Qfatncll IntoeraitH ffiibrarg Jttjara, N;w Qnrk CorneU UnWersUy Ubrary AG5 .W56 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029685181 FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS: MISCELLANEOUS INFOEMATIOI, INCLUDING THE KAMES OF CELEBRATED STATUES, PAINTINGS, PALACES, COUNTRY-SEATS, EUINS, CHURCHES, SHIPS, STREETS, CLUBS, NATURAL CURIOSITIES, AND THE LIKE. BEGUN (BUT LEFT UNFINISHED) By WILLIAM A. "WHEELER. COMPLETED AND EDITED Bt CHARLES G. WHEELER. He that undertakes to compile a Dictionary undertakes that which, if it comprehends the fuli extent of his design, he knows himself unable to perform. Yet his labors, though deficient, may be useful. — Johnson. Les monuments sont les crampons qui unlaaent une g6n^ration k une autre. — JousBRT. BOSTON: JAMES E. OSGOOD AND COMPANY. 1882. CORNEiX\ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY^ C0PTKI8HT, 1881, By JAMES R. OSGOOD AST) COMPANY. All rights reserved. Electroiyfed and Printed iy Rand, Avery, &' Co., 117 Franklin Street, Boston. PREFACE. This Handbook of Miscellaneous Information was first announced by Mr. William A. Wheeler in the preface to his "Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction," to which it was designed to be a companion volume. Its design and scope are sufBcientl}' indicated by the title it bears and by the words of the original announcement referred to above : viz., " the author has been urged to extend his plan so as to include . . . the names of celebrated statues, paintings, palaces, country-seats, churches, ships, streets, clubs, and the like ; inasmuch as such names are of very common oc- currence in books and newspapers, and, for the most part, are ' not alphabetically entered and explained in encyclopae- dias, dictionaries, or gazetteers." A large amount of notes and memoranda in a considerably advanced state (as weU as completed MS.) was left by Mr. Wheeler at his death ; and the present editor has endeavored to carry out the work m strict accordance with the original plan. One only needs to glance at the pages of any prominent writer, or at the citations here given, to see how full they are of allusions to buildings, pictures, statues, streets, and the like, for which the ordinary reader has no explanation at hand, and which this book aims so far as possible to ex- plain. The same holds true of the columns of the magazines and daily newspapers, where there are repeated allusions to IV PREFACE. objects of intei-est — and unaccompanied by any explanation — of which a very well-informed person might excusably be ignorant, and concerning which he has no ready means of obtaining information, unless through the medium of a book like this. The rapid increase of travel, bringing with it acquaintance with foreign treasures of art, together with the growing taste for photographic and heliot3rpe reproductions of works of art, have made many persons familiar with the names of pictures, statues, and buildings, while, at the same time, they may be ignorant of the artists, or the situations of the objects. As the number of objects, in the classes above mentioned, to which reference is made in books, newspapers, and con- versation, is almost innumerable, the task of selection has been very difficult. As a rule, institutions, buildings, and other objects which bear names closely identified with those of the places where they are situated, have been excluded, for the reason that information in regard to such can be found with comparative ease by any ordinary reader. Geo- graphical names have also been, for the most part, excluded ; it not being the intention to encroach to any considerable extent upon the province of the gazetteer or geography. Some purely geographical objects, however, which are the subject of frequent allusion in literature, have been included. Names in foreign languages have been frequently omitted, and the objects entered under the English equivalents, as the latter are more generally known to the ordinary reader. This is the case particularly with the names of works of art. As regards the insertion of names which may possibly be considered by some of minor importance, the words of the preface to the companion volume (the " Noted Names of Fiction") are precisely applicable here, and will explain the principle which has governed the compilers' action: "To what extent names of secondary importance should be in- cluded, was a question difficult to determine. . . . Some PEEFACB. V favored a selected list of the more important names onlj- ; others, and the greater number, recommended a much wider scope. A middle course is the one that has been actually followed. It is evident that many articles which may seem to one person Of very questionable importance, if not wholly unworthy of insertion, will be held by another to be of special value, as throwing light upon passages which to him would otherwise be perplexing or obscure." The sources of the information used in the preparation of this Dictionary are far toQ numerous to