CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Frank Monaghan FTNK ARTS Cornell University Library T 860.A1S14 Official guide to the Louisiana Purchase 3 1924 015 340 114 p ^ Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924015340114 ONLY .AUTHORIZED GUIDE /IN AMERICA. OFFICE OF TlfE PBCSIOtMT Bt. Louis, Mareh 19, 1904. Iho Qulda published ty tie Official Gidde Coaponv of St. Ecraip III accordance with the, terras of its contract with ^this Conpany, is the only Official Quide to the Louisiana Porohaao Etcposition the sale of , vhich l3. authorized in-Aaerioa by the Exposition Ksjiagement. '/ CASCADES AND FESTIVAL HALL. OFFICIAL GUIDE TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION AT THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS, STATE OF MISSOURI, APRIL 30TH TO DECEMBER 1ST, 1904. By Authority of the United States of America. Containing an Historical Sketch of the Louisiana Purchase, and the events leading up to the celebration thereof; a statement of the Legislation relating to the Exposition, its form of Organization and Government, and A Full Account of all Features of the Exposition, INCLUDING Classification of Departments, Arrangement of Grounds, Descriptions of the Palaces and Exhibits, the State. Territorial, Insular and Foreign Buildings and Pavilions. Prepared by Chiefs of the Division of Exhibits, Division of Exploitation, Division of Con- cessions and Division of Works, v;iTH INTRODUCTION BY PRESIDENT DAVID R. FRANCIS. Profusely Illustrated with Original Half-Tones, Plan of Grounds and IMap of City. Compiled by M. J. LowENSTEiN. Issued by Authority of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. ST. LOUIS: THE OFFICIAL GUIDE CO. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The thanks of the publishers of this volume are due the following officials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition for articles prepared Vjy them and under their direction for use in the Official Guide: Hon. David R. Francis, President; Walter B. Stevens, Secretary; Norris B. Gregg, Director of Concessions; F. J. V. Skiff, Director of Exhibits; Isaac S. Taylor, Director of Works; Edmund S. Hoch, Assistant to Director of Exhibits; Halsey C. Ives, Chief of Department of Art; John A. Ockerson, Chief Department of Liberal Arts; M. C. Hulbert, Chief of Department of Manufactures and Varied Industries; Thos. M. Moore, Chief of Department of Machinery; W. E. Goldsborough, Chief of Department of Electricity; Willard A. Smith, Chief of De- partment of Transportation ; Frederic W. Taylor, Chief of Depart- ments of Agriculture and Horticulture; Tarleton H. Bean, Chief of Department of Foresti'y, Pish and Game; J. A. Holmes, Chief of De-- partment of Mines and Metallurgy; WJ. McGee, Chief of Department of Anthropology and Ethnology; Howard J. Rogers, Chief of Depart- ment of Education and Social Economy; Jas. E. Sullivan, Chief of De- partment of Physical Culture; F. D. Coburn, ex-Chief of Depart- ment of Live Stock; Geo. D. Markham, Chief of Bureau of Music; Mark Bennltt, Superintendent General Press Bureau; W. A. Kelso, Superintendent Local Press Bureau; R. H. Sexton, ex-Superintendent Publicity Bureau; Edward Hooker, Secretary Press and Publicity Committee; the late Col. E. C. Gulp, Secretary Committee on Cere- monies; John C. Lebens, Local Press Bureau; Col. Sam Williams, Local Press Bureau, and others. COPYRIGHT, 1904, —BY THE— LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMPANY. (ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.) INTRODUCTORY. The publishers of the Official Guide present this , volume to the •visitors to the great Louisiana Purchase Exposition in the confident hope that it will prove an indispensaj)le companion, serviceable in preliminary study, useful ia directing a tour of the grounds and build-, ings, and valuable for affer-reference because of its store of official data, concerning the development of this most wonderful exhibition of human progress. Recourse has been had in the compilation of the book to official Information, all the data in this respect having passed official scrutiny, both In preparation and final publication. This, sanctioji carries with it all the responsibility and weight of authority thereby implied. All necessary material has been freely placed at the disposal of the publishers to the end that during the entire World's Fair period and for proper time beyond the Official Guide may be deemed essen- tial to the ordinary 'visltdr, the traveler, the historian and the publi- cist. In whose sev«i;p.l lines and spheres of activity the I^ouislana Pur- chase Exposition Is, by its very magnitude an/d infinite variety, des- tined to play an important part. ^ Not only has the Official Guide this, perhaps, general function, but its careful use and preservation will enable the purchaser to so arrange his St. Louis itinerary as to save him In full his most valu- able asset; namely, time. Where whole civilizations, entire epochs, complete developments of peoples, their resources, manners and cus- toms have been laid under cohtrlbution and epitomized, as in the case of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, a publication equipped as is -the Official Guide becomes an absolute necessity. In contents, the Official Guide will be found to be complete and thorough, devoid of any superfluous matter and useless detail. It- aims to fill the wants at the same time of the casual observer and the careful, -painstaking student, and although, in a growing and inex- haustible project like this; the greatest World's Fair in the world's history, the need of future editions suggests itself, yet each edition Is carefully revised and brought up-to-date. The statistical informa- tion,^ roster of officials, list of events, illustrations and maps have all been prepared with the utmost 'care, with a view to making the Official Guide ,an Inseparable adjunct to all Exposition patrons. OFFICIAL GUIDE COIVIPANY. £■5 gg < ffl O 'A Ui •a Q K -1 t =, ft 05 ti, o UI 3 Ul > I < I- fi ^5 . K > a BENEFITS OF THE EXPOSITION. Whether the United States, and especially St. Louis and the West, will derive from the Exposition material benefits of a money value equal to its cost, is a question sometimes asked by people who like to judge things by the "profit and loss" test. The richest and most universal benefits to be expected from a great Exposition — its educational and moral benefits — can not be measured in terms of dollars and cents. They are legible only in general progress, in the radiance of home life, the halo of the national life, the intelligence and magnanimous efforts of the people. In commemorating one of the most important events in the life of our Union, this Exposition has already rendered an Inestimable public service by awakening a universal popular interest in the story of the Louisiana acquisition and its glorious results. It has caused a gathering here of all the nations of the earth, each bringing comprehensive representations of the best productions of Its arts and industries, its newest and noblest achievements, its latest discoveries, its triumphs of skill and science, its most approved solutions of social problems. , The far-reaching effect of such a vast display of man's best works on the intelligent and emulous minds of fifty or sixty millions of students, is beyond computation. Man's competitive instinct, the, spontaneous lever that arouses human activ- ity and exalts human effort, directing it to higher standards of excel- lence, will surely work with a high potential current here. The impulse to excel the best and improve the latest improvements, oper- ates in the United States with an aggressive force seldom exhibited in other countries. Its effects have been seen in the innumerable inventions and progressive steps following every great Exposition. This one will be an incomparable seminary of ideas and inspirations for people of all classes and avocations, and no one can doubt that such seed planted in our soil will bring forth a rich and abundant fruitage. Fifty-three foreign governments are participating grandly in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Our Federal Government, and all the states of our great Union, are making here unparalleled displays of their boundless resources, their industrial progress and their evei- rising social status. The world has never before had so perfect a school for teaching the noble lessons of human worth and human brotherhood. From this school many millions of Americans will re- turn to their homes, elated with a better appreciation of humanity at large and a far higher and prouder estimate of their own country and countrymen. . . LOUISIANA PURCHASE MONUMENT. t^LAN AND SCOPE OF THE EXPOSITION. Estimates of Expenditure. — Around a nucleus of $15,000,000 con- tributed to the Exposition in equal parts by popular subscription, by the city of St. Louis and by the United States government, a total expenditure, estimated at $50,000,000, has grown. This amount is made up of the following items: City of St. Louis $5,000,000 Popular subscription 8,000,000 United States Government 11,000.000 States and Territories 7.000,000 Concessions C. 000, 000 Foreign Governments (bnildings) 5,000,000 Foreign Governments (installation, etc.) 11,000,000 Total $50,000,000 Comparison of Expositions. — This expenditure of money has pro- duced the greatest and best Exposition in the history of the world. The ground area covered by it is 1240 acres. The Chicago Exposi- tion covered 633 acres; that at Paris in 1900, 336; the Pan-American at Buffalo, 300 acres; the Centennial at Philadelphia, 236 acres; the Trans-Mississippi at Omaha, 150 acres. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition has under roof in the big exhibit palaces an area of 128 acres; the Columbian Exposition had 82 acres under roof, the Pan- American 15 acres and the Trans-Mississippi 9 acres. The Palace of Agriculture, covering about 21 acres, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, contains more exhibit space than the entire Pan-American Exposition. No former Exposition paid much attention to outdoor exhibits. At St. Louis there are 100 acres of this class of exhibits, including the giant Bird Cage, the Mining Gulch, etc. Processes Rather ttian Products. — The key-note of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is life and motion. Moving exhibits predominate. Processes are shown rather than products. Space Free. — No charge is made to exhibitors for space or power in any exhibit building. Day Sights and Night Scenes. — The Exposition is made up of permanent features, like the buildings and grounds, and temporary or periodical features, like the concerts and the congresses. The permanent features may be classified into day sights and night scenes. The Exposition d,ay begins for the sight-seer at 8:00 a. m., when the Exposition gates open. The exhibit palaces open one hour later. The day ends at sunset, when all the exhibit palaces close with the excep- tion of the Palace of Art, which is kept open at night at stated times. The night scenes begin with the switching on of hundreds of thou- sands of electric lights. The gates close at 11:30 o'clock. Outdoor and Indoor Views. — The day sights may be divided into outdoor and indoor. The outdoor sights comprise the buildings and — 9 — _>Jul^^ grounds. Nearly 1,000 buildings compose the Exposition, counting all the small structures and the separate edifices of the Pike concessions. These buildings are of two kinds, service structures and show structures. ^ Service Structures. — The service structures are such as the power house, the garbage plant, the pump rooms, the hospital, the engine houses, the intramural stations, etc., which are all of surpassing inter- est to the specialist and are intended for the inspection of the visitor. Show Buildings include the following: The exhibit structures comprising the giant palaces, each covering from four to twenty-one acres, of which there are fourteen; and the minor exhibit structures, like those in the Mining Gulch and the Model Street, the Indian School, the Anthropology building, the Physical Culture building, etc. The buildings erected by States and Territories, of which there are some forty-flve, many of them reproductions of edifices for which the States are famous. The forty acres of Philippine buildings and the three Alaskan buildings fall into this class. The Foreign Pavilions, of which there are about forty, each typical of the country that built it, and, in many cases, the repro- duction of an historic building. Concession structures and the administration group of perma- nent college buildings. What the Grounds Offer. — In addition to the buildings, the out- door sights comprise the sculptural decorations, water courses, gar- dens and other landscape effects. Almost every one of the foreign nations supplies a typical garden. The Exposition itself shows a number of fine gardens as well as an expansive forest landscape. Decorative structures, including the Cascades and Lagoons, the Louisiana Purchase Monument, the approaches to the buildings located on hills, the music pavilions, the bridges, etc. Exhibits, Displays and Amusements. — The indoor sights comprise the following: The exhibits of over 70,000 separate exhibitors, which are divided into fifteen departments and housed in the big exhibit, palaces. The historic exhibits and the fine furnishings in the State, Ter- ritorial and Foreign buildings. These buildings are used as club houses and do not, except in case of Alaska, house the exhibits of the states and nations which erected them. The concessions, which may be divided into historical, geograph- ical, scientific, illusory, restaurant and selling concessions. Night views of the Exposition are created principally by the lights. The buildings show a new architecture, the Cascades a new beauty. Special Events. — The temporary, or periodical features of the Exposition include: Music in concerts and competitions by bands, organists, orchestras and choruses; conventions and congresses, ath- letic events, including the Olympic games, air-ship contests, military drills and encampments, social events, including the celebration of special days by nations, states, organizations and families. — 11 — -\ HOW TO REACH THE FAIR GROUNDS. Location of the Grounds. — The Pair Grounds are located about five miles from tlie west bank of the Mississippi river, or about four and one-half miles from the business section of the city. Transportation to the Grounds. — (See map of the city.) The Fair Grounds are touched by transportation agencies from the city at eleven points. Two steam railroad terminals are close to the grounds. Nine electric street railway loop terminals, the lines of which serve all parts of the city for one fare, are located at the entrances. In addition, automobile and tally-ho coach lines, starting from the hotel section of the city, carry passengers to stations outside and inside the grounds. These transportation lines in detail are as follows; Steam Railroads. — The Wabash Railroad has a fine terminal sta- tion at the main entrance to the Fair Grounds. Here thirty-two stub tracks, on which shuttle trains between the Fair Grounds and Union Station are operated, have been installed. Other steam railroads have made arrangements to use this terminal. The southern side of the grounds is reached by the Taylor City Belt Railroad, a corporation which serves the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Street Railways. — The street railways of St. Louis are operated by two corporations, the Transit Company and the St, Louis & Sub- urban Railway Company. The former touches the Fair Grounds at six entrances, the latter at three entrances. Bach system has its own transfers, but transfers are not interchangeable between the lines of the two companies. Passengers may reach the Fair Grounds for a single fare from any portion of the city. N. and S. bound car lines cross E. and W. bound lines (leading to the Fair) at more than a dozen different points. Transfers are issued by conductors of the Transit system at the request of passengers at the time the fare is paid and not afterwards. Conductors on the Suburban system offer transfers to all passengers when approaching transfer points. St. Louis street cars carry large lettered signs on the roof to indi- cate the line or street over which they travel. They carry other signs In the windows, front and back, and on the dashboards to indicate the route or destination or both. One fare of five cents pays for a passage to the city limits from any point in the city. Children under 12 years are carried for half fare; under .5, free; the conductor issues a half-fare ticket as change for five cents when a child's fare is paid. St. Louis Transit System Lines. — All electric cars of the St. Louis Transit System going to the World's Fair Grounds carry blue enamel signs on the dashboard with the words, "Direct to the World's Fair Grounds." Olive St. Line. — The most direct thoroughfare to the Exposition is Olive street. Three lines of the St. Louis Transit System of electric cars traverse this street W. from Broadway to the Lindell entrance, — 13 — through the best residence district. These cars carry the word "Olive" on the roof. World's Fair cars traverse Olive street W. to Walton Av., thence S. to McPhersou Av., thence W. to Union Bl., thence S. to DeGlver- ville Av., stopping- on the E. loop near Lindell entrance. They re- turn via the same route to Broadway. Olive St. cars carrying the sign "Maryland," turn S. at Boyle Av., thence W. on Maryland Av. to Euclid Av., N. on Euclid to McPherson Av., W. on McPherson to Union Bl., thence S. to DeGivervIlle Av. and W. to the E. loop at Lindell entrance. They return via the same route to Broadway. Olive St. cars carrying the sign "Through," turn N. from Olive St. at Taylor Av., and thence W. on Delmar Bl., transferring passen- gers at De Baliviere Av., to World's Fair cars (main entrance); W. from De Baliviere Av. to Hamilton Av., transferring to World's Fair cars (Pike and Administration Entrances), thence N. to Easton Av. These cars. If carrying a sign "Delmar Garden," proceed W. on Del- mar from De Baliviere Av. to Delmar Garden and Delmar Race Track. Delmar Av. Line. — This line begins on Washington Av., passes W. through the business district from Eads Bridge, and terminates at Lindell Entrance. The cars turn N. from Lucas Av. on Grand Av. to Finney Av., W. to Taylor Av.. S. to Delmar Bl., W. to De Baliviere Av., where they take the W. loop at Lindell Entrance. They return via practically the same route. Page Av. Line. — The Page Av. cars traverse Washington Av. from Eads Bridge to Grand Av., thence they turn N. to Finney Av., W. to Taylor Av., N. to Page Av., thence W. to Hamilton Av., thence S. to The Pike and Administration Entrances; returning via the same route. Easton A v. Line. — Cars with the large sign "Easton" on the roof, go W from Broadway on Franklin Av. and Easton Av. to Hamilton Av., thence S. on Hamilton Av. and across a private right of way to The Pike Entrance. (The three loops at the N. side of the Exposition grounds at Lin- dell, Pike and Administration Entrances are connected by an emer- gency line running B. and W. along the border of The Pike, and on occasion the cars may be interchanged from one of these roads to the other.) South Side Terminals. — On the S. border of the World's Fair Grounds there are two loops of the St. Louis Transit System, viz.: at the State Buildings Entrance and Agriculture Entrance. Three lines of cars take these loops: Laclede, Market and Taylor. These alternate between the two loops according to conditions, but their designation is indicated by a white sign with black letters naming the entrance at which they stop. Laclede Av. Line. — Cars bearing the word "Laclede" in large let- ters on the root traverse Market St. W. from Fourth St., passing Union Station and proceeding via Laclede Av. to Euclid Av., thence S. to Chouteau Av., where they proceed by a private right of way to the loop at the State Buildings Entrance or the Agriculture Entrance; re- turning via the same route. — 15 — Taylor Av. Line. — Cars bearing the words 'Taylor Av." in large letters on the roof, cross the city N. and S. on Euclid, Taylor and N. Newstead Avs. At Euclid and Chouteau Avs. they turn into a private right of way through Forest Park and proceed to the loops at the State Buildings Entrance or the Agriculture Entrance; returning via the same route. Market St. Line.— Cars bearing the word "Market" in large letters on the roof, proceed from Fourth St. W. along Market St., passing Union Station, out Old Manchester Av. to Chouteau Av., and out Chouteau Av. W. to the loops at the State Buildings Entrance and Agriculture Entrance; returning via the same route. From Union Station. — From Union Station, passengers may reach the Fair Grounds, either by taking the Laclede or Market St. lines, or by taking the Eighteenth St. line (going N.) and transferring to Olive St., Washington Av., or Franklin Av.. (going W.) Suburban System. — The St. Louis & Suburban (main line) electric cars, carrying sign on dashboard marked "World's Fair, Main En- trance," move from the business section W. on Locust St. to 13th St., N. on 13th and 14th Sts. to Wash St., continuing W. via Wash St., Franklin Av. and Morgan St., by a private right of way and Fairmount Av, to Union El., thence S. on Union Boulevard to For- est Park, pass under the Wabash Railroad tracks and West and fol- low the north edge of Forest Park to a loop opposite the Lindell Entrance S. of the Wabash Terminal Station. Other Suburban main line cars, carryin,g dashboard sign marked "World's Fair, Slvinker Entrance," over this same route pass W. from Union Bl. to DeHodiamont, thence W. and S. over a private right of way to Convention and Administration Entrances. Transportation Facilities as estimated by experts connected with the Exposition Company, are as follows: The railroad and street car lines combined are able to handle 80,000 passengers to and from the Exposition grounds per hour. Street railroad schedules pro- vide for an hourly traffic of 40,000 passengers. CARTOUCHE ON FESTIVAL HALL. z o It UJ o > < Q O z z Ul Q. O ENTRANCES TO THE GROUNDS. The visitor sliould carefully study the excellent map of the grounds, to be found at the front of -the Official Guide, in order to familiarize himself with the location of the various street car termini, entrances, buildings, etc. Entrances. — There are thirteen entrances to the grounds, serving not only the city of St. Louis, which is located to the E. of the grounds, but the county of St. Louis, which is located to the W. of the grounds. The city limits pass through the Fair GroundB. The E. half of the Palace of Agriculture is in the city of St. Louis, the W. half in the county of St. Louis. IVIain Entrance. — The main entrance to the Exposition is at the N.-E. corner of the Fair Grounds. "The Main Picture" of the Exposition points to this entrance and the main central avenue leads toward it. Two entrances are located at this point, one of Avhich leads to The Pike or street of concessions, the other to the exhibit palaces in the main picture. The great railroad terminal of the Wabash is located here and two Transit Company loops and one Suburban Company loop serve this entrance. In front of the gates of the Exposition a wide plaza designed for discharging pas- sengers, is located. Subsidiary Entrances. — The other entrances to the Exposition, enumerating them in order of their location, are as follows: The Pil > ,9 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS. Extent of the Grounds. — The Exposition grounds are approxi- mately in the shape of a rectangle, two miles from B. to W. and one mile from N. to S. They- are made up of four distinct parcels of ground, aggregating about 1,240 acres. The greater portion of the Fair is in the W. half of one of the largest public parlss in the United States — Forest Park. The E. half of this park has been kept intact. The Forest Park section of the Fair comprises 668 acres. It was the first portion of the site acquired, and on it are built eight of the big exhibit palaces. W. of the Forest Park section is the Skinker tract acquired from private owners, the principal of whom was Thomas Skinker. It covers 422 acres. On it are located the Palaces of Agri- culture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game, the Philippine reser- vation, the big Floral Clock, the plant Map of the United States, the United States life-saving exhibit, the Ethnology building, and the national pavilion of France. An area of 110 acres just N. of the Skinker tract was leased from Washington University, an endowed educational institution of St. Louis. On it are built the majority of the foreign pavilions and the Administration group of permanent buildings. E. of the University tract and N. of the Fair grounds is the Catlin tract, which contains sixty acres and is used entirely for concessions. The Pike runs the entire length of this tract, a distance of nearly a mile. Hills on the Fair Grounds. — The Louisiana Purchase Exposition is the first in which hills have helped the picturesque effect. "The Main Picture," made up of eight big exhibit palaces and a mile and a half of lagoon, is on a level area surrounded on two sides by hills that rise to a height of 65 feet. These hills are not continuous, but jut out at four points. These jutting prominences are used with fine effect in the decorative scheme of the Exposition. The first of the prominences is crowned by the United States Government building. Two others, with the connecting ridge, form the Cascade effect. The remaining prominence is crowned by the national pavilions of Japan. The two central prominences, which are connected by a semi- circular ridge, lead to the lower level of the grounds by a finely slop- ing, hollowed declivity. This natural feature was uhed by the Expo- sition architects for what is pronounced by ci'itics to be the greate.'vt architectuial, water and garden composition, ever executed by man, the Cascades and the Cascade Gardens. (Foi' description of Cascades, see article on "Special Features of Interest." See also article on "Landscape and Gardjns.") The declivity between the Cascades is occupied by lawns and gardens of exquisite design. The hill is reached from tw^ o- the avenues of the main picture by a long approach flanked l>y portrait statues of the great men who have helped in the development of the Louisiana Purchase, — 21 — Except the United States Government building, which has steel trusses, and the Palace of Art, which is a brick and stone building, all the big exhibit buildings of the Exposition are of wood and staff. The color of the exhibit buildings is ivory white, with dashes of color on the roofs. This preserves the majesty of the white, while at the same time it lessens the strain on visitors' eyes. The original Commission of Architects was composed of Wid- mann. Walsh & Boisselier, of St. Louis; Walker & Kimball, of Boston and Omaha; Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City; Eames & Young, of St. Louis; Carrere & Hastings, of New York; Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, of St. Louis; Cass Gilbert, of St. Paul and New York, and Isaac S. Taylor, of St. Louis, who was appointed Director of Works. NAPOLEON— By Daniel C. French. (Cascade Gardens.) TRIP AROUND THE GROUNDS. liitramural Railroad.— Every portion of the Fair Grounds, except the interior of The Pike and of the Main Picture, is served by a double track, over-head trolley, electric railroad, which runs partly on the surface and partly on an elevated structure, following the topography. It has a right-of-way seven miles long and fourteen miles of track. Its two terminals, 600 feet apart, are located respectively E. and W. of the main avenue, so that they do not deface this fine central view. Cars run at reasonable speed so that a passenger may make the trip between the terminals in about 40 minutes. For a considerable por- tion of its route, the Intramural road skirts the enclosure of the Expo- sition. For about two miles of its course, however, it runs directly through the heart of one of the most interesting portions of the Fair Grounds. Trip on the Intramural. — As the visitor passes through the Lin- dell entrance to the Exposition, the first view that greets him is one of surpassing beauty. The splendid palaces of Manufactures and Varied Industries, flanking the Plaza of St. Louis, lead the gaze across the Grand Basin to the Cascade Gardens and the magnificent dome of Festival Hall. For an introduction to a stay, whether brief or protracted, at the Fair, nothing could be more satisfactory than a trip on the Intra- mural Railroad. Station No. 1, at the N.-E. corner of the Palace of Varied Industries, is the point at which the journey begins. For a third of a mile, the road skirts the N. facade of the Varied Industries Palace on the left and pleasing" structures of The Pike on the right. At Station No. 2, the first stop is made. Here the Plaza of St. Anthony affords a glimpse of the Directors' Club Pavilion that forms the W. terminus of the Colonnade of States. The view of the towers on Ma- chinery Hall is soon cut off by the long facade of the Palace of Trans- portation, while The Pike, on the right, presents many novel buildings. As the car passes Station No. 3, the prospect opens and a host of beautiful pavilions appear. Those on the S. side of University Way are the buildings erected by Great Britain, China and Belgium, above which towers the stately dome of the Brazilian Pavilion. Near at hand are the cottage of Bobby Burns, the Holland and Austrian Pa- vilions and the building that represents the Argentine Republic, while the view is crowned by the splendid Tudor Gothic group of Adminis- tration buildings, the permanent home of Washington University. From Station No. 4 the car passes the Aeronautic Course, the gym- nasium and the Athletic Fields, the latter being enclosed by the single tracks of the Intramural Railroad, the out-going cars stopping at Station No. 5 and the incoming ones at Station No. C. From Station No. 5 to Station No. 7 the most interesting part of the Ethnological exhibit area is traversed. On the left is the Alaska Pavilion, surrounded by gayly colored totem poles, and on the right stands the Model Indian School. There is a comprehensive view of the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game, the French Pavilion grounds and the multitude of roofs and towers that adorn the Main Picture of the Fair. Passing between Indian tepees, wig- wams and other primitive dwellings on the right and the outside ex- hibits of the Horticulture department on the left, the car reaches the entrance to the Philippine Reservation at Station No. 7. Here the Palace of Agriculture, the Floral Clock, the Pavilions of Canada and Ceylon and the buildings in the vicinity of the Observation Wheel may be seen. Approaching Station No. S, the Foreign — 24 — Ll o UJ o < < Q. Pavilions of India and Guatemala appear In the foreground, with those of Brazil, Slam, Nicaragua and Cuba to the N.-B. Here the track runs between the U. S. Life Saving lake and the French Reservation, passing under the shadow of the Observatioit Wheel. From Station No. 9 to Station No. 10 the track runs due S. past the Rose Garden in front of the Palace of Agri- culture, with the buildings of Japan, Jerusalem, Morocco, Illinois and California, showing at intervals. South of the Palace of Horti- culture, Station No. 10 is passed, and the track makes a wide curve around the wild animals of California, up past the Boer War Exhibit, through virgin forest to where, at Station 11, the Palace of Fine Arts may be seen. From Station No. 12 to Station No. 13, the right side of the track presents nothing to the view but open country, while at the left are Grant's Log Cabin, the Oregon building and the structures at the end of the Mining Gulch. (For description, see "Special Fea- tures of Interest^') A wide sweep towards the S. and B. brings the car past the Inside Inn to Station No. 14, thence past the State build- ings of Iowa, Minnesota. Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin and Louisiana to the Missouri building and the XJ. S. Government Pavilion, near which is Station No. 15. Station No. 16 is at the end of the Plaza of Orleans, through which the Restaurant Pavilion forming the E. terminus of the Colonnade of States may be seen. The remainder of the road passes the Model City with the Pal- ace of Manufactures In the background. At Station No. 17 the Louisi- ana Purchase monument and the Cascade Gardens are again presented. Fare. — The fare for the entire trip or between stations is ten cents. Cars start from Stations 1 and 17, running In opposite direc- tions, promptly at 8 a. m., and leave the same stations, on their last trips, promptly at 11:30 p. m. POINTS OF INTEREST ON THE INTRAMURAL RAILWAY. Station No. 1 — Main Gate — Louisiana PnrcLa&e jMonument. Bank and Safe Deposit Cascades. Express Offices. Grand Basin. Plaza of St. Louis. Automobile Stations Varied Industries Building (E. Endl. Station No. 2 — I'ike Gate — Macliinery Gardens, Band Stand. Plaza of St. .'Vnthony Gardens. Varied Industries Building (W. End). Transportatlou Building (E. End) Machinery and Electricity Buildings. Station No. 3 — Skinker Gate — Administration Building and Gate. Foreign Govern ment Buildings. Macliinery and Transportation Buildings. Pike tWest Entrance). Station No. 4 — Convention Gate — Aeronautic Concourse (Air Ship Exhibit). Antbro pology. Inside Exhibit. Hall of Congresses. Convention Hall. Stations No. 5 and fi — County Gate — Barracks and Parade Grounds. Anthropology. Outdoor Exhibit. Athletic Field, Gymnasium. Queen's Jubilee Gifts. Olympic Games and Baseball. Special Slop— Indian School (On Signal Only). Station No. 7 — Philippines — .Arrowhead Lake. Anthropology. Outdoor Exhibit. For- estry, Fish and Game. Outdoor. Missouri Wild Game. U. S. Piaiit Map. Tree Plant- ing. Indian Tepees. Totem Poles. Stallon No. 8 — H. S. Lite Savers— .Agriculture Building. Flnrnl Clock. Forestry, Fish and Game Building. Foreign Government Buildings. Ceylon ravllion. East In- dia Pavilion. Station No, — Agricnllure. Temple of Fraternity. California, Illinois. .Tapan Station No, 10 — .\gricnlture Gate— Live Stock Arena. Horticulture, Georgia, Idaho Buildings. Tennessee, Mari'land Buildhigs. Station No. 11 — Boer War. Station No. 12— Art Palaces. Festival Hail, Music Bureau, Ti'rrace of States. Cascades. Station No, 1.1 — Clieltenhara Gate — Plateau of Slates, Germany, Station No, 14 — States Gate — Inside Inn. State Bulhrn,L:s, r, S Bird and I'ish Station No. 13— Government Gate- U. S. Fish Poiul and Bird Cage. Government HUl. Guns and Coast Defences. Liberal Arts Bulldin,i;, Sunken Gardens. Mines and .Metallurgy Building. U. S. Marine Corps Camp. Station No. 16 — Parade Gate — Emergency Hospital. Moiiel Street, L1(]uld \Ir Ex- hibit. Liberal Arte. Plaza of Orlean-,. INIannfactnres, IT, ,s. Field Hospital Press Building, Station No, 17--Maln Giile- Pln/ii of St, L.iuls Mnnnfiol uii's Ituihllii- i w v.n:\\ — 26 — SCULPTURE ON BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. The history and fpiiit of the Louisiana Territory are told by the sculptor in more than one thousand figures that adorn the buildings and grounds. They were executed by one hundred American sculp- tors at an expense of $500,000.00. The sculpture tells the story of the great event commemorated by the Universal Exposition, the sway of liberty from the Atlantic to the Pacific, through the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. ■ Historic figures and groups emphasize its national significance; allegorical statuary expresses those purely joy- ous and festive fancies arising out of such a commemoration. The sculpture reflects the larger and grander phases in the adventurous lives of those explorers and pioneers who won the wilderness from its brute and barbarian inhabitants as well as those achievements of later civilization, wrought by the genius of American intellect. The fancy of the sculptor has been given the wildest latitude, and allegory reaches the boldest flights of the imagination. Beginning with the decoration of Festival Hall the sculptural masses portray the liveliest and most extravagant symbols of pleasure and pure abandon. The climax of the designer's ideal, the hill that is crowned by Festival Hall, is replete with sculptured groups of power and beauty. The Victory that surmounts the splendid dome, the first Victory to take the form of a man, was modeled by a woman. Miss E. B. Longman. H. A. MacNeil's massive fountain, "The Triumph of Liberty." forms an allegorical veil before the entrance to the Hall of Festivals. "Liberty," "Justice" and "Truth" dominate, from a serene height, other groups, symbolical of the human qualities which spring from and are fostered by liberty. From this heroic mass issue the waters of the IWain Cascade. On pedestals along the successive water-leaps . are fine attendant figures, expressing the growth and progress of liberty and civilization. The East and West Cascades seem to be fed by fountains that are symbolic of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The East Cascade is dominated by "The Spirit of the Pacific," showing the airy figure of a graceful girl, fioating in space, attended by an albatross, the winged genius of that calm water. "The Spirit of the Atlantic," surmounting the West Cascade, embodies the splendor of full womanhood. The Colonnade of States, a peristyle swinging around the W. of the gardens and connecting Festival Hall with two elaborately fin- ished kiosks, Is treated ornately with statuary of heroic mould. At regular intervals along the terrace, in front of the Colonnade, are seated female figures, emblematic of the fourteen states developed — 27 — from the Louisiana Purchase Territory. The Colonnade, itself, is embellished with groups crowning the summits of its terminals. A wealth of statuary in permanent form enriches the main build- ing of the Fine Arts group. History takes the place of Allegory along the approaches to the Cascade Gardens, by way of successive flights of broad pink stairways leading from the levels of the Plaza of St. Anthony and the Plaza of Orleans to the summits of the terminals on the Terrace of States. Along the lagoon in the Plaza of St. Louis, are four groups, full of the spirit of the frontier. "A Peril of the Plains," the last of the four, is a wonderfully realistic picture of a trapper and his horse caught in a winter's storm on the plains. Back of these is formed one of the principal decorative features of the Exposition. This is the Louisiana Monument, 100 feet high, that rises from the center of the Plaza of St. Louis. The monument is the conception of E. L. Masqueray, designer-in-chief of the Exposi- tion. Four groups of statuary form part of the ensemble of the mon- ument, erected to commemorate the American genius which subdued the forces of nature and savagery in the new world inland empire. Karl Bitter, chief of sculpture, furnished the statue of "Peace," crown- ing the shaft, as well as all the groups assembled at its base. At the extreme N. end of the Plaza of St. Louis, in direct line with the Hall of Festivals and the Louisiana Monument, is another of the principal decorative features, entitled "The Apotheosis of St. Louis." Charles H. Niehaus is the sculptor of this fine historical theme. The group symbolizes the cordial welcome extended by the City of St. Louis to her guests from every part of the world. Tower- ing fifty feet into the air is a massive equestrian statue of the cru- sader St. Louis, for whom the Exposition city is named. At the base of the pedestal, on which the king and his charger are mounted, is a seated female figure, symbolic of the matron "St. Louis," who be- speaks the far-famed hospitality of the World's Fair city. In her generously outstretched hands she holds an endless scroll, recording her civil glories. Besides her are the youthful figures of "Inspiration" and "Genius." This emblematic figure has been selected to adorn the cover of the Official Guide. Equestrian statues of early Spanish explorers embellish the E. and W. sides of the Plaza, between the Louisiana Purchase Monu- ment and the "Apotheosis." Two other notable equestrians have conspicuous places. "A Sioux Chief Defying Advancing" Civilization," by Cyrus E. Dallin, occupies the first terrace at the head of the Plaza of St. Anthony, and its companion piece, "A Cherokee Chief." by J. E. Fraser, similarly located at the head of the "Plaza of Or- leans." — 29 — SCULPTURE ON THE BUILDINGS. The sculpture on the Palaces is as follows: PALACE OF MANUFACTURES. QiiafUiga over main eiUrauces, by Chai-k-s Lopez and F. G. R. Ruth. "i'rogi-ess of Maimfuctui-es." groups on pylons flanking maiu eutrauce, by Isldura Kontl. "Victory." miilu entrance, by Miclinel Tonetti. "Energy" and "rower," groups flanliing E. and W. entrances, by L. O. Lawrie. Casque witli flags, and female flgurea witli eagle-crowned shields, on roof-line, by L. A mate is. "i'^onntiiin of Neptune" and "Fountain of Venus," flanking X. and S. enlrnncea and corner pavilions, by I'billp Martiny. Spandrels over all doors, by (;. T. Brewster. Si'ated figures in main entrance, by Zolney. Packer and rii^ltpr. Creek Spiiinx on Idm/k pedestals in front of coloiuiade, marking smalUr entriinrcs, AnunjiMiMis. PALACE OF TRANSPORTATION. ';ruu[t witli sliieid, in curving entablature nvei' all mnin entiances, by I'huI Wirlibv '■TransportaMun by Rail" and "Transportation by Bual." seated flgurea at baae nf corner towers, b^- George J. Zolnay. "Spirit of Transportation," flgnre for crown pylons, by F, F. Ilorter. Seated figures flanking nntin entrances, by F. H. Paclicr ;ind Carl Heber. Figure at base uf towers, by William Sievers. PALACE OF IVIINES AND METALLURGY. "Coal," "Iron," "Gold," "Copper," above frieze line, uu screen wall, fuur flunres, by Cliarles Mulligan. Architectural figuies between columns, by F. W. Rucksfuhl, "Torch-bearer" and attenilant figures, and frieze at base of obelii^kw, l^v Umkilpli Scliwarlz. Frieze on sci'cen \y;\]\ between columns, by Tliendnre Baur. PALACE OF VARIED INDUSTRIES. Tympanum gronp,. E. pedin]ent, by Clement J. Barnliorn. Tympanum group, S. pediment, by Douglas Tilden. Torch-bearer, repeated ten times above entablatnre of s\:"inglnjj- colonnade, liv Bruno L. Zimm. Lions, surmounting pylons, S. entrnnee. liy F. W. RuckstuliL "ludnstry of Man" and "Industry of AVouian," seated figures between C(dnmns K. facade, by Antonin C. Skodik. Symbolic groups, E. and W. entrances, by John Flanag;iu. I^'igures for N, entrance and four figures, W. cornice, by F. W. Rurkatulil. Spandrels, bas-relief. W. entrance, by T'eter Rossak. Spandrels, bas-relief, corner towers, by William W. Manatt. PALACE OF EDUCATION. All statuary by Robert Bringlmrst. Quadriga over main entrances. "Goldenrod," architectural figure, repeated six times over entram^e colonnades. "Thread of Fate," flanking quadriga. "Flight of Time," flanking quadriga. "Music," group on Idock pedestal, right of each main entrance. "Manual Training." group on block pedestal, left of eaeh main entrance. "Arcbaeolog.^'" and "Music," spandrels in the round, over large doorti. "Geography" and "Ilistory," spandrels in the round, over small doois. PALACE OF MACHINERY. "Labor and Care," tympanum group, repeated over six entrances, by Fernando Miramla. "Shield Holders," repeated eight times, F. and N. entrances, above cornice, by A. A. Weinmann. "Atlas with Globe." colossal group, X. facade, by R. H. Perry. Spandrels for W. facade, by Anton Scbaaf, Spandrels, bas-relief, F. and N. faeades, by Melva Beatrice Wilson. Group over N. pavilion, by Max Manch. PALACE OF ELECTRICITY. "Light Overcoming Darkness." group crowning pyramidal corner towers, end "Wonders "-of the Lightning" and "Wonders of the Aurora" on corner towers, by Bela Prati. "Light," "Heat," "Speed," "Power," four seated figui'es above pairs of projecfed columns on E. facade, by .-Vugust Lnkemann. "Electricity," group over main entrance, by Charles Graflj. — 21 — UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. All statuary hy Jiimt-s 1'. Efirly. Tymiiaoiim iu alto i-vlief Ruiuanescjue oi'Dann^nt, for iioflim^-ot over main eutraiiL'e. "Lilterty Triunsphaiit." groups tlanbing lu-diuient. "Liberty Victorious," quadriga crowniu^ central dome. "Liberty," luslde building, I'epllea of Liberty on dome of Cttpltol at WasUiiigtou. FESTIVAL HALL. "Victory," crowoin.i; douje, -ildeil, by l^M'lyii P., f -man. ".Music," Ijy .\nKllst LuUemaiiri. and ■Ii.imc," 1,1 .\l 'f Ifi, tlirnlihii; main eolrauci ".\]ioilo and .Muses," liy I'liili|i Mailbiy. Cartouche, witli Ino (ignri's .alaup nmbi enlraii.'c, b.\ .Tnhn l'll;e. PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS, Quadriga, wilii I w o attendanl ;^rMnps, u\ia- main riili.an.i., l,\' (.'h.irles l-npez F. G. K. licilli. "Music" and "Le.ailiing," .^■mnps llnnkin^' m.ain coin e. Ijy li kv K. Uissell. "Apotheosis of Liberal Arts," groulis ■inl p.\].ins. by II. Limlm-. "Cieramics" and "Invention," figures on fnni- corners ni" cnil jiylmis. Ii.\' 11. 1'. i'edersi "Pottery Decorator," figure over door iji cml iLniiinn, b.r t'. Y. llni\c.v. Cupids with sliiehls, above cufablaturc. by I'liilip M.irliny Reeliniiig figures, over lirokiui pedhnmit .if mntral il ■. Ii.\ I^Jilli i:. Stevens. MAIN CASCADE. .Ml scidphu.' Ii,\- H. A. .McNeil, "fountain of Liberly," clnltenu d'eau at bend of cascade. "Physical Strength," balanced by "Pliysleal Liberty," on lirst cascade bci].. "T'upld with Dol|]biu" on successive Icnjis. "Pegasus and Sea .Vyuiiiiis" on last Icain SIDE CASCADES. All scullitmv \.y Isidore Konll. ".Atlantic Ocean," fountain at Imad .if «'. .aisrailc. "Pacific Ocean," at head of IC. cascade "Progress 01^ Navigation." balanced li.\ "Progress of Coninierce" on first leaiis. "Grace and Strength." "Cupid Holding Fisli." "Girl with Pelrcl." "Sea Sport." "Fisheries," on successive leaiis. Each figure in its own on each side of Festival Hal "Jlissourl," by Sterling A. Iludolph Sch\\art%: "to "Kansas," liy .