and fattened quickly; kept her for two or three months and killed her and found inside a mass of tubercles. She was buried. 12. Thor- oughly disinfected with carbolic acid, tore up the gutter, put them in the stalls with fresh clay and whitewashed stables. Ventilation is good and the cattle are out in a sheltered yard every fair day. (326) 1. June, 1896. 2. Four. 3. None. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. All right. 8. Same. 10. Do not know of any. 12. Same. The reason I had the herd tested was that one had a cough. After failing to react, the cow was killed and a piece of wire found in her throat, which had produced cough. She was all right otherwise. (327) 1. 1897. 2. Ten or twelve. 3. Not any. 4. Eleven. 5. Not any. 7. Very best. 8. The very best. I ship to Philadelphia. (328) 1. April, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. Three. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. O. K. to the best of my knowledge. 9. I lost two before test and five on test. 10. Do not know of any. LI. I think it came from a young Jersey I raised. (329) 1. 1897. 2. Think nine. • 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. Much improved. 8. Milk better since tested. 9. None. 10. Very little. (330) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. Favorable. 8. Favorable. 9. About |500. 10. Prevalent to a lim- ited extent. 11. I apprehend from contact with new or strange cattle. (331) April, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. One bull. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Cancer of the eye. 7. In better condition. 8. About the same. 12. All torn out and dirt taken out and cemented all through. (332) 1. January, 1897. 2. Five cows. 3. Three. 4. Four cows 234 and three heifers. 5. None. 6. Not any. 7. All right as far as I know. 8. Not as good, as I lost my best cows. 9. $135. 10. I be- lieve it still exists. 11. From a cow I purchased at public sale. 12. Gave the stable a thorough cleaning, took out about three inches of dirt, whitewashed all the stables and used carbolic acid freely. (333) 1. January, 1897. 2. Five. 3. Three. 4. Five. 5. None. 6. Not any. 7. Cattle healthy and in good condition. 8. Cows close to calving at time of testing. 9. $100. 10. I think it still exists in many herds. 11. From a cow purchased of a drover at public sale. (334) 1. July, 1896. 2. Seventeen. 3. Thirteen. 4. None. Dis- posed by public sale of sixteen head on March 23, 1898. 7. Cattle were apparently healthy. 8. Last herd were ordinary cattle and did not yield as well. 9. From $225 to $250 in excess of sum received from the State. 10. Can form no estimate. 11. No. (335) 1. Summer of 1896. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Eight. 5. One. 6. Not of tuberculosis. I think inflammation of the bowels. 7. I parted with the last of those tested about two months ago; they were in as good condition as before the test or better. 8. We are in the habit of weighing the milk of each cow as it is drawn. We noticed difference after the test. 10. I think if tests were made a number of tubercular cattle could be found. 11. About eight months before the herd was tested I had one cow condemned by Dr. E. M. Michener as being tubercular. I bought the cow at a public sale a short time previous and suppose she was infected when I purchased her. (336) 1. April, 1895. 2. Eleven. 3. Ten. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. The one remaining cow I had, sold immediately, she having been fat- tened. 9. $249. 10. As to that I cannot tell. 11. Ten years ago I had a cow which I now suppose had been affected; I have a farm of forty acres that I have been living on for the past thirty years, and was having from twelve to fifteen cows, and was very fortunate for many years with my cattle, not any having died. About ten years ago one of my cows did not seem to be such a good eater, or rather strong feeding did not agree; she picked up and I sold her to a whole- sale butcher. (This certain cow had occasionally a discharge from her nose, but I did not think of anything serious.) The cow had been killed and one or two days after I stopped at the butcher's and the man in charge showed me the head and neck of this cow. Well, 1 acknowledge that it was very pleasing to look at, he telling me it had been that way all down her throat. Some time after I purchased another and placed her in that stall, she being extra- ordinary good; I raised two heifers; I had the mother cow about five years and she died, and the oldest of the heifers died about one year later, and some time after a fine young Alderney died. My loss of those cows was $114. My suspicions were then aroused and I 235 decided to liave my herd examined and they were all condemned but one, being the other heifer. The exact value of those cows was $449, and |10 for having them examined. The State paid |200. 12. Thoroughly disinfected. Did not stable cattle for six months. (338) 1. Summer, 1896. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 10. Less. (339) 1. October, 1896. 2. Twelve. 3. One cow. 4. Eight. 5. None. 6. Tuberculosis. 7. They are well. 8. About the same. 9. f 50. 10. Do not know. 11. Was infected from western herd bought September 4, 1896. (340) 1. January, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. Six cows and calf. 4. Eleven. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Good. 8. Before test four pounds butter to 100; after test four pounds to 100. 9. |280. 10. I think it is pretty well exterminated. 11. Western stock. (341) 1. April, 1897. 2. Twenty-five. 3. None. 4. Thirty-seven. 5. None. 7. Excellent health. 8. No difference. 10. Less prevalent. 12. More sunlight has been let into the stables; cows have exercise every day. (342) 1. February, 1897, and" July 1897. 2. Twenty cows, 1 bull, 13 heifers. 3. February, 3, July, 2. 4. Twenty-one cows, one bull, twenty-one calves. 5. None. 7. They appear very healthy. 8. About the same. 9. My loss in excess of appraisement is |112. 11. 'Some of those condemned were from New Jersey. . (343) 1. January, 1898. 2. Sixteen. 3. One. 4. Fifteen. 7. Herd healthy. Milk is better. 9. |115. 10. 1 do not know of any cattle in my neighborhoo'd that are diseased. 11. By buying cows out of a drove. (344) 1. October, 1897. 2. Nineteen. 3. Six. 4. Thirteen. 5. None. 7. In a very healthy condition. 8. More satisfactory. 9. $200. 10. 1 think there is plenty of it in my vicinity. 11. 1 think my herd contracted it in the stable; it is one of Mr. Wm. Singerly's stables. All cattle that are shipped from one part of the State to another should be tested before shipping. I have purchased cows from the western part of the State in apparently good condition and nine months later they were dead from tuberculosis. (345) 1. 1895. 2. Twenty. 3. Two. 4. Twenty. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Have changed nearly all I had at the time of test. 8. No difference. 10. There are plenty affected with it in the township. 11. Purchased a cow that I sold to the butcher, which proved tu- bercular. (346) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Ten head. 3. One. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. Appear all right. 8. Better than it was before the test. 9. |500. 236 10. 1 know of none. It has prevailed in this locality ; some 20 or more animals were slaughtered. 11. By buying a bull at Norristovvn State Hospital. (347) 1. Spring, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. One. 6. Parturient apoplexy. 7. Doing well. 8. As good as before. 9. None. 10. Know of none. 11. Not infected. (348) 1. Winter, 1896. 2. Five. 3. Five. 4. None. 5. Not any. 11. Do not know. (349) 1. April, 1897. 2. Pour. 3. Not any. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Same as before test. 8. Same. 9. |180. 10. Not very prevalent. 11. No. (350) 1. 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. Eleven. 4. None. 5. None. 6. Tu- berculosis. 8. Not much change. 9. About |200. 10. I think there is a great deal of tuberculosis in this vicinity and every herd should be tested all over the country and the disease exterminated in this way. 11. I think from purchasing three cows from Wm. M. Singer- ly's herd and raising stock from same. 12. Barn was burnt and I have built a new one. (351) 1. November, 1896. 2. Six. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. 1 have two of the original herd and they are in good condition. 8. The two heifers tested were not old enough for milk. Since the test they have calved and are better than the average. 10. There have been cases near me. 11. I could not trace the disease. The State Board has done a great work for the farmer. (352) 1. May, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. One. 4. Seventeen. 5. Not any. 8. A great deal better than it has beent 9. A Holstein heifer killed; |22 lost on it. 11. A western heifer. (353) 1. July, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. One. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. They look well. 8. About the same. 9. |25. 10. I think it has less now than it has been, so many herds have been tested. 