JUL 2 7 1-', 
 
 DOMINION OF CANAOr^^ '''""'<^^' 
 
 THE HONORARY ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC 
 AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 
 
 BULLETIN No. 5 
 
 SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 BY 
 
 PROFESSOR J. C. FIELDS, Ph.D., F.R.S., 
 
 University of Toronto, Toronto 
 
 Published by the authority of the Sub-Committee of the Privy 
 Council (or Scientific and Industrial Research 
 
 OTTAWA, 1918 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924089513679 
 
NOTE. 
 
 The text of this bulletin was given in the form of an 
 address to the Toronto Board of Trade on March 28th, 
 1918. In the opinion of the Research Council, the 
 address is of such value that it warrants a wider circula- 
 tion than it received on that occasion, and, with the 
 consent of the author. Professor Fields, the Honorary 
 Advisory Council has much pleasure nov/ in republishing 
 and distributing it as one of its bulletins. 
 
SCIENCE AND INDUSX 
 
 By PROF. J. C. FIELDS. F 
 University of Toronto 
 
 ALBERT R. MANM 
 LIBRARY 
 
 JORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 That the cultivation of science bears an important relation to the 
 national welfare is being more and more widely realized in civilized 
 communities. A more iinportant place in education is being assigned to 
 it. An ever increasing body of manufacturers are recognizing in science 
 the true source of the monumental results achieved by certain corpora- 
 tions, which have placed their trust in the laboratory. Great establish- 
 ments, both public and private, for scientific and industrial research, 
 are being founded. The constituted authorities of more than one 
 country are repenting them of their neglect of science in the past and 
 are giving tangible evidence of their intention to do better in the future. 
 Among the governments of the world it was, unfortunately, that of 
 Germany which first arrived at some adequate conception of the poten- 
 tialities which lie in the application of science to industry. This was 
 not due to any sudden inspiration on the part of the German authori- 
 ties, but was a natural outgrowth of the development of research along 
 purely scientific lines which had been taking place in the universities. 
 To supplement the work in the older universities great technical uni- 
 versities were established. Institutions for industrial research were 
 founded. Big industries based on research grew up during the last 
 decades of the nineteenth century and wealth accumulated. 
 
 In the industrial expansion taking place in Germany, the British 
 people saw no greater menace than an increased trade competition. 
 They failed to realize the significance of Germany's military organiza- 
 tion with its will to power. They did not correctly estimate the influ- 
 ence of the Prussian military clique whose members counted every 
 economic gain and restlessly looked forward to " The Day," framing 
 meanwhile schemes of conquest which a few years earlier they them- 
 selves would have classed with the fantastic and utterly unattainable. 
 
 Whatever other lessons the peoples have learned from the war, it 
 has brought home to them the power of science. This power, too, it 
 is realized, may be used for good or for evil. Before the war the British 
 Government paid scant attention to the claims of science. In spite 
 of the blindness of her rulers, however, Great Britain had the good for- 
 
tune to possess a group of very able scientists who, on the declaration 
 of war, hastened to offer their services to the Government. Their coun^ 
 sels, it is true, have not always evoked as prompt a response as might 
 have been desired. In the course of more than three years, however, 
 things have changed considerably. In the country where, before the 
 war, official eyes saw nothing, or next thing to nothing, in science which 
 had a bearing on the national welfare, there now exists a "State De- 
 partment of Scientific and Industrial Research." A fund of a million 
 pounds has been placed at the disposal of the Department for the fur- 
 therance of research. Among its other activities it has been getting 
 manufacturers in the same industry together for the founding of labora- 
 tories on a co-operative basis, the Department defraying part of the 
 cost. The Department also subsidizes individual investigators. There 
 is no dearth of problems for investigation but the available supply of 
 scientifically trained men has been considerably curtailed by the call 
 of the front. Nevertheless, valuable results have been achieved in many 
 directions. Studies are being made of the light alloys, of refractories, 
 of concrete, on the corrosion of non-ferrous metals, on insulating oils, 
 and many other matters of vital interest to industry are being investi- 
 gated.* Appreciable economies have been effected in the recovery of tin 
 from the mines in Cornwall. Porcelains imported in considerable 
 quantity from Germany before the war have been replaced by very satis- 
 factory substitutes made from British clays. 
 