\doli>lL Territory," by C. A. by Gnstav tierlacb; "N O. Lawrie: ".^lontana," Bear for Lanipadiere of ColoniuHle, by F. (!. It. Rotli. "Strength," group surmounting W. teruiitnil ii.\loii. b.\" \'im'( Groups at E. end of Colonnade, by Alexander Kncl. PALACE OF FINE ARTS. "Insliiration," bronze for pimnicle of ,»Mimenl, by .Vndrew "Sculpture," beside eutrauee, by Dani(d c.!. irrencli. "Painting," beside entrance, by Louis SI. Gandens. "Truth," F>. niclie of central pa^'ilion, liy Charles Gratly. "Nature," W. niche, by Philip Martiny. "Classic Art," limestone, above iiorch, by F. E. inwell. "Renaissance Art," limestone, by Carl E. Telft. "Oriental Art," limestone, liy Henry Liiider. "Egyptian Art," limestone, liy Albert Jaegers. "Gothic Art." limestone, by ,Toliann Gelert. ".Modern Art," limestone, by C. F. Hainann. Eleven medallions, limestone, by G. T. Brewster. Eleven medallions, limestone, by O. Plcarilli. Two .gritllns, copiier, liy Pbinister A. Proctor. Two centaurs, at ends of pediment. Thirty antique figures for temiiorary wings. TERRACE OF STATES. 1 1 shrine, Ihe 1 'el nnle being formed of se\'eii beiui-c\-cles 1 1. ('.aider: ".\ rica nsas. " Im- .MI.ci ,ua.' bv I'arl E. Ti'lTI . Ne A. Weinunimi; ■lllilnli n. " Keber: "Cnlorado," b.i- .Uigiis orlb llakola," by Bruno F. 7A bv -Vntouin C. SUodili: "Wycm ■t .iaegcrs: "LoiMsi;ina," by brask-.i." by F. 11. Parker; bv .1. S. Comvai; "Indian t Zcller, .Tr. : ".Minnesota." mi: "Sonlli Pnkoln." li.\' L. ling," b.\ ' '. F. riamaun. Twenty-six antique fltfufp^ fnr permanent wIii^'r. I'anelB over porch, hj- H. A. McNeil. ■ PORTRAIT STATUES. "Horace Mann." W. entrance to Palace of Education, by H. K. BoBh-Brown. "Peitalozzi," N. enlr;ince to Palace of Education, by A. Jaegers. '■JoKcpb Henry." K- entrance to Palace of Electricity, by J. Flanagan. '■'Benjamlu Franklin," N. entrance to Palace of Electricity, by Jolm Boyle. "Charles Goodyear." S. entrance to Palace of Manufactures, by Micliacl Tonetti. "Jeliaii Gobelin," E. entrance to Palace of Varied Industries, by Max Maudi. Right approach to Cascades: "Bienville" and "M. I^wis," by Clinrlea Lop(-z. "Daniel Boone," liy Enid Yanilall. "G. R. Clark," bv Elsie Ward. "W. Clark," liy F. W. Kuekstuhl. "Sleur La Salle," hy L. Gudebrod. "Pere Marquette," by G. E. Dalliii. "Thomas Jeirurson," Iiy Charles Grady. , "Napoleon," by Daniel C. l^'rench. Left approach to Cascades: "I'aufilo Narvaez," by H. Adams. "James Madison," by Janet Scudder. .^ "Robert Livingston," by A. Lnkemann. "James Monroe," by -Tnlia Bracken. \ "Marbois," by H. Herring. "Andrew Jackson," by L. Potter. "Philippe Renault," by A. S. Calder. "Anthony Wayne." by W. C. Nobh-^. "J'ieri'e I>af]ede," liy .1. Hartley. STATUARY ON THE GROUNDS. IVIAIN AVENUE. "Tlie Mnniihiin" nnd "Tlie Plain," l>y Lonido Taft. "Pastnrai," by G. A. Ileber. Indian Fountain gronii, by A. A. Weinniann. WEST COURT. "Sioux Chief," equestrian, by C. E. Dallin. EAST COURT. "Cherokee Chief," equestrian, by J. E. Fr:ieor. ^ "Cheyenne Cliief." by P. Reiuhigton. PLAZA OF ST. LOUIS. "Apotheosis of St. Louis," by C. H. Niehans. "De Soto," pqni'strian, by E. C. Potter. "Louis Joliet," liy A. P. Proctor. LOUISIANA PURCHASE MON U IVl ENT. Ail figures by Cad Bitter, "Peace," on glot^e flurmounting shaft. "Signing of tlie Treaty." "Spirit of the Missouri River" and "Spirit of the Mississippi River," at Inise. MAIN LAUNCH LANDING. Four groups by Solon Brogiuin. "Buffalo Dance." "A Step to Civilization." "Cowboy at Rest." "Peril of the Plains." EAST LAUNCH LANDING. "Combat of Grizzly Bears" and "Cooibat of Sea Lions," iiy E. G. R. Rotli. WEST LAUNCH LANDING. "Combat Between Bull aud Cougar" and "Cougar Atlaeking Dying Cow " bv E Potter. . -. . ENTRANCE TO PIKE. "Sliooling up Ihe TdWn," by F. Remington. LANDSCAPE AND GARDENS. SurrouiKled on three sirtes with primeval forests, and embracing hill and valley, plateau and lowlands, precipitous ravine and gently undulating slope, the ground on which the Louisiana Purchase was built, afforded the architects opportunity for beautiful effects such as were denied the builders of former Expositions. The World's Fair designers seized every natural advantage and turned it to profit. The result is a city of ivory palaces of matchless grandeur and unequaled beauty of architecture created, apparently, in the heart of a forest. We may turn whichever way we will and vistas of glorious beauty appear before us. We may traverse the thirty-five miles of the Expo- sition roadway, through the wide avenues between stately palaces or over the narrower and densely-shaded roads of the wooded sec- tions, and see a constantly varying and ever beautiful landscape. Gardeners of all the nations of the world have united in produc- in.g this landscape masterpiece of all ages. Before one has a chance to tire of the beauties of one prospect one is lost in admiration of an- other equally entrancing. Cascade Gardens. — The most elaborate of the formal gardening is upon tire slope of what is popularly known as the Cascade Gar- dens, in the southern part of the central picture, south of the Grand Basin, which lies between the Education and Electricity buildings. The feature is halt a mile in len.gth, extendin.g in a long southern sweep around the end of the Basin and the communicating lagoons. The slope is 300 feet wide, with a rise of 60 feet. Between and beyond the Cascades are the great lawns, with their rich embroideries of flowers. Cement walks and flights of easy steps are provided throughout the vast gardens, and a liberal use of sculp- ture completes the decorative detail. Another garden of special prominence is situated in front of the United States Government building, in full view from the main trans- verse avenue. The same advantage attaches to the sunken garden between the Palace of Liberal Arts and the Mines and iletallurgy building. (See article on "Special Features of Interest.") In the landscape work, throughout the central picture, large trees are an essential part of the decoration. Agriculture Hill gave the landscape gardener a rare chance. On the east side of the great Palace of Agriculture is the largest rose gar- den in the world. (For description, see article on "Special Features of Interest.") Adjoining the rose gai'den are special exhibits of flow- ering plants, such as geraniums, peonies, lannas, dahlias, caladiums, tube-roses, etc. — 36 — South of the I'osu ganliMiK are the aquatics. Here, in a series of graceful lakes, conuected with winding lagoons, and spanned by rus- tic bridges, are seen growin,!; all' the water plants. The lotus of the Nile, the water hyacinth, l)ri,c;htly-colorc(l water poppies, graceful umbrella palms, and scores of other plants come in for their share of admiration. Here the Victoria Regia, transplanted from her home in the Amazon, has been carefully nurtured until her broad leaves are six feet across and possess such strength that a man's weight is borne with ease. Between the Palaces of Agriculture and Horticulture are the Gardens of the Desert — plants that thrive in arid places, in sand, amid rocks and in spots that one would think nothing of life could survive. These plants, that derive their sustenance from the air, and care naught for the moisture of the earth, produce blossoms and foliage of rare beauty. The striking feature of the great terrace on the north side of Agri- culture Hill is the great floral clock. (See article on "Special Fea- tures of Interest."} In the Wild Garden, two acres in extent, on the west slope of Agriculture Hill, we may seek the shade of a giant oak, and revel among the buttercups and daisies. We may turn and listen to the babble of the brook as it runs through the garden, over Its rocky bed and beneath the exposed roots of gnarled oaks and pours over min- iature falls on its way to a giaceful lake filled with jjlants. English Garden. — A replica of the Orangery of the Kensington Palace, is surrounded ijy an English country seat garden of 200 years ago. Hedges are a prominent feature, and the borders give the gar- dens a distinctly English appearance. The hollyhock, pre-eminent two centuries ago, is one of the flowers prominent in this garden of old England. There are old-fashioned roses, the juniper and yew, and other shrubs, tome so pruned that they take on the forms of lions and peacocks and other birds and animals. Perhaps the most Eng- lish of any of the features of this old garden is the pleached alley extending along the east side of the Orangery tract. Rows of pop- lars, planted in parallel, form the side walks. Their branches meet and cross each other overhead, forming almost a roof of shade, through which flickers just enough sunshine to afford the proper degree of light. French Garden. — The treatment of the French Gardens of Ver- sailles, about the Grand Trianon, is very elaborate. The French Gov- ernment reservation covers fifteen acres. The center driveway is flanked on both sides by raised terraces of sward, and shaded by par- allel rows of parked Carolina poplars. The slopes along the drive- ways and tableland of the teriaces are done in the finest example of French floral embroidery. Statuary intersperses the arcade of trees. To the south of the drive, across the terrace gardens, the ground falls away to lower levels in a series of terraces, solidly banked with French horticulture. Outspread on a great level, running away from the foot of the terraces, is the gem of the French display, a beautifully fashioned landscaping set in bas-relief. To the west and flanking the south side of the Trianon, the gardeners have introduced a profusion z o h < h d: o a. v> z < h ll. O UJ o < < a. of exotic beauty which is permitted to follow the vagaries of Nature. A continuance of this treatment is carried around the west and north fronts of the pavilion. Tiny lakes give the same section of the gar- den a touch of nature unadorned. The court of the Trianon itaelf, formed by the central building and its I^sliaped wings, has a pave- ment of pinli gravel, cooled by a splashing fountain. (See article on "Prance.") Chinese Garden. — The use of Prince Pu Lun's country seat for the Chinese National Pavilion furnishes a royal excuse for pilfering from the Imperial Gardens at Pekin. The garden effect was designed by Madame Wong Kai Kah, wife of the Imperial Chinese Vice-Com- missioner of the Exposition. An open court in the center of the Chinese Pavilion is a feature. German Garden. — Surrounding Germany's magnificent building, on the summit of a high hill overlooking the Cascades, are copies of the famous Charlottenburg Gardens. Many of the plants in the re- productions at the World's Fair were grown in Germany. The spacious driveways leading to the entrances of the palace are beautified by beds of fragrant blossoms and clumps of picturesque shrubbery, trained In the ideal German style. Japanese Garden. — Japanese gardeners took advantage of their commanding site on the hill forming the western boundary of the Cascade territory to create some bewilderingly beautiful gardens. They have reproduced some of the famous sections of the gardens that surround the Mikado's palace. Only partially concealed by the dwarf shrubs and gorgeous flowers are dainty pagodas and quaint fountains. Other Gardens. — Sweden, Cuba, Mexico and many other foreign nations, besides nearly every State and Territory in the Union, con- tribute their quota to the production of a beauty spot that extends over an area of two square miles and has never been equaled elsewhere in the world. PALACE OF FINE ARTS. SPECIAL FEATURES OF INTEREST. A number of special features which belong to the several exhibit departments are unusually attractive, and stand out in importance as objects worthy of independent description. Artistic Wood Carving. — There are some magniflcent specimens of wood carving in the foreign pavilions. In France's building, S.-W. corner, some elaborate and beautiful work is displayed. Other fine examples of carved interior wood work are the banaueting hall of the British Pavilion, which shows Corinthian columns and ornamental panels carved in poplar and stained to imitate walnut; and the Elch- enholzgalerie on the second floor of the German Pavilion, which is a reproduction of the same chamber in the Charlottenburger Schloss, and which is entirely in oak, with details picked out in gilt. Forty thousand dollars was expended by the Chinese government in wood carvings for its National Pavilion. The Cascades. — The striking feature of the Exposition and about which the whole picture is arranged, is the magnificent architectural and decorative composition known as the Cascades. They, with the Art Palace, the Terrace of States, the Festival Hall, and the two pavilions, form the point of the fan in which the exhibit palaces are grouped. The Cascades are three in number, and far surpass in size and beauty any work of like character ever seen in the history of the world. By far the largest of the three is the central Cascade. This has its beginning in an artistic hood, or veil, just in front of Festival Hall, which stands out from the center of the Terrace of States. The water gi\shes forth from this fount 24 feet above the level of the ter- race, spreads out into a stream 45 feet wide and 14 inches deep, and leaps from weir to weir, down the long slope of ledges or steps, spreading to a width of 150 feet as it takes its final plunge into the I Grand Basin. This Grand Basin is semi-circular in shape and 600 feet in diam- eter. No handsomer artificial basin can lie found anywhere in the world. The side Cascades have their sources in fountains in the center of large basins in front of each of the pavilions which stand at either end of the Terrace of States. Four magnificent jets d'eau, or artificial geysers, arise from the Grand Basin at the foot of the side Cascades. On a quiet day these fountains throw streams which attain a height of 75 feet. The three Cascades issue from appropriate sculptures at the top of the hill, or terrace, and by a series of descents down steps, plimge into the basin below. As all the buildings and avenues of the Exposition radiate from this feature, the glint and sparkle of the down-pouring waters are visible across a vast expanse from all the thoroughfares of the main picture. Along the edges of the Cascades, powerful vertical and horizontal jets of water issue from artistic sculptures and fall into the Cascade basin. These jets serve both to agitate the water, adding to its picturesqueness, and to reinforce the supply as it spreads over the widening ledges. Over these three Cascades the immense volume of 90.000 gallons of water descend every minute. The machinery for pumping this vast quantity of water is located beneath the side Cascades, and has a capacity" suf- ficient to elevate the water to a height of approximately 90 feet. It — 40 — is probably the largest pumping outfit ever installed. Rough con- struction work on the Cascades, including grading, framing of basins, lining of basins, and granitoid steps with copings, cost $120,000 in addition to the balustrades, staircases, etc., which cost about $100,000. At night the Cascades and their surroundings are the focus of a splendid electrical illumination, and the entire picture is one of sur- passing loveliness by day and by night. Devil in Sulphur. — In the Louisiana exhibit, in the Palace of Mines, are shown a statue of the Devil in sulphur and Lot's wife in rock salt. Floral Clock. — In addition to an extensive display of clocks in the Varied Industries Palace proper, and the Electric Clock in the court of the Palace of Electricity, one of the most novel features of the Exposition is the floral clock on Agriculture Hill, for which the De- partment of Manufactures furnishes the mechanism. This consists of a dial 100 feet in diameter, the numerals on which are approxi- mately 15 feet high, and made entirely of flowers. At the top of the dial is a small house built to contain the mechanism, a"nd adjoining it are two others containing a 5,000-pound bell, whose tones can he heard at a great distance, and a mammoth hour-glass exposed to view. This bell strikes the hour and half hour, and upon the first stroke of each hour the immense hour-glass turns so that the sand runs back. At the same time the doors of the house swing open, exposing the mechanism which controls the striking and operates the dial, and closing immediately upon the last stroke of the bell. At night the clock is brilliantly illuminated, and 1,000 lamps are re- quired for this purpose. Grand Pipe Organ, in Festival Hall, entered as an exhibit through the Liberal Arts Department, is the largest organ in the world, con- structed by a Los Angeles, Cal.. company. It covers a space 33 feet wide, 62 feet long, and is 40 feet high. It has fine manuals, 140 speak- ing stops, 239 movements and 10.059 pipes, and is ot itself one of the marvels of the Exposition. This organ required a train of 14 cars for its transportation. All modern improvements in organ build- ing are met with this instrument. It will be played upon in daily recitals by celebrated organists, among them. M. Alexander Guii- niant, of Paris. (See article on "Music at the Exposition.") Historic Fire Arms. — In the center of the western part of the Palace of Forestry. Fish and Game is the most remarkable collection of fire-arms in the world. The exhibit shows the development of the fire-arm from its crudest state. It be.gins with the bow gun, from which arrows and heavy stones were fired, the power being simply the elasticity of the wood, as in the Indian bow. It passes" through the stages of the wide-mouthed blunderbus. the flintlock and the muzzle-loader to the modern breech-loading army rifles and fowlino- pieces. The latest type in the collection is a weapon obtained from the United States Government, showing the arm now being manu- factured for the use ot the United States troops. A number" of can- non are also in the collection. The collection is valued at $50 000 the most cherished single piece being a Cookson gun made over' 400 years ago in London, and which is inlaid with silver and "ems Interesting Exhibits. — A reproduction of the Southwest Pass light- house and an equatorial telescope, weighing 4,000 pounds are" to^be found In the Palace of Liberal Arts. — Methods of manufacturing small arms for the American soldiers are shown in the United States Gov- ernment building. — The historic stage coach used by Emperor ^Taxi- — 42 — »--.1 ( 1 t-.t lU cc D h- _] D O K O < U. o o < J < Q. milian during his reign over Mexico is shown among the exhibits of that country in the Palace of Transportation. It is gorgeously orna- mented with pearls, gold and silver. The coach, which is considered Mexico's greatest heirloom, came direct from the National Museum at Mexico City.— Hank Monk stage coach; this famous old coach is one of Colorado's exhibits in the Palace of Transportation. This is the coach in which Horace Greeley and other famous men rode. Mark Twain tells a story of this old conveyance in one of his books. The coach was attacked 56 times by stage robbers, and 30 persons were killed in these encounters.— The Idaho silver nugget, in Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, weighs ten tons.— There is a working display of the big guns of the United States outside the Government building. —Chief Geronimo and Chief .Joseph are among the noted Indians on exhibition at the Fair.— Carolina exhibits, in Palace of Forestry, a tree 800 years old. Map in Wood. — In the Varied Industries building is a drawing room table made of over 40 different kinds of wood, so inlaid as to form a perfect map of the United States. A United States flag and the official flag of the Exposition, with the fleur-de-lis surrounded by stars, shown in opposite corners of the table, are the only bits of color in it. Plant Map of the U. S. — This gigantic map of the United States in growing plants is located ,iust west of the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game, and was installed by Government Bureau of Plant Indus- try of the Department of Agriculture. The map occupies five acres, and each State is represented by native plants and grasses, a total of 819 distinct species of plant life. Gravel walks mark the state and coast lines, and each State is appropriately labeled. The entire five acres have been underlaid with wooden drains to carry off the surface waters. The waste places around the margins of the map, resulting from the irregular coast line of the United States, are used for plant exhibits of various kinds. Classes of public school children work on the map daily. It cost $10,000. Rose Garden. — Located on the east side of the Palace of Agricul- ture, is the largest rose garden in the world. It covers nearly ten acres, and within its borders are growing thousands of rose bushes, clothed in the gorgeous raiment of more than a million blossoms. Solar Engine. — A priest from Lisbon, Portugal, who is Professor of Science in a college in Parto and Coimbra, M. A. G., Himalaya, proposes to establish, under the auspices of the Portuguese Commis- sion, west of the Palace of Forestry, Pish and Game, a mammoth solar engine, weighing 30 tons, and whose dimensions are 100 feet by 60 feet. By a system of giant converging lense's the rays of the sun can be focused to a point. It is claimed that the machine will melt anything. Statue of Vulcan. — A colossal statue of Vulcan occupies a con- spicuous place in the center of the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. The statue is made of iron and is a part of the exhibit of mines aiid metallurgy contributed by the iron manufacturers of the city of Bir- mingham, Alabama. The statue is 56 feet high and weighs 100,000 pounds. A horse and buggy may he driven between its feet. 'The dimensions of its various parts are: Length of face, 7 feet 6 inches- foot, 6 feet; arm, 10 feet; breadth of back, 10 feet;' measurement of chest, 22 feet 9 inches; waist, 18 feet 3 inches; neck, 11 feet 6 inches Weight of anvil block, 6,0n0 pounds; weight of spear head, 350 pounds;' — 44 — weight of hammer, ,';00 pouuds. Cost. $20,000. The plaster cast for the Vulcan was m.arte at Passaic, N. .J. Three 60-foot cars were re- quired to transport the cast to Birmingham, where it was moulded and cast into iron. After the Exposition period the Vulcan will be returned to adorn a public park at Birmingham. THE MODEL STREET. The Model Street is an exhibit of the Municipal Improve- ment Section of the Department of Social Economy, the plan being to create higher standards of street equipment and city arrange- ment by practical suggestions from experts and by comparison of MUSIC. (Palace of Liberal Arts.) methods in vogue in American cities. Tliere are also jjresented in tlie Town Hall exhibits from various municipalities and countries of special features connected with streets, parks and public works. The street is 1,200 feet long, and immediately in front of the mam entrance to the Exposition. It is approximately four city blocks in length, with a pul)lic square in the center, and buildings along both sides of the street. The paving, the parking, and the equipment of this street are according to improved methods, no matter from what part of the world obtained, the obiect being to illustrate the highest ideals that have been realized along particular lines by the most ad- vanced cities in the world. The buildings along the street are a combination of the utilities required by the Exposition, such as the hospital, restaurants and the various exhibit buildings erected by municipalities for the accommo- dation of municipal exhibits. In the center of the street is the Town Hall, fronted by the Civic Pride Monument, designed by J. Massey Rhind, of Boston, which faces the public square, laid down in lawns, paths and fountains, and about which buildings of a public nature might be erected. To the right are the Twin City building of St. Paul and Min- neapolis and the Guild Hall of Scranton, Pa., and the Model Play- grounds, where children may be left, to be cared for by a competent party. A fee is charged. The Board of Lady managers joins in the support of the play-grounds, contributin.g one thousand dollars per month towards their maintenance. Lost children are also looked after by the matron in charge. Between the Squai-e and the COO-foot main avenue are located the Kansas City Casino, the San Francisco building, and the New York City building. At tlie extreme east end of the street is the Emer- gency Hospital of the Exposition. A model camp further east is occupied by the U. S. Marine Corps. The architectural details of the section have been developed under the direction of Director of Works Taylor and of Mr. Albert Kelsey, of Philadelphia, Superintendent of the Municipal Improve- ment Section. LIBERTY BELL. The famous old bell is on exhibition, carefully guarded, at the Pennsylvania State building. It was brought here on petition of 75,000 St. Louis school children, who wished to enjoy the inspiration of its presence. Among the bells of the world, no one has been asso- ciated with events of as great import to himianity as the Liberty Bell. The original bell was cast by Thomas Lester, Whitechapel, London, in 1752. It cracked shortly after it was hung and was recast by Pass & Stow, Philadelphia, April 17. 1753. On July 8, 1776, it proclaimed the Declaration of Independence to the world, and on ,Ju]y 8, 1S35, rang for the last time. While slowly tolling, during the funeral sol- emnities over the remains of Chief .Justice John Marshall, it parted through its great side and was silent henceforth, forever. The I^iberty Bell has been removed from the building on four previous occasions during the Revolution, September, 1777, to keep it from the British; to the several expositions at New Orleans, January 23 1885- Chicago' April 25, 1893; Atlanta, October 24, 1895. The Bell is 12 feet in circumference around the lip and 7 feet 6 inches around the crown; it is 3 feet following the line of the bell from the lip to the crown, and 2 feet 3 inches over the crown It is 3 inches thick in the thickest part near the lip, and 114 inches thick LIBERTY BELL. in the thinnest part toward the crown. The length ot the clapper is 3 feet 2 inches, and tlie weight of the whole is 2,080 pounds. It is lettered in a line encircling its crown with the sentence; — "Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout ALL the LAND Unto All the In- habitants Thereof. LEV. XXV, V, X." The Bell rests on a movable platform. When it rang for the Declaration, it hung in a heavy wooden frame; the frame was or- dered by the Assembly when the Bell arrived in 1753 ; it was taken down from the steeple with the Bell in 1781 (.July 16) and placed in the tower below where it still remains. During Exposition h: urs the Bell may be visited at will, no card of admission being requiied. The sacred relic is guarded by stalwart Philadelphia policemen and is protected by a railing from yandal touch. "Liberty Bell Day" was one ot the great events of Jun«, the children turning out en masse to welcome Liberty's messenger. An escort of cavalry accompanied the Bell to its temporary quarters. — 19 — QUEEN'S JUBILEE GIFTS. The greatest array of costly presents ever exhibited to the world were those presented to Queen Victoria on the occasion of her Dia- mond Jubilee. From the magnificent priceless brooch sent by the Czar and Czarina o£ Russia to the two pairs o£ blankets and web of flannel sent by a woolen firm in New Zealand, there was every kind of article produced by man. Some of the most curious and beautiful of these are at the St. Louis Exposition, and were first exhibited in Toronto by special command of King Edward VII., who has sent some special saddlery of a most gorgeous character. They are displayed on the second floor of the Hall of Congresses. Among the Queen's articles shown here are the famous ivory chair of state, the pair of elephant tusks mounted on a carved ebony buffalo head, the other ivory and ebony articles sent by the great Indian prince, the Maharaja of Travancore. There is a fancy ostrich feather screen from the farmers and women of Cape Colony. There are gold, silver, ivory, ebony, sandalwood and other caskets contain- ing addresses in a hundred different languages, including Chinese, Corean, Malay, Cingalese, Hindoo, and other ancient languages of Asia and Africa. These addresses all exhibit the illuminator's art and what is more important, they testify the love and devotion, not only of the queen's subjects, but of nearly every nation under the sun. Descriptions of a few of the leading presents are herewith given: A chair of state of elegant carved ivory on truss-shaped legs with lion paw feet, the arms terminating in lion heads, the back enriched with scroll foliage and surmounted by center shell ornament sup- ported by two rampant elephants; the sides and every available part enriched with plaques of covered ivorj'; the eyes of the lion heads, and several spaces where jewels appear to have formerly been, are UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IhiDIAN SCHOOL. vacant; the seat Is inlaitl in veined alabaster. A gold and silver tissue drapery round the under side of the frame is finished with tassels and richly chased ormolu ornaments. A seat, back and two side cushions are covered with green silk velvet and embroidered in gold and silver thread. A carved ivory footstool with two steps, en suite with the chair of state. The steps are lined with green silk velvet with gold lace border. The sides are enriched with movable eagle heads with wing ornaments. A shaped kneeling cushion in green silk velvet, very richly em- broidered in gold and silver thread, with two gold and crimson tassels on the front corners. Presented by the Maharaja of Travancore. A pair of elephant tusks, mounted on a buffalo head carved In ebony, which is supported on four griffins. The tusks are supported higher up by a cross-bar of ebony, and rest on the heads of four figures representing some of the incarnations of Vishnu. On the projecting ends of the cross-bar to the tusks are two grifflns, with two elephants under them linking their trunks. On the center of the bar there is a sixteen-handed figure of Shiva, standing on the pros- trate form of an Abamaram or Fiend. All the figures are of carved ebony. From the Maharaja of Travancore. A pair of elephant tusks mounted as flower vases on a stand of rosewood, covered with ivory. The tusks are mounted with gold and are entwined by a pepper vine in fruit, worked in gold. The vases are supported on two elephant heads carved in ebony, and ris- ing from a base of rock and jungle worked in ivory and elephant teeth. The trunks of the elephants support a lotus of ivory, on which is seated a golden image of Lukeshine, the Goddess of Prosperity. From the Maharaja of Travancore. VATICAN TREASURES. The Vatican Treasures are among the most notable objects on view at the Exposition. They were sent by Pope Pius X.. and are nominally in charge of Cardinal Satolli, as the special representative of the Pope. The collection of the exhibit was under the direct charge of Rev. Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, who selected such subjects relating to t'le Vatican and the present Pope, and his prede- cessor, as would be most likely to interest American visitors. There are in addition to the relics of Leo XIII. and the Pecci family portraits, a death mask and a death impression of the right hand of Pope Leo XIII.; portraits of the present Pope; a series of photographic enlargements showing St. Peter's and the different por- tions of the Vatican; photographic copies of the most famous decora- tionB of the Vatican, including the Sistine Chapel and St. Peter's; sketches of the Catacombs and of some famous religious relics and monuments in Rome; a collection of autographs from the archives and the library. A large selection of the work of the Papal Mosaic factory, the most famous in the world, will command attention. Replicas of famous classics, which so nearly resemble paintings that a close in- spection Is necessary to determine their real composition, are shown. They are made of infinitesimal pieces of a secret composition, re- sembling porcelain, which are produced in all the various colors and shades. Prom a distance they appear to be real paintings, so skill- fully are they put together. Reproductions of the Codex Vaticanus, the oldest copy of the Holy Scriptures in existence, dating back to the fourth csntury. The — 52 — original is the one from wliicli our Bibles are translated, making it tire most valuable book in the world. Another interesting exhibit is a copy of one of Cicero's Essays — de Republica — and many texts and fac-similes of famous classice are included among the treasures. There are maps and documents of great historic value, relating to the missions in the Louisiana Territory. The exhibit is In charge of Signer Francesco Cogiati, a mem- ber of the Ecclesiastical Academy of Arts, and occupies three rooms on the second floor of the Anthropology building. There is no charge for viewing the treasures. Many of the articles are on sale. The exhibition is one that should not be missed, as this is the first instance of a display of this kind by the Vatican. The Mosaics are notably fine and are entitled to careful inspection. POWER— By H. Lukemann. (Palace of Electricity.) ELECTRICAL EFFECTS. In elaborateness and beauty the decorative lighting of tlie Louisi- ana Purchase Exposition lar surpasses anything ever previously at- tempted. Nearly 120,000 electric lamps shed their rays at night over the magnificent specimens o£ architecture and the surrounding grounds which make up the impressive scene that so delights the eye of the visitor. This mass o£ light maizes the grounds of the Exposition as bright by night as by day. The whole picture is bathed in a per- fect flood of light. Every architectural line of beauty of the build- ings is clearly aud distinctly brought out by chains of incandescent lamps. From some points of observation the spectator can behold as many as 90,000 lights at one time, all aglow. On the Varied Industries Palace alone, 15,000 lamps are shown, this being the greatest number on any one structure ou the grounds. About 80,000 lights are used by concessionaires and exhibitors for decorative purposes. Charming as are the Cascades and their surroundings in the day- time the sight at night is far more impressive and entrancing. It is at this alluring spot that the most profuse display of decorative light- ing is made. Twenty thousand incandescent lamps are employed in lending brilliancy to the beautiful creation after nightfall. Globes of three colors are used in the illumination, presenting a picture that fairly thrills one with its splendor. At intervals the lamps are changed for globes of other hues, so that the color scheme of the scene is being constantly varied. It is a sight of which one never tires. With each succeeding visit one becomes more and more impressed with its enthralling beauty. And the grandeur of the picture is heightened by the arrange- ment of the lights which figure in the gorgeous night view. Under the steps, or ledges, of the Cascades, where the water falls in sheets, rows of variegated lamps are arranged. The lights of different hues, forcing their rays through the descending water, give it a beauty and color that surpass in charm anythmg ever conceived for a World's Exposition. The picture is indescribably grand. It realizes all our dreams of fairyland. Over the ground are scattered ornamental obelisks, flag poles, lamp posts and bridges, which are gorgeously illuminated by night with Incandescent lamps. The arches over the bridges are outlined in rows of electric globes; and the architectural beauties of the obe- lisks, lamp posts and flag poles are splendidly worked out by bands of incandescent lights and protruding brackets. Only incandescent lamps are employed in the main picture of the great Exposition. Not an arc light is to be found anywhere. It would disturb the evenness of the illumination, which the profusion of incandescent lamps makes brilliant, yet uniform. — 55 — Arc lights are used in abundance along the borders of the 1,240 acres of the Exposition grounds, and on The Pike an arc lamp is to be found at every interval of 75 feet. The grounds surrounding the buildings of the states and foreign countries are also mad* bright with arc lights. The stretch of forest land, which is a distinctive feature of this Exposition, has its gloom dispelled at night by a gorgeous sprink- ling of arc lights. Along The Pike decorative lighting is most profuse. Many hand- some designs and conceptions are worked out in lamps of varied hues, the whole making a most attractive and gay scene. Some con- cessionaires use as many as 12,000 lights. The Missouri State Building has quite an elaborate electric deco- ration of its own, and some other State buildings have more or less pretentious illuminations. There is nothing sudden about the turning on and off of the lights at night. First a faint, red glow is noticed in the lamps. Slowly it increases in brightness until all lights on the .grounds are finally shown in their greatest intensity. When the closing hour arrives, the lamps are extinguished in the same manner. So gradually is the illumination shut off that one does not notice for awhile that the time to depart has arrived. Almost imperceptibly, the lights grow dim- mer and dimmer until eventually only a dull glow is visible. Then the last faint color dies away and darkness envelops all. The view of the illumination from the lagoons and Grand Basin is particularly beautiful. AUSTRIAN PAVILION. TEN DAYS AT THE EXPOSITION. In order to really understand and appreciate the manifold inter- ests and beauties or the World's Fair, one must spend the entire summer in St. Louis; but for the man or woman living within a radius of 300 miles and having but $50.00 to use and ten days' time to spare, a brief survey of the most important features is all that is, possible. That this may be accomplished ^v)th the greatest comfort, the following outing is suggested: Monday. — A lodging place having been previously selected, the morning might be given to making the first visit to the Exposition and observing the general lay-out of the grounds. After luncheon, Palace of Manufactures, 3 hours; Palace of Education, 2 hours; dinner at one of the restaurants in the Main Picture; ride in electric launch and observation of illumination. Tuesday. — Beginning at 8 a. m., ride on Intramural Railro.ad from Station No. 1 to Station No. 16. Palace of Liberal Arts, 2 hours; United States Fisheries, 1 hour; luncheon at one of the restaurants in the vicinity; Government building, 2 hours; Mines and Metallurgy, 2 hours; east wing of the Palace of Pine Arts, 1 hour, stopping at German Pavilion on the way; dinner at one of the numerous restau- rants on the Plateau; ride on Intramural from Station No. 12 to Sta- tion No. 1 ; evening on The Pike. Wednesday. — Early walk down The Pilve, entering Palace of Transportation from west end, 1% hours for this building; Palace of Machinery, 1% hours; Palace of Electricity, 1 hour; luncheon; afternoon. Palace of Varied Industries, 2% hours, leisurely walk up the hill, and 1% hours in west wing of Palace of Fine Arts; dinner and evening on the grounds. Thursday. — Early morning ride or walk to Philippine Village, morning on the reservation; luncheon at Philippine restaurant; after- noon in Palaces of Horticulture, Agriculture, Forestry, Fish and Game, stopping to see the U. S. Life Saving exhibit and the great Floral Clock; dinner and evening on The Pike. Friday. — Morning among pavilions of Great Britain, China, Bel- gium, Austria, and the others in the vicinity of the Administration building; luncheon near by; afternoon at Administration group, in- specting Queen Victoria's .Jubilee presents, the Vatican treasures and the indoor Anthropology exhibit; dinner and view of grounds from Observation Wheel. Saturday. — Morning on Plateau of States; luncheon and after- noon in the Gulch, and visit to U. S. Bird Cage; dinner and evening on The Plk«. Sunday. — The grounds not being open, the day may be spent in the beautiful residence districts and parks of the city. Monday. — Early walk through grounds; 2 hours in American section, Palace of Fine Arts; 1 hour at State and other buildings; APOTHEOSIS OF ST. LOUIS— By C. H. Niehaus. (Plaza of St. Louis.) eaily luncheon and afternoon at Jeiusalem, Japan and the State buildings west of the Terrace of States; dinner and evening in Cas- cade Gardens. Tuesday. — Morning in the Model Street; afternoon on the Missis- sippi or at Shaw's Garden, one of the finest botanical gardens in the world; evening at a theater or summer garden. Wednesday. — Having taken a more or less hasty look at all the principal sights of the Fair, the visitor should give the last day to the buildings in which his interest centers. If his taste runs to mechanics, he can find ample material in the Palace of Transporta- tion, Machinery and Electricity. If he is in educational work, the Palaces of Education and Liberal Arts will claim his time. Should his inclination he towards the beautiful, his time could profitably be spent in the Palaces of Fine Arts, Varied Industries and Manufac- tures. Or he might devote the last day to the outside Anthropology exhibit, the queer people from all over the globe, whose primitive dwellings are located to the north and west of the Palace of Agricul- ture. The evening may be spent on The Pike or on the splendidly illuminated grounds, according to the individual taste of the visitor. Cost of Trip. — The cost of such a trip, allowing liberally for trans- portation, need not be over $50.00. The visitor who is fond of The Pike can economize on food and Intramural fares, and the launch ride need not be taken more than once. On Sunday the cost of enter- tainment should not be as much as on a day spent within the grounds. The railroads, on certain days of each month, sell ten-day tickets to St. Louis, within a radius of 300 miles for one fare for the round trip. Room and Breakia.st, Daily $1.00 to .$ I..''j0 Car Fare to and from Grounds 10 lAmcheon 2.> Dinner 50 Soft Drinks 05 Launch Ride or Pike Shows 25 to .50 Intramural 10 Cost, per day $ 3.00 For ten days $.50.00 Ten Admissions 6,00 Transportation 12.00 Copy of Official Guide (25c) and sundry other expenses.. 3.00 Total, for ten daj-s $50.00 General Suggestions. — It is very unwise to attempt to do too much sight-seeing at the start or to overtax the energies. The time spent in moving about should be increased gradually. — The many historic spots in and about St. Louis should not be neglected if opportunity to visit them presents itself. — Baggage, sleeping car and ticket arrange- ments should not be put off until the last moment. — The United States section of the Art Gallery is open four evenings a week until 10 o'clock, and the time can be spent most enjoyably in inspecting this great collection of works of art. — 61 — EXHIBIT PALACES OF THE EXPOSITION. The great exhibit palaces of the ExpoBJtion are fifteen in number. The names they bear indicate the uses for wliich they are intended. Their location may be readily determined by reference to the ground plan map in the front of the Official Guide. Tliey are described in the order o£ their classification as departments of the nivision of Exhiljits. PALACE OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMY. The Palace of Education occupies a conspicuous position in the center of the main picture fronting west on tlie Grand Basin, at tire foot of the east approach to the Terrace of States and Art Hill. It is entirely surrounded by lagoons, but by means of monumental bridges we gain entrance from the main avenues to the central arches or corner pavilions of the Palace. It faces the Palace of Manufactures, north, and the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, east. This is the first example in exposition Iristory of an entire building assigned exclu- sively to exhibits of tliis department; and in this case, the demand from foreign nations, states and cities, industrial schools and colleges, for exhibit space has far exceeded the capacity of the Palace of Education. As originally planned, the building was provided with a central court of broad proporlions, but this has since been enclosed and given over to exhibits. Architecture. — The general plan of the Palace of Education is irregular, approaching a quadrangle. The principal entrances are on the axis of the building and in the form of the Roman triumphal arch. Stately Corinthian columns are gi'ouped in pairs and above the entrance is an elaborate attic, crowned by appropriate sculpture. Above the doors are broken pediments that bear reclining figures. The entrances are connected outside by a colonnade of monumental proportions. This structure may be reco,gnized by its simplicity. The style of the Palace of Education is pure classic. Exhibits. — The Education building contains the general exhibits of the departments of Education and Social Economy. These consist of formal displays of the schools and colleges of the United States and foreign governments. The exhibits are classified in their installation, the pulilic schools of the country being in the north corridor of the Education building, the technical, mechanical, agricultural and art schools in the west cor- ridor of the building", the universities in the court, and the defectives in tire east corridor of the building. The business and commercial schools, and the publishing and commercial houses connected with education are in the southwest portion of the corridor space. The foreign exhibits are located within the court. The exhibits being those of the foremost nations in educational work, Germany, France and England. Thirty-three states of the United States, fourteen nations of Europe, Asia and Africa, and tour American cities are represented. The leading colleges and technical schools of America have exhibits. There is a lecture hall for talks and demonstrations, working ex- hibits, school room, laboratories, etc., where pupils and teacher are seen at work are shown. — S.8 — Classes for the instruction of defectives are lield daily and at- tract much attention. No separate building has been erected for the Department of Social Economy; certain exhibits of this department are in the south corridor of the Palace of Education; namely, those relating to the general betterments, public health and charities and correction. One of the features is a working hygiene laboratory for bacteriological and chemical tests. The municipal improvement exhibits are installed in the Model Street. Model Street. — For description of Model Street, etc., see article on "Special Features of Interest." Sculpture. — Robert Bringhurst, the St. Louis sculptor, designed all of the sculpture on the Palace of Education. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architects. — Eames & Young, St. Louis. Dimensions. — 525 by 750 feet, covering 7.1 acres. Cost.— $400,000.00. PALACE OF FINE ARTS. The Palace of Fine Arts, the only permanent building on the Exposition grounds, is located on Art Hill, directly south of the Ter- race of States and 60 feet above the general level. Because of its color and architecture, which render it out of harmony with the general scheme of the Fair, it is screened from view by Festival Hall. It is a flre-proof structure, consisting of four pavilions, so arranged as to form a letter E. Architecture. — The main building, which is designed as a per- manent art museum, is built of Bedford stone. It is 348 feet long by 166 feet deep. At the east and west of this building are situated two wings, each 204 feet long by 422 feet deep. They are temporary structures of brick with decorative details in staff. In the open area at the rear of the main building and between the wings is the sculp- ture pavilion, a large building of buff pressed brick with trimmings of staff. Around this building are ornamental gardens, fountains and statuary. The prevailing architecture of the Palace is the simple Ionic, relieved by a colonnade of the magnificent Corinthian order, that leads up to the main or north entrance. The Palace is, in several respects, superior to those of all pre- vious Expositions. It is so constructed that large crowds may move about through its galleries without danger of congestion, and it is all on one floor, so that there are no tiresome stairways to climb. There are 134 skylighted galleries, and a grand court of international sculp- ture constitutes the central corridor of the main building. The gal- leries designed for the display of paintings in oil are provided with a top light, the ceiling being constructed of cathedral glass. The cor- ridor is flanked by alcoves that are filled with exhibits of architectural and sculptural ornament, which may best be studied in connection with the higher examples of the sculptor's art. Arrangement.— The thirty-two galleries of the main building are given over to American painting and industrial art. The collection of pictures is divided into three groups. The first of these is the con- temporaneous, or works produced within the past twelve years. The second is retrospective, such pictures as were painted between the — 64 — year 1803, the time of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, and the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. The last group is a loan collection which is composed of the masterpieces to be found in Amer- ican galleries, whether public or private. In the separate sculpture pavilion are the works of foreign sculp- tors only. A number of marble and bronze figures are to be found on the galleries of the building and in the central garden. The foreign exhibits of paintings and applied art are located in the two side pavilions. Nineteen galleries of the west wing are filled with French paintings, inlaid furniture, wrought metal and other art work. The south end of this building, five large rooms with side lighting, is given up to the .Japanese collection of carved gems, em- broideries, enamel work and wrought metal. Thei-e are also some antique .Japanese prints that are absolutely priceless. In this building may also be found the exhibits of Belgium, Italy, Spain, Russia, Cuba and the Argentine Republic. The largest collections in the east wing are those of Great Britain and Germany. Here also are found the collections sent from Holland, Sweden, Canada and Australia. In all these exhibits the pictures ai'e divided into contemporaneous and retrospective work. The walls of the galleries are covered with burlap and brocaded cloth of jute fibre. The colors used are such as to give the best background for each style of painting. In order to obviate the danger of fire, the cloth is all immersed in a fire-proof fiuid. The decoration of the walls has been carried out by the commissioners of the nations to which the galleries were assigned, thus doing away with the mo- notony that the taste of one nation would have produced. Comprehensiveness. — In all previous exhibitions of art, a sharp line has been drawn between the so-called "fine arts" and industrial arts. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition has established a new order of things, obliterating this distinction and admitting to competition all examples of artistic workmanship, whether their purpose be aes- thetic or utilitarian. Each nation has been requested to send specimens of its handicraft, and this request has met with a hearty response The visitor who knows nothing about painting and sculpture, but who is interested in wood-carving, wrought metal, architecture, pottery or decorative glass, will find the Palace replete with objects of inter- est. For the first time in the history of art exhibits the architect may come to the art building to study models of finished buildings and perfect specimens of architectural ornament. The devotees of the pyrograph may carry home thousands of artistic ideas in wood and leather burning. The china painter may learn what is really artistic in ceramic decoration. The collection of paintings is not so large as has been shown at some previous expositions, the space being lim- ited so that each nation would be compelled to send only the cream of its artistic product. Classification. — The art exhibit is divided into six general classes. The first of these is painting, whether on canvas, wood, metal or plaster, and by all direct methods and all media, no mechanical re- productions being admitted. This class, in addition to oil and tem- pera painting, includes drawings and cartoons in water color, pastel and crayon, pyrographic designs and miniatures painted on ivory. The second class comprises etchings, engravings and autolitho- graphs in pencil, crayon or brush. The third class is that of sculpture. This includes figures and bas-reliefs in marble, bronze, terra cotta, ivory or any other mate- rial; also medals and carved gems. — G5 — Allied with sculpture is the fourth class, architecture, consist- ing of drawings, photographs and models of completed buildings, de- signs of architectural details and mosaics, leaded and stained glass. The fifth class is the loan collection, works of art of any descrip- tion, selected from galleries whether public or private. The last class is that of industrial art, comprising pottery and porcelain, metal work that does not come under the head of sculp- ture, artistic leather work, carved wood, book bindings and woven fabrics. For these objects, so far as possible, galleries with side-lighting have been provided. The applied art of each nation is exhibited in conjunction with its fine art. Exhibits. — The art exhibit, more than any other exhibit of the Exposition, is designed to show the composite character of the Amer- ican people, and the results of European influence and culture. The foreign collections of paintings are so arranged that the visitor may study them in relation to our national art, and their effect upon it. With this object in view, the director has placed the American col- lection in the central building of the Palace of Pine Arts. As one passes from the sculpture hall, either to the right or to the left, he enters galleries filled with pictures that are distinctively American. These are the work of native trained men, and come as near to "ex- clusively American" art as has yet been produced. Passing on to the second tier of galleries to the west one finds the work of the Americans who studied in Paris, Italy or Spain. These show the Latin influence, the training of Lefebvre, Bougereau and Bonnat. Crossing over to the west pavilion the visitor finds himself among the pictures that have been the source of inspiration for so many of the younger American painters. First in order comes the Belgian section, filling nine galleries. This is French art, de- veloped on Belgian soil, and it is utterly different from the art of Holland. In this collection the most pleasing canvases are the peasant and animal compositions. In such a collection as that which fills the nineteen rooms that are devoted to French art, it would be difficult to name any works of special interest. There are so many marvels of color and line. However, be who is looking for "infiuences" will be compelled to pause before Rochegrosse's elaborate triptych of "The Queen of Sheba before Solomon," in its marvelous frame of wrought metal and gems, and the beautiful composition by L'Hermitte. The World's Fair city will doubtless be attracted by LeQuesne's "Founding of St. Louis," because of its local interest as well as its intrinsic charm. From the French section one passes through the exhibits of the South American countries, that are essentially Latin in their char- acter, to those of Spain, Italy and Russia, finally reaching the col- lection sent by .lapan. .Japanese art Is the highest development of the aesthetic in treatment. The hard facts of nature are ignored. The one purpose of the artist is to produce a beautiful effect. This "unrealistic beauty" is not without its effect upon the painters of the Occident. American art especially is feeling its influence. Returning to the sculpture hall of the main building, as a start- ing point, we may study the effect of the widely different Anglo- Saxon ideals and methods upon our painters. In the second tier of galleries to the east are installed the works of those men who were trained in Germany, Holland and Great Britain. The influence of the Latin and Saxon schools on American painters may he noted in the canvases of Childe Hassam in the west gallery and William Chase — 67 — in the east gallery. Whereas the Latin influence produces delicacy and refinement, the Saxon develops strength and sincerity. The source of this vigorous character may be studied, in the east pavilion, first In the exhibit of Holland, which occupies nine rooms, correspond- ing with the Belgian exhibit In the west pavilion. Marines, landscapes and figures of the peasantry occupy most of these canvases, and in all of them we feel the earnestness, the honesty of the painter. Adja- cent to the Dutch exhibit are works of the b^^andinavian artists, Zorn, Thaulow and the other hardy Norsemen. In the sixteen galleries that are filled with German art, the Saxon principle is everywhere dominant. Although the Secessionists have no distinctive exhibit, there are many splendid examples of the work of Stuck, VonUhde and the band of painters who dared to defy imperial criticism by throwing off the yoke of academic tradition. These Secession paintings are a part of the loan collection. Through the Austrian section and the two galleries that are de- voted to these nations that have no special commission one reaches the British exhibit, occupying fourteen rooms. Here one may see the masterpieces of Millais, Lord Leighton and Burne-Jones. The best type of painting now produced on British soil is that of the Glas- gow men, Paterson, Stevenson, Guthrie and their companions; paint- ing that is much more in sympathy with the German Secession than with the recent art of England. Thus, from the Oriental on one side to the British on the other, the visitor may study the widely different sources of influence that have made American art what it is to-day. Open at night. The Fine Arts Palace is the only one open at night. The American Section is open for inspection four nights a week. Sculpture. — The Palace of Pine Arts is embellished with a superb mass of statuary, in permanent form on the main building, and in staff, with the same general treatment, along the fronts of the tem- porary east and west wings. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architect. — Cass Gilbert, New York. Dimensions. — Center, 348 by 166 feet; two wings (each), 204 by 422 feet; total area, 5.2 acres. Cost.— $1,014,000.00. PALACE OF LIBERAL ARTS. The Palace of Liberal Arts stands at the extreme east of the main picture, near the border of Forest Park. It faces northwest on the Plaza of Orleans and southwest on the Sunken Gardens, opposite the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. In this building the dedicatory exercises of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were held on April 30, 1903. The building as at first planned was provided with a fine inner court, but this feature of the construction had to be abandoned 01) account of the great demand for space made by exhibitors in this department. Architecture.— The general plan of the Palace of Liberal Arts is a quadrangle. The main facade on the Sunken Gardens is enriched by three magnificent Roman triumphal arches, one in the center form- ing the main entrance and two smaller ones near the ends of the facade. The arches are connected by a Doric colonnade and the cor- ners are treated in the form of round pavilions. The smaller triumphal arches are repeated near the ends of the two shorter facades. The — 6S — roof is supported by single trusses, spanning the entire exhibit space without columns. The general architecture is ol: the period ot Louis XVI. The building may be recognized by its many triumphal arches and its abundance of ornament. Exhibits. — The Palace of Liberal Arts contains examples of prac- tically all of the exhibits of the departments. The most important feature, the Grand Organ, is installed in Festival Hall, where it serves for the organ recitals and for accompaniments in the choral concerts. (For description, see Article on "Special Features of Interest.") Euro- pean nations have made worthy exhibits in the foreign section in the lines of graphic arts, maps, models and plans, books and book-making, public work and surveys, manufacture ot paper, chemical, mechanical and scientific instruments, optical goods, artificial textiles, photog- raphy, photo-engraving, medals, coins, seals. In the British section „- .. ,-.,,.w;k2;£--ia..,^iaaasaaaiMu-l DE SOTO— By E. C. Potter. (Plaza of St. Louis.) the working laboratory for the liquification and solidification of hydro- gen and the separation of helium, the phosphorescent luminosity of radium, the production of electric crystals, under the direction of the Royal Commission and Professor Dewar, may be seen. Most of the experiments are conducted in a separate building just east of the Model City, but lectures on these subjects are delivered in the lecture room in the gallery of the Palace. Egypt, China and Japan in the foreign section present displays that compare well with those of the European and Southern American countries. Especially noteworthy is China's display of wood carving. The Siamese collection illustra- tive of the manufacture of paper is full of interest to the student of processes. Japan has a complete newspaper offlce in operation. Ger- many's extensive exhibit shows to what a degree of perfection the art of lithographing has been carried in that country. Domestic exhibits are arranged in classes and mostly illustrate processes of manufacture, such as book-making plants, printing offices, photo-engraving and electrotyping outfits. An equatorial telescope, weighing two tons, is seen in the American section, also a complete lighthouse, a reproduction of Southwest Pass Lighthouse. Architects. — Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, St. Louis. Sculpture. — Liberal Arts is the most heavily decorated of the Ex- position palaces. A massive quadriga and two flanking groups, which surmount the main triumphal arch entrance on the transverse boule- vard, were modeled by Charles Lopez and F. C. R. Roth, conjointly. This is the most gigantic quadriga ever placed on any Exposition palace. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Dimensions. — 525 by 750 feet, covering 9.1 acres. Cost.— $480,000.00. PALACE OF MANUFACTURES. The Palace of Manufactures and its companion, the Palace of Varied Industries, form the most conspicuous objects of the Expo- sition picture as we enter the main gate. They stand symmetrically on the perimeter of the main picture, one on each side of the Plaza of St. Louis and the Grand Court. The two palaces house the ex- hibits of the manufactures department, the most extensive space ever given by an Exposition to exhibits of this kind. As originally de- signed, these buildings were to be treated with gigantic towers 400 feet high at the center of the north facades, but these were abandoned as impracticable. Architecture. — The ground plan of this building conforms to the broken line of the main transverse avenue. The south facade, facing on the lagoon, is ornamented by a succession of deep Roman' arches on each side of a colossal Roman niche that forms the main entrance. The smaller arches terminate in other entrances. This same treat- ment is repeated on the opposite facade. The distinctive marks of this building are the Greek Spliinx, of block pedestals, guarding all the entrances, and the rich cresting on the roof. An open colonnade connects the entrances on the shorter facades, lending a shadowy effect to the design which is most effective. A central court, circular In form, gives a pleasing aspect to the interior. This is treated with a colonnade of fine design in keeping with the exterior. Exhibits.— The exhibits of the Manufactures Palace represent two classes of the manufactures department, comprising textiles, clothing, — 70 — embroideries, laces, etc,, and liardware, lieating and ventilating ap- paratus, undertalier's goods, and otlier articles made of wood or metal, in the utilitarian line. Some of the artistic products of manufacture tliat were crowded out of tlie Palace of Varied Industries are housed here. The most notable is the collection of Italian marbles and bronzes. France has a magnificent display of imported gowns and fine chinas, and Austria shows a beautiful collection of pottery and glass. Japan has a fine exhibition of silk and silk goods, including models illustrative of the life history of the silk cocoon. The domestic exhiljits cover the entire range of articles assigned to this department. A unique feature of the Department of Manufactures is the sec- tion known as Bazaars or Arcades. These have been designed to cover the requirements of exhibitors who wish to demonstrate and sell their ..J ■to , lilt t ' > ' r't: * <■ fr ♦ t 1 J* * * r ' i\ W W \i J li ^ "lilP . jfjill! CANADIAN PAVILION. wares to the visitor at retail, or for demonstration without sale. There are several of these sections in the two Palaces of the Department, each section divided into booths about 6x6, and the Bazaar has the appearance of a busy department store, in which is carried on the retail business of the Department of Manufactures. Sculpture. — For the subsidiary entrances of the Palace of Manu- factures, Philip Martini has done two marine fountains, one a "Nep- tune," with trident and chariot drawn by sea horses, the other a "Venus," witli spear and attendant horses and chariot. A "Victory," repeated three times, occupies the three niches in the main entrance. In the modeling of this figure the sculptor, Michael Tonetti, employed an electric fan to produce the effect of the wind-blown garments on the partly draped figure. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and .Grounds.") Architects. — Carrere & Hastings, New York. Dimensions. — 1,200 by 525 feet, or 14.5 acres. Cost.— $720,000.00. PALACE OF VARIED INDUSTRIES. The Palace of Varied Industries stands opposite the Manufactures Palace, west of the Lindell Entrance, and is on the right of the Plaza of St. Louis as we obtain our first view of the main vista. It was de- signed in symmetry with the Palace of Manufactures, together with COWBOY AT REST— By Solon Broglum. (Grand Basin.) which it provides space for the exhibits of this deiiartnient. It was the first building let to contractors. It suffered from high winds dur- ing the first winter after its construction, and a 400-foot tower de- signed for the north facade was abandoned. Architecture.— The general plan of the Palace provides for an elaborate treatment of the four facades to meet the requirements of its position on the main picture. Its distinctive marks are: Pairs of towers above center of south and north facades, and detached colon- nade in front of south entrance. The south facade on the main ave- nue is its most striking feature, being provided with an elaborate en- trance thrown back behind a circular detached colonnade of majestic proportions. An ornate dome overlooks the open court thus formed. A magnificent corridor passes north through the building from this entrance, breaking at the center into a fine interior court filled with exhibits housed in kiosks and iron pavilions. Ttie Ionic colonnade that ornaments the four facades rests on a high base that is broken, between the columns, by arched entrances. Behind this screen-like arcade is a shaded path for pedestrians. The square pavilions at the corners are crowned by low domes, and the east and north entrance have graceful towers in the style of the Spanish Renaissance. Exhibits. — The exhibits in this building are closely allied to the industrial art exhibit in the Palace of Fine Arts, the point of distinction bein'g that in the Palace of Varied Industries the product is shown by the manufacturing firm, while in the Art Palace it is shown by the artist himself. Really artistic products that are for sale during the Exposition period are on display in the Palace of Manufactures. In the Varied Industries building, an astonishing collection of beautiful things has been brought together. The west end is occupied by the exhibits of Great Britain, including a model of King Edward's yacht gorgeously furnished, a model country house, English potteries, Irish laces, and a cotton mill in operation; and exhibits of Japan, among which are exquisite embroideries, bronzes, lacquer ware and enameled pottery and metal vases. The beautiful Delft ware is noticeable in the Holland, Doulton in the English section and royal porcelain in the sections given over to Denmark. The most extensive as well as the most beautiful exhibit in this building is that of Germany. It includes displays of Kayserzinn ware, pottery, tapestries, toys and specially designed rooms, and occupies almost the entire east half of the palace. French jewelers show some marvelously beautiful specimens of their art in jewelry and precious stones. In the court Persia displays rugs, carpets and stuffs of native manufacture, and Swiss manufacturers have a building devoted to their peculiar wares. Thie Floral Clock. — (For description, see article on "Special Feat- ures of Interest.") The Floral Clock is entered as an exhibit In this department. Sculpture. — The sculpture on this building is especially noteworthy. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architects: Van Brunt & Howe, Kansas City. Dimensions: 13(10 by 52.5 feet, providing 656,250 square feet of space, or 14.5 acres. Cost.— ?65n,0'00.00. PALACE OF ELECTRICITY. The Palace of Electricity balances the Palace of Education, from which it is separated by the Grand Basin. It is located at the west end of the Terrace of States and Art Hill. It presents a fine front to the south facade of the Varied Industries Palace, and on the west is the Palace of Machinery. The Lagoon surrounds it entirely, and six bridges connect it with the main avenues. The somewhat interrupted effect of the broken line of eaves produces a remarkable result when the building is illuminated by electricity, imparting the appearance of lightning. — 73 — Architecture. — The general plan of the Palace ot Electricity corre- sponds to that of the Palace of Education, but there is a central court ot wide dimension surrounded by a low, broad inner veranda. It is constructed for heavy machinery, and a powerful traveling crane, used in the installation of machinery, runs on tracks in the west bay, and the trusses are unusually large and powerful for such a build- ing. On the east side, the columns, grouped in pairs, project far beyond the wall and are connected by a low balcony. Above the colonnade is a beautiful Corinthian cornice. The court pavilions are crowned by pyra- midal towers. Surmounting each of these is a beautiful nude figure of a woman, holding aloft a star, by which the building may be recognized. Exhibits. — Tire exhibits housed in the Palace of Electricity are mostly machines in operation for the generation and vise of electricity, dynamos and motors. The largest of these machines are located under the traveling crane, along the west side of the Palace of Electricity, so as to facilitate placing and removing heavy parts. Motor-generators, rotary converters, transformers, rheostats and regulators of every form are so arranged and connected as to demonstrate their various functions. Ingenious applications of motors to the diverse forms of power machines, in which so m\ich progress has been made in recent years, are shown. The principal companies in the electrical industry are mainlj' interested in this general classification. Still and working exhibits in the street railway field are shown within the Palace of Electricity, and outside there is a double testing track about 1400 feet long, upon whiclr speed, acceleration, braking and efficiency tests can he made. The phenomena of high potential currents, beyond anj'thing in this line attempted at previous expositions, are shown. The wireless telegraph and telephone exhibits are among the most attractive features on the grounds. The largest wireless telegraph station ever erected has a conspicuous location east of the Model City. Visitors may send messages by the wireless system between different stations in the grounds, and to other cities having like stations. The Radiophone exhibit. Section 17, shows the transmission of sound over a beam of light. A practical demonstration of the effects of lightning on buildings, stacks, etc., is an attractive feature in Section 39. A visit to the court of the building will reveal the possibilities of wireless telephony. One ma}' enter therein and no sound will be heard except those incident to visitors passing to and fro. If a receiver with- out wires or external connection be held to the ear, the sounds of music or of speaking, foreign to the surroundings, can be distinctly heard. It is like an enchanted court, with a telephone receiver as the magic key. Practical demonstrations ai-e shown also in electro-therapeutics, electro-magnetism, electro-chemistry, electric lighting, lieating and cooking. There ai'c lamps ot every kind, and incandescent lights of every size and color are displayed. Nernst lamps are utilized in lighting one of the l5uildings, and the Cooper-Hewitt vapor arc lamps are shown in the Palace of Electricity. These lamps emit an intense white light, in which the absence of red rays gives a very peculiar effect. Vacuum tube lighting by means of induced currents is shown. One of the most interesting exhibits is the German laboratory, showing t)ie development of chemistry in the past 250 3'ears. Part of the apparatus is from the Museum at Nuremberg. The Liebig laboratory of 1835 is accurately reproduced. A number of historical exhibits of very great merit are m this building. Thomas A. Edison, Chief Consulting Electrical Engineer or the Department, has a personal exhibit, showing the earliest torms ol the incandescent lamp, phonograph, generators and other mechanisrns, which he has contributed so much to develop. The storage battery he has designed especially for automobile use, combining light weight with high discharge rates, will draw the attention of engineers as well as the public. Sculpture.— The six pyramidal towers of the Palace of Electricity are surmounted by repeats of Bela Pratt's group, "Light Overcoming Darkness." The central figure is a nude, holding aloft a star. Figures of "Darkness" crouch at her feet. Farther down on the towers are "Wonders of the Lightning," and "Wonders of the Aurora" by the same sculptor. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") CEYLON PAVILION. Architects. — Walker & Kimball, Boston and Omaha. Dimensions. — 525 by 750 feet, or 262,000 square feet of floor space, or 9.1 acres. Cost.— $415,000.00. PALACE OF MACHINERY. Location. — The Palace of Machinery is the southeasterly one of the eight great structures which form the central or main group of exhibit palaces. Opposite its north front and across the beautiful Machinery Gardens is the Palace of Transportation. On the south is the Imperial Japanese Reservation and the west approach to the Terrace of States. Its eastern front faces the lagoon and the Palace of Electricity, and on the west is its annex, the Steam, Gas and Fuels — 76 — building. The palace can be easily identified by its red sloping roofs and its green capped towers. The Steam, Gas and Fuels building, while in its scope embracing more than steam generation, is principally de- voted to the boiler plant of the Exposition, and the smokestacks of the boilers will readily locate it. No one who is interested in electric railway or lighting service or in the generation of power should fail to visit this building, which in its entirety (structure and contents) is one of the most consistent and practically educational to be found in the Exposition. Architecture. — The Palace of Machinery reflects the spirit of renaissance daringly carried out. The German spirit shows itself in the high sloping roofs, backing impressive and profusely decorated entrances. The treatment of the central entrances from the north and east is extremely ornate and deserves careful inspection. The space covered by Machinery Hall is 1,000 feet by 500 feet, with a rect- angle cut out of the southwestern corner. The space covered by the CHINESE PAVILION. Steam, Gas and Fuels building is 330 feet by 300 feet. Thus the total floor area devoted to exhibits exceeds 12 acres, or approximately five city blocks of the average size. Internally the absence of courts, the high truss lines, the broad concreted aisles, all lend themselves to the proper display of the many imposing and massive exhibits. Exhibits. — The collection of exhibits in the Palace of Machinery and the Steam, Gas and Fuels building is designed and arranged to exemplify (1) the most modern means and methods for developing, controlling and using power; and (2) the machinery and apparatus used in making machinery of every kind and description. While the two elements are in a sense distinct, yet they are very closely related and the collection of exhibits in conjunction — the one merging into the other — is eminently proper and helpful in presenting to the public examples not only of machinery but of machines for making ma- chinery. — 77 — The exhibits illustrative ot modern means of generating and avail- ing of power occupy all of Steam, Gas and Fuels building and about one-third of the floor area in the Palace of Machinery. For the main part, these items are in actual service and constitute the povi/er plant of the Exposition. This power plant provides all the energy for light- ing the Exposition, pumping the water over the Cascades, for moving exhibits in the various exhibit palaces, for the Intramural Railway and for The Pike shows. The maximum load capacity approximates the power of 50,000 horses. A visitor particularly interested in this topic should begin his investigation at the westerly end of the Steam, Gas FOUNTAIN OF NEPTUNE— By Philip Martini, (Nortin Entrance to Palace of iVlanuf actures.) and Fuels building. There he will find demonstrated the several stages involved in the transformation ot the latent heat and energy of coal into either gas or steam. The e.xhibits in this building illusVrate the machinery and apparatus used in automatically delivering, crush- ing and distributing coal; steam boilers and superheaters; me'chanical stokers; mechanical draft apparatus; fire and feed water pumps; gas producers and the various appliances germane to the generation of gteam and power gas. In the western portion of the Palace of Machinery are the en- gines operated by the steam and gas generated iu the Steam, Gas and -- 78 — Fuels building. While all of these engines are worthy of very care- ful attention certain of them — as examples of distinct types — should receive particular attention. In the center of the Hall is the Allis en- gine, which at normal develops power equal to that of 5,000 horses, but has an extreme or overload capacity equal to the power of 8,000 horses. This exhibit represents the most modern and approved type of high power reciprocating engine for central power stations in large cities. In Blocks 44, 49 and 51 are examples of the steam turbine. The steam turbine is the newest development in steam practice. The steam turbine is the rotary engine, in contradistinction to the recip- rocating, which, for generations, has been the ideal of engineers, but is generally considered almost as much of a practical impossibility as FOUNTAIN OF VENUS — By Philip Martini. {Nortin Entrance to Palace of Manufactures.) perpetual motion. The engines and electric generators operating the Intramural Railway can be distinguished by the red, white and blue posts and rope fencing which surrounds them. The gas engine exhibits are to the south of the groups of large steam engines. They are extremely interesting in showing the various uses to which the gas engine is applicable in the factory, on the farm and in the home. While in this vicinity the visitor should not over- look the Westinghouse theater with its hourly exhibition of moving pictures and its wonderful lighting effects. — 79-- The remaining two-thirds of the Palace of Machinery contains the collection of exhibits illustrative of the modern means and metn- ods employed in making machinery. Here will be found macmne tools, covering the entire range of work from a watch to an engine, presses, punches, shears, forge shop equipnlent, wood working ma- chinery, lifting and conveying machinery, pumps, compressors and hydraulic presses, pulleys, shafting and belting, piping, valves, gauges, meters and accessories used in controlling water, steam and gas. Among the many items of interest one should not fail to see the hydraulic press which uses twice the power exercised in a modern 12-inch rifle when throwing a 1.000-pound projectile over 15 miles, or the machines which grind shafts to within one-five thousandth of an inch of theoretical perfection; or the measuring tools which detect a variation of one-ten thousandth part of an inch; or the machinery CUBAN PAVILION. with which a flour barrel can be turned out at a cost of 3 cents for labor. Among the notable exhibits of this department but installed out- side of the Palace of Machinerj' are the huge centrifugal pumps sup- plying the water for the Cascades. Each of these three pumps has the capacity to deliver 30,000 gallons of water per minute against a head of 158 feet. The power of these pumps is such that up to the middle of August no more than one of them has ever been in use at any one time. They will be found in the grotto under the eastern approach to the Terrace of States and are well worth a visit. Sculpture. — The Palace of Machinery is another of the heavily decorated buildings. "Labor and Care" is the subject of the tym- panum that is repeated over (he six entrances. It is a massive group, — SO — with a gigantic male and female figure in the nude, the conception of Fernando Miranda. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architects. — Wideman, Walsh and Boisseliere, St. Louis. Dimensions.— 1,000 by 525 feet, or 12.2 acres. Cost.— $510,000.00. PALACE OF TRANSPORTATION. The Palace of Transportation completes the main picture of the Exposition on the west. It stands at a convenient point for entrance of railroad trades from the northwest. It presents its station-like front towards the east on the Plaza of Orleans and is a commanding object from every quarter. A fine facade also looks north towards the pass- ing trains of the Intramural Railway. Arciiitecture. — The general plan of the Palace of Transportation is rectangular and it is the most spacious of the exhibit palaces on the main picture. The east and west fronts are provided with three mag- nificent entrances, embracing more than half of the entire facade, each of the arched openings being 64 feet wide and 52 feet high. This is the only building in the group that is not decorated with classic columns. The decorative effect is produced by the use of massive pylons and sculptural ornaments. Above each of the main entrances runs a curving entablature that gives support to colossal figures holding shields. The three arches, separated by square pylons, form a gigan- tic porch that is flanked by round towers. These are crowned by eagles holding on their backs the hollow, ribbed sphere of the uni- verse, containing the solid sphere of the earth, by which the building may be recognized. At the east end 14 tracks enter the building, pro- viding four miles of trackage for the exhibition of rolling stock. The architecture is an adaptation of the style prevalent in Prance at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Exhibits. — The exhibits in the Palace of Transportation show the most advanced practice of today in railway building, equipment, main- tenance, operation and management, and also the history of the rail- way as developed during the less than a century of its existence, in all parts of the world. Vehicles of all sorts, from the most primitive to the most complex, are arranged in the order of their invention and development. To give "life" to the exhibits in this department, a testing plant has been installed. Various types of locomotives are tested from day to day, the engines traveling apparently at high speed and performing their usual functions, except that they do not move. A grand central moving feature is also provided, which is visible from all parts of the building and strikes the eyes of the visitor the moment he enters any one of the sixty doors of the vast structure. A steel turn-table, elevated some feet above the level of the surface of the surrounding exhibits, carries a mammoth locomotive weighing over 200,000 pounds. The wheels of the locomotive revolve at great speed, while the turn-table, revolving more slowly by electric power, carries the engine aroimd continuously. Electric headlights on the locomotive and tender throw their searching beams around the entire building. This moving trophy, emblematic of the great engi- neering force of civilization, bears the legend, "The Spirit of the Twentieth Century." other features of importance cover the electrical railway, a com- parative exhibit of rolling stock of European, Canadian and domestic railway carriages and models of steamships for ocean traffic, pleasure yachts, electric launches, etc. Automobiles and motor vehicles afford one of the most novel and popular attractions of the Exposition. A wireless auto for receiving and sending wireless messages while on the road is a novelty. The best makers of France, Germany and Great Britain compete witli American builders, occupying a vast space with a magnificent display. While pleasure vehicles naturally occupy a considerable portion of the space, especial attention is given to heavy motor trucks for general commercial purposes, and to independent motor cars for use on railways. One of the most interesting features is Dr. Bircher's War Mu- seum, from Aarau, Switzerland, which illustrates, by relief maps, the. strategy of all American wars, both on land and sea. In the American section of the Marine Division there are full-rigged yaclits, boats of all descriptions and a complete historical exhibit of the water trans- portation of the Mississippi River; also, a model of the port of New Orleans. In the German section are presented a model of the port of Hamburg, showing the vessels of the North German Lloyd in dock, and an exhibit by tire German Government of vessels and models, evidencing the development of native ship-building. Among this col- lection are shown a number of models of old battleships of the line, and the earlier vessels used by the Hanseatic League. The modern methods of transportation in Japan are exhibited in connection with models of her navy yards, docks, men-of-war and merchant vessels. Sculpture. — The Palace of Transportation has six repeated figures, bearing shields, over each of the triple arches on the east and west fronts. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architect. — E. L. Masqueray. Dimensions. — 525 by 1,300 feet, covering 15. C acres. Cost.— $700,000.00. PALACE OF MINES AND METALLURGY. The Palace of Mines and Metallurgy forms the inner part of the east wing of the fan-like plan of the main picture at the Exposition and stands between Government Terrace and Art Hill, opposite the Palaces of Liberal Arts and Education. It is perhaps the most re- markable of the palaces, being an entirely new departure in Exposi- tion architecture. It receives an attention on that account which by reason of its unimportant position it might naturally fail to receive. The palace houses part of the Mines exhibits, and the rest are out- side the building in the gulch leading southwest into the Plateau of States. Architecture. — The general plan of the Mines building is rectan- gular, to correspond with that of the Liberal Arts. The side walls of the building are set back 20 feet and the extensions are treated with screen effect, affording fine covered promenades around the entire building. The base of the screen is adorned with sculpture panels illustrating the operations of Metallurgy and Mining. The building is further distinguished by a lavish use of color. Four stately en- trances pierce the facades, each displaying a pair of obelisks and fine statuary ornamentation. The building is divided into eight ob- longs in which there are numerous arcades from 30 to 50 feet wide - S3 — for the various divisions. A colonnade rotunda marks the center of the building. The architecture is composite, comprising features ot the Egyptian, Byzantine and Greek. Exhibits.— The exhibits in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy are but a small part of the department. The most imposing feature is the colossal Vulcan, wrought in iron, that presides over the entire indoor exhibit. (See article on "Special Features of Interest") The building contains the classes which cover all the stages of nimmg and manufacture of mine products into articles ot public and general utility, including the equipment and processes of working mines and ore beds, the extent and development of mineral resources, collec- tions of geology, mineralogy, crystallography, paleontology, ornamental and building stone, machinery for quarrying, handling and cutting stone; gems and precious stones, oils and the processes of handling JAPANESE PAVILION. oils. Maps, charts, photographs, etc., of geological and topographical features of mining, and the literature of the subject are also shown. Gold nuggets from the Klondike, securely locked in a stone safe with plate glass front, and lighted by electricity, form an interesting exhibit. The Mining Gulch, south of the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, contains working exhibits of this department. This is a natural ra- vine extenamg l.SOU feet between Art Hill and the Plateau of States. It averages 400 feet wide and is filled with operating mines and metal- lurgical exhibits. Placer mines, oil pumps, shot towers, ore rope- ways, etc., are shown in their various workings. An aerial railway is installed as a feature of the Gulch. The Cement Building is an attraction of the Mining Gulch, north- east end. The building is made entirely of cement. In it are ex- — 84 — ploitecl the methods of preparing, mixing and using cement and pot- tery clays. An artist's studio and the glazing processes are shown. Other features of the Gulch are the oil well boring outfits, oil well, a working gold mine and quartz stamp mill in actual operation. A typical miner's cabin, hydraulic mining machinery in operation, a New Mexican turquoise mine, copper smelters, a typical Western mining camp, a coal mine working a natural vein of coal with the appurtenances of a modern coal mine are shown in the Gulch. Another of the most interesting and valuable exhibits of the outdoor mining reservation is the plant for testing the coal and lignite resources of the United States. This includes full equipment for testing the coal resources, as to their capacity as gas and steam producers, and as to their adaptability for cooking and briquetting, etc., and the extent to which they may be improved by washing. In the IVIetal Pavilion, 120 by 125 feet, located in the Gulch, are the operating exhibits illustrating the working qualities of metals, such as zinc, lead, aluminum, copper, tin, etc. A Model Foundry pavilion, 120 by 125 feet, is installed in the Gulch to illustrate the handling of iron. This equipment includes the cupola furnaces and the molds for the melting and casting of iron, and other furnaces and molds for the casting of brass, bronze, etc. There are also in operation electric cranes and other general foundry equipment, including that for finishing, polishing and plating castings of different kinds. In one portion of the building, offices and recep- tion rooms have been arranged for the convenience of the foundrymen visiting the Exposition from different parts of the country. Nevada has a 20-mule borax team as an exhibit, the team making daily trips through the Gulch. Sculpture. — The Palace of Mines and Metallurgy is distinguished from its sister palaces by a huge frieze on the colonnade wall. (See article on "Sculpture on Buildings and Grounds.") Architect. — Theo. C. Link. St. Louis. Dimensions. — 525 by 750 feet, providing 9.1 acres of floor space. Cost.