11. The cow condemned must have contracted the disease before I bought her, she being the only one affected. I owned her only two months be- fore test. (354) 1. 1896, September. 2. Nine. 3. One. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. No material change. 9. Sixty dollars. 10. I believe there are still some. 11. 1 do not. (355) 1. July, 1896. 2. Twelve. 3. One. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Greater. 9. None. 10. Limited. 11. By introducing a western cow into the herd. 12. Carbolic acid saturation, perfected ventilation, stable room expanded and new stalls instead of old ones. (356) 1. 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Six. 5. None. 7. O. K. except one heifer. 8. No difference. 9. None. 10. No definite opin- ion. 11. Not diseased. 237 (357) 1. December, 189G. 2. Fourteen. 3. Two. 4. Twelve. 5. One. 6. Tuberculosis. 7. They are healthy. 8. The milk is same as before test. 9. $115. 10. Do not know of any. The Jews might have made a mistake in the cow. I did not see her when she was killed. (358) 1. July. 1896. 2 Pour. 3. One. 4. Two. 5. None. 6. None. 7. About the same. y. Same. 9. |40. 11. No. (359) 1., Ma:rch, 1897. 2. Sixteen. 3. Two. 4. Twenty. 5. None. 7. Much improved. 8. Improved. 9. Three cows. 10. I believe many herds to be affected. Exposure and neglect. (360) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. Five. 4. Seven. 7. Good. 8. Good. (361) 1. October, 1896. 2. One. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. Do not know of any. (362) 1. May, 1897. 2. Three. 3. Nine. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. No change. 10. Have no knowledge. (363) 1. April, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. I. One. 5. None. 7. No noticeable change. 8. No change. 10. So far as I know there is very little. (364) 1. March, 1897. 2. Twelve or thirteen. 3, Nine. 4. Eight. 5. Two. 6. Overfeeding; one of old age. 7. The herd is in fine con- dition. 8. I think it is better since test than before. Certainly it is as good. 10. There is plenty of it. 11. Never had any except one cow (young) that I bought near Jersey, but kept away from herd. (365) 1. February, 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. One. 7. Good as before. 8. No difference. 9. None. 10. Have not heard of any. (366) 1. March, 1897. 2. Two. 3. None. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. All right. 8. Twenty quarts a day. 9. None. 10. Know of nOne. (367) 1. May, 1897. • 2. One. 3. One. 4. One. 5. Not any. 7. All right. 8. All right. 9. |35. 10. Cannot say. 11. I do not. (368) 1. October, 1896. 2. Pour cows and two heifers. 3. One. 4. Two. 5. Two. 6. Calving and constipation. 7. Appear to be in perfect health. 8. Improved if anything. 9. |25. 11. Cannot tell. (369) 1. February, 1897. 2. Sixteen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. Two. 6. Bloating. 7. The same. 8. About the same. 10. Have no knowledge of any. (370) 1. January, 1897. 2. Thirty-two. 3. Thirty-one. 4. Thirty- three. 5. None. 7. New Herd. 8. Cannot tell. 9. $700. 10. Pretty well stamped out. 11. Cannot tell. 12. Floors cemented and disin- fected. 238 (371) April, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. Not any. 4. Eighteen. 5. Two. 6. One baked in manifold; one dropped dead; no tuberculosis found 8. About the same. 9. Not anything. 10. There were no cattle af- fected with tuberculosis in this vicinity when tested last spring. (372) 1. January, 1897. 2. Five cows. 3. None. 4. Five cows. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. The same. 10. No disease has been found in this township. (373) 1. October, 1896. 2. Six cows. 3. Two. 4. Six cows, two yearlings. 5. None. 9. |28. 10. Do not know. 11. Do not. (374) 1. 1897. 2. Eight. 3. Not any. 4. Thirty-one. 5. Not any. 7. About the same. 8. The same. 9. Not one. 10. I think there is some. (375) 1. October, 1896. 2. Twenty-four. 3. Four. 4. Twenty-six besides calves. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Good. 8. All young cows. Five two-year olds average over 30 pounds per day and no green food. 10. Nearly exterminated. 11. Probably from a thoroughbred cow from New York State. (376) 1. November, 1896. 2. Nineteen. 3. Eleven. 4. Seventeen. 5. None. 7. Nearly the same. 8. The cows are a new lot. 9. $360. 10. Where they keep the cattle in the stable nearly all the time farm- ers will find their cattle contract tuberculosis; where they keep them in the open air they will not have tuberculosis nearly as often. 11. I used a bull purchased from the Jessup herd and in contact with the Lathrop herd; both were diseased. (377) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. None were condemned. 4. Have thirteen. 5. Have lost none. 7. Condition better. 8. Milk better. 9. None. 10. Only a few cases. (378) 1. December, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Twenty. 5. None. 7. A great deal better. 8. It is better. 9. None. 10. Not as many as has been. It is a great satisfaction to me to know that my herd is all right. Thanks to the State for it. (379) 1. April, 1897. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Same. 10. My opinion is there are more herds tuberculous than is commonly believed. I should like to see the time when every farmer would be compelled to have his herd tested. It is the only way to wipe out the disease. (380) 1. May, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. About same. 8. Same. 9. |30. 10. I have no means of knowing. 11. Purchased and killed within two weeks. (381) 1. March, 1897. 2. Thirteen. 3. Four. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. I am feeding better and dairy is consequently doing better. 10. Not very extensive. 11. 1 do not. (382) 1. February, 1897. 2. Thirteen. 3. One. 4. Fourteen. 5. 239 None. 7. I do not see much difference as the one killed was not far along. 8. It is about the same. 9. One cow. 10. 1 do not know. 11. I do not. (38.3) 1. April, 1897. 2. Thirteen. 3. Not any. 4. Eighteen. 5. None. 7. I see no difference. 8. No difference. 10. None that I know of. (384) 1. January, 1897. 2. Sixteen. 3. None. 4. Eighteen. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. Better. 8. Could not see any difference. 9. None. 10. I think about 1 in 30. (385) . Spring, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. The same. 9. No loss. 10. 1 think less. (386) 1. May, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. Six. 4. Two cases. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 10. Hear very little about it. 11. From a cow that came from Lathrop's stock and he got it of Jessup's stock, of Montrose. (387) 1. 1897. 2. Six. 3. Not any. 4. Seven cows, two calves. 5. None. 7. They are in better order. 8. The same. 9. None. 10. I do not know of any. (388) 1. 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Same. 10. 1 do not think there is any! II. They have never been affected. (389) 1. Spring, 1896. 2. Eighteen. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 10. 1 do not know of any. (390) 1. February, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. None. 7. No particular change. 8. There is no noticeable change. 9. Nothing. 10. I think there are but few herds affected with it. (391) 1. June, 1896. 2. Thirteen. 3. Not any. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7' Some better. 8. A little better. 10. Do not know of any cases. (392) 1. July, 1896. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Three. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Improvement in milk and flesh. 10. Not more than half as much as two years ago. 11. 1 do not. (393) 1. 1896. 2. Twelve. 3. None. 4. Fifteen. 5. One calving. 7. About the same. 8. See no change. 9. Nothing. Lost two be- fore the test; think the cause was pneumonia. 10. Think very few have it. (394) 1. November, 1896. 2. Five. 3. Five. 4. None. 5. None. 7. All killed after test. 9. State paid the loss. 10. Cannot say. 11. Do not know. (395) 1. December, 1896, and May, 1897. 2. In December, 1896, had 47 head; none condemned. 3. Fourteen tested, one condemned, the others sold prior to last test; 1, 2 and 3 years old. 4. Twenty- four heifers. 5. None. 7. Looking well. 8. The herd at the time of test had never given any milk. 9. |25. 10. Consilerable tubercu- 240 losis. 11. The cow caught the disease at H. W. Deckers' place. She was there a day of two a short time after he had 12 condemned and killed. (396) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eight tested. 3. Two. 4. Fourteen. 5. None. 7. Never in better condition than at present for the time of year. 8. About the same. 10. Do not know. 11. Do not know. (397) 1. December, 1896. 2. Ten cows, 3 yearlings. 3. None. 4. Ten cows, two yearlings. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. No change. 9. Nothing. 10. Do not know of any but heard of 20 or more being all slaughtered in 1896 on test, five miles from here. Think probable that ten per cent, or less would fail to test all right. 11. No. (398) 1. February, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Four. 4. Twenty-two. 5. One. 6. Milk fever. 