 A good instance of what may be accomplished by scientific research 
 is to be found in the discoveries made in connection with optical glass. 
 For many years the best optical glass had been manufactured by Zeiss, 
 of Jena. The processes employed in its manufacture were secrets, and 
 in the earlier stages of the war the British authorities found themselves 
 at a disadvantage when it came to the question of supplying the army 
 and navy with optical instruments. A series of investigations undertaken 
 by Professor Jackson of King's College, London, under the auspices 
 of the Government, uncovered the secret processes in question and over 
 and above this, led to the discovery of several new glasses possessing 
 properties which it had never before been possible to associate with 
 glass. There would appear to be no good reason then why Great Britain 
 at the close of the war should not take over from Germany the leader- 
 ship in the production of optical instruments. 
 
 One cannot but make a mental commentary on the fact that the 
 British authorities have found it necessary to order the translation of 
 several German text-books on optical instruments, on the ground that 
 
 • See Report of the Committee of the Privy Council for Sclentiflo and Indus- 
 trial Research for the Year 1916-17. 
 
competent texts on the subject do not exist in English. Let us, how- 
 ever, not be too precipitate or one-sided in our commentary on the 
 erstwhile deficiencies of the Motherland. It is well to remember that we 
 in Canada have been and still are far behind Great Britain in most 
 things that pertain to science. 
 
 It may be pointed out that in several British industries, native raw 
 materials are now being utilized where before the war such materials 
 were imported from the continent simply because the manufacturer did 
 not happen to know that ample supplies of the same were at his very 
 door, a fact of which he would have been informed had he consulted 
 competent scientific authorities. This is well illustrated in the case 
 of one of the largest steel corporations in England which, until 1914, 
 had been importing from Austria, through a German firm, a certain 
 material for lining its converters. When war was declared it congratu- 
 lated itself on the fact that it had a two years' supply on hand. As time 
 wore on, however, and the supply diminished, complacency gave place to 
 anxiety. Finally .the directors decided to call in scientific advice. They 
 were referred to the geologists who informed them that a bountiful supply 
 of the material in question was available in the immediate vicinity of 
 their plant. The information was acted on and a shaft was sunk at no 
 great distance from their furnaces, with the result that the company is 
 now mining in sufficient quantity on its own account, the material 
 formerly imported from Austria at many times the present cost. 
 
 In France a great national Physical and Mechanical Laboratory for 
 scientific and industrial research is being established under the auspices 
 of the Academy of Science. It has ample funds at its disposition for 
 its own needs and will be able to oifer financial assistance to similar 
 laboratories with which it will be affiliated in other parts of the country. 
 Also a Society for the Promotion of Industrial Chemistry has been 
 founded in Paris. This society will have branches in all parts of the 
 country. It will initiate research and will keep the French manufac- 
 turers in touch with chemical developments all over the world. 
 
 In Japan a sum of two million dollars is being spent on the building 
 and equipment of an Institute for Physical and Chemical Eesearch, this 
 expenditure being shared equally by the Government and the manufac- 
 turers. The site for the building was donated. A Japanese dyestuffs 
 industry has been started with a capital of $4,000,000, on which the 
 Government guarantees 8% annually for ten years. The like guarantee 
 has been given to a newly founded glycerine industry with a capital of 
 $1,500,000. These and other moves on the part of the Japanese au- 
 thorities indicate an intention on their part to place the country in an 
 advantageous position for the international trade' competition which will 
 
follow the close of hostilities. In its ventures referred to above it may 
 be remarked that the Government of Japan has had the benefit of ex- 
 pert American advice in addition to that of the Japanese scientists. 
 
 In the United States a great scientific movement has been getting 
 imder way during the past quarter of a century. This movement derived 
 its initial impetus from the German universities, in whose class rooms and 
 laboratories, year after year, hundreds of American students pursued 
 advanced studies and became familiar with methodiS of research. Asso- 
 ciated with the movement in later years has been a development on the 
 side of the application of science to industry, thus, in a way, completing 
 the parallel with the growth of the corresponding movement in Germany. 
 
 The war has acted as a great stimulus to industrial research in the 
 Eepublic to the south of us. Big industries based on research are spring- 
 ing up. Among others, many plants have been erected for the prodtction 
 of dyestuflE intermediates and for the manufacture of alloys for high- 
 grade steels, on the strength of investigations brought to a successful 
 completion by American chemists. For the products ]ust referred to, 
 America was almost entirely dependent on Germany and Austria 
 before the war. For her potash, too, she looked to Germany, and when 
 the supply was cut off, the glass industry, in certain of its branches, was 
 threatened with collapse. There were firms, however, which, acting on 
 competent scientific advice, were able to sidestep the difficulty ~by re- 
 placing one combination of ingredients entering into the manufacture 
 of their glass, and including potash, by another combination not contain- 
 ing that ingredient. The lack of potash has also proved a hardship to 
 the fertilizing industry. The United States has found, however, that 
 large potash resources in various forms exist within her own borders 
 and these she is now developing. 
 
