m 
 
 426 
 CCoJ 
 
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ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 of 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 at 
 Cornell University 
 
Cornell University Library 
 SD 426.C67 
 
 The case for forest reservations near ur 
 
 3 1924 002 949 364 
 
Mk 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002949364 
 
THB CASE 
 
 FOR FOREST RESERVATIONS 
 
 WEAR UEBJ1II C ENTERS 
 
 A Paper prepared in Forestry Course No. 23 
 
 hy .v.-, 
 
 ■ 
 
 Katharine ''Cohen 
 
 Cornell University 
 June 192S. 
 
CONTENTS . 
 
 The Proposition Stated 
 
 Present day appreciation of the recreational 
 value of forests. 
 
 National parks. 
 
 State Parks. 
 
 Smaller woodland areas. 
 Growing popularity and use. 
 Object of this paper. 
 
 The purpose of Forest Reservations near Urban centers. 
 Uses 
 
 C omb inat i ©n„ of use s . 
 Forest protecting water reservoirs. 
 Forests as industrial screens. ~" 
 Recreational use stressed. 
 
 Where Forestry and Ee creation meet. 
 
 I 
 The value of forest reservations near Urban Centers. 
 
 Benefits to be derived from Forest Reservations. 
 
 Increased value of surrounding property. 
 
 Indirect returns to city and state. 
 
 pctrfTcU 
 
 A^response to the timber depletion question. 
 
 Acquisition and Financing. 
 
 Organization and Operation under law. 
 
 The Lie t r op o lit an Park System of Massachusetts. 
 The Cook County Forest Preserve of Illinois. 
 
 The New York State Forest Preserve. 
 Methods of acquisition and financing. 
 
 Acquisition by gift. 
 
Special assessments and excess condemnation- 
 Bond Issues. 
 Maintenance . 
 
 Partial self-support. 
 
 Specific Recommendations. , 
 
 Where landscape and Forestry meet. 
 Plan of management. 
 
 Protection. 
 
 Assistance from the State. 
 Justification of Forest aesthetics. 
 
 Summary and Conclusion. 
 
THE PROPOSITION STATED. 
 
 The present day appreciation of the recreational 
 value of forests. ~" ' ~~~" ~ ~ "~" 
 
 .Although the people of the United States as 
 a nation, are by choice and by necessity seekers of 
 the almighty dollar, we are at the same time 
 peculiarly idealistic and readily moved by senti- 
 ment. Moreover, we are prominently prone to make 
 mistakes and to be overwhelmingly sorry for them 
 afterwards. Thus, in the field of forestry, as 
 in the development of most of our natural re- 
 sources, the United States passed through a long 
 period of increasingly exhausting exploitation un- 
 til we ware brought to face the problem of a 
 rapidly diminishing resource. 
 
 Above the clamor of the saw mill was heard 
 the voice of protest which led to the calling of 
 the first conference of governors in Washington 
 by President Roosevelt in 1908. The mistakes 
 having been made, it was time to seek a remedy 
 for the situation brought about by our lack of 
 foresight. It was clearly recognized that 
 Conservation touches the life of the people 
 
 upon practically every side, but action in the 
 field of forestry was about the first legislative 
 
2- 
 
 response to the Conservation agitation. 
 
 National Parks 
 
 The administration of Presidents 
 Harrison and Cleveland had accomplished the setting 
 aside of some 17,000,000 acres of forest land as an 
 initial step, but under the stimulus of the Conser- 
 vation movement in President Rooseveltfs time, the 
 national reservations were augmented to 150,000,000 
 acres. From that time on, al£© an appreciation 
 at least of the recreational value of forests has 
 been increasingly manifested by the public and the 
 state. The national government through the 
 national Park Service and the Forest Service is 
 developing the National Parks and National Forests 
 to the greatest possible extent as recreational 
 centers and is finding that they plajr an important 
 part in the lives of the people. 
 
 State Parks and Reservations. 
 
 With similar enthusiasm there has been 
 carried out the creation and organization of 
 State forest reservations. Michigan has its 
 Interlochen Park and numerous others reserves 
 
 administered under the park and forestry commission 
 law. # 
 
 # Michigan -Act 218 Public let 1919. 
 
3- 
 
 In New York thousands upon thousands of people visit 
 the splendid Forest Preserve in the Adirondack 
 and Catskill Mountains, or spend their vacation 
 time camping and canoeing in such surroundings 
 as the St. Lawrence -"Reservation. These and a 
 score of other great tracts of the Country* s 
 loveliest wild scenery are now preserved and 
 free for the enjoyment of the people. Some 
 twenty-two states now have within themr borders 
 forest reservations, scenes, of natural "beauty and 
 places of historic interest made safe for the 
 xaommon advantage hy public ownership in 
 perpetuity. 
 
 Smaller woodla nd flx sflfi - 
 
 Of lesser extent, and nearer to the 
 city-folk, are such wooded areas as the 
 Palisades Interstate Park in New York, the 
 reservations of the Metropolitan Park system 
 in Massachusetts, and the Cook County Forest 
 Preserve near Chicago. Montreal has the lofty 
 wooded crags of her Mount Royal, Detroit has 
 the open forest of Belle Isle, and Baltimore, 
 the shady glades of Druid Hill. 
 
 The growing popularity and use . 
 
 Moreover, the growing popularity of 
 
 all these national, state and smaller reserva- 
 
4- 
 
 tions is attested to by the ever increasing 
 throngs who yearly seek recreation in them. 
 
 The National Park Service, control- 
 ing over 8,000,000 acres, states that the number 
 of visitors to the National Parks and Monuments 
 has increased from 356,000 in 1916 to over 
 1,000,000 in 1920. The imerican Scenic and 
 Historic Preservation Association gives the 
 number of visitors to the National Parks as 
 488,268 in 1917; 451,691 in 1918; and 
 755, 325 in 1919. According to the most 
 recent bulletin issued by the Sierre Club, 
 one and one-half million people used the National 
 forests of California alone, in 1921, of whom 
 full -eighty- five percent carried their camping 
 e quipment . 
 
 Statistics of 1903, compiled by the 
 tka Superintendent of Forests, show that there 
 were hotel accommodations in the Adirondacks for 
 130,000 people; that during that year 451,000 
 people were accommodated; that 140,000 of them 
 remained for more than two weeks; and that 
 
 #1 Numbers refer to References which are cited in 
 full in the appendix; the numbers in the text 
 run consecutively throughout the paper. 
 