7. No particular change. . The cows were apparently in a good healthy condition. 8. The same. 9. |64 in value of cows and additional loss that can not be estimated. 10. Im- possible for me to say. 11. I purchased them of a neighbor who breeds thoroughbred cattle. (399) 1. October, 1896. 2. Three. 3. Two. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Same. 9. $60. 10. Cannot state definitely. 11. Do not know. (400) 1. Novenibe'r, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. One. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. Healthy. 8. Good. 9. One cow. 10. Am not qualified to make an intelligent estimate. 11. I do not. (401) 1. February, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. No change. 8. No perceptible difference. 9. None. 10. An occasional case. (402) 1. November, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. No particular change. 8. Same. 9. None. 10. 1 do not think there is much tuberculosis in this vicinity at the present time. (403) 1. January, 1896. 2. Thirty-three. 3. Twenty-five. 4. About twenty-five. 5. Lost two. 7. Cattle that remain of my former herd are well. 8. Did not keep any account. 9. In the last 15 years, probably 40; two cows I paid |300 each for, bulls |100 each, etc. 10. ■ It has been very prevalent, llrl bought two cows from T. Jones & Son, Del., Ohio, and two cows from Lackawanna county, Pennsyl- vania. These cows brought it to my herd 15 years ago. I had never heard of tuberculosis and didn't know what it was and so it spread through my herd. 12. Mangers and floors removed, whole stable dis- infected with carbolic acid and chloride of lime. (404) 1. October, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. Not any. 4. Ten head. 5. None. 7. Better. 9. Improving. 10. I cannot say. (405) 1. January, 1897. 2. Sixteen. 3. Not any. 4. Fifteen. 5. One yearling. 6. Blackleg. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 10. Very little. 241 (406) 1. December, 1896. 2. Four cows. 3. None. 4. Three cows. 5. None. 7. My cows are in healthy condition. 8. The same as be- fore. (407) 1. June, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. One. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Cannot see any difference. 9. $18. 11. From the cow we bought. Raise our own stock now. 12. Have torn out the old stables; used lime where the animal was kept. (408) 1. January, 1897. 2. Thirty-six. 3. One. 4. Thirty-six. 5. None. 7. No change. 8. No perceptible change. 9. |43. 10. I do not think there is much tuberculosis in this vicinity at present al- though there is some. 11. The cows that had it were animals that I had bought, one of them from herd that had several cases of tuber- culosis in it. (409) 1. Spring, 1896. 2. Four. 3. One. 4. Five. 3. None. 7. Better. 8. Same. 11. No. (410) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Eight. 5. None. 7. No difference. 8. No difference. 9. None. 10. I have no idea. At the time of testing I had seven cows and one eight-months bull. Now have five cows and three two-year old heifers; two cows were beefed; saw nothing wrong in dressing. (411) 1. January, 1897. 2. Eight cows. 3. Twelve. 4. Sixteen. 5. None. 7. Better. 8. Better. 9. |22o. 10. Not any that I know of. 11. Buying cattle and bringing them on the place. (412) 1. July, 1895. 2. Thirteen. 3. None. 4. Twenty-three. .5. None. 7. Good. 9. None. (413) 1. March, 1897. 2. Eighteen. 3. Not any. 4. Twenty-two. 5. Not any. 7. About the same as before. 8. Better. 9. None. 10. Very few. (414) 1. Summer, 1896. 2. Fifteen. 3. None. 4. None. 5. None by disease. 7. Continued to thrive, nicely until a few days ago when they were all lost in a burning barn. 8. No harm from test. 9. None. 10. Do not hear of any trouble at present. (415) 1. June, 1896. 2. Sixteen. 3. One. 4. Nineteen. 5. None. 6. None died. 7. All sound. 8. About the same. 9. No loss save the one condemned. 10. Very little. 11. Think by buying. 12. Stable floors and mangers all made new. AH filth under floors removed and earth scraped clean. (416) 1. March, 1897. 2. Fifteen. 3. Not any. 4. Sixteen. 5. One. 6. Probably milk fever. 7. Cannot see any change. 8. No perceivable change. 9. None. 10. Think there is some. A good many herds have been tested and some 20 or more been killed that had tuberculosis. Think there are more dairies affected, but the farmers object to having them tested. (417) 1.' April, 1897. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. The same. 10. Not much. 242 (418) 1. April 27. 2. Twelve cows. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. About the sanae. 8. The same. 9. None. (419) 1. January, 1897. 2. Six. 3. Not any. 4. Six. 5. Not any. 7. The same as previous test. 8. About the same. (420) 1. In 1897. I had no tuberculosis; no symptoms of any. No loss of cattle before or since. (421) 1. April, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. None. 4. Nine. 5. One. 7. Three per cent, better. 8. None. 9. None. (422) 1. November, 1896. 2. Eighteen. 3. None. 4. Twelve. 5. None. 7. Very thrifty now. Their cough and low condition due to feeding rusty oats. 8. Much better since. 10. Do not think there is a case here. 12. Radically; new barn, cement floor, swing stanch- ions, etc. (423) 1. March, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. One. 5. None. 8. Can not notice any change. 10. Do not know of any cattle in this vicinity infected with it. (424) 1. April, 1897. 2. Four. 3. Three. 4. One cow. 5. None. 6. I think the cow that I killed before communicating with the State Board had tuberculosis and all had the same disease. 7. The only cow is in good condition. 8. P^ur gallons per day but did not use milk. 9. |180. 10. There may be some cases but know of none. 11. Through breeding. (425) 1. March, 1887. 2. Eight. 3. None. 4. Six cows, six calves. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. About the same. 10. It might be well to test some of the cattle of our vicinity. (426) 1. March, 1897. 2. Thirty-two. 3. Fourteen, including one of neighbor. 4. Twenty-seven head. 5. None. 6. No disease. 7. No difPerence. 8. The same. 9. |600. 10. From past experience in tests, think there is more of it in this vicinity. 11. Do not Itnow, but think from herd killed two years before on joining farm. (427) 1. May, 1897. 2. One. 3. One. 4. One. 5. None. 7. 1 have one apparently healthy cow but did not have her when the other was condemned. 9. About $30. (428) 1. May, 1897. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Eighteen. 5. None. 7. About the same. 8. Not much difference. 10. Several cases around here. (429) 1. April, 1897. 2. One. 3. None. 4. Two. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. No change. 9. None. 10. Cannot say. 11. Not infected. (430) 1. May, 1897. 2. Eleven. 3. None. 4. Eleven. 5. None. 7. Same. (431) 1. April, 1897. 2. Twenty-one. 3. One. 4. Forty .~ 5. None. 7. The same. 8. No change noted. 9. |75; this was a young bull that we sold to an institution in Philadelphia subject to test. He showed but a very slight trace of tuberculosis. 10. There is not 243 much. 12. The bull was the best calf of a cow whose dam was im- ported; being of a very popular and fine family, we kept her much longer than we should have otherwise done. She was old and worn out; the calf sucked her as long as she lived and we now think may have contracted the disease in this way. Having no other case leads me to this conclusion. (432) 1. October, 1896. 2. Forty-seven. 3. Twenty-flve. 4. Six- teen. 5. None. 7. Much better. 8. Twenty per cent, more now. 9. Lost four; State killed twenty-flve. 10. I think a good many cattle are infected. 11. By buying stock from Allentown. (433) 1. May, 1896. 2. Twenty. 3. Nine. 4. Five. 5. None. 7. much better. 8. Have but one cow; cannot tell. 9. |500. 10. Can- not say there is any. 11. From a cow bought in another part of this State. (434) 1. September, 1897. 2. One. 3. Not any. 4. None. 5. None. 9. flOO. I have no cattle at present, having sold the last one a few weeks ago. I had four as good cows as any one in this section until tubercu- losis got hold of them and the first one died and I did not know what was the matter with her, the second one died and -^as opened by an old cow doctor, who said that tuberculosis killed the cow. The third one was tested. The inspector examined my cows in April, 1896, and condemned one and afterwards killed and dissected her and buried her, and the State paid me |20. The last one was tested in September, 1897, and was pronounced all right. She is a flue young cow and has all appearance of being in perfect condition. She is now owned by Mr. Smith; his cattle were all tested the same time my last one was and were healthy. There are but few cattle around here that have not been tested. I think the disease is nearly run out, as nearly every farmer has taken hold of it. (435) 1. June, 1897. 2. Twenty-eight. 3. None. 4. Fourteen. 5. None. 7. Same. 8. Same. 9. None. 10. I do not think there is much. (436) 1. April, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. None. 4. Seventeen. 