— $500,000.00. PALACE OF AGRICULTURE. The Palace of Agriculture occupies a prominent position on Agri- culture Hill, between the Philippine exhibit and University Av., on a part of the site which was added to the Exposition grounds to meet the demands for additional space found necessary as the exhibit department developed. This is the largest building ever constructed at an Exposition for a single department, embracing about 24 acres. This building departs materially from the general ornate style of the Exposition palaces, since by its position such treatment was not deemed necessary. It houses such parts of the exhibits belong- ing to this department and relating to the development of products of the soil into commercial objects, as the handling of seeds, or of the leaves, stocks, etc., and food products and their accessories. Out- side exhibits far more extensive than ever shown at an Exposition have been installed by this department. Architecture. — The general plan of the Palace of Agriculture is a long rectangle. The western city limits bisect the building almost equally. The four facades are broken by dignified entrances in the form of wide arches, flanked by imposing pylons. Large areas of glass, that take the place of architectural decoration, serve to flood the interior with light. The roof is supported by a great number of enormous trusses resting on posts which mark the aisles. In all, there are seven miles of aisles, but these have been divided to meet the various interests of the department in a way to relieve the fatigue of the visitor. Exhibits. — The exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture cover all the products of the soil, together with the tools, implements, methods of cultivation, harvesting, irrigation, drainage and the by-products !^^rxw w i !fl i^ f ^pw^ ' ,'; iff \ !" :T' IVIEXICAN PAVILION. of the manufactured forms of these products; their preparation and preservation, including everything edible and drinkable which comes, however remotely, from the soil, and which enters into the home life or commerce of the people of the world. Missouri, Illinois and California have particularly fine displays. Special features occupying the central bay are the treatment of corn, tobacco, cotton, cane and beet sugar, pine foods, showing the raw material and the processes and products of their manufacture into commercial form. The dairy section at the World's Fair occupies approximately 30,000 square feet. A model creamery, using 5,000 pounds of milk, is one of the features illustrating processes and will prove of great interest. It is equipped with all the latest butter and cheese-making apparatus of to-day and is in daily operation. Plate glass encloses it and permits visitors to see every process, and the section is so screened that flies or dust can find no entrance. There is a sanitary milk plant connected with the creamery and a model dairy lunch exhibit where sanitary milk, butter and cheese are dispensed. More than two acres of space are devoted exclusively to foods, including the cereals and their products; tubers and roots and their products; coffees, teas, cocoa, of all kinds and products; refrigerated fresh meats, poultry, fish and game, eggs, farinaceous products, pastes, breads, cakes, tinned meats, evaporated and preserved fruits, spices and condiments, potable waters, beers, ales, wines, brandies, whiskeys, cordials and everything else used as food or drink by mankind. Another great block of space is supplied for the manufacturers of agricultural implements, tools and machinery. All the irewest and latest devices for the tilling of the soil or the handling of farm products are provided. There is much interest in the foreign section, where England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Egypt, Africa and other countries and islands of the sea vie with each other in showing to the new the husbandry of the old world. The cabin occupied by President Roosevelt while residing in North Dal^ota is an interesting exhibit in this building. Architect. — E. L. Masqueray. Dimensions. — 525 by 1,600 feet, or 23,4 acres. Cost.— $550,000.00. PALACE OF HORTICULTURE. Arcliitecture. — The Palace of Horticulture stands on Agriculture Hill, 250 feet south of the Palace of Agriculture. The structure is in the shape of a Greek cross with a center pavilion and two wings. The center pavilion is 400 feet square and the wings are each 204 by 200 feet. They are divided from the center pavilion by glass partitions, a aifference in elevation which produces a monumental effect. Two pleasing minarets flank the north entrance, which is in the form of a triumphal arch. The east wing of the building is constructed as a conservatory and furnishes exhibit quarters for specimens of plant culture and for the forced culture of vegetables and fruits. The west wing of the building is in use as an exhibit room for horticultural im- plements. In the basement a cold storage plant has been installed and this provides for the care of fruit exhibited in the building. Three sides of the west wing have galleries. — 87 — The center pavilion contains the table exhibits of the pomological ^ department, and liere are shown in season fresh fruits and berries ' in competition. The space between the Horticulture and Agriculture Palaces, and in the ground surrounding them both, is laid out in or- namental rose gardens in which exhibiting florists and nurserymen maintain their respective beds. Exhibits. — The different states and territories participating in this exhibit made extensive preparations in the way of putting large quantities of fruit in cold storage in St. Louis and elsewhere, so that they were ready at the opening of the Exposition to entirely cover the space allotted to them. The display of fruits is bewildering. Hundreds of varieties of fruits are shown, including every kind grown in temperate, tropical and semi-tropical climates. Nuts are shown in great profusion. Missouri and California are represented superbly and many of the states have very striking exhibits. Horticultural machinery is shown in the implement room, west wing of the Palace. GERMAN PAVILION. (Schloss Charlottenburg.) Floral Exhibits. — The outside horticultural exhibits are located on Agriculture Hill, on a 50-acre tract of land surrounding the Agri- culture and Horticulture Palaces. The location is one well suited to the purpose, as it has the necessary slopes and depressions to allow of the best arrangement of the flower beds and aquatic basins and groups of shrubs. The exhibits are made by the leading nurserymen and seedmen of the country, and cover a large variety of trees, plants, flowers and bulbs. There are planted in this area over 17,000 roses and 100,000 bulbs. The lakes for the exhibit of aquatic plants cover an area of more than two acres, and in them are shown the rarest and most beauti- ful specimens in existence. Cut flower displays are shown in competitive contests in season on tables in the Palace of Horticulture. Architect. — E. Ij. Masqueray. Dimensions. — 400 by 800 feet, covering 7.1 acres. Cost.— $240,000.00. LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT. Live stock has a large section of land on the south side of the Ex- position grounds, devoted to exhibits, tests and shows of the live stock section. The Live Stock buildings are located on this tract of about 40 acres, near the Agriculture Entrance. The Exposition Company has allotted over $290,000 for awards in this department, and this sum is supplemented by many special prizes. The contests for these prizes call for six great shows, and a concourse is erected on the tract for judging horses, cattle, mules, sheep, hogs, dogs, etc. The con- tests are set according to a program for successive periods of two weeks each, beginning August 23 and lasting until November 19, with just enough time intervening for removal and reception of the departing" and arriving breeds. The only exception to this arrangement is the demonstration planned to show the dairy and other merits of the cow, which will practically continue through the Exposition period. Homing pigeon tests are made from time to time, the winged messengers taking their flight over great distances back to the places they came from. The display of saddle, carriage and draught horses is notably good, including many foreign entries from famous stock farms. Parades of live stock will take place as follows: Horses, asses and mules, August 23 and September 1; cattle, September 13 and September 22. Numerous barns are located around the concourse for housing the stock on exhibition. There are four model barns for "cow demon- stration," to show the dairy and beef merits of the different breeds of cows. A demonstration of Texas Range Cattle is set to follow the regular program, at dates after the quarantine period in November. FORESTRY, FISH AND GAIVIE. The Forestry, Fish and Game building is located south of the Ad- ministration group, and west of the Foreign buildings, on the Olym- pian Way. It is the best building ever constructed at an International Exposition for the purposes for which it is designed. Its location is admirable, and scarcely a single class of the entire department is lacking in full representation by means of worthy exhibits. A characteristic feature of this building is its central nave, 85 feet — 89 — wide and 430 feet long, entirely free of posts, and so well lighted that no display is in the least obscure to visitors. The east and west ends of the building are 85 feet wide, 300 feet long, and also free of posts. Exhibits.— The exhibits of Forestry are partly housed in the building of the Department of Forestry, Fish and Game; but there are many important exhibits of the States and Foreign Governments located in the open air. The building contains exhibits covering his- torical, illustrative and economic_al features of forestry and forest products. The United States Bureau of Forestry occupies a central large location in the west end of the building, and its display covers almost the whole of the first group of the Forestry Department. The transparencies illustrating forest conditions are conspicuous objects in the building. Other important parts of the indoor exhibit ' .t ;■ ft SIAMESE PAVILION. comprise a full exposition of the character and extent of Government forest work in the United States. The outdoor forestry display, while simple, is exceedingly im- portant and instructive from educational and practical points of view. It comprises operations in the management of forest and farm wood- lands and methods of economic forest tree planting. A tract of tim- ber of some ten acres carries demonstrations of the principles and practices of conservative forestry, which the Bureau is now applying to public and private timber lands. Demonstrations of the principles ami methods of tree planting for profit on farms, denuded and treeless lands, are shown on a sepa- rate tract adjoining the forage and other farm crop exhibits of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry. This tree planting display shows actual practice in the formation of timber farm wood lots and — 90 — is a most instructive lesson to farmers and others interested in tree planting. Fish exhibits are Installed in an aquarium, 190x35 feet, located in the east end of the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game. It has two rows of 60 tanks, arranged on a wide aisle, which communicates through an illuminated grotto with the aquarium, in which the State of Missouri displaj's black bass, pike, perch, crappie, rainbow trout and other well-known food and game fishes. A pool occupying the center of the space in this State exhibit contains immense catfish and other characteristic species. Pennsylvania and Alaska also show in- tere.sting living fish and game exhibits. A central pool of salt water, 40 feet in diameter, is occupied by the marine fish display of the State of New Jersey. For this exhibit nat- ural salt water was brought from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Through the courtesy of several of the great railway systems, and as an evidence of their great interest in the Exposition, 60,000 gallons of salt water were transported from these sources free of charge. The large game and food fishes of New Jersey were brought in cars from the coast of that State and are to be kept on exhibition during the Exposition period. The Wild Game exhibit of Missouri is shown west of the Palace. On a three-acre tract is an artificial lake, 200 feet in length, in which living fish and water birds may be seen. Around the shores of the lake are enclosures made for deer, raccoon, opossum, squirrel, rabbit, otter, beaver, mink, wild turkey, duck, goose, swan, pheasant, grouse, quail, and other interesting animals native to the State. A hunter's lodge contains trophies, literature, hunting and camping equipment. On the lake is a platform for fly-casting and other angling tournaments. In the same reservation a Testing Range, 50 by 5.000 feet, gives op- portunity to show the accuracy of fire-arms, and in the same vicinity a manufacturer of camping equipment displays all the modern forms of tents, together with the appliances necessary for outdoor life. A great collection of historic arms, showing from remote times all the stages of development of the modern breech-loading gun, forms a specially attractive portion of this display. It is shown in Section 31 of the Palace. Architect. — E. L. Masqueray. Dimensions. — 300 by COO feet, covering 4.1 acres. Cost. — $171,000.00. ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS. The Administration group of buildings form part of the future seat of Washington University, an institution of higher education, which has long been identified with the development of St. Louis. They are situated on a tract of land 110 acres in extent and are held under lease from the University Corporation by the Exposition Com- pany. They will be occupied by the University after January, 1905, They have served the Exposition Company for Administration and other purposes since January, 1902. The buildings, ten in number, are disposed in a fine quadrangular plan, on a plateau overlooking the city. They are substantially built of red Missouri granite, laid in broken range rubble, with quoins and ornamental courses of cut stone. When complete, this will be one of the finest educational seats in America. The principal building is University Hall, used as the Admlnis- — 91 — tration building. It stands facing due east, opposite Administration Av., whicti is tlie extension of Lindell Bl. With its Tudor-lil^e tower and four-cornered towers surmounting ttie arclied doorway, it forms a magnificent closure to the vista from the entrance to Forest Park, two miles to the east. This doorway is a superb groined vault, 25x38 feet, pronounced by architects one of the best in the United States. A terrace of cut stone, 50 feet wide and 264 feet long, rises to the arched entrance from the level of Administration Av. Busch Hall, the two Cupples Halls and Liggett Hall are built of the same material and in the same style, though not so large as University Hall. They open on a quadrangle in the rear of Administration Hall. Cupples Hall, north side quadrangle, is the exhibit building for the Department of Anthropology. Style of buildings, Tudor Gothic. Following are the names, dimensions, cost and purposes of the several buildings: Name. Size — Feet. Cost. E-Kpo.sition iLse. University Hall 325x118 $250,000 Administration Building. Busch Hall 292.^100 115.000 Department of Works. Cupples' Hall No. 1 263x11.? 115,000 Anthropology. Cupples' Hall No. 2 207x 80 115,000 Jefferson Guard. Work Shop 207x 03 30.000 Service Building. Liggett Hall 90x63 100,000 Service Building. Power House 120x 50 15,000 Boilers and Machinery. Library Building 268x144 250,000 Educational Congresses. Gymnasium 94x181.514 140.000 Physical Culture Exhibits. Southwest Wing 68x306 125,000 Woman's Building. Three of the buildings of the Administration group are used for exhibit purposes during the Exposition period. The Hall of Con- gresses, west of the Administration building, is the seat of the Inter- national Congresses arranged in connection with the Department of Education. Here also are the Queen's Jubilee gifts (see article on same) and back of this building is the one used by the Board of Lady Managers. The Hall of Anthropology (see article on "Anthropology") flanks the Administration building on the north, and at the extreme west of the site are the buildings and grounds of the Department of Physical Culture. Architects. — Cope & Stewardson, Philadelphia. ANTHROPOLOGY. Exhibits of Anthropology aim to represent man as the creature and a worker. The special object of the Department of Anthropology is to show each half of the world how the other half lives, and thereby to promote not only knowledge but also peace and good will among the nations. The department is made up of sections, each designed to illustrate a distinctive and attractive aspect of practical anthropology by means of typical exhibits. The Ethnological exhibit includes representatives of 23 Indian tribes, a family of nine Ainus, the Aborigines of Japan, seven Pata- gonian giants and many other strange people, all housed in their peculiar dwellings, such as the wigwam, tepee, earth-lodge, toldo or tent. Among the strangest people assembled are the Batwa pygmies from Central Africa. The various Filipino tribes constitute a complete anthropological display in themselves. (See article on "Philippine Encampment.") While the living groups form the chief feature of the Section of Ethnology, these are supplemented by notable exhibits of aboriginal handiwork, including one of the richest assemblages of basketry and blanketry extant. — 92 — In the north wing o£ the Administration building is the historical exhibit of the evolution of man, showing the development of weapons, Implements and utensils, Egyptian antiquities and mummies, and relics of the Mound Builders and the famous Vatican Treasures. (See article on same.) This building also houses extremely interesting historical displays by the Chicago Historical Society, including let- ters relating to the Louisiana transfer; Jesuit archives, exhibited by St. Mary's College, Montreal, showing a map drawn by Marquette; Louisiana relics loaned by the French Society of New Orleans; articles displayed by the Missouri D. A. R. and some priceless relics exhibited by the Missouri Historical Society. In the basement of this building daily tests are given in anthro- pometry and psychometry. The Queen's Jubilee gifts (see article on same) are displayed in the Hall of Congresses. NICARAGUAN PAVILION. The Government Indian School. — The Government has a Model Indian School in a special building, designed for the purpose, situated near the Olympian Way, southwest of the Administration building. The structure is 206 feet long, 77 feet wide, and has a projecting audi- torium 30 feet wide and 97 feet deep. Across the east front of the building the young Indians of both sexes, neatly clad, are taught in class rooms, and across the corridor, the old craftsmen ply their primitive trades. There are model cooking schools and dormitories and many curious specimens of Indian handiwork are shown. Gaily colored tepees and wigwams occupy the space in front of the building and here the adult Indians of the several tribes dwell in true Indian style. A fine band of Indian musicians renders an excellent musical pro- gram at the building daily. — 93 — UNITED STATES BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS. The United States Government building is a stately edifice, sit- uated on the high ground overlooking the main picture on the east. It faces directly on the transverse avenue and closes the vista in that direction. Its dome, the style of the Parthenon surmounted by a quadriga, is a conspicuous object outlined against the majestic build- ing, erected by the State of Missouri, in the background. A grand stairway adorned with statues sweeps to the left of the picture, giving dignity to the composition. The effect is further enhanced by formal beds of herbacious flowers, clipped hedges and bay trees, artistically disposed about the approach. The hill slope in front of the Government building is terraced Avith broad stairways, almost completely covering the slope. The building is the largest structure ever provided at an Exposition by the Federal Government. Architecture. — The ground plan of the building is in general quad- rangular. The main facade is marked by a central pavilion with two transverse pavilions, forming end facades. A colonnade of Ionic col- umns, each 5 feet in diameter and 45 feet high, connect the pavilions, forming a portico 15 feet wide and 524 feet long, from which a beauti- ful view of the Exposition may be obtained. An attic 15 feet in height, richly surmounted with statues, crowns the Ionic order. The height from the bottom of the stylobate to the top of the attic is 82 feet. The dome in the center of the building is 100 feet in diameter, and the top of the quadriga is 175 feet above the ground. The interior floor area is 175 by 724 feet, and is entirely free of columns. The roof is sup- ported with steel trusses 70 feet high and 35 feet apart. To the south- west of the U. S. Government building is situated the IT. S. Fish Com- mission, It is square in plan, 135 feet each way. and in general char- acter harmonizes with its neighbor, POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. Exhibits. — Entering the Government building from the east end, we first see at our left a railroad postoffice car. In it men belonging to the United States Railway Mail Service are actively engaged in "throwing" the mails, just as they work while speeding along a rail- road track. The mail handled consists of letters and papers mailed to persons connected with the World's Fair, or visitors receiving mail on the grounds, and also the out-going mail. This car is, in short, a part of the mail service equipment of the Exposition grounds. A curious collection of old-time relics from the postoffice museum at Washington illustrates the crude beginnings of the postal system. One of these relics is an old-fashioned stage coach that once carried XTnited States mails through a portion of the Louisiana Purchase ter- ritory. President Roosevelt, who once inspected it, examined with a Rough Rider's interest the bullet holes which stage robbers and mountain brigands shot through its stiff leather curtains. Generals Sherman and Sheridan and President Garfield rode in this old coach during the strenuous days of frontier life. Among the collection of documents showing the primitive postal methods in vogue in the early days of the Republic is to be seen the old book of accounts kept by the first postmaster-general B^eniamin Franklin, all written by hand. There is a rare collection 'of stamps One of the exhiliits is a completely-equipped rural delivery wagon in which money orders are cashed, letters registered, etc. The latest — 94 — type of mail wagon used in Alaslva, pulled by dogs over the frozen snow, invites attention. Near this exhibit is a collection of photographs of soldiers. These were sent to the Dead Letter Office during the Civil War and the Gov- ernment urges visitors to inspect the collection in the hope that many of the photographs will be identified and returned to the rightful own- ers. The articles iu the possession of the Dead Letter Office constitute an attractive display. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. Across the aisle, at the right, is the exhibit of the new Depart- ment of Commerce and Labor. Mr. Carroll D. Wright, United States PHYSICAL LIBERTY— By H. A. MacNeil. (Main Cascade.) Commissioner of Labor, liad charge of tlie preparation of the exhibit. The Census Bureau exhibit is made in this section, and the Lighthouse Board shows the great revolving lenses in lighthouses, with other in- teresting appliances. The Bureau of Standards shows the standards of temperature, weights and measures. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. The space in the projecting northwest corner of the building is de- voted to the Library of Congress. A large model of this splendid original building at Washington is a feature of the exhibit. Rare volumes, manuscripts and photographs are to be seen. SPIRIT OF THE PACIFIC— EAST CASCADE. i/i. ^ BttiifiliirBTriagiiiriTj SPIRIT OF THE ATLANTIC— WEST CASCADE. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. The next exhibit on the right hand side of the central aisle is that of the Interior Department. The Patent Office exhibit belongs to this section. There are models of many machines that have borne an important part in the development of the nation's industries. The earliest form of every device of human invention, so far as is possible, is shown. We see the actual sewing machine that was the first con- trivance of its kind ever constructed; the first typewriter, etc. The model of Abraham Lincoln's celebrated device for lifting steamboats off shoals is shown. The first harvesting machine, made in the year 150 B. C, is one of the most ancient exhibits at the Exposition. There is also a model of the first steam engine, made in Egypt in the same year. The development of harvesting machines is shown in miniature with some of the machines in operation. (Very interesting.) There are daily stereopticon and biograph exhibits and radium demonstrations at 11 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. The exhibits of the Geological Survey and the panorama of the U. S. reservation at Hot Springs are noteworthy. Yellowstone Park. — Hundreds of large photographs, taken specially for this exhibit, illustrate the wonders and beauties of the famous Yellowstone Park. There is also a moving-picture exhibit. The Yose- mite is presented in a series of handsome views. Smithsonian Institute. — Next across the aisle we reach the won- derful exhibit of the Smithsonian Institute. The National Museum, on account of its great resources and special facilities, makes the prin- cipal exhibit. Here are seen the actual skeletons of extinct monsters of many kinds. The papier-mache coverings of these models of ani- mals is made from the macerated bank notes that have been redeemed by the Government, incalculable millions in cash being used in the manufacture. Amongst the models and the mounted animals are specimens of large game and birds from all parts of the world. We also see in this exhibit a great collection of beautiful butterflies and moths from all sections of the globe. The collection of minerals is complete and worthy of note. The children's room at the Smithsonian, which attracted such wide attention at its opening a year ago, is reproduced in this ex- hibit, with many of the articles which it contains, expressly selected for the interest they have for children. This feature of the Smith- sonian exhibit has the appearance of a Lilliputian museum, and is attractive not only to children, but to their elders. Meteorites. — A curious and intensely interesting exhibit is a col- lection of meteorites, some of which weigh many tons. The most magnificent collection of minerals in the world is a part of the exhibit of the Smithsonian. Tree trunks from the petrified forests of Arizona and Montana represent the forests of ages past, including the great tree ferns belonging to the vegetation of America before man inhab- ited the earth, Indian Objects. — To the aboriginal Indians must be given credit for the interesting display of native pipes, musical instruments, water craft, ceremonial objects, ceramics, sculptures, fabrics and the like, which i.s to be found here. Bird Cage. — A mammoth bird cage, located south of the U. S Fisheries building, is a never ending source of delight to all interested in the feathered bipeds. It is divided into two sections, one toi- the — 98 — large birds and fowl, cranes, storks, pelicans, hawks, swans, pheasants, etc., and the other for the small birds of song and brilliant plumage, of every clime. Indian School. — The Model Indian School (see article on "An- thropology") is part of the display of the Interior Department. TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Across the central aisle from the Smithsonian exhibit is the space in which are shown the treasures of the Treasury. Of special interest at this Exposition are the old bonds, issued in 1804, in connection with the transfer of the Louisiana territory. If we want to learn how money is made, we step into the space occupied by the Treasury ex- hibit. There we find a set of the machinery used in coining money at the United States mint. At 11 a. m. and 3 p. m.. daily, Exposition medals are coined here. A most interesting process. The collection of coins is worth an inspection. Health Bureau. — The Bureau of Public Health and the Marine Hospital Service have exhibits in the Treasury section. There is a model showing how a well becomes contaminated with typhoid fever or cholera germs by a neighboring cesspool. Drawings or models of improved tenement houses to replace the unsanitary dwellings of thousands of people in the large cities present an object lesson in civic improvement. Statue of Liberty. — We have now reached the center of the Gov- ernment building, and the statue we observe there is a replica of the splendid and inspiring bronze figure ot "Liberty" that crowns the dome of the Capitol at Washington. Life-Saving Service. — The life-saving service has stations on a special lake, east of the Ceylon building. The lake is 480 feet long, varying in width from 100 feet to 150 feet and giving a depth of water from 4 feet to 12 feet. Exhibitions in the methods of saving ship- wrecked men are given daily at 2 p. m. by a crew of veteran life savers. NAVY DEPARTMENT. Just beyond the main transverse aisle and at the left of the central longitudinal aisle, is the exhibit of the Navy Department. The most conspicuous feature of this display is an exact-sized model of an American man-of-war, the battleship Missouri, full size in width, one- quarter in length, with guns and appliances. Visitors are free to in- spect this interesting model in all its parts. Every hour there is an exhibition of biograph motion scenes, illustrative of the life and duties of the crews on United States war vessels, and of the departure of the President, Secretary of War and other officials from the flagship "Kearsarge" after a visit. There are thirty models of United States naval vessels, also an exact model in miniature of the splendid new buildings of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, which are being built at a cost of $10 000 000 There is a map of the world, 8x20 feet, on which an official of' the United States navy will show every day the position of the different ships in the waters of the world. Dry Dock.— A working model of a dry dock, with a floating model of the man-of-war "Illinois," is well worth a visit. The process of — 100 — docking a battleship, repairing her hull and floating her, and reverse process is shown at 10:30 a. m. and 3 p. m. daily. A model floating dry dock is also shown. Marine Corps. — The Marine Corps have a model camp near the Model City. There is a daily drill of 200 enlisted men. These men have just returned from the Philippines and their camp is intended as an exhibit to show the camp life, hospital drills and tactics of the sea soldiers. WAR DEPARTMENT. Across the center aisle from the navy exhibit is the War De- partment indoor display. Fighting machinery of every pattern is seen here. Prom the famous old Arsenal, or Armory, at Springfield, Mass., we see a curious collection of weapons, one of which is the rifle carried by Jefferson Davis when he was captured. In the War Department's exhibit we see a cartridge-making ma- chine in operation, also a working signal corps telegraph station. Other interesting features are the West Point Exhibit of old flags, guns, etc., and the office wagon used by Gen. Geo. H. Thomas during the Civil War. Models in levee construction, showing how the great levees, pro- tecting thousands of miles of land along the Mississippi river, are made, are a feature of the display. A great part of the War Department's exhibit is outdoors, where are mounted big guns for coast defense, and where an army camp is maintained, showing the actual service conditions of the soldiers. Sea-coast defense drills take place daily at the big guns stationed on Government Hill. Corps of trained artillerymen are detailed by the U. S. War Department for this service, and operate the big batteries according to the manual as if in actual warfare, only there is no heavy discharge. The guns with their carriages are set on concrete founda- tions in the quadrangle between the U. S. Government building and the U. S. Fisheries building, east of the Palace of Liberal Arts. The carriages are of the disappearing type, and are fitted with all the modern appliances for raising and lowering, transversity, sighting, loading and cleaning, and finally discharging. These operations are all performed at stated hours daily. The motive power is electricity, and the action is perfect as to mechanism and as to the men behind the guns. The foundations with the parapets and machinery are ex- act reproductions of sections of the coast defenses at Willis Point, L. I., and Sandy Hook, N. J. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Department of Agriculture.— The Department of Agriculture, oc- cupying larger space than any other exhibit, is on each side of' the central aisle, just beyond the War and Navy exhibits. A special ob- ject of this exhibit is to show what the department is doing to assist the farmers of the United States and to develop our agricultural re- sources. Object lesson roada are shown by the office of Road Inquiry The division of Entomology displays still and live specimens of thousands of insects, destructive and beneficial, native to thi- md ~ lOL' — foreign countries, and the plants upon wliich they prey. The office of Experiment Stations has an exhibit covering the work of the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations in the United States, Hawaii, Alaska and Porto Rico. A display of every kind of tobacco grown in this and other countries is made by the Soils Division. Colored and uncolored transparencies to show the forest conditions in different parts of the Government domain are displayed by the Forestry Divi- sion. One of the most interesting features of the exhibit by the Bureau of Animal Industry is that showing the inspection of meats, in a practical way, by girl operators. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Department of Justice. — In the southeast corner of the liuilding is the exhibit of the Department of .Justice. Lawyers find much to inter- est them in the collection of rare old law books. Everybody is inter- ested in the autographs of Presidents .Jackson, Lincoln, Grant, McKin- ley and others, attached to pardons. Portraits of the chief justices, from John Jay to Melville B. Fuller, are shown. Specimens of work done by inmates of penitentiaries are exhibited. DEPARTMENT OF STATt. The Department of State exhibit is on each side of the central aisle at the extreme west end of the building. In this exhibit are many historical relics and documents. One of the documents is the treaty witli France, transferring the Louisiana territory, which event is commemorated by this World's Fair. Portraits of all the celebrated men concerned in the transaction are shown here. The sword worn by George Washington in all the battles in which he participated during the Revolutionary War is shown, with several other swords presented to him. In a glass case filled with other relics of Washington and Lafayette is a pair of old-fashioned eye-glasses, presented to the American general by the French marquis. The Capitol. — A handsome miniature of the capitol at Washing- ton, 14 by 24 feet, and costing approximately $10,000, is one of the interesting exhibits of the State Department. BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS. This bureau occupies the Southwest corner of the building. It shows a large relief model of the Panama Canal and surrounding ter- ritory. Other features are: A relief map of the proposed Inter-Conti- nental Railway, connecting the U, S. with the republics of Central and South America; samples of South American products; views of prom- inent buildings and historic maps, books and documents relating to these countries. Architect. — James Knox Taylor. Supervising Director, Treasury Department. Washington, D. C. Dimensions. — 250 by 764 feet. Cost.— 1350,000.00. — 103 — FISHERIES. Passing out at the end of the Government building we see more terraced steps, which lead down to the Government Fisheries edifice, a beautiful structure in the classic Roman style. This building is devoted exclusively to the display and exploitation of the United States Fish Commissioner's enterprises and the exhibition of food fishes and shellfish. Exhibits. — Around the walls inside the building are 35 glass tanks, in which both salt and fresh water fish are shown. The most inter- esting of these water inhabitants are the sheepsheads with a full set of teeth; the cow fish with horns and the hippocampus or sea horses. The most beautiful are the myriads of brook and lake trout and the gold fish. Salt water for the sea fish is brought here in tank cars. There is a filter plant, an ice plant and fresh air pump in connection with this display. In the center of this building is a pool, 25 feet square, in which seals and turtles disport themselves. The actual processes of fish propagation are shown in reality, and others are presented by mutoscope pictures. Architect. — James Knox Taylor, Supervising Director, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. Dimensions. — 135 by 135 feet. Cost.— $50,000.00. GROUP FOR SIDE CASCADE. STATE AND TERRITORIAL BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS. The Plateau of States is an ideal site for forty or more beautiful homes, erected by the various States of the Union. As a rule, these ' State buildings aVe merely handsome club houses for the comfort and convenience of the people from the several States. In some, how- ever, displays of the resources of the States are made. The figures given here show the cost of the construction only, exclusive of fur- nishing and decorating. Alabama. — Owing to the failure of the Legislature to make an ap- propriation, it was left to the Commercial Club of Birmingham to raise a fund by popular subscription to make an exhibit of the mineral resources of the State. It thus happens that Alabama has no State building, its only representation being in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, facing the south entrance. The central figure is the huge iron colossus of Vulcan. (For description, see article on "Special Features of Interest.") This is one of the most interesting and striking objects in the entire Exposi- tion. Grouped about the figure are the coals, iron ores, cokes, steel rails, fire and cement clays, porcelain clays, glass, sand, etc, produced in the Birmingham district and elsewhere in the State, Alaska. — Alaska has a group of buildings, just southwest of the Administration building. Fifty thousand dollars was appropriated by Congress for these buildings and exhibits. The main structure, 100 feet in length, 50 feet deep and two stories in height, is colonial in style of architecture, and is flanked on either end by native houses, surrounded by immense Totem Poles. Some of these were carved by the aborigines many years ago, while others have been recently re- touched and decorated by native artists brought here for that purpose. This unique collection (the first that has ever graced alien soil) was obtained through the infiuence of Governor John G. Brady, who pre- vailed upon the natives to donate these highly prized ancestral monu- ments to augment the attractions of the Alaska exhibit. Blooming at the feet of the giant totems are wild flowers interspersed with shrubs and forest trees indigenous to the country, while the huts themselves are filled with the handiwork of the natives, comprising costumes, utensils, ornaments and curios of all descriptions. Among the most important exhibits is a large collection of minerals, embrac- ing gold, both in quartz and placer, silver, copper, tin, lead and iron. Marble, coal and petroleum are also exhibited, and the display of furs and fishes is unusually comprehensive. Cereals and grasses, vegeta- bles and berries illustrate the wonderful productiveness of Alaska, and a variety of timber is shown in the forestry collection. There is an educational exhibit of the work of pupils of the public and Gov- ernment schools: a collection of women's work; and an art gallery filled with paintings by Alaskan artists. The halls are adorned with paint- ings and photographs, interspersed with mounted deer, moose and car- ibou heads, and a fine collection of mounted birds and pressed fiowers. Arizona. — This Territory's pavilion bears the distinction of being the smallest of the State and Territorial buildings. The building con- tains three rooms and is one story high. It covers an area 26 by 44 feet and cost $2,500, The amount of money placed at the disposition of the Arizona Board of Managers by the Legislature for Exposition work was $30,000. A splendid showing has been made. — 105 — Arkansas.— On one of the highest elevations in the Fair Grounds is the Arliansas building. Broad, sweeping verandas are on all sides where visitors can rest. It is 84 by 100 feet, and cost $17,000. Native woods, marble and onyx of the State are employed m the building construction. On the walls are photographs of picturesque Arkansas scenery framed in native wood, decorated by Arkansas artists in wood carving. California.— A replica of La Rabida, an old mission in the south- ern part of the State, is California's State building. It stands almost in the center of the Exposition grounds on the trail between the Illi- nois building and Temple of Fraternity. Big arcaded cloisters enter into the construction, which are a marked characteristic of the Cali- fornian mission buildings. The architectural mass is concentrated in the center of the structure and consists of two big bell towers, square in plan, tapering upwards in tiers to a lantern-crowned dome. ALASKA BUILDING. The area covered by the building is 100 by 140 feet, and the con- struction cost 115,000. This State has exhibits in the Departments of Education, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mines and Metallurgy, and Forestry. Colorado. — In all the main exhibit buildings, Colorado has in- stalled representative exhibits. In the Mines and Metallurgy build- ing Colorado ores reveal the State's wealth in minerals. In the Agri- culture building a large variety of products of the soil are shown. In forestry, fish and game, timber from mountain and lowland is so treated as to show all of the valuable lumber interests. Many fish from Colorado streams have been transferred to great tanks. This State also takes part in the irrigation demonstration under the super- vision of the Agriculture Department. Colorado has no State building. — 106 — Connecticut.— The Connecticut builrling represents the luxurious home of a Connecticut gentleman of the nineteenth century. To pro- duce this result good examples of the period have been studied, and in places, old woodwork, such as the entrance doorway and the wood- work of the large parlor, has been used. Nearly all of this old wood- work was taken from the old Sigourney mansion at Hartford and the Slater house in Norwich, recently torn down. The building has been placed well back from the street, with circular walks and flower gardens in front. The dimensions of the. building are 80 by 88 feet; the cost, $40,000. It was dedicated May 3. Georgia. — "Sutherland," the famous home of the late General John B. Gordon, situated at Kirkwood, one of the suburbs of Atlanta, is the model of the Georgia State building. The Georgia Legislature made an appropriation of $30,000 to provide for the State's participation in the Exposition, but made no provision for a building. The necessity of one was so apparent that the Commission, with the aid of a committee of citizens, raised by private subscription $20,000 for this purpose. Idaho. — Somewhat different from other State buildings is the structure that Idaho has erected. It is one story high and is designed along the lines of a bungalow, with clean cut, plain outlines. The arrangement of the interior is that of a Spanish hacienda, the ten rooms being arranged on the four sides of an open court or patio. The north side of the building is given over to the women of Idaho. The bungalow is 61 by 61 feet in area and cost $8,000. The building was dedicated May 14. Illinois. — Facing the broad driveway that winds its way over the picturesque hiH, half way between the Plateau of States and the com- munity of Foreign Nations, is the State building of Illinois. A broad veranda surrounds the building on all sides. A square dome crowns the edifice. Gigantic statues of Lincoln and Grant flank the main en- trance and on each side of the drum of the dome stand great sculp- tural groups, symbolical of agriculture and other industries. The ceil- ing of the State room is deeply paneled, and its walls are ornamented with mural paintings — an epical frieze, 6 feet wide, telling the history of Illinois. The size of the mansion is 198 by 144 feet. It was con- structed at a cost of $50,000. The dedication. May 27, was a brilliant affair. Indiana. — An up-to-date club building is Indiana's pavilion at the ■World's Fair. The architecture is of the French renaissance. The building occupies a splendid position in the State group, facing the north and fronting on two of the main avenues. The outside dimen- sions of the Indiana building are 100 by 13.5 feet. It cost $31,500. The building was dedicated .lune 3. Indian Territory. — One of the first buildings the visitor sees when he enters the grounds through the State Buildings Entrance is the Indian Territory building. It is two stories in height, covers an area 109 by 72 feet and cost $15,930. Although representing a section sup- posed to be in the primary stage of development, Indian Territory's building is one of the most dignified of state structures. It is a beau- tiful Southern mansion in design. Iowa — The first State to erect a building on the World's Fair ground was Iowa. This building is 102 by 148 feet and cost $44,000. At each end is a semi-circ\i!ar colonnade two stories high. — 107 — Promenades surround the building at tiie ground level ana on the second story level, about 55 feet from the ground, the latter expand- ing into big porches. Kansas.