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 FROM THE 
 
 BENNO LOEWY LIBRARY 
 
 COLLECTED BY 
 
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 1854-1919 
 
 BEQUEATHED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
Cornell University Library 
 CJ1693 .M87 
 
 Coins of the grand masters of the Order 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 029 793 092 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cu31924029793092 
 
Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
COINS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 (Ji'and ¥fi$Uu of tje Oi'dei' of Ufate; 
 
 €>r i^nigi^tjs i^osjpttallerjs of ^t Hoi^n of Slerujsalem* 
 
 WITH A CHAPTER ON THE MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS, LL. D. 
 
 AND AN INTRODUCTION, HERALDIC AND HISTORIC NOTES, 
 
 BY 
 
 W. T. R. MARVIN. 
 
 ^ 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY T. R. MARVIN & SON. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1^0 
 

 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY COPIES PRINTED. 
 
TO 
 
 ABRAHAM H. ROWLAND, Jr. 
 
 p. E. C. OF SUTTON COMMANDERY, K. T. 
 
 4Btanb sr^a^ster 
 
 OF THE MOST WORSHIPFUL GRAND LODGE OF , MASONS IN MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS FRATERNALLY INSCRIBED 
 
 W. T. R. MARVIN. 
 
 •i* 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 •i* 
 
 ROM the interest which seems to have been awakened in the coins struck 
 by the Grand Master of that vaUant and chivalric Order, known at 
 different periods under the various names of Knights Hospitallers, 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of Rhodes and of Malta, by 
 the articles on the subject which have appeared during the last two 
 years in the pages of the American Journal of Numismatics^ from the facile pen of 
 Dr. Robert Morris, well known for his contributions to numismatic literature, and 
 particularly to those branches interesting to the Masonic Knights Templar, I have been 
 induced to reprint a limited edition in this form, as more accessible to the general reader, 
 and as more convenient for preservation by those who may have no special interest in 
 . the other contents of that magazine. 
 
 It is not intended to discuss in any way the connection between the Medieval Order, and 
 that which is claimed by many to be its modern successor ; that belongs much more appropri- 
 ately to Masonic Literature. This little volume will fulfill its mission if it serves to increase the 
 love of numismatics, and the study of coins, whether among Masonic Knights Templar, or 
 those whose tastes lead them away from secret societies of all kinds. It makes no pretension 
 to be an exhaustive or even a very complete treatise on the subject to which it is devoted, but 
 rather to give a single specimen — rarely more than one — from the coinage of these various 
 rulers of a Knightly Order, extending through the centuries from the time when the pieces were 
 first struck, until their existence as a ruling power was terminated by Napoleon. 
 
 (V) 
 
vi PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 So many of them bear heraldic devices that brief descriptions of these have been suppHed, 
 and as the terms employed are by no means familiar to more than a limited circle of readers, 
 I have thought it not out of place to add simple explanations of these terms, so that the general 
 appearance, in color as well as in device, of the armorial bearings might be easily perceived. 
 
 The very brief historical sketch which precedes the body of the work, is based on the 
 valuable work called " The Book of the Orders of Knighthood," by Sir Bernard Burke, and on 
 a volume by Saint Allais, entitled "L'Ordre de Malte, ses Grands Maitres et ses CheValiers.'' 
 Paris, 1839. This gentleman, who was " Directeur-propri6taire " of the genealogical and 
 heraldic archives of the Order, seems to have had unusual opportunities for accuracy, and 
 while his little book is insignificant in size as compared with the ponderous quartos of the 
 Abbe Vertot, who was himself a member of the Order, and whom I have frequently mentioned 
 in notes on the following pages, yet I am inclined to place more reliance on his heraldic 
 descriptions especially, than on those of Vertot. Beside these, any who may be interested in 
 the study of the Order will find abundant material within easy reach, and it seems unnecessary 
 to mention the authorities in this direction. 
 
 For further light as to the coinage generally, reference may be had to De Saulcy, Langlois, 
 Friedlander, Cousinery, and others, who have been occasionally cited. The body^f the work, 
 as has already been said, was written by Dr. Morris ; for the notes, heraldic, etc., and the 
 historic sketch, I alone am responsible. For assistance on doubtful points I am greatly 
 indebted to Mr. William S. Appleton and Mr. Sereno D. Nickerson, to whom my thanks are 
 due for their kindness. But, prepared as these notes necessarily were, with some haste, amid 
 the pressure of business cares, and often while the text was in the hands of the compositor 
 for publication in the Journal, I cannot hope that an occasional error will not be found. 
 With this word of explanation I leave the work to the kind consideration of its readers. 
 
 W. T. R. Marvin. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 -^ 
 
 MONG the various chivalric Orders of the Middle Ages, that of the Hospi- 
 pitallers of St. John, in later times styled Knights of Malta, from the 
 Island which was for the closing'* centuries of their existence the 
 principal seat of their power and the residence of their Grand Master, 
 has excited the widest interest of any; and the tales of their valor, 
 and their beneficence, their devotion and their endurance, have stirred the heart as no 
 other stories of the pilgrim warriors of the Crusades, or the conflicts with the Infidels 
 have ever done. It was the oldest of the knightly brotherhoods, half religious and half 
 military, evoked in those days of enthusiasm, and with the exception of the Teutonic 
 Order, the last one to yield to the changing times. A glance at the history of the 
 other two leading Orders, the Templars and the Teutonic Knights, may be of interest 
 in this connection, although not strictly within the scope of this paper, as their origin 
 was similar to that of the Hospitallers, and there were many points of resemblance 
 between them all. 
 
 The Order of the Templars was founded in 1118 or 11 19, and its rules confirmed 
 by Honorius II, in 1228; the red cross was assigned to it in 1146 by Eugenius III; 
 its destruction was concerted by Philip IV, (the Fair,) and Pope Clement V, and its 
 suppression decreed by the fifteenth General Council, held at Vienna in 131 1, under 
 the summons of that Pope. The following year its lands in England, France, and 
 other countries were transferred to the Hospitallers, and to this period may be traced 
 the substantial union of the two Orders, who had emulated each other's valor in the 
 early crusades, and during the occupation of the Holy Land by the forces of Christen- 
 dom, had occasionally been bitter rivals for power. 
 
 (vii) 
 
viii HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 The hospitals for the pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre, established by the Templars 
 and the Knights of St. John, were devoted almost exclusively to the comfort of 
 French and Italians. A pious German, whose name is unknown, early in the century 
 had founded one for the pilgrims of his native country ; this was consecrated by the 
 Patriarch, and soon became an important asylum, both for "pilgrim penitents travel- 
 ling from afar," as well as for the warriors from the "Fatherland." To give this 
 institution a firmer basis, the Teutonic Order was organized in 1190 by Frederick, 
 Duke of Suabia ; it was confirmed by Celestine II, and invested with the same 
 privileges as the Templars and Hospitallers by a bull of that Pope in 1192. In 1237 
 the Order of Christ was incorporated with them, and the following year the title of 
 Grand Master was assumed by the head of the united bodies. They were driven from 
 Acre by the Templars in 1241, but served with Louis IX of France, (St. Louis) in the 
 Seventh Crusade, until the ten years' peace. After the fall of Acre, they transferred 
 the seat of their power to Venice, about 1291, and eighteen years later to Marienburg. 
 For the century and a half that followed, their wars were mostly waged with the Poles. 
 After holding control of Prussia for about two hundred and fifty years, the Order seems 
 from 1 561 and onward, to have maintained an uneventful, or little more than a nominal 
 existence, though it was virtually abolished by the Peace of Cracow in 1525, and its 
 Grand Master invested with its landed property, which was made a fief of Poland. In 
 1805 the Emperor of Austria acquired the rights and revenues of the Grand Master- 
 ship. The Order was finally extinguished by Napoleon in April, 1809, so far as the 
 Rhenish provinces were concerned. Some years later a portion of its property was 
 returned, and an Austrian Imperial decree revived it as an independent spiritual and 
 knightly Order. The cross is nearly patee in form >^ but the perpendicular bar is 
 slightly longer than the horizontal one. Their rules and laws when founded, concern- 
 ing the sick and the poor, were taken from those of the Order of the Hospitallers, and 
 it was at first called the "Order of the German House of the Holy Virgin at Jerusa- 
 lem;" its badge was a black cross with white mountings, worn upon a white mantle or 
 cloak, and these colors are still retained in the cross, decoration and mantle worn by 
 its modern successor. 
 
 The origin of the Order of the Hospitallers is assigned by some to the time of 
 the first Crusade, somewhere about 1092, though its first "Master" is generally 
 considered to be Gerard Tunc, whose term is set down as from 1113 to 1121. Other 
 historians have traced its birth to a company of merchants from Amalfi, who founded 
 near the Holy Sepulchre, as early as 1048, a Benedictine cloister, consecrated to the 
 Virgin, with a Chapel in honor of St. John the Baptist, who thus became the patron 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH, ix 
 
 Saint of the Order. The Chapel is often said to have been dedicated to St. John the 
 Almoner. This saint is occasionally called John the Eleemosynary. By some he is 
 thought to have been the son of the King of Cyprus, and born in 550 ; he was Patriarch 
 of Alexandria from 606 to 616, in the latter of which years he died in Cyprus, and was 
 afterwards canonized. That St. John the Baptist was the true Patron Saint of the 
 Order is so abundantly proved by their coins, by their monumental inscriptions, by 
 their Church in Valetta, which was dedicated to his honor, and by many other facts, it 
 is unnecessary to enlarge on this point. In addition to this cloister and Chapel was a 
 hospital for pilgrims, the management of which was intrusted to the monks. The 
 property as originally constituted, was probably based on a gift, and the hospital estab- 
 lished by the consent of Abu Temin Bonesor, Caliph of Egypt, and Governor of Syria.* 
 
 When Godfrey of Bouillon conquered Jerusalem, he released Gerard, who had 
 been thrown into irons by the Caliph on the approach of the Crusaders, in the fear 
 that he might assist the Christian forces ; and as some compensation for his sufferings 
 that prince endowed the .Hospitallers with lands and money; the monks who had 
 previously been in charge of the asylum were relieved from that duty, which thence- 
 forth devolved upon the Knights of the Order. The members took upon themselves 
 the vows of obedience, chastity and poverty, and divided themselves into three classes : 
 — Knights, who protected the pilgrims and waged war with the infidels ; Priests, to 
 whom were intrusted the spiritual affairs of the Order; and Serving Brothers, who 
 were employed in the care and nursing of the sick in time of peace, and who fought in 
 the ranks in time of war. At a subsequent time a fourth class was added, called 
 Donatists, who performed subordinate menial duties and labors. The first class was 
 composed only of those noble by birth and armS' — descendants of ancient families who 
 could prove their right to eight quarterings in their shield. The three classes united 
 in the choice of Grand Master, and composed the assemblies of the Langues at Malta, 
 and the Provincial Chapters of the various Grand Priors. 
 
 There were certain ecclesiastical dignitaries who bore very close relations to the 
 Order. When the Emperor Charles V endowed them in 1530 with certain privileges, 
 he reserved to himself and his successors, as they were Kings of Sicily, the right of 
 naming the Bishop of Malta from among three priests who should be nominated by 
 the Order, and one of whom must be a native of Sicily. This privilege does not seem 
 to have long been retained. Gargallo, who had been an intimate friend of Grand 
 Master Cassiere, was elevated to the see by Gregory XIII, and officiated with great 
 
 * Seddall fixes this date as 1085. Burke 'gives the there is great uncertainty as to the exact time when 
 year as 1048, which I have followed in the text, but they began their existence. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 pomp at the opening of the Church of St. John in Valetta, February 20, 1578. But 
 he soon quarrelled with the Grand Master, and while by virtue of his office holding 
 the second place of honor in the Order,* not only this prelate but many of his successors 
 were on terms with the military superiors of the Hospitallers, by no means in accord- 
 ance with the apostolic injunction to live in love and charity with all.f The Prior of 
 this Church of St. John, which was the Parish Church of the Order,J in which he 
 officiated "pontifically," as well as in all the Churches served by Chaplains of the 
 Hospital, ranked as a prelate, and even had a certain precedence over the Bishop in 
 those Churches. Both the Bishop and the Prior held the honor of "Grand Cross of 
 the Order," and frequently became Cardinals in consequence of this relation. The 
 Pope was recognized as the head of the Order, which by some of its own historians is 
 often called "the Religion." 
 
 * While the Pope was the spiritual head and the last 
 appeal of the Order, the Grand Master was its execu- 
 tive and military head. The Bishop of Malta and the 
 Prior of St, John followed him in precedence; thqn 
 came the Grand Commander, the Marshal, the Hos- 
 pitaller, the Admiral, etc. 
 
 t One instance of this is sufficient for the purpose of 
 showing these differences and their occasion, and we 
 copy it from Seddairs History. Several of the Cardi- 
 nals, coveting the vast estates which the Order of St. 
 John possessed in Italy, had persuaded several succes- 
 sive Popes that the appointment to the office in the Or- 
 der, of Grand Prior of Rome of right belonged to them ; 
 and as each appointment to the office was made, the 
 Grand Masters had quietly acquiesced in it, and had 
 apparently never dreamed of resistance to the Papal 
 authority. But La Vallette's attachment to his Order 
 was greater than his reverence for the Supreme Pontiff. 
 He wrote to Pope Pius V in very decided terms on his 
 right to appoint the Grand Prior. After the raising of 
 the siege, he received from the Pope several Briefs full 
 of pompous declarations of his esteem, and expressions 
 of the deep sense he entertained of his services. La 
 Vallette answered that he desired no other proof of the 
 Pope's esteem than that he should be permitted to ap- 
 point one of his own friends to the Grand Priory of 
 Rome whenever it became vacant. Pius V assured him 
 in reply, that he would not interfere with his rights. 
 And yet, when Cardinal Salviati, the Grand Prior, died 
 shortly after, the Pope at once appointed his own 
 nephew, Cardinal Alexandrino, to the office, and ex- 
 empted him from the payment of the usual fees into the 
 treasury of the Order. 
 
 Vertot says that "the Grand Master was sensibly 
 concerned at this breach of promise, especially in a 
 Pope who was still holier by the purity of his morals 
 and his eminent piety than by his dignity; " and doubt- 
 less La Vallette might have been excused for expecting 
 
 that the Chief Pastor of the Church, as he claimed to 
 be, would keep a solemn promise. Smarting under the 
 indignity to which he was subjected, he wrote to the 
 Pope in very warm language. 
 
 Chevalier de Cambian was despatched to Rome as La 
 Vallette's Ambassador ; but the Ambassador was as in- 
 cautious in his language as the letter of which he was 
 the bearer was unguarded in its terms, and the temper 
 of the Pontiff was so ruffled that he would listen to 
 nothing. Cambian returned to Malta, announced the 
 failure of his undertaking, and left the Grand Master in 
 a fit of melancholy from which he never recovered. 
 
 La Vallette was the brave defender of Malta, in 1565, 
 against an overwhelming force of the Turks, and his 
 end was doubtless hastened by this unfortunate quarrel. 
 
 X The Church of St. John, in Valletta, is often if not 
 always spoken of as the *• Cathedral," though not prop- 
 erly so called. It was consecrated, says Badger, in his 
 " Descriptions of Malta and G020," by D. Ludovico 
 Torres, Archbishop of Monreal. It is full of interest- 
 ing monuments to the Knights and Grand Masters, of 
 which Badger gives several engravings ; the Chapels 
 of the different Langues form the aisles, and many of 
 them are richly adorned with monuments, pictures and 
 carvings, about their walls and altars. It was built by 
 La Cassiere. The Cathedral of the Bishop of Malta is 
 in the old city, "Citta Vecchia," or La Notabile; it 
 stands on the spot which according to tradition was 
 occupied by the house of Publius, the Governor of the 
 Island when St. Paul was shipwrecked. In this edifice 
 the Te Deum was sung and a solemn high mass was 
 celebrated when a new Grand Master was installed, and 
 here also the Bishops of Malta were consecrated. It 
 was here that Bishop Gargallo defied the power of the 
 Inquisitor General, in the time of Grand Master Ver- 
 dalle, in 15S2, but was severely punished for his contu- 
 macy by the Pope on complaint of the Congregation of 
 the Holy Office. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. xi 
 
 Aside from these chief pastors were many others, holding positions of greater or 
 less importance, the most prominent being the Grand Prior of Rome, and after him 
 the other Grand Priors, the Bailiffs, and several grades below, the religious and mili- 
 tary elements being strangely intermingled. There was also a sisterhood of Lady 
 Canonesses of the Order, said to have been established by Agnes, or Alice, a Roman 
 lady, who founded a Hospital dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, in the city of Jerusalem, 
 about the same time or a little after the institution of the Hospital of St. John. Its 
 objects were similar, and it undertook the care of such poor and sick women as had 
 suffered on their pilgrimage. Its Asylum was modeled upon Gerard's, and the Sisters 
 adopted the obedience of St. Augustine and the statutes of the Order of St. John. The 
 Patriarch of Jerusalem received their vows in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 
 They wore a dress similar in character to the Knights — a black woolen robe with the 
 cross of the Order in white on their breast or over the heart. Driven from Palestine 
 when the forces of the Christians were at last expelled by the Turks, they continued 
 their noble work in various countries of Europe, particularly in England, where they 
 maintained their existence till the reign of Henry VIII, and in Spain, where they 
 were cordially welcomed by Queen Sanche, the daughter of Alphonso II of Arragon. 
 Clement III established their privileges' in a bull. They had Convents or religious 
 houses in various places, the government of which was in the hands of Prioresses who 
 possessed high authority and great influence. There was also a Convent of Ursuline 
 nuns of the Order of St. John on the Island of Malta, which is still in existence. 
 
 The government of the Order was singular in its character. While nominally 
 submissive to Papal authority, there were frequent occasions when the differences 
 between the Knights and the Pope, more especially as to the privilege of appointing 
 or of choosing the Grand Master, could with difficulty be restrained from breaking 
 out into open rupture. The Grand Master exercised great powers ; indeed, in time 
 of war, these were almost dictatorial, and in peace they were as nearly sovereign as 
 those of many of the princes of Europe. He had peculiar privileges in the Papal Court ; 
 by a Brief of Clement VII, in 1524, he occupied the first place on the right of his 
 throne ; it was his privilege also, in person or by his Ambassador, with the Knights 
 of the Order, on the election of a new Pope, to guard the Conclave, and when the Pope 
 was introduced, to precede him, as if his special champion, armed at all points, mounted 
 on a splendid charger, and bearing displayed the grand standard of the Order. Several 
 of the Grand Masters were presented with the scarlet cap of a Cardinal. 
 
 As showing the close relations which existed between the Roman Church and 
 the Order of the Hospitallers, it may be mentioned that for many years it was the cus- 
 
xii HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 torn of the Pope to present at Christmas a sword called "I'estoc," and a helmet, which 
 had each received the Papal benediction, to various Catholic princes of Christendom, 
 and both these gifts were alike sent to the Grand Master of Malta. The " estoc " was 
 a sword of silver, gilt, about five feet in length, and the casque or helmet was of purple 
 velvet, embroidered in gold, and adorned with a dove, the emblem of the Holy Spirit, 
 formed of pearls. When the Turks were forced to raise the siege of Malta, in 1565, 
 the Emperor Charles V presented the Grand Master with a sword and dagger of gold, 
 enriched with gems. Every year afterwards, in commemorating the victory, there was 
 a solemn procession on the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, which was the 
 day on which the siege had been abandoned. The Grand Master placed himself at the 
 head, with a Knight bearing the standard of the Order on his right, and a page of 
 noble blood upon his left, carrying this sword unsheathed, and followed by all the 
 Knights in their peculiar dress. Moving to the Church, a high mass was celebrated, 
 with all the pomp of the Roman ritual. When the Holy Gospel for the day was read, 
 he took this weapon from the hand of the page and held it upright until the enii of the 
 Gospel. This was the only occasion when a naked sword was carried into Church, 
 and the Grand Master alone possessed the right to do so.* 
 
 He usually wore his hair and beard long, thus differing from the custom required 
 to be observed by the strictly monastic orders. His dress was a cassock or robe of 
 black cloth, confiried by a girdle, from which was suspended a purse, as a symbol of 
 charity to the poor ; over this cassock he wore a mantle or robe of black velvet, which 
 fell to his feet, with large sleeves, and open in front ; on his breast and on the left 
 shoulder, was the grand cross of the Order, in white linen, having eight points, said to 
 be emblematic of the eight beatitudes. He also wore a round cap or "tocque" of 
 peculiar form, made of blaCk silk or velvet, having six puffs or tufts of black and white 
 silk, hanging on each side. 
 
 In later times the Grand Masters wore a mantle of black silk, on which was 
 embroidered in white and blue silk the fifteen mysteries of the Passion,! entwined with 
 representations of paniers or baskets, symbolizing charity. This was fastened with 
 cords of black and white silk. To this was occasionally added a sort of scarf, on which 
 similar emblems were embroidered in gold. He bore a baton which was decorated 
 with small Maltese crosses. There were many interesting customs which were followed 
 
 * This anniversary, which occurs on the 8th of Sep- procession have disappeared with the Grand Masters, 
 tember, is recognized even to this day, which is now t These are what is known as the Rosary, in the 
 
 kept as a popular festival and celebrated with various Roman Church, and represent " the glories, the sorrows 
 
 amusements, — boat races, and some other interesting and the joys " of the Saviour in the Garden of Gethse- 
 
 sports peculiar to the locality — but the sword and the mane, on the night of His betrayal. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. xiii 
 
 when his death was near, and in the conduct of the ceremonies attending the choice of 
 his successor, but these we cannot Hnger to describe. 
 
 The membership of the Order was divided into eight Langues, or languages.* In 
 the early days of the Hospitallers, the "grand dignities" were bestowed on those most 
 capable of filling them, in the judgment of the General Chapters. After some centu- 
 ries had elapsed, these offices were attached to the different Langues, the "Piliers" or 
 chiefs of which had the right of appointment, or to hold themselves, if they preferred 
 as they usually did, the office pertaining to each. The result of this division, while it 
 may have promoted a certain emulation in time of war, was yet productive of jealousies 
 and quarrels in peace. Indeed, the Langue of Germany, being largely composed of 
 Protestants after the Reformation, was for a long period virtually separated from the 
 other branches of the Order, not being really united with it again until about a half 
 century previous to its extinction. Its Grand Priors were made Princes of the Holy 
 Roman Empire by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, having a vote in certain of its 
 assemblies, where they held seats as ecclesiastical princes. A somewhat similar right 
 was possessed by the Grand Prior of London, who held a seat in Parliament as the 
 first baron of England. When the Religious Orders were suppressed by Henry VIII, 
 the English Langue became extinct, though its name was preserved in the assemblies 
 at Malta, the oldest Knight of the Order being honored with the privilege of represent- 
 ing, with the two next him in point of age and membership, the Langue of England 
 and its "Pilier." The original number of these Langues was three — Provence, 
 Auvergne and France ; the next to be formed were Italy, Arragon, England, and 
 Germany. In time that of Castile was added, and the Anglo-Bavarian took the place 
 of England. 
 
 The Order received various accessions from other similar bodies which united 
 themselves with it at different periods. In 1308 its power was increased by its union 
 with the Order of " St. Samson of Jerusalem ; " the absorption of the Templars has been 
 already mentioned. In 1485 the Orders of the "Sacred Tomb," and of " St. Lazarus " 
 having been abrogated, the Knights of St. John were strengthened and much enriched 
 by a grant of the Pope, who bestowed upon them the possessions of these bodies. 
 