be here specified. Whenever a statement has been taken in great part from any one author, it has been carefully collated and verified with information obtained from independent sources, and has been changed and abridged according to circumstances. No hesi- tation has been felt, however, in the occasional use of an author's exact language when the desired information has been found already stated in what seemed the form best suited to the requirements of the case. It is evident that a work of this kind, which, like its predecessor, is believed to be unique, and which, like that volume, must be compiled without having the advantage of any similar work upon which it might be based, and from which materials might be drawn, must of necessity be more or less imperfect. No pretence is made to completeness, for the field of survey is indefinitely 'large, while the size of the book is definitely limited; but it is hoped and confidently believed that there will be found comparatively few omissions of the most noteworthy objects of interest in the several classes which are treated. Chakles G. Wheelee. Boston, June, 1881. FAMILIAE ALLUSIONS. A. Aaron's Tomb. The time-hon- ored tomb of the Hebrew high- priest is situated upon Mount llor, in Arabia Petrsea. The . present tomb is o£ comparatively modern date, but is composed of the ruins of an older structure. The place has been held sacred for many centuries, and unbroken tradition tends to substantiate the belief that this is really the place where Aaron died and was buried. Abbaye. [Fr. Prison de I'Abbaye.] A military prison, near St. Ger- main des Pre's, in Paris, built in 1522, and demolished in 1854. Here the French Guards who had refused to fire on the people were imprisoned in 1789, but soon released by the mob. One of the well-known revolutionary cries was "A r Abbaye ! " Here 164 prisoners were murdered in Sep- tember, 1792, by infuriated repub- licans under Maillard. Abbey. For names beginning with the word Abbey, see the next prominent word of the title. Abbotsford. The residence of Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), near Melrose in Scotland. It is on the banks of the Tweed, but does not command a, fine view. It is in- teresting chiefly from its connec- tion with the great novelist, and because it contains some valuable relics. The expense of the pur- chase and building of Abbotsford, and the extended hospitality which Scott practised there, was the chief source of his subsequent pecuniary difficulties. It was Scott's ambition to attempt to revive old times in this mansion on the Tweed, and to play the part of one of those feudal lords whom he has so well portrayed in his works. JS^ " Viewed as a mere speculation, or, for aught I know, as an architectu- ral effort, this building may perhaps be counted as a raistalie and a failure. I observe that it is quite customary to speak of it, among some, as a pity that he ever undertook it. But viewed as a development of his inner life, as a working out in wood and stone of favorite fancies and cherished ideas, the building has to me a deep interest. The gentle-hearted poet delighted him- self in it; this house was his stone and wood poem, as irregular perhaps, and as contrary to any established rule, as his ' Lay of the Last Minstrel,' but still wild and poetic. The building has this interest, that it was through- out bis own conception, thought, and choice; that he expressed himself iu every stone that was laid,' and made it a kind of shrine, into which he wove all his treasures of antiquity, and where he imitated, from the beautiful old mouldering ruins of Scotland, the parts that had touched him most deeply. The walls of one room were of carved oak from the Dunfermline Abbey; the ceiling of another imitated from liosUn Castle; here a fireplace was wrought in the image of a favorite niche in Mel- rose; and there the ancient pulpit of Erskine was wrought into a wall. To him, doubtless, every object in the house was suggestive of poetic fancies." J/rs. II. B, Stowe. Abelard and Eloise. See Tomb OF Abelakd and Eloise. Aberbrothook. See Abekoath Abbey. Abooseer. See Kock of Aboo- SEEB. 1 ABO ACE Aboo-Simbel. See Temple op Aboo-Simbel. Aboaliek, Lady of. See Lady of Aboshek. Abraham, Heights (or Plains) of. An eminence in the vicinity of Quebec, Canada, where on the i:ith of September, 1759, was fought a battle between the Eng- lish (who were Tictorious), under Gen. Wolfe, and the French, under the Marquis de Montcalm. Both commanders were killed, and amonunient40feetin height, to the memory of Wolfe, marks the spot where he fell. To many the rock over which Wolfe climbed to 'the Plaijts of Abraham, and on the summit of which lie tell in the hour of victory, gives to Quebec its chiefest charm. Ajithony Trolhpe. Abraham's House. The name given by the Jews to a ruined structure at Ramet-el-Khulil, Syria, which they identify as the spot where the patriarch pitched his tent beneath the oak of Mamre. Abraham's Oak. An ancient oak or terebinth