— One of the prettiest pavilions on the grounds was erected by the Sunflower State. It is two stories high and has a large central hall on the first floor. There are three grand entrances. The building has a fine location at the junction of three avenues and is' but a short distance from the southeast entrance to the grounds. It covers an area of 84 by 128 feet. The construction cost $29,745. The Commission has made the finest possible display of the in- dustries and resources of Kansas in stock raising, agriculture and horticulture. The mineral exhibit is especially meritorious. It com- prises lead, zinc, oil, glass, cement, gypsum and plaster. Kentucky. — The "New Kentucky Home," opposite the Mines and Metallurgy building, covers an area of 138 by 80 feet, including porches and verandas. There are entrances on all four sides, empha- sized by massive porclies, flanked with sculpture groups, symbolical of mines, forestry, manufactures, agriculture and horticulture. The principal feature of the interior is the large reception hall, 56 by 60 feet, with hardwood floor. The cost of construction was $29,000. The architecture is colonial. Louisiana. — On a site adjoining that of the United States Govern- ment building is a faithful reproduction of the famous Cabildo as it was in 1803, erected by the State of Louisiana. It is furnished throughout with furniture of the time and style of the eighteenth century. In the reproduction of the Supreme Court room, where the trans- fers of the Louisiana Territory from Spain to France and from France to the United States were signed, is exhibited a fac-simile of the treaty between France and the United States, signed by Livingston, Monroe and Marbois. In the same room are portraits of the signers, together with those of Jefferson, Napoleon, Salcedo, Laussat, Wilkin- son and Claiborne. In the courtyard is an original stone filter with the old drinking "monkeys," showing the method of obtaining cool water at that time. In one of the cells of the prison within the courtyard of the Cabildo are the original stocks used by the Spanish in punishing prisoners, which have been removed from the Cabildo at New Orleans. The lower room of the Cabildo. now used as a City Court, serves as a general reception and reading room where I^ouisianans are "at home." The building is 95 by 107 feet and cost $22,000. Louisiana has exhibits in nine buildings, including displays of its three great staples— sugar, rice and cotton: vegetables, raisins, nuts, woods, game and fish. Unique features in the Palace of Mines are the Devil in sulphur, and Lot's wife in salt. IVlaine. — A building unique in character, with the motif the log cabin, the walls constructed of logs and the roof covered with shaved shingles, represents the State of Maine on the Plateau of States. It stands in the shady grove that extends from the Pennsylvania build- ing westward to the Gulch. On the right of the central hallway on the first floor is located a staircase hall— the staircase constructed of logs and timbers. The building is 140 by 68 feet, and cost $20 000 The timber was felled in the Maine forests. The building was put to- gether there, taken to pieces and reconstructed in St. Louis br i^Taine woodmen. — 108 — Maryland. — The Maryland building is on Constitution Av., be- tween West Virginia and Oklahoma. The structure is the same as was erected by Maryland at the Charleston Exposition. The size of the building is 102 by 50 feet, and it cost .$20,000. It is two stories high and in the Italian renaissance style. There is a terrace at the rear of the building in the wooded land from which a fine view of the Government Bird Cage may be obtained. Massachusetts. — A composition of old colonial mansion style, with many features of historic interest, including in its facade a partial reproduction of the Bullfinch front of the State capitol. and in its interior, reproductions of the old Massachusetts Senate Chamber and the old House of Representatives, with porches at either end similar to those of the old Longfellow house at Cambridge, makes up the Massachusetts building. The rooms are furnished with old heirloom furniture, so precious on account of its history that only State pride induced the owner to part with it temporarily for exhibition at the World's Fair. On the second floor on the main hall is the historical room, with its ceiling carried up into the third story. This is well filled with cherished relics and mementos of Massachusetts history. The man- sion covers an area 100 by 70 feet and cost $20,000. Michigan. — In general appearance, Michigan'.? building, situated opposite the Government Fisheries building, represents a Greek tem- ple. It is a two-story structure, built largely of cement on expanded metal, and as material to the value of over $10,000 was contributed, the building represents a total valuation of $30,000. It covers an area 112 by 100 feet. The furniture, of native woods throughout, was made especially for this building. The dedication occurred May 2. Minnesota. — A two-story structure, Greek Byzantine in type, was erected by the Minnesota Commission for State lieadquarters. It is decorated with staff ornaments inside and out, and has burlap paneled ceilings. The furniture was largely furnished by the public schools of St. Paul and Minneapolis. The measurements are 92 by 82 feet. The structure cost $16,500. Mississippi. — South of the Iowa building and east of New Jersey stands the pavilion used as the headquarters for visitors from the State of Mississippi. The building is a copy of Beauvoir, the mansion be- queathed to Jefferson Davis on the gulf coast by Mrs. S. A. Dorsey. The President of the Southern Confederacy spent the last years of his lite there. The outside measurements are 90 by 90 feet and the construction of the building cost $15,000. Missouri. — Surmounting Government Hill is a magnificent piece of Roman Architecture, the largest structure on the Plateau of States, the home of Missouri. Missouri's building consists of three monu- mental masses connected by balconied links, dome crowned and tow- ering, and profusely decorated with sculpture. The dome, a perfect hemisphere, unembellished by a single rib or moulding, is gilded and crowned by a figure representing "The Spirit of Missouri" — a beautiful conceit of the sculptress. Miss Carrie Wood, of St. Louis. A hand- some colonnade of coupled Corinthian columns, each couple of col- umns crowned with a seated figure, surrounds the drum of the dome. This construction surmounts the central mass, at each corner of which is a gigantic sculptured group symbolical of the arts of peace, music, literature, art and architecture The building is completely surrounded on two fioors by balconies and porches, which supply an — 109 — uninterrupted promenade around it at two levels, one 30 feet above the other, and furnish a view of the Exposition from all sides. Another similar promenade 15 feet wide surrounds the dome at the base, 130 feet above the Exposition grounds. The visitor entering the building finds himself in a gigantic ro- tunda, 76 by 76 feet, the roof of which is the frescoed soffit of the dome. An electric fountain in the center of this rotunda spurts water artificially cooled, which cools the surrounding spaces to an agree- able temperature on the hottest day. Passing through the rotunda, the visitor reaches the Hall of State in a wing at the south end of the building. This auditorium is 50 by 75 feet, exclusive of the rostrum, and 40 feet high, with seating accommodations for nearly 1,000 per- sons. The ceiling is heavly coffered, and there as well as on the pan- eled walls the mural decorator has exercised his skill. On this floor there are also exhibit halls with observation galleries surrounding them on four sides. The Governor's suite is on the first floor — the southern rooms ARIZONA BUILDING in the western connecting link. They are furnished in Missouri-grown satin walnut. The Hall of State, or auditorium, is finished in the same material. The western balconied link on the second floor contains the Commissioner's rooms, together with a comfortable parlor for the use of the Commissioners. The eastern balconied link on the same floor contains the hospital and creche and retiring room for women, where they may have the services of nurses and a matron. The building is a temporary structure to be removed after the Pair. It covers a ground area of 366 by 160 feet and cost $105,480. It -svas dedicated, with imposing ceremonies, June 3. Montana.— A building exemplifying the strength and grandeur of the State, of modified Doric architecture, represents Montana. It was erected at a cost of ,fl8,000 and covers an area of 124 by 90 feet The windows and doors are so arranged that the entire building can be thrown open on warm days. The exterior walls are of wood the studding covered with grooved sheathing on the outside. The sheath- ing is covered with stucco and colored an old ivory white. — 11(1 — Nebraska.— The State appropriation was $35,000. There is no State building, but headquarters have been established at Block 57, main aisle. Palace of Agriculture, where reception rooms, postofflce, lavatories and all conveniences are found. Here also is a small theater where free moving picture exhibitions illustrating the various resources of the State are given every half hour. In the exhibit rooms of the pavilion is the mounted hide of Challenger, the prize champion fat steer of the world ; also a dairy exhibit and a special corn show of over 65 varieties. Other Nebraska exhibits are in Horticulture, Edu- cation and Mines buildings. A large appropriation has been made for the transportation of live stock to the Exposition stock shows. Nevada. — The Nevada building is of the bungalow type with wide verandas on three sides. The State makes its principal exhibit In the Mines and Metallurgy building. Gold, silver, copper, lead and pre- cious stones form the basis of these exhibits. On account of new and important mineral discoveries lately made in Nevada, the State, feel- ing a thrill of renewed vigor, has made an unsurpassed exhibit of its resources. The wealth of the Comstock lode is exploited here. Ne- vada's building measures 44 by 54 feet and cost $8,000. New Jersey. — Ford's old tavern, at Morristown, which at one time during the war of the Revolution, was General Washington's headquar- ters, has been reproduced on the World's Fair grounds as New Jer- sey's State building. It stands upon a conspicuous site near the south- east entrance to the grounds. The style of architecture is, of course, colonial. The minor details in the interior are as faithfully reproduced as are those of the exterior. Wall papers of colonial pattern and antique furniture in vogue in Revolutionary days, were specially de- signed for the several departments. A feature of the main hall is the old-fashioned fire-place and the interesting collection of relics of historic value. On the main floor is reproduced the room which was used by Washington as a bed-chamber. The building was erected at a cost of $15,000 and measures 63 by 84 feet. New Mexico. — The design of the New Mexico building is in Span- ish renaissance. The building cost $6,053. It covers an area of 40 by 62 feet, and stands on the main i-oadway leading to the United States Fisheries building. New Mexico has exhibits in the Departments of Education, Mines and Metallurgy, Anthropology, Agriculture and Horticulture. The principal exhibit is in the Mines and Metallurgy. The Commission has a working exhibit in turquoise mining, and lapidary, showing how the stones are cut. polished and prepared for the market. New York. — Situated on the State plaza, with the Kansas, Ohio, Massachusetts and Iowa buildings, all of architectural importance, for neighbors, and overlooking Forest Park, is the New York build- ing. It is colonial in design and detail, and surmounted with a low dome. There is a large hall 60 feet square running the full height, arched and domed in the Roman manner, with galleries around the second story. No effort has been made in the way of elaborate decoration, but the beauty of the whole depends entirely on the carefully studied detail and architectural lines. The building was erected at a cost of $57,000 and measures 300 by 60 feet. North Carolina. — North Carolina exhibits crops of almost endless varieties. This State also makes a commanding display of gold, cop- per and iron and of marbles and building stone, in the Palace of Mines --111 — and Metallurgy. In precious stones her exhibit covers a wide range. It embraces diamonds, garnets, beryls, rubies, sapphires, emeralds and rare quality gems. This State has no building. North Dakota.— The Commission decided not to erect a building and to use its appropriation of a little over $50,000 in making exhibits in the Palaces of Mines and Metallurgy, Education, Agriculture, Hor- ticulture and Forestry, Fish and Game. The principal display is m the Agriculture building. In Mines and Metallurgy, the State shows its lignite and its Portland cement. One of the most interesting features of the North Dakota exhibit is the "Roosevelt Cabin" in the Palace of Agriculture. It is the original cabin occupied for three years, from 1883 to 1886, by Presi- dent Roosevelt, while a cattle owner in western North Dakota. The cabin is arranged as when occupied by the President, and contains numerous articles formerly owned by him. Ohio. — On Commonwealth Av.. and within a short distance of the southeast entrance to the grounds, stands the Ohio building. The main front of the building faces the west. On every side are large forest trees of oak, maple and beach, affording inviting shade. En- trance to the main floor is gained by passing between six large col- umns. The building covers an area of 52 by 188 feet and cost $35,250. It was dedicated with much pomp May 2. Oklahoma. — One of the handsomest buildings on the Plateau of States was erected by Oklahoma. The building is two stories high, has an area of 76 by 70 feet and cost $16,000. The front of the build- ing is surrounded by porches on both floors. The structure was dedi- cated May 23. Oklahoma is creditably represented, not only by her handsome pavilion, but also by her displays in the Palaces of Agriculture, Horti- culture and Mines. Oregon. — This State has reproduced as its pavilion the buildings and stockade used by Lewis and Clark in the winter of 1805-06, known in history as Port Clatsop. This fort was built by the explorers' party at the mouth of the Columbia river on the territory of the Clatsop Indians. It was the first building constructed in the Oregon country on the Pacific coast by white men. The fort is of primitive style of architecture, one story high and irregular in form. It measures 60 by 90 feet, and cost $5,000. Oregon's display of agricultural, horti- cultural and forestry products is especially noteworthy. Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania building occupies a conspicuous position on elevated ground, and is one of the finest in the State group. It is 226 feet long. 105 feet wide and cost $75,000. The most imposing feature is a magnificently proportioned rotunda, with a colon- nade of Ionic columns. Twelve semi-circular arches, each containing an allegorical painting, surmount an entablature of great dignity. The color scheme is white and gold. There are on the first floor rooms for ladies and one for gentlemen, a reception room, smoking room and package room, where bundles may be checked. The second floor has three large "art rooms" and a retiring room, with an attend- ant, for the convenience of mothers with their little ones. The read- ing rooms and oflice apartments are thoroughly equipped for their respective purposes. In this building the famous Liberty Bell is ex- hibited. (See article on "Liberty Bell.") The State is represented in every department of the Exposition. — 112 — In the Palace of Education the display illustrates the common school system; in Mines and Metallurgy it demonstrates processes of min- ing, preparing and marl^eting coal; in Agriculture there is an exhibit of the tobacco, grains, birds, mammals and reptiles; in Fish and Game, a fine collection of live fish; in Horticulture, a display of fruits and nuts. The Pennsylvania building was dedicated May 2 with appropriate ceremonies. Rhode Island.— The detail of the interior of the Rhode Island building was taken from the best colonial examples to be found in the Rhode Island plantations. The front piazza, which extends up to the main cornice and forms part of the roof-garden, is in Ionic detail from the old Carrington house in Providence. The circular gable windows are reproduced exactly from the Smith house, where they offered the only examples extant in New England. All the rooms have large open fire-places with gas logs, and their mantels are fine examples of colonial work, loaned to the State by their owners. The building cost $19,000 and covers an area 101 by 61 feet. ARKANSAS BUILDING. The building was formally dedicated June 1. This State is repre- sented in the Departments of Education, Horticulture, Pish and Game, Social Economy and in the U. S. Fisheries building. The work of the primary, secondary and normal public schools, and of the various institutions under the control of the Board of State Charities and Corrections, constitute the displays in the Palace of Education and Social Economy. There is a creditable showing in the Palaces of Agriculture and Forestry, Fish and Game. By arrangement with the U. S. Government Board of Commissioners of Inland Fisheries, the State has a special exhibit in the Government Fisheries building, dem- onstrating the life and culture of the lobster and clam and showing also the enemies of the mollusk. There are numerous exhibitions in the several departments by individuals, firms and corporations. South Dakota. — The South Daliota building is situated in a beau- tiful grove of trees, almost directly opposite the structure of Texas and near the crest of Art Hill. The interior of the main hall is cov- — 113 — ered entirely with a decoration of corn, grain and grasses as the chief agricultural product of South Dakota. The interior of the building is covered with South Dakota^ cement in dark tint, with the porches, windows and ornamentation painted so as to relieve the structure from any charge of sombreness. This building covers an area of 74 by 86 feet and cost $8,000. Tennessee. — The Hermitage, the historic home of General An- drew Jackson, is admirably suited for a State building. The style of architecture of the building is the old, dignified colonial, and of ample proportions. On the east side of the hall one passes through a cross hallway and views a room that is a copy of the bed-chamber of General Jackson — the room in which he died, January 5, 1845, at the age of 78. Many Jacksonian relics are exhibited in the room. The measurements of the building are 104 by 61 feet, the cost $18,000. It stands on the roadway leading to the California building. Texas. — What one might call the "stellar motif" has been used in designing the building erected by the "Lone Star" State. It is an immense five-pointed star, surmounted by a dome of 132 feet from the ground. There are, of course, ten walls. At the base, where every pair of walls meet, is an entrance. All the rooms on the second fioor are finished in native woods and marbles of Texas. The building measures 234 feet from extreme points of star and 144 feet to top of dome. It cost $45,516. With great ceremony this building was dedicated Wednesday, May 4. Utali. — A cozy club house of modern style of architecture has been erected by the Utah Commission near the State Buildings En- trance. The building is 50 by 50 feet. It cost $6,000. Utah has an unique display which shows how gold is extracted from the ores. A machine built; of burnished steel, copper and silver, occupying a space 14 by 30 feet, and entirely covered with a glass case, is the center of Utah's mining display in the Mines and Metal- lurgy building. Iron and the products of iron are shown in another exhibit. Another beautiful display is made of precious stones, includ- ing topaz, garnet, ruby and opal. Vermont. — The old Constitution House, standing in Windsor, has been reproduced for the State building of Vermont. It covers an area of 50 by 120 feet and cost $5,000. The original building Is the house where the Constitution of Vermont was drawn up and signed. Virginia. — Virginia is represented among the State buildings at the World's Fair by a reproduction of Monticello (Little Mountain), the home of the President who directed the purchase of Louisiana. Mr. Jefferson was an enthusiastic student of architecture, and an ama- teur draughtsman, who brought back from his foreign tours many studies of famous old buildings. The plans and specifications for this classic bit of architecture, to the minutest detail in his own hand, are still extant. Millions of patriotic pilgrims will visit the Virginia building who may never see the original home of the illustrious author of the Dec- laration of Independence, and every American who sees the structure thanks Jefferson's native State for the opportunity. The building covers an area of 113 by 99 feet, and cost $17,000. It has a pic- turesque site on The Trail leading from the Palace of Fine Arts to the Foreign Section. It contains a life size statue of the statesman, contributed by the University he founded. Virginia has exhibits in Agriculture, Horticulture, Mines and — 114 — Forestry. Peanuts, pickles and tobacco are extensively displayed. A Pocahontas made entirely of tobacco is a striking feature in the Agriculture building. In Mines, there are great figures made of coke, ores, etc. The forestry, fish and game products are noteworthy and cover the whole range of the State's resources in this line. Washington. — The State of Washington's building is of unique design. It contributes to a display of the State's lumber resources and at the same time supplies to its visitors a view of the main pic- ture of the Exposition from the observation tower, 100 feet in the air, overtopping trees and adjacent buildings. The building is built entirely of wood, the outside of yellow pine and the inside and the interior finished with the finer grained woods produced by the State. A staircase of native marble is an unique feature. The building is six stories high, towering 114 feet to the base of the flag staff, which rises .50 feet higher. The structure is octagonal in plan, eight gigantic diagonal timbers rising from the ground and meeting in an apex at the observatory line. All the floors are sup- ported on these great diagonal timbers. The building's outside meas- urements are 77 by 114 feet, and the cost $18,000. It stands opposite the United States Fisheries building. West Virginia. — This State erected a building of colonial style with classical domes on the corners and a large dome in the center of the roof, whicli forms an observatory. There are porches 1 G feet wide on the front and sides of the building and one 10 feet wide across the rear. The building was erected at a cost of |18,871. It covers an area of 92 by 108 feet. Wisconsin. — The Wisconsin building is a departure from the ordi- nary semi-classic style of architecture prevalent in Exposition build- ings. The English domestic style prevails. The structure, with its plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, gives a charming effect, and is a welcome relief from the generally massive architecture of surrounding buildings. It was erected at a cost of $14,750, and covers an area of 90 by 50 feet. The furniture is of native woods. The building was dedicated May 29. Wisconsin's exhibits are in the Education, Agriculture, Horticul- ture, Mines, Forestry and Machinery departments and cover a wide range. The most Important, the Educational, covers branches of school work from the Kindergarten to the State University. In the Palace of Mines there is an extensive display of ores, polished gran- ites and pottery clays. The Forestry display includes a great variety of polished woods. The state is creditably represented by displays of farm products, fruits, live stock and dairy products. Wyoming has no State building, its appropriation of $25,000 being devoted entirely to exhibits in the Palaces of Mines and Agri- culture. In the former building, attention is immediately attracted to the State's exhibit of oils. Lumps of bituminous coal, weighing ten tons; of soda, weighing 5,000 pounds, from the natural soda lakes of Albany county, are to be seen. There are specimens of iron run- ning 75 per cent pure and fine copper ore is displayed in abundance. There is also an attractive collection of beautiful stones. Wyoming's grains, grasses and fine woods and vegetables and fruits, the latter the product of irrigated farming, constitute the display in the Palace of Agriculture. Porto Rico. — This insular possession exhibits specimens of rub- ber, coffee, dye woods and tropical fruits in the appropriate palaces. — 115 — PHILIPPINE ENCAMPMENT. The Philippine Exposition was projected by the Insular Govern- ment and has cost over $1,000,000. In scope, thoroughness and gen- eral interest, it far exceeds any other display on the grounds. It was planned by Secretary of War William H. Taft, when he was Civil Governor of the Islands. The display embraces about 70,000 exhibits, arranged in over 300 classes and more than 100 groups. The Philippine Exposition is located on a picturesque tract of 47 acres. It is in the center of the west section of the main Exposition grounds, a little beyond the Agriculture building. Perhaps, the most striking feature of the display is its naturalness. There is no attempt at artificiality, no straining after effect. More than 1,100 persons are housed in the reservation. The native Filipinos are gathered in vil- lages, in houses built by their own hands. Here they live, abiding by the customs of their various tribes. An elaborate system of buildings has been erected in the enclos- ure. Special attention has been paid to the landscape and a large lake is at the service of the water Moros and other coast tribes. With- in the Visayan village alone there is a church, a market, a theater and a municipal building. The Native Filipinos. — The people of the Philippines have given in this Exposition proof of the high-spirited patriotic pride which in the midst of many difficulties has induced them to make sacrifices, in order that the re.=ources and conditions of their country might ap- pear in a dignified manner before the civilized world. Many of the Honorary Philippine Commissioners now in this country have, as mem- bers of the Philippine Commission and as Governors of Provinces, largely contributed to the success of the Philippine display. As special guests of the Philippine Board, 50 Honorary Commis- sioners, appointed by the Philippine Government, have come to rep- resent their coimtry in the United States. These representative resi- dents of the islands are making a tour of the United States, investi- gating its industrial, commercial, social and economic conditions. They have been entertained by President Roosevelt, and by prominent citizens in Chicago, Boston, Cincinnati and other large cities. They will remain for several months in St. Louis to study the Exposition. One hundred selected Philippine students will shortly arrive to study for a number of years in the United States. They will come to the Fair and be housed in the Philippine grounds, and serve as guides through the vast Philippine display. Constabulary Guard. — In the spacious cuartel are quartered the Constabulary Guard, the native police-military organization of the Philippines. These men are commanded by American and native officers. They have a band of 80 pieces. Their daily dress parade is one of the novel Exposition sights witnessed by thousands. John Philip Sousa said, after hearing a concert by this native band, "I mar- vel at their skill." Philippine Scouts. — In the rear of the cuartel picturesquely en- camped in the forest are the 400 Philippine Scouts, officered by regu- lar army men. These men form a part of the United States regular army. They are commanded by Major William H. Johnston of the United States army. With this organization is a band of 45 natives. The Scouts also have daily guard mounts, parades and the regular drills prescribed by army regulations. — 117 — AmoDg these Scouts is one company o£ Macabebes, who have distinguished themselves from the start as the best soldiers and most loyal subjects in the Islands. Visayan Village.— The Visavan Village is located on the shore of Arrow Head Lake. It is enclosed by a picturesque fence of laced bamboo and consists of about 20 houses. In these the Visayans live just as they live in their homes in the Islands. They are a people of artistic temperament and good musicians. In the market are many beautiful articles and faljrics. The natives illustrate the manufacture of Jusi, Pina and Sinimay cloth, the making of embroidery, hats, mats, canes and various novelties. They have perfected the art of wood- carving to a high degree. Methods of fishing and transportation are also represented. The women of this tribe are very pretty and there are a number of girls who can speak English — venders of novelties. The Moros of Mindanao.— Two tribes of Moros are represented. The Samal Moros are coast dwellers, pirates and seafaring men. The Lanao people are from the interior of Mindanao. Very little is known about the inland Moros, but through the offices of Dr. Albert E. Jenks, Chief of Ethnological survey for the Philippines, representatives of some of the most savage tribes have been brought here. For two and a half centuries these people made life miserable for the Span- iards and the seafaring Samals made frequent piratical expeditions to neighboring islands, sacking villages, looting churches and taking thousands of prisoners. It is against the Lanao Moros that General Leonard Wood is now engaged on a punitive expedition for the recent treacherous killing of several officers and 3.5 men of the Seventeenth Infantry. The Samal Moros have been friendly since American occu- pation, unlike those of the interior. The tribe represented is ruled over by Rajah Muda Mandi. It is considered the most intelligent of the many tribes inhabiting the island, and the Rajah in 1895 traveled through Europe and was entertained by Spanish noblemen in Madrid. He is wealthy, judged by American standards, and has gathered about him many of the luxuries and conveniences of Western civilization. He has the power of life and death over more than 5,000 subjects. The hatred between the various tribes of Moros is so intense and so sincere that a special guard is on duty in the villages. It is a viola- tion of their Mohammedan faith for their photographs to be taken, and notices have been posted, notifying photographers of the danger of using cameras about this part of the reservation. The Bagobos. — Nipa huts have been built for the Bagobos from Danao Bay. who have just arrived. Their costumes are covered with multicolored beads. For a primitive race, they have cultivated the commercial and agricultural instinct to a very high degree. The Igorote Village. — Probably the most interesting single feature of the Exposition is the Igorote Village. This includes three tribes; the Bontoc, The Suyoc and The Tinguanes. The Suyocs are the miners and show their method of extracting the metal from the ore. Some of their work in copper is remarkable. They have their own rice paddies and sweet potato patch. The Bontocs are the head-hunters. Tattooing is considered an art by them, and across the chest of several chiefs in the village is recorded the result of their head-hunting expeditions. These Bontocs are the dog eaters, of whom so much has been written in the newspapers. The Tinguanes are the agriculturists and are of a milder disposition. The Igorotes are in charge of Governor T, Hunt. Their religion la a kjnfl n( spirit worship. ^1.18 — The Negritos. — The Negritos are the aborigines of the Philippines. They are black;, squat and kinlvy-headed. They look like the African negro, but are of smaller stature, low in intellect and primitive in their methods of living. They are rapidly decreasing in numbers in the islands and recent estimates place their number at 23,000. The Negritos have no permanent homes in the islands, wandering from place to place in small groups and living on herbs and roots and what game they can shoot. They are very skillful with the bow and arrow. Next to the Pygmies, they are the smallest people in the world. The Manguianes, occupying a special section of the Negrito Vil- lage, are from the Island of Mindoro, and are also an unique race. These people have a peculiar alphabet and are of great interest to the scientist. Philippine Midgets. — The Philippine Midgets, Juan and Martina De la Cruz, are the smallest, fully developed people known in the civilized world. Juan is 29 inches high and 29 years old. Martina is 27 inches high and 31 years old. They were born in Iloilo, and their parents were average size people. Arrow Head Lake. — Luguna De Bay, or Arrow Head Lake, is a picturesque sheet of water fronting the reservation. The Moros give exhibitions on the lake of the way they handle their crude craft and how they carry on their pearl fishing. The lake is crossed by three bridges, illustrating native architecture, the main bridge being a re- production of the famous structure over the Pasig, the "Puente De Espana." The reservation is heavily timbered and the forest area forms an impressive sylvan background. The main entrance is through the Walled City, reproducing the Spanish walls surrounding the City of Manila, in which are exhibited relics of the various Philip- pine wars. An immense number of historic relics make this building an interesting museum. The Education Building. — Fronting the main square is the Edu- cation building, a reproduction of one of the most noted native cathedrals. In the center of the square is a monument erected to the memory of Magellan, by whom the Philippines were discovered only a score of years after Columbus discovered this country. The square is flanked on all sides by reproductions of well known struc- tures in Manila. The Game and Fisheries Building, bordering the lake, is a build- ing used for the purpose of displaying the native methods of hunting and capture of game, and the methods of fishing. A superb collection of moUusks is a conspicuous feature of this exhibit. The Forestry Building is really an enlarged native house. It is made of Philippine woods and has a long veranda of bamboo, shaded with coils of rattan. A number of specimens of hardwood are shown, the most valuable of which is narra, often mistaken for mahogany' One section of the exhibit in the Forestry building is given up to gutta-percha and rubber. The annual importation of these in the United States since 1892 amounts to more than twenty million dollars Gum-chicle, used in the manufacture of the chewing gum used in the United States, is also shown. The Mining Building contains over 2,000 samples of mineral products of the Philippine Islands, besides the methods of mining gold-washing and the transformation of the ores into metal and metai work. There is a great abundance of copper ore gold ore and coal There Is also petroleum, sulphur, marble and a kind of kaolin, etc. — 120 — The Agriculture Building contains at least 10,000 exhibits, allow- ing the agricultural resources, the implements used in agricultural work and certain products of agricultural industry, and besides, horti- cultural products, including tropical fruits and vehicles of land trans- portation. This also shows the houses, wearing apparel and house- hold articles used by farmers, and every other thing used in agri- cultural life. The Ethnological Building contains the most remarkable collec- tion of arms, implements, wearing apparel, adornments and innumer- able objects used in the different tribal life in the Philippine Islands. Hospital. — In the Hospital Service building ample provision is made for caring for the sick on the reservation. All kinds of medi- cal appliances have been installed, a ward of 50 cots arranged, and provision made for giving the natives who happen to get sick during their stay every comfort and convenience. Trained nurses have been engaged, and the medical corps is in charge of Dr. Llewellyn R. Wil- liamson, United States Army. In the Service building will be located the business offices of the Exposition. Building of Commerce. — The Foreign Commerce and Native In- dustry building represents what was in Manila before America con- quered, an Exposition building. In this building, also, a collection of over 4,000 samples of goods, imported to the Philippmes, is displayed with full data which will greatly interest the American manufacturer and exporter. There is also a model school conducted by Miss Pilar Zamora. She will give exhibitions of the methods of instructing the young Filipinos, more than 225,000 of whom are now regular scholars at Government schools on the island. Manila House. — In the IVlanila House, many articles of domestic industry are exhibited, — largely the work of women from all over the Philippine Archipelago. Government Building. — The Government building represents an imitation of the Ayuntamento Government building of the Insular Government in Manila, and contains choice exhibits of art. liberal arts and sciences and some government displays of the principal insular bureaus. The oiHces of the members of the Ijoard are located on the second floor of this structure. Relief Map. — An interesting feature of the reservation is the large relief map made by Father Algue. the Jesuit Priest, who has charge of the Manila Observatory. Father Algue is thoroughly familiar with the geology and geography of the islands. He is stationed on the reser- vation. His map covers an area of 110x75 feet in the open, and is surrounded by circular plank walk. More than 2,000 islands are shown in their proper shape and proportionate sizes. Inside the building, from which the wall around the main map extends, are 18 relief maps. These show the mines, hot and cold springs, location of tribes and races, forestry and agriculture, and other physical feat- ures of interest in the Archipelago. Father Algue also conducts a weather observatory, patterned after the one which he superintends in Manila. Organization. — The organization of the exhibit was undertaken by a board of three with Dr. William P. Wilson. Director of the Phila- delphia Commercial Museum, as Chairman. The collection of the exhibits in the Archipelago was in charge of Dr. Gustav Niederlein, — 121 — of Philadelphia, assisted by his colleague, Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, and the Secretary of the Board, Dr. Leon M. Guerrero. The Exposition Board continues its functions in St. Louis, under the Presidency of Dr. Wilson, who is in general charge of the Philippine Exposition, Mr. Niederlein looking after the displays as Director of Exhibits. Mr. Edmund A. Felder was appointed Executive Officer. FOREIGN BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS. The foreign nations which participate in this great Exposition have made zealous effort to outdo each other in the erection of char- acteristic buildings and the installation of their exhibits. For the most part they have chosen fine examples of native architecture famil- iar to the world through liistory or literature, and their pavilions are thus objects of special intereft to every visitor to the Fair. They will be found described in detail below. ARGENTINE. North of Administration building and near the Austrian reser- vation is located the Argentine Republic national pavilion, a reproduc- tion of the second and third stories of the Government Palace at Buenos Ayres. The two stories of the building are arranged in suitable apart- ments to permit of a large central chamber, where receptions and exhibitions may be held, and smaller rooms are provided for the offices of the Commissioners. Furnishings for the pavilion were brought from Argentine, and the decorations are harmonious with the taste and style of that coun- try. There are maps and pictures of scenes of the country. Tropical flowers abound in the gardens. AUSTRIA. Distinctly Viennese, and the only sample of the art nouveau among the foreign nations is the Austrian National pavilion, which was first built in Austria, tal^en to pieces and reconstructed after its arrival at the World's Fair. This, on account of its contents, is one of the most interesting of the foreign buildings, as a large portion of the Austrian art display is housed here. The ground plan of the building is in the shape of a capital T, the wing pointing toward the front. On either side of this front wing are gardens and fountains, embellished with a profusion of sculpture. The front of the building is flanked by square towers, 47 feet high, of peculiar design in the style of the art nouveau. The entire front is enriched with sculpture. The exterior walls are adorned with paintings of pastoral scenes executed l)y Austrian artists, and the corner pillars of the wall which encloses the gardens are capped with sculptural figures. Inside the building are 13 salons, one for each of the governmental departments, in which special exhibits are kept.. There are relief models of the Government mountain railroads, showing bits of fine scenery along the routes; also a model of the greatest railway bridge 123 ^ in the world over the Isanzo river. Most interesting, however, is the fine art exhibition, showing samples of the "new art." The art gal- leries show the distinctive paintings of the Polish, Bohemian and Vienna artists' associations and many of the pictures are of a high degree of merit. The work of 46 art and crafts schools is displayed, included in which is a fine array of artistic wood carving. BELGIUM. The pavilion erected by Belgium is a piece of old Flemish archi- tecture that commands the attention of all visitors to the Foreign Section. It is conspicuous, because of its handsome exterior mural decorations and a towering dome crowned with sculpture. The structure is built mostly of steel brought from Antwerp. It is of substantial character, and after the World's Fair will be sold. Including the spreading entrance stairways, which project on four sides of the building and supply means of access, the building is 267 by 191 feet. There is not a single window in the pavilion, light and ventilation being secured by means of big monitors in the center of the roof. The exterior wall surface is used exclusively for mural paintings. The grounds about the buildings are used for flower beds and shrubbery. The building contains a variety of interesting exhibits of the factories of Belgium, including some excellent bronzes and ivories and art fur- nitures. The schools and universities of Belgium make an excellent showing, and the Government has a representative railway exhibit. Very attractive is the collection of the weapons and native products of the Congo country. BRAZIL. Crowned with an immense dome, rising 132 feet above the ground, is the magnificent structure which has been erected at the World's Fair by the Government of Brazil. The building is flanked on the east and west by flower gardens which have been carefully groomed. It faces the Belgian and Cuban pavilions on the north and the Nfca- raguan building on the east. Three domes show above the roof line at the top of the second story, the center one of which rises 78 feet. The side domes are flat and are only about 20 feet above the roof. Beneath these side domes are loggias, open to the air. State apartments occupy the entire lower floor, together with a collection of agricultural products, especially coffee. On the' second floor are the offices of the Commission. Above this, breaking through the roof line, is a light well. 42 feet in diameter, which supplies a view of the outside dome. On the third floor, inside the dome, is a gallery from which visitors may have a view of the functions that take place on the second floor. Above this, another gallery surrounds the dome on the outside, and a view is afforded in all directions. Furnishings made from the hardwoods common to the banks of the Amazon supply the spacious rooms, and visitors are treated to delicious cups of coffee produced from the far-famed Brazilian product. CANADA. Half way between Agriculture Palace and the Forestry, Pish and Game building, and directly opposite the national pavilion of Ceylon, is the Canadian building, a spacious structure, designed on the "plan of a club house. — 124 — Commissioner General Hutchinson's official home is at the Cana- dian building, and he will serve as host. More than $30,000 has been expended by the Canadian Govern- ment in erecting the building and beautifying the grounds. No ex- hibits are made in the pavilion, but all of the furnishings are reminis- cent of the Dominion. There are numerous paintings and pictures of Canadian scenes, and a representative timber exhibit. CEYLON. North of the Palace of Agriculture and near the great floral clock stands the beautiful Ceylon pavilion, which cost $40,000, and is fur- nished in lavish style with treasured bric-a-brac brought from the far Bast. The building is 100 by 84 feet. It has two stories and is sur- rounded by a gallery. The interior has a court, in which Ceylon tea is served by natives dressed in picturesque costumes, with their hair rolled over large tortoise shell combs. CONNECTICUT BUILDING. The building is of Kandian architecture, being a reproduction of an ancient and historic Kandian Temple, one of the oldest pieces of architecture standing. The panels on the walls are decorated with paintings representing scenes in Ceylon. The building is illuminated by ancient Ceylon lamps and modern incandescents. A distinguished sculptor was employed to design six statues for the building, namely, a Ratemahatmaya in full Kandian costume; a low country Aratchi or Headman, with high comb, long black coat, gold buttons and sandals; a Colombo Chetly, in full white, with large earrings; a Buddhist priest, fully robed, and two Veddahs, male and female. Elephants and elephant heads carved out of ebony and ivory, boxes of carved ebony and tortoise shell, Kandian brass embossed trays and lamps, porcupine quill jewel cases and work boxes; a full tea service made of carved cocoanut shells, wooden cabinets, "Chat- ties" and pots, jakwood rice pounders and pestles, panel carvings like 125- ff^^^^'f^'^^^'" those seen in the ruined cities of Ceylon, and paintings in the Kan- dian style, representing weird mythological scenes found on the walla of Buddhist and Hindu Temples, are some of the interesting things to be seen inside. Surrounding the building are flower beds where many species of East Indian flora have been transplanted. CHINA. Strongly contrasted with Its Occidental surroundings is the unique Chinese pavilion, a reproduction of Prince Pu Lun's country seat, with all of its quaint environs. The framework was constructed by Amer- ican workmen, but the delicate carving of the ornamental finish was fashioned by the skilled hands of Chinese artisans, who came all the way from the Flowery Kingdom to apply these last artistic touches. This building, erected to hold some of the wonders of the Celes- tial Empire, stands on Administration Av., midway between the Bel- gian and British buildings. The woodwork, about 6,000 pieces in all, shows some fine ex- amples of scroll sawing, wood carving, pyrography and inlaying with ebony and ivory. All of this work was done by hand. More than $40,000 of the appropriation for the Chinese building was spent for specimens of fine carving with which to make the decorations. Prince Pu Lun's domicile is gorgeous in scarlet, gold, ebony and blue. At the entrance to the Chinese building is a picturesque pagoda which attracts attention because of its varl-colored and odd-shaped decorations. The pavilion contains some handsome Chinese furniture and porcelains. CUBA. Typically Cuban is the building representing that young nation. It is the reproduction of a well-appointed dwelling house of the pres- ent day in the city of Havana, with a tower at one corner which rises to a height of 48 feet. The structure is surrounded on four sides by a 20-foot portico. Above is a flat roof, where visitors may promenade on pleasant even- ings as they are accustomed to do in sunny Cuba. The vista from the top of the pavilion is a splendid one. The interior is divided into three compartments, two ofllces for the Commission, and a museum and exhibition hall. There is also the court, with those fragrant indoor plants typical of the tropics. FRANCE. One of the architectural wonders of Europe has been reproduced by France as its National pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi tion. The historic Grand Trianon at Versailles has been, in effect. tran.