 As has been said above, the Order was formed of three classes ; these existed in 
 each Langue, and they united in composing the assemblies at Malta, and the Provincial 
 Chapters of the Grand Priories. The Knights or warriors of the Hospitallers were 
 themselves divided into several classes unnecessary to specify more particularly. They 
 were forbidden to marry, except after withdrawal from the Order, and ceasing to wear 
 
 * A list of these with the office each was entitled to fill is given on page 31, and need not be further explained. 
 
xiv HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 the cross ; in rare cases the privilege of continuing to wear it was granted by the 
 Grand Master. The oldest Cavalier had the right to attend the "ordinary" council, 
 and with the two next in seniority, of sitting in the " complete " council. These coun- 
 cils formed the executive power of the Order, and the latter retained the control of 
 certain functions in its own hands, such as making regulations concerning public 
 health, striking money and some others. The members of the Order, Composed as it 
 was of the noblesse of all Christian States, were jealous of their rights, and delegated 
 no more power to their Grand Master than was necessary to enable him to govern. 
 He was thus regarded as the first among his equals rather than as a monarch. What- 
 ever powers they might grant him over their persons, he had no power to hold a Knight 
 under arrest more than twenty-four hours without trial. Their pledge of obedience 
 which seemed so absolute and obligatory, had its modifications, and any Knight who 
 deemed that a command was contrary to the ancient statutes and customs, had a right 
 to refuse obedience, and to appeal to the tribunal called '' egard^' and to persist in his 
 course until their decision was pronounced. The Pope had the important prerogative 
 of giving his sanction to the convocations of the General Chapters, of annulling them, 
 of approving the Statutes of the Order, and of having an Inquisitor on the Island, 
 with certain powers of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and of watching the execution of the 
 Bulls and Briefs of the Holy See. 
 
 Thus it appears that while on the one hand the authority of the Grand Master 
 was held under restraint, yet on the other he alone had power to summon the General 
 Chapter, and the Councils could deliberate only upon matters suggested by him, or in 
 his absence by his Lieutenant. 
 
 The legislative power was vested exclusively in the General Chapters, and to them 
 belonged to levy taxes. They assembled once in ^\^ years, or in case of urgency, as 
 often as once in three years, in the earlier days of the Order, but less frequently in its 
 later times. When they had come together, the standard of the "Religion" was 
 removed from the palace of the Grand Master, and floated as of right from the place of 
 their assembly. 
 
 From what has been said, therefore, it will be seen that the Order of St. John was 
 as Saint AUais remarks, Hospitallers, as founding and maintaining hospitals open to 
 the sick of every country and in need of aid, without regard to sect : Religiotis, since 
 its members assumed the triple vow of chastity, obedience, and poverty ; Military, in 
 that two of its classes were constantly prepared to war against the Infidel and protect 
 Christians ; Monarchical^ having at its head a chief who held his position for life, and 
 invested with sovereign rights over the people of Malta and its dependencies, and 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH, xv 
 
 Aristocratic^ since each Knight partook of legislative and executive power, equally with 
 the Grand Master, the three classes of the Order choosing their chiefs from among 
 themselves, who conjointly with the Grand Master, in the General Chapters had the 
 power of making and executing laws : the latter fact has led some historians to regard 
 the Order as Republican in its form of government. 
 
 The history of this valiant and chivalric Order is brilliant with tales of valor ; not 
 alone were their laurels of victory gathered in the Holy Land, where Jerusalem and 
 Ascalon, Balbais and Hattin, and last of all St. Jean d'Acre, are monuments of their 
 early glories ; but when forced from their last stronghold on the sacred soil of Pales- 
 tine, they conquered the Isle of Rhodes, which they held for nearly two centuries 
 and a half against the most strenuous efforts of the Saracens to drive them from it, 
 losing it finally in 1522, when the brave L'Isle Adam was overcome through the 
 treachery of the Chancellor of the Order ; the treason was discovered, and the trai- 
 tor's head was falling by the headsman's axe just as the Infidels were entering the 
 weak point in his defences. Even then such had been the gallantry of their stubborn 
 defence, and so- completely had Solyman and the victorious Turks been disheartened 
 at the length and difficulties of the siege, that the brave Knights were allowed 
 honorable terms of surrender and a free retreat from their ruined city. Again, in 
 Malta they showed themselves worthy inheritors of the ancient glory, as under 
 Vallette they defended their strongholds of St. Elmo and St. Angelo, in one of the 
 most remarkable sieges of history. In his "Fortress of Malta," Col. Porter has the 
 following graceful tribute to the Order of St. John : — 
 
 "The heroic spirits who conducted the defence of Malta, through all its difficulties 
 and all its dangers, to so glorious a conclusion, have long since returned to that dust 
 from which they sprang ; the names even of but too many of them have been lost to 
 the world; still, the memory of their great deeds remains as fresh and as green as 
 though it were a thing of yesterday ; and the name of Malta is never mentioned, even 
 in this present age, without caUing up a picture of the scenes enacted there during the 
 summer of 1565. 
 
 "The banner of St. John no longer floats over the ramparts of the island; the 
 fraternity itself is, if not utterly annihilated, at all events reduced to little more than a 
 nonentity ; still, there are none amongst those who now occupy their place who would 
 refuse to yield their just tribute of admiration and applause at the heroism and endur- 
 ance which had successfully sustained such mighty and protracted efforts, and had 
 protected the home of their adoption from the polluting presence of the infidel 
 invaders." 
 
XVI 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 The victories of the Order at sea, and on the shores of their enemies, were hardly 
 less brilliant and glorious than those upon the land ; in 1321, their Vicar General, 
 Gerard de Pins, destroyed the iMoslem fleet in a hard fought combat ; twenty years 
 later their galleys wrested Smyrna from the Saracens, but lost it again to Timour after 
 a stubborn resistance ; in 1347 the ifieet of the Egyptian pirates was destroyed in the 
 harbor of Alexandria, and the ,to\vn conquered ; at Tripoli and Lajazzo, at Candia and 
 Lepanto, and in many less renowned sea fights with the vTurks and Algerines, the 
 pirates and the corsairs of the Mediterranean, for nearly five centuries the cross of the 
 Religion was hardly less triumphant than that of St. George, burning on " the meteor 
 flag of England " in later days. But the existence of the Knights of St. John, as an 
 independent power, virtually ceased with Hompesch. In a modified form, it is still 
 found as an Order of Knighthood in Austria, Russia, Prussia, Spain and Italy; and 
 its cross is highly esteemed, but its political importance is ended. 
 
 " The Knights are dust ; 
 Their swords are nist ; 
 Their souls are with the saints we trust." 
 
COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 ORDER OF MALTA, 
 
 #r ^nigfjt^ i^ojfpitaUer^ of M>U S^ofjn of "^ttn^edtm. 
 
 S SOON as the Order of "Knights Hospitallers," or *' Knights 
 W-^ of St. John of Jerusalem," became a sovereign power, it 
 began to strike coins. This occurred A. D. 1309, when these 
 =, ^ soldiers of the cross took possession of the Island of Rhodes 
 ^^ in the Aegean Sea, and set up a political government of 
 <^ their own. While they remained at Jerusalem, up to A. D. 
 1 187, at Acre to 1291, and at the Island of Cyprus to 1309, 
 they had no attributes of sovereignty and were not suffered to 
 emit money. The Temp/ar K7tights never possessed the attributes of 
 sovereignty and therefore never struck coins, neither did the Teutonic 
 alfl Knights ; and if any metallic pieces are found containing Templar or 
 Teutonic emblems, they must be reckoned as medals not coins. It is 
 important that the reader should bear this in mind. A medal it is 
 lawful for any one to make, but a coin is an emblem of sovereignty, 
 which to make, brought down in the olden times the penalty of death. 
 Louis XII, of France, used to boil the unlawful coiners in oil; the King 
 
 (9) 
 
^° COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 of Persia put to death one of his Governors of Egypt for striking coins with- 
 out authority. Instances of this sort are common in history. 
 
 And yet to make coins in those early days, was so simple a process that 
 it is a wonder the line could be drawn between honesty and falsehood. A 
 Government I^Iint, especially a Provincial Mint, eighteen hundred years ago, 
 was scarcely as big a concern as a good blacksmith shop is at the present 
 day. It only needed a ''moneyer" or overseer, — a secretar)^--^a furnace 
 with crucibles, — a pair of scales, — a few hundred pounds' weight of copper, 
 — a "beater" to beat the metal into plates, — a '* clipper" with shears to cut 
 out the blanks or planchets, — a '* coiner" to stamp the blanks, and one 
 ** assistant" to lay them upon the die fixed in an anvil. This group of six 
 men could make five thousand coins or more, per diem, provided the dies 
 were furnished them. Now, when we see that in Syria alone there were fifty 
 Provincial Mints of this class, and that Syria was reckoned to be but the 
 sixteenth part of the Roman Empire, we learn how simple a thing was an 
 ancient Mint. 
 
 When the ** Knights Hospitallers" or "Knights of St. John of Jerusa- 
 lem" moved to Cyprus, in 1291, they assumed the name of "Knights of 
 Cyprus ;" and when eighteen years later, they went to Rhodes, they again 
 changed it to "Knights of Rhodes," which title they bore until their loss of 
 that island, December, 1522. Then they went successively to Candia, to 
 Italy, and finally, July 18, 1529, they settled in Malta, and assumed the name 
 which they bore until their dissolution in 1798, "the Knights of Malta." 
 
 The first piece of which we give an engraving, is a coin of the money 
 struck by Foulques de Villaret, who was the Twent)-fourth* Grand-Master 
 of the Order, and the series will terminate with one of Hompesch, the 69th, 
 and last. As De Villaret was installed in 1307, it will be observed that the 
 series comprehends Jive centuries of a chivalrous era, that for true valor and 
 self-devotion, has no parallel. 
 
 Ancient coins are regarded by sensible readers as leaflets of history. 
 No matter how debased, degraded or abraded (if at all legible), they are full 
 
 * Some historians consider him to be the Twenty- Comps, (whose position others deny, or doubt,) for the 
 fifth Grand Master, including in the list Arnold de period A. D. 1 161-67. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. ii 
 
 charged with the most rehable facts. For many years, it has been my very 
 pleasant duty to handle and inspect the moneys of the ancients from those of 
 Assyria, B. C. 900, to those of Byzantium, in the 15th century after Christ, 
 including coins of Persian, Greek, Egyptian, Syrian, Roman and Jewish 
 mintage ; but few have come to my hand altogether so suggestive of instruc- 
 tive thought as these of the Grand-Masters of Christian Knighthood. 
 
 I. FOULQUES DE ViLLARET. A. D. I307-I319. 
 
 No sooner did the Knights of St. John take possession of Rhodes, in 
 the year 1309, than a considerable commerce sprung up with the European 
 ports, which necessitated a coinage of money. '*This Rhodes," said the 
 Grand-Master, "was famous in ancient ages, and shall again become famous, 
 and opulent, and in every way a desirable residence. There we shall be our 
 own masters, and have our own good swords to protect us." So it proved for 
 two hundred and fourteen years. The island had once been Genoese, and 
 was now nominally Greek, but in reality it belonged to Saracen pirates, a 
 bold, fierce and most lawless race. The money necessary for an expedition 
 to take possession of it, was chiefly raised by a subscription of ladies, partic- 
 ularly those of Genoa, who sold their jewels for that purpose. Much secrecy 
 was observed in this enterprise, that the Turks might not know whither they 
 were bound. The fleet sailed from Limisso, in Cyprus, as if intending to 
 attack the towns on the Syrian coast. They landed first on the coast of Asia 
 Minor. Here De Villaret announced to his followers his place of destination. 
 They took Rhodes, with the smaller islands near by, A. D. 1309, without a 
 struggle, but a four years' war followed that tried their spirit to the utmost ; 
 when this was ended they settled down, as before remarked, and held the 
 island for more than two hundred years. It was during this Grand-Master- 
 ship that the Knights Templars were destroyed. 
 
 De Villaret, whose coinage is before us, was installed in 1307, but de- 
 posed for cruelty and tyranny in 13 19. The coin is silver, of the character 
 styled by the French gros d' argent, or " great silver piece." Let us examine 
 it with some care. The face or obverse exhibits the Grand-Master himself. 
 
12 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 f 
 
 kneeling with folded hands in front of the patriarchal cross crossed. The 
 cj'oss aftenvards termed Maltese, is embroidered on his left arm. His feet 
 are bare, in token of humility. We have no letters which match exactl)' the 
 Teutonic lettering of the coin, but will substitute the nearest modern form 
 we have been able to obtain. It reads FR • FVLifRO ■ D • villrto • Dl • 6RA • ^ 
 and on the field behind him IRL. Expanding the abbreviations this would be 
 '' Fratri Ftilcho De Villerto Dei Gratia lerosolyinaeT The three letters 
 around the cross are A m 05 Alpha et Omega, "the beginning and the end."* 
 
 The reverse has a large cross in the centre, and the legends, which are 
 in two concentric circles surrounding it, terminate with small crosses, placed 
 at the top above it. The lettering is mRO ■ I)0PITALI • qvgt %l\ • I0l>l : - >l< in the 
 outer circle, and II)GRIL' : RODI ^ or '' Magistro Hospitalis Cofwentus Sancti 
 Johannis Hierosolimitani RodH' Translating the two sides together, we have 
 this English sentence : '' Brother Foulques de \^illaret by the Grace of God, of 
 Jerusalem, Master of the Hospital of the Convent of St. John of Jerusalem 
 at Rhodes." Figure i. 
 
 II. Heliox De Villeneuve. A. D. 13 19-1346. 
 
 This coin is of silver. The figure on the obverse resembles that of I. 
 The rudeness of the workmanship is not greater than that of other coins of 
 the period. The face is heavily bearded. The letters Alpha and Omega are 
 absent, and the cross stands upon three steps, as was common in the Byzan- 
 tine coins of that period, whose devices were as strongly Christian. The 
 inscription on the obverse is PR. GLlon. D*. YlLAnoVA, DL 6RA. fliR. ©. that is, 
 resolved, '' Frater Elioii De Villanova Dei Gi^atia Magister^ The reverse 
 has .05PTA'. $'.10615 IRLDI QT* .RODI. ^, that is, ''Hospitalis Sancti Johannis 
 Hierosolimitani Conventus Rodi\' or in English, " Brother Helion De Ville- 
 
 * As on most of the coins of the Grand Masters to ^sill be called occasionally as we proceed. Foulques de 
 
 be described, their arms are displayed, it seems proper Villaret bore the same arms with his brother Guillaume, 
 
 to give also the bearings of those old heroes which do who immediately preceded him, namely, or, three moun- 
 
 not appear on their coins, but which were doubtless well tain peaks gules, each surmounted by a crow sable; the 
 
 kno\yn to "the infidel." Many of them have allusions field being gold (or yellow), the mountains red, and the 
 
 impossible now to trace : others have charges sho^Ning crows black. As French was the language of chivalry 
 
 the antiquit}' of '■^ arma parlantes" or "canting arms," and most of the Grand blasters were of France, we have 
 
 as modem heralds term them, and to these attention followed the French form of the names. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA, 13 
 
 neuve, by the Grace of God, Master of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, 
 Convent (or Priory) of Rhodes." The device on the field of the reverse is a 
 Greek cross, with floriated arms, the central ornament at the end of each arm 
 being a small shield or oval, also inscribed with a cross. It will be observed 
 that some of the letters on these coins are combined to form a kind of 
 monogram. The current name of this piece ^n?^.^ gigliatoj^ Figure 2. 
 
 Grand-Master De Villeneuve was delayed a long time in Europe by ill 
 health, even till 1332, before proceeding to Rhodes, and while there held a 
 general chapter of the Knights at Marseilles. In his Grand-Mastership the 
 Order was divided into seven langues (languages or provinces), which after- 
 wards expanded into eight. It was reported that at this time there was not a 
 poor man in all the Island of Rhodes. The curious fable of Sir Deodatus 
 (Frenqh, Dieu-donne) and the Dragon, is placed in this Grand-Mastership. 
 
 III. DiEU-DONNE DE GoZON. A. D. I346-I353. 
 
 Our next engraving shows a gold coin, styled a sequin. It corresponds 
 in size with the Venetian gold of that period, worth, by weight, about $2.30 
 of our money. Upon the obverse we see a group well executed, St. John 
 presenting a banner with the Passion Cross to the Grand Master, who kneels 
 with bare feet, his hands grasping the staff. An Oriental robe, bare feet, the 
 halo of divinity, and a venerable beard, mark the saint up to whom the Grand 
 Master, an old man, bald and beardless, is looking with reverential aspect. 
 Upon the reverse we see an angel with expanded wings, seated upon an open 
 
 * The arms of De Villeneuve differ slightly as given ter, with plates at the end, showing their arms, and the 
 
 by Saint AUais from those in Vertot's work. Although title of his work is L'Ordre de Malte, ses Grand Maitres 
 
 the Abbe Vertot, who was himself a Knight of the Order, et ses Chevaliers, par M. de Saint-Allais, Chevalier de 
 
 wrote more than a century before Saint AUais, and in I'Ordre Royal de la Legion d'Honneur, etc., Directeur 
 
 his elaborate work — four thick quarto volumes — gives Proprietaire des Archives Genealogiques et Heraldiques 
 
 portraits of all or nearly all the Grand Masters to his de I'Ordre de Saint-Jean-de Jerusalem (Malte). Paris, 
 
 time, I am inclined to regard Saint Allais as the better 1839. Small Svo., pp. 362 and 4 plates. The device 
 
 authority from reasons unnecessary to give here, but of Villeneuve was gules, fretty of lances or, an inescut- 
 
 which will be apparent to any one who compares the cheon of gold in each space (claire-voie) : on the fess 
 
 two. The title of Vertot's book is Histoire des Cheva- point an inescutcheon azure charged with a fleur de lis 
 
 Hers Hospitallers de S. Jean de Jerusalem, appellez or. That is, on a red field a number of lances inter- 
 
 depuis Les Chevaliers de Rhodes, et aujourd'hui Les laced diamond wise, with small shields between them in 
 
 Chevaliers de Malte : par M. I'Abbe de Vertot, de I'Aca- each vacant space, each of gold : on the centre, or the 
 
 demie des Belles Lettres. A Paris, 1726, avec approba- "heart" of the shield as the French style it, a small 
 
 tion et privilege du Roy. Plates. 40. 4 vols. Saint escutcheon of blue on which is a fleur de lis of gold. 
 Allais gives brief historic sketches of each Grand Mas- 
 
14 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 sarcophagus, as recorded in St. John xx: 12, "Angels in white, sitting, the 
 one at the head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain/* 
 Or in Mark xvi: 5, "They saw a young man sitting on the right side, clothed 
 in a long white garment." The epigraph of the same is F. dgodat on the right 
 of the figures, and $101)638 on the left; these latter are arranged nearly 
 perpendicularly to each other; on the right of the staff from which the banner 
 floats will be seen m G R similarly arranged : * these abbreviations, when com- 
 plete, signify Frater Deodatus Sancti-yohannis Baptistae Magister, On the 
 reverse is the legend RO^PITAL QVenT:RODl >I< for Hospitalis Conventi Rodi, 
 that isj " Brother Dieu-donne, Master of the Priory of the Hospital of St. John 
 the Baptist at Rhodes." The heavenly visitant appearing on the reverse 
 displays a cross upon a staff; the head is surrounded by a nimbus, the wings 
 are spread as if prepared for flight, the countenance is benignant and attractive. 
 Who can doubt but that in the days when all Christians believed in the occa- 
 sional appearance of saints and angels, that many a Sir Knight, sore bestead 
 by warrings, vigils and hunger, looked hopefully upon the figure that illus- 
 trates this coin and was comforted thereby. This Grand Master, De Gozon, 
 gained a naval victory over the Turks, capturing one hundred and twenty of 
 their vessels. He died of apoplexy, Dec. 1355. The Order at this period 
 was in very great esteem. Figure 3. 
 
 IV. Raymond De Berenger. A. D. 1365-1374. 
 
 This next is a silver coin, and larger than the others. The reader will 
 observe that there is an interval between Grand Master De Gozon and the 
 present. This was filled by Pierre De Corneillan, A. D. 1354-1355 and 
 Roger De Pins,f but I have no coins of either. During the Grand Mastership 
 of the latter, the citadel at Smyrna was lost to the Order. Grand Master De 
 
 * His armorial bearings, either quartered with the t Corneillan bore gules on a bend argent three mart- 
 arms or otherwise, do not appear on any coins so far as lets sable : that is, on a red field, a silver diagonal stripe 
 we have learned ; they were gules, a bend argent bor- charged with three small birds resembling swallows, but 
 dared azure, a bordure creuelee argent : the device without beaks or feet. De Pins carried a shield gules, 
 would be represented by a diagonal stripe of silver, or three pine cones or, one over two : gules meaning red, 
 white, having a blue edge, the whole upon a field of red, and or, yellow, no further explanation is necessary. The 
 Avhich is surrounded by a border of white, its inner edge latter is one of the very earliest allusive coats. De Pins 
 cut to resemble battlements. died May 28, 1365. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA, 15 
 
 Berenger, whose coin is before us, took Alexandria in Egypt from the Sar- 
 acens, and burnt the piratical fleet harboring there. Figure 4. 
 
 Upon the obverse is the Grand Master, as in preceding specimens, 
 kneeling before the patriarchal cross, which is mounted upon three steps. 
 Behind him is a shield bearing the charge heraldically known as a "bend."^" 
 The legend is F -RAimvnDV^ BGReneSRH -D* 6- : ffi © in full, Frater Raummdus 
 Berengarii, Dei Gratia Magister, The reverse bears " the flowery " or 
 *' flowered" cross, like that on No. II. Out of each of the four equal points 
 of this cross rises also the same oval or shield containing a small Greek cross. f 
 The legend also is substantially the same as that of the reverse of II. — 
 CAPITAL • ^ ■ ion? • li^Lni • QT? • RODI " ® explained above. The two legends unitedly 
 read as follows : ** Brother Raymond de Berenger, by the grace of God, Master 
 of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Priory at Rhodes." During this 
 Grand Mastership the fortifications of the Island of Rhodes were greatly 
 strengthened, in view of a threatened invasion from Constantinople. 
 
 V. Antoine Fluvian. A. D. 1421-1437. 
 
 This is a sequin (gold) as III. Between the Grand Mastership of De 
 Berenger, which terminated A. D. 1374, and the installation of Antoine Flu- 
 vian, A. D. 142 1, forty-seven years had intervened, during which there were 
 five Grand Masters, — Robert de Julliac,J 1374 to 1377; H. C. d'Emporta, 1377 
 to 1383; Richard Caraccioli, 1383 to 1396; Philibert DeNaillac, 1396 to 142 1, 
 but of these I have no specimens. Figure 5. 
 
 The obverse of the coin before us is much like that of III, except that in 
 place of fliGR ranged perpendicularly down the staff, the word DVX {i. e. leader, 
 
 * Why this is inserted I am unable to determine, as mention it in describing them, it should be so under- 
 
 these do not appear to be his family arms, which, as stood. 
 
 given by St. AUais, were gules, a saltire couped or : that % De Julliac bore argent, a cross botonnee — French, 
 
 is, a Saint Andre'w's cross of gold on a red shield, fleuronne, (differing from the cross fleury in the termina- 
 
 Vertot depicts them as gyronny of eight, gules and tions of the arms, which have fhree round balls, while 
 
 argent, that is, with eight right angled triangles, their those of the cross fleury end with fleurs de lis gules ;) a 
 
 apexes in the centre of the shield, alternately red and label of four points azure ; that is, a cross as described, 
 
 white. of red on a white field, and at the top of the shield a 
 
 t The "G^eek cross," so called, is the simplest and blue labql of four points; the "label" cannot be des- 
 
 probably the oldest form of the cross used in heraldry, cribed better than by referring the reader to Webster's 
 
 It forms the first and fourth quarters of every Grand Unabridged, illustrated edition, where an engraving of 
 
 Master's official arms, and though we do not specially this charge is given. 
 
1 6 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 signifying the same office) is used * The legend of the obverse is F. AnironiV$. 
 on the right, and '^'P-veNeT on the left, the last arranged perpendicularly. 
 This legend, which some numismatists would translate Frater A^ttonius and 
 Sanctus Marctcs Ve7ieti or Saint Mark of Venice, (of which city he was the 
 patron Saint,) together with the fact that the robe of the kneeling Grand 
 Master is so different from the others, being highly ornate, has led some to 
 consider this a Venetian coin and call the kneeling figure the Doge of 
 Venice. 
 