which long stood on the plain of Marare, near Hebron in Syria, and was believed to be that under which the patriarch pitched his tent. It was for cen- turies an object of worship, to put an end to which the Emperor Constantino is said to have or- dered a basilica to be erected. A writer of tlie seventh century speaks of the church, and of the oak which stood by it. Absalom's Tomb. A sepulchral monument near Jerusalem, popu- larly called by this name. It has a structural spire in place of the usual pyramidal roof. Xt£^ " The capitals and frieze are so distinctly Lite Rom.in, that we can feel no hesitation as to the date being either of the age of Herod, or subsequent to that time." Ferg^isson, Abydos, Tablet of. See Tablet OF Abydos. Aoademia. [Academy.] A sub- urban and rural gymnasium in ancient Athens, said to have been named from one Hecademus. It was here that Plato established his famous school, B.C. 388. The place retained something of its old repute as late as to the sec- ond or third century of the Chris- tian era, and has bequeathed its name to the modern institutes of learning and art. See there the olive grove of Academe, Plato's retirement, wliere the Atticlc bird Trills her thick-warbled notes the sum- mer long MtUon. Uo round-robin sipned by the wliole raain-deck of the Academy or the Porch. lie Qiiincey. Nearer and dearer to the poet's heart, . Than the bine ripple beltinff Salamis, Or long grass waving over -M anitbon, Fair Academe, most holy Academe, Thou art, and hast been, and shalt ever be. Edwin Arnold. Academy, Academie, or Aceade- mia. For names beginning with either of these words, see the next prominent word of the title. See also infra. Academy of Design. See Nation- al Academy of Design. Academie Fraucaise- [French Academy.] One of the five acad- emies embraced in the Institut, the most important learned so- ciety of France. It is devoted to matters relative to the French language, and particularly to the composition of its Dictionary. This celebrated society owes its origin to the Cardinal Eichelieu. The first edition of the Dictionary appeared in 1694, the last in 1835. The Academy is composed of forty members, called the forty Immortels. In consequence of often having recruited its num- bers from the ranks of those lit^ erary men whose careers were ended, the Academy has been sometimes called the Hotel des Invalides of literature. Acadia. The original name of Nova Scotia, and that by which it is often poetically designated. The forced removal of the French inhabitants of Acadia, in 1755, has been made by Longfellow the subject of his poem of " Evan- geline." Aceldama. [Field of Blood.] The reputed site of the "field of blood, '^ bought with the " thirty pieces of silver," the price of the ACH ADA ■betrayal of the Saviour (Matt, xxvii.), is on the side of the hill opposite the Pool of Siloam, near Jerusalem. There is here a long vaulted structure, of heavy ma- sonry, in front of a precipice of rock. The interior is dug out to a depth of perhaps 20 feet, form- ing a huge charnel-house into which the bodies of the dead were thrown. It is traditionally of the time of Jerome. The soil was thought to consume the bodies within twenty-four hours. The place is no longer used for burial. And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called, in their proper tongue, Aceldama, • that is to say. The Held of blood. Acls i. 19. Achilles. A noted colossal statue in the corner of Hyde Park, London, nearly opposite Apsley House. It was cast from cannon taken at Salamanca and Vittoria. Achilles, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Dec. 24, 1863. Achilles and Briseis. A celebrat- ed picture painted in distemper, found at Pompeii, Italy, of which there is a well-known engraving. Now in the Museum at Naples. Acrooorinthus. A hill nearly 1,900 feet in height, near Corinth, Greece, which for 3,000 years has served as the citadel of that place. Hieron writes of the Corinth of ancient times, " There was hardly a stronger fortress in all Greece, and perhaps no spot afforded a more splendid view than the Acroeorinthus. Beneath it might be seen the busy city and its ter- ritory, with its temples, its thea- tres, and its aqueducts; its two harbors, Lechieum on the west- ern bay, Cenchreae on the eastern, filled with ships, and the two bays themselves, with the isth- mus between them, all in sight." stranger, wilt thou follow now. And sit with me on Acro-Corinth's brow ? Byron. I stood upon that great Acropolis, The turret-gate of Nature's citadel. Where once again, ft-om 9laver3''s thick abyss Strangely delivered, Grecian warriors awen. lord Houahton Acropolis. [The upper or higher city.] 1. The ancient citadel of Athens, Greece, said to have been built by the mythical Cecrops. It was at the same time the fort- ress, sanctuary, and museum of the city. Here are the remains, in a ruined state, of three tem- ples,— the Temple of Victorv, the Parthenon, and the Erecth'e- um. Fragments of the Propyliea are still