5- 
 
 caring for tourists gave employment to 26,400 
 persons. That use of the Hew York State Forest 
 Preserve has increased, and that the wealth of 
 the district is immeasurably augmented by this 
 recreational use cannot be doubted. "Every- 
 where throughout the Forest Preserve region in 
 both Adirondacks and Catskills", states the 
 Conservation Commission 3 , "the use of this 
 vacation ground is increasing at a tremendous 
 rate, until now the most important business of 
 the whole region is that of caring for 
 vacationists. More money is invested in hotels 
 and their properties, more people are employed, 
 more wages are paid, and the annual turn over is 
 greater than in the entire lumber business which 
 once figured as the most important activity of the 
 mountains". Statistics are very difficult to 
 compile on this subject and figures at best are 
 only approximate. But it seems safe to affirm, 
 backed by such an authority as George D. Pratt, 
 Ex- Commissi oner of Conservations 3 that the use 
 is very great and the income to the Forest 
 Preserve District of increasing economic impor- 
 tance . 
 
Regarding the number of persons going into 
 the interior of Maine for fishing and limiting, a 
 rather interesting statement was made at the meet- 
 ing of the Conservation Commission for Canada in 
 
 4 
 1910. A census taken in the summer of 1908 sinewed 
 
 this number to he 133,885, and according to a 
 
 conservation railroad count, 250, QQO in 1907. One 
 
 hundred dollars was a very conservative estimate 
 
 of the amount of money left in the state by each 
 
 visitor. The question was asked of the meeting 
 
 if they realized how many sticks of timber it 
 
 would take to produce that $25,000,000 net. 
 
 Regarding reservations accessible to 
 large cities, their use fully justifies their 
 existence. At the First National Conference on Parks 
 held at DesMoines, Iowa in January 1921, 5 Major 
 W.A.Welch, General Manager of the Palisades Inter- 
 state Park gave the total number of visitors from 
 May to October in 1920 as 2,133,500. 
 
 It is estimated that in 1920 more than 
 3,000,000 people visited the Cook County Forest 
 Preserve of Illinois; probably more in 1921, - 
 at all events the number is equivalent to the 
 total population of Chicago. 
 
 The most recent statistics from the 
 
7- 
 
 Metropolitan Park System of Massachusetts are 
 not available at the time of this writing, but 
 it is well known that the reserves of that 
 district are very popular and greatly sought as 
 
 recreation grounds. It is safe to state that 
 in proportion to the area developed, the number 
 
 of persons annually entering public forest 
 reserves is greatest in the smaller reservations. 
 This more intensive use by those who are shut away from 
 the benefits of outdoor life, shows the real 
 economic value attaching to reservations within 
 easy reach of city people. 
 Object of this paper . 
 
 She object of this paper is to show 
 the recreational value and importance of wood- 
 land tracts accessible to towns and crowded 
 districts. Not only is it hoped to point out 
 the purpose, both recreational and healthful 
 t&at such reservations may serve, but the 
 intent is to justify them in the eye of sound 
 economy and to show how under proper management 
 woodland reservations, by combining the useful, 
 protective and aesthetic purposes of timere* 
 
 land, may serve as adjuncts to the already well- 
 recognized value of public park development. 
 
8- 
 
 THE PURPOSE OF FOREST RESERVATIONS HEAR URBM CEUTERS. 
 
 Definition . 
 
 In order to avoid any misunderstanding 
 in the meaning of the term "forest reservation" as 
 here takan, it may he well to explain quite clearly 
 the distinction between this and different types 
 of pleasure parks. The latter comprise"; areas 
 variously treated - The larger naturalistic parks, 
 which might he confused by some with woodland 
 reservations, may be considerably tree -clad, but they 
 are not continuously so. Rather they partake of 
 the more or less finished character of rolling 
 meadows* with artificially created or carefully 
 preserved groups of trees, easy footpaths and sweeping 
 driveways and bordering masses of ornamental 
 shrubbery. Large or small, formal or informal, 
 parks show the handiwork of man. forest reserva- 
 tions, on the other hand, are stretches of natural 
 woodland, preserved and managed to keep their 
 sylvan charm and the woodsy flavor of a natural 
 forest. 
 Uses . 
 
 These woodlands reservations, moreover, 
 serve distinct purposes. Generally speaking, the 
 uses to which forests may be put are three-fold; 
 
9- 
 
 namely, supply, protection and recreation. Those 
 
 of the first class consist of areas wholly or 
 
 partially covered with trees, the principal object 
 
 in growing the trees "being the production of timber and 
 
 other forest products. Under protection forests 
 
 come those wooded areas which from their site alone 
 
 exert climatic influence , or which from the nature 
 
 of the land they cover, perform such protective function5 
 
 as ..binding the soil to check erosion, or to prevent 
 
 the drifting of sand. Third, there is the recreation 
 
 forest, intended to add to the beauty and amenity 
 
 of the district, variously providing for out-door 
 
 activities such as camping, hunting and fishing, olvcL 
 
 for purely aesthetic enjoyment. 
 
 It does not follow, however, that a forest 
 may serve only one of these purposes. 2 wooded area 
 managed with a view to the production of timber need 
 not be unlovely; a protection forest may likewise 
 be a source of wood supply, in a word, it remains 
 to be shown how a forest may be managed for a 
 combination of uses, and specifically how the forest 
 reservation used as an extension of a park system 
 may 1 be so managed. 
 
 Combination of uses. 
 
 Some of the city Forests in Europe serve 
 
10- 
 splendidly to illustrate this combination of uses. 
 An excellent example is the city forest of Zurich 
 in Switzerland. Altogether the city controls 2,840 
 acres of land of which 2,560 are covered with 
 timber. The forest is located in the northern 
 foothills of the'' Alps and stretches along the Sihl 
 River for a distance of nearly five miles. It may 
 be reached from Zurich in about half an hour by rail. 
 The land occupied rises rather steeply from the 
 valley, elevation of 1,600 feet, to the *idge-top 
 which is nearly 3,000 feet, and as it is non- 
 agricultural land would be comparatively unproductive 
 if not develed to the growing of trees. The first 
 systematic working plan was made in 1696 but 
 management and control by the city of Zurich ikdkts 
 from 1309. The forest has netted the municipality 
 an average income of nearly $20,000 annually, and 
 the net income from all forest products has 
 averaged as high as eight dollars per year, not to 
 mention the indirect advantages of protection and 
 public etyyyisfent. Look-out towers serve the 
 double purpose of protection and pleasure and 
 other attractions, such as beer garde ni are 
 profitably mantained to cater to tourists. 
 
11- 
 
 fforest s protecting water reservoirs . 
 
 In this country only a beginning has 
 been made in th« institution of municipal forestry. 
 But a type of forest property that has already taken 
 hold in some degree, and which is in every way 
 suitable as a reservation extending the city park 
 development, is the forest protecting areas. Although 
 the preponderance of land constituting these tracts 
 surrounding reservoirs and protecting catchment 
 areas is privately frwftfcii, and in all too many cases 
 inefficiently managed, if subject to forestry methods 
 at all, there are numerous examples worthy of 
 study. 
 