 On the reverse is the figure of the Saviour standing full face to front, as 
 in all Byzantine coins of this class. His head has a cruciform halo, and his 
 right hand is held up shoulder high, with three fingers presented, in the 
 manner adopted by the Roman Pontiff when bestowing the Papal benediction 
 upon his people, and alludes to the Trinity. His robe is gathered up and 
 held in his left hand, which also contains a copy of the Holy Scriptures. 
 The face is that of an elderly man heavily bearded. He stands within the 
 oval figure called vesica piscis, with nine stars nearly surrounding Him, four 
 on His right, five on His left. The epigraph on the reverse reads, $IT. T. XPe. 
 DATV$ Q TV:RG6I$ I^TG * DV(JAT that is, in full, ''Sit Hbt, Christe, datus, quia tu 
 regis, iste ducatus'^' or in English, "Let this ducat be given to Thee, O Christ, 
 because Thou dost rule." Figure 5. 
 
 * The word Dvx was the Latin epithet of the Doge — shield a wavy horizontal stripe of red, thus alluding to 
 
 from which indeed the title appears to be derived ; and his name, which is from the Latin fliiviits, a river. This 
 
 there were Doges who bore the name of Anthony. The as given by Saint AUais; Vertot gives a plain fess, and 
 
 style of the figure, the letter f before antonivs, the this difference seems to add to the weight to be attached 
 
 "cross in the banner, with some other points, have led to the former's authority. We omit reference to the in- 
 
 the author to his assignment of the piece. If it tervening Grand Masters, concerning whom historians 
 
 belongs to the Doge, the explanation of the letter f are not so fully agreed. The schism in the Roman 
 
 remains to be given. The first Doge Antonio was A. Church between the Popes Urban VI and Clement VII, 
 
 Vernieri, 1382-1400; the next, A. Grimani, 1521-3; and each of whom claimed to be by virtue of his office not 
 
 the next, Marco Antonio Trevisano, 1553. We remem- only the head of the Church but of the Order as well, 
 
 ber no others. There was also a religious Order, is the cause of this disagreement. Saint AUais names 
 
 " Hospitalarii Sancti Antonii," or Hospitallers of Saint Jean Fernandes de Heredin as Naillac's predecessor, 
 
 Anthony, founded' by Gaston in the Viennois, 1095, au- and omits all reference to Emposta. Caraccioli was 
 
 thorized by Boniface VIII in 1297, and finally united appointed by Urban, who deposed Heredin, because the 
 
 with the Order of Malta by Pius VI. If not a coin of latter favored Clement. Naillac's arms were azure, two 
 
 Fluvian's, can it belong to this last named Order, which lions passant gardant or — on a field of blue two lions 
 
 seems to have had some points in common with the (lion leopards the French called them, if more than one 
 
 Hospitallers ? The reverse of a coin of one of the later ajDpears on the shield, for a lion, they said, could not 
 
 Grand Masters bears a strong resemblance to the re- bear a rival, and early English heralds called them 
 
 verse of this piece, as will be noticed hereafter. lioncels or lion's whelps) ; passant gardant signifies thev 
 
 The arms of Fluvian are another early example of are moving slowly across the field with their head's 
 
 canting \v^xi\6x^^ being or, a fess undee gules — on a red turned to the observer. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 17 
 
 This Grand Master, Fluvian, donated to the Order two hundred thousand 
 gold crowns, to erect an Infirmary at Rhodes. Long were the knights proud 
 of his benefaction. At this period the Order was at the height of its wealth 
 and worldly prosperity. They numbered about one thousand men, and the 
 Grand Master was admittedly the most powerful Christian sovereign in the 
 Levant. Equally ready to strive for the Order on sea or on sod, the Frater- 
 nity was now in the fifth century of its existence ; while the Templars had 
 been destroyed a hundred years before, the Teutonic knights had become an 
 effete institution, and Rhodes, a little island in the eastern Mediterranean, 
 shone as the bulwark of Christendom against the Moslem. 
 
 Following Grand Master Fluvian, came Jean De Lastic,* of whom I have 
 no specimens, but his part in the government of Rhodes was so important, 
 that I must give him a place in this comment. During his Grand Mastership 
 a hostile fleet came against Rhodes in great force, September, 1440, bringing 
 sixteen fire-ships; yet they were easily repelled by the knights, who from their 
 insular position had even more skill on sea than on land. Cannon in large 
 numbers were used in this contest. The King of England wrote the Doge of 
 Venice at this time " to treat the Knights of St. John well, because, without 
 them, all Europe was in danger from the Turks." De Lastic is the first 
 Master to whom the title ''Grand" was given. It was during the latter years 
 of this Grand Mastership that the event occurred which shook the Christian 
 world, namely, the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1452. De 
 Lastic issued a circular letter July 20, 1453, to his knights through all their 
 Priories in Europe, to hasten to head quarters, for he plainly foresaw the 
 tremendous struggle that awaited the Order itself, the only barrier remaining 
 in the eastern Mediterranean against the formidable power of the Moslems. 
 
 VI. Pierre D'Aubusson. A. D. 1476-1503. 
 
 Twenty-nine years have passed since the mintage of Grand Master Flu- 
 vian*s coins ceased at his death. Four Grand Masters have been installed 
 and done their work, of whom I have no coins, namely, De Lastic, named 
 
 * Le Lastic's arms were gules a fess argent — a silver horizontal band on a red field. 
 
i8 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 above, 1437 to 1454; Jacques De Milly,* 1454 to 1461 ; Pierre Raymond Za- 
 costa, 1461 to 1467; and Jean Baptiste De Ursins (or Orsini), 1467 to 1476. 
 But now we have a coin of Pierre D'Abusson. 
 
 His large piece is styled medaille d'argent^ or a silver crown. Upon the 
 obverse it has the shield of the Grand Master surmounted by a Cardinal's hat, 
 for D'Aubusson held that rank, which was bestowed upon him by the Pope, 
 May 9, 1488. In the first and fourth quarterings are Greek crosses, and in 
 the second and third the early form of the Maltese cross. f The legend is 
 E PG D AUB^^on GAl^DG fflA6 RRODI gB that is, Frater Petrus U Aubusson, Grandis 
 Magister Rhodi,\ which is sufficiently plain to our readers without translation. 
 On the reverse is a full length figure, well executed, of St. John the Baptist, 
 the patron of the Order. His head is encircled by a nimbus, his left hand 
 sustains the crosier, a lamb (haloed) in his left arm, and his right hand rests 
 upon his bosom. The legend is © m%^ A6 Dei:G(^QI • TL-PG(fATfllUD- which, en- 
 larged from the abbreviations, is ^''Ecce Agnus Dei ecqui toilet peccata m-undi',^ 
 that is, " Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sins of the world." 
 The same motto is repeated upon No. XI. Figure 6. 
 
 The crisis of an invasion from Constantinople impending, the election of 
 Pierre D'Aubusson was hailed by the knights with bonfires and rejoicings. 
 On the election day, the sixteen electors came three several times before the 
 Assembly of the Order, and inquired if they would stand by -the election ; to 
 which they answered in the affirmative. Then the result was announced. In 
 1478 a Chapter General was held, and D'Aubusson was appointed Dictator 
 during the expected siege. The historian avers that "he acted a noble part, 
 
 * De Milly bore gules a chief argent, indented : that of blue crawling to observer's left. The heraldic rose 
 
 is, a red Held the upper third silver, with the dividing bears little resemblance to the flower, and reminds one 
 
 line in points, similar to the teeth of a saw. Zacosta's more of the architectural rosette.- 
 
 arms were barry undee of seven, or and gules, that t His arms were or, a cross moline gules, as shown 
 
 is, seven wavy horizontal stripes, alternately gold and on the coin, — the cross being red and the field gold, 
 
 red. Des Ursins carried a shield bendy of six, argent % There are a few letters at the bottom of the piece, 
 
 and gules, a chief argent charged with a rose gules, somewhat indistinct, from the close resemblance these 
 
 boutonnee or, and in the lower part a serpent, azure, mediaeval forms bear to each other; in our reading of 
 
 fesswise ; this would appear to the observer as having the legend, (which is a photographic copy of the original 
 
 six diagonal stripes, running from his left to right, and plate,) the letters in grand appear to be transposed, 
 
 alternately silver (at the upper right corner) and red; the and indeed the whole seems a singular blending of the 
 
 upper third, of silver, is divided from the rest, and has French and Latin titles, which, considering the intelli- 
 
 in its centre at the top an heraldic rose of red, on which gence of the average workman of the time, is not 
 
 are small buds or buttons of gold, and below it a snake surprising. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 19 
 
 and showed fully as varied talents as almost any one, ancient or modern, and 
 upon a grander scale." May 23, 1480, the Turkish fleet, one hundred and 
 sixty sail, appeared in sight, and landed two days afterwards an uncounted 
 host. Cannon, — it is said to the number of 3,700, and many of enormous 
 calibre, — battered the walls. The siege endured ninety-nine days, but closed 
 by the defeat of the enemy with immense loss. Peace followed, which lasted 
 all the remaining days of the gallant Grand Master D'Aubusson. 
 
 VII. Emery D'Amboise, A. D. 1503-1512. 
 
 Upon the death of DAubusson the war with the Turks again broke out, 
 the Sultan being then the celebrated Bazajet, followed by his son Selim, a 
 man of extraordinary cruelty even for the times. Under Grand Master 
 Amboise the knights were particularly successful at sea, capturing one ship 
 so large that its mainmast could scarcely be encircled by six men. No 
 quarter was offered or received in these contests. 
 
 The silver coin before us has upon the obverse the Grand Master s shield 
 blazoned with his coat of arms'^* and surrounded by the legend, which, though 
 some letters are indistinct, we read : : F:emeRl(JV3:DAmB0I3e: mA6nO:mAG : l^:© 
 \Frater Emeincus U Amboise Magna Magistro\ Rodi^ On the reverse is 
 the Agnus Dei, — The Holy Lamb, — the type of the Saviour — with the halo 
 encircling its head, and bearing a banner J displaying the cross of the Order, 
 with the staff surmounted by the same, pomme, i. e. with pommels ; and the 
 legend is the well known supplication from the Gloria in Excelsis, perhaps 
 the most ancient hymn of the Church, sen • Dei • QYI TOLI$ vm^'^ ' mvn • mi^GH ' ' 
 no ^ {Agnus Dei^ qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis) The inscriptions 
 
 * These as given by Saint-Allais (second and third of course does not agree in case with the name, Emeri- 
 
 quarters) are paly of six or and gules, that is, six per- cus. and we can hardly consider o to stand for Ordinis 
 
 pendicular stripes alternately gold and red. The first in that position. 
 
 and fourth quarters, as the more honorable, show the % The lamb and pennon were perhaps selected from 
 
 arms of the Order. Its standard, fixed by a brief of the ecclesiastic relation of that symbol to St. John, who 
 
 Innocent III in 11 50, was red with a white cross, and was almost invariably represented in medieval art with 
 
 the arms therefore corresponded, being gules, a cross i^uch a lamb as that on the coin, and the motto ecce 
 
 argent, which is the same device heraldically expressed. AGNUS dei, his words to his disciples when pointing 
 
 t We are not responsible for the grammar of the die- them to the Saviour, 
 cutter; the word on the coin seems to be mag7io^ which 
 
2 COINS OF THE GR4ND MASTERS 
 
 translated, read, ** Brother Emery D'Amboise, Grand Master of Rhodes. — 
 Lamb of God, who takest away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us." 
 Persons animated by the intense devotion of these warriors of the Cross, saw 
 in such affecting devices and words, far more than we in our Protestant 
 soberness can conceive of. Plate 11. Figure i. 
 
 VIII. Guy De Blanchefort. A. D. 1513. 
 
 This Grand Master was a nephew of Grand Master D Aubusson, who had 
 so gallantly defended the island of Rhodes thirty-two years before. He had 
 also distinguished himself upon that and other occasions, but he lived only a 
 few months after his election, dying on the 24th of November before reaching 
 the Isle of Rhodes. The obverse of this coin has his shield, whose quarter- 
 ings contain his own device, . two lions in the second and third, ^' and in the 
 first and fourth the Greek crosses (equal armed crosses) of the Order. The 
 legend of the obverse is 6Vi:De.-. BLsn(Jf}GFORT -©^^ and that of the reverse, 
 in I>Q(J:$I6no Yini?e$*>^ which surrounds the cross of the Order, on a shield, 
 with a palm branch on either side. The inscriptions translated, read, "Guy 
 de Blanchefort. — By this sign thou shalt conquer." The reader will observe 
 that the letters are nearer square and more easily read than those on the 
 coins two hundred years earlier. Plate II. Figure 2. 
 
 IX. Fabrice De Carretto. A. D. 1513-1521. 
 
 The reader, who would pursue enquiries more minutely into the matters 
 here presented, is referred for historic points to Vertot's magnificent quartos, 
 and for a briefer outline to Saint Allais, and also to Langlois, De Saulcy, 
 Friedlander and other numismatic authors. Carretto was elected to succeed 
 De Blanchefort Dec. 15, 15 13, having previously been Admiral of the Order. 
 
 Here we have a large silver piece which affords amplest room for portrait 
 and lettering. The likeness is doubtless accurate, and we cannot too much 
 
 * Heralclically, or, two lions passant guardant gules, arms, page i6,) are red, moving slowly across the, fields 
 The field is gold, or yellow ; the lions or lion leopards and turn their faces to the observer, 
 as Saint Allais calls them, {see note on De Naillac's 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 21 
 
 admire it ; we see the redoubtable Carretto, with the cross upon his breast, as 
 he appeared to his indomitable followers. Upon the reverse is his shield with 
 its proper bearings,* The epigraph of the obverse reads in good square 
 letters, f • fabricivs ■ de • carretto • magnvs • m • r Hh • and the reverse, on a 
 ribbon, or scroll, (which has a small cross between its ends which are turned 
 back) DEO o ET o beate o virgini o The abbreviations of the obverse are for 
 Magister Rodi, the whole signifying " Brother Fabrice De Carretto, Grand 
 Master of Rhodes," — ''To God and to the Blessed Virgin." Plate II. 
 Figure 3. 
 
 Great preparations were made under his Grand Mastership against a 
 threatened attack by the Turks. Ismael, the Shah of Persia at this time, sent 
 an ambassador to Rhodes, to open friendly relations with the Christian power, 
 then administered by one who was styled " a literary and gentle Grand Mas- 
 ter," and to form an alliance against Selim, the Turkish Sultan, and their 
 common enemy. Models of the city of Rhodes were made in wood, and sent 
 to all the principal engineers of Europe, asking if they could propose any 
 improvements either in the fortifications or the artillery. It is not improbable 
 that some of those models are yet in existence. A liberal and charitable 
 prince, an experienced captain, a learned man, rising to eminence by merit, 
 he lived respected, and died regretted on the loth of January, 152 1. 
 
 X. Philippe De Viluers-L'Isle-Adam. A. D. 1521-1534. 
 
 This coin is a gold sequin like those described under Nos. Ill and V. 
 Upon the obverse we have the head and bust of one of the most redoubtable 
 warriors in history. The face is turned to the left as in other coins to show 
 the cross on the left side. In their military capacity, the knights of Rhodes 
 wore red surtouts with the white cross before and behind. It is of the form 
 now known as the Maltese cross of eight points. The badge at the present 
 time is enameled white, edged with gold, suspended by a black ribbon. The 
 
 * These were, as given by Saint Allais, Bendy of right. There are not so many on the coin for lack of 
 twelve pieces, or and gules : that is, twelve diagonal room, 
 stripes alternate gold and red, from observer's left to 
 
22 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 French knights add a fleur-de-Hs of gold at each angle of the cross. The 
 reverse of the coin has the Grand Master's shield charged with his family 
 emblems.* In the second and third quarters we see a right hand extended, 
 hanging from which is what resembles the maniple, one of the vestments of 
 the Roman Church. Doubtless there is some point of family history here, if 
 we knew it. The inscriptions are, on the obverse, f • phvs ■ de lile • adam • m • 
 HOSPLis ■ HiERLM *{^ {Frater Philippus De V Isle Adam, Magister Hospitalis Hie- 
 rosolimitani) and on the reverse, da - mihi • virtvtem • contra • hostes ■ tvos • ^ 
 These, when translated, read, -** Brother Philip de L'Isle Adam, Master of 
 the [Order of the] Hospital, of Jerusalem. — Give me valor against Thine 
 enemies!" If ever a man needed valor, desperate and sure, it was Grand 
 Master L'Isle Adam! Plate II. Figure 4. 
 
 He was in France when his election was announced to him. He hastened 
 to the sea shore, sailed through a piratical fleet that lay in wait, and reached 
 Rhodes in time to make due preparations for the impending storm. Four 
 times a day he visited the ramparts and hastened the hands of the workmen. 
 He ordered the barley harvest gathered in earlier than customary. His 
 knights seconded him at their best, "everyone in full armor, with surtout 
 bearing the white cross, ahead, behind, to left, to right." Each took oath in 
 public, touching the cross with his right hand, that "his arms and armor were 
 his own property, not borrowed." Then Grand Master L'Isle-Adam destroyed 
 'his own beautiful gardens and country place, and laid the whole island "bare 
 as any wildest wilderness, that so the enemy should find nothing to subsist 
 upon." The Moslem force appeared before the island June 26, 1522, in a 
 fleet of four hundred sail. An army of a quarter million of men landed and 
 began the siege. The garrison numbered but six hundred knights and four 
 
 * Saint AUais gives these arms as or, on a chief azure, silk of the same color as the chasuble for the day, folded 
 
 a dexter hand argent, vested ermine, with a pendant, double, passed over the /<^2? wrist, and hanging down like 
 
 (fanon) fringed argent "enamelled" (email): the last a miniature stole." That blazoned on these arms hangs 
 
 word I do not remember to have met in English herald- from a 7-igkt hand. Whether, in view of their ecclesias- 
 
 ry, in describing the tincture of a charge. In ordinary tical character, these warrior monks used this vestment 
 
 phrase the description would be a shield of gold, the on the right arm, as an abbot carried his pastoral staff 
 
 upper third of blue, on which is a right hand with a sleeve in his right hand, in distinction from a bishop who bore 
 
 and pendant of ermine fringed with white. This pen- it in his left, I can only conjecture, as I have been un- 
 
 dant on Saint Allais's engraving, strongly reminds one able to learn whether this was a device which he inher- 
 
 of the maniple or sudarium, worn by the Roman priest- iled, or was one which he assumed for himself, 
 hood, which is usually an " oblong piece of embroidered 
 
PLATE II. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 23 
 
 thousand five hundred men at arms. December 20 following, when no pow- 
 der was left in the city for a single charge, and not a shot to load the guns, 
 the knights surrendered by honorable capitulation, and abandoned the island 
 which they had occupied for two hundred and thirteen years (A. D. 1309 to 
 1522). The little remnant sailed New Years day, 1523, for Candia, thence to 
 Italy, and thence to Malta, where they landed July 18, 1529. 
 
 It is written of Grand Master L'Isle-Adam, that during this siege of six 
 months, "never once did that same quiet placid look [one can still see it on 
 the coin] sweet, and almost a smile, desert him, whatever was the hurry or 
 difficulty or peril ; but he was always gracious and kind to every one, so that 
 none but loved and revered him. Eating with the common soldiers occa- 
 sionally, he always took a personal and most active part in all the most 
 ferocious combats; .... not seldom was he on guard as an ordinary sentinel." 
 Finally it was reported that '* the renowned, splendid, beautiful island of 
 Rhodes, and its ancient and most noble capital, which the Order had acquired 
 with so much generosity and boldness, and maintained their state for two 
 hundred and thirteen years with marvellous vigor, liberality, gentleness, and 
 mighty expenses of gold, and defended with an infinitude of blood, had now 
 passed beneath the Paynim's harsh rod." Desolate under that rod, the writer 
 saw it in February, 1868. L'Isle-Adam died at Malta, August 22, 1534, where 
 his tombstone is yet to be seen, bearing the simple yet glorious inscription, 
 ** Here virtue reposes victorious over fortune." 
 
 XL Jean D'Omedez. A. D. 1536-1553. 
 
 After L'Isle-Adam came Pierre Du Ponte as Grand Master (1534 to 
 November 1535), then Didier de Sainte Jaille.* The latter, however, never 
 reached Malta, but died at Montpellier, Sept. 26, the same year. Both these 
 men were worthy knights, the former *'a literary man and eloquent," the latter 
 
 * Pierre Du Ponte was a native of Piedmont. His age when chosen, which forbade him to go to Malta, 
 arms were argent, a saltire gules, — on a field of white or His arms were vert, a swan argent, beaked and mem- 
 silver, a saltire or St. Andrew's cross, of red. Didier bered or : on a field of green a swan of silver, with beak 
 Tholon de Sainte Jaille, was elected Nov. 22, 1535. He and field of gold, 
 was of the Province of Dauphiny, and of very advanced 
 
54 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 ''one of signal bravery and ability during the siege of Rhodes." Omedez 
 (often spelled Homedez) had also an honorable record in the siege of Rhodes, 
 and had lost an eye there. He was a Spaniard of Arragon. 
 
 Our coin is silver. Upon the obverse is the shield of Grand Master 
 Omedez, which shows his family arms* quartered with those of the Order, 
 surrounded by the legend, • f ■ lo • omedes • m . hos ■ hierlm • ^ that is, Brother 
 Jean Omedez. Master of the Order of the Hospital of Jerusalem. The abbre- 
 viations having been frequently given in full, need not be again repeated. 
 Upon the reverse is the Agnus Dei, or Holy Lamb, with pennon, surrounded 
 by the legend, • ecce • Qvi • tollit • peccata ■ ^ signifying, *' Behold the Lamb 
 of God who taketh away sins." Plate 11. Figure 5. 
 
 Scarcely was this Grand Master installed at Malta, when a rumor of 
 invasion by the Turks required a repetition of the measures taken at Rhodes 
 sixteen years before. Omedez was immediately invested with dictatorial 
 power, the treasury made free to him, and a set of fortifications promptly 
 begun. Tripoli was captured by the Turks, August, 155 1, with great loss to 
 he Order, not one of the defenders escaping with life. The English under 
 Henry VIII now withdrew from the Order never to return. Vertot devotes a 
 large space in his history to the times of this Grand Master, but our limits 
 forbid us to enter further upon it here. 
 
 XII. Claude de la Sengle. A. D. 1553-1557. 
 
 Claude de la Sengle, or Sangle, as sometimes spelled, was the next 
 Grand Master, having been elected towards the close of September. The 
 coin of which we have a specimen is of silver. Its obverse bears the arms of 
 
 * These arms as given on the coin are quarterly i and device on the coin was probably placed as engraved, as 
 
 4 gules a cross argent {on a red field a white cross) i a matter of convenience. The cross in the first and 
 
 and 3, per pale, dexter, or a pine tree vert ; sinister, fourth quarters is sometimes but improperly called, in 
 
 gules, three castles argent, one over two. The second speaking of these arms, the Jerusalem cross. That, 
 
 and third quarters are formed by combining two coats ; however, was a Teutonic cross or cross potent sur- 
 
 of these, that on the wearer's right or dexter side is a rounded by four small Greek crosses, silver on a field 
 
 pine tree, green, on a field of gold, and the other, on a of gold, — being one of the few intentional violations of 
 
 red field, one castle of silver, over two others of the heraldic law, which forbids the placing of metal on 
 
 same color. Vertot, in his engraving, places the dexter metal, and is said to allude to the Scriptural apples of 
 
 coat on the sinister side, and vice versa. He also ar- gold in pictures of silver, which is perhaps doubtful, 
 ranges the castles two over one, as does St. AUais. The 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA, 25 
 
 De la Sengle, quartered as his predecessors bore them * the cross of the 
 Order taking the place of honor, and his family device beside it. The pilgrim 
 shells are said to allude to some selected by his ancestor from the beach at 
 Joppa, when in the crusade there four centuries previous. The use of this 
 heraldic device was limited by the bull of Pope Alexander IV, A. D. 1254, to 
 '* pilgrims who were strictly noble." The legend is, f • clavd • de • la • sengle • 
 M . Hosp. H^J< The reverse of the coin gives the full length figure of St. John 
 the Baptist, patron saint of the Order. He holds his right hand up as if in the 
 act of exhorting; his left supports the pastoral staff. The legend is parate • 
 viAM • DOMINI The joint inscriptions are to be read thus: *' Brother Claude de 
 la Sengle, Master of the Hospital, Jerusalem. — Prepare ye the way of the 
 Lord ! " There is nothing of special interest in the life of this Grand Master, 
 but his successor was the far-famed De la Vallette, of whose mintage we 
 present two specimens. Plate III. Figure i. 
 