 When the United States entered the war she found the same diffi- 
 culties in regard to optical glass which had confronted Great Britain a 
 couple of years earlier. Scientific investigators were assigned to the 
 problem and considerable progress has been made, so we are told. 
 
 The director of a large laboratory in the United States, in conver- 
 sation with the speaker, reproached the American manufacturer with 
 being too prone before the war to exploit the American rights on a Ger- 
 man patent instead of developing new industry on his own account by 
 establishing a research laboratory in connection with his plant. To 
 whatever extent this reproach may have been justified, the war has 
 thrown .the American manufacturer on his own resources, with a result 
 which promises to be, in effect, a declaration of complete industrial inde- 
 pendence of Germany. 
 
Last summer I had occasion to visit a number of laboratories in the 
 United States and to discuss with those in charge matters pertaining to 
 industrial research. Everywhere it was the same story of threatened 
 paralysis of one or more aptivities of an industry by the cutting ofE of 
 the supply of some important article. But almost invariably, too, this 
 was supplemented by the more cheerful account of how the situation 
 had been saved by the resources of industrial research. The responsible 
 head of one of the largest industrial research laboratories in the country 
 recounted to me the story of how they had to " sweat blood " to replace 
 a certain indispensable article which, before the war, they had imported 
 from Europe. Their efforts, however, were eventually crowned with suc- 
 cess. In the same laboratory the endeavor to discover a substitute for 
 another 'imported article resulted in finding something which proved 
 to be vastly superior to what they had been using. 
 
 A cheering feature of the situation in the United States is the atti- 
 tude of the big industrial establishments to science. Here at leasit the 
 debt of industry to pure science is freely acknowledged. The ancient 
 delusion about the scientist not being a " practical man " has pretty 
 well disappeared in the larger industries. If one is to take as a standard 
 the power to bring things to pass, the real scientist, that is to say the 
 research worker, is the most practical man in the world. If, however, 
 his practicality is to be measured by the effort he expends on accumu- 
 lating a fortune for himself, he is, and will remain, unpractical. 
 
 There is a widespread misapprehension among laymen in regard to 
 the nature of science. They have, as a general rule, an impression that 
 there are two types of science. On the one hand they believe that pure 
 science was invented for the diversion of university professors and 
 theorists in general. It has, they assume, no point of contact with, or 
 influence on, everyday life, either immediate or remote. On the other 
 hand they conceive of applied science as a disconnected something which 
 dispenses with the subtleties of. pure science and takes a short cut to 
 results. The director of a big commercial laboratory across the line told 
 me that the short-cut men had cost the Government of the United States 
 millionsi of dollars. There is, as. a matter of fact, no other science than 
 pure science and " applied science " is simply that science applied.* 
 
 In the great laboratory of the General Electric Company at Schenec- 
 tady, I was informed that the research workers are discouraged from 
 thinking of finahcial results, as discoveries are more likely to be made by 
 those who are working in the scientific spirit. This laboratory is main- 
 
 • In this connection the writer would recommend the perusal of a little volume 
 recently published by the Cambridge University Press, under the title, " Science and 
 the Nation." Its contents consist of an introduction by Lord Moulton, and thirteen 
 essays by as many different writers, each one an authority in his own special 
 department. ' ^ 
 
tained at an animaJ cost of over $500,000 and employs seventy-five in- 
 vestigators, including among, them several who are eminent in the world 
 of pure science. One of the products of the Schenectady Laboratoiy is 
 the tungsten lamp which is now manufactured by twenty-two factories 
 scattered over the country. This lamp, according to a very careful 
 estimate made in 1911, was at that time effecting a power saving valued 
 at $340,000,000 per annum. Since then, the consuinption of this type 
 of lamp has increased three-fold and further research has increased its 
 efficiency of light production nearly 25%. 
 