standing. .8®= " Imagine a rocky height, rising precipjti3usly from the plain, so as to be inaccessible 6n all sides but tbe west, where it ie approached Isy a gentle slope; give it an elevation of 350 feet above tbe vale of Jithens, and 569 above the sea, a length of about 950 feet fiom east to west, and a breadth of 430 from north to south. This is tbe Acropolis." T. Chase. J8®" " From the gates of its Acropolis, as from a mother-city, issued intel- lectual colonies into every region of the world. Ihese buildings now be- fore us, ruined as they are at present, have served for 2,000 years as models for the most admired fabrics in every civilized country of the world." C. Wordsworth. Or could the bones of all the slain, Who perished there, be piled again. That rival pyramid would rise More mountain-like, through those clear skies, Than yon tower-capped Acropolis, Which seems tlie very clouds to kiss. Byron. He said to the young lady, however, that the State House was the Parthenon of our Acropolis, which seemed to please her, for she smiled, and he reddened a lit- tle, — so I thought. Holmes. 2. [Of Argos.] A conical hill in Greece, nearly 1,000 feet in height. It was called Larissa in ancient times. A ruined castle on the summit preserves some fragments of the noted Acropolis of Argos. 3. [Of Corinth.] See Acro- oorinthus. ActsBon. See Diana and Action. Adam and Eve. An engraving by Albert Durer (1471-1528). In the gallery of Vienna, Austria. There is also a painting on the same subject by the same artist ADA ADM in the Madrid gallery. Still an- other example, of great beauty, is in the Pitti Palace in Florence. An early copy or replica, which has sometimes passed for an original, is in the gallery of May- ence. Adam and Eve. Celebrated fres- coes by Michael Angelo Buona- rotti (1475-156i), representing the creation of Adam and Eve. In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Adam and Eve. A picture by Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- chio (1480-1528), which has been attributed to Giorgione. It is in the Brunswick gallery. • Adam and Eve. A fresco in the Loggie of the Vatican, Home, executed by Giulio Romano (1492-1546), after a design by Raphael. Adam and Eve. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoret- to (1512-1594). In the Academy at Venice, Italy. Adam and Eve. See Fall of Adam and Eve. Adams, Fort. See Fokt Adams. Adelphi, The. The name given to a series of streets on the south side of the Strand, London. See Adelphi Terrace. Ho [Martin Chuzzlewit] found himself, about an hour before dawn, in the hum- bler retjions of tlac Adelphi; and, address- ing himself to a man in a fur cap, who ■was taking down tire shutters of an ob- scure public-house, inquired if be could have a bed there. Dickens. Adelphi Terrace. This terrace in London occupies part of what was formerly the site of Durham House and its gardens, and is so called from the Greek a6sA<)>oi (brothers) in commemoration of its founders, John, Robert, James, and William Adam (1768). It is approached by four streets, known as John, Robert, James, and "William streets, after the Christian names of the brothers. David Garrick and Topham Beauclerk died in the terrace. jCST "There is always, to this day, a sudden pause in that place to the roar of the great thoroughfare. The many Bounds become so deadened that the change is like putting cotton in the ears, or having the head thickly muffled." Dickens. Adelphi Theatre. A well-known place of dramatic entertainment in the Strand, London, first opened in 1806, rebuilt and en- larged in 1858. Bless me ! when I was a lad. the stage was covered with angels who sang, acted, and danced. When 1 remember the Adel- phi, and the actresses there ! Tliackeray, Adelsberg Grotto. See Gkotto OF Adelsberg. Adersbach Eocks. A remarkable natural curiosity, perhaps un- equalled in its kind in Europe, near the village of the same name in Bohemia. It consists of mass." es of sandstone extending over a tract five or six miles in length by three in breadth, and divided by all manner of openings and clefts. " You walk, as it were, in a narrow street, with immense smooth walls on each side of you, opening liere and there into squares, whence is obtained a view of the countless number of giant rocks which surround you on all sides." Such is the intri- cacy of the passages, that the region is a perfect labyrinth, from which extrication is very difficult, unless one is attended by a guide. Admiralty, The. The building in which is conducted the busi- ness of the Admiralty, in AVbite- hall, London. It occupies the site of 'WaUingford House. The street front was built about 1726 by Thomas Ripley, and the stone screen towards the street was de- signed in 1776 by the brothers Adam. See under Klpley rise a new Whitehall, While Jones' and Boyle's united labors fall. Pope. Admiralty Pier. A magnificent breakwater of granite at Dover, England, one of the greatest works of the kind in the world. It extends nearly half a mile into the