 XIII. Jean de la Vallette- Parisot. A. D. 1557-1568. 
 
 August 21, 1557, forms an era in the history of the Ord^r, as the day of 
 election to the Grand Mastership of Sir Jean Parisot, better known by his 
 family name of Vallette. The coin before us is of copper, large, well struck, 
 artistic in execution. Upon the obverse, cantoned in a Maltese cross, the 
 letters -f- 10 -d- v for " Frater Jean De Vallette." The legend is svb hoc 
 siGNO MiLiTAMVS^I< '* Under this sign we fight." The reverse has the old 
 fashioned emblem of two hands joined, the thumb over the back of the hand. 
 The letters vallete m t ■ 4 • on the field both sides of the emblem and 
 below a small cross, imply " Vallette Master, Four Tari." (A tari is a Sicilian 
 Maltese coin, worth 20 grani or about four cents of our money.) The legend, 
 NON AES sed fides • 1 567 ^ may be freely translated, '* It is not money we want, 
 but faithful service ; " Or perhaps it alludes to the reliance which should be 
 placed by the people of the island on the promises and good faith of the 
 
 * These arms are quarterly, i and 4 gules a cross scallop shells placed on a black saltire, (or St. Andrew's 
 argent; 2 and 3 or on a saltire sable five escallops ar- cross,) upon a gold field, 
 gent. That is, for the last two quarters five white 
 
26 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 Order.* On other coins of this Grand Master, I see such mottoes as these, 
 Par ate Viarn Domini, *' Prepare ye the way of the Lord ; " Propter Veritatem 
 et Justitiam, *' On account of truth and justice," and others. 
 
 This De la Vallette is doubly famous as the founder of the city still called 
 by his name, and his beating off the Turks in the great assaults of 1565. The 
 same Sultan Solyman, who had wrested Rhodes from them in 1522, now pur- 
 sued the Order to Malta. On Friday, May 18, 1565, his fleet appeared to the 
 southeast of the island. The number of forces under the knights was but 
 eight thousand five hundred, that of the Turks twenty times as great. Of the 
 knights themselves there were five hundred and forty-one. The assault began 
 on Sunday, May 20, and continued with brief intervals until September 8, — 
 a day still celebrated on the island — when the enemy retired utterly discom- 
 fitted. *' During all these months," says the historian, '*all were aware of 
 their situation and knew it was contrary to military calculation, yet the tender- 
 ness of honor and sublime devotedness to the Christian creed kept them 
 perfectly reconciled to their sufferings." In the capture of the fortress of 
 St. Elmo, the Order lost one hundred knights, and more than one thousand 
 soldiers, and but for the arrival of a small but valorous reinforcement from 
 Spain of seven hundred and thirty-four men, June 29, Malta had doubtless 
 yielded as Rhodes did forty-three years before. September 6, a second rein- 
 forcement of six thousand men from Sicily landed on the island and the 
 Turks retreated. Then the city of Valletta was built, which at the present 
 time has a population of about 36,000. This renowned Grand Master ex- 
 pired August 21, 1568. Plate III. Figure 2. 
 
 A second coin of De la Vallette is next represented. It is silver, the 
 value of one tari or about four cents. The obverse gives the family arms of 
 
 * The Rev. flenry Seddall, in his "Malta Past and held as a promissory note would be — payable on de- 
 Present," page 87, says, "Every Saturday the workmen mand as soon as ever the exchequer of the Order should 
 were paid in what was called 'black-money.' This con- be replenished; and to the credit of La Vallette be it 
 sisted of brass and copper coins, which had been manu- said, that as remittances arrived in the island from the 
 factored to meet the necessity of the case, bearing on continent, this spurious currency was gradually with- 
 one side the arms of the Grand Master and of the Order, drawn, so that throughout the whole progress of the 
 and on the other side the inscription, Non ess sed fides, work public confidence was not for one moment shaken." 
 Each of these coins possessed a current value, and was 
 
PLATE III. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 27 
 
 the great chief, containing a falcon and a lion. * The legend is f • 10 ■ de 
 VALLETTA . M ■ HOSP . HIE >I< {Fvater Johanues de Valletta, Magister Hospitalis 
 Hierosolimitani. The reverse shows the equal cross, and the legend is 
 s . lOANNES ■ B ■ ORA PRO NOBIS "^ The epigraphs translated, read, " Brother John 
 De Vallette, Grand Master Hospital, Jerusalem.— St. John Baptist, pray for 
 us! " This expression, pious and fervent, doubtless comforted many a weary 
 soul during the long and destructive siege above named. The falcon and 
 lion kept by this Grand Master died three days before him, and this was 
 deemed ominous of his own approaching end. Plate III. Figure 3. 
 
 XV. Pierre De Monte. A. D. 1568-1572. 
 
 Following De la Vallette came Pierre de Monte, a nephew of Pope 
 Julius III, who took the usual Coronation Oath in 1568, as follows: "I swear, 
 solemnly, in the Divine Presence, to observe the established and good ancient 
 usages of our Order, and to act in all State affairs by the advice of the mem- 
 bers of the Council. So help me, God." De Monte was seventy years of 
 age at his installation, and had distinguished himself in the siege three years 
 before. On the 17th March, 157 1, the new city, Valletta, was occupied. 
 
 The coin before us is of the value of one tari, the same as XIV. Upon 
 the obverse is the Grand Master's shield, in whose quarterings are branches 
 of olive, and monticula or little mountains, from which the Grand Master's 
 family name is derived.f The reverse has the cross so often referred to. The 
 inscriptions are, f • petrvs de monte m • h • h • ^J^ and s ■ 10 • b • ora . pro • nobis ^ 
 The letters m. h. h. are for Magister Hospitalis Hierosolymae. " Brother 
 Peter de Monte, Master of the Hospital at Jerusalem. — Saint John Baptist, 
 pray for us." Plate III. Figure 4. 
 
 * Vertot engraves these family arms thus : gules, per (or rocks) gules ; that is, on a blue field a diagonal stripe 
 
 pale, dexter a gerfalcon argent ; sinister a lion rampant from bearer's right to left, of gold, on which are three 
 
 or ; that is, the field of the shield is red, divided per- red rocks or mountains : on each side a branch of olive, 
 
 pendicularly ; on the wearer's right is a white gerfalcon, of silver. These arms, as given by St. AUais, agree with 
 
 and on his left a lion rampant gold. St. Allais gives the coin. Vertot, in his large work, gives them with 
 
 the same arms with the exception of substituting a some variation — making the bend or stripe of gules (red) 
 
 paroquet in place of the falcon. The bird on the coin cottised or, (that is, with a narrow strip of gold on each 
 
 seems to be a falcon. side) and charging the bend with three groups of billets 
 
 t DeMonte's arms were, azure, between two branches argent, {billets, as drawn in heraldry, resemble the en- 
 
 of olive argent, a bend or, charged with three mountains velope of a letter,) one over two. 
 
28 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 In the erection of the city of Valletta, the Pope granted a dispensation, 
 by which it was made lawful to work upon festival days and Sundays. Of 
 hod-bearers — '* bearers of burdens" — there were eight thousand. All Chris- 
 tian nations joined in the cost and labor, it being destined as a cosmopolitan 
 city, the only one of the class ever constructed. 
 
 Another invasion by the Turks being threatened, Grand Master De Monte 
 offered to resign, but was prevented by a letter which the Pope wrote him 
 with his own hand, saying, " It would be to go against the Providence which 
 . assigned him so glorious a load. Instead of being intimidated by age or 
 weakness,- he should become the more animated the shorter the journey he 
 had to travel, for God would assuredly give him strength for the work he had 
 to perform. Not a leaf falls from the tree without the knowledge of God!" 
 In his Grand Mastership, October 7, 1571, occurred the celebrated naval battle 
 at Lepanto, in which the Austrian prince, Don John, who had been a knight 
 of Malta, commanded. The Christian loss was 7,650, a cheap price for such 
 a victory, which preserved Christian countries ffom Mohammedanism. The 
 Turks lost 30,000. The great vessel of the knights of Malta, styled Capitano 
 di Malta, was No. 6 in the line of battle. He died January 20, 1572. \ 
 
 XVI. Jean L'Evesque de la Cassiere. 15 72-1 582. 
 
 De Monte was succeeded by Jean L'Evesque de la Cassiere, a knight of 
 the Langue of Auvergne, and Marshal of the Order, who was elected Jan. 27, 
 1572. The devices on the coin before us, which is of gold, are similar to 
 those described under V, and represent the Grand Master kneeling before 
 St. John, who is presenting him with a staff and pennon with his right hand, 
 and holding a book in his left. The legend of the obverse is f • 10 • levesqve • 
 D la • cassiere. Beside the staff are the letters m i and a small quatrefoil. 
 The reverse has the figure of the Saviour, with cruciform nimbus, standing in 
 the Vesica Piscis ; His right hand is extended, and His left holds a book: on 
 the right are five stars and on the left four. The legend is da michi virtvtem 
 CONTRA HOSTES Tvo. The reader will notice the peculiar arrangement of the 
 letters on the left of the obverse, and the erroneous spelling of the word 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA, 29 
 
 Mihi, while the final s of Tuos is omitted for want of room. The inscriptions 
 translated read, " Brother John Le Vesque De La Cassiere. — Give me valor 
 against Thine enemies! " Plate III. Figure 5. 
 
 Grand Master Cassiere * had already been fifty years in the service of 
 the Order. Upon the Barbary coast he had performed notable feats against 
 the pirates, as standard bearer of the knights ; his official oath being, "In no 
 case to abandon his standard, but rather die honorably than live a degraded 
 wretch, deprived of cross and uniform, expelled from knightly society, a prey 
 to ignominy and shame." On one occasion, sore pressed by the enemy, he 
 flung himself into the sea, and holding his banner upright, struggled through 
 the breakers for a hundred yards or more and so reached his boat. But he 
 lived on bad terms with his knights as Grand Master, and died at Rome. 
 Well might a historian say, "Of all the great religious instltutipns which had 
 birth in the middle ages, none acquired so much glory as this Order of St. 
 John!" 
 
 XVII. Hugo de Loubens de Verdalle. i 582-1 595. 
 
 Verdalle was the fifty-first Grand Master, and elected January 12, 1582. 
 His administration of thirteen years was marred by a spirit of insubordination 
 among the knights, and the Pope, Sextus V, elevated him to the position of 
 Cardinal, hoping, but vainly as the event proved, that his spiritual rank might 
 give him an influence which his Grand Mastership did not bring with it. 
 
 The piece shown in our engraving is of copper, and like No. XIII, (PL 
 III, Fig. 2,) is dated. In general, coins of the period must be studied for 
 dates, by referring to the sovereign under whose rule they were struck. The 
 Christian era was but little used in identifications. Upon the obverse is the 
 shield of Grand Master Verdalle,t surmounted by a cardinal's cap, as No. VI, 
 showing that those two Grand Masters held the highest positions save that of 
 
 * His arms, which do not appear on any coin which I 2 and 3 gules, a wolf rampant, {French, ravissanQ or. 
 
 have seen, were argent, a Hon rampant gules : on a silver That is, in the third and fourth quarters, a wolf leaping ■ 
 
 shield a lion of red, standing nearly erect and springing upward, of gold on a red field. The shield on the coin 
 
 forward. is surmounted by a crown, over which is the Cardinal's 
 
 t His arms as given by Saint Allais are quarterly i cap, with its peculiar tassels. Verdalle was, we learn 
 
 and 4 gules, a cross argent, (the bearings of the Order,) from St. Allais, a Prince of Toulouse. 
 
30 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 Pope, in the Papal Church. The charges in the second and third of the 
 quarterings are wolves. The legend of the obverse is f-h-de lovbenx 
 VERDALA CARD • M . H • H ►{< His name on the coin is given in slightly different 
 form from the French spelling, which we follow for uniformity. The abbre- 
 viations are the same with others already often explained. Upon the reverse, 
 beside the legend, non + aes + sed + fides + ^ appear the joined hands, 
 emblem of Fides, also a blazing star, the date 1590, and the value, four taris. 
 The legends when translated all read, " Brother Hugh de Loubens Verdalle, 
 Cardinal, Master of the Order of the Hospital of Jerusalem : Not money 
 but fidelity." The blazing star or comet possibly refers to some planetary 
 phenomenon, as we see in coins struck by Augustus after the death of Julius 
 Caesar, when a comet appeared in the sky, and was visible for several months, 
 pronounced by the augurs the spirit of the assassinated hero. An immense 
 comet appeared A. D. 1456, just after Constantinople fell into the hands of 
 the Turks, and produced a Papal Bull in which the Turk and the comet were 
 made joint subjects of curse. 
 
 Grand Master Verdalle proved to be a haughty, severe ruler, and lived 
 on bad terms with the Knights. There were no incidents of special importance 
 to the Order during his administration, but to hisi neglect is attributed the 
 fact that in 1591 no less than three thousand persons died of starvation, and 
 the famine was succeeded by pestilence.* He died it is said of chagrin, on 
 the 4th of May, 1595, at the age of sixty- four. Plate IV. Figure i. 
 
 XVIII. Martin Garzes. A. D. 1 595-1 601. 
 
 Garzes, the successor of Verdalle, was of the Langue of Arragon, and 
 elected June 8, 1595, ruling the Order till February 7, 1601, when he died at 
 the age of sixty-four. 
 
 The piece we engrave is also a copper coin of diminutive size, struck, as 
 our cents and nickel pieces, for small change. Upon the obverse is the legend 
 F . martinvs • garzes m • h • ^J* surrounding the Grand Master's arms, quartered 
 
 * See Seddall's Malta, Past and Present, p. 112. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 31 
 
 in the ist and 4th with the equal cross, and in the 2d and 3d with a swan (?) 
 and three mullets or stars.* Upon the field of the reverse there are no 
 emblems, but merely the legend hospitali • hiervsalem ^ surrounding the 
 inscription, VT commodivs The epigraphs, etc., when translated, read thus, 
 " Brother Martin Garzes, Master of the Hospital of Jerusalem. For the 
 greater convenience of trade." Garzes was a Spanish knight, and as nearly 
 all the provisions used in Malta were obtained in Sicily, it was found that 
 Malta was always better governed when a Spaniard was at the head of affairs, 
 and this Grand Mastership was no exception. As an instance, showing the 
 condition of the people and their reduced circumstances, which perhaps occa- 
 sioned the need of currency of so trifling a value, we may mention that he 
 first established a Public Pawnbrokery, an institution still in existence and 
 well managed by the local government of Malta.f Plate IV. Figure 2. 
 
 He was a prudent, wise and discreet ruler, but under his Grand Master- 
 ship, however, sad contentions arose among the knights, as during the two 
 preceding administrations. The Pope, Clement VIII, wrote upon the subject, 
 attributing the discord to the division of the Order into eight Languages, 
 which had been done two hundred and fifty years before. There is no doubt 
 that this arrangement worked badly in times of peace, whatever may have 
 been the case in war. Here is the list of Langues, with the name of the 
 officer assigned to each. i. Provence, The knights of this Langue chose the 
 Grand Commander of the Order. 2. Auvergne. These chose the Grand 
 Marshal. 3. France proper. They chose the Grand Hospitaller. 4. Italy. 
 The Grand Admiral. 5. Arragon. The Grand Conservator. 6. Germany, 
 The Grand Bailiff. 7. Castille. The Grand Chancellor. 8. England. The 
 Grand Turcopolier. (This office was equivalent to that of Master of Horse, 
 In the Crusades there was a body of light horse styled Turcopolis, whose chief 
 was called Turcopolier?) Each of these eight resided in his own palace. In 
 each of the eight grand divisions was one or more Grand Priories that gov- 
 
 * Vertot depicts his arms quarterly i and 4, gules a three stars of the same above. Saint Allais calls the 
 
 cross argent, (the cross of " the Religion " as he loves bird a swan, which seems from the engraving more 
 
 to call the Order) 2 and 3, azure, a falcon rising ar- correct. 
 
 gent; in chief three mullets of jzx points, argent. That t Seddall's Malta, Past and Present, pp. 115-116. 
 is, on a field of blue a falcon of white or silver, with 
 
32 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 erned the inferior bodies, styled Preceptories. At one period, the Order 
 comprehended twenty-two Grand Priories and five hundred and ninety-six 
 Preceptories, all in Europe. 
 
 XIX. Alofio de Wignacourt. i 601-1622. 
 
 Grand Master Garzes having deceased, the choice fell upon De Wigna- 
 court, who, in his long administration of twenty-one years, proved himself an 
 able and worthy ruler. This coin, like the preceding, is also of copper. It 
 presents on the obverse the Grand Master s shield surmounted by a crown. 
 For his hospitality and other virtues, the Emperor, Ferdinand I, conferred 
 upon him the royal title of Most Serene Highness. This lofty symbol will be 
 observed on other numbers of this series. On the ist and 4th quarters again 
 appears the equal cross of the Order ; in the 2d and 3d quarters are three 
 fleurs-de-lys, and a label, denoting that his family was French, and he its 
 eldest branch.* The legend of the obverse, surrounding the arms, is f • alo- 
 Fivs • DE • wiGNACOVRT iNi • H i^ The reverse has the familiar motto, non * aes • 
 SED* FIDES ►{< surrounding the joined hands, as in Nos. XIII and XVII, with 
 the date ** 1619" and the letter "X" which possibly signifies ten grani, some- 
 thing less than two cents in our currency. Two stars are also impressed in 
 the field beside the date. The legends translated are, " Brother Alofio de 
 Wignacourt, Master of Hospitallers : not money but fidelity." It will be 
 remembered that this coin was struck the year before the Mayflower sailed 
 from England to New England. The great work of his administration was 
 the construction of the aqueduct which still bears his name. Plate IV. Fig. 3. 
 
 The Pope had an elevated opinion of Grand Master Wignacourt, and 
 wrote him a commendatory letter, praising him for his attention to discipline, 
 and animating him to continue the work so well begun. In November, 1609, 
 this Grand Master wrote a letter to the king of Persia, offering him the aid of 
 
 * Vertot in Liste des Chevaliers de la Langue de part of each cut off, with a black label at the top of 
 
 France, iv, page 77, describes the 2d and 3d quarters as the shield. In his engraving the label, which denotes 
 
 argent three fleurs-de-lys couped at the bottom gules, that he was of the elder branch, or the eldest son, is 
 
 surmounted by a label sable, (d'argent a trois fieur-de- omitted, though it appears on this coin, and also in 
 
 lys au pied coupe de gueules, surmonte d'un lambel de his arms as given in Saint AUais, whose description is 
 
 sable.') The field is white ; the flowers red, the bottom identical with Vertot*s. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 33 
 
 the Order against the Turks. To preserve Malta against invasion from that 
 power required, it was reckoned, a force of from 15,000 to 20,000 men, but if 
 the war could be limited to Asia, ther^ was the less need for such strong 
 defence at home. The battles of the Order in his time were mostly maritime, 
 and the knights well maintained their ancient fame. Laden with honors and 
 greatly beloved, he died at the age of seventy-five, September 14, 1622, and 
 Dr. Vassalto says of this eminent man, that " not one of the twenty-eight 
 Grand Masters who ruled over Malta deserved so well of the Maltese people 
 as Alophius Wignacourt." 
 
 XX. Antoine de Paule. 1622-1636. 
 
 The successor of De Wignacourt was Grand Master Louis Mendes Vas- 
 concellos, a Portuguese, who administered the government but six months 
 and then died.* I have none of his coins. Following him was Grand Master 
 Antoine de Paule,t of Gascony, who was appointed March 10, 1622-3, the year 
 1623 under the old style beginning with " Lady-day," March 25, the Feast 
 of the Annunciation. His coin, like the last. Is of copper. Upon the obverse 
 is the Grand Master's shield, with a peacock on the 2d and 3d quarters and 
 the cross of the Order. Around is the legend, f-antonivs de pavla-m- h.h .^ 
 On the reverse is the legend as on the last, the date 1629 above the joined 
 hands, and below, the indication of value, V. (?for five grani.) The inscrip- 
 tions duly translated are, '* Brother Antony de Paule, Grand Master {Magister 
 Magnus) of Hospitallers, Jerusalem : not money but fidelity." Plate IV. 
 Figure 4. 
 
 During the Grand Mastership of De Paule, the Order lost by accident 
 two galleys, upon which the Prior of Aqultalne presented them with the sum 
 of 4,600 gold crowns, " a new Instance of the benevolence of Its own mem- 
 
 * Vasconellos became Grand Master about the close t The arms of De Paule are azure, a peacock affronte 
 
 of September, 1622, and died March 7, 1623, at the age resting on a garb or; in a chief gules three mullets or ; 
 
 of eighty. His family arms were argent, three bars the explanation being a golden peacock seated on a 
 
 indented gules. That is, on a field of silver three sheaf of wheat of the same color, facing, its plumage 
 
 horizontal bars of red^ having their edges serrated. In displayed, the field being blue, and golden stars at the 
 
 Vertot's engraving the bars are engraved as "closets," top on a stripe of red. 
 that is, very much narrower. 
 
34 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 bers towards their common stock." The Pope, Urban VIII, showing a desire 
 to meddle with the internal economy of the Order, Grand Master De Paule 
 wrote the King of France, June, 1625, beseeching him to intercede, and ask 
 the Pope to cease interference with their concerns. Nevertheless, Urban did 
 persist, and issued a Bull, October 21, 1634, concerning the form of electing 
 Grand Masters, '' which produced much evil to the Order during above a 
 century." De Paule lived to the age of eighty-five, dying June 9, 1636, after 
 a reign singularly barren of events, the most interesting being a convocation 
 or chapter general, which established the statutes of the Order, which were its 
 rules of government until its dissolution. 
 
 XXI. Jean Paul Lascaris-Castelllar. A. D. 1636-1657. 
 
 Lascaris is said to have been a descendant of the ancient Emperors of 
 Constantinople. He was unanimously elected Grand Master on June 13, 
 
 1636, at the age of sixty-six.* This coin is copper. The Grand Master's 
 shield, surmounted by a crown, appears on the obverse. In the 2d and 3d 
 quarters the double-headed eagle appears. On the right and left are the 
 moon and sun. The legend is, f • 10 • pavlvs • lascaris • castellar ■ m • m . h h ^ 
 Other devices are seen in the cut which somewhat obliterate the armorial 
 charges. Upon the reverse appeared when the piece was minted, the date, 
 
 1637, and below the hands the letter T, and possibly a figure. The legend is, 
 . NON + AES + SED + FIDES • ^ Both sides of our specimen have now many 
 other figures stamped upon them. The ** Agnus Dei," the double-headed 
 eagle, a crowned fleur-de-lys, the head of St. John, etc. These are counter- 
 marks which I think can be readily explained. During his Grand Mastership 
 he resorted to the expedient of a brass coinage, redeemable in three years, 
 and thus procured fifty thousand crowns to supply his pressing wants. As 
 these pieces came back into the treasury they were reissued again and again, 
 having a counterstamp placed upon them from time to time. His own device 
 
 * Lascaris* family arms, were or, a double-headed alludes to his traditional descent from the Eastern Em- 
 eagle displayed sable, beaked and membered gules, perors. To their use of this charge we may trace its 
 That is, a black double-headed eagle with beak and appearance in the arms of Russia, Austria and Prussia, 
 talons of red, on a field of gold. Possibly this device 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 35 
 
 of a double-headed eagle displayed, is clearly to be seen among them, and we 
 may also trace the crossed keys and crescent, as well as the head of St. John, 
 emblems used by Cessans a few years later, on a piece to be described 
 below ; the lamb appears on Cotoner's, and the fleur-de-lys on Wignacourt's 
 coins. The inscriptions translated will read, " Brother John Paul Lascaris 
 Castellar, Grand Master of Hospitallers of Jerusalem ; not money but fidelity." 
 Plate IV. Figure 5. 
 