5. Two. 6. One choked on apples and one died of calving. 7. About the same. 8. Same. 9. None. IC'I know of none. 11. Never have been (437) 1. January, 1897. 2. Twelve. 3. Not any. 4. Seventeen. 7. Same. 8. Same. i;438) 1. June, 1896. 2. Nine. 3. None. 4. Ten. 5. None. 7. The same. 8. One hundred and ten quarts per day. 9. Nothing. (439) 1. March, 1896. 2. Eighty. 3. Fifty-nine. 4. Thirteen. 5. Four on retest. 6. Tuberculosis on retest of herd. 7. Better. 8. About the same. 10. Do not know of any. 11. By purchasing ani- mals from New Jersey. 244 (440) 1. March, 1897. 2. Ten. 3. None. 4. Seven. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Same. 10. I know of none being affected. (441) 1. April, 1897. 2. Seven. 3. Four. Two head died before inspection was male. 7. Good. 8. Excellent. 10. Decreasing. 11. Yes. By buying a cow that had the disease and not knowing it at the time. (442) 1. Fall, 1896. 2. Fourteen. 3. Ten. 4. Six, and thirteen fattening. 5. None. 7. They are looking well and healthy. 8. Fifty per cent. more. 9. |300. 11. Through purchasing two cows from a diseased herd. My barn burned down July 26, 1897, and three ot the four that were not diseased when tested, perished in the fire. Since I rebuilt the barn I purchased three young cattle and two milch cows and in December I had four head tested and the veterinarian found them all right. (443) 1. July, 1896. 2. Four. 3. Four. 4. Two. 6. None. 6. Tuberculosis. 7. Had four die before the test. 9. |350. (444) 1. September, 1896. 2. Thirty-three. 3. Twelve. 4. Thirty- five. 5. None. 6. No answer required. 7. Physically the same, but believe no tuberculosis to exist. 8. Under normal comparative con- ditions it is slightly increased. 9. Can not give number. In 1884 altogether.) '10. Since the beginning of the State examination natur- ally there has been a decrease but there is still, in my opinion, many herds infected. This certainly can not be rectified until the State adopts a compulsory system with ample appropriation. 11. I can trace almost directly the infection of my herd. In the original pur- chase of Jersey cattle I was limited to those imported from the Island. No tuberculosis was detected in these animals. I have in fact tM'o animals in my herd for sentimental reasons that were bought in 1883 just from the Island, which have passed two tests. In 1884 I purchased a bull and two cows from the Darling herd at Kellog sale and paid |3,000 for the bull and a like amount for the two cows. I can assert with some degree of positiveness that from this purchase my herd became infected. The bull and cows were all killed by me and all were seriously infected. The animals were of the Rioter strain and were very highly inbred. I am inclined to think that the close inbreeding for the purpose of increased butter production by "artificial selection" has, in the Jersey, resulted in emphasizing the heredity tendency of the Island cattle to tubercu- losis. 12. My cow stable is a separate building, standing by itself. It was thoroughly cleaned, all loose boards and walks torn up, stalls, mangers, etc., thoroughly scrubbed with a strong solution of lye, and then disinfected with chloride of lime solution, then all wood- 245 work whitewasTied, including ceiling. The stable was not occupied for a month. New walks were laid and it is now cleaned and white- washed frequently. (445) 1. March, 1897. 2. Five. 3. None. 4. Five milch cows. 5. None. 7. Good; better than before test. 8. Milk is better. 9. |35. This was; however, before test. 10. Do not know of any. 11. Through ' buying stock. (446) 1. March, 1897. 2. Twenty-seven. 3. Three. 4. Twenty- four. 5. None. 7. Good. 8. Increase a little. 11. Think it came from a heifer brought from State of Maryland as she was the worst diseased one of the three killed. (246) APPENDIX. TUBEECULOSIS OP CATTLE. By PROF. B. BANG, Copmhagen, Denmark. I have been asked to write for publication in Pennsylvania, a paper discussing some points concerning tuberculosis of cattle on which, I am told, it is useful to enlighten the live stock owners of that State. It was thought that the experience I have gained from my long occu- pation with these questions, might perhaps contribute to a closer un- derstanding of tuberculosis of cattle, and the means to combat it. In trying to fulfil this wish, I think it best to keep close to the fol- lowing subjects: 1. The desirability of having herds freed from tuberculosis. 2. The transmission of tuberculosis between cattle stabled and herded together. 3. The value of good sanitary conditions, light, cleanliness, ven- tilation, etc. 4. The effect of tuberculin on healthy cattle. 5. The propagation of tuberculosis among swine, calves, other ani- mals and people, through the milk. 6. The accuracy of the tuberculin test. 7. The success of the work directed against tuberculosis of cattle in Denmark, and the favorable manner in which these operations are accepted by the owners of live stock. 8. The advantages which will accrue from the suppression of tu- berculosis among cattle. * [Professor Bang, the author of this paper, is a member of the faculty of the Veterinary and Agricultural College of Denmark, located in Copenhagen, and is the chief veterinarian of his country. He Is one of the greatest specialists on tuberculosis of cattle and has originated and conducted a plan for repressing this disease that is more successful than any measure for this purpose that has been adopted by any other country in Europe. His plan is conservative and aims to repress the disease with a minimum of loss. It is eapecially valuable in countries and localities where the frequency of tuberculosis is high, where milk that has been heated can be disposed of profitably, and w-here a sate system of meat inspec- tion is in operation at the slaughter houses. This paper was prepared for and was printed in the - Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for 1897, and is here reprinted on account of its great and perma- nent value. The date of the preparation of this paper (1897) should be born in mind.— L. P.] ( 247 ) 248 1. A3 TO THE DESIRABILITY OF HAVING HERDS FREED FROM TUBER- CULOSIS. At first this question may seem a superfluous one, but on further reflection its importance is plain. It is clear that the stock owner who loses one or several cows from consumption, or sees the animals emaciate instead of fatten, needs no explantion as to the desira- bility of being freed from a scourge which causes such evident losses. But the fact is, that tuberculosis can exist, can even have gained a considerable extension in a herd and yet for a long time the owner may have very little notion of this calamity. Tuberculosis — ^unlike anthrax, which causes every individual attacked to be violently dis- eased and usually causes death in the course of a few days^-is a very insidious illness that begins quite imperceptably and will often for a long time keep completely hidden. This latent character of the ill- ness is indeed no exception, it is on the contrary the rule. By tuber- culin tests you will sometimes see three-fourths or almost all the ani- mals of a herd reacting, thus revealing themselves to be infected with tuberculosis, though they are looking quite sound. I even know cases, where the owner of such stock maintains never to have per- ceived the least traces of the disease. Now such a man might doubt whether it be worth while to make sacrifices to get rid of a disease which apparently does so little harm. Of course such cases are rare where no disease at all has been detected in infected herds, usually some cow or other will be unthrifty or thin, but most farmers are ac- customed to have misfortune occasionally, and if this does not happen too often it will not annoy them seriously. It is this insidious progress which explains why tuberculosis has in most countries attained such an enormous extension. It does not ex- cite immediate attention. In all countries in which it has been possi- ble to follow the history of the disease, and to ascertain with some ac- curacy the date and ways of its introduction, as for instance Den- mark, Sweden and Finland, you will find that at first it has not caused great trouble, and that years have passed before much has been spoken of it, and the same thing happens in every herd into which it is nowadays introduced. But gradually the losses sum up, and it develops into a positive scourge. And in many infected herds the losses will occasionally be very great. Sometimes it is not easy to see what has made the disease progress rapidly in so many infected animals, sometimes the cause may easily be found. Thus an acute contagious disease will sometimes be followed by a rapid develop- ment of tuberculosis in infected cattle. I know a large farm with about 200 head of cattle in Denmark, where tuberculosis was known, but had never appeared to be of a malign character; in 1893 the herd was infected with foot and mouth disease, and after this tubercu- 249 losis made such progress that in the course of the following years the owner had to slaughter about 50 head of cattle, part of which were in a very reduced state. Thus it will be evident to the intelligent farmer that he must at some time free his herd from a disease continually menacing him with great losses. If he has not himself suffered from the scourge of tu- berculosis, he will know neighbors who have suffered severely from it, and he must consider that the same fate may be his. Another circumstance of more recent date will arouse his attention. Since it has been ascertained that consumption in man depends on the same cause as tuberculosis in cattle, a fear has arisen in all countries that this disease so fatal to man, which in most countries causes one- seventh, in some places even one-fourth of all deaths, may have one of its sources in animal tuberculosis. Nor is this fear without foun- dation, although it is often exaggerated. Even if the farmer does not care to subdue tuberculo'sis on account of the losses caused by the sickness and death of his cows, he will be obliged to take an in- terest in this matter on perceiving the difficulty of selling the milk or the meat derived from cattle more or less tubercular. 