sea. The work was begun iu 1844, and is not yet finished. Admiralty Square. A famous square in St. Petersburg, Russia, around which are grouped the ADO ADO most important buildings and monuments of the city. It is about one mile in length by a quarter of a mile in breadth. Adonis. An admired, statue by Thorwaldsen (1770-1844). In the Glyptothek at Munich, Bavaria. Adoration of the Kings. See Adoration of the Magi. Adoration of the Xiamb. A re- markable altar-piece begun by Hubert van Eyck (1366-1426), the Flemish painter, but left unfin- ished by him. It was painted for Jodocus Vydts, burgomaster of Ghent, and Ijis wife Elizabeth, for their mortuary chapel in the Cathedral of St. Bavon at Ghent, Belgium. It consisted of two rows of separate panels, the sub- ject of the upper picture being the Triune God with the I^oly Virgin and the Baptist at his side, and the lower central picture showing the Lamb of the Eeve- lation, " whose blood flows into a cup; over it is the dove of the Holy Spirit; angels who hold the instruments of the Passion wor- ship the Lamb, and four groups, each consisting of many persons, advance from the sides. ... In the foreground is the fountain of • life; in ,the distance the towers of the heavenly Jerusalem." This work no longer exists as a whole, the separate parts having been dispersed, and some of them lost. The centre pictures and two of the panels are still at Ghent, while others of the pic- tures are among the chief attrac- tions of the Museum of Berlin. After the death of Hubert van Eyck, the pictures which were unfinished were completed by his younger brother Jan van Eyck. An excellent copy of this altar- piece was made, about a century after its completion, for Philip II. of Spain; but the panels of this work, like those of the origi- nal, have been dispersed, some being in the Berlin Museum, others being in the possession of the King of Bavaria, and others still at the Hague. There is also a copy in the Antwerp Iifciseum. «®- " This [Van Eyck's Adoration of the Lamb] . . . may be considered as in some respects the highest exposi- "tion of all representations of this class, however marked by the then growing corruptions and inconsistencies of re- ligious art. The merit of this picture, which is exquisite in execution and ex- pression, is the earnest reality of cer- tain portions : its fault is the incon- gruous symbolism and convention of others." Lady Easllake. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). [Ital. UAdorazione de' Magi, L'Epifania; Ger. Die Anbetunr/ der Weisen aus dem Morgeydand, Die heilige drei Eonigen; Fr. L' Adoration des Rois Mages.'] A very common subject of represen- tation by the great mediaeval painters, who portrayed the visit of the three wise men from thei East to Bethlehem, with their gifts of gold and frankincense and myrrh, according to the ac- count in Matt. ii. 1-12. .6^ " In the first place, who were these Magi, or these kings as they are sometimes styled? ' To suppose,' s.iya the antique legend, 'that they were called Magi because they were addicts ed to magic, or exercised unholy or forbidden acts, would be, heaven save us! a rank heresy.' No! Magi, in the Persian tongue, signifies ' wise men.' They were in their own country kings or princes, as it is averred by all the ancient fathers. ... In the legends of the fourteenth century, the kings bad become distinct personages, under the names of Caspar (or Jasper), Melchior, and Baltbasar." Mrs, Jameson. Of numerous compositions on this subject, the following may be named as among the more noted. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture by Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1450 ?). In the Academy at Florence, Italy. id®" "The first real picture in the series is the Adoration of the Magi by Gentile da Fabriano, a really splen- did work in all senses, with noble and beautiful figures in it." Hawthorne. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A remarkable altar-picture by Jan van Eyck (1390-1440). In the gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). ADO ADO An altar-piece, with wings, by Stephan Lochner, called Meister Stephan (d. 1451), a German painter, and regarded as his prin- cipal work. It was originally painted for a chapel ol the Hotel de Ville, but has been for many years in a chapel of the choir of Cologne Cathedral. Adoration of the Magi {Kings). A picture by Giovanni da Fiesole, called Fra Angelico (1387-145S). In the Museum of St Mark, Flor- ence, Italy. Adoration of the Magi (Kings) 1. A celebrated picture by Roger vau der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter, and one of the largest and finest works of that master. The Annunciation and the Presentation in the Temple are represented in the wings of the picture. It is said to have been painted for the church of St. Columba in Cologne, and was afterwards in the Boissere'e col- lection, but is now in the gallery of Munich, Bavaria. 