 During the reign of Grand Master Lascaris in 1640, one of those con- 
 stantly recurring alarms of Turkish invasion was experienced, and the knights 
 of the Order were summoned from all the Priories. The King of Spain ordered 
 his Viceroy to aid the Knights of Malta. Four years later, January 24, 1645, 
 the impending danger became so threatening, that every knight in the Priory 
 of France was summoned "to set out instantly for Malta without a single 
 exception for those too decrepid to fight, but that they must appear and be 
 judged upon the spot whether to be declared invalided or not, all with their 
 arms ; otherwise they should be deprived of the cross and insignia, besides 
 other severities." Grand Master Lascaris died August 14, 1657, aged ninety- 
 seven, as his tombstone in the old Church of St. John at Valletta shows. 
 
 XXIL Martin de Redin. 165 7-1 660. 
 
 Next in the brilliant fine of warrior monks comes Don Martin de Redin. 
 He was a Spaniard of Arragon. His coin of silver displays on the obverse 
 the arms of the Order, surmounted by a crown, and the legend, s. ioan • bap . 
 ORA PRO NOBIS. The reverse has his family arms,^ with a similar crown, and 
 the legend, f • d • martinvs de redin m m. Frater Dominus Martinus, etc., 
 for Brother Don Martin de Redin. There are no other devices. The epi- 
 graph of the obverse signifies Saint John Baptist, Pray for us ! It has been 
 seen, no doubt, that the saintly protector or Patron of the Order was the 
 Forerunner and Baptizer of Jesus Christ. Plate IV. Figure 6. 
 
 * These arms were azure, a cross argent fimbriated in the 2d and 3d quarters, with the cross in first and 
 or ; that is, on a field of blue a silver cross bordered fourth, as was the custom of the Order, 
 with gold. As Grand Master, he bore his family arms 
 
36 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 Grand Master De Redin was Prior of Navarre at the period of his elec- 
 tion. He had been Viceroy of Sicily, and so famous a soldier, that even in 
 his last years he offered to join in the formation of another crusade to the 
 Holy Land. The Pope, Alexander VII, issued a Bull praising him as he 
 merited, and saying, ** Your marvellous example calls forth even my energies." 
 He died February 6, 1660, in the seventieth year of his age. The reader will 
 remark upon the constant practice of this Order, to select for Grand Masters 
 men of advanced years as well as approved valor and experience. 
 
 XXIII. Annet de Clermont Chatte-Gessans. A. D. 1660. 
 This Grand Master was unanimously elected to succeed De Redin, but 
 he administered the government scarcely three months before he expired, 
 June 2, 1660, from wounds received in the African wars in early youth. He 
 was of an ancient royal house, a gallant soldier, and greatly esteemed and 
 beloved. The coin is silver, of the value *'T. 4" (four taris). The shield of 
 the Grand Master is seen on the obverse surmounted by a crown, and the 
 legend (which, somewhat unusually, begins to read at the bottom), f ■ annetvs 
 CLERMONT GESSAN . M • M • H • H • 1660 ^ In the 2d and 3d quarterings* are 
 crossed keys, and in the ist and 4th the equal cross of the *' Religion." On 
 the reverse appears of amplest size the head of the patron saint, John the 
 Baptist, referring to Matthew xiv. 10, 11 : *' Herod sent and beheaded John in 
 the prison. And his head was brought in a charger and given to the damsel." 
 The features are artistically drawn. The legend is • s • ioan • bap ■ ora • pro • 
 NOBIS • MO • NO • ►}< The inscriptions when translated, read ''Brother Annet 
 Clermont Gessan, Grand Master of Hospitallers of Jerusalem, 1660. Saint 
 John Baptist pray for us." (mo. no.?) Plate IV. Figure 7. 
 
 XXIV. Raphael Cotoner. A. D. 1660- 1663. 
 Grand Master Cotoner had been Bailiff of the Island of Majorca. The 
 Turks were invading Candia at this time, and his first care was to send aid to 
 
 * His arms were gules, two keys in saltire, argent, a of the same color between their wards. This crescent 
 crescent of the second "email " in chief. That is, on a does not appear on the coin, 
 field of red two silver crossed keys, with a crescent above 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA, 37 
 
 the Venetians there. The coin is silver of the value of one tari (T. i on the 
 sides of the shield). Upon the obverse we have the Grand ?vlaster's shield, 
 exhibiting in the 2d and 3d quarters flowers of the cotton plant," and in the 
 1st and 4th the indispensable cross of the Order, and the legend, f. d. Raphael 
 COTONER. M • M ■ H • H >^ Upon the reverse is the ''Agnus DeiT as in previous 
 specimens ; around which is the legend, ecce • qvi • tollit • peccata • mvxdi ►J* 
 The inscriptions translated read thus, " Brother Don Raphael Cotoner, Grand 
 Master of Hospitallers of Jerusalem. Behold [the Lamb of God] that taketh 
 away the sins of the w^orld!" On this coin, also, the legends begin to read at 
 the bottom. Plate \W Figure 8. 
 
 The w^ar between the Turks and Venetians began in 1644 and lasted 
 twent}'-five years. In the end the Moslems gained the island of Candia, 
 which they have held ever since. This led the Order the more earnestly to 
 fortify Malta, and it was at this time they were denominated by high authority, 
 *'the most distinguished men for bravery in all thew^orld, surpassingly dear to 
 every class of human kind, to whom universal Christendom owes immortal 
 praise." It was at this time that the Duke of Savoy formed a regiment in 
 which all the officers from Chaplains to Colonel were Knights of Malta, 
 This was called the Regiment' of the White Cross, Don Raphael died at the 
 age of sixty-three, Oct. 20, 1663, of a pestilence or contagious disease w^hich 
 prevailed in Malta at that time. 
 
 XXV. Gregoire Car,\fe. A. D. 1 680-1 690. 
 
 The successor of Grand Master Raphael Cotoner was his brother, Nicho- 
 las Cotoner, A. D. 1663 to 1680. Of him I have no coins. He was succeeded 
 by Grand Master Carafe or Carafifa, Prior of Rocella, a Spaniard of Arragon, 
 but long a resident of Naples. The coin is copper, and remarkable for 
 having no inscriptions. A shield with a device resembling an oak staff across 
 it, a crown above, and the ^Maltese cross occupy the obverse. The reverse 
 
 * The arms of Don Raphael and his brother Xicholas Nicholas died April 20, 16S0, at the age of sLxty-three 
 
 who succeeded him, were or, a cotton flower vert, or as having had the misfortune to see a cruel famine' follow 
 
 Saint Allais gives the color, sinople (a shade of green), the pestilence which had wasted the people during his 
 
 That is, on a field of gold the cotton flower as described, brother's administration. 
 
38 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 contains a hand holding an upright dagger, the hih ornamented with ever- 
 green and flowery branches. The coin is identified by the heraldic bearings 
 upon the shield,* every Grarjd Master having his own, as easily distinguished 
 from all others as a portrait or autograph. The correspondence of Grand 
 Master Caraffa with the Emperor Leopold of Austria, the renowned Sobiesky 
 of Poland, and the Doge of Venice, is yet preserved, showing how high an 
 estimate those potentates placed upon the Fraternity, which they called *'the 
 sacred knightly Order;" '*the renowned cavaliers of St. John of Jerusalem, 
 whose valor is celebrated throughout the world;" ''bravest and most devoted 
 of men ; " '* an Order whose valor terrifies the barbarian and is the shield of 
 Europe." He died July 20, 1690, at the age of sixty-six. Plate IV. Fig. 9. 
 
 XXVI. Adrian de Wignacourt. A. D. 1690-1697. 
 
 Grand Master Caraffa, after a successful administration of ten years, was 
 succeeded by De Wignacourt, who had been Grand Treasurer of the Order. 
 He was a nephew of the illustrious Alof, and the sixty-third Grand Master 
 since the organization of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, A. D. 1099. 
 This coin is copper. The obverse exhibits three fleurs-de-lys, showing that he 
 was of a French family, and the legend, f . adr . de wignacovrt . m • m - h h • 
 ( The last two letters in a sort of monogram.) The reverse displays the 
 Maltese cross, around which are arranged the figures 1693, and the legend is, 
 IX HOC siGNO MILITAMVS>{< The inscriptions when translated are, ** Brother 
 Adrian de Wignacourt, Grand Master of Hospitallers of Jerusalem : By this 
 sign we fight," or *' Under this standard let us enter upon the fight." f Plate 
 IV. Figure 10. 
 
 The Pope communicated to Grand Master Wignacourt his sense of the 
 splendid beneficence of the Order. The Doge of Venice, the Emperor Leo- 
 pold, the Czar of Russia, and other notabilities of the day corresponded with 
 
 * His arms were barry of six, argent and gules, a " wavy," or somewhat undulating, 
 
 bend undee vert [sinople^ according to Saint AUais). t His armorial bearings were like those of his uncle, 
 
 That is, the field has six parallel bars of silver and red, Alof, already described, except that the label, the em- 
 
 altemately, and a diagonal stripe of green with its edges blem of the elder branch, is absent. 
 
Fig. 9. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 39 
 
 him in complimentary terms. And here we may remark that we are now 
 passing the summit of Maha's ancient glory. One more century of decline 
 will bring us to the fall of this magnificent Order. The wonders of its youth 
 and lusty manhood, however, must not be forgotten. First Rhodes, then 
 Malta, through perilous times were , the bulwarks of Christendom. Many a 
 time and oft, when European powers were at war with each other, this Military 
 Order was their only defence against the incursions of the Turks. But the 
 days of gallantry and devotion are drawing to a close, and the eighteenth 
 century is mostly a blank in their history. Grand Master De Wignacourt died 
 February 4, 1697, at the age of seventy-nine. Three days later his successor 
 was appointed. 
 
 There was but little of special interest to the world at large which distin- 
 guished the term of office of this Grand Master. He is best remembered 
 by the liberal pensions he granted to the widows and soldiers who had fallen 
 in the Levant in the wars between Venice and the Turks, and by the terrible 
 earthquake four years before his death, in January, 1693, which damaged 
 many buildings in Malta, destroying its cathedral, and the anniversary of 
 which is even yet commemorated by solemn Te Deuins. 
 
 , XXVII. Raymond Perellos. A. D. 1 697-1 720. 
 
 The successor of De Vignacourt was Grand Master Perellos, elected 
 February, 1697. He was of Arragon, and at the period of his election Bailiff 
 of Negropont. The coin we illustrate is gold. Upon the obverse appears the 
 Grand Master's shield charged with the indispensable cross in the ist and 4th 
 quarterings. In the 2d and 3d are pears, the family badge,* a punning allu- 
 sion to the name, which means ''little pears." The shield is surmounted by 
 a crown. Upon the reverse is a device much resembling those upon our 
 specimens Nos. Ill, V, and XVI, but with some differences. The Grand 
 Master wears a sword and kneels upon one knee only, holding the staff by 
 one hand. The banner is charged with the cross of the Order. The figure 
 
 * The family arms were or, three pears sable two over one below. The crown on the shield was assumed in 
 one. On a field of gold three black pears, two above and virtue of his Grand Mastership. 
 
40 COIA'S OF THE GRAXD MASTERS 
 
 of Saint John is haloed, and he holds up his right hand as in the attitude of 
 exhortation. The legend of the obverse is f • raymvkdvs perellos ■ :m • m • h • 
 ET s • s • HIE ^ for Fratcr Raynunidus Perellos, Magister ^lagnus Hospitalis 
 et Sepulchri Sancti Hicrosolyniac, [Brother Raymond Perellos, Grand Master 
 of the Order of the Hospital, and of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem,] and 
 on the reverse pietate A'Inces- 1699, signifying " Conquer by piety, (or rather 
 by devotion) 1699." This is the first instance in which a reference to the 
 Holy Sepulchre is seen upon these pieces. Plate \'. Figure i. 
 
 Not so much was done in battles on the land during the twenty-three 
 years' administration of Grand Master Perellos, as had been accomplished by 
 some of his predecessors, but the galleys of the Order nobly maintained its 
 glory on the sea; his chief Admiral, Spinola, while engaged in combat Avith a 
 Turkish man-of-war, went down with five hundred soldiers and sailors, and 
 the St. John, another of his vessels, repeatedly put to flight the armies and 
 vessels of the aliens. The Bailiff of Cintray, and the Commander de Langbn, 
 sometimes called the Terror of the Infidels, and others of the knights, 
 signalized themselves by their bravery. The Court of the Grand Master was 
 thronged by five hundred knights, among them many general officers of 
 various European powers, and many of lower rank, but still soldiers of merit 
 and distinction. IMuch correspondence is preserved between him and Euro- 
 pean notabilities. The Shah of Persia wrote him a friendly letter in 1699. 
 In June, 1706, a naval victory was achieved over the pirates of Tunis. He 
 died January 20, 1720, at the age of eighty-four. 
 
 XXVIII. Marc Antoine Zoxdadari. A. D. 1 720-1 722. 
 
 Marc Antoine Zondadari, or Marco Antonio, if we follow the Italian 
 spelling, was of an illustrious Venetian family, fruitful of honorable and 
 distinguished names. Elected the same month that his predecessor died, his 
 brief administration was productive of no important historic events. » The 
 coin before us is silver, having on the obverse a crowned shield imbedded in a 
 wreath of laurel, and charged only with the cross of the Order. This is much 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 41 
 
 like the Papal money of the period. A bush or rose tree containing three 
 full blown flowers occupies the field of the reverse, which was the family 
 device * The legend on the obverse is f • marcvs antonivs zondadari m • m • 
 H • H . Brother Marc Antony Zondadari, Grand Master of the Hospitallers 
 of Jerusalem. The abbreviations, so often explained, need not again be 
 repeated. Around the rose tree on the reverse, gratia obvia vltio qvaesita 
 which we may translate, Forgiveness meets one ; Vengeance is sought. 
 This branch of a rose tree containing three flowers with the noble motto is 
 seen upon the Tuscan coinage of that period. Plate V. Figure 2. 
 
 The celebrated Cardinal of the same name was his brother and a nephew 
 of Pope Alexander VII. A monk even more than a soldier, this Grand 
 Master wrote a History of the Order, and an Exposition of the Forty-first 
 Psalm. t His career was short, and he descended to the tomb July 16, 1722, 
 at the age of sixty-three, after having held the reins of office only two years 
 and a half. 
 
 XXIX. Antoine Manoel de Vilhena. A. D. 1 722-1 736. 
 
 Grand Master Vilhena (or Velpena), was a Portuguese knight, born of a 
 royal family. He had attained much glory in the Order both as soldier and 
 statesman, and left a brilliant history for the archives of chivalry. He was 
 elected Grand Master July 19, 1722, only three days after the burial of his 
 predecessor. His coin is of silver and very large. The obverse shows his 
 portrait facing to the right, the breast charged with the Maltese cross. Peri- 
 wig, corselet, armpieces are clearly drawn. The portrait is capital. Upon 
 the reverse are two shields surmounted by a crown.' The one has simply 
 the cross of the Order ; the other bears beside the same cross in the first 
 and fourth quarters, a lion rampant in the second, and in the third a hand 
 
 * His arms were azure, on a bend or, three roses the interests of the Order, which during his Grand 
 
 gules. That is, on a field of blue, a diagonal stripe of Mastership repaired all the fortifications of the island, 
 
 gold, on which three roses of red. Heraldic roses re- and resumed much of its ancient discipline. Zondadari 
 
 semble rosettes of five points or divisions, rather than wrote a short treatise on the Military Discipline of the 
 
 the flower. Order. Some descriptions of the arms of the family 
 
 t So we learn from the Abbe Vertot. St. Allais does mention two narrow stripes of gold, one on either side 
 
 not speak of this work, but mentions his devotion to of the bend, called in heraldry, cottices. 
 
42 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 grasping a sword or dagger.* The legend of the obverse is f. d • ax : mangel 
 DE. on the right of the bust, and * vilhexa • on the left. The d is an abbre- 
 viation of Dornimis, the Latin equivalent of his Portuguese title, Don, The 
 reverse has the legend m • magister • hos • et s • s • hiervsa : 1728 surrounding 
 the crowned shield ; the abbreviations need not be again enlarged upon. 
 S 2 at the top of the shield signif)- Due Scudi, in value somewhat less than 
 a dollar of our money. Like the coinage of some of his predecessors and all 
 of his successors, his piece bears the crow^n, indicating his claim to equality 
 with "kings, princes, and potentates." The inscriptions signify, "Brother 
 Don Anthony Manoel De Vilhena, Grand Master of Hospitallers and the 
 Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1728." Grand Master Vilhena founded a 
 noble infirmary at Malta, as Grand Master Fluvian had done at Rhodes 
 three centuries before. He also built at his ow^n expense the fort which 
 bears his name (]\Ianoel), opposite the city. In this was formerly a bronze 
 statue of the Grand Master, after\vards removed to the city and placed in 
 front of the Public Library. In the Church of St. John a mausoleum of 
 bronze was erected to his memor), which bears a tablet representing this 
 Grand Master directing the construction of Fort Manoel. 
 
 He died Dec. 12, 1736, aged about sixty-four. He was one of the last 
 of the Grand Masters who were distinguished for their braver)- and success 
 on the battle field, and in naval conflicts with the fast waning power of the 
 crescent. Plate A'. Figure 3. 
 
 * His arms as displayed on this coin, vary somewhat Grand Master L'Isle Adain. St. Allais mentions that 
 
 from St. AUais's engraving : here the second quarter is the Pope presented a hehnet and sword which he had 
 
 argent, a lion rampant gules, and the third, gules a blessed, the latter of silver, gilt, and of the length of 
 
 right hand winged and vested or, holding a sword ar- five feet. Whether the charge has any reference to 
 
 gent. The engraving shows the second and third quar- this fact we can only guess. Gifts like these were only 
 
 ters parti per fess, with the lion in chief and the hand in presented by the Holy See to those who had greatly 
 
 base, in each the charges being identical, but differently distinguished themselves in battle with the Infidel. The 
 
 arranged, the first and fourth quarters display the cross little copper coins of Mlhena, called grani, in value 
 
 of the Order. The change in the arms may have been about two mills, bore the device of the winged arm and 
 
 made when he was elevated to the position of Grand dagger on the obverse, surrounded by his name, and 
 
 Master. In plainer terms, the devices maybe described the Maltese cross, with the figures of the date in the 
 
 as a red lion rampant in afield of silver in the second angles, and the legend IN hoc signo militam\"S, on 
 
 quarter, and a right hand holding a sword of silver, the reverse. These I have seen with date as early as 
 
 dressed in cloth of gold, and the arm terminated by a 1726, but I have not been able to learn at what time the 
 
 wing of the same color, a somew^hat unusual device. In sword, etc., were sent him. That he should have taken 
 
 the engraving of St. Allais, the arm has a maniple, this device for his coin, rather than that of the lion, 
 
 similar to that worn by the clergy of the Roman Church, which has the more honorable position in the coat-of- 
 
 and also to that borne in his arms by that gallant old arms is noticeable. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 43 
 
 XXX. R.\YMOXD D'ESPUIG DE ^^loXTAXEGRE. A. D. I736-I74I. 
 
 Raymond D'Espuig, elected Dec. 16, 1736, was by far the most insigni- 
 ficant of all the Grand Masters. He was of Spanish descent, and was 
 born on the island of ^laiorca. He was, says Seddall, a man *' ot whom 
 nobody had ever heard, who had attempted nothing, who had done nothing", 
 and therefore when several claimants arose for the office of Grand Master, he 
 was elected because of the neutrality' of his character, which made him 
 acceptable to all. He lived, he died. This is the sum total of his biog-raph}'." 
 And Dr. \'assallo says of him, *' There was nothing remarkable under his 
 magistracy * * instead of governing, he was governed." Seddall says further, 
 "After being in office four years, he fortunately expired, Januar)' 15, 1741, at 
 the age of seventy-one." 
 
 The obverse of his coin, which was silver, gives his portrait much like our 
 specimen Xo. XXIX. with the legend f • d • il^imvxdvs • despa'^'G m-m-h-h 
 The reverse has no legend, but simply the date beside the crown surmounting 
 the shield. The ist and 4th quarterings are filled with the familiar cross; 
 those of the 2d and 3d are his family arms,* not ver}' clearly represented* 
 but yet enough to show something like a mountain peak, on Avhich is a star, 
 and upon its top the fleur-de-lis. The epigraph signifies '' Brother Don 
 Raymond D'Espuig, Grand ]\Iaster of Hospitallers of Jerusalem, 1737." Plate 
 \ . Figure 4. 
 
 XXXI. E^nr.\xuEL Pixto de Foxseca. A. D. 1741-1773. 
 
 The next administrator among the warlike monks w^as Grand ]\Iaster 
 Pinto. He was a Portuguese knight and had been Vice Chancellor of the 
 Order before his election, which took place Januar\- iS, 1741. 
 
 This is of silver, and like our specimen Xo. XXIX is a very broad 
 piece. The obverse gives the crowned shield, and this it will be noticed is no 
 
 * He bore gules, a rock *(or mountain) or, charged That is. on a field of red a mountain of gold, with the 
 with a mullet azure, and upon its top a fleur-de-lis or. flower upon its top, and a blue star of five points on its 
 ^St. AUais says email or, enamelled or. See ^sote on X.) side. 
 
44 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 longer ducal, but a "kingly crown," and bears for the first time upon its top 
 the Maltese cross. He assumed this device and the title of Most Eminent 
 Highness — somewhat egotistically perhaps — yet few who know his history 
 will be disposed to deny him the honor of bearing the title and wearing this 
 significant emblem. The shield displays the ancient cross of the Order, in 
 the 2d and 3d quartered with five crescents,* and the legend f • emmanvel 
 PINTO M • M • H ■ s • s ■ 1757 which is easily read. Upon the reverse we see St. 
 John the Baptist, preaching as the forerunner, and pointing to the lamb at 
 his feet, recalling the expression in John i: 29, **John seeth Jesus and saith, 
 Behold the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world." The 
 banner of the Order is elegantly looped in the wind. The meadow-place in 
 which he stands is suggested by the grass aL his feet. The legend is 
 NON SVRREXIT MAIOR, and the inscriptions mean, '* Brother Emmanuel Pinto 
 Grand Master of Hospitallers and of the Holy Sepulchre 1757: — No greater 
 (prophet) has arisen." The motto refers to Luke vii : 28. In the exergue 
 T XXX, denoting the value. Plate V. Figure 5. 
 
 In the twenty-one years of Grand Master Pinto's administration, he 
 established a long truce with the Turks. A servile insurrection broke out in 
 Malta during his period, which came nigh producing the worst of conse- 
 quences, but having received timely warning, he was able to ward off the 
 approaching danger. It had been a question among the knights of the 
 Order what relation was sustained to them by the knights of Prussia who 
 were Protestants. The Order of Malta was so intensely Roman Catholic that 
 no Grand Master could be installed without the papal authorization. Indeed, 
 as we have seen, its most familiar name among the knights was '* the Reli- 
 gion." But in 1763, Frederick, King of Prussia, sent a captain in his service 
 to the Grand Prior of Germany upon this business, and it was then agreed 
 "that the ancient connection between the Protestant knights and those of 
 Malta should be renewed, and that the Protestant Commanderies should pay 
 their responsions (the act of answering and rendering dues) in the same way 
 
 * His shield as delineated shows that it had ceased family arms were argent, five crescents gules, two, one 
 to be of value in the field, and was henceforth the tradi- and two. That is, on a field of silver, five red crescents, 
 tionary emblem of his chivalric rank and descent. The arranged like the five spots of a playing card. 
 
Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 4. *^ 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 ^^^^g'-jj^rfS* 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. < 45 
 
 as the Roman Catholic ; from which time the Protestant knights were treated 
 as brethren and allowed to take the title of knights of St. John of Jerusalem." 
 This agreed with the decision of Pope Pius VI, when he approved the associa- 
 tion of the Russian knights, members of the Greek Church, with the Order 
 of Malta. 
 
 There are many interesting incidents, some almost romantic, in the life 
 of Pinto, but we have no room to relate them, and must refer our readers 
 who wish to learn more of his times to Seddall's lively History of Malta, 
 which we have so often quoted. It must suffice to say, that for the first time 
 the Order refused to take up arms against the Turk, when solicited by a 
 Christian power. This was the case, however, in the war between Russia and 
 Turkey in 1768. He has been most noted for having been the second 
 Grand Master to expel the Jesuits, which he did in 1768 ; Lascaris, his prede- 
 cessor had set the example, or his people had done it for him, in 1635. This 
 was his last public act. He lived to be ninety-two, dying January 25, 1773, 
 after a brilliant rule of thirty-two years. 
 
 XXXIL Francois Ximenez De Texada. A. D. 1 773-1 775. 
 
 Next in the long line and very near the last is Grand Master Ximenez. 
 He was of Navarre, and a descendant of one of the old Counts of Arragon, 
 who had distinguished himself in the thirteenth century. He was elected 
 January 28, 1773. The coin is of gold, the value "s 20" 20 scudi, or about 
 $8, though a broad piece, being very thin. The obverse gives the head as in 
 Nos. XXIX and XXX, exhibiting an exaggerated periwig. It matches the 
 military garb but queerly. Upon the reverse is the crowned shield, exhibiting 
 the equal cross of *'the Religion" surmounting the Maltese cross, the whole 
 enclosed with a jeweled circlet. The obverse has the legend fr ■ d . francis- 
 cvs XIMENEZ DE TEXADA • M • 1 7 74. The legend on the reverse is uncommon : 
 • M • H • HospiTALis ET SANCTi SEPV : The abbreviation d on the obverse is for 
 Dominus, the equivalent of the Spanish word Don. The inscriptions read 
 consecutively from the obverse over upon the reverse, and signify *' Brother 
 
46 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS 
 
 Don Francis Ximenez de Texada,* Grand Master of the Hospital of Jeru- 
 salem and of the Holy Sepulchre." Plate VI. Figure i. 
 
 Under Grand Master Ximenez occurred at Malta a *' sedition of mis- 
 chievous demagogues," so called by one class of historians; by another, "an 
 effort of true patriots bent upon recovering their ancient liberties ; " but it 
 was readily quieted. He died November 4, 1775, at the age of seventy-two, 
 after a brief reign of less than three years. 
 
 XXXIII. Emmanuel De Rohan Polduc. A. D. 1 775-1 797. 
 
 We are now approaching the end of the illustrious line. De Rohan, 
 whose full name as given by St. Allais, was Francois Marie des Neiges 
 Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc, rivalling his royal contemporaries in its length, 
 was the successor of Ximenez. He was unanimously elected Grand Master, 
 Nov. 12, 1775. The coin we engrave is of gold, half the value of the 
 preceding. The bust closely resembles that of No. XXXI I, periwig and all. 
 The reverse has two shields, one of the Grand Master f the other of the 
 Order. They are surmounted by a royal crown. The legend of the obverse 
 is F. EMMANUEL DE ROHAN M - M . and of the reverse hospital * et s • sepul • 
 HiERUSAL- 1778 . denoting " Brother Emmanuel de Rohan Grand Master of 
 the Hospital and Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1778." S. 10. denotes its 
 value, — ten scudi. Plate VI. Figure 2. 
 
 Grand Master De Rohan stirred his Order to most magnanimous charity 
 during the horrible earthquakes that devastated Calabria in 1783. *' Facing 
 all the dangers of shipwreck, pestilence and war, he aided the sufferers with 
 money, food, clothing, bedding." This Grand Master also summoned a 
 Chapter General to Malta, the first that had assembled since 1631, a hundred 
 
 * Ximenez's arms do not appear on this coin. He gold; the right, or wearer's left, hence called sinister, 
 
 quartered them as did his predecessors with the cross green, with a tower of gold, on the top o£ which a pavil- 
 
 of the Order, which took the first and fourth places, lion or tent of silver. 
 
 while in the second and third he bore per pale, dexter t De Rohan's arms were gules, nine mascles or, 
 
 gules, a crowned lion rampant or, sinister vert, a tower three, three and three. On a red field nine diamonds 
 
 or, "pavillioned" argent. His own quarterings were of gold, with their centres voided or cut out, so as to 
 
 thus divided perpendicularly, the left, the wearer's right show the color of the field, and arranged in rows of 
 
 side being red, on which a crowned lion, rampant, of threes. 
 
Fig. 1. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 5, 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 47 
 
 and fifty years before. A writer finely expresses the charities of the Order 
 during* those calamitous times: — "There was something cosmopolitan in all 
 their actions. Wherever there was distress in Christendom there they hur- 
 ried, calling their fellow countrymen, not merely those of their birthplace, but 
 all Christians, quite as eager to assist Protestants or Greeks as Romanists, 
 asking your wants not your creed; you might make sure of their life or purse 
 most cordially offered in any calamity." "Equality within its own body, and 
 the most free liberality in its politics, were as characteristic of the Common- 
 wealth of St. John of Jerusalem as valor and discipline in the field." In his 
 time a new langue was established, (1784) that of the Anglo-Bavarian, the old 
 English langue which had been in abeyance two centuries being revived, and 
 possessions in Bavaria being given them by Charles Theodore.* De Rohan 
 governed well and wisely, and when he died, July 13, 1797, at the age of 
 seventy-two, after an administration of twenty-two years, it has been truly 
 said the glory of the Order of St. John died with him. 
 
 Our plate also shows a smaller coin of the same Grand Master. This is 
 of silver. The obverse presents a crowned eagle bearing the same shield 
 which we saw on the last. The reverse has the date 1779 surrounding the 
 Maltese cross. The legends are, on the obverse, f . emmanuel de rohan 
 M . and on the reverse, m • h ■ et s • sepu • hierusalei^ the meaning of which 
 is evident. Plate VI. Figure 3. 
 
 XXXIV. Ferdinand de Hompesch. A. D. 1 797-1 798. 
 
 This is the last of the series which we shall mention. No candidates of 
 knightly fame for the high honor of Grand Mastership appeared at the death 
 of De Rohan. The Russian emperor, Paul, was intriguing to become patron 
 of the Order, and Ferdinand Hompesch, an Austrian, was believed to be his 
 tool. The finances of the Order had gone to utter ruin. All Europe was in 
 a ferment. Bonaparte was striding across the stage with imperial steps. 
 
 * The Order of St. Anthony, was reunited^ says St. Order they had been connected. See note on this Order 
 Allais, to that of St. John, in his time ; from this expres- under Grand Master Fluvian. 
 sion we may fairly infer that in the earlier days of the 
 
48 COINS OF THE GRAND MAr/J'KJ<S 
 
 Sedition had been disseminated among the knights ; treason was whispered, 
 and the storm soon burst which swept away the projjerty of the illustrious 
 Order, and terminated their political existence. 
 
 The coin is of silver and lar^e. The bust of Grand Master Mompesch, 
 faced to the left, displays the hateful periwig so discordant to our ideas of 
 military rule, though' his breast apd shoulders are properly armed, and the 
 Maltese cross is well in front. Upon the reverse is the Austrian double- 
 headed eagle, holding in the mouth the proper cross, and bearing a shield 
 with the Grand Master's coat-of-arms/*" llie value, 30 taris, is denoted by 
 "T. 30" The legend of the obverse is \- - jkk/jINAN/^vs ifOMJ'Kseji m .m- and 
 that of the reverse, hospital • j;j s- ski' • i/ii.p, • 179^^. '1 lie inserijAions are, 
 ** Brother Ferdinand Hompesch, Grand Master of the Ho'.jntal and Holy 
 Sepulchre of Jerusalem, 1798." Ihis was the last year of the sovereignty of 
 the Order. Plate VI . Figure 4. 
 
 And why, shall we ask, why was this ancient, most noble and most usr:ful 
 Fraternity dissolved? The reply is, **God willed it." Its usefulness was gone. 
 There was no further necessity for its existence. The power of tlie 'I urk 
 had vanished. The craving for pilgrimages had ceased. '1 he island of Malta 
 was a prize for nations to contend for, and the first strong man who should 
 pass that way would lay his hand upon it. That man was Xaj^oleon liona- 
 parte. May 19, 1798, he took his departure from Toulon with tv/o hundred 
 merchant vessels and an immense fleet of transports for Kgypt. He was 
 bound upon a great expedition. As he la}' off the Island of Malta ha^J there 
 been any show of defence, he would have passed by, for such were his orders, 
 and Nelson, who was in pursuit of him, would probably have captured the 
 island in his stead. It surrendered to Xapoleon June 13, ^798, and Grand 
 Master Hompesch accompanied by on)} eight persons, sailed June 17, for 
 Trieste; he died in obscurity at MontpeUier, Ma;;' 12, 1805. And so the 
 Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, the knights of Cyprus, Rhodes 
 and Malta, finished a career of about seven hundred years. 
 
 * The arms of Il'>mpesch were gol';^ a salt; re in- St- Andrew, m h;iver, it» *A%^ Mrratc/l, m UtrmkA X\Vt 
 dented argent. Ou a field ^A red a saltirt (jr cr'y-.^ cA the teeth (A a J^a/.. 
 
OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. 49 
 
 The dethroned Grand Master Hompesch before his death appointed the 
 Emperor Paul of Russia, Imperial Protector of the Order, and sent him the 
 cross once worn by Grand Master La Vallette. Oct. 27, 1798, Paul assem- 
 bled the Russian knights and such other members of the Order as were in 
 St. Petersburg, and had himself elected Grand Master, but this act is not 
 recognized by most of the historians of the Order, though St. AUais names 
 him and a few of his nominal successors. 
 
 When Napoleon left Malta for Egypt he placed General Vaubois, a 
 gallant and accomplished soldier, in command. The place was then invested 
 by the British fleet, and after two years of steady and gallant defence was 
 forced to surrender September 7, 1800, for want of food. During the siege 
 of two years, Vaubois took the precious metals of the pawnbrokers, struck it 
 into ingots, stamping the value upon each and used it for currency. This is 
 what is styled "siege money," of which many varieties are found in numis- 
 matic collections. The two engravings given illustrate it. 
 
 The first piece, (Plate VI, Fig. 5,) is of gold. The marks may be thus 
 read: "No. 26 of the series of gold ingots. Value in Maltese scudi 17, 3 taris, 
 5 grains." The Moneyer's check-mark is "I." The lion rampant suggests the 
 courage of the defenders. The value of the piece is about $8.52. 
 
 The second piece is of silver. (See Plate VI, Fig. 6.) Of the silver ingots 
 struck by General Vaubois it is No. 18. Its value in Maltese scudi is 3, 
 5 taris, 18 grains. The check-mark is "L." The value $1.88 nearly. 
 
 I have thus given the reader a series of genuine monu7nents to set up 
 along this road of knightly history. They extend over a period of nearly 
 five centuries. They are the money by which the food was purchased, the 
 hired forces paid, the ammunition bought, the clothing, medicines, arms and 
 armor secured, shipping built and manned, horses bought and equipped, 
 cannon cast, charity utilized, religious services supported, and a bulwark 
 maintained against the Turks. Scanning one of these pieces, the history of 
 dead ages seems to glide before us. It was this money for which the pirates 
 of the Mediterranean fought and plundered and burnt, and stained that 
 
50 COINS OF THE GRAND MASTERS. 
 
 beautiful sea with blood. This money, by thousands of pieces, lies among 
 ruined cities, in plowed fields, at fountain-heads, in caves, in vaults, and in 
 cemeteries. Every day it is coming to light. The washing rains expose it, 
 the spade and plow turn it up, the earthquakes bring it to the surface. 
 Sometimes deposits in earthen jars are found where the hand of fear buried 
 them. Oftener it is discovered in detached specimens. But whenever and 
 wherever a coin of a Grand Master of St. John comes to the light of day, it 
 tells in language of indisputable truth of the honor and glory and fame of the 
 noblest Order of Knighthood the earth has ever seen. 
 
 '■ A glorious compan}'-, the flower of men, 
 The goodliest fellowship of famous knights 
 \Miereof this world hath record." 
 
MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 'N his work upon the Numismatics of the Crusades, {Numis- 
 matique des Croisades, Paris, 1847,) that eminent purveyor 
 of numismatic knowledge upon the history of the Middle 
 Ages, F. De Saulcy, whose recent death all lovers of this 
 delightful science must regret, divides the subject into two 
 parts, viz: — I. The moneys of the Kings of Jerusalem; the 
 Princes of Antioch and of Galilee ; the Counts of Edessa and of TripoH ; 
 the Kings of Cyprus, and the Sires of Marash, of Sidon and of Beirut. 
 These begin with the conquest of Jerusalem, A. D. 1099, and were struck 
 in Asia. II. The moneys of the Latin Emperors of Constantinople, of the 
 Princes of Achaia, the Dukes of Athens, the Despots of Roumania and of 
 Thessaly, and the Sires of Corfu, of Cephaldnia and of Ithaca. These are 
 reckoned from the capture of Constantinople by the Latins to the begin- 
 ning of the thirteenth century. He omits from these classifications the coins 
 of the Knights of St. John, — Hospitallers, — Rhodes and Malta, as they are 
 indiscriminately termed, examples of which have already been described in 
 the preceding pages. 
 
 In my various foreign tours and in my correspondence with collectors in 
 the Orient, I have come into possession at different times, of numerous coins, 
 
52 MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS, 
 
 silver and copper, bearing for the most part a cross patee on the obverse, the 
 metal thin, poorly struck, the epigraphs in letters apparently neither Greek 
 nor Latin. For some years I paid but little attention to these coins, as my 
 leisure time was taken up with series of specimens more attractive. Upon 
 closer examination, however, and by the aid of De Saulcy, Friedlaender, and 
 others, I find many of these pieces appertain to the period of the Crusades, 
 and therefore particularly worthy of study by that class of historical students 
 with whom, for well nigh forty years, I have had so much to do, viz : the 
 Masonic Knights Templar, For this reason, I propose, in closing these notes 
 on the Templar coins, to mention briefly a few specimens of this class, which 
 have fallen under my observation. I commence with the coins of the Latin 
 Princes who were established in Syria following the first Crusade (1096-1099). 
 
 "The powerful appeal of Pope Urban II, shook the West. God, by his 
 voice, demanded that His faithful servants should deliver the Sacred City and 
 the Holy Sepulchre. At the call of ithe Sovereign Pontiff, an innumerable 
 people responded by the cry, Dieu le veut, ' It is the will of God.* This cry 
 extended to the limits of the Christian world, and truly it appeared as though 
 Europe was about to precipitate herself upon Asia." {Numismatique des 
 Croisades, p. i.) 
 
 The oldest of the coins connected with the Crusades commemorates the 
 occupation of Antioch by the Christian powers under Bohemond I, (otherwise 
 Marcus Bohemond,) from June, 1098, to February, 11 11. These coins are 
 scarce, but they rise from their long entombment to teach with unabraded 
 letters and devices the history impressed on them so long ago. On the 
 obverse of the oldest is the face of St. Peter, tutelary saint of Antioch. His 
 right hand forms with certain fingers the sign of blessing, in his left is a long 
 cross. In the field are traces of the name in Greek letters IIETPOC. On the 
 reverse we see the pommel-cross,' and at the foot a fleuron or flowery device 
 of a prince of the name of Bohemond. In the cantons of this cross we read 
 the four letters, B. H. H. T. ; the first I take to be the initial of the name 
 Batmoundos. This coin was struck it is thought about the year 1103 or 4, 
 after the return of Bohemond from his captivity. 
 
MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 53 
 
 The second coin in my series was struck by the celebrated Tancred, 
 Regent of Antioch, during the absence of Bohemond above named. It has 
 the same figure of St. Peter, blessing with his right hand and sustaining a 
 long cross with his left. The inscription is in Greek letters, UETOC, the 
 rho being omitted and the sigma on all these coins having the old form like 
 the Roman C. Upon the reverse we see at the top and bottom equal 
 crosses. In four lines are the letters following : — 
 
 KE BOH 
 
 OH TO Aor 
 
 LO COTT 
 
 ANKPI 
 
 which for inaccuracy, grammatical, and orthographic, cannot be excelled. 
 
 If this is the reader's first experience in reading coins of the dark ages, 
 he may well wipe his glasses and bless the memory of those who have made 
 an open road for him through these hieroglyphics. This is the way to fill in 
 the gaps, and make sense of that sentence: Kupce Bor^del Tw Jo'jalo Iw Tdvxpcdc 
 or in English, *' Lord, aid Thy servant Tancred." The form of this invocation 
 is Byzantine, and its employment upon the money of cotemporary emperors 
 is common enough ; but to a person inexperienced in those dark-age moneys 
 it is blind indeed. 
 
 Four coins next come together, all copper. They have the bust of 
 Tancred, but in the poorest style of art, making his face frightfully severe. 
 The beard is parted in two points ; his moustaches are long and drooping, his 
 eyes are like lobsters, and he wears a turban. Above him is a cross made by 
 four pellets; these are supposed by some to refer to the wafer used in the 
 Roman Church, in the sacrifice of the Mass. In his right hand is a short, 
 pointed sword or dagger. He wears an oriental robe. Parts of the same 
 inscriptions as above are seen on each obverse, while on the reverse is a 
 cross cantoned with the letters IC JTC (well known abbreviations for IHCOTC 
 XPICTOC), NIKA (for Nadrcop), Jesus Christ, the Conqueror ! Three other 
 
54 MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 coins have portraits of Jesus instead of Tancred, but with the name TAN- 
 KPIDI appearing in whole or part upon one face of the coin. 
 
 We have next some copper coins of Bohemond II. A. D. 1126 to 1131. 
 The bust is that of St. Peter as before, but there is no inscription. On the 
 reverse is a prominent cross with nine letters cantoned, viz: BA 121 OiiN DOV 
 for Baivioundou. 
 
 The coins of Tancred proper, and of his successor, Count Roger, refer to 
 his own principality of Galilee, of which Tiberias was the capital. They 
 present the Saviour as erect and facing, His head surrounded by a nimbus, 
 and leaning back upon the cross. His right hand is in the attitude of bene- 
 diction. The letters IC XC are opposite His shoulders. On the reverse is a 
 pommel-cross in which are cantoned these \^\.t^v^,DXE~SAL-FT-RO abbre- 
 viations for the Latin words Domine Salve Famulum Tuum Rogerium '* Oh 
 Lord, save Thy servant Roger (Rogerius)." Others show St. Peter blessing 
 and holding the cross as before, and the letters 5. PE, for St. Peter, with the 
 four letters cantoned on the reverse, D S F T which may mean Domine Salve 
 Famulum Tuum (Oh Lord, save Thy servant,) or perhaps Domine Salvum 
 Fac Tancredum " Lord, save Tancred." 
 
 Other coins of Roofer, who o-overned Galilee from the death of Tancred 
 in II 12 to 1 1 19, have the figure of Mary, the mother of Jesus, erect, and 
 facing, wearing a cloak highly ornamented with gems, her head haloed, the 
 Gredk letters on each side: }IH dY *' the Mother of God" {^Ir^rr^p Oeo-j). On 
 the reverse, in four lines, are most confusing letters in Greek, which we have 
 no type to represent. What experience, what skill, what comparison of 
 specimens it demanded to unravel them ! But here is the inscription : 
 KEBOH OHTOSO DOVLORO TSEPTO which we read thus, Kbptz Borfitl Ti^ 
 Iw JouXiij Pozainzo} or in English, '* Lord, help Thy servant Roger! " When 
 we compare this barbarous union of metal, misspelling, and engravers' art 
 with the noble coins produced at Antioch for so many centuries prior to this 
 time, we can better appreciate the application of the term '' Dark Ages." 
 
 Continuing these coins of Roger, we find the device of St. George 
 slaying the dragon, with abbreviations ior AFIOC FEOProC " the Holy 
 
MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 55 
 
 George " (or St. George). The saint's head is naked and haloed. He 
 is armed with a coat of mail, and with a lance is striking a dragon that 
 is biting his horse's feet. The whole work is as coarse as a child's chalk 
 drawing on a fence. The legend on the reverse is indistinct in some let- 
 ters, but is apparently: ROTZER PRIGKP DC ANT lOX that is, Pot'C^uoz 
 ll(nv'AiTuo-\^vTcoyj.i(j.z, meaning " Roger, Prince of Antioch." The word Prig- 
 kipios^ if that can be the correct reading of the mingled Greek and Latin 
 letters, is used for Princeps. 
 
 The coins of Raymond, the first husband of Queen Constance, 1136 to 
 1 149, have his bust suitably clothed, and the letters R. P. (Raymundus Prin- 
 ceps,) for " Prince Raymond." On the reverse is the bust of St. Peter, with 
 6*. P. Each of these four letters has a dash over it, denoting its use as an 
 abbreviation. 
 
 The money of Bohemond III of Antioch, is an immense improvement in 
 appearance over the preceding. The inscription bhmvndvs for " Bohemund" 
 is contained within two circles of dots {grenetis). Instead of an open bust, 
 we find a figure over which the helmet is drawn down to the nose, and a 
 cross in place of the face. The moon appears in front and a star behind. 
 Upon the reverse is a cross, with a moon in the first canton, and the legend 
 within two dotted lines, antiochia. The metal is the white mixture called 
 billon. A few other coins of Antioch, which are distinguished by the name 
 of the city, present variations as follows: \ki^ fleur-de-lis as on the florin of 
 Florence ; an edifice surmounted by a tower ; the word princeps in reversed 
 letters, etc. 
 
 We come next to the moneys of the Counts of Edessa. These were 
 four in number, viz: Baldwin (Baudowin) I, 1097 to iioo; Baldwin II, iioo 
 to 1 1 18; Joscelin the Elder, 11 18 to 1131 ; and Joscelin the Younger, 1131 
 to 1 134. It is to the first two that the following coins are attributed. Some 
 of these show more taste and skill on the design than those just mentioned, 
 but being large copper pieces, the size of the old American cent, they are 
 much worn and hard to read. Some have the bust of Jesus, with a halo, 
 and the usual letters ic xc. On the reverse a pommel-cross with the four 
 
56 MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 letters cantoned, b. l. d. n. for *' Baldwin." Upon others stands a figure 
 in military costume, holding a cross in the right hand, his left resting upon 
 a buckler. In some we have comes baldainos " Count Baldwin." These 
 probably refer to the first Count of that name. Those of Baldwin II are 
 in better preservation. A warrior erect, helmeted, in a full coat of mail, 
 a sword in his left hand, a cross in the right. Inscription, bagdoin cavc. 
 The reverse has a flowery cross (^fleuronnee) , surmounted in the centre by 
 a little cross. On others the warrior holds a sword in his right hand, 
 while on others still, he is mounted on a war-horse and a star precedes him. 
 A coin of this period has rikardo for '* Richard." This was probably the 
 Governor of Marash, iiii. 
 
 The coins of the Counts of Tripoli come next. There were ten of these, 
 whose rule extended from 1109 to 1287. It was Count Raymond II who was 
 said to have betrayed the Christian cause on the lamentable field of Hattin, 
 July, 1 187. These coins are neatly executed and in good preservation. 
 None of them present portraits. Those of Raymond I have upon both faces 
 an equal cross (^paiee). raimvndi comitis '* Count Raymond" is upon the 
 obverse, and moneta tripolis "the coinage of Tripoli" on the reverse. Those 
 of Raymond II have civitas Tripoli "the City of Tripoli" on the reverse. 
 Some of the ornamentation is extremely beautiful, showing that in that " City 
 by the Sea" were good artists. A crenelated tower marks the reverse of 
 others. Of Raymond VI (1251-1274) there are large and elegant silver 
 coins, with bohemvndvs comes upon the front and c-i-v-i-t-a-s t-R-i-p-o-l-i 
 on the reverse. Coins of the last Bohemond, the Seventh, (1274-1287) read 
 SEPTiMvs boemvndvs COMES "the Seventh Count Bohemund." The reverse 
 has an edifice of three towers, and the legend civitas tripolis svrie " the 
 City of Tripoli in Syria." 
 