 In England, the Liverpool Corporation 
 carries out a most systematic program of management 
 and afforestation on their catchment areas at 
 vyrn«swy and Revington. On the Vyrn^rvy tract, the 
 afforestation is proceeding on an extensive scale. 
 In 1897 there were only 170 acres wooded. In 1903 
 these had been extended by planting, to 660 acres, 
 and by 1918 to 1383 acres. The ultimate aim is a 
 magnificent forest of 5000 aeres, to be scientifically 
 managed for sustained yield. The corporation provides 
 the land and plants the seedlings. The government 
 pays in advance the cost of planting and the profits 
 are divided equally by the two parties. This sort 
 of scheme obtains with many of the English and Irish 
 
12- 
 water supply companies, and variously on the continent. 
 
 An example of progressive municipal manage- 
 ment in our own country is on the watershed owned Toy 
 the city of lewark, New Jersey. Their catchment 
 area covers some sixty-four square miles. 
 
 Another am perhaps even better American 
 example is the Maltby tract owned "by the Eew Haven, 
 Connecticut Water Company. It is under the adminis- 
 tration of the Yale Forest school and serves as an 
 observation and practice laboratory. While serving 
 the dual purposes of protection and supply, and 
 principally managed for profit, the Mai thy forests 
 are maintained in an attractive condition for publie 
 enjoyment. These examples illustrate the possible 
 combination of uses in municipally owned forests, 
 and it is evident that they might be administered 
 as an extension of the city park system. Certain 
 restrictions would probably have to be placed upon 
 upon the use of the area immediately surrounding 
 the reservoirs and coniferous growth would be 
 favored to eliminate the taste imparted to water 
 by fallen leaves. 
 
 Forests and Industrial Screens^ 
 
 In some^ cases there may be reason and 
 opportunity for the development of forests or 
 hitherto most Unpromising land. Such are, for 
 example, the afforestation projects in the Black 
 
13- 
 County in England and in other mining regions of the 
 British Isles, Belgium and other countries. 
 Augustine Henry in his "Forest, Woods and Trees in 
 Relation to Hygene" (London 1919) 7 discusses the 
 planting of pit mounds, spoil heaps and even shale 
 banks with such unfastidious species as the black 
 Italian poplar, gray alder, wych elm, various 'birches, 
 horn-beam, robinia pseudocacia, sitka spruce, larches, 
 etc.. The remarkable reclamation plantations of 
 Denmark and Prance have proved the practicability of 
 extensive afforestation even on the most unpromising 
 sites. Hence there would seem to be very scant chance 
 of upholding the argument that districts need 
 remain without forests on account of their present 
 barren state. Those who are familiar with the 
 dreadful condition of treeless desolation in mining 
 regions and the oppressive ugliness where the 
 haayu-hand of manufacture and industry has turned the 
 land for miles around into blaeke&ned wastes, can 
 understand what a green forest might mean to such a 
 district. An editorial in the Conversationist 
 (Feb. 1920) treats of the fact that industrial 
 establishments are beginning now to support local 
 con*er*ation work because they appreciate the importance 
 of good outpf-door recreation for the welfare of their 
 ttit*l«»^€**- • Andfmenely\it_isja matter of foresight, 
 and what in the future will be considered good 
 business policy on the part of the municipality, to 
 
14- 
 reserve under tlie jurisdiction of the city a belt of 
 woodland separating the induetrial section from the 
 residential and business zones from the point of view 
 of these properties on the town side (located it is 
 to be hoped on the windward side) of such an industrial 
 screen, the benefits are too obvious and need no discus- 
 sion at this point. And regarded by even the most 
 calculating of industrial interests, proximity to a 
 forest tract, in the light of modern business psycology. 
 if located near enough to the industrial plant, the 
 workman might seeks its shade during the lunch hour. 
 Such surroundings would mean rest and relaxation 
 promotive of renewed efficiency very different from 
 an hour spent sitting in the suffocating air under 
 the shade of the coal trestles, chemical feats, 
 elevator shafts and the like. 
 Recreational use stre 5gjg<y». 
 
 Because the recreational use is that most 
 
 •there 
 stressed In any given reservation's no reason for 
 
 concluding that the forest may serve this use only. 
 As has been shown above there are examples that 
 conclusively prove the feasibility of management for 
 combined purposes. The fact that 5«^ « policy 
 has not been carried out in the past is also no 
 reason to hinder its adoption in the future. Of 
 course in some cases a woodland tract may serve its 
 highest use as a recreation ground pure and simple, 
 and no other use would be so economically profitable. 
 
15- 
 Such perhaps is the case with even so large a tract 
 as the Palisades Interstate Park, emb racing approxi- 
 mately 36,000 acres along the Hudson Hirer, the resort 
 of not less than 1,000,000 persons, each year. It 
 is a greet recreational grounds for general camping, 
 with free facilities for boating, canoeing and 
 picnicing, readily accessible to nearly half the 
 entire population of Nww York City. It becomes a 
 practical school for conservation and supports a 
 vast open-air camping development. It offers a site 
 for vacation outings not only for thousands of 
 tenement children, but for hundreds of tanement 
 children's mothers who also come to these camps, to som2 
 the first outing in many years; a welcome escape from 
 the burdens of the household drudgery to the 
 inspiring contact of the out-of-doors. This, camp 
 development of the Palisades Interstate Park, says 
 George W. Perkins, in an article in the Conservation - 
 
 o 
 
 ist "is based on the therry that the large, 
 forest domain can, under proper supervision, be 
 utilized without impairing its natural beauty, and 
 at the same time enhancing the lives of people through 
 
 health and recreational programs And above all 
 
 and aside from concrete examples of actual contact 
 with forest domains on the part of city dwellers, 
 there is that immeasurable joy which comes to the 
 heart of the child from the city streets, to whom 
 
16- 
 the mystery of the woods is unravelled under 
 auspices calculated to restore bodily vigor and 
 sow the seeds of spiritual exaltation". 
 Ihere forestry an d re cre ation meet . 
 
 By way of summary it may serve to repeat 
 that it is in no way unreasonable to expect a forest 
 to serve more than one purpose and in some cases, a 
 woodland reservation may be quite efficiently managed 
 for all three uses of protection, supply and recrea- 
 tion. In an article entitled "Where Fore sty and 
 RecreAtion Meet", C.J.Stahl explaining how from 
 earliest times, forests have been chosen as pleasure 
 grounds, goes on to say "while the characteristic 
 American habit of profit-making seems now to have 
 become the principal and controlling element in 
 management of both public and private forests, a 
 change in the program is due. Visitors are coming 
 to the National Forests, solely for pleasure and 
 recreation by the millions, and in semi-arid regions 
 every little grove is eagerly sought. Often a 
 very ordinary clump of cotton woods along a stream 
 is a popular picnic ground. With better roads and 
 automobile transportation, the more extensive and attrac- 
 tive timbered lands are now accesible. The 
 influence which freest s have upon climate and 
 stream flow is recognized. Ihy not the influence 
 upon pubic health, morals and education? The 
 
17- 
 
 scout roaster makes a big point of getting his troop 
 of boys into the forest.... Use without abuse is the. 
 ideal condition, safeguarding scenic value and 
 utilizing the mature timber." 
 Value of Forest Reservations near U rban Centers * 
 
 There are reasons why these forest reser- 
 vations are particularly useful if located near enough 
 to the town or city to function as an extension of the 
 park system. First of all, in order to be of 
 maximum utility, these woodland tracts should 
 be readily accessible by automobile and trolley, if 
 not within walking distance, to the majority of the 
 population most needing fresh air and recreational 
 facilities. The great out-of-doors and scenes of 
 natural beauty are not withheld from the enjoyment 
 of the leasure and moneyed classes because of inac- 
 cessibility, but for the poor, the factor of distance, 
 consuming time and expense of transportation should be 
 minimized wherever possible. 
 