2. AS TO THE TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS BETWEEN CATTLE STABLED AND HERDER TOGETHER. It is quite impossible for an animal to get tuberculosis without the tubercle bacillus being admitted into its body. These are pure para- sites which do not develop outside of the animal body. From a tuber= cular animdl they can be exercised in different ways — by expectora- tion, with the manure and urine, with the milk, with discharge from the genital organs, etc. ; and when they have left the body which has housed them, they can keep alive for rather a long time, though rarely more than half a year, and infect another animal or man by being ad- mitted to his body. It is only under special laboratory conditions that the tubercle bacillus can be brought to propagate itself outside of the body, and thus we are sure to be right in maintaining that all the tubercle bacilli which we encounter on our way must have been excreted by a sick animal or a sick man. They are, therefore, not found everywhere, but only where tubercular animals or men are living or have lived recently. Hence, the danger of becoming in- fected with them is far greater in closed places (rooms or stables) than in open fields, where the germs are diffused so that only a few occur in a given place, and where they will, comparatively, soon be destroyed by natural influences, especially the sunlight. The smaller, darker and closer the room is, the greater the probability that sound individuals will be infected. That it must be so we may know beforehand and that it is so experience teaches ns, as regards 250 both men aud animals. That tubercle bacilli are not found every- where is clearly shown from the fact that in countries where tubercu- losis is common, many herds will be found completely exempt. This is proven not only by the fact that the owner has never perceived any trace of it, but the tuberculin test shows that not a single animal reacts. I ascertained some years ago in Denmark that more than one-fifth of the examined herds prove to be quite free from tuber- culosis, and afterwards the same thing was observed in many other countries, as, for instance, in Pennsylvania. And in Denmark, at least, many of these herds are comparatively large, embracing 40 to 50 individuals. These are almost always herds which have been bred and reared on the farm and to which, for many years, no new animals have been introduced. I have shown that some of these herds were made up of cows in which the milk yield is developed to the highest degree, so that according to old views, the animals must be supposed to be highly predisposed to tuberculosis, but no con- tagion had been introduced, and accordingly there was no disease. Thus it is contagion on which everything depends and contagion occurs chiefly by association in the stable with tubercular animals excreting tubercle bacilli. Of course there are other ways by which it may be transmitted and of these feeding with tuberculous food, es- pecially with infected milk, is the chief one. Also, copulation may sometimes transmit contagion when tuberculous affection combined with the discharge are found in the genital organs. Tuberculosis may also be transmitted from the mother to the foetus through the placenta (perhaps also from the male animal to the egg), but congeni^ tal tuberculosis is comparatively rare. Yet this form of contagion is not quite so rare in cattle as many, for instance Nocard, consider it to be. I have especially directed my attention to this question, and in the course of eight years, mostly by the help of several veterinary surgeons at slaughter houses, have been able to gather not less than 85 cases of congenital tuberculosis, partly in foeti, partly, and these cases were the most common, in new-born calves.* But the tubercle bacilli can only be transmitted from the mother to the foetus through the blood — if the uterus of the mother be not affected by tuberculosis— and, therefore, foetal tuber- culosis is only found in calves whose mothers are highly tubercular, as only such individuals have tubercle bacilli in their blood. Cows that have only local tuberculosis (for instance of lungs, bronchial or mesenteric glands) cannot contaminate their foeti. Thus the great majority of tubercular animals will bear sound calves. It is pre- cisely on this fact that I have founded my system of combating tuber- » These tuberculous deposits are as a rule very small and calcifled. They are to be found in the liver and, especially, in the portal glands. Generally you will also find some deposits in the mediastinal and bronchial glands, sometimes also in the lungs, the spleen and other crgans. 251 culosis — which purposes to raise calves born by sound looking cows, even if the tuberculin test has proved these to be already infected with the disease, but to remove the calves from the mother's stable as soon as born, place them in a locality free from contagion and give them boiled milk or milk from absolutely sound animals. On the basis of my experience I believe I may say, that congenital tuberculosis will not even be found in one-half per cent, of the calves of a tuberculous herd. Contagion through infected milk plays a very large part, and ac- cording to my experience, is the essential cause of tuberculosis in young calves, but this cause will only work the first year at most. After that time the calves, at least in Denmark, get no milk. And as tuberculosis is a disease the frequency of .which increases largely with age, it is clear that we cannot accuse milk of being its chief cause. It is evident that year by year the cattle pick up contagion with more and more frequency, and the chief source must be the tubercle bacilli disseminated in the stable by other tubercular cattle. In itself it is of no great consequence whether we suppose the tubercle bacilli to be chiefly admitted through the digestive organs or the respiratory organs. Both ways are possible. The food and the water may be in- fected by expectoration and discharge from the nose or by bacilli at- tached to particles of dust or the cow may lick objects (walls, cribs) which are contaminated with evacuations containing bacilli, or in- hale tubercle bacilli attached to particles of dust. As showing the first method of transmission it is often noticed that a newly bought sound cow will strikingly often become affected with the disease when it is put in a p-lace occupied shortly before by a badly tubercu- lar cow (if the place has not been thoroughly disinfected), and also that the disease very often passes to the nearest neighbor of a sick beast. But contagion through the air, no doubt, also plays an impor- tant part The great frequency with which tuberculosis is found only in the lungs and the bronchial glands, speaks strongly for conta- gion through inhalation. My experience also points strongly m the same direction, for many and many a time I have observed that transmission is not avoided by placing the sound animals m one end or one one side of the stable, while the tubercular cattle are placed at some distance from them and are without any direct communi a- tion with them. If you will avoid the dangers -<=^;-f "^^'ved from tion in the stable, the sound animals must be entirely removed from the diseased ones and placed by themselves In pastures the danger of contagion will be far ^^^^^^^^^'^^ stable especially when the cattle are tethered, as is the case m Den IZ: When the cows are not tethered they ^^-y;'.^^^^]ZZ nicate the infection 'by licking each other or by drinking from the 252 same receptacle. I know some places where tuberculosis seems to have been caught on the pasture; so when sound and reacting ani- mals are on the same farm they ought to be kept in different fields. 