 The Seignors of Sidon also struck coins, of which, however, few speci- 
 mens have thus far been recovered. Some in billon have renaldvs on the 
 obverse, surrounding a crenelated tower, and on the reverse sidonia sur- 
 rounding a lance-head turned to the left. This Renald is probably the one 
 who escaped July, 1 187, from the battle of Hattin. 
 
MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS. 
 
 57 
 
 The coins of Cyprus are numerous, and exist in gold, silver, copper, and 
 lead. While these are full of interest and worthy of study, their connection 
 with the Crusaders as such is more remote, and I will not enter upon any 
 description, but conclude with the briefest reference to the moneys of the 
 Christian Kings of Jerusalem. How shall we account for it that these are so 
 scarce, and represent so few of the sovereigns who occupied the throne of 
 Jerusalem from A. D. 1099 to 1187? The Sacred City, that had cost so 
 much life and treasure to win, how its coins must have been sought after! 
 Every pilgrim returning westward must have carried with him specimens of 
 a coinage that suggested the most affecting thoughts ; yet few of the nume- 
 rous series of coins struck in the last two thousand years are so scarce. 
 Money of Alexander the Great, of Herod, of the Roman governors of Jeru- 
 salem, of Simon Maccabeus, of his successors, and of almost every name 
 that has figured in the history of Palestine, are comparatively abundant, and 
 have been thoroughly described to take their places amongst the monu- 
 mental evidences of history, but of the Kings of Jerusalem the science of 
 Numismatics says but little. Here is a list of the rulers, and we mark with 
 a star those whose coins have come down to the present age : — 
 
 Godfrey de Bouillon, 
 Baldwin I, 
 Baldwin II, 
 Fulks, . 
 Baldwin III^ 
 Amaurus I, 
 Baldwin IV,* 
 Baldwin V, 
 Guy de Lusignan,* 
 
 July 1099 to July HOC, 
 
 Dec. HOC to March 11 18, 
 
 1 1 18 to Aug. 1 13 1 
 
 Sept. 1 131 to Nov. 1 144. 
 
 Dec. 1144 to Feb. 1162, 
 
 Feb. 1 162 to July 1173 
 
 July 1 173 to March 1185, 
 
 March T185 to Sept. 1185, 
 
 Sept. 1186, 1192 
 
 The coins of Baldwin IV or V (it is not clear which) have bavinvs rex 
 on the obverse, between two dotted circles, and in the centre an equal cross 
 {patee). The reverse shows a crenelated tower in the centre, and the legend 
 DE lERVSALEM between two dotted circles. 
 
58 MONEY OF THE CRUSADERS, 
 
 Coins of King Guy have his likeness on the obverse, facing the observer, 
 and crowned Avith a diadem elaborately adorned. The inscription between 
 two dotted circles is rex gvido d The reverse presents a domed edifice, 
 believed by De \'ogue to be the Holy Sepulchre. Legend, e iervsalem. 
 
 Besides these rare and valued relics of the Jerusalem kingdom, we find a 
 small coin in billon, having on the obverse a fortress, with the epigraph 
 TVRRis ; on the reverse an eight-pointed star with david. It is not easy 
 to trace the authorship of this coin. The eminent numismatist Cousinery, 
 describing this specimen says, *' After considering the religious ideas which 
 we discern in the composition of the legends of this epoch, there is no doubt 
 that the two words inscribed upon this coin present an invocation." \\'e apply 
 to it what we see upon an Italian coin whereon a tower is represented with 
 this legend, Esto mthi turris fortitudinis , '* Be thou a tower of strength to 
 me ! " In the Litany styled Turris Davidica, the \^irgin is addressed under 
 this idea of *'the tower of strength." Cousinery therefore attributes this coin 
 to Godfrey, first king of Jerusalem, who would thus invoke the Mother of 
 Jesus to obtain for him the favor of her Divine Son by her intercession. 
 This tower is placed, according to tradition, upon the foundation of the House 
 of David, and makes a part of the citadel of Jerusalem. The gate of the citj- 
 nearest this tower, was called the Gate of David. The star of eight points 
 seen upon this coin is said to be a symbolical representation of the light of 
 faith which extended itself upon the East by the Divine aid, suggested by 
 this holy tower. De Saulcy, on the contrary, conceives it to be "siege 
 money," struck by the Governor of Jerusalem, during the siege of Jerusalem, 
 which followed upon the disastrous battle of Hattin, already mentioned, and 
 thus not so old by a century. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GRAND MASTERS 
 
 ->J<- 
 
 HE more prominent events in the time of the Grand Masters, whose 
 coinage has been described on the preceding pages, have been men- 
 tioned under their various names. The following list includes all 
 who directed the energies of this remarkable institution from its 
 foundation to its extinction as an independent power. It was 
 thought that a brief allusion to the events in their administration not elsewhere men- 
 tioned in this volume would increase its value, and give a better understanding of the 
 varying conditions of the Order under its different rulers. 
 
 The list is based upon that given by St. Allais. Where Vertot differs from him, 
 I have mentioned it. As St. Allais' work is so much later than Vertot's, it seems 
 more likely to be correct, though occasionally I have found him wrong where he differs. 
 The dates are entirely those given by St. Allais. The place of residence of the 
 various Grand Masters, or the seat of the Order, from time to time, precedes the 
 names. 
 
 Before proceeding to give this list, I desire here to make one remark in reference 
 to the statement in the beginning of Dr. Morris's descriptions, that the Teutonic 
 Knights struck no coins. This is doubtless true so far as their stay in Palestine is 
 concerned, but after they fixed their residence in Prussia, they did strike money, the 
 
 (59) 
 
6o 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 
 
 first Prussian silver pennies being there coined by the Teutonic Order at Gulm, and 
 the series struck by their Grand Masters, while brief compared with the coins of the 
 Order of St. John, is very interesting. They are rarely seen in America, but a few of 
 our collectors have gathered them, mostly by purchases from foreign dealers. 
 
 GRAND MASTERS. 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 Gerard Tunc, founder, 
 
 .''1 1 13-20 
 
 2. Raymond du Puy, 11 18-58 
 The date of the death of Gerard, and the acces- 
 sion of Raymond are somewhat uncertain. Pope 
 Innocent II, in 1130, gave this Grand Master the 
 banner and arms under which the Order ever after 
 fought — a white cross on a field of red. He called 
 himself *' the humble servant of Chrisfs poor, and 
 guardian of the Hospital at Jerusalem." 
 
 3. Auger de Balben, 1158-61 
 
 4. Arnold de Comps, 1161-66 
 The existence of this Grand Master is denied by 
 
 some authorities ; others say he was a native of 
 Provence and give his term of office as six years, as 
 we have done. 
 
 5. Gilbert D'Assalit, 1167-69 
 Resigned. He is said by some to be the first 
 
 who held the title of Grand Master. 
 
 6. De Gaste, 1169-70 
 
 7. Joubert, 1170-77 
 The dates of accession of this and the previous 
 
 Grand Master are uncertain. The closing date is 
 that of their death. 
 
 8. Roger des Moulins, 
 
 9, Gamier, de Syrie, 
 
 1179-87 
 1 187 
 
 Acre, 
 10. Ermengard d'Aps, 1 187-91 
 
 During his term the Order were driven from Jeru- 
 salem ; for a short time they remained at Margat, 
 and then established themselves at St. Jean d'Acre. 
 
 11. Godefroi de Duisson, 
 
 12. Alphonse de Portugal, 
 
 1191-1201 
 1201-4 
 
 His zeal in reforming abuses made him so un- 
 popular that he was obliged to resign in 1204; he 
 died in 1245. 
 
 13. Geoffrey le Rath, 1204-7 
 During his Grand-Mastership the Templars and 
 
 Hospitallers were reconciled. 
 
 14. Guerin de Montagu, 1208-30 
 
 15. Bertrand de Texis, 1230-31 
 
 16. Guerin, 1 23 1—36 
 St. AUais disputes several of Vertot's statements 
 
 concerning this Grand Master, but we have not 
 sought to discuss them. 
 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 17. Bertrand de Comps, 1236-41 
 He recovered Jerusalem and restored the Order 
 
 to its ancient seat for a short period. 
 
 18. Pierre de Villebride, 1241-44 
 A most disastrous period in the history of the 
 
 Order. Jerusalem was again lost by the Christians, 
 and the Grand Master killed with most of his Knights 
 
 in the battle of Gaza. 
 
 Acre. 
 
 19. Guillaume de Chateauneuf, 1244-59 
 The quarrels with the Templars renewed. The 
 
 Order again returned to Acre. During his term 
 Pope Alexander IV made some regulations concern- 
 ing the uniform of members of the Order, a few 
 months before his death. 
 
OF THE GRAND MASTERS. 
 
 6i 
 
 20. Hugues de Revel, 1259-78 
 Vertot thinks he was the first to be called Com- 
 mander, and to use the name Commandery — but 
 St. Allais says that usage is older than his time. 
 
 21. Nicolas Lorgue, 1278-89 
 
 22. Jean de Villiers, 1289-97 
 During his term the Hospitallers and Templars 
 
 were obliged to retire to Cyprus. 
 
 Limisso. 
 
 23. Odon de Pins, 1297-1300 
 
 24. Guillaume de Villaret, 1300-6 
 The Knights made some futile efforts to recover 
 
 Jerusalem and once succeeded in entering it in tri- 
 umph, but lost it almost immediately. 
 
 Rhodes. 
 
 25. Foulques de Villaret, 1307-19 
 The Order of the Temple was extinguished and 
 
 its possessions and many of its Knights united with 
 those of St. John during this period. 
 
 26. Helion de Villeneuve, 1319-46 
 A Chapter General of the Order, held at Montpel- 
 
 lier divided it into Langues in his administration. 
 
 27. Dieu-Donne de Gozon, 1346-53 
 Before his elevation to the Grand-Mastership, 
 
 and while only a Knight, he is said to have slain an 
 enormous dragon which was ravaging the Isle of 
 Rhodes . 
 
 28: Pierre de Corneillan. 1354-55 
 
 He was in office only eighteen months, and was 
 engaged in contests with Innocent VI, who wished 
 to have the Knights estabhsh themselves in Anato- 
 lia or again in Palestine, to arrest the progress of 
 the Turks, who were threatening Italy. 
 29. Roger de Pins, 1355-65 
 
 A zealous chieftain, and so charitable as to be 
 called by the poor of the Island, by whom he was 
 much beloved, the Almoner. In his term many 
 abuses were reformed. He consented to establish 
 
 the Order in the Morea, at the continued pressure of 
 Innocent ; but the death of that Pontiff ended the 
 project. 
 
 30. Raymond de Berenger, 1365-74 
 His fleet captured and pillaged Alexandria, but 
 
 did not attempt to hold the city. In his term the 
 first collection of the Statutes of the Order was 
 made. 
 
 31. Robert de Juilliac, 1374-76 
 
 32. Jean Fernandas de-Heredin, 1376-96 
 This name is sometimes spelled Heredia. He 
 
 declared himself in favor of Clement VII, and was 
 deposed by his rival, Urban VI, in 1381, who ap- 
 pointed Richard Caraccioli in his place ; the latter 
 died in 1395, having only been recognized by the 
 Langues of Italy and England. Vertot mentions 
 also H. C. d'Emporta as a rival claimant to the 
 position of Grand Master from 1377 to 1383. St. 
 Allais ignores this claim. 
 
 ^2,- Philibert de Naillac, 1396-142 1 
 
 He was recognized by both parties in the Order, 
 who had been divided by the schism in the Roman 
 Church, as the sole and legitimate Grand Master. 
 St. Allais places the loss of Smyrna in his time 
 (1401). He was able to maintain six Knights at 
 Jerusalem, to watch over the interests of those 
 Christian pilgrims who still resorted to the Sepul- 
 chre. 
 
 34. Antoine Fluvian, 1421-37 
 
 35. Jean Bonpar de Lastic. 1437-54 
 The Order was in the zenith of its glory in the 
 
 times of these two Grand Masters. 
 
 36. Jacques de Milly, 1454-61 
 In his day there were serious disputes among the 
 
 Knights, who felt that the French were clniming 
 all its most honorable posts ; by his moderation 
 and wisdom he preserved peace and reestablished 
 good feeling. 
 
 37. Pierre Raymond Zacosta, 1461-67 
 The Spanish Langue was divided during his ad- 
 ministration into two, thereby increasing their 
 
62 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 
 
 power in the Order. In 1462 he assumed the title 
 of Most Excellent. During the session of a Chapter 
 General many new disputes agitated the Order, and 
 he was summoned to Rome, where Pope Paul II had 
 assembled a Chapter General to consider charges 
 against him. He established his innocence most 
 triumphantly, but died on the eve of his return to 
 Rhodes. 
 
 38. Jean Baptiste des Ursins, 1467-76 
 He had been Grand Prior of Rome and was quite 
 
 old and infirm when elected. The Turks attacked 
 the Island, but were repulsed, early in his adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 39. Pierre d'Aubusson, 1476-1503 
 He had been the principal adviser of des Ursins, 
 
 and was a skillful soldier. The events attending 
 his election and administration have been mentioned 
 in the text. He was styled for his gallant defence 
 and his personal bravery, "the Buckler of the 
 Church, and the Liberator of Christianity." 
 
 40. Emery d'Amboise, 1503-12 
 This Grand Master was of French descent, and 
 
 from his intimate relations with the Roman Court, 
 his brother being a Cardinal, and his influence in 
 the Order, he received many honors from Louis XII. 
 He was presented with a priceless relic, in the esti- 
 mation of the times — a piece of the true cross, and 
 also of the sword borne by St. Louis in the Cru- 
 sades. He repeatedly defeated the Infidels, and 
 thus he received large sums from those he relieved 
 and protected, but turned them all into the Treasu- 
 ry of the Order. '* He died poor," says St. Allais, 
 '* leaving nothing but his island. This is the best 
 eulogy the historian can give a Christian prince." 
 
 41. Guy de Blanchefort, 1513 
 
 42. Fabrice de Caretto, 15 13-21 
 The most prominent events of his administration 
 
 have been given in the text. 
 
 43. Philippe de Villiers L'Isle Adam, 1521-34 
 One of the most illustrious defenders of Rhodes, 
 
 and though forced to evacuate the Island by the 
 
 treachery of one of his own officers, he has left a 
 reputation for bravery and skill inferior to none of 
 those who preceded or followed him. He was the 
 first to occupy Malta. 
 
 Malta. 
 
 44. Pierre de Pont, 1534-35 
 The first Grand Master elected after the occupa- 
 tion of Malta. His fleet won some successes on the 
 coast of Tripoli. 
 
 45. Didier de Tholon de Sainte-Jaille, 1535-6 
 He had been Grand Prior of Toulouse, and had 
 
 distinguished himself under L'Isle Adam, but his 
 age and infirmity prevented his assuming the office, 
 and he died before reaching Malta. 
 
 46. Jean D'Omedez, 1S36-53 
 While he had distinguished himself at Rhodes 
 
 by his valor, he was too subservient to the plans of 
 Charies V, and was not a favorite with the members 
 of the Order, though he was successful in his mari- 
 time warfare. Vassallo says he was ambitious, ava- 
 ricious and cruel, and *' the convent and people 
 received the news of his death with most edifying 
 resignation." 
 
 47. Claude de la Sengle, ^553-57 
 His combats, like those of his predecessor, were 
 
 principally marine, and he obtained some victories 
 over Dragut, a corsair who was one of the bitterest 
 foes of the Christian Knights. 
 
 48. Jean de la Vallette-Parisot, 1557-68 
 The brave defender of the Island of Malta against 
 
 an almost overwhelming force of the Turks. His 
 success in holding the fortresses in the hardest 
 siege the Order sustained at any time during its 
 occupation of Malta, when 25,000 Turks were slain 
 before they desisted from the attack, has preserved 
 his memory as one of the most distinguished of the 
 later Grand Masters. He built the city which re- 
 ceived his name. 
 
 49. Pierre de Monte, 1568-72 
 During his administration the vessels of the Order 
 
 rendered valuable aid towards gaining the great 
 
OF THE GRAND MASTERS. 
 
 63 
 
 naval victory of Lepanto, which virtually destroyed 
 the Turkish power at sea, and was '*one of the 
 most fearful, sanguinary and obstinate battles ever 
 recorded in the pages of history." 
 
 50. Jean TEvesque de la Cassiere, 1572-82 
 Dissensions in the Order threatened the stability 
 
 of his administration, but the strong support of 
 powerful princes, especially Henry III, of France, 
 enabled him to maintain himself in power, though 
 for a short period he was a prisoner in St. Angelo. 
 
 51. Hugues de Loubens de Verdalle, 1582-95 
 During his term of office a famine followed by 
 
 pestilence caused the death of large numbers of the 
 people of the Island. To gain the favor of Henry III, 
 the Pope had required the Order to choose their 
 Grand Master from one of three French Knights, 
 whom he had named, and to add to his authority 
 and influence had made him a Cardinal, but the 
 discontent and murmurs of the Order were cease- 
 less, and the Grand Master died of mortification. 
 In his time occurred the bitter quarrels between the 
 Church authorities of Malta. 
 
 52. Martin Garzes, 1595-1601 
 He assisted the King of Hungary against the 
 
 Turks, and beside his successes in the field, his 
 poHtic, prudent and discreet administration restored 
 harmony to the Order, but he was often in trouble 
 with the Inquisitor and the Pope. 
 
 53. Alofio de Wignacourt, 1601-22 
 He added new fortifications and otherwise strength- 
 ened the defences of Malta. It has been said that 
 Valletta furnished the body to the city, but Wigna- 
 court gave it life. His administration was perhaps 
 the most successful of any Grand Master in the 
 Island of Malta. His defence of the privileges of 
 the Order, and his numerous maritime victories, 
 made him very popular with the Knights. His name, 
 as well as his nephew's, (62) is frequently spelled 
 Vignacourt. 
 
 54. Louis Mendes de Vasconcellos, 1622-23 
 He had been a successful warrior and an able 
 
 politician, but he had been in office only a few 
 
 months, when he died at the age of eighty. He 
 quarreled with Bishop Gargallo's successor, who 
 succeeded in building his palace in Valletta, con- 
 trary to the wishes of Vasconcellos, and his succes- 
 sors have resided in it ever since. 
 
 55. Antoine de Panic, 1623-36 
 His fleet obtained some successes, but his admin- 
 istration had little of interest to distinguish it. 
 
 56. Jean Lascaris-Castellar, 1636-57 
 His maritime victories over the Turks so enraged 
 
 them, that they prepared to attack the Island, but 
 Louis, Vicomte d'Arpajon, sent the Order large re- 
 inforcements of men, vessels and money, and the 
 threats ceased. For this service the Grand Master 
 gave him the privilege of placing his arms upon the 
 cross of the order. When the family became ex- 
 tinct in the male line, more than a century later, the 
 honor was continued by bestowing upon it the 
 Comte de Noailles, Marshal of France, who married 
 one of his descendants in the female line. To this 
 family belonged the French officer of the name who 
 distinguished himself in our Revolutionary war. 
 Grand Master Lascaris died when only sixty-seven, 
 according to St. Allais, but this is doubtless an 
 error, as Seddall says he lived to the advanced age 
 given in the text. He was the first Grand Master 
 who had trouble with the Jesuits, and expelled them 
 from the Island. He was perhaps the most detested 
 by the Maltese of any of their rulers. 
 
 57. Martin de Redin, 1657-60 
 He began to enlarge and improve the fortifica- 
 tions of Malta, but died without completing his 
 plans. A Knight of high personal character, his 
 death was greatly regretted. 
 
 58. Annet de Clermont Chatte-Gessans, 1660 
 His administration of but three months was too 
 
 brief to have left any event of historic interest. He 
 had seen much service, and was a brave and gallant 
 soldier. 
 
 59. Raphael Cotoner, 1660-63 
 The war which had been raging between Turkey 
 
 and Venice for twenty-five years, led to renewed 
 
64 
 
 CHROXOLOGICAL LIST 
 
 eiForts to strengthen the Island, but the Order found 
 in its vessels of war and its triumphs on the sea, a 
 sufficient protection against all danger. His admin- 
 istration was uneventful. 
 
 60. Nicolas Cotoner, 1663-80 
 Brother of the preceding. In his time the Order 
 
 met several reverses at sea, and the Turks succeeded 
 in gaining Candia. This led to still further labor 
 on the works at Malta. A pestilence, followed 'by 
 famine, was very destructive in the closing months 
 of his administration, in six months carrying off 
 more than eleven thousand victims, and caused his 
 own death. He was impatient of advice, and 
 though "flattered, was not beloved by his brethren," 
 
 61. Oregon' Carafe, 1 680-1 690 
 His fleet gained a brilliant victory over the Alge- 
 
 rine corsairs, but some years later was repulsed 
 with its allies at Negropont, which caused him so 
 much chagrin, that he shortly after died. He was 
 an amiable and urbane ruler, and though he was 
 accused by some of partiality and favoritism, he was 
 popular with the people. 
 
 62. Adrian de Wignacourt, 1690-97 
 A nephew of Alof. He built a magnificent arse- 
 nal and shipyard, and his galleys took part with 
 those of Venice in various attacks on the Turks, but 
 without much success. He added also new fortifi- 
 cations on Gozo. 
 
 63. Raymond Perellos, 1697-1720 
 Like his predecessors, his efforts to break down 
 
 the power of the Infidel were mostly maritime, and 
 his victories attracted many distinguished soldiers 
 to his Court. 
 
 64. Marc-Antoine Zondadari, 1720-22 
 The contests with the corsairs and the Turks 
 
 continued on the sea, but they were of less impor- 
 tance than for many years previous. He was fond 
 of literary pursuits, and Seddall says had his reign 
 been longer, it would have probably been distin- 
 guished in the annals of the Order. 
 
 65. Antoine jManoel de Vilhena, 1722-36 
 His administration received some distinction from 
 
 the victories of the ships of the Order on the African 
 coast, but aside from the events mentioned in the 
 text, presents little else of interest. Hig" principal 
 successes as a soldier had been won before his ele- 
 vation to the Grand-Mastership. During his admin- 
 istration, a Turkish fleet appeared for the last time 
 with hostile intent before the fortresses of Malta, 
 but departed on learning of the failure of a plot to 
 excite a servile insurrection, which had been discov- 
 ered by the Grand Master. He was honored by the 
 Pope with the gift of the **estoc." 
 
 66. Raymond d'Espuig de Montanegre, 
 
 1736-41 
 We can add nothing to what is said on page 43 
 concerning this Grand Master. 
 
 67. Emmanuel Pinto de Fonseca, 1741-73 
 He was a man of more liberal views in many res- 
 pects than any of his predecessors. In his time the 
 Protestant Knights of Prussia were reunited to the 
 Order, and he was largely interested in promoting 
 various internal improvements on the Island. Most 
 of the other leading events of his administration are 
 mentioned in the text. 
 
 6^. Francois Ximenes de Texada, 1773-75 
 Previous to his election he had been Grand Prior 
 of the Order, and was verj' popular with the people, 
 to which his elevation to the Grand-Mastership was 
 due. His conduct afterwards forfeited their regard, 
 and led to what at one time threatened to be a 
 serious revolution — known in Maltese history as 
 the rebellion of the Priests. 
 
 69. Francois Marie des Neiges Emmanuel 
 
 de Rohan-Polduc, 1775-97 
 
 His administration is still remembered as one of 
 the most beneficent of the Grand Masters. The 
 Maltese were admitted for the first time to a share 
 in the deliberations of the General Council of the 
 Order. His independent position towards the 
 claims of the Roman Pontiff was a surprise to the 
 
OF THE GRAND MASTERS. 
 