 A purpose which these woodland reservations 
 serve, distinguishing them from even large natural 
 parks, is the harboring of wild life. Here will 
 be room and to spare for the smaller furry animals, 
 and the birds, enticed by the peace and plenty of 
 the woods will seek the reservation as a sanctuary. 
 Hence it will constitute a laboratory for the natur- 
 alist and a place when the school children may be 
 taken for their nature study field trips. 
 
18- 
 As has been pointed out, statistics prove the 
 growing popularity of the larger recreational forest 
 preserves. In establishing these smaller wood- 
 land reservations, would me*^ be catering merely to 
 the whims of the few? In arguing for the wilderness 
 in the National Forests, Aldo Leapold 10 in an 
 artiele in the Journal of Forestry, contends that 
 "the majority undoubtedly want all the automobile 
 roads, summer hotels, graded trails and other modern 
 conveniences that we can give them. But a rery 
 substantial minority want just the opposite". Sliding 
 down the scale from National Forests to the forest 
 reservations just beyond the city., the argument is 
 still relatively applicable. Undoubtedly, the 
 majority of people in a large modern city prefer the 
 Coney Island type of recreation place, yet there is 
 such a growing minority who crave the open, and 
 largely in response to educational influence, that 
 we cannot well encourage the "back to nature" 
 campaign without preserving a little accessible 
 nature w to get back to". 
 
 Certain localities will of course be more 
 favored than others in the exi stance of spots of 
 natural scenic beauty within easy reach of their 
 urban centers. Where sueh is the ease, nothing should 
 be allowed to prevent their acquisition and admin- 
 istration by the city or municipality for the 
 
19- 
 enjoyment of all the people. We naturally cite 
 the Metropolitan Park System of Massachusetts as a 
 splendid example of accomplishment in this line . 
 The Metropolitan District of Boston is a 
 
 region of marvelously commingled waters, marshes, 
 
 11 
 gravel hanks and rocks, and scenes of the highest 
 
 natural "beauty lie at its very doors. But, thought 
 was not given to their acquisition and preservation 
 for the public and ifaga* they were rapidly "becoming 
 ah sorted and destroyed hy the unguided growth of the 
 suhurhs. Through interest on the part of the 
 Appalachian Mountain Club, this unfortunate state 
 of affairs was brought before the public in 1890, 
 when Charles Eliot commenced his exemplary labors in 
 introducing and building up the Preservation Scheme. 
 Through his untiring efforts the suhject underwent 
 the proper investigation and plans and recommendations 
 were presented. 
 
 Within a surprisingly short period of 
 time this program became a live issue and action 
 was rapidly taken, culuminating in the estahlishment 
 *of a system proportionally supported hy the thirty- six 
 separate political units of the Metropolitan District 
 of Boston. Within the short space of seven years all 
 this was accomplished and at the death of Charles 
 Eliot in 1897 the system consisted of an outer ring 
 
20- 
 of woodland reservations #, at a radius of some eleven 
 miles from Boston Common, - the Lynn 17oods, 
 Middlesex Fells, Stonfsy Brook and Blue Hill Reserva- 
 tions and, along the sea front, Quincy Shore 
 reservation, Revere and'Nantasket Beaches. These are 
 all more or less linked together by a chain of 
 beautiful parkways. Within this outer circle on 
 the various open spaces of the Park System of the 
 City of Boston; Franklin Park, the Arnold Arboretum, 
 Jamaica Pond and the Charles and Mystic Eiver 
 Reservation. The Metropolitan Park System is 
 worthy of close study and is certainly a great 
 accomplishment of modern civic art, preserving for 
 the people a permanent and increasingly beautiful 
 possession which from irtV first acquisition brought 
 to the district a new and precious renown. 
 
 Another interesting story is that of the 
 Cook County Forest Preserve^ created and maintained 
 for the recreation use of the great population 
 of Chicago, Illinois. This forest playground 
 indludefi about 23,000 acres at the present time, 
 less than six years since judicial approval of the 
 
 #Report of the Metropolitan Park Commission Boston 
 1908, pages 20, - the area of reservations given 
 
 as 9,392,88 acres. The extent of parkways given 
 
 as some 27.5 miles. 
 
21- 
 act creating it permitted active Construction work to 
 "be begim. The area is divided into a number of 
 scattered tracts of natural woodland, some bordering 
 the north and mith "branch of the Chicago river. Some 
 portions of the preserves are readily accessible by- 
 various of the many avenues of suburban transportation, 
 but in general the crowds reach them by automobile. 
 "There is a small proportion of excellent timber 
 in the Preserve but it will prohably never be a 
 source of Itober. Even such fire wood as is 
 secured in cleaning up the woods is consumed in the 
 internal activities of the organization. It protects 
 no important water sheds, as these streams have been 
 used for sewage and not for water-supply - and the 
 ahatement of sewage contamination by linking up the 
 villages to the Sanitary District system has been 
 one of the administrative problems. In a word these 
 forests are useful only for recreation - and their 
 usefulness in that direction is beyond money 
 
 computation". 
 
 In England various of the royal parks and 
 preserves have long "been open to the public but the 
 modern town planning movement has brought forward the 
 idea of municipally owned forests. However, about 
 the only town in England to acquire a "Hature Reserve" 
 within reent years is Birmingham, near which city 450 
 acres of valley and woodland in the Lickey Hill have 
 
22- 
 been developed as a recreatiop ground. 12 
 
 Wherever a city is naturally favored by scenes of 
 beauty at its very doors, a failure to incorporate 
 smch advantages in the civic scheme is nothing short 
 of poor business and lack of foresight. 
 