 Eecently the General Electric Company brought out a new form of 
 amplifier called the Pliotron. This serves as a relay and amplifier for 
 use in wireless telegraphy and telephony. At the time of my visit, 
 among other things, the Company was preparing to put two improved 
 types of rectifier on the market. One of these, a modified form of the- 
 kenotron, is adapted to the rectification of low current and high voltage. 
 The other is likely to find a large field in connection with the automobile 
 industry. Studies are being made of the properties of silicon steels and 
 their relation to the size of the grain of the metal. Elaborate investi- 
 gations of insulating materials are under way. In particular, insulation 
 at higher temperatures is being studied. A great deal of work is being 
 done in connection with X-rays, both in inventing new apparatus and 
 in making applications of the rays. Here it would be ia place to draw 
 attention to the portable X-ray outfit, devised for Eed Cross work by 
 the General Electric Company. It is also to be noted that the Govern- 
 ment of the United States has announced its intention of equipping 
 every million of men it puts into the field with 6,000 Coolidge tubes, 
 that very excellent invention of the head of the X-ray department of the 
 General Electric Company. 
 
 It may be mentioned that one of the war problems which has been 
 successfully handled in the Schenectady Laboratory is that of finding 
 an effective glass for the protection of X-ray operators. The lack of 
 such a glass, I was informed, has resulted in grave injury to many of 
 those who had charge of X-ray work at the front. A war problem at 
 present under investigation is that of the breakdown of insulation in 
 connection with the spark plug in aeroplanes, a difficulty which has 
 given considerable trouble to the British air service. 
 
 It will perhaps surprise some of my readers to learn that there are 
 research workers in the General Electric Laboratory who are busied on 
 purely scientific problems without having any definite commercial ob- 
 jective in view. One such problem, for example, is that of determining 
 the atomic structure of the molecules of certain substances. Work of 
 this character, conducted under commercial auspices, is justified on the 
 
ground that great and unioreseen developments in industry follow from 
 fundamental discoveries in science. The place assigned to the scientific 
 spirit and to pure science in the conduct of the great laboratory of the 
 General Electric Company by its distinguished Director, Dr. W. E, 
 Whitney, is naturally gratifying to the scientist. The results achieved 
 are at the same time eminently satisfactory to the directors of that great 
 commercial concern, wh'ose very existence is rooted in research and whose 
 activities cover a continent. 
 
 Besides the research establishment at Schenectady, the General Elec- 
 tric Company -maintains at an annual cost of $50,000 what is known as 
 the Nela Laboratory, at Cleveland. This is a purely scientific foundation 
 of a highly specialized character, which confines itself to the investigation 
 of phenomena relating to light. In addition to the regular scientific 
 staS employed in this laboratory, a number of outside scientists make 
 use of its facilities gratis by permission of the company, a graceful 
 acknowledgment on the part of this great commercial organization of 
 its debt to science. 
 
 Another extensive Eesearch Laboratory is located on the water-front 
 in New York. This is included under, and is a part of, what is known 
 as the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company and 
 constitutes, as a matter of fact, the research end of the Bell Telephone 
 System. The Engineering Department of the Western Electric Com- 
 pany, which numbers some 3,600 employees, devotes its attention to 
 development and scientific work in connection with transmission of 
 intelligence and in particular with telephony. The scientific workers 
 in the Eesearch Laboratory number 318, and are divided into four 
 groups, of which the largest contains 125. The problems handled by 
 the members of this group are purely scientific. They do not originate 
 in service, but are initiated by the workers, and may have anything to 
 do with the transmission of the human voice. Directly on the four 
 groups a sum of $1,000,000 is expended annually. The Engineering 
 Department, of which the Eesearch Laboratory is a part, costs, all told, 
 inclusive of the laboratory, $4,000,000 annually. According to Lieut.- 
 Col. F. B. Jewett, the able Chief Engineer, the reason that America 
 leads the world in telephony and telegraphy is to be found in this labora^ 
 tory. Its thought product, I was told, keeps about 35,00j0 workers busy 
 in a factory located in Chicago. 
 
 A certain amount of co-operative research is done in laboratories 
 maintained by associations of firms in the same industry as, for example, 
 in the case of the "Association of Cement Manufacturers," but research 
 under this form of organization is not being carried out on anything like 
 
the scale contemplated in Great Britain and is small compared with that 
 done in the laboratories of individual firms. 
 
 A good deal of research work is of course done by consulting chemists, 
 physicists and engineers for firms which may or may not possess labora- 
 tories of their own. Usually this work will consist in handling specific 
 problems. In some eases, however, the consulting specialist devotes a 
 definite portion of his time to the supervision of the regular research 
 work carried on in the laboratory connected with an industrial plant. 
 