=planted from its historic surroundings to a beautiful plat of ground L5 acres in extent at the World's Fair on Forsythe Av., or the Olympian Way. A reproduction of the famous gardens of "Versailles is a suitable frame for the historic picture made by the architects in duplicating Le Grand Trianon. The building is open to visitors with passes daily, except Wednesday, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m., and to others on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays from 2 p. m. to 5 p. m. The pavilion consists of a central building, flanked by two wings that terminate each in a pavilion. The latter are united by 22 Ionic — 127 — marble columns, red and green, and the interstices between the win- dows are adorned by pilasters of the same order and materials. The entire front measures 534 feet. All the apartments are on the ground floor. The roof is surrounded, in Roman style, by a bal- ustrade, ornamented with vases and beautiful groups of figures. A corresponding balustrade extends along the front below, in the center of which is a handsome iron gate opening to the principal entrance. The picture gallery and the billiard room are particularly beautiful. The decorations are superb and the view of the surrounding gardens, from either room, is sweeping The Grand Trianon was one of the favorite residences of the great Napoleon. The extensive grounds also contain reproductions of several beautiful chalets of Marie Antoinette. A broad driveway leads up a gentle slope to the court of the Trianon. It is flanked on either side by raised terraces of sward, and the landscape surrounding the building contains statuary and the most beautiful specimens of the landscape gardener's art. (See article on "Landscape and Gardens.") The right wing has three rooms filled with the exhibits of the City of Paris, including engravings of the masterpieces which decorate the City Hall of Paris. Two rooms are filled with a splendid exhibit of porcelains and bisques from the porcelain factory of Sevres. There is a fine statue of Lafayette by Houdon. The ceilings of the gallerie d'honneur, at the rear, are orna- mented with three great paintings, typical of Liberte, Egalite and Praternite. I-arge gobelins of the period of Louis XIV. decorate the wall. There is a salon with some fine vases and examples of art jew- elry, glass and email work. Another shows some charming interior decorations, and still another has the exhibit of the Chamber of Com- merce of Paris. GERMANY. Overlooking the main picture of the World's Fair and conspicu- ous from every part of the grounds is the magnificent structure de- signed by Emperor William to represent Imperial Germany at the World's Pair. It is on the summit of a large hill, from the crest of which leap the beautiful Cascades and about which are clustered the most important features of the Exposition. The structure is a partial reproduction of a building renowned in German history, being copied with fidelity from the central por- tion of the famous Schloss (Castle) at Charlottenburg, near Berlin. The castle was built near the end of the seventeenth century by Fred- erick I., the first King of Prussia. It was designed by Andreas Schlueter, the great German architect of that period. The architecture of Charlottenburg Castle is imposing The main facade is in two stories. In the center, over the main entrance tow- ering 150 feet skyward, is an enormous stilted dome. Rooms in the pavilion are furnished with precious old furniture gol)elins and silver ornaments, the products of bygone days. These articles now owned by the Emperor, have been in the possession of his family for hun- dreds of years. There is an excellent collection of artistic iewelrv and medals of great value, and the wood work and hangings of ail the rooms are notable. Surrounding the pretentious building are copies of the famous gardens of Charlottenburg Castle from which plants were taken by the landscape artists to make flie likeness more real. A set of chimes, striking the hours in the great tow. ■ serves to attract the visitor to the impressiveness of the German P — 128 — GREAT BRITAIN. Most beautiful of the buildings in the gardens surrounding Ken- sington Palace, where Queen Victoria was born, is the Orangery an Ideal representation of the Queen Anne style of architecture, which has been reproduced in a setting of old English garden as the British National building at the World's Fair. , ■,7'^o^rA°'"^"^*''y '"^^ designed for a greenhouse, and since It was Duilt, 200 years ago, it has never been surpassed as a specimen of garden architecture. It was not only a treasure house for the Queen's choicest plants and flowers, but a place where the Queen and her favored attendants delighted to retire and indulge in quiet conference over their cups of tea. IOWA BUILDING. On the occasion of the eightieth birthday celebration. Queen Vic- toria decided to open to the puljlic the state apartment and' the grounds surrounding Kensington Palace, where she was born and where she passed the early years of her life. She was there when her accession to the throne was announced, and it was there that she first met the Prince consort and was wooed by him. The place was filled with pleasant memories and she desired to have the grounds open to her subjects. The main building at St. Louis is made larger than the original by the con.=truction of wings extending back from either end. In the lower floor are oflices and rooms for visitors. In the large room on the second floor is the banquet hall where elaborate functions are held. The total exterior length of the building is 171 feet and the width — 129 — 32 feet. There are a number of rooms filled with originals and copies of old furniture, arms and decorations of the time of Queen Elizabeth, Queen Anne and King George, as well as a room fitted with modern furnishings. HOLLAND. Holland's building is on the site formerly allotted to Russia and abandoned by that country when war was begun with .Japan. The building cost about $5,000. It occupies a space 50 by 40 feet, and shows on three sides steep-pitched Dutch gables with corbie-steps on the slopes. It is used for the display of a copy by Hendrik Kleyn, of Rembrandt's "Night Watch," now in the State Museum at Amsterdam. An admission fee is charged to view the picture. The other parts of the building are free. They contain fine antique Holland furniture. A typical Dutch garden surrounds the structure. INDIA. Sombre-like, yet inspiring, is the reproduction of the tomb of Et- mad-Dowlah, which has been made by India at the World's Fair. It occupies a. site near the Philippine reservation, at the rear of the For- estry, Fish and Game building. This tomb, the original of which is at Agra, India, has many of the bulbous dome accessories which have made a world-wide reputa- tion for the Taj Mahal at the same place. In the pavilion samples of tea, coffee and pepper will be served by natives. The interior furnishings are typical of East Indian life, and many historic relics hoarded by the ancient races of that country are displayed in the decorations. Plant life as it exists in India is demonstrated in the gardens sur- rounding the tomb, specimens having been brought from the old-time burial places of India's royalty. ITALY. The Government of Italy has reproduced at the World's Fair a bit of old Roman architecture, trimmed in stately balustrades and afford- ing a garden such as has made artists and poets dream for ages. Standing high above the garden level, the pavilion is reached by a broad flight of stairs. Standards crowned with bronzed Victories tower 100 feet on either side of the entrance. The garden which stretches in front of the building is flanked on two sides by a 10-foot wall. Entrance to the pavilion is through a peristyle of Ionic columns. The walls and colonnade are elaborately treated with porcelain entab- latures, and are broken at intervals with pylons which carry spouting fountains. Sculpture, rare flowers, and all accessories of the building art of the sunny land combine to present a scene most picturesque iind beautiful. In the main hall are portraits of the King and Queen" of Italy, and some sculptures by Monteverde. The great electrical genius, Marconi, is given recognition in (he pavilion. The Italian building is on sloping ground, south of the Adminis- tration building, and opposite the Belgium pavilion, fronting Interna- tional Av. The space occupied is 90 by ] 50 feet. The pavilion is one-story and shows in the interior a beautiful salon, lighted by stained glass windows. This is used for Italian con- — 1 ao — celts. Two small rooms, where the Commissioners' offices are located, connect with the salon. The stained glass windows were made in IVIilan, and the ornamental wrought iron, which occurs in various parts of the installation, is also imported. Pretty effects were secured in painting the pavilion. A hronze- colored cresting runs around the building and surrounding the lower structures is a dash of red, being an imitation of terra cotta tiles. The staff work is so artistically executed that the finest marljle is imitated and the rarest models of Roman sculpture duplicated. JAPAN. Seven large buildings and a number of small pagodas, built uf native material by Japauete artisans, occupy the space allotted to the Mikado's Government, on the site of a beautiful hill west of Cascade Gardens and south of Machinery Palace. The main pavilion is an ornate reproduction of the "Shishinden," a palace at Tokio, in which the .Japanese Emperor grants audiences to his ministers of state. Other buildings, including Commissioner's office, the Bellevue pavilion, a Bazaar, a Kinkaku tea pavilion, a For- mosa tea pavilion and a tea show building are disposed around the palace. Beautiful tiles and carvings have been used in decorating all of the structures, and the furnishings are of the most elaborate and expensive designs. Sloping away from the central buildings are winding walks that penetrate an Oriental garden of great beauty. Hidden here and there in the foliage are dainty pagodas. The buildings are creations in which American skill took no part. They were constructed by clever Japanese artisans brought from the far East for this purpose. Tea being a principal product of that country, beverage made from it by Japanese experts is served in certain pavilions inside the Ja])- anese reservations. In other buildings there are on display specimens of the product, and methods of tea culture are demonstrated. MEXICO. Mexico's pavilion occupies a prominent site, fronting 160 feet on Skinker Road (University BL), and extending west 175 feet. It is 50x72 feet in dimension, and the grounds about the structure are used for exhibits of the floral productions of the southern Republic. The pavilion is two stories high and is designed after the style of the Spanish renaissance. The windows of the lower story are of stained glass, while those of the upper story are made of photographic negatives, showing cathedrals, monuments, palaces, parks and beau- tiful bits of scenery in Mexico. A very large picture of President Diaz in stained glass occupies a prominent position. On the first floor are a public reception room, reading room, tele- graph office and other apartments. The second story is given up to rooms for the Mexican Commission and for the press correspondents. The glorification of the country's colors is portrayed in a large ceil- ing picture. Mutoscope views of Mexican scenery are presented. In the center of the pavilion is a patio, or court, always a feature of the Mexican building. Cacti and plants common to Mexico are used in beautifying the ground. At the south side of the pavilion is a conservatory, in which are displayed the tender floral plants of the tropics, which cannot be exposed to the St. Louis elements. — 131 — k....^. -T^-f^sj'-^K^T'i^'^^ VICTORY— By Michael Tonnetti. (Main Entrance Palace of IVIanufactures.) NICARAGUA. Almost hidden in a garden filled with native plants, the wee Nicaraguan building, smallest in the international group, holds out a welcome to the World's Fair visitors. Designed in the style of the Spanish renaissance, the structure is one typical of the Central American country, rectangular In form and two stories high. With the ever-present patio, or court, it takes on a tropical char- acter noticeable in the pavilions of other Southern countries. The lower floor of the building is given to a large hall, suitable tor ex- hibits, and the upper section is divided into a state room and apart- ments for the Commissioners. Flowers brought from the Isthmus have been replanted by native gardeners. SIAM. Ben Chama Temple, now building in Bangkok, has been repro- duced as the National pavilion of Siam, which has an advantageous location between the Mexican and Nicaraguan pavilions. The building is in the shape of a Greek cross, having tour arms of equal length radiating from a center. It is crowned by a high pitched roof, with a concave ridge pole. This pole' is terminated by the pointed ornament, which is seen on the temples of Slam. Each wing of the building has three gables, which rise one above the other, the ridge of each gable being crowned by the ornament mentioned. The interior, which is decorated in green, vermilion and rich gold, is all one apartment except a small room, 14 by 23 feet, used as the executive office. No posts are in the Interior, the roof being carried on Siamese trusses of peculiar construction. In the staff decorations the Siamese elephant is used as a motif. Especially beautiful are the quaint Siamese gardens which sur- round the pavilions. SWEDEN. Nestling modestly among the more pretentious buildings about it is a typical Swedish country hontie of the sixteenth century, brought to the World's Fair in sections and reconstructed to represent King Oscar's Government at the Exposition. It Is surrounded by its char- acteristic Swedish garden. All of the material used In the building is from the immense forests of Sweden. Even in the furniture provided for the rooms care has been taken to select only that which is iil har- mony with the home-like surroundings. In a niche in the wall is a handsome bust of the King of Sweden, and the walls are decorated with souvenirs of Swedish history and romance. There are samples of potteries from the Gustafsberg pottery, a library of Swedish authors, and pictures of native landscapes. The offices of the Royal Swedish Commission are in a wing of the building. OTHER NATIONS. Australia will have a display of agricultural products; Ethiopia will show ivory and other products; Morocco is represented by a concession. Russia is well represented in several of the palaces. Manufactures, Varied Industries, etc. Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Guadaloupe, Hayti, Honduras, Hungary, New Zea- land, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Portugal, San Salvador, San Domingo, Turkey and Venezuela are also represented. Even the principality of Monaco has an exhibit in the Palace of Education. — 133 — THE PIKE. "Cowboys Shooting Up a Western Town" is a typical Western group of statuary, by Frederick Remington, at the entrance to The Pike, the amusement section of the Exposition. The frolicsome spirit of this \york makes it peculiarly appropriate as an introduction to the lighter merriment of the concessions' street. A strong feature of the group is a horse, the hoofs of which do not touch the ground at any point, the animal and rider being supported in the air by contact with the nearest animal companion in the group. The Pike is story-book land. All cieeds and customs are there. Six thousand nondescript characters have stepped from the leaves of history, travel and adventurous fiction to salute you in reality. Forty amusements, which cost $5,000,000, e.xtend one and one- half miles from the Lindell Entrance west to Skinker Road (Univer- sity BL), turning sharply to the south at that point, and continuing in a direct line between the Palaces of Transportation and Machinery on the east and the Foreign Governments' plaza and the Palaces of Agri- culture and Horticulture on the west. Among the attractions is one which cost $750,000 to build, and there are !;everal features on The Pike which cost twice as much as any concession ever yielded at previous fairs. Many of The Pike attractions have theaters, and restaurants are to be found in nearly all of them. In some of the theaters there is an extra charge for re- served seats. The prices quoted are for general admission only, but are subject to change from time to time without previous notice. Chil- dren are usually admitted for half price. Starting on The Pike from the Plaza of St. Louis, mountain masses lOu feet high overshadow a Tyrolean village, forming what is known as the Tyrolean Alps. 25 cents. An Irish village has reproductions of Carmac's Castle, the old House of Parliament at Dublin, and St. Lawrence's Gate. 25 cents. Under and Over the Sea is a trip to Paris in a suljmarine boat and a return voyage in an airship. 50 cents. In the Streets of Seville, senoritas and Rommanys are shown in the Plaza de Toros, as seen at Madrid and the quaint market place of Triana, 25 cents. Hunting in the Ozarks shows the mountain region of Missouri. Game is scared up for the hunter from the natural landscape. Seven shots, 20 cents. Hagenbeck's Zoo, Circus and Animal Paradise shows man-eating beasts in a jungle of growing vegetation, talking birds at liberty, and trained wild animals, 25 cents. Circus, 25 cents. Statisticum, statistics illustiated by moving objects. 10 cents. Ostrich Farm. 10 cents. Temple of Mirth, maze and grotesque mirrors. 10 cents. Mysterious Asia is a representation of life in India, Burinah, Per- sia and Ceylon. 15 cents. Plastic Art is shown in the Moorisu Palace, where historic East Indian customs are illustrated. 25 cents. Forty Geisha girls entertain tea drinkers in .lapan, with its ancient Oriental temple and replicas of the bazaars of Tokio. 25 cents. A vision of two worlds is seen in Hereafter. 25 cents. Weaving glass into tablecloths and other fabrics is shown in the Glass Weaving Palace. 25 cents. Paris is given up to vaudeville, typical of that gay center of fashion and amusement. 25 cents, — i:i4 — I Ancient Rome is represented by a street of the Augustan period of architecture; vaudeville. 10 cents. Cairo, reproduction of streets in that famous city. 20 cents. Creation carries the spectator back to the beginning of time. 50 cents. Russian Imperial Troupe, from Moscow, in costume, and in native peasant songs and dances. 2.5 cents. A history of fashion from the period of the early Roman colonies is shown in the Palais du Costume. 25 cents. In the Infant Incubator babies are seen through the glass doors of their strange nests. 25 cents. Old St. Louis, 25 cents. Arena, 25 cents. Indian Congress and Wild West Show is an assembly of historic tribes of the Amei-ican Indians and famous scouts. 50 cents. The Siberian Railroad is an illusion showing a locomotive and train running hundreds of miles through Siberia. 25 cents. w?5^**t**«f*^ 'C^ INDIAN TERRITORY BUILDING. Deep Sea Divers is exjjlained by its name. 15 cents. The Chinese Village brings one to The Pike joss houses and temples of bamboo. 25 cents. Eleven sections of the famous Bazaars of Stamljoul are repro- duced in Constantinople. Theater. 25 cents. Esquimaux and Laplanders is a view of the life of those people of the Polar region. 25 cents. The Magic Whirlpool is a descent by boat around a circular water- fall. 15 cents. The Cliff Dwellers is a duplicate of a section of the caves in the stone age in the Mancos Canyon, Colorado. Indian Dances. 25 cents. Battle Abbey is a cycloramic reproduction of the battle history of America. 25 cents. The Naval Exhibit shows a modern sea fight. 25 cents. Beautiful Jim Key is an educated horse. 25 cents. Ante-bellum days in the South are revived in the Old Plantati(ui, 15 cents. — 1 :15 — The great disaster which overwhelmed Galveston In September, 1900, is reproduced in the Galveston Flood. 25 cents. Hale's Fire Fighters is an exhibition of extinguishing a burning building and saving lives. 25 cents. New York to the North Pole is an illusion of a trip by vessel to the Polar region. 25 cents. Wireless Telegraphy is the exhibit of a wireless telegraph com- pany, messages being sent from a tower 200 feet high. 25 cents. Jerusalem is a remarkable open air representation of the Holy City. It covers 11 acres and contains 300 houses and 22 streets. Re- productions of the Mosque of Omar, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Jews' Wailing Place, the Via Dolorosa with the Nine Stations of the Cross, are shown. 25 cents. Observation Wheel is a huge steel structure reaching 250 feet in the air and giving passengers in its car a bird's-eye view of the Expo- sition. 60 cents. Miniature railway affords a ride in a perfectly equipped railroad train of reduced dimensions. 10 cents. Boer War; battles between Boers and British. Life in the Trans- vaal. 25 cents to $1.00. Poultry Farm, 25 cents; "Fairyland," Shoot the Chutes, 10 cents; Scenic Railway, 10 cents; Golden Chariots (merry-go-round), 10 cents; Spectatorium (biophone), moving pictures, 10 cents; Palmistry, 25 cents, and Camera Obscura. 10 cents, are additional attractions. FRATERNAL AND SPECIAL BUILDINGS. In addition to the exhibit palaces, State and foreign buildings, and the structures on The Pike, there are quite a number of buildings on the grounds which have been erected by fraternal and other or- ganizations. T. P. A. Building. — Headquarters for members of the Travelers' Protective Association and their friends are at the T. P. A. building on the Plateau of States, between the State buildings of Washington and Louisiana. It has a large central hall for receptions, lounging, toilet and other rooms. The $20,000 which the Ijuildlng and furnish- ings cost was raised by members of the T. P. A. House of Hoo-Hoo. — A lumberman's club house, built by the Con- catenated Order of Hoo-Hoo, and situated near the German pavilion, was destroyed by fire June 24. and rebuilt. It Is made up of native woods, 20 varieties being used, with veneers, showing 139 different effects. Temple of Fraternity. — The Temple of Fraternity is an Imposing structure of Grecian design, modeled after the ancient Parthenon. It is situated on the summit of a beautiful hill in the central section of the grounds, being surrounded by flower beds and great elm trees. It is three stories high with basement, and contains 40 well-appointed rooms. On the first floor is a Hall of Fame, in which are portraits of persons prominent in fraternal work. The Temple is the head- quarters of fraternal societies. It cost $62,000. Disciples of Clirist Chapel. — An enlarged reproduction of the first chapel built by the Disciples of Christ stands on one of the main boulevards of the Plateau of States, not far from the Grant cabin. It is used as a place of worship and as headquarters for visiting mem- bers of that church. The building is hexagon. The original "chapel, designed by Alexander Caippbell, founder of the denominatbn, was built near Bethany, W. Va., in 1840. - - 1 2« — Woman's Anchorage. — Next to Intramural Station No. 1, north of Palace ot Varied Industries, a house of rest conducted jointly by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, National Council of Women, The King's Daughters. Monticello Alumnae (Godfrey, 111.) and Baptist IMissionary Society. The Kappa Kappa Gamma Society, a college sorority, also has quarters here. Each society has one or more rooms for the entertainment of its members. Tired people are made wel- come. There are toilet and other accessories. AIRSHIP CONTESTS. Recognizing the progress made toward solving the problems of aerial navigation, and the possibility, if not the probability, of re- markable achievements in the air, the Exposition has offered a grand prize of $100,000 to the airship which shall make the best record over a prescribed course, marked by captive balloons, at a speed of not less than 20 miles an hour. Quite a large number of aeronauts have KANSAS BUILDING. arranged to compete, and it is hoped that some of them will be able to carry off the great prize. There are other prizes for balloon races and contests of various kinds aggregating $50,000. It is probable that there will be five or six dirigible balloons, airships and aeroplanes in actual competition for the grand prize; and from 10 to 20 competitors in the free balloon contests. There was a total of over 80 entries on June 1. The inter- est in aeronautics has received tremendous impulse from the an- nouncements of this concourse. The prizes are offered for achievement only, leaving the widest range of methods open to the competition. The amusement attraction feature has been entirely ignored, and serious work only encouraged. No great contest of this kind has ever been held — the nearest approach to it being the periodical balloon races held in France. This great aeronautic contest, if largely participated in and successfully conducted, will be another epoch-making event, having a tremendoug effect upon the arts, both of peace and war. — 137 — PHYSICAL CULTURE. The large building on the Athletic track, to be used for the physi- cal culture exhibit, cost about $140,000. The main entrance is flanked by towers, from which flags will be displayed when games are in progress. The gymnasium, the largest room in the building, is 70 by 106.2 feet, with ceiling 40 feet in height. A running track, 18 laps to the mile, on a gallery 13 feet above the main floor, is a feature of this room. There are locker rooms, shower bath rooms, bowling and handball alleys: in fact, all the features calculated to make it an ideal place for the actual practice of physical culture. Lectures of the World's Olympic Course and the Physical Training Conventions are held in the gymnasium. Exhibits. — Physical culture has received higher recognition at this Exposition than at any previous World's Fair. It has a place as a department in the general classification and ample space and liberal allotment of funds; $150,000 has been provided by the Exposition Company for the worthy exploitation of man's progress toward an ideal physical development and training. Never before in the history of the world has there been such an elaborate program of continuous athletic contests as has been arranged for this Exposition. The great Olympic games are to be held here, tliis being the third since their revival. A fine athletic field has been laid out on the University tract for displaying these contests as exhibits, and the largest Stadium and track ever built in America has been constructed, with a field large enough for ecjuestrian polo, football, baseball and other outdoor sports. OLYMPIC GAIVIES. By a decision of the International Olympic Committee all sports and competitions during the World's Fair are designated as Olympic events, with the exception of competitions for the championships of local associations. But one week — August 29 to September 3 — has been set aside for the Third Olympiad, when the Olympic games proper are to be held. Teams are in the competition from England, Germany. France, Ireland, Scotland and Australia, the latter repre- sented by four of its fastest track men. The program for the week is as follows: Aug. L!9 CO meter run: throwing IC-lti. hammer; 400 meter run; 2.590 meter Bteepleehase; standing broad jump; running high jump. 30 MARATHON RACE, 40 kilometers (about 25 miles'). 31 200 meter run; putting IC-lb. shot; lifting bar bell; standing high jump; international tug-ol'-war (trials), teams of fl^-e men each, ^weight unlimited; 40 meter hurdle race. Sept. 1 800 meter run; throwing 56-lb. weight for distance; 200 meter hurdle race; running broad Jump; running hop, step and Jump; tug- of-war (linal); duml:)-bell competition, first section. 3 100 meter run; throwing the discus; dumb-bell, second section; 1500 meter run; 110 meter hurdle; pole vault for height; tliree standing Jumps. International team race — each country to start fi\-e men — distaiu^e tour miles. The team scoring the highest nuinber of points to win. Seoring to be 1 point for first, 2 points for second, etc. The classic Marathon race will be the great event of tlie week. Appro- priate gold, silver and bronze medals, emblematic of the Oiympie Champion- sliip, \\ill he g1\'en to tlie winners in eaclt e\"ent. WOIVIAN AT THE EXPOSITION. The recognition accorded to woman in the plan and scope of the World's Fair is perhaps one of its most distinctive features. — 13S — Woman s status in tlie affairs of tlie Exposition is traceable pri- maniy to Avoraan's own estimate of lierself and her true position at tnis period of the world's advancement, and secondarily to man's rec- ognition of this estimate. Sec. 6 of the Special Act of Congress of iVIarch 3, 1901, which made the giving of the Exposition an assurity, provided that the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition be authorized to appoint a Board of Lady Managers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission, subject however, to the approval of said Company. Said Board of Lady Managers may. m the discretion of said Commission and corpo- ration, appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have l)een produced in whole or in part by female labor." This was the recognition given to women in the Exposition by the National Government, voicing the wish of the beloved chieftain. President McKinley. KENTUCKY BUILDING. For the tirst time in the history of American expositions the ■World's Fair of 1904 is operated entirely upon a competitive basis without regard for race, color or sex. It is argued that while it is unqiiestionably true that the really distinctive work of women as women in the highest and broadest sense can not be exhibited, it is also true that in every avenue of endeavor where a woman competes directly with a man. whether in art, education, industry or economies the result of her labor is entitled to equal consideration with his' This is the basis of competition adopted by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition: therefore, among the gigantic palaces that mal;e up the beautiful "Ivory City" of 1904 there is to be found no woman's build- ing, the home of the Board of Lady Managers being used for purely administrative and social purposes. While the participation of women in the Exposition extends with few exceptions to every department, for either in the way of clerical — 1.39 — service, or by suggestion, assistance or actual exhibition, they have contributed in no small way to the success and welfare of the Exposi- tion from its incipiency, the real "woman's part" is represented by the Board of Lady Managers, created by Act of Congress and appointed by the National Commission. In so far as this is true, the Board of Lady Managers is national in character, and properly represents the women of the nation. The Board of Lady Managers has, since its appointment, en- deavored to promote the interests of the Exposition in every line possible, and has accomplished not a little in the way of exploitation, both at home and abroad, and in assisting to secure State and National appropriations for furthering the work of the Exposition. Through its President, and with the assistance of the Department of State at Washington, the Board has issued invitations to the women of foreign countries, asking their co-operation, assistance and presence to the end that the Fair may be a success from the woman's point of view. While the Board of Lady Managers is authorized to exercise gen- eral supervisory control over all that pertains to woman's part of the Exposition, its highest prerogative is that granted by Congress in specifying that it should appoint one member of every jury of awards that is to judge the work in whole or in part the product of female labor. This high privilege placed the Board in a position to give recog- nition in the fullest to the excellence of women in any particular line of endeavor and to set forth that recognition by choosing those who were fittest to serve upon the international jury of awards of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. At no Exposition hitherto given have the social features been so strongly emphasized as at this. Throughout the Exposition period it will be the pleasure and the privilege of the Board of Lady Managers to act as the hostesses of the nation. The building set apart for their use by the Exposition Company is one of the University group, being the southwest wing running back from the Hall of Congresses. Here the Board of Lady Managers keep open house throughout the Exposi- tion period, and are "at home" to women from all parts of the world. A great banqueting hall, spacious drawing-rooms, handsome salons, comfortable resting places and cozy tea-rooms find a place in the Board's suite, which will be open to the public during the usual Expo- sition hours, except at such times as the Board may be holding a so- cial fimction, when the public must be excluded. The Board also Joins in the support of the model play-grounds. (See article on "Model Street.") Statuary by Women. — No enumeration of the work of women at the Fair would be complete without some reference to the part played by them in the decorative scheme of the Exposition. Some of "the most conspicuous pieces of statuary are by women. The fine "Victory" crowning the summit of Festival Hall is the handiwork of Miss Evelyn B. Ijongman. The entire interior decoration of the United States Government building is the work of Grace Lincoln Temple, of Washington, D. C. "The Spirit of Missouri." crowning the dome of the Missouri liuilding, is by Miss Carrie Wood, of St. Louis. Other prominent contributions of statuary by women are: "James Monroe," on the east approach of Art Hill, bv Julia M. Bracken of Chicago; "James Madison," left approach to Cascade, by Miss Janet Scudder. Terre Haute. Ind.; "George Rogers Clarke," on the west approach, by Elsie Ward, of Denver. On the Pagoda Cafes of the — 140 — Grand Basin, two figures of -Victorv" l)y Enid Yandell, ot N<-jw York, also "Daniel Boone," at tlie approacli to Art Hill; the reclining figures over the broken pediment ot the central door (Mam Triumphal Arch) of the LilDeral Arts buildins are bv Edith B. Stevens, New York; the east and north spandrels of the Machinery building by Melva Beatrice Wilson, New Y'ork. The manager of the Alasl'mond. Boston. August 3, 4; H, Houseley, Den- ver. August 5. 6; C. S. Ho-i-ie. New York, August S, 9; S. A. Gibson. New York, August 10, U; H. D. AVilkiiis, Rochester. August, 12, 13; A. Guilmant, Paris (date open); W. C. C.irl. New York, September 26, 27; F. Dunkley, New Orleans, Septeml:»er 2.S, 29; E. C, Gale, New York, September 30, October 1; J. I.J. Browne. Atlanta. October 3, 4; H, N. Shelley. New York. October 5. 6; W. Kaftenberger. Buffalo, October 7, 8; F. York, Detroit, October 10, 11; W. McFarlane. New York, October 12. 13; R. K. Miller, Philadelphia, October 14. 15; E. E. Truette, Boston, October 17, IS; F. J. Benedict. New York. October 19, 20; J. A. Pennington. Scranton, October 21, 22; A. Ingham, St. Jjouis, October 24, 25; W. H. Donley. Indianapolis, October 26, 27; J. F. Wolle, Bethlehem. Pa., October 28, 29; W. C. Hammond, Holyoke, Mass., October 31, No\'ember 1; Miss G. Sans Souci, Minneapolis, November 2, 3; A. Dunham, Chicago, No\'ember 4, 5; R. I-I. Peters. Spartansburg, S. C, NovemlDer 7; D. H. Lemare. Pittsburg, November S, 9. 10; G. H. Chadwick, Chicago. November 11, 12; E. Kreiser, Kansas City, November 14, 15; L. L. Renwick. Ann Arbor. November 16, 17; S. Salter, New York, November IS, 19; L. Holloway. Baltimore, November 21, 22; H. B. Day, New York, November 23. 24; F. C. Cliace, Albion, Mich., November 2F.. 26; A. Scott-Bro'jk, Los Angeles, NoN'iunbcr 2S, 29; C, Gallowaj-, SI. IjOuis, November 30. Some of the best Choral Societies in the land give concerts of standard and modern works. Choral contests for large prizes took place the second week of July and will be followed by the Male Chorus contests. In September, band contests take place. The aggregate amount of the prizes offered for the latter is $30,000. The school children will be heard in massed concerts in the Stadium, as well as in Festival Hall. Much special music in reference to National and State occasions will Ije rendered, and American composers' works will be heard fre- quently. Occasional recitals will be heard in the small Recital Hall (situated in one of the wings of Festival Halli. — 143 — THE MILITARY. Every day of the entire seven months that the Exposition is open is taken up by some State, or by some military or fraternal organiza- tion, or other body, as a special day of celebration. Nearly every date has some special feature assigned it, and many have several. There are encamped at the grounds at different times various regular troops, the cadets from the United States Military Academy at West Point, and National Guard organizations from a number of States. Cadets from many military schools, accompanied by their tutors, are also availing themselves of the invitation to camp at the big Fair. The West Point cadets were at the Fair Grounds from May 30 to June 9. Under the direction of their officers, the National Guard of the MINNESOTA BUILDING. various States will, while encamped at the Fair, study the Government war exhibits, the gradual change of equipment since the early days of the Republic, and other interesting features. Seven barracks have been built, each capable of accommodating 256 men. The barracks are located just south of the Aeronautic Con- course, eaft of the Physical Culture grounds. The parade grounds adjoin the barracks, and in addition we have the Grand Plaza of St. Uonig, facing Cascade Hill, which is used for the evolutions and drills of uniformed organizations and for great open air gatherings too large and too popular to be held within walls. The Exposition also supplies within its gates a camp ground area, covered with beautiful blue grass sod. These grounds are located south of the big University Dormitory and are easily accessible bi the Intramural. — 144 — CLASSIFIED EXPOSITION INFORMATION. Admission Fee to Fair Grounds: Adults, BO cents; Children under 12 years, 25 cents; under 5, free. Season tickets, good for 184 admis- sions, are sold for .|25. Season tickets good for 50 admissions were sold for $12.50, later for fl5. Monthly tickets, 15 admissions, may be had for |5. The photograph of the purchaser is printed on the cover of most of the coupon tickets, which are non-transferable. Automobilists at Fair. — The National Automobile Association reached St. Louis on the evening of Wednesday, August 10, and 63 chauffeurs took part in the celebration, riding through the Exposition grounds on their machines. The start of the Association was made from New York City, and the trip to St. Louis was via Chicago. A grand automobile parade, participated in by over 250 machines, was a feature of Automobile Day, August 12. Baggage. — Baggage may be checked from any house back to des- tination. Orders for baggage calls must be left with the St. IjOuis MISSISSIPPI BUILDING. Transfer Company (baggage department), or with any railroad ticket office at least 24 hours before the baggage is to be called for. Railway tickets to the point to which the baggage is to be checked must be sTiown to the baggageman at the house or hotel. Before trains reach the city, agents of the Transfer Company pass through, checking trunks and providing bus or carriage transportation to any part of the city. Only hand baggage may be carried on street cars. The Transfer Company have a baggage office at 506 Chestnut, and one in the general baggage room at Union Station. The charges range from 35 cents to $1.00 for each piece of baggage checked, depending on the distance from TTnion Station. Band Stands. — Bands play at stated times in six band stands lo- cated at various points on the Exposition grounds. At least two programs are rendered daily at each stand, a different band appear- ing on each occasion. The stands are located as follows: Two at the north end of the Plaza of St. I^ouis; one each at south end of Plaza of Orleans; in front of the U. S. Government building; at the east end — 145 — of Garden, between Palaces of Machinery and Transportatiijn , at the west end of Garden, between Palaces of Machinery and Transporta- tion; at the west court. Cascade Gardens. Concerts are also given at frequent intervals on the Plateau of States, in front of the Adminis- tration building and in the Philippine reservation, by the Philippine Scout and Constabulary Bands (See articles on "Philippine l<.ncamp- ment" and "Music at the Exposition.") The band at the Government Indian School is extremely good. A U. S. Military Band gives daily concerts at the Government building. Banl< at Grounds.— The Bankers' World's Fair National Bank of St. Louis occupies a building on Plaza of St. Louis, 84 by 54 feet and two stories high. This institution is a joint enterprise of seventeen of the leading bank and trust companies of St. Louis, and transacts the World's Fair grounds business for all of them. It is capitalized at $200,000; but the total capital and resources of the institution's back- ing foots up several hundred millions, making it probably the most powerful financial concern in America. The same institutions inter- ested in the bank also conduct a trust and safe deposit company with it in the same building. Bazaar Charges.— Cash registers are used in the bazaars to reg- ister each purchase and to prevent overcharges. Board and Lodging Information.