 To those not trained to see the possibilities of 
 a landscape, many localities may appear to have little 
 attraction. But often these very places under the 
 dictates of civic art, may through a wise development 
 of whatever beginnings of scenic beauty there may be, 
 or a building up of entirely new elements in the.} com- 
 position, be entirely transformed, and thait in many 
 e ases at relatively small outlay. Due to the modern 
 achievements in reclamation engineering, it frequently 
 becomes altogether practicable for towns to use their 
 marginal land for parks and playgrounds, thtas convert- 
 int into property of high social value what would other- 
 wise have been used only for slums and undrained 
 vacant lots. As has been suggested in referring to 
 reforestation in mining and industrial regions, 
 practically no land (within the limits of the timber 
 line determined by climatic conditions) is in-capable 
 of growing some kind of trees. And when scarcity of 
 forest growth prevails, it would be desirable from 
 both the social and economic point of view to undertake 
 planting. Although measures based upon the altrusion 
 of future benefits may not appeal to the man in the 
 street, the dictates of wise statesmanship point to 
 
23- 
 constructive and conservative legislation that 
 will serve the. welfare of future generations. 
 
 Unless these scenic spots are reserved 
 by the state or municipality scenes of natural 
 beauty unvariably must make way (one by one to 
 be destroyed) for railroads, streets, factories 
 etc., and what escapes demolition will become 
 enclosed for private gain or pleasure. It would 
 indeed be a pity if the constraints of the money 
 system, the barriers to' an enjoyment of the more 
 beautiful things on earth, were extended into the 
 country as they are in the city. "If we walk through 
 miles and miles of brick and mortar, or through 
 miles of wooden suburbs, we may be at last- rewarded 
 by a glimpse of a woodside or meadow, but it is ten 
 to one that the sign 'Ho Trespassing* confronts us 
 when we reach the fence" 1] -? Were the finest spots 
 within the neighborhood publically owned, would not 
 every estate owner, much more the poorer city 
 dweller, be the richer? 
 
 A discussion of both the direct and 
 indirect benefits to be derived from the municipal 
 ownership of scenic and forest reservations should 
 
 answer the question. 
 
24- 
 Benefits to be derived from Forest Reservations . 
 Increased Yalue of surrounding property . 
 
 First, there should be considered the 
 increased value accruing to property surrounding 
 public reservations. "Public groves, river banks, 
 glens, and hilltops are, when well handled, 
 exceedingly inexpensive in proportion to their 
 yield of pleasure to the native born, their 
 attractiveness to outsiders, and their conse- 
 quent return of money to, the township." •*-!. 
 Indirect returns to city and state . 
 
 These indirect returns to the city 
 and the state may be clearly pointed out in the 
 case of districts whose chief industry is caring 
 for tourists and a visitang population. "Who 
 wants to visit any resort where the seashore, 
 or such other scenery as there may be in the 
 neighborhood, is owned and occupied by private 
 citizens, who, if they admit you to the±r 
 lands do so grumblingly, or for a fee?" 11 
 Indeed, the resort and hotel business is in 
 most cases dependent upon accessible natural 
 beauties and many are the districts whose 
 chief resource is the beauty of the mountains, 
 
SB- 
 wooded glens and waterways. If a town were to 
 take advantage of these attract ions, or to 
 develop new ones, there might be a decided economic 
 gain in thus providing outing and summer vacation 
 attractions and there would be less of a dispersal 
 of the population to other sections of the country 
 during the holiday season. 
 
 Another point worthy of consideration is 
 the fact that forest and scenic reservations tend 
 to provide an element of permanence in a district 
 and thereby aid in fixing real estate values. 
 
 Moreover, "it is everywhere agreed that 
 it is important to the education, health and happi- 
 ness of crowded populations that they should not 
 be deprived of opportunities of beholding beautiful 
 
 natural scenery. "^' 
 
 13 
 in editorial in the Conservationist (1920) 
 
 suggests that "with power driven machinery, steam and 
 electric railways, telephones, the telegraph, and 
 the wireless, and finally the aeroplane, all common- 
 places of our daily existance , we are prone to forget 
 that our grandparents lived under no such nervous 
 strain as these inventions have brought with them, 
 and that only three or four generations ago the high 
 
 speed of modern life would have been actually incon- 
 ceivable. Relaxation from the physical and mental 
 
 strain of modern industrial life is a vital necessity." 
 
36- 
 
 A partial response to the timber depletion question . 
 
 Finally, we find that the creation of 
 municipally owned forests is urged "by the Forest 
 Service 24 as a part of the answer to the timber 
 depletion question. "State laws should encourage 
 the acquisition of forest lands by municipalities, 
 to the end that the public ownership may be extended 
 by any agencies capable of undertaking it. Public 
 forest ownership not only is the most direct 
 attack upon timber depletion, it serves other vital 
 interests, particularly recreation, the protection 
 of water sources, and the conservation of wild life. 
 
 Furthermore, publically owned and administer, 
 ed forests widely distribtued and setting standards 
 of technical practice, will be of the greatest edu- 
 cational value and stimulus to the general adoption 
 by private owners of methods which will keep lands 
 productive." 
 
 ACQUISITION MD FIIMCIEG. 
 The acquisition and financing of forest 
 reservations is a matter, necessitating merely fore- 
 sight and judgment and the application of sound 
 principles of economy and municipal finance. 
 
 Organiza tion and o petoCiion' under law . 
 
 Sentiment in favor of the acquisition 
 
27- 
 usually exists though it is necessary to arouse en- 
 thusiasm to the point of action. For this purpose 
 an energetic organization is helpful and expeditious. 
 
 She Metropolitan Park System of Massachusetts. 
 
 Suggestions for the executive and finan- 
 cial machinery may be had from the Iletropolitan 
 Park System of Massachusetts. Its organization, as 
 established in the time of Charles Eliot, consists 
 of a Commission of five men who serve the community 
 without pay. The Governor of the Commonwealth, 
 acting for the Metropolitan district, appoints one 
 new member every year, the term of service being five 
 years. The legislature of the Commonwealth, acting 
 for the Metropolitan district, authorizes from time 
 to time the sale of bonds by the State Treasurer, 
 who is directed to collect annually the amount of 
 the interest and the sinking fund charges from the 
 towns and cities of the Metropolitan district in 
 accordance with an apportionment newly made every 
 five years by a special commission appointed by 
 the Supreme Court. 11 
 
 The Cook County Forest Preserve of Illinois . 
 
 The Cook County Forest Preserves of 
 Illinois 14 operate under the let to "Provide for 
 the Creation and Management of Forest Preserve 
 Disttiots", whereby upon petition there may be a 
 
 public consideration of the question of creating 
 
28- 
 f ore st preserves, followed by a tote at a special 
 or general election. The affairs of the preserve 
 district are managed by a commission of five, a 
 secretary and treasurer and such other officers 
 and employees as may be necessary, all receiving 
 salaries fixed by ordinance. 
 In ISTew York State . 
 
 In New York State, such forest reservations 
 might be operated under the law of 1912 which relates 
 to the acquisition and development of forest lands in 
 counties, towns and villages#. is provided in this 
 act, the governing board of a county, town or village 
 may acquire by purchase, gift, lease or condemnation 
 tracts of forest land or land suitable for the growth 
 of trees, and appropriate therefore the necessary 
 moneys of the county, town or village. The determin- 
 ation of the governing board to acquire such lands 
 shall be by resolution, news of which must be publish- 
 ed for at least two weeks before final adoption of 
 
 > 
 
 the resolution. 
 