2. A picture by the Flemish painter, Roger van der "\Ve,y(len (d. 14(54). For centuries it adorn- ed the altar of a church at Middel- burg, but has been transferred to the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). The travelling altar-piece' of Charles V., with wings repre- senting the Nativity and the Presentation in the Temple. It was executed by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, and is now in Madrid, Spain. There is a smaller altar-piece by this painter, bearing the title of thS' "Adoration," now in St. John's Hospital at Bruges, Bel- gium, Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture by Domenico Ghirlan- dajo (1449-1498?). In Florence, Italy. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A noted picture by Pi'etro Peru- gino (1446-1524), and one of his best works. In the church of S. Francesco del Monte, at Perugia, Italy. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). An admired picture by Francesco Francia (1450-1518), in which the landscape is very beautiful. In the gallery at Dresden. There is an excellent engraving of this fine picture. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A large altar-piece by Eaphael Sanzio (1483-1520). It has been much injured by dampness. It was formerly in the possession of the Ancajini family at Spoleto, Italy, but is now in the Museum- of Berlin, Prussia. .6®^ "In a composition upon the eame subject by Kaphael, in the Vati- can, the ■worshippers wear the classi- cal, not the oriental costume; but an elephant with a monkey on his back is seen, in the distance, which at once reminds us of the far East." jllrs. Jameson. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture b.y Eaphael Sanzio (1483-1520). Now at Copenhagen, Denmark. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 1528), the German painter, origi- nally executed for the Elector of Saxony, and now in the Tribune of the Uifizi. at Florence, Italy. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). An admired picture by Paolo Cagliari, called Paul Veronese (1528-1588). In the gallery at Dresden, Saxony. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture by Jan (or Jannyn) Gossart(d. 1532), a Flemish paint- er, and considered to be his prin- cipal work. It is now at Castle Howard, the seat of the Earl of Carlisle, England. Adoration of the Magi (Kings). A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), one of fifteen by him upon this subject, and the finest of all. Now in the gallery at Madrid, Spain. Adoration of the Shepherds. A common subject of representa^ tion by the religious painters of the Middle Ages. Of composi- tions upon this subject those mentioned below are among the better known. Adoration of the Shepherds. A picture by Albert Altdorfer (d. 1538), ^ German painter. In the ADO AGO collection oi the Historical Socie- ty S,t Eegensburg, Bavaria. Adoration of the Shepherds. A picture by Alessaudro Bonvici- no, called II Moretto di Brescfa (1500-1547). In the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Adoration of the Shepherds. A picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (159a-1660), the Spanish painter. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Ad/iration of tJie Shepherds. A ■well-known picture by Anton Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). It was brought to the United States by Joseph Bonaparte, and is now in the Corcoran Gallery, Washing- ton. Adoration of the Shepherds. See NoTTE, La. Adoration of the Trinity. A cele- brated picture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver, regarded as one oi! his masterpieces. It was paint- ed for the chapel of the Landauer Briiderhaus in Nuremberg, was afterwards removed to Prague, and is now in the Belvedere at "Vienna, Austria. Adorno Palace. [Palazzo Adorno'\ A noted palace in Genoa, Italy. Adrian VI. 1. A portrait of this pope by Sebastian del Piombo (1485-1547), the " realization," according to Sir C. L. Eastlake, " of what is usually attributed to Michael Angelo." It has been ^vrongly named Alexander VI. Now in the Museum of Naples, Italy. 2. There is another picture of this pope by Sebastian (often miscalled Amerigo Vespucci) in the collection of the late Lord Taunton. Adrian's Mole. See St. Angelo. Adrian's Wall. See Hadrian's "Wall. Adullam, Cave of. See Cave of Adullam. Advance, The. A noted vessel in which Elisha Kent Kane (1820- 1857) set sail from New York, in May, 1853, on a voyage of Arctic discovery, and in search of Sir John Franklin. The Advance was beset with ice, and aban- doned in higher latitude than any vessel had ever before reached. Adventure, The. The ship in which the notorious pirate Capt. "William Kidd ( 1701) cruised. .ffigina Marbles. A collection of casts from groups of figures on the Temple of Jupiter in the island of iEgina, now preserved in the Britisli Museum, London. The originals are now in Munich, Bavaria. They have been skil- fully restored by Thorwaldsen, and arranged as far as possible in the order in which they origi- nally stood. JKS^ " These sculptures