 Eesearch on a large scale, for the benefit of science and industry, is 
 conducted at that great institution maintained by the Federal Govern- . 
 ment at Washington, D.C., and known under the name of the Bureau 
 of Standards. This establishment employs about three hundred scientific 
 workers and handles the greatest diversity of problems. It tests papers, 
 textiles, , structural and other steels, building and roofing materials, 
 cements, paints, inks, chronometers, thermometers, barometers, electrical 
 apparatus of all sorts, radio-active preparations, and in fact anything 
 and everything to which a mechanical, physical or chemical test can 
 be applied. It tests the supplies purchased by the various departments 
 of the United States Government. It has eliminated all fraud in this 
 connection and has saved the country many millions of dollars. It is 
 studying the telephone service, street railways, gas, electric light and 
 power, etc. It furnishes manufacturers' chemists with standard sam- 
 ples of chemicals with which to compare their own product. It is in- 
 vestigating the magnetic properties of iron and steel. It is studying the 
 properties of materials at low temperatures. It is engaged on the 
 problem of standardizing radium. It is carrying on researches in con- 
 nection with wireless telegraphy. It is conducting experiments on 
 rubber in order to determine, if possible, the relation of its commercial 
 properties to its chemical constitution. It is laying the foundations 
 of an American ceramic industry by its study of native clays. It is 
 standardizing colors for the benefit of the industries. It has recently 
 been requested by Sears, Eoebuck & Company, of Chicago, to imdertake 
 a pedimetric census of the United States with a view to the standardiza- 
 tion of lasts as a measure of national economy. The fractional enumera- 
 tion here made of some of the present day activities of the Bureau 
 of Standards gives but a faint suggestion of the scope and multiplicity 
 of the functions of that admirable institution. 
 
 Another type of industrial research organization is represented by 
 the Mellon Institute. This is an endowed institution associated with 
 the University of Pittsburgh. The building and equipment, costing 
 over $500,000, are the gift of Messrs. Andrew William Mellon and 
 Richard Beatty Mellon, of Pittsburgh, who also provide a yearly allow- 
 
 8 
 
ance for running expenses. The general equipment and facilities of 
 this laboratory are at the disposition of the manufacturer gratis. He 
 pays, however, the salaries of one or more scientific workers, called fel- 
 lows, who are selected for him by the Institute and who devote their 
 time to the solution of his problems. The fellowships are of different 
 amounts, but average about $3,500 a year. In the summer of 1917 the 
 total number of fellowships was forty-two, the number of fellows em- 
 ployed on them being sixty-four. In some cases a bonus is attached 
 to a fellowship, such bonus to be paid only in the event that a discovery 
 of sufficient importance is made. Discoveries are patented, the patents 
 becoming the property of the manufacturer who has donated the fellow- 
 ship. 
 
 Among the fellowships in successful operation at the time of the 
 visit of the writer to the Mellon Institute may be mentioned the Bread 
 Fellowship of an annual value of $6,500. With this fellowship is asso- 
 ciated a bonus of $10,000, which has been paid three times over in the 
 course of the past six years. As a result of investigations carried on in 
 connection with the Gasoline Fellowship, several plants have already been 
 erected. A million-dollar carbohydrogen concern operating in Pitta- 
 burgh was founded on the strength of discoveries made on a fellowship 
 at the Institute in the years 1913-14. The Illuminating Glass Fellow- 
 ship proved a godsend to its donor when, with the outbreak of war, the 
 supply of potash was cut off. 
 
 There are fellowships which have for their respective objects 
 recovery of the by-products of coffee roasrting, utilization of the 
 citrus waste of Florida, synthesis of drugs formerly imported from 
 Germany. A number of fellows are studying processes for the reduc- 
 tion of iron, copper, and aluminum ores. Others again are investigating 
 methods for the production of acetylene and hydrogen. Several fel- 
 lows on the same foundation are busied on problems connected with the 
 petroleum industry. There are fellowships on phosphate, coke, fire 
 brick, glass refractories, etc. To convey an adequate idea of the variety 
 of the work of the Institute it would be necessary to reproduce a com- 
 plete list of the fellowships. 
 