 Acquisition by gift . 
 
 Acquisition by gift is not an unusual 
 
 method and is particularly expeditious in getting 
 # Laws of Hew York - Chapter 74 - Mar- 26, 1912. 
 
29- 
 a quick and successul start, but care should be 
 taken that gifts of this sort are not hampered by- 
 unreasonable restrictions. To enable benevolent 
 citizens or 'bodies of voluntary subscribers to 
 acheive the permanent preservation of scenery and 
 of spots of historic interest, Massachusetts has 
 created a board of trustees known as the Trustees 
 of Public Reservations. They are empowered to 
 hold free of all taxes such lands and money as 
 may be given into their keeping - an institution 
 which ought to be found in every state.^ 
 
 Of more than state wide scope, is the 
 American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society- 1 , 
 granted its charter in 1895 by special act of the 
 legislature of the state of Hew York. The of jects 
 of this corporation are the acquisition by purchase, 
 gift, grant, devise, or bequest of historic objects 
 or memorable or picturesque places in the state or 
 elsewhere in the United States, for the free enjoy- 
 ment of the people. Such property is exempt from 
 taxation in the state of Hew York. One of the 
 notable reservations held in the custody of this 
 society is Letchworth I-ark in Tyoning County* Hew 
 York.. It is a tract of about l.COO acres lying on 
 the Genesee River, and includes various beautiful 
 waterfalls and woodland glens. This area was willed 
 
30- 
 to the state by its former owner, a wealth;/ business 
 man of Buffalo, II. Y. , who all his life had been keen- 
 ly interested in charitable institutions and other 
 work of public betterment. 
 
 European precedent along this line is 
 interesting. "It is also a rather general custom in 
 Denmark, particularly through the Heath Society, 
 for persons of means to give or bequeath money for 
 the establishment of memorial forests, that shall 
 forever bear the name of the donor. 'Ibis is a 
 practice that might advantageously be introduced into 
 the United States, especially in the establishment of 
 town or village forests. Certainly no better memorial 
 could be erected than a forest under continuous 
 management that forever keeps green the aame of the 
 man who established it. Individual memorial trees 
 are very good in their way but a forest that can 
 be renewed in perpetuity is vastly better." (B.S.Hosmer 
 19E2) 15 . 
 Special Assessments and Excess Condemnation. 
 
 There are besides gift, various methods 
 of acquiring reservations. In the case of purchase, 
 appropriations will depend upon the borrowing 
 
 ability of the city, town, or district. The means 
 
 of securing funds are various. (Bolen 1917) 16 . The 
 special assessment method is particularly popular 
 
 in this country, while good results are likewise claimed 
 
31- 
 
 for the method of excess condemnation, a means of 
 financing improvements much practised in Europe. 
 This scheme is justified by the fact that the 
 exercise of foresight may earn a most astonishing 
 amount of money. In the early period of a town's 
 development, land is available at a cost far below 
 what it will be within even a decade or a score of 
 years. There is seldom any difficulty in disposing 
 of the whole or a part of the land so acquired, and 
 should this later be recommended, its sale at the 
 advanced price would be a profit to the community 
 rather than money in the pocket of some private 
 individual. 
 Bond Issues . 
 
 The issuance of bonds may also be 
 employed, the bonds to run for forty ,for longer""} 
 lyearsiand to yield about three and one-half percent 
 interest. Such bonds are usually retired by 
 payments from a fund created by annual taxation. 
 
 "In the case of outlying parks" - (and 
 this would apply equally to forest reservations) - 
 "we who secure them should pay the minimum. Eifty 
 years hence these parks, now suburban, and now 
 somewhat of a joyous luxury, will be indispensable 
 to these urban neighborhoods. We should be able 
 to issue bonds for such parks with a very small 
 
32- 
 s inking- fund charge to-day, grafted up to a large 
 charge fifty years hence - more: we should make 
 park'"' bonds tturj seventy-five or one hundred years 
 and make the present amortization charges 
 negligible." (Nolen 1917) 16 . 
 
 In any event, recreational forests are 
 ordinarily entirely feasible at moderate first cost 
 and relatively low upkeep, if only foresight and good 
 judgment are exercised from the very beginning in 
 making the plans and carrying out the scheme . What- 
 ever the methods used, two principles are of 
 fundamental importance; first, the acquisition of 
 land at an early date, and secondly, the acquisition 
 of too much rather than too little land. 
 
 The matter of maintenance of forest 
 reservations need not necessarily involve heavy 
 expenditures of money. It "need not, for many 
 years at least, exceed the expense of guarding them from 
 forest fires, and the other forms of depredation." 13 - 
 If, however, the community should wish to clean the 
 streams, build paths or roads, or do any other 
 proper work within the reservations, funds for such 
 
 improvements should be provided as outlined in the 
 previous paragraph, and whatever the expense, it is 
 difficult to imagine a more purely beneficent 
 
33- 
 expenditure &? genuine well-being and healthy- 
 happiness. 
 Partial self-support * 
 
 In some instances, forest reservations 
 may be so managed that they are partially self- 
 supporting, through the sale of fire wood meeting the 
 interest on long-time bonds issued for the financing 
 of acquisition and upkeep. European countries offer 
 us numerous examples of this sort. In France, 
 private forestry is largely carried on as a paying 
 proposition, woodlands beting highly regarded as 
 stable securities. There is actual current revenue 
 from firewood and other forest products and the 
 problem of accrued carrying charges scarcely exists. 
 
 The case is similar with community forests 
 in France (Greeley 1920) 17 , for these "are important 
 sources of revenue for hundreds of French villages, 
 reducing taxes and affording the means for construct- 
 ing town halls, roads and other local improvements. 
 The situation in France would be paralleled if 
 every village in Hew England or in the lake States 
 owned 500 or 1000 acres of forest, kept continuously 
 in the highest state of production, furnishing 
 timber locally needed, affording a sustained income 
 for community purposes, and providing steady employ- 
 ment for a number of its citizens. 
 
34- 
 SPBC IF IC HE C OMMEHDAT IOIS . 
 
 Having discussed in the pre cee ding 
 pages the purpose and value of forest reserva- 
 tions accessible to urban populations, and their 
 acquisition, and financing by public authority, 
 it now remains to offer some specific recommen- 
 dations for these woodland or forest reserves. 
 
 As has already been indicated, there 
 is no lack of successiEul accomplishment to which 
 to refer for inspiration-, and practical suggestions. 
 The work of Charles Eliot in the Metropolitan 
 Park Area of Massachusetts is perhaps the most 
 classic example of such achievement in the United 
 States. But we may turn to many other sources for 
 information. 
 Where landscape and forestry meet . 
 