3. AS TO THE VALUE OF GOOD SANITARY CONDITIONS, LIGHT, CLEAN- LINESS, VENTILATION, ETC. On this point I can be brief, referring to what Dr. Leonard Pearson has written in the second annual report of the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Agriculture. The importance of cleanliness in the stable is easily to be under- stood. If animals excreting tubercle bacilli with the faeces or with discharges from nose, mouth, vagina, etc., are found in the stable, it is clear that the danger of contagion is very much diminished, when these things are quickly removed and are not allowed time to dry into dust. The better the ventilation, the less the number of germs float- ing in the air and the less probability of their infecting a sound ani- mal. It has also been proved that the danger of development of disease is greater when many bacilli than when few are admitted to the organism. The light of the sun is the most efScient natural means of disinfection, and a light stable will more easily be kept clean, for the dirt will be noticed. But fresh air, light and good food, i. e., good sanitary conditions, are also of the greatest importance in giving animals as well as man resisting powers against the germs of disease admitted to the body. They cannot exactly prevent the animal from being infected, i)ut the better the sanitary conditions are, the greater the probability that the animal will be able to confine the tuberculosis to the first organs infected or their lymphatic glands, where the bacilli have entered, ar- riving thus at the result, which is luckily not uncommon, that for a long time — perhaps for many years — the tuberculosis will remain an insignificant affection, which does not prevent the cow from giving sound milk, sound meat and sound calves. 4. AS TO THE EFFECT OP TUBERCULIN IN HEALTHY CATTLE. Tuberculin is a preparation which cannot contain living bacilli. To be sure it is made of beef tea in which the bacilli have been, grown, but the culture has been subjected to prolonged heating at 115. de- grees C, which absolutely kills the bacilli and, next, the dead bacilli are removed by filtration. Thus it is evident that the injection of tu- berculin cannot call forth the disease in sound cattle. A fear has been expressed that tuberculin might give rise to an acute blazing up of tuberculosis in tubercular animals, thus causing animals which had before appeared comparatively sound to become seriously 253 affected by the development of an acute miliary tuberculosis, as was at one time supposed to be of frequent occurrence in human tuber- culosis. But I can prove that as to cattle this at most, happens very ■ seldom. In Denmark we have several large herds in which 100 to 200 cattle —in one even 350 — reacted two to fonr years ago. These reacting animals have been allowed to live, they have, however, been sepa- rated from the sound cattle, and it is evident that in these reacting sections the disease lias not progressed at a more rapid rate since the test than before. Several owners even maintain that it has pro- gressed less rapidly. Of course, in such a herd the disease will naturally reach an advanced development in some individualSj but this would have happened even if no tuberculin test had been made. Only a few farmers mention that they have the impression that the disease has made great progress in an occasional individual some time after the test; but such single observations may depend upon accidental coincidence, it is absolutely not the common rule. If it has happened frequently it would, of course, have awakened the at- tention of the farmers, and it is quite impossible that tuberculin could have been used in always greater measure year after year if the test had frequently been followed by aggravation of pre-existing disease. 5. AS TO THE PROPAGATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG SWINE, CALVES, OTHER ANIMALS AND PEOPLE THROUGH THE USE OP MILK. • That the milk of the tubercular cows is liable to propagate tubercu- losis to calves, swine and other animals, is an observation I have often made. Several years ago I reported that by the autopsy of 34 milk fed calves reacting by the test of two large herds, I found that in 24 of them the disease was evidently due to infection through the food. In these cases tuberculosis was found only in the lymphatic glands of the throat or mesentery, in the walls ol the intestinal canal or, at least in these places it was of oldest date. And since that time I have made numerous similar observations. In Denmark, the swine are almost always fed with skim milk, buttermilk and whey in addi- tion to grain, and formerly it was often noticed that when these milk foods were given raw (unboiled or insufficiently pasteurized) the swine almost alwavs suffered from tuberculosis, where this disease was very prevalent" among the cows. The oldest centres of tubercu- losis were here to be found in the lymphatic glands in the neighbor- hood of the throat.* In Denmark, milk is often given to young ~7^,„Te attention has been airected to th.= danger, tuberculosis in swine bas .reatiy din^in- ished in my country. 254 horses or to sick horses, and in those parts of the country where this custom is frequent, tuberculosis is not rare in the horse. This animal, when infected with tuberculosis, always has tuberculosis of the digestive tract. A few ulcers are found in the small intestines and enormous tuberculous infiltration in the mesenteric glands, sometimes also in the lymphatic glands of the throat. The disease gradually spreads with the blood, but it is easy to see, especially in the lungs, that these other formations are secondary. To cats and dogs the disease is also sometimes transmitted through the milk; nor can there be any doubt, that by this means it is not infrequently transmitted to man, especially, to little children. In Denmark we have a peculiar system which throws a clear light upon the importance of milk as a source of contagion. From almost all smaller farms the milk is daily sent to common creameries where butter is made. Cheese is sometimes made of the skim milk, but the greater part of it is sent back to the farm, where it is used as food for calves and swine. Of course the various farms do not get back their own milk, but part of the mixed supply. Now, if among the farms furnishing milk for the creamery some are found whose cows are greatly tubercular, tubercle bacilli may be brought with the skimmed milk to a sound herd and formerly this happened frequently. By tuberculin tests it has in some cases been found that all the adult cattle were sound, while some calves reacted, quite the reverse of the usual case, which is that the disease prevails to a greater extent in old animals than in young ones. This is undoubtedly the conse- quence of contagion through the milk. In many cases, indeed, it has been shown that the disease is found only in animals that have con- sumed milk at a time when the apparatus for pasteurizing did not work properly. Nowadays, as a rule, the danger in question is avoided by the skim milk being heated to a high degree before leaving the dairy. Is then all milk of tubercular cows virulent? By no means. Luckily this is only an exception, but no rare one. The greatest dan- ger, as is well known, is attached to the milk from a tubercular udder, and this ailment is a very dangerous source of tuberculosis for man, because at the beginning of . the disease the tubercular udder — often even almost a month after the appearance of a hard tumor — secretes milk of almost natural appearance, which people will often be tempted to use. But, also, when no tuberculous de- posits can be pointed out in the udder, the milk may contain tubercle bacilli if the cow suffers from advanced generalized tuberculosis, so that tubercle bacilli now and then circulate in the blood. I have previously reported experiments I made bv inoculating rabbits and guinea-pigs with milk from 63 highly tubercular cows with appa- 2o5 rently sound udders, which showed that nine of these animals se- creted virulent milk. As long as the cow has only a limited tuber- culosis — as is luckily the case with the majority of reacting ani- mals^it will not secrete tubercle bacilli with the milk. But in a large herd of tuberculous cows it will probably almost always be found that some one secretes virulent milk on account of having either tuberculosis in the udded or generalized tuberculosis. The danger of contagion through the milk can always be avoided by boiling it or by heating it to 185 degrees F. Even the influence of a somewhat lower temperature — 167 degrees F. to 176 degrees F. — will diminish the danger very much, as I have found that so far as rabbits are concerned, milk heated to these degrees could infect by injection into the abdominal cavity, but not by feeding.. We therefore in Den- mark always recommend either boiling or heating to 185 degrees F., if the milk is to be given to calves, and we are not sure that it is de- rived from entirely sound cows. Experience shows that the more carefully this heating is performed, the greater security against the propagation of tuberculosis to these animals and to horses, swine, etc. Each year this is performed in a better manner. At present a bill is before our parliament to prohibit all creameries from returning sldm milk and buttermilk that has not been heated to 185 degrees F. It is also proposed that cows with tuberculosis of the udder are to be killed and the owners receive compensation from the State. Little children usually get boiled milk in Denmark and in Copen- hagen, and in several other towns are concerns selling milk that has been heated to exactly 185 degrees F. When such milk is imme- diately cooled by ice, it does not get the cooked taste, to which many people are so averse. Like skim milk, buttermilk and whey, the butter too may contain tubercle bacilli. Luckily this happens less frequently at least when, as in Denmark, it is made of cream which has been separated from the milk by centrifugation, as most tubercle bacilli are thereby thrown out of the milk* Excellent butter can be made of cream heated to 185 degrees. F. or even to a higher point. 