— The World's Fair has connected with it what is known as the "Free Information Service of the Louisi- ana Purchase Exposition." This bureau has an ofBce in the Laclede building. Fourth and Olive streets. Here is kept a complete list of hotelp. boarding and rooming houses and private residences that will take care of visitors during the Exposition period. Boats and Gondolas. — Seats in electric launches may be secured at the vai'ioiis landings; 25 cents per person; gondolas, 50 cents per person. Cameras and Kodaks. — Tripod cameras or those taking pictures larger than 4 by 5 inches, are prohibited; kodaks taking 4 by 5 pictures or less are allowed. Checking Booths. — Bundles may he checked for a small fee at a number of check rooms established for the purpose at the several entrances. Checking Babies. — Babies, for a small fee. may be checked at the Model Play-grounds, Model City. Clothing. — During the months of May and June, September and October, light overcoats and wraps are desirable for cool days and evenings. During .luly and August usual summer attire is seasonable. For Novemlier the use of slightly heavier outer garments is sug- gested. Colors. — The official colors of the Exposition are emblematic of the three Governments associated in the history of the Louisiana Purchase — United States of America, France and Spain. The official flag shows a field of blue with fleur de lis and 14 stars in white, and three broad stidpes — red. white and yellow. The 14 stars signify the States carved from the IjOuisiana territory. Concession tickets are \ifced for admission to all attractions on The Pilip. The tickets are sujiplii'd in rolls by the Concessions de- partment of the >].\|H)sitii)n, and sold, the i)ric(' being printed on each in large letters. — 1 1« — - Distillery in operation, in which the production of spirituous li(|uoiK is carried on tor public insi)i'ction, is located south of the Palace of Forestry, Fish and Game. A spi'cial United States Govern- ment permit has lieen taken out for its operation, and the warehouses adjoining have been made (Jovernnient bonded warehouses for the handling of the product. Eating Places. — (See "Restaurants.",) Emblem. — The flenr de lis is the official emblem of the Exposition. Exposition Offices. — The general officers of the iixposition Com- pany have their offices in the Administration building, but the chief of each exhibil department has his office in the palace in which the displays in his particular de])artment are made, f'ommissioners of MONTANA BUILDING, States and Foreign Governments maintain offices in their respective pavilions. Express Companies. — Except the Pacific, all the express com- panies have an oflice on the Model Street and deliver packages on the ground free. The Pacific express office is in the Wabash depot at Ijindell Entrance, (See article on Express Companies in "Facts About St. Louis.") Fire Protection. — A complete system of fire piotection and pre- vention is installed on the grounds at a cost to the Exposition of over $650,0(.i0. About 36 miles of pipe for high pressure fire protection system have been installed, covering the Exposition grounds and main exhibit buildings. Five engine houses have been constructed and equipped. The interior of the exhibit buildings is protected by hy- drants spaced ]50 feet apart, each with hose attached, fn high — 147 — towers and under elevated portions of floor of Art buildings, sprinkler systems have been installed. Chemical fire extinguishers are placed at convenient points about each building. There are call boxes, telegraph signals, etc., and the firemen and Jefferson Guards are thoroughly trained for the prevention of fire. Garbage Plant.— A garbage crematory has been erected northwest of the Philippine site, where combustible debris and garbage are taken care of; the moist garbage is deposited in cans at the buildings and is removed at night; combustible street sweepings are also taken to the garbage plant, being cared for in sacks made especially for this purpose. Streets are swept at night and all except combustible ma- terial is hauled away to dumps in the western portion of the grounds. Inside the exhibit palaces the department chiefs have a system of janitor service. Guides. — (See "Roller Chairs.") Historic Buildings. — A number of historic buildings and spots are reproduced at the Exposition, among them are: House in which Daniel Webster was born, at Concord, N. H., reproduced by New Hampshire as its State building; the old Constitution House at Wind- sor, Vt., in which the first Constitution of Vermont was adopted, repro- duced by the State as its building; Robert Burns' Cottage, reproduced at the corner of Administration Av. and Skinker Road (University BL), just east of the Holland pavilion and opposite the British pavilion; General Grant's Cabin, moved from Old Orchard and rebuilt from original material, near Palace of Pine Arts; Beauvoir, Jefferson Davis' Mansion, reproduced by Mississippi as State headquarters ; Washing- ton's Headquarters at Morristown during Revolutionary War, repro- duced by New Jersey as the State building; Andrew Jackson's Hermit- age, reproduced as Tennessee's State building; Monticello, Thomas .Jefferson's home, reproduced as Virginia's State building; The Ca- bildo, where the formal transfer of the Louisiana territory occurred, reproduced by the State of Louisiana; La Rabida, the old mteslon building at Santa Barbara, reproduced by the State of California for its building; Roosevelt's Cabin displayed by North Dakota in the Palace of Agriculture. Intramural Road. — Fare for trip or between stations, 10 cents. Jefferson Guard. — On February 13, 1902, Lieutenant-Colonel E. A. Godwin, Ninth Cavalry, United States Army, was designated by the War Department to organize and discipline the Jefferson Guard, to be formed for use at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In February, 1904. Colonel Godwin was, at his own request, relieved from duty with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and was replaced by Lieutenant- Colonel Henry P. Kingsbury, of the Eighth Cavalry, who is at present Commandant. The strength of the Guard April 1, 1904, was 300 men. When the organization is complete and the Fair in full progress there will be somewhere between 600 and 1.000 men. The Guards are carefully selected men; must be between the ages of 21 and 40, at least 5 feet 8 inches in height, between 145 and ISO pounds in weight, according to height, and of good figure and bearing, and must be physically sound. The pay is $50 per month, and sleeping quarters. The men board themselves. Jinrikshas. — 75 cents an hour; 40 cents half hour. Lagoons have an area of 750,000 square feet and contain 20,000,000 — 148 — gallons of water, the depth varying from 3% feet to 5 feet. Electric launches and gondolas afford a continuous trip of 1% miles. The lagoons are provided with six feed pipes from water mains of such capacity that the entire lalte ran be filled In 40 hours. Filter plant at southwest corner of Liberal Arts building is designed to supply the loss from seepage and evaporation and will be operated continuously during the life of the Fair. Launches and Barges. — (See "Boats.") Life Saving Service. — (See "Treasury Department" in article on "Government Building and Exhibits.") Lost Children. — Lost children should be turned over to the .Jeffer- son Guards. The Board of T ady Managers have provided a room at NEVADA BUILDING. the Jlodel Playgrounds, Model Street, where these little ones will be fatten care of until called for. Lost property is cared for by the .Jefferson Guards and may be recovei'ed Jiy the loser on proper identification. Lumber Used. — In the construction of the Exposition there were used over 132.500.000 feet of lumber. In boards 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick this would equal 25.350 miles, or more than enough to girdle the entire world. Lunch boxes may be brought to the Exposition, and the free use of certain of the lienches placed around the grounds by the Exposition Company is permitted for luncheon purposes. Supplies may be pur- chased by luncheon parties at near-by restaurants and carried to these seats. — 149 — Medical Assistance. — An emergency hosijital tor the care uf vis- itors requiring it, located in tlie Model Street, is equipped wltli a full corps of physicians, nurses, attendants and all the latest appliances known to medical science. The staff, consisting of 9 surgeons, 9 orderlies, 9 stretcher bearers. 10 trained nurses and 5 ambulances, is in charge of Dr. L. H. Laidley. Medical Director of the Exposition. A signal system is in operation all over the grounds whereby am- bulances may be summoned. In case of sickness apply to one of the .Jefferson Guards who will summon an ambulance. There is no charge for this service. Olympic Games — These athletic contests are held every four years and are a levival of the celebrated contests of ancient Greece. Eight years ago they were held at Athens, Greece, and four years ago at Paris, Prance. They are international in character. Parcels and Packages. — (See "Checking Booths.") Post Offices.— A perfectly equipped XJ. S. Post Office, known as the "Exposition Post Office," is in the V. S. Government building, where it is placed by the U. S. Post Office department as a model. From this branch 14 carriers make deliveries to all buildings, booths and concessions. Press Pavilion, a permanent building, located near the Lindell Entrance, in architecture is a mingling of the public building style and the homestead type of the early days of the Louisiana territory. This was the first building on the World's Fair grounds to be completed. It is Intended as a club house for visiting newspaper men. Reduced Railroad Rates. — The various passenger associations of the United States have made special rates to the St. Louis World's Fair. During the entire period of the Exposition stop-over privileges at St. Louis of ten days are allowed on all through one-way and round-trip tickets to points beyond St. Louis upon payment of a fee of $1. Beginning April 25 and continuing during the Exposition period, with a final return limit of December 15, a round-trip rate was made by all lines of 80 per cent double the one-way fare. Excursion tickets good for 60 days are sold by all lines at a round-trip rate of one and one-third the regular fare one way, a minimum of $5 being made by the Southwestern lines. Excursion tickets limited to ten days from most points and to 15 days from points far removed from St. Louis, are sold at the one-fare rate, plus |2. Restaurants. — Eating places installed on the Exposition grounds number about 125. Of these, about 75 aie restaurants and the re- mainder, 50, are lunch counters. There is great variety as to prices and service. The restaurants have an entire capacity of seating 30.000 people at the same time, and 100,000 people may be fed three times daily without overtaxing. The most important restaurants are; On the Pike, from the east: German Tyrolean Alps. Parliament House, (Irish Village), Streets of Seville, Hagenbeck, Mysterioiis Asia, Moorish Palace, Fair Japan, Hereafter, Paris, Ancient Rome, Indian Congress. Old St. I^ouis, Palais du Costume. Siberian Railway, Cairo, Chinese Village, Constantinople, Esquimaux Village, Magic" Whirlpool, Cliff Dwellers, Old Plantation, Water Chutes, Scenic Railway, Naval Ex- hibit, Hale's Fire Fi,ghteis, East side of grounds: Vienna Cafe, east end Model Street; Rice Kitchen, Model Street; American Inn, Model Street; Government, east of Model Street, northeast of Liberal Arts; Marine Corps, south of Marine Corps camp; Ionic, near Parade En- — 150 — trauec. West side of grounds: Administi-ation, west of Brazil; Mili- tary, west of Administration Ijuiklins; Jai)anese Tea House, east of Observation Wlteel; Falstaff, north of Observation Wheel; Ceylon Tea, Ceylon pavilion; India pavilion; Blatz, west of Station 8; Crystal Cafe, north of Jerusalem; Jerusalem concession; Model Poultry, op- posite Station 9; Danish, near Philippine bridge; Swedish, south of Observation Wheel; Guatemala; Morocco, west of Jerusalem; Temple Inn, north of Temple of Fraternity. Art Hill: Mrs. Rorer, east pavil- ion; Faust, west pavilion; German, next Das Deutsche Hans; Hoo- Hoo Cafe, south of German pavilion. South side of grounds: Bird Cage Cafe, south of Government building; Nebraska, southwest of New York building; Coal Mine, in Anthracite Mining exhibit; Parlv View, south of Metal pavilion; Vermont State Iniilding; Inside Inn hotel. State Buildings Entrance; Grant's Log Cabin, southeast Fine Arts building; Palm Cottage, opposite Station 11; Southern Home, opposite NEW JERSEY BUILDING. Station 12. In exhibit palaces: Southwest entrance, Agriculture; Ral- ston exhibit. Agriculture; German exhibit. Agriculture; Block 27, Agriculture; Block 14fi, Agriculture; Manufactures building; Horti- culture building; Live Stock Plateau. Intramural Stations: Ijunch stands on Nos. 1, 2, 3, C, 8, 9, 14, 17. River Trips. — During the simimer months popular day and night excursions are conducted by the steamboat companies operating on the Mississippi, giving visitors opportunity to view the harbor and the many points of interest above and below the city. Price 25 cents and 50 cents for the round trip. More extended trips are made at stateil intervals, and packet lines carry passen.gers to LTpper Missis- sippi river points on fixed sailing days. Due announcements are made in the daily newspapers. Roads at the Fair. — A total area of 5,800,000 square feet has been — 151 ■ paved with ballast, gravel, macadam, asphalt and brick. This is equal to about 75 miles of walk 25 feet wide. Roller chairs may be engaged with or without guides. The charge for uniformed guide and chair is 60 cents an hour; guide without chair, 35 cents an hour. Chairs without guides may be secured on de- positing $5 as security for each chair. Chairs may be engaged by 'phone to meet visitors at designated places without extra charge. Sanitation of the Exposition is on a scientific basis. Specially constructed sewers were installed by the Exposition Company as the first work of preparation for the site. These discharge by gravity into two wells in the eastern end of the grounds, near the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, from which sewage is pumped into the city sewer mains a distance of 3,650 feet through a 27-inch cast-iron main. Four electrically-driven centrifugal pumps, of 18,000,000 gallons capacity, have been installed for this service. Sea-Coast Defense Drills. — (See "War Department" in article on "Government Building and Exhibits.") Smoking. — Smoking is permitted anywhere on the grounds, but not in the exhibit palaces. Souvenir Gold Coins. — The only commemorative or souvenir coin of the Exposition is a gold dollar, issued under a special Act of Con- gress and known as the Louisiana dollar. This coin is of two types, one bearing the head of Thomas Jefferson, President in 1803; the other being an excellent profile of the late William McK^inley. The product has been pronounced by numismatists the finest example of die engraving and metal stamping extant. The issue is limited to 125.000 of each type. Price $3.00 each, and none will be sold for less. This^ coin is furnished in various forms of jewelry without additional charge. Souvenir Stamps. — IjOuisiaiia Purchase souvenir postage stamps were placed on sale by the U, S. Government, and their sale will be continued through the Expoeition period. The total issue required, it is estimated, will considerably exceed one billion. The stamps are as follows; 1-cent. green, with portrait of Robert R. Livingston, "United States Minister to France, who conducted the Louisiana purchase negotiations; 2-cent, red, portrait of Thomas .Jefferson, President of the United States at the time of the purchase; 3-cent, purple, portrait of James Monroe, special ambassador to Prance, who, with Livingston, closed the negotiations for the purchase; 5-cent, blue, portrait of William McKinley, who, as President, approved the act of Congress officially connecting the United States with the Exposition, and 10- cent, brown, bearing a United States map showing the territory of the purchase. Stadium seating capacity is 27,000. Staff. — The material known as staff, which enters so largely into the construction of an exposition, is made of a composition of plaster of paris and hemp fibre. It forms the covering of most of the buildings, and the statuary, scrolls, allegorical groups and other pieces of sculp- ture are made of it. Over the sculptor's model of clay a shell Is built, and a composition of gelatine or glue is poured into the space be- tween. This forms a reverse mold, or matrix, and into it the staff decoration is cast. It may be handled almost like lumber, sawed nailed and repaired, and Is quite durable. Without staff, which Is — 152 — cheap and quickly made, the tmildlng ot such temporary palaces and statuary would be impracticable. States in Louisiana Purchase. — The following States and Terri- tories were formed from the domain acquired by the Louisiana pur- chase: Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and Montana — 14 in all. The population of the ter- ritory was, exclusive ot Indians, between 80,000 and 100,000. It is now about 15,000,000. The territory acquired by the Louisiana pur- chase is greater than the combined area of France, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Spain. The United States paid for this territory $15,000,000 one hundred years ago. NEW YORK BUILDING. Telegraph Stations. — Both systems of telegraph. W. U. and Postal, have stations at convenient points throughout the grounds. The main station for each system is located in the Palace of Electricity, near the main door at the center of the north front, where the man- ager is stationed. Sub-stations are located as follows: Palaces ot Mines and Metallurgy, Transportation. Manufactures, Varied Indus- tries, Machinery and Agriculture. Administration building. New York State building, and in the Inside Inn. There is a sub-station also on The Pike. Messages will be received and delivered to addresses on the Exposition grounds at regular city rates. Telephones. — Telephone pay stations of the Bell and Kinloch sys- tems are located at convenient places on the grounds and in all the exhibit palaces. Each company has a model exchange In Palace of Electricity. — 153 — Thirty Million Plants.— In the embellishment of the Worlds Fair landscape features thirty million flowering and budding plants have been employed. Ticket Offices are located in the Transportation building, east wing, where tickets can be purchased over any railroad, and sleeping car berths can be secured. This is also a joint validating office. An- other validating office is situated just outside the grounds near the main entrance. Toilet rooms are installed in each exhibit palace and in the smaller buildings. Some of these are free and at others a small fee is charged. Outside toilet rooms are situated near the following: Press building; northeast corner of Palace of Varied Industries; east wing of Art Palace; Athletic Field grandstand; U. S. Government Bird Cage; OKLAHOMA BUILDING. southwest of Art Palace; south side of The Pike, just north of Palace of Transportation; also water closets and toilet conveniences have been supplied in a number of Intramuial stations. (For complete list see "Index to Ijocation" on map of the grounds.) Phunbing is looked after by special inspectors who regularly disinfect all fixtures. Transportation Within the Grounds. — To see the Exposition every possible facility for the economy of the visitor's time and the saving of his strength is provided. Boats will traverse the mile or more of lagoons which surround the Electricity and Education Palaces and an Intramui'al Railway reaches every part of the grounds. Rolling chairs and jinrikshas may be secured for trips through the buildings and elsewhere. Automobiles also li'averse Ihe grounds. U. S. Marine Corps, known as "sea siddiers," are encamped east- - - 1 .3 I — ot the Moilfl City. T\V(j Inimlred marinf-'K sivo daily fxhiliitions on the Plaza. Veliicles. — X'eliicles (if ail liinds miiKt enter l)y the State Biiiidin.^.s Bntranie and travel over a prescribed eourfe. Windows. — In the windows of the Palace of Agriculture there are 147,250 panes of slass, IS by i'-") inches. In the Belgian National build- ing theie ar."' no windows. Waiter's checks at lest am ants are stamped by a.gents o( the con- cessions depai'tnient of the Exposition and the amount ot the bill appears in plain liguri's. SPECIAL DAYS AND CONVENTSONS. SEPTEMBER. 1 TfluiHsst'C. Indiana. 1- 2 Jewelers and Sih'ersmitlis. 1- '■', Society tor I-'rumotion of Engine< rins; f'^ilnca 1 ion. 1-15 National Gnard of Calitornla. Co. J>. Till ]nlanlr,\. 2 Fraternal Aid Association. 3 Opticians. Sons and Liatiglitcrs of Justice. ?j- 4 International I'dital (.'ongress. 4-10 jVIodcrn \\'i>oi]nn-n i.tf America. 5 Oklaltoma City. a- 9 Modern W'ooihncn ol ,\mcrica. Forcstors' 'j'canis. 5-10 Interna tioM.il In LorparliairiL-ntary ('ongrnss. 6 Oklalioina. Woodmen's Modorn Protective Association. i",- S; National Association of Master Plumbers. T Cniti-d National Association of Post Cjftirc Clorks. Alumnae Wolls Collogc. Royal NeiiAldMOs. Bl-igilam Famil\- IN-linion. S Modern Wooilnnn .it America. II California — A nnixersa i \' oi' Admission inlo rnion. House .i|- Hoo-I loo. i.idd Fellows' Day. n-13 American rioentgen r:a\- Societ\'. 10 Spanish War \'eterans. Order of Mutual Protection. 10-17 Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress. 12 Maryland — Anniversary of Battle of Nortli I'oiiil. International Stewards. 12-14 Interparliamentary Conference. 12-17 Massacbnsetts A'olunteer Militia. 'Jdiird Intern.itional Congress on Fleetriial.N'. l.'l Cjttliolie KniglUs of America. 1:1-15 Amerieaii .Nssoeiation of Obstetricians and l ;.\■neeolo,^is(s 1:^-17 Ameriein ICleelro-'i^lieraj.ientic Associji tion. 13-18 National Assoeiation of Master Bakers. 14 T^ouisi.ana. AVoodmen of llie World. Wor.dmen's ( 'irele. U-li; Aeelvlerie Oas CoilgleSS. 15 ST. LOUIS DAY, F.armers. Oeiman l.'atbo]i..'S' Central \'erein. TiTe Home Circle. National Association of Baundr\'meii. 15-lfi Southern Live Stock Association. 15-17 American Neurological Association. ] K Mexico — Anni\'ersar\' of Independence. Germanic Congress. Modern Maci'aliecs. — -[7,F, — 16-17 American Philological Association. American Mathematical Society. . ., ^v, . ^ nr.<=fr.-n 17 Massachusetts— Anniversary of the Signing of the Charter ul ±iosi:on. Colorado. Rural Letter Carriers. Arizona. Improved Order of Red Men. 19 National Protective Legion. 19-22 International Societv of Dressmakers. 19-26 CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 20 Nevada. Associated Fraternities of America. Fraternal Bankers of America. 21 Illinois. Brewmasters. Mystic Workers of the World. Order of Eastern Star. 22 Illinois. 23 AHrginia. Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. Lewis Loyal Legion. Order of Americus. Order of Washington. 24 Idaho. Jamestown Exposition Co. 26 National Union. Temple of Fraternity. Missouri Fraternal Congress. Masonic Day. 2G-2S; Federation of the Society of PuMic Accountants. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. American Ear Association. International Congress of Lawyers and Jurists. 26-29 St. Vincent de Paul Society. 26 to Oct. 1, Federation of L'AJliance Francaiae. to Oct. 1, International Pure Food Congress. 27 North Dakota. National Fraternal Congress. Apple Day. 27-29 International Vegetarian Congress. 25 Maccabees of the World. 2S-29 Phi Delta Phi. 29 Native Sons and Daughters of Kansas. Knights and Ladles of Security. ."^0 Kansas. World's Fraternal Congress. OCTOBER. 1 Indian Territory. Protected Home Circle. 1- 2 Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 1- S National Guard of Maine. Co. C. 2d Regiment (Bath, Me.t Massachusetts I, M., Co. A, 5th Regiment (Charlestown. Mass.). 3 City of New York. Knights of the Royal Guard. 3- S American Congress on Tuberculosis. International Aeronautical Congress. Spanish-American War Nurses. 3- 9 International Congress on Engineering. 4 New York. Advertising Men. Society of the Army of the Tennessee. Union Veterans' Union. 4- 6 American Society of Municipal Improvomrnt. 5 Rhode Island. Society of the Army of the Ohio. . , 6 German Day. Maine. Ohio, New Jersey. 7 Daughters of the Confederacy. Columbian Knights. 7-15 Woman's Christian Temperance Union. S Chicago Press. International Sunshine Society. 9-18 Michigan National Guard. Co. B. Sd Infantry (Bay City, Mich,! — 156 — ](} American Guild. (iood Templars. King-sbury Family Reunion. ]0-]4 American. Street Railway Association. 10-15 International Congress of Military Surgeons. Daug^hters of the American Revolution. Welfare Department, National Civic Federation, 12 Michigan. Knights of Columbus. Catholic Women's "Bcnevolt-nt Leginn. Italian (under auspices of Italian < 'ommissionairef. Hardin College. 12-14 Governor's Guard. Troop A (I-Iailfdrd, (_'iinn.) International Sunday Rest Congress. 12-17 International Congress on Temperance. 13 Connecticut. Daughters of Columbia, lo-20 American Missionary Societies. Disciples of Christ. 14 Frateimal Union of America. Anti- Cigarette Dea.gue. 15 Mystic Toilers. 17-20 International Congress on Instruction of tlif J.)eMf. International Dibrary Congress. IS Alaska — Anniversary of Transfer to the United States. Nebraska — Anni\'ei-sary First Teriitorial Go\'ernor, Helen Kcllar. St. Louis Uni\'ersity. National Li\-e Stock Fxchange. IS -21 American Jjii.u'ary Association. National Spiritualists' Association. National Superijitendents' Assoriation. Hi Jefferson Ddy — Jeffers(.)n Mi-rnorial Assoriatinn, \A'asbingti.in. D. C. < 'ourt of Honor. 20 I^tah. Colonial Dames i]f America — Anniwrsary Surrender Lrird Corn wall is. District of Columbia. National Live Stock Exchange. Supreme Tribe of Ben Hur. Congregational Day. Fraternal Mystic Circle. Bankers' Union of the World. National Council of "Women. National Creamery men. American Committee, World's Y. W, C, A. Silk Culture Congress. New Thought Convention. National Dairymen. National Nut Growers' Association. 27 Ancient Order United W^nrkmen. Degree of Honor (A. O. U. ^V.) 21} -30 Interdenoniination£Ll Home Mission;* r>" Cimi\i.-ii t inn, NOVEMBER. 1- 2 International Order of King's Daughters and Sons. 2- 4 National Humane Society. American Humane Society. 3- r> t'ollegiatr -Mumnac Assoeiation. 15 Borough of Bmokh-n, ATHLETIC EVENTS. 20 -22 21 22 24 2.1- -26 25 2.5- -2B 25 -2S 26 26 -2S AUGUST. 29 to Seijl. :;, OLYMPIC GAMES. 29 '".rennis. SEPTEMBER. s-10 \\'oilds J'ViMjiig- 1 "li:uiii;.ioiisliips. 12-17 Olympir Criiki't ( 'hiriilpi'Hi.sliii.n. l:i-21 Nalioii'il Anhc'iv -A.ssfici.i I iiin 19-21 Cole. 2i; 1.. Oct. 1, i]ilil:;ir> (';irii i viil. OCTOBER. ll-i:> A. A. r. \\'i-,.slliii^ CliamliiOlishilis, J;T Turn. 'Is' Mass ''i MiVf riUoii. -^ -^- A. I'. Llymiiastic t 'liaiupit.insliip.^. NOVEMBER. 7-11; liiterscholaslio FcH.lball. 10-11 Relay Racing, 12 Crillege Football, l.'-l!! .Association Footb.ill. 17 (.'loss *'oLniti-\- < 'liamtii(ais!iir>.s. LM-21; lllt.M'rolloniato Fo.ithal! L'l Coilogo |.^,oll,all ;ni.1 ho( al Cr'oss r',,ioilr\- ( '1 1, 1 110 lionsl 1 i o' W.-st. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES. May 16-21 Pre.ss. July 5- 9 Educational. A\ig-. 20 For the Doaf. ■i:t to Soi)t. :;, D.ntal. So],t. 12-11 Intefpaiiiamiaitary ( ■onrnoiirp. 12-17 Jik-trieal. l^t-2.5 Arts and Scienrps. 20-28 Lawyers ami Jniists. Oct. :;- s: Aeronautics, o- 1' JOngineering". 11-14 Sunday Rest. 12-17 Tomperance. 17-20 Instrncliii^ the Deaf. 17-22 la|-n^^■^^ CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBIT DEPARTMFZNTS. General Depai^tments. — Tln-ri' nv lil tr-ou (Jr'ncTal ] )o]);i rtmr'nls ol" Uio Exi'ositi'Ui, ;is lollnws (Willi snhd hi.'^ion.s i : A. Education. — i:h'irM>n(;n>- ; Ser<,ii(];ii\- ; HiL;iicr'; Siir-ciiil I'Mii.-;! (i( .ji in Kini> Arts; Si"-ci;il 10.1 ic-i t ion in A^ricultufH ; SpiTijil iOd nr';i iji .11 ju ( 'omniHivi' and In.hisliy; iO.lihalinn of itt-rcctix-i's ; Sprcial Kurins <>( J':clnr;ition. ti'xt- Ik M)ks, si'ln Mil film i til T(.^ and iLppliaijfcs. i':. Art. — I 'aintinjAs a ntl IJ^a^\■i^SH ; F.ng]M\"in,Lis and r.ithi"i;j,ra plis ; S^ nlp- tni'^: A)c)iitectnrr: Art AN'orkinan.shi)), ( \ Liberal Arts. — -Txiioyrnpliy ; J 'hotngi-aph>- ; lUioks and ]'n)>licationH ; Mapjs and Appavatut^ iVn- Geograpliy, CosmogTapliy. Topography; Inatrumenln of Precision: iMulosopnical Apparatus. Coins and Models; Medicine and Sur- gery; iVIusical Instruments; Theatrical Appliances and Equipment; Chemical and Pliarmaceiitical Arts; Manufacture of Paper; Civil and Military Engineer- ing"; Models. Plans and Designs for Public Works; Architectural Engineering. r>. Manufactures. —Stationeiy. Cutlery, Silversmith's and Goldsmith's Wares. Jewelry, Clock and Watchmaking; Production in Marble. Bronze. Cast Iron and Wrought Iron; Brushes. Fine Beather Articles, Fancy Articles and Basket AVork : Articles for Traveling and Camping; India Rubber and Gutta Percha Indnslri'-.s; Toys; Decorati'.'e and Fixed Furniture for Buildings and Dwellings: (.KM''' and Konsehold Furniture; Stained Glass; Mortuary Monu- ments and Uiidoi-lak'_-rs' Furnishings; Hardware; Paper Hanging; Carpets; Tapestries and Fabrics for Upholstering; Upholsterers' Decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing and Sanitary Materials; Glass and Crystal: Apparatus and Proces- ses for Heating and Ventilation; Apparatus and Methods (not Electrical) for Lighting; Textile (Materials and Processes for Spinning and Rope-making; Equipment and Processes Used in the Manufacture of Textile Fabrics; those used in Bleaching. Dyeing. Printing and Finishing Textiles; those used in Sewing and Making Wearing Apparel; Threads and Fabrics of Cotton: Threads and Fabrics of Flax, Hemp, etc; Cordage; Yarns and Fabrics of W'ool; Silk and Fabrics of Silk; Daces, Embroidery and Trimmings; Industries producing Wearing Apparel for Men. Women and Children); Leather. Boots and Shoes; Furs and Skins. Fur Clothing; Various Industries connected with CloMnng. — I. '.9 — E. Machinery.— Steam Engines; Various Motors; General Machinery; Machine Tools; Arsenal Tools. F. Electricity.— Machines for Generating and Using Electricity; Eleotro- Chemistrj'; Electric Lighting; Telegraphy and Telephony; Various Appli- cations of Electricity. G. Transportation.— Carriages and ^(.•heelwrighfs Work, Automobiles and Cycles; Saddlery and Harness; Railways; Yards. Stations i relght Houses, Terminal Facilities of all kinds; Material and Equipment used m the Mercantile Marine; Material and Equipment of Naval Service; Naval Warfare; Aerial Navigation. H. Agriculture.— Farm Equipment; Methods of Improving Lands; Agri- cultural Implements and Farm Machinery; Fertilizers; Tobacco; Appliances and Methods Used in Agricultural Industries; Theory of Agriculture; Agri- cultural Statistics; Vegetable Food Products; Agricultural Seeds; Animal Food Products; Farinaceous Products and their Derivations; Bread and Pastry; Preserved Meat, Fish, Vegetables and Fruit; Sugar and Confection- ery—Condiments and Relishes; W"aters, Wines and Brandies; Syrups and Liquors — Distilled Spirits— Commercial Alcohols; Fermented Beverages; In- edible Agricultural Products; Insects and their Products — Plant Diseases. L Live Stock. — Horses and Mules; Cattle; Sheep, Goats, etc.; Swine; Dogs; Cats; Ferrets, etc.; Poultry and Birds. J. Horticulture. — Appliances and Methods of Pomology. Floriculture and' Arboriculture; Appliances and Methods of Viticulture; Pomology: Trees, ShruVjs, Ornamental Plants an^d Flowers; F'lants of the Conservatory; Seeds and Plants for Gardens and Nurseries; Arboriculture and Fruit Culture. K. Forestry. — Appliances and Processes used in Forestry; Products of the Cultivation of Forests and- Foiest Industries; Appliances for Gathering Wild Crops and Products Obtained. Tj. IVIines and iVletallurgy. — Working of Mines. Ore Beds and Stone Quari-ies; Minerals and Stones, and their Utilization; Mine Models, Maps, Photographs; Metallurgy. Literature of Mining, Metallurgy, etc. M. Fisli and Game. — Hunting Eciuipment; Products of Hunting; Fishing Equipment and Products; Products of Fisheries; Fish Culture. N. Anthropology. — Ijiteratiire; Somatology; Ethnologj'; Ethnography. O, Social Economy. — Study and Investigation of Social and Economic Conditions; Economic Resources and Organizations; State Regulation of Industry and Labor; Organization of Industrial "Workers; Methods of Indus- trial Remuneration; Co-operative Institutions; Provident Institutions; Hous- ing of the Working Classes; the Liquor Question; General Betterment Move- ments; Charities and Corrections; Public Health; Municipal Improvement. P. Physical Culture. — Training of the Cliild and Adult — Theory and Practice; Games and Sports for Children and Adults; Equipment for Games and Sports, ORGANIZATION OF THE EXPOSITION. DAVID R. FRANCIS. President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. THOMAS H, CARTER, President of the United States National Com- mission. WALTER B. STEA'ENS. Secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, and Director of Exploitation. FREDERICK .1. V. SKIFF, Direcror of Exhibits. ISAAC S. TAYLOR. Director of Works. NORRIS B. GRE,'. \V. T. Haarsti.-k. A. B. Hart. AValker Hill. F. D. Hirsr-hl)ei ;?. John A. Holmes. J>. M. Housei-. C. H. Huttig. Breckinridge Jones. S. M. Kennard. Goodman King. ^\'. J. Kinsella. Ciiarles W. Knapp. Dr. J. J. Lawrence. W. H. J.ee. F. W. Lehmann. \\^m. J. Lemp, Jr. J. W. McDonald. Thos. H. McKittriek. George D. Markhani. F. E. Marshall. C. F. G. Meyer. Benjamin McKeen. F. G. Niedringhaus. W. F. Nolker. D. C. Nugent. George W. Parker. H. Clay Pierce. Jtjseph Ramsej'. Jr. David Ranken, Jr. EXECUTIVE DIVISIONS. lilias Michael. Clark J-I. Sampson.' .[ulius J. Schotten. .rohn Schroers. John SouUin. A. L. Shapleigh. J. E. Smith. (_'. H. Spencer. H. B. Spencer. \V. C. Steigers. H. W. Steinbiss. Walter B. Stevens. (Jharles A. Stix. n. H. Stockton. <.)eorge J. Tansey. \Vm. H. Thompson. Charles H. Tui'ner. J. C. A'an Blarcom. Festus J. Wade. C. P. Walbridge. Julius S. Walsh. C. G. Warner. RoUa Wells. W. B. Wells. Clias. P. Wenneker. J. J. Wertheimer. Edwards Whitaker. A. A. B. Woerheide. Wm. H. Woodward. Geo. M. Wright. B. F. Yoakum. Exhibits: Director, Frederick J. V. Skiff; Assistant to the Director, Ed- mund S. Hoch. Chiefs — Education: Howard J. Rogers. Art: Halsey C. Ives; Challes M. Kurtz, Assistant Chief. Liberal Arts: John A. Ockerson. Manu- factures: Milan H. JiuDjert. Machinery: Thomas M. Moore. Electricity: W. E. Goldsljorough. Transportation: Willard A. Smith; A. C. Baker. Assist- ant Chief. Agriculture: Fredric W. Taylor. Horticulture; Fredric W. Tay- lor. Forestry: Tarleton H. Bean. Mines and Metallurgy: J. A. Holmes. Fish and Game: Tarleton H. Bean. Anthropology: WJ. McGee. Social Economy: Howard J. Rogers. Physical Culture: James E. Sullivan. Live Stock: Chas. F. Mills, successor to F. D. Cobuin. Director of Congresses: Howard J. Rogers. Chief of Bureau of Music: George D. Markham. Exploitation: Director, Waller B. Stevens. Foreign: Chairman, Adolphus Busch; Secretary, Russell C. Stanhope. Commissioners — Asia: John Barrett. Europe: Thomas "W. '. Ricardo Diaz Aibertini. Concessions and Admissions: Diret.tor, Noi'ris P.. Gregg; Cliiefs — Con- cessions; Jill). A. VVakeheld; Admissions: E. Norton White; Press Repre- s.-iilativ for Pike- T. R. McMechin. Works: Director, Isaac S. Taylor. Chiefs; Design. E. L. MasQueray; Siiilpiun'. Karl '1', J'". Bitter; Mural Decoration. Louis J. Millet; Landscape Anhiifit, George E. Kessh-r, Buildin.g Engineer, Philip J. Markmann; i';l.-, irjeal and M.'elianicid Engineer, K. B. EUicott;*' Consulting Civil En- .gineer, I;. II. pliillips; Drauglitsman, W. H. H. Weatherwax. Advisory Committee of Sculptors: J. '!. A. AN'ard, Augustus St. Gaudens Daniel C J^-rencJL Transportation: L>i Sup.'l ilil..aid,M'l or Tt-rininals H-ailwa.i;. 'j'hos. W, Jlnrpliy, '■ n.ceasid. N'acancv no ■ Kesigricd, tor, Jolm Scnllin; General Manager, C. L. HiUeary; ^\■. S. Carson; Superintendent of Intramural y,'t niied — ](i2 — Miscellaneous: Auditor. Kivd tlnbel; 'rratHc MaiiHger, C. L. HiUeary; Medical Director. Leoiilda.'s H. haidley. M. D. ; Commandant of Jefferson Guard. I^t.-Col. Henry P. Kinssbury. Sth U. S. Cayalry; Custodian of Build- ings and Assistant to Secretary of Exposition Company. J. Bissell "Ware. UNITED STATES COM IVIISSION ERS. National Commission (appointed by ttie President of tlie linited States to represent II. S. CJovernment) : Hon. Thomas PI. Carter. Montana, Clrair- man; Hon. Martin H. Glynn. New York. Vice-Chairman ; Hon. J. M. Tliurs- ton. Nebraska; Ho)i. Wm. Lindsay. .Iventucky; Plon. Geor£;e AV. McBride. Oregon; Hon. Jolm F. Miller, Indiana; Hon. F. A. Betts. ijonnecticut; Hon. P. D. Scott. Arkansas; Hon. J. M. Allen. Mississippi; Bauniicc II. (Iraliame. New York. Secretarj-. yicc .Toseph Flory. resi.2;ned. BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. (Appointed by tlic United States Commissioners.) President; Mrs. Daniel Manning. Wtishington. D. ( '. Vice-Presidents: ]st. Mrs. Edward B. Buchwulter. Springfield. O. ; 2d. Mrs. Finis I'. Ernest. Denver. Colo.; 3d. Mrs. Helen Bnice-Hunsiker. Pliiladelpliia, Pa.; 4tli. Miss Anna Ij. Dawes. Pittsfield. Mass ; 5th. Mrs: Belle Ij. Everest. Atchison. Kan.; 6th. Mi's. M. H. de Y'oung. San t'rancisco, Cal. ; 7th. Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, Atlanta. Ga. : Miss I^avina H. Egan; Mrs. "William H. Coleman. Treasurer; Miss Helen M. (Jould. New York City; Mrs. John M. Holcombe. Hartford, Conn. ; Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger, Elttlc Rock. Ark. ; Mrs. W. E. Andrews. "Washington, D. C. ; Mrs. Richard W. Knott. IjOUisvllle. Ky. ; Mrs. Margai'et P. Daly. Anaconda. Mont.; Mrs. I>ouis D. Frrist. Winona. Mont.; Mrs. Marv Phelps Montgomery. Portland. Ore.; Mrs. Jolin Miller Horton. Buffalo. N. Y. ; Mrs. A. L. von Mayhoff. New York City; Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan. Providence. R. I.; Mrs. Annie MeBean Mi">res. Mt. Plnasant. Tc.x.; Miss Etta B. Carter. Clerical Secretary. U. S. GOVERNMENT BOARD. Government Board in Charge of U. S. Government Exhibit — ■\Vallace H. PJills. Treasury Department, Chairman. \ice J. H. Brigliam ("deceased); De- partment of Justice, <''ol. Cecil Clay; Labor Department, G. "W. AV. Hanger; Post Office Department, J. B. Btownlow; Fish Commissioner, Prof. "W. de C. Ra^"enel; Interior Department, Edward AI. Dawson; Bureau of American Republics. AVilliam c. lindell 2545, India — R. Elechynden, Special Comm,, India Tea Assn,, Southern Hotel, Tel, (Bell) Main 3237, Italy — Oio\'Rnnl Branchi, Comm, -Gen,; A, Alfanl, Secretary; Italian PaAiliou, ^\^orld's Fair Grounds, Japan — P.aron Masanao Matsudaira, A'ice-Pres, ; Hajime Ota. Acting Comm.-i.4(:-n. ; Japanese Pa"\-ilinn, \^^orld'a Fair Grounds, or Hamilton Hotel. Tel. (Belli Forest 1205. Mexico — Eng. Albino R. Nuncio, Comm, -Gen,; Maximiliano M, Chabert, Reci-ctai^y ; Mexican Pa\-ilion, A'^^orlds Fair (Jrounds. Tel. (Kinloch) WorM's Fair Gi'oimds, Station 43, Morocco — ,James W, Langermann, Comm, -Gen., I^orraine Hotel. Netherlands — Gcrrit H. Ten Broek. (?omm.-Gen.. 1103 Jackson Place. Tel, (Bey) Main 2329. New Zealand — 1'. E. L^onne. Represent.ati\'e. Hamilton Hotel. Nicaragua — Dr. Leopoldo Ramirez Malrena. Pres.; Alexander Bermudez. .\cti\e I'Jiinim.; Dr. Rosendo Rubi. Secretary; 3.S33 Pine St. Norway — Frederick L. M. Waage, "Vice-Consul to St, Louis, St, Louis, Mo, Paraguay — Nicolas Angulo, Chairman, MinistiT of Foreign Affairs. .\suuci(ii(. L'ara.ii Day. Peru — .Vle.jandro C'lrlnnd, Comm, -Gen., Peruvian Legation. 'W^aahington. Persia — I'llirnn Khan Kelekian, Comm,-(;jen, : H, S, Tavshanjian, Com,; \\'asliin,gton Holel, Portugal- B, C, Cincinnato da Costa, Comm, -Gen,; Carlos A. M. Ribelro Fcrj-i-Ira, Secretary, The Washington Hotel. Tel. (Bell) Forest 1160. San Salvador — L. Megia. Comm.; Julio C. Lecaroa. Asst. Comm.; Planters Hotel. Tel. (Bein Main 437. San Domingo — Fidello Despradel. Comm.: Senor Galvan. Comm.; San Ilomin.go (Tty, Siarn — James H, Clore, Comm, -Gen,; Nn i (rhucn. Asst,; 44';4 Laclede Av, Spain — Mr, ]-;enlliiiie, CJonjui,, Fine Arts Exhiliit, Madrid, Spain. Sweden — Col. J. A. Ockerson. Resident Comm.; Axel Welin, Asst Comm add Secretary; Swedish Pavilion, World's Fair Grounds, Turkey — Cheklb Bey (Minister to Washington), (?omm,-Gen, Washing- ton, D, C, Venezuela --Ji's((s I.ameda, Conim,-Gcn,; Eugcni.i M, Aubard Secretary 3S6S Delmar Bl\'d, ST,'\TES, TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS. Alabama- i 'niuiuit t>e on Birmingham District Exhibit' Fred M Tacksnn Pres,; J, P., <;ilisn,,. Sec: j. A, MacKnight, Special Rep,; Rufus N RhodeB' Culpepper Exum, F, W, Dixon, George H, Clark, ri-uius iv, KnooeB, — 164 — RHODE ISLAND BUILDING. SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING Alaska— Hon. Thomas Kyun. First Asst. Sec. of the Interior, Chau man Gov. John G. Brady, Exec. Comm.; Honorary Commissioners: M^ B. Martin, Peter Jensen, O. H. Odsit, Frank Bach, Anthony Tubbs, L. S. Keller, U. B. Mills, John Rustgard, John Goodell. Arizona— A. J. Doran, Chairman; B. F. Packard, Treas. ; H. B. St. Claire, Sec. ; R. N. Leatherwood, Supt. of Exhibits. Arkansas— George R. Beldtng, Pres. ; J. C. Rembert, Sec ; Thomas W, Milan, Mgr. ; George T. Bake, John P. Bogan, A. H. Purdue, H. T. Bradford, Miss Bizzie Cage, Asst. Bady Mgr. ; Charles Watkins. California— Frank Wiggins, J. A. Filcher, E. B. Willis, Sec. Colorado— Gov. James H. Peabody, Pres.; T. J. O'Donnell, Vice-Pres.; Paul Wilson, Comm. of Exhibits; 1. N. Stevens, Sec; Mrs. Lionel Rose Anthony, Thomas F. Walsh, William S. Sperry. Harry Cassidy, James A. ^V'ayne, Asst. to Comm. -in-Chief. Connecticut— Frank B. Wilcox, Pies.; Charles Phelps, V.-Pres.; J. H. Vaill, Sec. and Treas.; Edgar J. Doolittle, Isaac W. Birdseye, Gen. Phelps Montgomery, Mrs. Ijouis R. Cheney, Miss Anna Chappell, Mrs. George H. Knight. Georgia— Col. Dudley Hughes, Comm. -Gen.; Hugh V. Washington, Vice- Comm.-Gen.; Glasscock Barrett, Asst. Comm. -Gen.; O. B. Stevens, Sec. and Treps.; W. S. Yates, Exec. Comm. Hawaii — F. "W. Macfarlane, Comm. in Charge; W. G. Irwin, Chm. ; C. M. Cooke, V,-Chm.; J. G. Spencer, Sec ; W. O. Smith, Treas.; Henry E. Cooper, F. J. Amweg, F. AV. Beardslee. F. A. Schaefer, A. B. Bouisson, Allen Herbert, W, M. Giffard. ll. A. Isenberg, A. Gartley. J. Kalanianaole, A. N. Kepoikai, W. W. Dimond. J. P. Cooke, W. W. Harris, D. D. Baldwin, J. D. Paris, J. T. Moir, E. A. Mott-Smith, B. F. Dillingham, D. Kalaouklani. Idaho — Go\-. J. T. Morrison, James E. Steele, Pres.; R. W. McBride, V.-Pres.; Mrs. H. W. Mansfield, Sec; Martin J. Wessels, Dr. Harold J. Read, Clarence B. I-[urtt, Exec. Committee. Illinois- H. M. Dunlap, Pres.; C. N. Travous. V.-Pres.; J. P. Mahoney. 2d V.-Pres.; John J. Brown, Sec; Walter Warder. Treas.; Fred M. Blount, C. F. Coleman. C. C. Craig. Albert Campbell, James H, Farrell, D. M. Funk. John H. Miller. John H. Pierce. W. B. Mounts, J. N. C. Shumway, Thomas K. Condit. Indiana — Newton A\^. GiUieit. Clim.; James W. Cockrum, Sec; Henry W. Marsliall, W. W. Wicks. W. \V . Stevens. W. H. O'Brien. Crawford Fairbanks, D. W. Kinsc\', N. A. Gladding. Frank (.'. Ball, C. C. Shirley, Fremont Good- wine. Joseph r3. Grass. Stephen B. Fleming. Melville W. Mix, A. C. Alexan- del', Asst. Sec. Indian Territory — Hon. Tlionias Ft>'an. First Asst. Sec of tlio Interioi', Cliairman, AV'ashington. D. »_'. ; F. C. Huljhard. i'Lxec. Comm.; Honorary Com- missioners; H. B. Johnson. A. J. lirown, W. B. McWilliams, J. K. Campbell. H. B. Spaulding. J. J. iVIcAlestei. Wni. Busby. Iowa — Commissioner at Bar,c;e. William Larrabee; Pres.. W. A\'. Witmer; District Commissioners: J^eroj- A. Palmer, George M. Curtis. W. F. Harri- man. \'.-Pres. ; '1 hos. Cpdegraff, James i-f. Trewin, Samuel S. Carruthers. S. M. J^each, Tivas. ; S. Bailey, M. D. ; W. T. Sheplu-rd. C. J. A. Erieson W. C. Whiting. F. U. Conaway. Sec Kansas — Jolni C. Car].>^nter, Pres.; J. <\ Morl'OW, \'.-Pres.; R. T. Simons Treas.; C. H. fjulin.i;. Sc. ; William P. Waggener. Kentucky — Gov. J. C. «'. Ueeliham. A. Y. Ford, Chm.: R. E. Hughes. Sec; Charles G. Spaulding. V.-Pres.; W. H. Cox, Sam P. Jones. W. T. Ellis M. H. Crump. Charles E. Hoge, J. B. r.nwl.-s, A. G. Carutli. ];. B. D. Guffy, Garrett S. Wall. \\'. J. Worthingtoii, Clarence Dallam. W. H. Newman, Samuel Graljfelder. Louisiana — Gov. William Wri,ght Heard. Pres.; J. (.;. Lee, Sec; Dr. W C Stubl.is. State Comm.; ('has. Fauciu.i, Asst. Sec; Robert Glenk, Asst. to State Comm.; Col. Charles Schuler. Judge Emil Kost. H. L. Gueydan. Maine — Louis B. (.'.oodall, Ciim. ; Frank H. Briggs. Charles C. Burrill, I^rmu.T Lane, H'.-ni'.\" W. Sargent. PJdward C. Swett. Sec. Maryland— Gen. L. \'ictor Baughman, Chm,; Frederick P. Stieff, Treas.; Francis E. Waters, l-'rank N. Hoen, John E. Hurst, William A. Marburg- Martin Wagner. William H. Grafflin. \\esley M. Oli-r. Thomas H. Robinson! Jai.'ob M. Peai-ci.', Orlando Harrison, Samuel K. i:iennis. Sec. Massachusetts — Dr. George Harris. Pres.; Mrs. Sarah C. Sears V -Pres ■ Mrs. Maj- Alden Ward, Rec Sec; Wilson H. Fairbank. Thomas B. Fitz- pta trick. James M. Perkins. Set:. Michigan — Gov. Aaron T. Bliss (cx-ofhcioi; Frederick B. Smith Pres ■ .Austin Farrell. V.-f^res. ; Roy S. Bariihart. Treas.; Dr Aaron R ingram' (.'harles P. Ijovvnej-. Hal. H. Smith, Sec; William A. Hurst. Asst. Sec Minnesota — I'ondi' Hamlin. Pres.; J. M. Unilcrwood \' -Pres ■ 'I'lieodore r>. Ila>-s. Sec; C. S. Mitclieil, Gen. Supt. — ] fit! — Mississippi — Gov. A. H. Jjdiiffino ( r-.x -i.ffici" 1 ; It. ][. Heiirv, i>y. -. J. H. Albert. Richard Scott. Frank Willianis. F. G. Young, C, B, AA'ade, W, H AA>brun,g, Gen, Supt, Pennsylvania — Goc Samuel W, Pennypacker, Pres.; Fr.ank G, If;itais, Treas,; James H, Jjambei-f. Exec. Officer; Bromle>' Wharton. Sec; William M. Brown. E. B. Hardenbergh. Isaac B. Brown. John M. Scott. Hcni-y F. AA'atlon. John C. Grady. AA'illiam C. Sprr.ul. VA'illifim P. Snyder. J. Henry Cochran, Cvrus E, AVoods, Theodore B, Stulb, John Hamilton, «'llllim B, Kirker, AVilliam AA'ayne, John A, F, Ho\-, Fred T, Ikeler, Willl.im II. Clrich. A. F. Cooper, Fi'ank B, Mct?lain, < leor.ge J, Martman, Wlllliini S H.ir\-ey, Morris L, Clothier, Juseiih M. liazzam. George II. Karic Ji'.. Charles B. Penrose, George T. 01i\er. H. H. Gilk>'sres. ; AVilliam F. Gleason. A'. -Pre-,.; Edwin G. Penniman. Treas.; George E. Ball. Sec; Col. Patrick K. Hayes, Frank B, Budlong, George B, Shepley, George N, Kingsbury, Exec, Comm, South Carolina — R. Gi:>odwin Rhett, Chm, Exec, Comm,; T^ouis Appelt, M. >:. ^fcSweene\' Robert Aldricb. R. T. Haynes. J. ~M. Sulll\-an. T. c. Duncan T J. Mooi'e. Be Ro:>' Springs, li. A. Bo\"c Tlicmas A\'llsnn, R, F. Hamer,' Jr.. Altamont Moses. E. B. Clark. South Dakota — S. AA'. Russell. ] 'res. ; B. T. Boucher. \',-I>res, ; AV, B, Saunders, 1'reas, ; George R, Farmer, Sec Tennessee — Gov, James B, Fraziei-, Chm,; E, C. I^ewls, Bmi F, I^ulane^^ Andrew M, Soule, E. AVatkins, John F, McNutt, J, M, Shoffjier, John A\'. Fry, Hu C, Anderson, Thomas W. Neal, G, D, Raine. Mrs, J. P, Smartt, Mrs, Mary C, Dorrls, Mrs, A. S, Buchanan, B, A, Enloe, Sec, and Direc of Ex- hibits- D. F, AA'allace, Jr,, Asst, Sec. Texas— John H. Klrby, Pres,; B, J. Polk. AA'. AA'. Seley. AA'alter Tips, -\'_Prests. ; Royal A. Fenfs. Ti-eas. ; Bi-ads J. AA'ortham. Sr'C and I\lgr. ; Gi.tv. Joseph r>. Sayres. Comm. at large; C. H. Allyn. A. H. Belo. A'cales P. pro^i). A. P. IrUish. Jr.. Edwin (.