 It is not an' easy matter to obtain reliable information with regard 
 to manufacturers' profits and where such information is furnished it 
 is in general understood to be confidential. I have some interesting 
 data relating to the financial returns from research, but for the reason 
 just indicated, I am not at liberty to give much detail. In one case an 
 industry founded with a capital of $35,000 had accumulated $300,000 of 
 assets at the end of two years and was doing a business of $1,000,000 
 annually. In another case an industry started in a like small way was 
 
making a monthly profit of $50,000 at the end of eighteen months, 
 during the first six months of which the business was in the experimental 
 stage. The third case which I will cite is one in which an initial in- 
 \estment of less than $100,000, gradually increased to between $300,000 
 and $400,000, resulted in an industry which was disposed of for 
 $1,500,000 at the end of two years. The fourth case is that of a plant 
 which cost $85,000. At the end of four months it had paid for itself and 
 was making a profit of $1,500 a day. The industries here referred to 
 are of a permanent character and have all been founded since the war 
 began. 
 
 An instance which might be cited is that of an old-established firm 
 which decided about three years before the war to see what there was 
 for it in research, with a result that $1,000,000 has been added to its 
 annual profits. This was achieved at an average annual cost approxi- 
 mating $12,000. The research work was done by three men who im- 
 proved the processes and replaced important agents by cheaper and 
 more effective substitutes. Another instance could be given of a firm 
 which saved $180,000 through the resourcefulness of a single research 
 man in the first year after he had begun work on its problems. 
 
 The examples of the financial results just given cover four different 
 kinds of industry. The profits represent actual values created by re- 
 search. Certain of the firms in question, it may be noted, have adopted 
 the bonus system, whereiby the wages of the workmen increase as the 
 profits of the company augment through improvements in the processes. 
 
 The benefits of research are, of course, not always as conspicuous as 
 in the cases here cited. That the results to be obtained are not, how- 
 ever, to be regarded as a matter of haphazard, is evidenced by the policy of 
 those commercial concerns which, in the light of their experience, wil- 
 lingly spend hundreds of thousands of dollars annually for the main- 
 tenance of a research laboratory. The experience of the Mellon Insti- 
 tute, too, is that a very small proportion of the manufacturers endowing 
 fellowships are out of pocket through their investment. 
 
 Canadian manufacturers should have within reach all the facilities 
 for industrial research which are placed at the disposal of manufacturers 
 in other countries. Within the not distant future there should be estab- 
 lished at Ottawa an institution corresponding to the Bureau of Standards 
 at Washington, D.C., and the National Physical Laboratory in England. 
 The need of an establishment like the Mellon Institute to consider 
 specific problems offered by individual manufacturers for solution is 
 also pressing. The cost of building and general equipment might well 
 be borne by the Government, as also the cost of general maintenance. 
 Ultimately the greater part of the expense would fall on the individual 
 
 10 
 
manufacturers for whom definite work was being done, for they would 
 have to pay specific costs connected with that work, including the salaries 
 of the scientific workers. The reward of the manufacturer would lie in 
 the possession of patents taken out on the discoveries made. The Govern- 
 ment might stipulate that the results of investigation conducted in the 
 laboratory should be published after the lapse of a certain number of 
 years. It might also, by the collection of a small per cent, of the royal- 
 ties on the patents, ultimately make the institution self supporting. 
 
 The scientific workers in the laboratories just referred to and in those 
 laboratories which already exist .or which in the natural course of events 
 will develop within the plants of private corporations in Canada should, 
 for the most part, be graduates of our Canadian universities. Much 
 good industrial research work can be done under direction by men who 
 have had an undergraduate course in a scientific department. The direc- 
 tive function should, however, belong to men who have had a more 
 advanced training. This implies that in the leading universities of 
 Canada the research ideal should be more in evidence, and that develop- 
 ments in graduate work should take place. Nowhere in Canada is there 
 a university adequately equipped and manned for such work. This is 
 a reproach which should not remain. 
 
 How can we tolerate the thought that in Germany provision is made 
 for training men in advanced research which is not made in Canada; 
 that positions exist for men so trained which do not exist in Canada! 
 What excuse can we Canadians ofEer in extenuation of the fact that the 
 leading universities of the United States have left our universities far 
 behind in the matter of research? If the people of Canada realized 
 the significance of the modern scientific movement, they would see to 
 it that the necessary funds were forthcoming, and they would surely 
 insist, as a matter of national pride, on our universities taking their 
 place alongside the foremost in the world. This would mean on the 
 one hand more time, and in some cases better equipment, at the disposal 
 of the members of the staff in order that they might be scientifically 
 more productive. On the other hand, it would mean adequate induce- 
 ment held out to young men of requisite ability to prolong the period 
 of their studies and prepare themselves more effectively for research work, 
 either in pure science or in the application of science to industry. 
 
 11