6. AS TO THE ACCURACY OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. The introduction of tuberculin marks a most remarkable advance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, as it enables us to discover the pres- ence of the disease in the earliest stages, and in very slightly de- veloped forms. But it has three essential disadvantages. - In the first place the violence of reaction has no constant relation to the development of the disease. Farmers often bel ieve the cow reacti ng ~r^a every possibility of danger can easily be avoided by pastei-izlng the cream before churning as now-a-days is done almost everywhere in Denmark. 256 Violently to be extremely tubercular and the one reacting feebly to be comparatively sound. The case is rather the reverse, but this is not constant either. Next, tuberculin is not absolutely to be relied upon. To be sure you will very seldom be mistaken in the conclusion that a cow, which has shown an evident reaction, is indeed tubercu- lar. I, for my part, know only three or four cases in which I could find no tuberculous deposits in such an animal, and in these cases the fault may be mine and not that of tuberculin, as it is impossible to examine every part of the body of a slaughtered animal. The tubercles may have been hidden in an unusual place, or they may have been so small or so fresh, that they could not be dis- covered. This case then is a very rare one, though the unskilled observer, for instance, the butcher, may believe it to be a fre- quent one. Moreover, it must be considered that it would not ba a disaster even if a sound animal should for once be consider« tubercular. Par more frequent is the case that an animal whic^ has not reacted, is proved by slaughtering to suffer from tuber- culosis. But usually this has not the practical importance one would suppose it to have, as in the great majority of cases the de- positsi in question are very small, very old or greatly calcified, indi- cating that the process has become stationary. Experience teaches that such small deposits usually keep quite unchanged for a series of years, and may even at length be healed. In fact, animals which have this form of tuberculosis will be quite harmless to their associates as they do not excrete tubercle bacilli. But there are also cases in which an animal suffering from far advanced and very conta- gious tuberculosis does not react to tuberculin. This is a very pro- voking fact; luckily, however, it happens but seldom, and we must be taught by it not to rely on tuberculin alone, but to have recourse to clinical examination which wil] usually enable us to detect tuberculo- sis in such advanced forms. In the third case, tuberculin has the im- perfection that reiterated reactions will not rarely call forth a tem- porary insusceptibility to the substance so that tubercular animals will at length cease reacting to a new injection. This circumstance may occasion fraud in dealing in cattle, but as the fact is very incon- stant the imposture will by no means always be successful. Insusceptibility to tuberculin is most apt to follow the repetition of- the test at short intervals, but it may also be seen when a whole year has elapsed between tests. In these latter cases according to my experience, the disease will almost always be insignificant. Nev- ertheless-, when —as in Denmark— tuberculin is employed in order to divide a herd in two sections, one sound and one reacting, the lat- ter should not be tested more than once, that uncertainty may not be created by the failure of the reaction in some animals upon re- newed tests. Such animals ought to remain in the section to which 257 they have originally been conveyed, for even if most of them are not dangerous at the time, you cannot be certain that the small latant tuberculosis may not blaze up. But the imperfections of tuberculin mentioned here are eclipsed by its good qualities. According to my experience v?hich is founded on a very great nuijiber of autopsies, it is in 10 per cent, of the cases at most that tuberculin will be at fault (the immunity after reiterated reactions not taken into consideration), and it is only in a very small percentage of these cases that the fault will be of consequence. Tu- berculin, therefore, in spite of its imperfections, marks an immense advance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. By its help we are able to discover a great number of cases of tuberculosis, which were formerly absolutely concealed. Until something still better has been found, we must consider it to be our best weapon in the struggle against tuberculosis of cattle. ' 7. AS TO THE SUCCESS OP THE WORK DIRECTED AGAINST TUBERCU- LOSIS OF CATTLE IN DENMARK AND THE FAVORABLE MANNER IN WHICH THESE OPERATIONS ARE ACCEPTED BY THE OWNERS OF LIVE STOCK. That owners of live stock in Denmark have been very willing to make use of tuberculin is clearly proved by the great number of tested animals. In April, 1893, an act was passed placing 50,000 kroner per annum (about |12,000)* at the disposal of the Government in order to make it possible to distribute free tuberculin and pay the veterinary surgeons for making the tests (injections and measuring of temperature) on the herds of owners who promised to employ the remedy in a rational manner, that is, who promised to separate the animals not reacting from those reacting or not tested. Quite exact statistics as to the number of animals which were under this pro- vision in each of the following years cannot be given, but on calcu- lation from the quantity of tuberculin which has been sent out to the veterinary surgeons, there have been injected about: Young Cattle. Adult Cattle. Total. In the fiscal year 1893-4 about, 4,800 450 5,250 1894-5 about, 11,000 6,800 17,800 1895-6 about, 32,200 33,000 65,200 1896-7 about, 49,000 44,000 93,000 Up to the summer of 1897, 1 had received reports of test of 158,911 animals in 5,733 herds, and since that time many injections have been made. Denmark has about the same number of cattle as Pennsyl- » Since 1S96 100,000 kroner. 17 238 vania, about 1,700,000 cattle of all kinds, including about 1,000,000 milch cows. We can estimate that from 8 to 9 per cent, of the cattle have been tested in the last years. Now if it is asked whether all the stock owners who have had their cattle tested at the cost of the state have fulfilled the promises given as to the separation of sound from reacting animals, the answer must be: No, not all; but most of them have at least tried to do it as well as circumstances would allow. As the test is given freely, no matter whether evident traces of tuberculosis have been observed in the herd or not, many herds have been tested in which all animals were proved to be sound. This applies to 22 per cent, of the tested herds. In many others, only a few animals reacted, and it has often been easy to put such animals in a separate place till they could be sold. In those cases in which almost all grown up animals reacted, while most of the young cattle were sound, it has often been possible to place the latter in a particu- lar stable for young cattle, as such a one can easily be made if it is not previously at hand. The greatest difficulty of isolation occurs when there is both a great many diseased as well as sound adult cat- tle. In this case it has usually been necessary to divide the stable by a solid partition. But not unfrequently the construction of the stable has been such that it was necessary to have doors in the par- tition to allow feeding or removal of the manure. This arrange- ment is not a good one, as there is too much opportunity for contagion even if the doors are kept shut during the time when not in use. Though the result has often proved by the renewal of the test to be a good one, even under such circumstances, I know ma'ny cases in which such an imperfect separation has proved insufficient. But when the sound animals have been placed in stables which were in- deed completely isolated, and especially in different buildings, the result has usually been very satisfactory. The best manner of iso- lation is, of course, to place the sound animals on another farm from that occupied by those which have reacted. The method which according to my recommendation is