 Ihere is, however, possibility for mis- 
 understanding and misconception in the question as to 
 where landscape art and forestry meet in the recreation- 
 al development of forest reservations. Particularly 
 when it is claimed for these publically owned woodland 
 tracts, that they may serve one, two or all of the 
 purposes of supply, protection and recreation, does 
 it seem, at first, difficult to understand- what form 
 of development they shall be given. To begin with, 
 an understanding regarding this twilight zone between 
 
35- 
 
 landscape art and forestry may be attained by 
 
 18 
 
 giving Allen Chamberlain's words concerning it. 
 
 "The average forester undoubtedly has as great a 
 love and appreciation of the beauties of nature as 
 anyone - is above the average in this it may be 
 conceded - but when he puts on his professional 
 thinking cap in connection with a forest, he sees 
 visions of thousands of board feet and not landscape. 
 He may admire a "wolf" tree, but he does not love 
 it. Such is his training. Why need he be Jealous of 
 the assistance of a man trained in landscape work, 
 especially if a successful handling of the scenic 
 incidents of his forests w ill tend to produce a more 
 enthusiastic public state of mind toward government 
 forests in general?" 
 Plan of Management . 
 
 Briefly the plan of management should be 
 of such a nature that it will enhance the appearance 
 of the woods. The selection method is about the 
 only silvicultural system applicable, and should be 
 more in the nature of an improvement cutting than a 
 strict selection cutting. The cuttings for the 
 first years should remove the diseased wood, and the 
 dead,def«rc.-trve- and poorly formed trees. The forest 
 tract may then be managed with the ultimate aim of 
 securing a sustained periodic yeild. 
 Protection. 
 
 Provision for protection against fire 
 
 must 
 
36- 
 be made from the very start. Ho one factor is 
 as potent in the prevention of forest fires as the 
 education of the public , arousing their interest 
 to the realization of their responsibility in the 
 matter. The Conservation Commission of the State 
 of Hew York has given this problem its uninter- 
 rupted attention. A large number of news articles 
 are published in the press and illustrated articles 
 reach the public through magazines and Sunday 
 editions of the newspapers. The Commission 
 published up to December 19E1 its own monthly 
 journal, "The Conservationist", and in response 
 to a wide demand by the newspapers and other 
 publications, issues a monthly statement of 
 "Violations of the Conservation law", which shows 
 just what the commission is accomplishing, besides 
 giving publicity to the names of the law-breakers. 
 Lectures are given in all parts of the state, and 
 in 1919 records showed that 21,570 persons had 
 been reached in this way. In addition, the 
 Commission lends films and slides, and in one week these 
 have been shown in factories where as many as 
 80,000 persons were employed. 
 
 Within Hew York's Forest Preserve, fire 
 protection work is highly efficient, is a part of 
 of it, fire signs, cleverly worded and conspicuous - 
 ly placed, warn the vacationist upon every hand 
 
57- 
 and the Commission informs him in no uncertain 
 terms of his responsibility to help protect the 
 Preserve. The results are gratifying and are a 
 proof of the efficacy of the methods used in 
 combating the fire danger. 
 Assistance from the State . 
 
 In numerous states, town and county forest 
 preserves may obtain the co-operation and aid in 
 management and protection from the State Forester 19 * 20 ' 21 
 Young trees fcr planting may be secured free of charge 
 or at very low prices from the state nurseries, and 
 other assistance is easily available. T 
 
 The advice of a landscape architect in 
 collaboration with the forester in charge is 
 decidedly to be advocated. His recommendations 
 will, by preventing mistakes and planning for the 
 most appropriate development, prove highly 
 economical in the end, and will repay beyond 
 measure any expenditure that his services may 
 entail. His suggestions may be of the simplest 
 kind. For example, in the constrxiction of trails, 
 at many points, by bending the trail to one side 
 or by a little lopping of branches or the removal 
 of a few trees, there may be opened vistas of 
 entrancing beauty, which would otheriitise be passed 
 by vacationists without knowledge of their possibilities. 
 The opening of such vistas, may be called a landscape 
 
 development which does nothing to the landscape itself 
 
38- 
 but rather puts the visitor in strategic position 
 for appreciation of the natural beauties of the country. 
 (Uew York Conservation Gommision Report 1919) . 2Z 
 
 Justification of forest aesthetics . 
 
 Having traced the 'subject to its con- 
 clusion, one may still be confronted with the question 
 of the justification of forest aesthetics. There are 
 many persons who^ looking upon the matter purely in 
 the spirit of sentiment, will be critical of the 
 forest owner for his disregard of the seanic "beauties 
 to which he claims title. In reply to that criticism, 
 one may simply point out that no matter how desirable 
 may be the consideration of aesthetic values in for- 
 estry, divergence from management primarily for 
 revenue involves a certain loss in product, and hence 
 in pecuniary return. The average forest owner 
 naturally, apd properly enough, does not see why it 
 is encumbent on him to stand this loss for the 
 good of the general public. 
 
 The use of a forest for aesthetic enjoyment 
 is, however, perfectly justifiable and may even, for 
 a given area, be the wisest use to which that 
 particular forest can be put. The important point 
 to be kept clear is that if a forest is to be main- 
 tained primarily for aesthetic enjoyment, those who 
 desire this use of it must somehow provide to pay the 
 hill. As far as public forests are concerned, the 
 
39- 
 social value due to aesthetic development may be 
 worth more to the community than the revenue that 
 might have resulted had the forest been cut rather 
 than left standing. 
 
 According to G. Frederick Schwarz 23 , w a 
 closer understanding of the economic principles of 
 forestry has spread among the people. .. .professional 
 foresters are beginning here and there to express 
 their ideas about the value of forest beauty and 
 its relation to economic forestry. .. .Then there 
 is a great deal that can be done by intelligently 
 considering the aesthetic values of the forest." 
 
 StMARY AND CONCLUSION. 
 
 In recapitulation then, the case for 
 forest reservations near urban centers seems to be 
 backed by numerous substantial arguments. 
 
 First, not only is there a wide spread con- 
 servation activity, encouraging every phase of 
 constructive forestry, but the dreation of all 
 kinds of publie tracts, from the national forest and 
 huge state preserve, to the relatively small county/, 
 town, and village forests, is specifically advocated 
 by the federal Forest Service in answer to a part of 
 the timber depletion question. S^ rvj.ee > 
 
 In the second place, it is the recreational 
 use of forests that has made the greatest appeal 
 to the public, and in the setting aside of forest 
 
40- 
 
 re serrations to be used as great playgrounds, the 
 state is fostering a public interest in conservative 
 forestry, besides supplying the oppottunity for 
 healthful out-door recreation so vital to the welfare 
 of the nation. 
 