may be classed among the most valuable re- mains of ancient art that have reached us." B. Weistmacott. .ffineas, Shipwreck of. See Ship- wreck OF . ain jointly, adjudged that the latter should pay to the former, for damages, the sum of 5?1j,- 500,000 in gold, and this sum was paid. [Also known as the ' ' 290. ' '] J&- " The most famous of the Eng- lish-American cruisers during tbe civil war was tbe Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes. She was built by Laird near Liverpool, was armed, provisioned, and chiefly manned in a British port, and sailed nnder British colors. She was w.atched while in port by the national sliip Titscarora; but, favored by the British government in keeping tbe lat- ter vessel back until tbe Alabama had got well to sea, she was allowed to go on her destructive err.ind without mo- lestation. For a year and a half after- ward, while carefully avoiding contact with armed vessels of tbe United St.ites, the Alabama illuminated the sea with blazing American mercliantmen which she had captured and set on Are. Bunng tbe last 90 days of 1862 she captured and destroyed 28 helpless vessels. After n prosperous voyage in the South Atlantic and Indian oceans, dunng which she captured 67 vessels ALA 9 ALB and destroyed a greater portion of them, the Alabama took shelter in the French harhor of Cherbourg, in the early sum- mer, 1864. There the United States steamship Kearsarge found her at or near the middle of June." Lossing. Alabaster Cave. A natural curi- osity in California, on Kidd's Kavine near its junction with American Kiver. Tills remark- able cave was discovered Aug. 19, 1860. .6®= " On our first entrance we de- scended about 15 feet gradually to the centre of the room, which is 100x30 feet. At the north end there is a most magnificent pulpit. ... It is complet- ed with the most beautiful drapery of alabaster sterites of all colors, varying from white to pink-red, overhanging the beholder. Immediately under the pulpit is a beautiful lake of water ex- tending to an unknown distance. . . . On arriving at the centre of the first room we saw an entrance to an inner chamber still more splendid, 200x100 feet, with most beautiful alabaster over- hangings, in every possible shape of drapery." Owinn. Alameda. In Spanish towns the usual name for the public walk, or promenade. The word is de- rived from alamo, poplar. A walk in Broadway or Fifth Avenue will show you damsels and dames who will remind you of those you have met in the Cascine or Oorso, in the Prailo or AlaTneda. Galaxy, Alaric's Grave. According to tradition the grave of the Visi- gothic chief (d. 410) was dug in the bed of the river Busento, in Italy, the stream being diverted from its course for the purpose ; and after the burial the waters were let back into their former channel. Alba Madonna. See Madonna BELLA CASA d'AlBA. Albani. See Villa Albani. Albany Chambers. A well- known row of buildings in Picca- dilly, London, named after the Duke of York. In the quiet avenue of the Albany, memories of the illustrious dead crowd upon you. Jerrold, Albany, Foyt. See Fokt Albany. Albero d'Oro. [Golden Tree.] The name given to one of the most beautiful palaces in Venice, Italy, from a tradition that one of its owners staked and lost all his fortunes except a single tree in the garden of this palace. The tree Anally being staked also, fortune turned, and the owner recovered all that he had lost, including the palace. Albert Diirer. A well-known au- tograph portrait of the painter, in the collection of artists' i3or- traits painted by themselves, in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, Italy. He is represented as standing at a window, with his hands resting on the window-sill, dressed in a holiday suit. There is also another portrait of him in the gallery of Munich, Bavaria, which represents him as much more inature in features and char- acter, although he was but two years older when it was taken. This picture gives a front view of him, with his hand laid upon the fur lining of his robe. Albert Embankment. See Thames Embankments. Albert Memorial. This monu- ment to the memory of tlie Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe Gotha (d. 1861), was built from designs of Sir Gilbert Scott. It is situ- ated opposite the Albert Hall in London, and on the site of the Crystal Palace of 1851. Monu- ments in memory of the Prince have also been erected in other places in Great Britain. HES^ " If the Prince had united the genius of Napoleon to the virtues of Washington, there might, with more show of reason, have been such a lit- erary and such a sculptured monument raised to him so soon after the close of his blameless and useful life. But even then something more simple and sober would have been more eifective than this gilded, enthroned, enshrined, and canopied effigy of the demi-god of com- monplace. In fact, this is the most obtrusively offensive monument in Lon- don." Richard Grant White. Albert Park. See Finsbukt Pabk. Albertina Bronze. See Caligula. Albion, The. 1. A noted London tavern famous for its Corporation ALC 10 ALE banquets, and other public din- ners, and for the annual trade- sales of the principal London publishers. 