used in Den- mark to combat the tuberculosis of cattle is very moderate. It does not aim at exterminating the evil with one blow, but strives to reduce it gradually. It takes it for granted that animals reacting to tuber- culin but showing no evident clinical signs of tuberculosis, are in the majority of cases affected but to a limited extent, and that therefore it is not necessary to kill them. They may live and keep apparently healthy for years, their milk, as a rule, does not contain tubercle bacilli and by pasteurization every danger of contagion can be avoided. Their flesh also will generally be safe for food and by con- trol of the butchering, those carcasses which might afford danger of contagion can be withdrawn. And in the immense majority of cases they will give sound calves. Thus, generally, there is no reason for 259 Icilling a sound looking animal only because it has reacted, it may continue to live and be used as before, and the herd may be main- tained by self-breeding. But as among reacting animals there will always be some subjects in whom the disease develops so that it will become a bearer of contagion, the reacting animals must always be separated from the sound ones as thoroughly as possible. The new- born calves must immediately be 'removed from the stable where the reacting cows are placed, and they must have boiled or pasteurized milk. The sound section ought to be tested with tuberculin at least once every year in order to enable us to remove the animals which may have got tuberculosis in spite of the separation. As an instance of the result which may be attained by carrying through consistently the method just outlined, I shall name two farms where the separation has been brought about in a very simple manner by dividing the large common cow stable by a partition, by employing different sets of attendants for the two sections and by making the two sections use different pastures in the summer. The first of these farms is Thurebylille, where I first introduced the sys- tem in the year 1892, the second is a farm in Jutland, where we began in 1894. On the first of these farms, the common calf stable commu- nicates with the sound section, on the second the calves and the young cattle are placed in different buildings on the same farm. In both places, tuberculosis was at first widespread, but not very malig- nant, as the number of animals which had to be slaughtered as obviously diseased was not large. It will be seen that in the course of these years a large sound herd has grown up by raising the calves, born partly of sound mothers, but in the first years, for the greater Thurebylille. Reacting section. Sound section. Animals which reacted in the sound section. April, 1892,- October, .. . May, 1893, . October, . . . April, 1894, October, . . May, 1895, . October, . . . May, 1896, . October, . . May, 1897, . October, . . 131 90 87 69 54 48 77 77 103 107 122 119 136 132 149 147 155 157 7 10 1 2 1 3 2 7 7 6 2 260 Farm in Jutland. Reacting section. Sound section. Animals which reacted in the sound section. January, 1894, December, . . . May, 1895, . . . October, .... April, 1896, . . October, May, 1897, . . . November, . . 139 64 86 114 117 140 148 153 184 169 8 1 2 l4 3 5 6 part, of reacting mothers. The racting section, in the course of years, has been diminished by gradual removal so that at Thureby- lille it has diminished from 131 to 48, on the other farm from 139 to 64, and in the course of a few years this section will quite disappear. On Thurebylille I have been able to closely follow these isolated ani- mals and have myself re-examined almost all of them at slaughter- ing. In some of them, the disease has no doubt made progress and a few have been condemned by physical examination, but most of them were capable of being used for food and in many of them, tuberculosis has proved to be very insignificant and greatly calcified, conveying the impression of having remained quite stationery for several years. Of the animals sold from the farm in Jutland, I know that they have not often caused their proprietor any loss. Nevertheless it will be seen that in spite of the separation every year several animals have fallen by renewed test of the sound divi- sion, some years very few, some years more. So by this separation we have not succeeded in absolutely excluding from the sound sec- tion every trace of contagion from the reacting one. But this cannot be expected when the two sections are so near each other; there are too many probabilities of transmitting contagion through various vehicles (people, dogs, cats, rats, etc.), perhaps also through food, as in Danish stables the common hayloft is usually above the stable. But the progress is considerable. On a great many other farms where this work has been carried on for a longer or shorter time in the same manner, the result is quite similar. Where the division has been fairly good it is about the same as here, where less care has been taken or where there has been a door in the wall the result is, as a rule, not as good, but where it has been possible to place the two sections in quite dififerent build- ings or on separate farms it is usually much better. 261 All things considered, I believe it to be beyond doubt that the whole movement has been a very useful one. A precise statistic statement which could prove how great the pro- gress has been I am not able to give, partly because my time has been too occupied to allow me to exactly revise the great mass of material. Also in the greater majority of herds the tests have been made in the last year so that the results are not yet at hand. But different pre- liminary summings up clearly indicate a pronounced amelioration. The increasing demand for tuberculin tests at the expense of the state also indicates that the farmers are on the whole satisfied with the results which they see. We are then progressing, but still we are far from the end, and though the mild methpd applied here had undouMedly proved to be of good use, I will by no means maintain that more could not and ought not to be done. I have already mentioned that at present it is planned to require by law the heating of all skim milk and but- termilk in creameries, and the killing of all ,cows with tuberculosis of the udder. But I am also endeavoring to provide for the awarding of some sort of premium on a prompt examination of cattle infected with tuberculosis of a contagious character as well as with tubercu- losis of the lidder that is, tuberculosis of the uterus, of the intestines and advanced tuberculosis of the lungs. The plan is to provide for a partial compensation to be given for such animals, for instance, one- fourth of the value of the flesh, if the flesh can be used, three-quarters if it is unfit for use. For the present, this compensation only to be given to such owners as combat tuberculosis by rational applications of tuberculin in their herds (after the method described). If it is possible, at present, to carry through such a motion is doubtful, but I consider the step to be absolutely in the right direction, as the chief point is to induce the proprietor to part with these animals that are the greatest sources of the continued spreading of the disease. For- tunately, the knowledge of this matter has already, penetrated sp far that the number of such animals has considerably decrease!^ on Danish farms. i , / j 8. AS TO THE ADVANTAGES WHICH WILL ACCRUE FROM THE SUP- PRESSION OP TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CATTLE. On this point I can be very short. Though there cannot be laid stress enough on the fact that tuberculosis in cattle is often a very innocent disease which does not menace the life of the animal or di- minish the worth of its products, and that there is no cause to be too much frightened by the results given in almost all countries by the application of tuberculin on a large scale, that shows the disease to have spread far wider than any one would formerly have believed; yet on the other hand, it is quite evident that tuberculosis is one of those scov/rges which cause the greatest harm to the farmer. The number of animals that perish by it or have to be slaughtered in bad condition is so great that a regard for his own economic interest should alone suffice to strongly interest the farmer in rooting out this scourge. The growing claims which in view of the hygiene of man are almost everywjiere put to the soundness of meat, milk and milk produce, render this still more necessary for him. No doubt these claims may be sometimes exaggerated, especially regarding the meat, but the movement exists and the farmer, like every other manufac- turer must have an open ear to the claims of the times. And the aug- mented confidence in the soundness of its animal products which must follow earnest efforts to combat tuberculosis of the cattle, can- not fail to be advantageous to every country. "Owners of cattle ought to prevent the contamination of calves and other animals stiM healthy." [Peofessoe Bang.] v/ < -««A- -*<»*(* k.J* ..:^ J^r^^HiH ./ V "*%»,(< I '^ m» &;mmu«