 65 
 
 supporters of the Church, but he steadily resisted 
 every attempt at dictation from Rome. The events 
 of the French Revolution hastened the downfall of 
 the Order, which he foresaw was unlikely long to 
 survive him. 
 
 70. Ferdinand de Hompesch, 1797-98 
 
 A favorite with the people, his election was hailed 
 with rejoicings ; but his feebleness and infatuation 
 
 over his fancied security prevented his seeing the 
 dangers to which he was exposed, and when the 
 French seized the island he was bewildered and 
 paralyzed with fear ; he surrendered the most noble 
 fortress of Europe, his power and his home, without 
 a struggle. With him the ancient glories of the 
 Order faded, and those who subsequently bore the 
 name of Grand Masters had no sympathy with the 
 ancient traditions of the Knights of St. John. 
 
 As was stated in the Historical Sketch of the Order, at the beginning of this 
 volume, the existence of the Knights of St. John ceased, as an independent power, 
 with the surrender of the island by Hompesch. The Emperor Paul the First, of 
 Russia, took the Order under his protection ; he is reckoned as the legitimate suc- 
 cessor of Hompesch, by those who would carry the line forward, and it was hoped 
 by its friends that his powerful influence would succeed in restoring Malta to the 
 Order; but his assassination on the 25th March, 1801, relieved the English (who 
 conquered the Island the previous September, and who had been his allies against 
 Napoleon,) from the dehcate questions which would have been involved in refusing 
 to place the control of so strong a fortress in the hands of their most powerful rival ; 
 and the Island remains in English possession to this day. The connection of the 
 Russian branch of the Order with Rome was from the first almost entirely a nominal 
 one ; and Alexander, the son and successor of Paul, declined to assume the place 
 which that Emperor had hoped to render a permanent honor of the Russian Imperial 
 Crown. 
 
 Pius VII, in his capacity of Supreme head of the Order, then named Barthelemy 
 Ruspoli, a Roman Prince, as Grand Master, but he declined the honor. Caraccioli di 
 San Eremo was then made Deputy Grand Master, and Feb. 9, 1802, Jean de Thom- 
 masi of Crotona was appointed Grand Master by the Pontiff, and removed the seat of 
 the Order to Catania in Sicily. Mortified by his failure to persuade the British 
 Government to recognize his authority, he died June 13, 1805, and St. Allais considers 
 him the last Grand Master. He was succeeded by officers who were called Lieutenants 
 of the Master or Deputy Masters. Of these, Innico Marie Guevara Suardo was the 
 first, from 1805 to 1814, dying April 25 of the latter year; Andria de Giovanni y 
 Centelles, the second, succeeded the following day, and his election was confirmed in 
 June: he died June 10, 1821 ; in the same month Antoine Busca was elected, and 
 confirmed by the Pope. In May, 1827, he removed the seat of the Order to Ferrara, 
 
66 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 
 
 and in 1831 to Rome, where he died in 1834. Charles Candida was his successor, 
 
 and in his time a considerable portion of its previous possessions in Italy were restored 
 
 to the Order. With this official we leave the matter, for the Order, as has been seen, 
 
 had been gradually changed from a military to a religious one ; and by the regulations 
 
 of Pius IX, who, in July, 1854, altered its statutes materially, it ceased 
 
 to have any further interest to those who loved to recall the 
 
 golden days of its vanished past, and who, as they 
 
 contemplated its present bondage, could only 
 
 remember the Arabian proverb, "the 
 
 remembrance of youth is 
 
 a sigh." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abu Temin Bonesor, 
 
 Achaia, Princes of, 
 
 Acre, (St. Jean de) 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Alexandrine, Cardinal, 
 
 Alphonso II, of Arragon, 
 
 Amalfi, .... 
 
 Ancient methods of coining, 
 
 Antioch, coins of, . 
 
 Antioch, occupied, 
 
 Antioch, Princes of, 
 
 Appleton, Wm. S., 
 
 Ascalon, 
 
 Austria, Emperor of, 
 
 Balbais, 
 
 Baldwin of Edessa, 
 
 Baldwin of Jerusalem, 
 
 Bazajet, Sultan, 
 
 Beirut, Sires of. 
 
 Bishop of Malta, 
 
 Black money, 
 
 Bohemond I, 
 
 Bohemond II, 
 
 Bohemond III, of Antioch, 
 
 Bohemond VII, of Tripoli, 
 
 Bonaparte, 
 
 Burke, Sir Bernard, 
 
 Calabria, earthquake at, 
 
 Cambian, Chevalier, 
 
 Candia, .... 
 
 Cephalonia, Sires of, 
 
 Charles Theodore of Bavaria, 
 
 Charles V, . . . . 
 
 IX 
 
 viu, XV, 9 
 xvi, 15 
 
 X 
 
 xi 
 
 IX, 
 
 54. 
 53. 
 
 55. 
 
 Vlll 
 
 10 
 55 
 52 
 55 
 
 VI 
 XV 
 
 viii 
 
 XV 
 
 56 
 57 
 19 
 51 
 ix, X 
 26 
 52 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 47, 48, 49, 65 
 vi 
 46 
 
 X 
 
 ■ 23, 37 
 
 51 
 
 47 
 
 ix, xii, xui, 62 
 
 (67) 
 
 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, . 
 
 
 xi 
 
 Church of St. John, 
 
 ix, X, 35, 42 
 
 Cintray, Bailiff of, ... 
 
 40 
 
 Citta Vecchia, .... 
 
 
 X 
 
 Constance, Queen, 
 
 
 • 55 
 
 Constantinople, capture of by Turks, 
 
 
 17 
 
 Constantinople, Emperors of. 
 
 
 • 51 
 
 Corfu, Sires of, ... - 
 
 
 • . ^l 
 
 Cousinery, .... 
 
 
 
 . vi, 58 
 
 Cracow, Peace of, . 
 
 
 
 viii 
 
 Crown pieces. 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Crusaders, money of, . 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 Cyprus, coins of, . 
 
 
 
 . 5h S7 
 
 Cyprus, King of, . 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 Cyprus, Knights of, 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Cyprus, Island of. 
 
 
 9.1 
 
 0, II, Sh 57 
 
 Deodatus and the dragon. 
 
 
 
 . 13,61 
 
 De Pins, Gerard, . 
 
 
 
 XVI 
 
 Deputy Grand Masters, 
 
 
 
 0, 5^ 52, 58 
 
 De Saulcy, F., 
 
 
 vi, 2 
 
 Don John of Austria, . 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Ducats, 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Duke of Savoy, 
 
 
 
 . 37 
 
 Edessa, Counts of, 
 
 
 
 • SI. 5.5 
 
 Feast of the Nativity of the ^ 
 
 Virgin, 
 
 
 xu 
 
 Ferdinand I, 
 
 
 
 • 32 
 
 Fleur de lys on coins, . 
 
 
 
 34, 38. 55 
 
 Frederick, Duke of Suabia, 
 
 
 
 Vlll 
 
 Frederick of Prussia, . 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Friedlander, . 
 
 
 
 vi, 20, 52 
 
 Galilee, Principality of, 
 
 
 
 • ■ k^ 
 
 Gargallo, Bishop, . 
 
 
 
 jx, X, 63 
 
 Genoa, 
 
 
 
 II 
 
68 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Germany, Grand Prior of, 
 
 Gigliato, 
 
 Godfrey of Bouillon, 
 
 Grand Masters: 
 
 For complete chronological list see 59 et seq. 
 
 Berenger, Raymond de, 
 
 Blanchefort, Guy de, 
 
 Caraccioli, Richard, . 
 
 Carafe, Gregoire, 
 
 Caretto, Fabrice de . 
 
 Cassiere, Jean TEvesque de la 
 
 Chatte-Gessans, Annet de Clermont, 
 
 Comps, Arnold de, . 
 
 Corneillan, Pierre de, 
 
 Cotoner, Nicholas, 
 
 Cotoner, Raphael, 
 
 D'Amboise, Emery, . 
 
 D'Aubusson, Pierre, 
 
 De Milly, Jacques de, 
 
 D'Emporta, H. C. . 
 
 De Rohan Polduc, Emmanuel 
 
 Du Ponte, Pierre, 
 
 Flavian, Antoine, 
 
 Garzes, Martin, . . . 
 
 Gozon, Dieu-donne, de, 
 
 Heredin, Jean Fernandes de, 
 
 Hompesch, Ferdinand de, 
 
 Julliac, Robert de, 
 
 Lascaris-Castellar, Jean Paul, 
 
 Lastic, Jean de, 
 
 L'Isle Adam, Philippe de Villiers. 
 
 Montanegre, Raymond D'Espuig, de, 
 
 Monte, Pierre de, 
 
 Naillac, Philibert de, 
 
 Omedez, Jean de, 
 
 Orsini, Jean Baptiste de, . 
 
 Paule, Antoine de, 
 
 Perellos, Raymond, . 
 
 Pins, Roger de, . 
 
 Pinto de Fonseca, Emmanuel, 
 
 Redin, Martin de, 
 
 Ruspoli, Barthelemy, 
 
 Sainte Jaille, Didier Tholon de, 
 
 Sengle, Claude de la. 
 
 Tunc, Gerard, Founder, 
 
 Vallette-Parisot, Jean de la, 
 
 Vasconcellos, Louis Mendes, 
 
 Verdalle, Hugo de Loubens de. 
 
 Vilhena, Antoine Manoel de, 
 
 Villaret, Foulques de, 
 
 Villaret, Guillaume, . 
 
 Villeneuve, Helion de, 
 
 Wignacourt,* Adrian de, 
 
 Wignacourt, Alofio de, 
 
 Ximenez de Texada, Francois, 
 
 Zacosta, Pierre Raymond, 
 
 Zondadari, Marc Antoine, 
 
 * Spelled also Vignacourt. 
 
 44 
 13 
 
 ix, 57, 5S 
 
 Not indexed here. 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 15, 16 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 ix, 28 
 
 35> 36 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 37 
 35,36 
 
 19 
 17,20 
 
 18 
 15.16 
 
 23 
 15 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 47,65 
 15 
 
 34,45 
 17 
 
 23,42 
 
 43 
 
 27 
 
 15,16 
 
 XVI, 10. 
 
 XV, 2: 
 
 39 
 H 
 43 
 35 
 65 
 23 
 24 
 viu, IX, XI, 60 
 X, XV, 25 
 
 ZZ 
 X, 29 
 
 41 
 10, II 
 
 12 
 12, 13 
 
 38 
 ■^ 35, 38 
 45 
 18 
 40 
 
 32: 
 
 Grani, .... 
 
 Guy, of Jerusalem, 
 Hattin, Battle of, . 
 Henry VIII, . . 
 Holy Sepulchre, Church of. 
 Holy Sepulchre on coins. 
 Hospitals at Jerusalem, 
 Island of Rhodes, . . g 
 Ismael, Shah of Persia, 
 Ithaca, Sires of, 
 Jerusalem, coins of, 
 Jerusalem, Kings of, 
 Jerusalem, Patriarch of, 
 Jesus, portrait of, on coins, 
 Joscelin of Edessa, 
 Knights of Cyprus, 
 Knights, Templar, 
 Knights, Teutonic, 
 Langlois, 
 Lajazzo, 
 
 Lamb and pennon, 
 Langon, Commander de, 
 Latin Princes, coins of. 
 Legends, interpretation of, 
 Leopold of Austria, 
 Lepanto, Battle of, 
 Limisso, 
 Louis IX, 
 Louis XII, 
 Marash, Sires of, . 
 Marienburg, . 
 Marseilles, General Chapter 
 Nickerson, Sereno D., . 
 
 at. 
 
 
 • 25, 32, 33, 42 
 
 
 - 56, 57, 58 
 
 
 
 . XV, 56, 58 
 
 
 
 . xi, xiii, 24 
 
 
 
 xi 
 
 
 
 ■ 58 
 
 
 
 Vlll 
 
 15, 
 
 17, I 
 
 9, 20, 23, 26 
 
 21 
 
 51 
 
 5L 57, 58 
 
 • 51, 57 
 
 viii, xi 
 
 
 
 6, 28, 54, 55 
 
 55 
 10 
 
 vii, viii, 9, xi, 17, 52 
 
 vii, viii, 9, 17, 59 
 
 . vi, 20 
 
 
 
 xvi 
 
 
 
 - 19, 24 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 • 53, 54 
 
 
 
 - 38 
 
 
 
 xvi, 28 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 viii 
 
 
 
 . 9,62 
 
 
 
 • 51,56 
 
 
 
 viii 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Order of Malta: 
 Acre, occupied by 
 Agnus Dei on coins of 
 Alexandria captured by 
 Alliance with Ismael, 
 Angel on coins of 
 Anglo-Bavarian Langue, . 
 Aqueduct built at Valetta, 
 Banner on coins of 
 Battle of Lepanto, 
 Black money of . 
 Beneficence of . 
 Besieged at Rhodes, . 
 Brass coinage issued, 
 CardinaPs hat on coins of . 
 Characteristics of 
 Church of St. John at Valletta, 
 Classes in the 
 Comet on coins of 
 Contentions among . 
 Contest with Barbary pirates, 
 Counter marks on coins of 
 Crown on coins of, first used, 
 Crown on coins of 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 
 Cyprus occupied by . 
 
 I 
 
 9, 
 
 24, 34. 37 
 
 
 xvi, 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 xiii, 
 
 47 
 32 
 
 13, 1 
 
 5, 
 
 19, 28, 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 xvi. 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 38; 46, 
 
 47 
 19 
 34 
 
 
 
 ; 18 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 xiv. 
 
 47 
 
 
 is 
 
 :,x,35. 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 IX, 
 
 xiii 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 3t 
 29 
 34 
 32 
 
 39, 40, 
 
 41,42 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 • 9 
 
 ,10 
 
INDEX. 
 
 69 
 
 13: 
 
 Order of Malta : — Continued. 
 
 Decline o£ power of . 
 
 Donatists, .... 
 
 Double-headed eagle on coins of 
 
 Dress of 
 
 Earthquake at Malta, 
 
 Ecclesiastical ofEcers, 
 
 English Knights withdraw from 
 
 English Langue, extinction of . 
 
 Evacuate Rhodes, 
 
 Expedition to Rhodes, 
 
 Expel the Jesuits, 
 
 Final overthrow of . . 
 
 First refusal to war with the Turks, 
 
 First struck coins, 
 
 Fleurs de lys on coins of . 
 - Fort Manoel built, 
 
 Fortress of St. Angelo, 
 
 Fortress of St. Elmo, 
 
 Friendly letter from Shah of Persia, 
 , General Chapters, 
 
 Germany, Langue of . 
 
 Government of . 
 
 Grand Master, coronation oath of 
 
 Grand Master, dress of 
 
 Grand Master, form of electing prescribed by 
 the Pope, 
 
 Grand Master, powers of 
 
 Grand Master, privileges of 
 
 Grand Master takes title Most Eminent 
 ness, 
 
 Grand Master, title first used, . 
 
 Grand Prior of London, 
 
 Grand Prior of Rome, 
 
 Head of St. John on coins of 
 
 History of, by Zondadari, . 
 
 Hospitallers of St. Anthony united with 
 
 Infirmary at Rhodes, ' . 
 
 Infirmary at Valletta founded by Vilhena, 
 
 Intensely Roman Catholic, 
 
 Lady Canonesses, 
 
 Langues, . . . 
 
 Large gift from Prior of Aquitaine, 
 
 Legislative powers, . 
 
 L'Estoc, 
 
 Liberal gifts to Calabrian sufferers. 
 
 Lose citadel, Smyrna, 
 
 Malta occupied by . . . 
 
 Malta surrendered to French by 
 
 Malta surrendered to the British, 
 
 Marine victories, 
 
 Offer aid to Persia against Turks, 
 
 Officers of 
 
 ^ Official oath of Grand Master, . 
 
 Patron Saint, .... 
 
 Pensions granted by Wignacourt, 
 
 Periwigs on coins of . 
 
 Pestilence in Malta, . 
 
 Preceptories and Priories of 
 
 High- 
 
 39 
 
 ix 
 
 34,35 
 21 
 
 39 
 
 x, xi 
 
 24 
 
 xiii 
 
 23 
 II 
 
 45 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 34,38 
 
 42 
 
 XV 
 
 XV, 26 
 
 40 
 
 46, 62 
 
 xiii 
 
 1,45! 
 
 27 
 xii 
 
 34 
 
 xi 
 
 XI, xiv 
 
 44 
 
 17 
 
 xiii 
 
 x 
 
 34-36 
 
 41 
 
 i6 
 
 17 
 
 42 
 44,60 
 
 xi 
 13,31 
 
 33 
 
 xiv 
 
 42, 64 
 
 46 
 14,61 
 
 23 
 48, 60 
 
 49 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 X, 31 
 29 
 
 ix 
 
 46, . 
 
 3g 
 
 ,48 
 
 37 
 32 
 
 Present badge of ... . 
 
 
 21 
 
 Prior of the Church of St. John, 
 
 
 x 
 
 Privileges of the Knights, 
 
 
 xiv 
 
 Public Pawnbrokery established, 
 
 
 31 
 
 Relation of Prussian Protestant Knights 
 
 of the 
 
 
 Order to 
 
 
 44 
 
 Removals, 
 
 
 10, II 
 
 Revolution at Valletta, 
 
 
 46 
 
 Rhodes, expedition to . . . 
 
 
 II 
 
 Roman Catholic vestment on coins of 
 
 
 22, 42 
 
 Rose tree on coins of . . . 
 
 
 41 
 
 Russian Knights, members of Greek Church 
 
 45 
 
 St. John on coins of '. . . 13, 18, 
 
 25,28 
 
 39,44 
 
 St. Mark on coin of . . 
 
 
 16 
 
 Saviour, figure of, on coins, 
 
 
 16,28 
 
 Scripture texts on coins of , r8, 24, 25, 
 
 26, 37 
 
 39,44 
 
 Servile insurrection in Malta, . 
 
 
 44 
 
 Siege money of 
 
 
 49 
 
 Standard fixed by Pope Innocent, 
 
 
 19 
 
 St. John Baptist, Patron of 
 
 
 ix, 25 
 
 The Piliers, ..... 
 
 
 xiii 
 
 Tripoli captured by Turks, . , . 
 
 
 24 
 
 Truce with Turks, .... 
 
 
 44 
 
 Turks attack Malta, .... 
 
 
 26 
 
 Turks attack Rhodes, 
 
 ■ 17 
 
 19, 22 
 
 Two right hands joined on coins of 25, 
 
 30,32 
 
 33,34 
 
 Valletta built, 
 
 
 26 
 
 Valletta occupied 
 
 
 27 
 
 Various names of the Order, 
 
 
 10 
 
 Vesica piscis on coins of . 
 
 
 16 
 
 Vows of 
 
 
 ix 
 
 Order of Christ, 
 
 
 viii 
 
 Order of St. Anthony, .... 
 
 
 16,47 
 
 Order of St. LaEarus, .... 
 
 
 xiii 
 
 Order of St. Samson of Jerusalem, 
 
 
 xiii 
 
 Order of the German House of the Virgin 
 
 5 
 
 viii 
 
 Order of the Sacred Tomb, . 
 
 
 xiii 
 
 Papal money, '..... 
 
 
 41 
 
 Philip the Fair, ..... 
 
 
 vii 
 
 Pilgrim's shell, ' 
 
 
 25 
 
 Porter, Col., 
 
 
 XV 
 
 Provincial Mints, in Syria, . . -. 
 
 
 10 
 
 Punishment for unlawful coining, 
 
 
 9,10 
 
 Raymond of Antioch, .... 
 
 
 55 
 
 Raymond of Tripoli, .... 
 
 
 56 
 
 Regiment of the White Cross, 
 
 
 37 
 
 Renald of Sidon, 
 
 
 56 
 
 Rhodes, Infirmary at, . 
 
 
 17 
 
 Rhodes, Island of, . xv, 9, 11, 13, 
 
 15, 19, 
 
 23, 26 
 
 Rhodes, Knights of. See Order of Malta. 
 
 
 
 Rhodes, model of the city of. 
 
 . 
 
 21 
 
 Richard of Marash, .... 
 
 
 56 
 
 Roger, Count of Galilee, 
 
 ■ 
 
 54,55 
 
 Roman Pontiffs mentioned; 
 
 Alexander IV, 25, 60 
 
 Alexander VII, 36, 41 
 
 Boniface VIII, 16 
 
 Celestine II, viii 
 
70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 Roman Pontiffs mentioned:— Contmued. 
 
 Sequin, 
 
 . 13. ^5 
 
 Clement III, xi 
 
 Sicily, Kings of, . 
 
 ix 
 
 Clement V, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vii 
 
 Sidon, Seignors of, ... 
 
 ■ 51.56 
 
 Clement VI [. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xi 
 
 16,61 
 
 Siege of Malta, .... 
 
 xii, XV 
 
 Clement Vin, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 Sisterhood of St. John, 
 
 xi 
 
 Eugenius III, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vii 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 xvi, 14 
 
 Gregory XlII, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 Sobiesky of Poland, 
 
 ■ - 38 
 
 Honoriufi II, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vii 
 
 Solyman, Sultan, .... 
 
 XV, 26 
 
 Innocent II, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Spinola, Admiral, . . . . 
 
 40 
 
 Innocent III, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 Tancred of Antioch, 
 
 • 53.54 
 
 Innocent VI, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
 Taris, 25, 
 
 27. 30. 36, 37. 48 
 
 Julius III, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Templar Knights, . . . .vii 
 
 viii, 9, II, 17, 52 
 
 Paul II, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 Teutonic Knights, 
 
 vii, vm, 9, 17, 59^ 
 
 Pius V, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Thessaly, Despots of, . 
 
 51 
 
 Pius VI, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,45 
 
 Timour, 
 
 xvi 
 
 PiusVII, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Torres, Ludovico, Archbishop, 
 
 x 
 
 Pius IX, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Tower on coins, .... 
 
 55. 56, 57» 58 
 
 SextusV, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 Tripoli, 
 
 xvi, 24, 51, 56 
 
 Urban II, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Tripoli, Counts of, ... 
 
 . . 51, 56 
 
 Urban VI, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,61 
 
 Tuscan coinage, .... 
 
 . . . 46 
 
 Urban VIII, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Ursuline Nuns, .... 
 
 xi 
 
 Roumania, Despots of, 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 Valetta, 
 
 • ix, X, 27, 29, 63 
 
 Russia, Czar of, . 
 
 
 
 38, 47 
 
 , 49. 65 
 
 Vassallo, Dr., .... 
 
 • 33. 43. 62 
 
 St. Allais, vi, xiv, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 
 
 29» 3i» 
 
 Vaubois, General, 
 
 49 
 
 32, 37, 38. 41, 42, 43» 46, 59 
 
 ,60,65 
 
 Venetians and Turks, war between, 
 
 • 37. 39 
 
 St. Anthony, Order of 
 
 16, 47 
 
 Venice, 
 
 viii 
 
 St. George on coins, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 Venice, coins of, . 
 
 16 
 
 St. John the Almoner, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ix 
 
 Venice, Doges of, . 
 
 . 16, 17, 38 
 
 St. Peter on coins, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 52 
 
 . S4> 55 
 
 Vertot, Abbe, vi, x, 13, 16, 20, 24, 27, 31, 
 
 32, 33. 41. 59. 61 
 
 Salviati, Cardinal, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Vienna, 
 
 vii 
 
 Sanche, Queen, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xi 
 
 Virgin Mary on coins, . 
 
 . . 54, 58 
 
 Scudi, 
 
 
 
 
 42,45 
 
 46,49 
 
 White Cross, Regiment of . 
 
 37 
 
 Seddall, Henry, . 
 
 
 ix, X, 26, 30, 31 
 
 43.45 
 
 Zondadari, Cardinal, . 
 
 41 
 
 Selim, son of Bajas 
 
 et, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19,21