^liamberlain. A\'. C. Conner, H, AA^, Cortes, C, A. Davies. AV. \A^. liies, T, J, Freeman, Barnett Gibbs, Clint Giddings, Jr,, — HIT — J. N. Gilbert. Jack Gordon. A. T. Groom. B. F. Hammett, J. P. Harrison, U, J. Hart. H. E. Henderson, H. P. Hllllard. J. E. Hogg, F. P. Holland. A. W, Houston. E. Ij. Huffman. L. L. Jester. S. J. T. Johnston. R. M. Johnston, J. A. Kemp. R. J. Kleber. Otto Koehler. Harry Landa, N. H. Lassiter R. R. I,ockett. T. B. Love. A. L. LoweiT. Geo. P. Brown. T. S. Miller. M. J. Moore. H. A. Morse. F. C. Jones. H. D. McDonald. H. F. MacGregor. H. A. O'Neal, B. B. Paddock. E. B. Perkins. Dr. T. A. Pope. Herbert Post, Dr. C, B, Raines. C. P. Russell. Sam Sanger. R. H. Sexton. Jesse Shain, W, B. Slosson, M. A. Spoonts. Paul Waples. George B. Webb. Nat M. Washer. George A. Wright, J. F. Davis. "R'esley Love. S. H. Dixon. J. D, Lynch. Paul Jones, E. J. Frv. Sam Park, S. W. Blount. E. A. Blount. Fred W. Malley, F, C. Highsmith, R. T. Miiner, John Durst. E. P. Styles. J. T. Richards, J. A, P'arramore, P, G, R. Bell. James Langford. J. S. Kerr. Utah — Gov. Heber M. Wells. Ohm.: John Q. Cannon. Sec: Hoyt Sherman, Samuel Newhouse, L. W. Shurtlyff, Willis Johnson, S. T. Whitaker, Director General. Vermont — Gov. John G. McCullough. ex-officio Chm.; W. Seward Webb, Pres. ; Arthur C. Jackson. 2d V.-Pres. and Exec. Comm. ; Frederick G. Fleet- wood, :!d V.-Pres.; Miss Mary E\'arts. Sec; J. C. Enright. Clerk and Counsel; F. W. Stanyan. Treas. Virginia— G. "W. Koincr, Pres.; G. E. Murrell, Sec; W. W. Baker, Asst. ; A. M. Bowmon. J. L. Pattoji. O. W. Stone. B. C. Banks. J. I,,yman Babcock, Washington — A. Tj. Black. Pres.; Elmer E. Johnston. Exec Comm.; ^V. W. Roliertson. Edward C. Cheastv. Thomas Harrington. E. M. Hay, t;eorge Lindsley, G. ^V. R. Pcaslee, Sec; R. P. Thomas. W. W. Tolman, West Virginia- N. K. Whitaker. Chm.; Fred Paul Grosscup. V.-Chm.;- D. E. Abbott. 'I'roas. ; A. H. "Winchester. Sec; Frank Cox. E. C. Gerwig, John T. McGraw. R. Ri. Archer. Asst. Sec Wisconsin — "W. D. Hoard, Pres.; A. J, T,indemann. V.-Pres.; Grant Tliomns, Sec; "W. hi. Flett, AVilliain A. Scott. Mi's. Lucy Morris. Mrs. Theodora Youmans. Wyoming — Bryant B. Brooks. Pres.; George E. Pexton, V.-Pres.; Clarence B. >:irli,;irdson, '.'omm -in-Cliief: William C. Deming. Sec; Willis George Emerson. A^'. H. Ilnllidav. J. I,. Baird. WEST VIRGINIA BUILDING. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE EXPOSITION. The popular demand for a celebration of the centennial was first put in working order by a meeting of the Missouri Historical Society In September, 1898, which appointed a committee of 50 citizens to consider the various commemorative programs suggested in the press. This committee finally recommended a submission of the question to a convention of delegates representing all the Louisiana Purchase States. At the request of the committee, Governor Stephens of Mis- souri issued, December 13, 1898, a call inviting the Governors of the Louisiana Purchase States and Territories to appoint delegates to meet In St. Louis, .January 10, 1899. A convention was accordingly held at the Southern Hotel on the appointed date and it was decided to hold a World's Fair as the most fitting commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana territory. An executive committee, with Hon. D. R. Francis as chairman, was appointed to carry out the project, and this committee in turn selected a committee of 50 citizens of St. Louis to raise the money necessary for the Fair. Later the committee was increased to 200. It was decided that $15,000,000, the amount paid to France for the territory, would be needed. June 4, 1900, Congress passed a bill promising Government support and an appropriation of $5,000,000 if the citizens of St. Louis raised $10,000,000. The popular subscription of $5,000,000 from the citizens of St. Louis was completed January 12, 1901, and on January 30, 1901, the Municipal Assembly of St. Louis passed an ordinance authorizing the issuance of $5,000,000 in city bonds for the Fair. The bill appropriating $5,000,000 was passed by the House of Representatives February 9, 1901, and by the United States Senate, March 3, 1901. This bill was signed by Presi- dent McKinley immediately and on March 12, following, he appointed the National Commission of nine members. On August 20, 1901, Pres- ident McKinley Issued a proclamation inviting all the nations of the world to participate in the Fair. Ground was broken by President Francis in the presence of a vast throng December 20, 1901. A bill permitting the postponement of the Fair from 1903 to 1904 was passed by Congress and approved by President Roosevelt June 25, 1902. Dedication Day. — On April 30, 1903, the grounds and buildings were dedicated with impressive ceremonies. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, delivered the dedicatory address. For- mer President Grover Cleveland, Hon. D. R. Francis, President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and other prominent men, spoke. Gov- ernors of various States, many of them accompanied by their military staffs, and many men of national tame, also took part in the cere- monies. In February, 1904, Congress passed a bill authorizing a loan by the Government to the Exposition of $4,600,000, to be repaid out of the revenue of the Exposition, and this bill was approved by Presi- dent Roosevelt February IS, 1904. Opening Day. — The Universal Exposition was opened April 30, ] 904, in the presence of a brilliant and distinguished assemblage, in- cluding a delegation of the Senate and House of Representatives, the National Commission, the Board of Lady Managers, representatives of foreign Governments, Goveimors of States and their staffs in uni- form. State Commissioners, United States Government Board, Expo- sition officials and others. The ceremonies were conducted at the Louisiana Monument, Plaza of St. Louis, starting promptly at 10 a. m. — 169— - Prayer by Prank W. Guiisauliis, of Chicago, was followed by an ad- dress by President P'rancis. Treasurer Wm. H. Thompson, as chair- man of the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, introduced Isaac S. Taylor, Director of Works, who delivered a gold key to the build- ings to President Francis and presented diplomas to his staff. Direc- tor of Exhibits F. .1. V. Skiff followed in an address, and presented commissions to his staff. The Mayor of St. Louis, Hon. Rolla Wells; the President of the National Commission. Hon. Thomas H. Carter; Senator Henry E. Burnham, for the United States Senate; Hon. .James A. Tawney, in behalf of the House of Representatives; Edward H. Har- liman, for the Domestic Exhibitors; A, R. Nuncio, Mexican Commis- sioner, for the foreign exhibitors, spoke appropriately. As the repre- sentative of the President, Hon. Wm. H. Taft, Secretary of War, con- cluded the speaking in an eloquent address, whereupon the President of the United States, in the White House at Washington, pressed a key and flashed a signal to the Exposition that started the machinery, unfurled the Hags and set the great Cascades in motion. The attendance on opening day was 187.793, a larger opening day assemblage than was present at any previous exposition. EVENT COMMEMORATED. "The annexation of Louisiana," says a distinguithed American historian, "was an event so portentous as to defy measurement. It gave a new face to politics and ranked, in historical importance, next to the Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Con- stitution." It not only saved our young and feeble Union from imminent in- ternal and external peril in 1803, but assured the evolution of the peaceful and prosperous "world power" we are so proud of to-day. It provided the broader and safer foundation needed for future har- monious growth, and placed the Pacific Coast within our grasp. It supplied the keystone for a continental structure, the great valley which is our present seat of empire, the Republic's political center of gravity, whose cohesive attraction countervails all disintegrating forces and gives enduring strength to the National Constitution. We have seen how its great river system held East and West and North and South together through the awtul Ftorms of 1861-5. After a century's experience of its immeasurable benefits, the American people could not permit the centennial of the treaty of cession to pass without a grand National commemoration, A con- vention of the Louisiana Purchase States asked St. Louis, as their chief city, to take the lead in creating a colossal World's Fair as the most fitting commemoration. With the cordial and generous support of National, State and foreign Governments, she has done her best to break all World's Fair records, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- tion is the result. The conclusion of the treaty of April :i(\. 1803, by the great Napo- leon, then First Consul of the French Republic, and Thomas .Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, then third President of the United States, put an end forever to dangerous frictions which had been a source of unceasing anxiety to the administrations of Presi- dents Washington and .lohn Adams. It also prevented forever an im- — 1711 — pending resumption of the strife, continued for more than a century, be- tween France and Great Britain for ascendency in North America. Dur- ing the Revolution thousands of hardy and adventurous settlers estab- lished themselves in Kentucky, Tennessee and on the upper Ohio. As they increased In numbers, they made a brilliant record as "The Rear Guard of the Revolution," and under the lead of George Rogers Clark they took and held the British posts at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, thereby enabling the United Colonies to obtain the Mississippi as their western boundary, from the Lake of the Woods to latitude .31 degrees, when the treaty of peace was arranged in 1783. After the Revolution the rapidly increasing population of Ken- tucky, Tennessee and the Ohio Valley found themselves continually harassed by the hostilities of Indian allies of the British from the North and Indian allies of the Spanish from the South. At the same time they were wholly dependent on Mississippi river navigation for access to markets, and Spain denied their succession to the rights of free navigation accorded to British subjects by the treaty of 1763. i-gga^,^ ^ — -^^^Bwj q fe AaiiaaMka UTAH BUILDING. Thus the Spanish posts north of latitude 3] , and the free navi- gation of the Mississippi became the paramount questions with the Ohio Valley people. They had fought all their own battles so far, were prone to do so still and their threat to settle these burning questions for themselves, and in their own way, taxed the restraining influence and resources of President Washington to the utmost during the slow progress of the negotiations which, by the treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795, secured to them the right of free deposit at New Orleans. In 1801 the Western people were again intensely excited by rumors that Spain had secretly ceded Louisiana and the Floridas to France, and that the real destination of the army of 40,000 men sent by the First Consul, ostensibly to suppress insurrection in San Do- mingo, was to take military possession of Louisiana and the Floridas. Resistance to Napoleon's taking possession was the only thought of Western people, and they made it known that they would not wait for — 171 — authority or assistance from the East, but would begin tlie fight at the first landing place with all the rifles and Indian allies they could muster. To reach a peaceful termination of this critical situation was the first care of Mr. Jefferson when he took office as President In 1801. In the midst of the excitement, the Spanish Intendent at New Orleans made the situation more tense by suspending the right of deposit, and before a rectification of that outrage was procured from Madrid, Congress had met and adopted a very war-like tone. No man can say what glorious dream of restoring to France all her former North American possessions and converting them into a populous and prosperous "New France" was in Napoleon's mind when he extorted the secret treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 from Spain. He had a wonderful genius for statesmanship as well as for war; but the fates were against him, or his European policy constrained him to cede Louisiana to the United States to prevent England from seizing it in the impending war. The steps taken by the American authorities to promote this decision on his part will not be recounted here. They were certainly effective. He sought to avoid a collision with us, to cement anew the bonds of frien Iship between France and the United States, and at the same time to build up this Republic as a great sea-power and com- mercial rival to England. So he declared, and the cession of Louisiana has indisputably fulfilled all his expressed intentions. FACTS ABOUT ST. LOUIS. St. Louis, the city in which the great Louisiana Purchase Expo- sition is being held, is situated in the State of Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi River. It is not a part of any county, being an independent city. It has a population of 750.000, and is one ot the most substantial communities financially in the world. DeSoto, Marquette and LaSalle had all visited the upper Missis- sippi River long before the expedition headed by Pierre Laclede Liguest set out from New Orleans on the trip which resulted in the founding of the City of St. Louis. Laclede, as Liguest was known among his companions, left New Orleans with his band of frontiers- men on August 3, 1763, to establish an Indian trading post in the North, the French Governor-General of the territory of Louisiana having granted to the explorer's firm, Maxent, Laclede & Co., of New Orleans, exclusive control of the fur trade with the Missouri and other tribes of Indians as far north as the River St. Peter. Three months were taken up by the journey up the Mississippi and when Laclede found the graceful curve in the river where the Merchants and Eads bridges now stand he immediately declared that the point should be the site for the post. After he had returned to Fort Chartres, where the party had left its stores and goods, a severe winter set in. and it was not until Feb- ruary 14, 17C4, that Auguste Chouteau, then in his fourteenth year, arrived at the site in charge of an expedition of 30 men, which La- clede had placed at his command. Under young Chouteau's direction the site for the future city was cleared. — 172 — The first tool shed and log cabins built by the pioneers stood on what is now the bloclv bounded by Broadway and Sixth St., Washing- ton Av. and St. Charles St. Laclede, who was a native of France, named the trading post St. Louis, after the patron saint of the French sovereign Louis XV., although France had ceded the territory to Spain in the year 1762. Under the autliority of the Spanish viceroy of Louisiana, Rios arrived on August 11, 1768, to take posfession of the colony. The settlers were hostile to Spanish rule and tliat Government's occupation proved rather profitless. In ISOO Spain ceded the Province of Louisiana back to France, St. Louis being part of the territory; but three years later, in 1803, the United States Government purchased Louisiana from Napoleon and from that date the city became a part of the great American Republic. At first the growth of St. Louis was very slow. In the year 1800, when 36 years of age, it contained less than 1,000 souls, and in 1822, although then 58 years in existence, its population was less than .5,000. Later on, when the place began to get its real growth, it moved for- ward with giant strides, and now ranks as the fourth city in the ITnited States, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia alone leading It. During the early part of tlie century just closed, St. Louis became the center of the vast steamboat trade which was built up on the Mississippi River and later on tlie Missouri. When the bridges were built across the Mississippi River, connecting the city with the Illinois shore, river traffic liegan to wane, the railroads succeeding to the business. The river interest, however, is still a large one, and St. Louis is still the center of the trafllc. St. Louis Is the gateway for the trade of the entire Soutliwest, and in many lines of jobljing and nianufactiiring it leads every city in the country, and in some few outranlcs any city in the world. It is cen- trally located, being midway between the North and South, and far enough West not to be classed as an Eastern city, while at the same time, it is far enough East not to be a distinctively Western city, now that the great territory between it and the Pacific slope has been well settled and built up. St. Louis far exceeds any other district in the United States in the output of manufactured toliacco. It also contains the largest to- bacco factory in the world. The biggest brewery in America is sit- uated in St. Louis, and the beers of this city are sold in all parts of the globe. The largest shoe house in the world is to be found in St. Louis, and the city is one of the biggest points on the globe for the manufacture and wholesaling of shoes. In each of the lines of whole- sale hardware, wholesale drugs and wholesale woodenware, the city possesses a concern which surpasses in volume of Inisiness any house in a similar line on earth. St. Louis is the greatest horse and mule market and a leading saddlery market of the world. The biggest chemical manufacturing plant in America is situated here, and so is the country's greatest cracker factory. The city also leads the country in the manufacture of white lead and ,iute bagging. It has the largest brick works, the largest sewer pipe factory and the largest electric plant on the continent, and it manufactures more street cars than any city in the world, shipping them to all sections of the globe. In the jobbing of dry goods, millinery, hats and gloves, and groceries, St. Louis ranks among the foremost on the continent. Historic Spots. — A ride along Broadway, northward to the Chain of Rocks, and a walk of a mile further, brings us to the scene where — 178 — WASHINGTON BUILDING. Lewis and Clark starterl on their great Northern exploration, which ended at Oregon on the Pacific. At Broadway and Walnut streets the cobble stones of civilization are the tombstones over the grave of the great Indian Chief, Pontiac, who waged merciless war against the British and who led the tribes in their attack at Braddock's defeat near Fort Du Qnesne. In the Southern Hotel, the visitor will view a modern structure which stands on the site of the stockade, the headquarters, in 1769, of St. Ange, the French colonial Governor of Louisiana at that period. A tablet in the corridor of the hotel marks the burial place of Pontiac. Chief of the Illinois. James Fenimore Cooper in his tales of the Prairie and the Pathfinder, descriljes this great Indian nation. The old Government house, in which the transfer of the upper Louisiana Territory was made, March 10, 1804, by Governor Delassus to Captain Amos Stoddard, representing the United States, stood on a site now marked by the southeast corner of Main and Walnut Sts. On Walnut St., between Second and Third Sts.. the antiquarian will find a curious pile of architecture In the old French Catholic Cathedral, which was finished April It), 1775. Probably the last slaves sold west of the Mississippi River were those who were offered at public auction from the grimy blocks on either side of the Court House, standing on Broadway between Chest- nut and Market Sts., a description of which many visitors to the Ex- position have read in Winston Churchill's "Crisis," a story of ante- bellum period in St. Louis. Thomas Benton, the statesman, made one of his famous pro-slavery speeches from the same steps. The Court Houce was commenced in 1839 and was completed in July, 1862. Monk's Mound, eight miles from East St. Louis by the Collinsvllle electric trolley line, brings the student of the prehistoric face to face with the age of the Mound Builders. This vast pyramid, the largest of the relics left by an unknown people, whom even the Indians have forgotten, takes Its name from the Trapplst Monks who at one time had a monastery on Its summit. The mound rises 100 feet above the surrounding plain, it Is surrounded by a series of smaller mounds, stretched in a semi-circle about the principal pile. A number of old French houses built in the seventeenth century are yet standing In Cahokia, 111., reached by a ferry trip across the river from Carondelet and a drive eastward of four miles. Cahokia is tne oldest French village in the Mississippi Valley. A church erected 160 years ago is now used as a schoolhouse. Florissant is a suburb of St. Louis, reached by trolley line from the western part of the city. It is another French settlement ante- dating the founding of St. Louis by several years. Kaskaskia. a short distance by boat on the Mississippi, was the first capital of Illinois. Now It Is a small fishing village. At one time it was the headquarters of the French provincial army. Ruins of military posts may still l:>e seen there. St. Genevieve Is a city from which the Mississippi moved away, leaving it miles from the stream. It is the oldest town in IVIissouri, and at one time furnished all of the supplies of St. Louis. General Fremont, the great Pathfinder of the Rockies, lived In St. Louis, and started from the city on his remarkable exploration of the unknown West. St. Louis was the outfitting point for most of the gold hunters who were attacked by the "49" fever and crossed the plains to Cali- fornia. — 175 — The Santa Fe trail started from St. Louis, which became the out- fitting point for all exploration of the arid West and Southwest. The pony express followed. The United States arsenal, erected by the Government in 1828, is to be seen at Second and Arsenal Sts. It was used as a general supply depot for ordnance and quartermaster's stores. It was from Jefferson Barracks, just south of the city limits, that the famous old Third Cavalry, with General Robert E. Lee as colonel, and General Albert Sidney .Johnston and General Jubal Early as majors, with General Winfield Scott Hancock as a captain and General Fitz Hugh Lee as lieutenant, marched out for the war with Mexico. General LTlysses S. Grant also departed for Mexico from this post. Only a few years later all but Grant and Hancock were famous Confederate soldiers. Grant and Lee became the generalissimos of the opposing forces. The immortal General IT. S. Grant hauled logs from his country home into St. Louis, along the Gravois road, a street in the southern part of the city, still crooked and still bearing the same name. The house in which he was married to Miss .Julia Dent is standing on the corner of Fourth and Cerre Sts. (The old Grant log cabin is shown at the World's Fair.) Two blocks further west on the same street is the house in which General Winfield Scott Hancock was married. The residence nf General William Tecumseh Sherman is shown on Garrison Av. General Sherman and wife are burled in Calvary cemetery. At the intersection of Lin dell and Channing Avs. with Olive St. the visitor on the way to the ExpoEition will pass over the exact site of Camp Jackson, a Confederate stronghold which was captured by the Federal troops iinder Colonel I^yon, who marched there from the arsenal. Baseball Parks. — National League, Vandeventer Av. and Natural Bridge Rd. ; American League, Grand and Sullivan Avs. Block and House Numbers. — St. Louis has a system of numbering whereby it is very easy for strangers to learn how to reach any de- sired point. Streets running east and west have the buildings on them numbered from the river, each succeeding block beginning with a new No. 100; thus, 2d St. begins the No. 200, while 12th St. Is 1200 west, and so on. Streets running north and south are numbered from Market St. as the dividing line as far west as 28th St., where it merges into Laclede Av., and from there west the latter street Is the dividing line. Each block north of Market St. is numbered an addi- tional hundred north and each block south of that thoroughfare an ad- ditional hundred south. Thus, Franklin Av., which is nine blocks north of Market St.. is No. 900 north, and Chouteau Av., which is ten blocks south of Market St., is No. 1000 south. All houses on the north side of the streets running east and west are given odd numbers, while buildings on the south side have the even numbers. On the streets running north and south the odd numbers are on the west side of the street and the even numbers on the east side. Public Buildings. — Among the public buildings in St. Louis are the TJ. S. Custom House, occupying the block from Sth to 9th and Olive to Jjocust Sts.: the Court House, which takes up the block from 4th to Broadway and from Chestnut to Market Sts.; the City Hall, occupy- ing an area extending from Market St. to Clark Av. and froni 12th to 13th Sts.; the Four Courts, .Jail and Morgue, boimded by Clark Av. \ ^ — 1 76 — Spruce, lUh and 12th Sts.: the Board of Education building at 9th and I^ocust. Office Buildings.— Among the prominent buildings o£ the city are: Boatmen's Bank, 4th and Washington Av. ; St. Louis Union Trust, 4th and Locust Sts.; Security, 4th and Locust Sts.; Rialto, Olive and 4th Sts.; Laclede, Olive and 4th Sts.; Mississippi Valley Trust, 4th and Pine Sts.: Granite, 4th and Market Sts.; Gay, 3d and Pine Sts.; Roe, Broadvay and Pine St.: Houser, Broadway and Chestnut St.; Na- tional Bank of Commerce, Broadway and Olive St.; Commonwealth Trust, Broadway and Olive St.; Wells, Broadway and Olive St.; Me- chanics National Bank, Broadway and Locust St.; Mermod & .Taccard, Broadway and Locust ibt. ; Equitable, 6th and Locust Sts.; Oriel, 6th and Locust Sts.; Carleton, fith and Olive Sts.: Commercial, 6th and Olive Sts.; Missouri Pacific, 7th and Market Sts.; Lincoln Trust, 7th and Chestnut Sts.: M^ainwright, 7th and Chestnut Sts.; Columbia, 8th and Locust Sts.; Holland, 7th liet. Pine and Olive Sts.; Missouri Trust, 7th and Olive Sts.; Chemical, Sth and Olive Sts.; Mercantile Trust, 8th and Locust Sts.; Century. 9th, Olive to Locust Sts.; Frisco, 9th and Olive Sts.; Odd Fellows, 9th and Olive Sts.; Burlington, Olive bet. Sth and 9th Sts.; Benoist, 9th and Pine Sts.; Star, ] 2th and Olive Sts.; Studio, Jefferson and Washington Avs.; Y. M. C. A., Grand and Frank- lin Avs. ; Masonic Hall and Odeon, Grand bet. Bell and Finney Avs. Business District. — The principal business district of the city lies between Franklin Av. on the north, Market St. on the south and east of 13th St. Washington Av. is one of the best-built wholesale thor- oughfares in the world. Broadway, which has a total length of over 1.5 miles under that official name, and which extends about 22 miles all told, including streets which are virtual continuations of It, Is a leading north and south retail street. Olive St. is a prominent east and west avenue for retail trade. Cupples Station. — Most of the large wholesale grocery and many of the other jobbing lines are located In what is known as the Cupples Station, which is situated from 7th to 9th Sts. and from Clark Av. to Poplar St. Railroad switches enter these series of warehouses, which are alongside of the Terminal Association tracks. In this way the concerns occupying the ijuildings do their loading and unloading direct to and from the trains, thereby avoiding drayage and hauling charges and delays. The Cupples Station is unique in that no other city in the world possesses anything similar to it. Cab Rates — AVith one horse: 1 person, 1 mile, 25c; 2d m., 1 or 2 persons, 25c each; % mile additional, 1 or 2 persons, 15c; 1 stop, 10 min., free; additional stops of 10 min., 10c; small packages inside, free; carried outside, 10c. Per hour, within 3 m. of Court House, 1 or 2 persons, 75c; each additional Vi hr., 20c; beyond 3 m. limit, 1st hour, $1.00: each additional % hr., 25c. While waiting, per hr., 75c. With two horses; 1 person, 1 m., 50c; each additional m., 1 or 2 persons, 50c; per hr., I or 2 persons, $1.50; each additional hr., .$1.00: double fare from midnight to 6 a. m. The ordinance requires that rates must be kept posted in the ve- hicle. Passengers must notify driver when starting that they desire to use the vehicle by the hour, otherwise the driver may assume that he is hired by the mile. Strangers giving checks for baggage to drivers should note number of conveyance or the figure on the badge worn by the driver, and make an arrangement as to the tare in order to avoid misunderstanding. In case of trouble of any kind with the hacl , n r ;^ ; :-i:;,F-"** 0^ i <3«' *a ,00 ; uOtJ hOR bOC 1 bOT 1 ;•.'! - 105 — — 196- INDEX. OFFICIAL GUIDE. Authorized Cascades and Festival Hall (Frontispiece m Title Paee Aoknowledgrnents , Introductory The Exposition Builders Benefits of the Exposition, by President Louisiana Purchase Monument Pase. Administration Buildings 01-02 Building (Ul'n) V-i :S Admission fee 1-)"' Aeronautics 13" Agriculture. Palace of 85-S7 Palace of (Ill'n) 43 Dept. U. S. Government 102 Bui Idinsr. Philippine 121 Airship Contest 137 'Alabama 105 Alasica in.T Allen. John M 99 -■,- American Republics, Bureau of 103 Anthropology 92-93 "Apollo and the IVIuses" (Ill'n) 51 . -■ "Apotheosis of St. Louis" (Ill'n) 00 ' Aquatic Plants 3( Architects, Commission of ■ 22 Argentine '. 123 Ari zona 105 Building (Ill'n) lin Arkansas lOR Arrowhead Lake 120 ■i' Alhh^tic Events 158 Austria 123 Pavilion (Ill'n) 57 Autographs of Presidents lii:; Automobilists at Fair A4'j Babies. Checking 14R Baggage 145 Bapobos, Philippine 1t< Balloon Races 137 '» Bands at Exposition 1-12 Band Stands 145 Bank at Grounds 14fi Baseball Parks 17C Bazaar Chaj'ges Ti Beauvoir 109 Belgium 12j Pavilion (Ill'n) (12 Ben Chama Temple. Siam 13:; Bible. Oldest, Vatican 52 Big Guns, TJ. S. Government 102 Kiograph Exhibits. U. S. Go\'ernment.. 9S Bird Cao:e. Govemmpnt (Ill'n) 51^ Bird Cage. TT. S. Government 98 Block and House Numb^r-s 17f> Board of LarU' Managers 163 Board and Lodering 14R Boats and Gondolas 14fi Brazil 124 Pavilion (Ill'n) 66 British Pavilion (Ill'n) 74 BUILDINGS— Administration 12-91- 93 Anthropology 93 Congn-sses, Hall of 92 Physical Culture 92 Woman's 93 BUILDINGS: STATE AND TERRI- TORIAL, AND EXHIBITS 105-115 ' ' Alabama 105 Alaska 105-106 Arizona I'lS-lin Arkansas 106-113 California 101-10(5 ■Colorado : li'lS^ Connecticut 107-125 Georgia TJJ^ Idaho 107 Illinois 107-116 Indiana 107-12' Indian Territory 107-135 Iowa 107-129 Kansas 108-137 Kentucky 108-139 Louisiana lOS-l^l Maine lOS Ma ryland 109 Ma=5sachusetts 109 Michigan 1*^9 Minnesota 109-144 Franr'is ^.. . . Page. Mississippi 10!)- 145 Missouri In- 109 Montana 110-147- Nebraska Hi Nevada l) i-l-i!) New Jersey . 111-151 New Mexico m New York 111-153 North Cai'olina n 1 North Dakota ir* Ohio 112-157 Oklahoma 112-154 Oreeon U2 Pennsylvania 112-161 Porto Rico 115 Rhode Island 113-165 South Dakota 113-165 Tennessee I14 Texas 114 Utah 114-171 Vermont 114 Virginia lu Washington 115-174 West Virginia 115-16S Wisconsin 115-178 BUILDINGS: EXHIBIT PALACES OF THE EXPOSITION 63-104 Floor Plans of 1S3-19J Education and Social Economy 20-23-63- 64 Fine Arts 39-64-68 Liberal Arts 2,)-2o-fiS- 70 Manufactures 2S-70- 72 Varied Industries 30-72- 73 Electricity 32-73- 76 Machinery 35-76- 81 Transportation 38-81- 83 Mines and Metallurgy 20-41-83- S5 AgrieultUT-e 43-^5- S7 Horticulture 87- 89 Live Stock Buildings S9 Forestry. Fish and Game 45-89- 91 Anthropology 92- 93 United States Government 47-94-104- Government Fisheries 54-104 BUILDINGb: FOREIGN, AND EX- HIBITS 123-i:'3 Argentine 12;i Austria 57-123 Belgium 62-124 Brazil 66-124 Canada 71-12 1 Cevlon 76-125 China 77-127 Cuba 80-127 France 127 Germany S'>-i2^ Great Britain 74-12^* Holland 1^0 India 130 Italy .'^2-1311 Japan 84-131 Mexico 86-131 Nicaragua 93-i:'3 Russia 133 Siam 90-l?3 Sweden 133 Other Nations 131) Buildings. OfT-ir^e 177 Buildings, Public 17<: Bulgaria 133 Burns'. Robert. Cottage 148 Business District 177 Cabildo, The 108-141 Cab Rates 177 Cadets 144 California Dl-IOR Building (Ill'n) 101 Cameras and Kodaks 146 Camping" Grounds liO Camp Jackson 176 Canada 124 Pavilion (Ill'n) 71 pa!2;e. Capitol. The U. -S. Govt fo:! Cascade Gardens 36 Cement Building 84 Cemeteries 17S Ceylon 12f. Pavilion ail'n) 76 Cliarlottenburs" Gardens 39 Schloss. Germany 88-128 Checking Babies 146 Checking Booths 14f; Children. Lost 149 China 127 Chinese Garden 39 Pavilion (Ill'n) 77 Choral feocieties at Exposition 143 Chorus Contests 14o Classification of Exhibit Depts 15y Classified Information 145-155 ClothinK 146 Clubs. Political IIH Clubs. Social 178 Colombia 13:i Colorado lOB Colors. Official 146 Commerce and Labor. Dept. U. S. Government 95 Commerce Building. Philippine 121 Commission of Architects 22 Commissioners, United States 99 Commissioners to the Exposition. . .163-1*18 Commissioners, Foreign 163 Commissioners. State 164 Concerts, at Exposition 142 Concession Tickets 146 Congresses, International 15ft Connecticut li)7 Building (Ill'n) 125 Constabulary Guard. Philippine 117 Constitution House 114-148 Consuls. Foreign ..179 Conventions, Special Days and l-:i5-159 Costa Rica 1?.^ Cost of Trip 61 "Cowboy at Rest" (Ill'n) 72 "Cowbovs Shooting" 134 Cuba 127 Pavilion (Ill'n) 80 Cupples Station 177 Dav iSiEchts 9 Days, at the Exposition. Ten 59- 6l Dead Letter Oflnee. U, S. Govt 95 Decorati\'e Lighting 57 "Defiant Indian" (IH'n) 19 Denmark 133 Desert Garden 37 De Soto (Ill'n) 69 Directors of the Exposition, Board of.. 162 Disciples of Christ Chapel 136 Distillery in Operation 147 Dog Eaters. Philippine 118 Dry Dock. U. S. Govt 100 Education Building. Philippine 120 Education. Palace of (IlTn) 2a Education, Palace of 63- 64 Egypt 133 Electrical Effects 55-57 Electricity. Palace of (IlTn) 32 Electricity, Palace of 73-76 Emblem. Official 147 English Garden ?.! Entrances to Grounds IS- 19 Ethiopia 133 Ethnology Building. Philippine 121 E.vent Comnif^morated 170 Executive Divisions of Exposition.. . ..ir2 Exhibit Depts., riassifir^ation of 159 Expenditure. Estimates of 9 EXPOSITION— Administration 91- 92 Airship Contests 137 Anthropology 92- 93 Athletic Events of 15S Board of Directors of 162 Classification of Exhibits 159 Classified Information of the 145-155 Commissioners to 163-16S Comparison of 9 Dav Sights and Night Scenes 9 Electrical Effects 55- 57 Entranopf tn IS- 19 Estimates of Expenditure ,. .. 9 Event Commemorated 170 Executive Divisions nf tb.- 1i;2 Exhibits, Displays. Amusom. nts n rafrc. Exhibit Palaces of 63-lu4 Benefits of ;■ vv ■.i:i -; \hV ^■v> Foreign Bldgs. and Exhibits J4 i' 7 Fraternal and Special Buildings. .136-137 How to Reach ^^^'^,, Military at the ^lyVA Music at the '■^^H Of^cers of ■■■■••■■ icAi^, Organization of the.... ^^^'}B Origin and History of ilZ'ift Philippine Encampment ^^'"iH Physical Culture ioi'i?? The Pike "i"^F Plan and Scope of :~%'^}} )Sp^cial Days of 135-159 Special Events ■ -.. U Special Features of Interest 40-53 State and Territorial Exhibits — 105-11-' Ten Days at 59- 61 U. S. Government 94-104 Women at the 138-142 Express Charges 179 Express Companies 147-179 Facts About St. Louis 172-182 Fair Grounds, How to Reach 13-15- 16 FEATURQS OF INTEREST— Special 40- 53 Fi ] ter Plant 149 Fine Arts. Palace of 64 Palace of (Ill'n) 39 Fire Protection 147 Fish and Game Exhibit 91 Fish Propagation. U. S. Govt 104 Fisheries. U. S. Govt 104 Floor Plans. Exhibit Palaces 1S3-196 Floral Exhibit 89 Foreign Commissioners 163 Foreign Consuls 179 Forestry Building. Philippine 12n Forestry, Fish and Game. Palace of.S9- 91 Palace of (Ill'n) 45 Fountain of Neptune (Ill'n) 7n of Venus (Ill'n) 70 Fraternal and Special Building.^.. . .136-137 French Garden 37 Game. ^Vild 91 Game and Fisheries Bldg.. Philippine. .12i» Garbage Plant l-tS GARDENS— Aquatics 37 Cascade 36 Chine.5e 39 Desert 37 English 37 Frc:nch (Versailles) 3. German (Charlottenburg) 39 Japanese (Mikado's) 39 Landscape and 36- 39 Rose 36 Summer 182 Sunken 3fi Wild 37 Georgia 10. German Garden 39 German Pavilion (lU'n) 8S Germany 12^' Gold Coins. Souvenir 152 Government Bird Cage (IH'n) 5i'. Government Building, Philippine 121 Government Board. IT. s 163 Grand Trianon. France 127 Grant's Cabin 148 Great Britain 129 Grounds, General Aspect of 21- 22 Trip Around 24-26 Guard, Jefferson 14^ Hayti 133 Head-Hunters. Philippine lis Health Bureau. U. &. Govt ion "Hermitage," The 114-148 Historic Buildings 1^8 Holland 130 Homes, Handsome 179 Honduras i3;j Horticulture. Palace of ^ 87-89 Hospital. Philippine 121 Hotels ISO House of Hoo-Hoo 136 Hungary 13;^ Idaho 107 Igornte Dog Feast (II Tn) nj Village, Philippine US Page. ...107 ...11« ininola -Buiidinff (ril'n) *"'.'. IX^LUSTRATIONS— Administration Building . . Alaska Building- "AdoHo and tliu Muses"...!.' "Apotheosis of St. Louis" Arizona Building Arkansas Building Austrian Pavilion Bele:lan Pa-vilion ^^ Brazilian PaWlion . . G6 British Pavilion 74 Building a Mon> \'UhLj^>- (lU'n) 122 Cahfuj-nia Building loi Canadian Pavilion 71 Cascades and Festival Hall- Frontispiece. Ceylon Pavilion 7g Chinese Pavilion " 77 Connecticut Building "l"-. "Cowboy at Rest" 72 Cuban I'avilion gu ■Defiant Indian" 19 "De Soto" , gu Kxposition Builders ,'/' g "Fountain of Neptune" 78 "Fountain of Venus" 79 Cerman Pavilion gy Government Bird Cage 5B Government Fisheries .04 Igorote Dog Feast ll-^ Illinois Building l]i; Indiana Building 12o Indian Territcir\- Building 135 Iowa Building 12^ Italian Pavilion 82 Japanese Pavilion Hi Kansas Building 137 Kentucky Building 1?,':, J^iberty Bell 49 Louisiana Building 141 Louisiana fuiwhay.- Munuinent S Mexican Building 86 Minnesota Building 144 Mississippi Building 14r. Missouri Building 10 Montana Building 147 "Music" 46 "Napoleon" 23 National World's Fair Commis- sioners 95 Nevada Building 14'i New Jersey Building 151 New York Building I53 Nicaragutin Pavilion 93 Ohio Building 157 Oklahoma Building 154 Opening Day Ceremonies 17 Palace of Agriculture 43 Palace of Bducation 2:; Palace of Electricity 32 Palace of Fine Arts 39 Palace of Forestry. Fisli and Game,, 45 Palace of Liberal Arts 2.' Palace of Machinery 3." Palace of Manufactures 2S Palace of Mines and Metallurgy 41 Palace of Transportation 38 Palace of Varied Industries :-.n At Night 5S P-nnsvlvania P.uilding 181 ■•Ph\-sical Libr-ftv" 9.* Plaza of St. Louis ] + "Power" 53 Bhode Island Building Iflr. "St. Louis" and Scroll. . .Cover Design "St. Louis and Guiding /Spirits" 1S3 Siamese Pavilion 9n South Dakota Building inr. "Spirit of the Atlantic" U, "Spirit of the Pacific" 96 T'nited States Government Building.. 47 T'' S Govt. Indian School .".0 ntah Building 17T "Victorv" 133 View on Lagoon 20 AVashington Buihiing ■ 174 West Viiginia Building 168 "Wisconsdn Building 178 India n') Indiana 107 T;uildi)ig airn) IL'O Ii,,ii.-m School, U, S. Govt 50-93 Indian Objects, U. S. Govt 9S ?age. Indian Territory 107 Building (U)Vn) 13- Informatton, Classified 145-l.S.O Interior Dept.. U. &'. Govt 98 International Congresses 159 Intramural Railway. Points of Inter- est on 2G Intramural Road 14s Intramural. Trip on 24 Iowa 1(17 Building (IH'n) i2<( Italy 1311 Italian Pavilion (IlTn) 82 Japan i;[] Japanese Pavilion iBI'n) .'.'..'.".".'." 84 Garden 39 Jefferson Barracks !' "i7(; Davis Mansion lU^t-HH Guard 14s Justice. Dept. ol" U. S.. Govt lOii Kandian Temple. Ceylon 12.- Kan-sas ing Building (lU'n) ". i';'; Kentucky lo^ Building {lU'n) !!;i3'* Kodaks, Cameras and Uti Lady Managers. Board of 138-16:; Lagoons 14s Landscape and Gardens 36- 3'( La Rabida 106-14S Liberal Arts, Palace of (lU'n) 2'i Palace of 68-7(1 Libertv Bell 40 Bell flll'n> 4y Library of Congress, U. S. Govt 9", Libraries isii Life Saving Service, U. S. Gavt ...'."" nm Live i=;tock Exhilnt §9 Louisiana ms Building. The Oabildo (Ili'n) ...'■.'." '141 Purchase Exposition, Officers of 160 Purchase Monument g Lost Children in-y Property '\."> Lunch Boxes 1411 Macabebes, Philippine lis Machinery, Palace of 76- SI Palace of (lU'n) 35 Maine lo^s Manila House. Philippine '."."'^[9^ Manufactures, Palace of 70- T' Palace of ail'n) 2S Maps and Documents. Vatican 53 Marine Corps, U. S. Govt 102-154 Maryland i09 Massachusetts lO'i Medical Assistance i.'ii Metal Pavilion . 85 Mexico ','.131 Mexican Pavilion (lU'n) " 8fi Michigan ^0'^ Midgets. The. Philipnino '120 Military, at the Exposition 144 Mines and Metallurgy, Palace of. .. .S3- 8r> Palace of flll'n) 4I Mining Building. Ph Hi rapine ^2't Mining Gulcb 84- 8^^ Minnesota in't Building (Ili'n) 144 IMississiopi 109 Building (IITn) 145 Iilissouri lof) Building (lU'n) 10 I\Indel Foundry 8.". Model Street 46- 4S Montana iin Building (Ili'n) U7 "Monti cello" n4-14,'< Monuments, in St, Louis 181 Louisiana Purchase 8 Moros. Philiiinine ns More Village (Ili'n) 122 Morocco i::3 Mosaics, Vatican r2 Museum of Arts ISl Music, Bureau of 142 Music at the Exposition 112-14:; "Music" (IH'n) 46 "Napoleon" (IH'n) 22 National Commi<^sion (lU'n) 99 National Guard 14^ ]■■ Navy Department. U. &'. Govt luO Nebraska Ill No)?riios. Pliillppine I2'i Neptune. Fountain of 78 Nevada Ill r.uilLiinp: (Iirn) 149 New Jersey Ill Building (IIFn) ISl New Mexico Ill Newspapers 181 New York Ill Building (IIFn) 153 New Zealand 133 Nicaragua 133 Pavilion (Ill'n) 93 North Carolina Ill North Dakota 11^ Office Buili?ing;s 177 Ollicery. Luuiyiana Purchase Exposi- tion 160 Oliio 11 ii Buil.lins (Ill'n) 157 OklaJioma 113 Building (Iirn) ir.4 Oldest Bible. Vatican 52 Olympic Uames 13S-l"iO Committee, International 138 Olympiad. The Third 13S Opening' Dav Ceremonies (Ill'n) 17 0^an^'ery. The. Great Britain 74-12& Orchestra. Elxposition 142 Oregon n ii Organ Kecitals 143 Organists, at Exposition 143 Orgranization. Philippine 121 of the Exposition 160-168 Orifiin of Exposition Iii9 Outdoor Forestry 90 Palaces of the Exposition. Exhibits. .63-104 Panama Canal. Model of h''^ Parade Grounds. Military 14-t ParaiETuay l'^^> Parcels and Packages 150 Parks. Baseball 176 Patent Office. U. S. Govt 98 Pennsylvania 112 Building (Ill'n) 161 Persia 133 Peru 133 Philippine Board 121 PHILIPPINE ENCAMPMENT ....117-123 Building a Moro Village (Ill'n) 122 Igorote Dog Feast (Ill'n) 119 Photographs of Soldiers, U. S. Govt 95 Physical Culture 138 Physical Liberty (Ill'n) 95 Pictures by Women 142 Pike. The 131-136 Plants Used in Exposition 154 Plaza of Orleans 2G Plaza of St. Anthony 24 Plaza of St. Louis (Ill'n) 14 Portugal 133 Post Offices 150 Post Office Dept., U. S. Govt 94-95 "Power" (Ill'n) 5S Press Buildins l'>a Propertv. Lost 1 iD Public Buildings 176 Pu Lun's, Prince. Pa.vilion 127 Race Tracks 182 Radium Demonstrations, U. l^. Govt 98 Ftailroads. Steam and Street 13 Railroad Fares, Reduced 150 Relief Map. Philippine 121 Restnurants l.'.O-l.'il Rhode Island 113 Building (IH'n) 16S River Bridges 182 Trips 151 Roads, at the Fair 151 Roller Chairs 153 Roosevelt Cabin 112-148 Rose Garden 36 Russia 133 Ran Domingo 133 San Salvador 133 Sanitation, at Exposition 152 S.-hloss. ("'harlottenl.uru- (Tll'n) SS Sriir.PTURE. on Buildings and Grounds 27- 34 Sculpture Hall 65 Sea-Coast Defense Diills. U. S, Govt., 102 .117 Scouts, Philippine ,., Shishinden Palace. Japan ^;^.J Si am V,;; ■^ q(i Siamese Pavilion (111 n •■■■,■,■■; li Smithsonian Institute. U. b. G^.vt 9S Smoking i'l^ South Dakota |^e Building (Ill'n) f^^ Souvenir Gold Corns Souvenir Stamps .152 Special Days and Conventiun^ ^^■'' S •■Spiiit or Missouri." The 109 Spirit r,r tht Atlantic 111 n) 97 Spirit of the PaciHc (111 n) ............ ..96 "St I.ouis and GuiflinK Sijnits (III ni.lSj St. Louis, Facts About j.;'';?"l§; St Louis Transit System l.j-l.i- 16 Stadium iii SiafT 1'2 Stamps. Souvenir 152 State, IJopt. ot U. S. Govt lOo State and Territorial Com'rs 164 Statuary by Women 14'l Statue nt Liberty. U. S. Govt 100 Suburban System 16 Sunken Garden 36 Sutberia nd 107-14S Sweden 133 Telegraph Stations I'lo Telephones. Public 153 Temple of Fraternity 136 Ten Days at the Exposition S9- 61 Tennessee 114 Territorial (and State) BuildinKs, , . ,105-ll-i Testing Range 91 Texas 114 Theaters 182 Ticket Offices l"'i Toilet Rooms 1S4 Tomb of Etmad-Dowlah. India 130 Totem Poles (.Alaska) 105 T. P. A. BuildinE 136 Transportation, Palace of SI- 83 Palace of (Ill'n) 3S Trar^sportation to Grounds 13 Within the Grounds 154 Treasury Department. U. S, Goyt 100 Trip. Cost of 61 Turkey 133 Union Station 1S2 U. S. GOVERNMENT— BuildlnKs and Exhibits 94-l(H Buildine: lllrn) 47 Commissioners 163 Fisheries (Ill'n) 54 Indian School 93 Indian School (Ill'n) 50 U. S. Marine Corps Iii2-ir.4 i;tah lit Building (Ill'n) 171 Validating (Ticket) Offices I.i4 Varied Industries. Palace of (IH'n) 30 At Night (Ill'n) 5S Palace of 72- 7S Vehicles IS.'i Venezuela 133 Venus. Fountain of 79 \'ermont 114 Versailles. Gardens of 37 •■Vlot,ory" llll'n) 132 Vi^rt' on Lagoon (Ill'n) 20 Virginia ,114 VIsayan \'illage. Philippine US War Department. U. S. Govt 102 War Museum S3 ^\'ashington Tl'i Building (Ill'n) 174 Headquarters 111-14S Weather ]S3 Webster, Daniel. House of US West Point Exhibit, U. S. Govt 102 West Virginia 11.1 Building llll'n) 168 Wild Game Exhibit 91 Wild Garden 37 AV'Isconsin 115 Building (Ill'n) 17S \\'oinan at the Exposition 13S \\'onian's Anchorage 137 A^'omen. Statuary by 140 Yellowstone Park. LT. S, Govt 98 ■DEACON-HULL P