 Third, use of the forest reservation is 
 becoming more and more general, and statistics point 
 to the fact that the preserves near the great centers 
 of population are proportionally more intensively used 
 The benefits to be derived from the reservations 
 accessible to urban centers are many. Directly, there* 
 is the increased value accruing to surrounding 
 property, the yield of pleasure to those using the 
 reservation and the return that may result from sale 
 of forest supplies and the toll of tourists and 
 visitors. More indirectly, there are such benefits 
 as come from the renown of the district due to its 
 scenery and attractive forest land; the element of 
 permanence provided by the reservations, fixing 
 real estate values; the healthful and educational 
 influence of the forest;aand the fact that by main- 
 tenance of the reservation, the state and nation is 
 benefitting by just that much additional timber supply. 
 
 Examples taken from among the many forests 
 and reservations both in Europe and the United States . 
 s *ow their value as well as illustrating methods of 
 acquisition, financing and organization. It has also 
 *een pointed out how in localities where scenes of 
 
41- 
 natural beauty and forest growth do not already 
 exist, developments creating- attractions of this sort 
 fehould be undertaken, at least for the benefit of 
 future generations. 
 
 Specific recommendations have been discussed, 
 covering management, protection and development of 
 forest reservations and an explanation of where 
 landscape art and forestry meet in this development, 
 with reasons for the justification of forest aesthetics. 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The conclusions to be drawn from this 
 consideration of the case are irre si stably favorable 
 to the promotion of forest reservations near urban 
 centers. The idea is endorsed by those seeking to au- 
 gument the national timber supply; by authorities 
 concerned with the health and welfare of the nation; 
 and by the astute municipal financier who agrees only 
 with programs that will yield economic wealth to the 
 community- There is much precedent to guide further 
 enterprise in the establishment of forest reservations 
 and many of these examples of past accomplishment show 
 conclusively the value and economy of such work. 
 
 Ask any tenement youngster in crowded Hew 
 Tork, back from his annual week's outing along the 
 wooded waterside of the Palisades Interstate Park, 
 what he thinks of the forest reservation idea. There 
 will be a gleam of that joy yielded only, the the fresh 
 out-of-doors, and the entire gladness of trees and sky. 
 
42- 
 As Thoreau says , asking ""What are the 
 natural features which make a township handsome? .... 
 A river, with its waterfalls and meadows, a lake, a ' 
 hill, a cliff or individual rocks, a forest, and 
 ancient trees standing simply. Such things, are 
 beautiful; they have a high use which dollars and cents 
 never represent... A forest is in all mythologies a 
 sacred place \ as the oakd among the Druids, and the 
 
 grove of Egeria, and even in more familiar and common 
 
 K 
 
 life, as "Barnsdale" and "Sherwood". Had Eobin Hood 
 
 no Sherwood to resort to, it would be difficult 
 to invest his story with the charms it has. It is 
 always the tale that is untold, the deeds done, and 
 the life lived in the unexplored sfienery of the 
 wood, that charm us and make us children again, to 
 read his ballads and hear of the greenwood tree." 
 
REFERENCES CITED. 
 
 1- American Scenic and Historic Pre serration Association 
 
 Twenty- fifth Annual Report. Legislative Document 
 No. 117, Albany P. 839. 1920 
 
 2- Sierra Cluh Bulletin Vol. XI. No. 3. San Francisco. 
 
 P. 329 1922. 
 
 3- Annual Report of the New York State Conservation 
 
 Commission, p. 114. 1919. 
 
 4- Evans, Kelly. Pish and Game in Ontario. Report of the 
 
 Annual Meeting of the Conservation Commission of 
 Canada, p. 102. 1910. 
 
 5- Report of the First Conference on Parks. Des Moines, 
 
 Iowa. Jan. 10,11,12, 1921. 
 
 6- A Great City 1 s Forest Playground. The Forest Preserve 
 
 of Cook County, Illinois. Lumber World Review Vol. XLI 
 No. 11. Chicago, 1921. 
 
 7- Henry, Augustine. Forests, Woods and Trees in Relation 
 
 to Hygene. London. 1919. 
 
 8- Perkins, George W. The Palisades Interstate Park. 
 
 The Conservationist. Vol. II. No. 9, 1919. 
 
 9- Stahl, C. J. Where Forestry and Recreation Meet. 
 
 Journal of Forestry. May 1921. 
 
 10- Leopold, Aldo. The Wilderness and Its Place in 
 
 Forest Recreational Policy. Journal of Forestry. 
 November 1921. 
 
 11- Eliot, Charles W. Charles Eliot Landscape Architect. 
 
 Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 •d. 390 (referred to on page iq of ths paper } 
 
 it ii it *3 « w n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 I' !?! I « " I H « « ■ 
 
 P» 34 ~ .. , n 2-V « w m 
 
 ii m n 
 
 nun 
 
 it nn 27 n n n 
 
 p. 378 " " 
 
 p. 320 
 
 p. 379 
 
 n nw <3L4 « n n 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 n 
 
 p. 740 w 
 
 ii it zs n " " 
 
 ii 
 
 P' ^12 - „ i. S2 « 
 
 12- Recreation in the Lickey Hills. A Birmingham Nature 
 
 Reserve. The Town Planning Review. Vol. IX. No.l. 
 Liverpool 1921 
 
 13- The Conservationist - Editorial FeD. 1920. 
 
 14- The Forest Preserves of Cook County. Chicago, p. 18. 1921. 
 
15- Hosmer, R.S. Forests and Forestry in Horway and 
 
 Denmark. Lumber World Review. Jan. 1922. 
 
 16- Holen, John. City Planning. D. Appleton & Co., H. Y.. 
 
 1917 p. 391 and 399. ' 
 
 17- Greeley, ¥. B. Studies in French Forestry. John 
 
 Wiley & Sons. Hew York. p. 11, 12. 
 
 18- Chamberlain, Allen. Hew England Forests for Public 
 
 Recreation. Proceedings of the Society of American 
 Foresters. July, 1916. 
 
 19- Laws pertaining to Town Forests or Public Domain in 
 
 Why Massachusetts Heeds Town Forests. Issued by 
 Mass. Forestry Assn. Bulletin 132. Baton 1921. 
 
 20- Reeknagel, A.B. County, Town and Village Forests. 
 
 Cornell Reading Courses. Lesson for the Farm. Vol. II 
 Ho. 40. Farm Forestry Ho. 3. p. 151. 1913. 
 
 21- State Wide Forestry - A Program for Replenishing 
 
 Forest Resources in Hew York State. Reprint from 
 
 9th annual report of the Conservation Commission, 1920. 
 
 22- Hew York Conservation Commission Report. Albany, 1919 
 
 p. 114. 
 
 23- Schwartz, G. Frederick. The Aesthetics of Forestry in 
 
 The Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest. John Wiley Sons, 
 Hew York. 1907. 
 
 24- Timber Depletion and the Answer. A Summary of the 
 
 Report on Timber Depletion and Related subjects, pre- 
 pared in response to Senate Resolution 311. U.S.Dept. 
 of Agr. Cirular 112. p. 16. 1920. 
 
 25- Thoreau, Henry D. From the Journal of Winter. 
 
 Houghton Mifflin Co. copyright 1887 p. 108,9.