2. A London club founded in the iirst part of the present cen- turj', and dissolved in 18il. Aleala, Gate of. See Pcjekta de Alcala. Alcantara, Bridge of. See Pu- ENTE DE Alcantara. Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf. An admired picture by James Ward (1769-1859), often compared with Paul Potter's Young Bull {q. v.). It is in the National Gal- lery, Lofidon. Alderagate. One of the gates in the old city walls of London. It was restored after the Great Fire of 16tJB, and somewhat reseiabled Temple Bar. He CClennam] turned slowly doivn Al- dersgate Street, and was pondering his way along towards St. Paal's, . . . when a crowd of people floclced toward.-* him. Dickens. Aldgate. One of the old Roman gates of London, so called from its antiquity (Aeld or Old gate). From the time of the Romans to 1760 (when it was demolished), it formed the main outlet to the eastern counties. The barons, using money from the monks' coffers, and building material from the Jews' houses, rebuilt the structure during the time of John. This gate was torn down in 160B, and again built up in 1609. Tlie poet Chaucer (1328-1400) held a life lease of the dwelling-house above the gate. If the brutalizing effect of such scenes as the storming of St. Sebastian may be counteracted, we may hope, tliat, in a Christian Utopia, some minds miglit be proof against tlie kennels and dressi's of Aldgate. Macaulay. Old Father Baldpate, Say the slow bells at Aldgate. mother Goose. Aldine Press. The name given to the press established about 1490, at Venice, by Aldo Manuzio (Al- dus Manutius), an Italian printer^ of the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies, and the inventor of Italia type. The highly-esteemed Al- dine editions of the classics issued by Manutius and his de- scendants led to the publication of counterfeit Aldine editions in Florence and Lyons as early as 1502. The name Aldine has also been used by the English pub- lisher Pickering. As for the foundlings like my Hedcri- cus, they go among their peers: it is a pleasure to take them from the dusty stall where they were elbowed by plebeian school-books and battered odd volumes, and give them Aldoses and Elzevirs for companions. Holmes, Aldobrandini Madonna. See Madonna Aldobkandini. Aldobrandini Marriage. [Xozze Aldobrandini.'] A celebrated fres- co painting, and one of the most valuable relics of ancient art. It was found in 1606 among the ruins of the Baths of Titus in Rome, and is now in the Vatican. It derives its name from the Al- dobrandini family, by whom it was purchased. It represents a marriage-scene, as the name im- plies. vVinckelmann thinks that it represents the nuptials of Pele- us and Thetis. In the Palazzo Doria, there is a copy by Nicho- las Poussin. Aldobrandini, Villa. See Villa Aldohkandini. Aletsch Glacier. A celebrated glacier in Switzerland surround- ed by the Aletschhorn, Junglrau, and other peaks. It is about six- teen miles in length. Alexander. See Triumphal March of Alexander and Vic- tory OF Alexander the Great OVER Darius. Alexander and Diogenes. A noted picture by Sir Edwin Land- seer (1803-1873), the celebrated painter of animals. In the Na- tional Gallery, London. Alexander and Eoxana. See Marriage of Alexander and KOXANA. Alexander Column. A red gran- ite monolith and memorial pillar, 160 feet in height, situated in the Admiralty Square, St. Peters- burg, Russia. It was erected to the Emperor Alexander, and was the work of Montferrand. ALE 11 ALH It is one of the greatest memo- rial monolitlis of modern times. Taller than Luxor's, sliafts, and grander, Looms the pillar of Alexander, Guarding the palace thutfronts the square. E. L. Proctor. Alexander in the Tent of Darius. A fresco-painting by Gianantonio Eazzi, or Bazzi, called II Sod- doma (1474-1519). In the Farne- sina, Rome. Alexander's Tomb. A small structure at Alexandria, Egypt, traditionally identified with the tomb of Alexander. The exist- ence of Alexander's tomb has long been recorded by Arab tra- dition. Leo Africanus .speaks of it as being highly honored by the Moslems, and as being visited with religious veneration by great numbers of strangers from foreign lands. Alexandrian Library. This cele- brated library at Alexandria, Egypt, was founded, like the Museum, by Ptolemy Soter. Ptolemy Philadelphus, his suc- cessor, made great additions to it, and at his death there were 1()0,000 volumes in the library. A great deal of trouble was taken and expense incurred in forming and adding to this col- lection, in which it was said that a copy of every known work was included. Here was depos- ited tlie Septuagint translation of the Bible. The Alexandrian Library consisted of about 700,000 volumes, of which 400,000 were in the Museum and .'iOOjOOO in the Serapeum. The former collec- tion was destroyed by Are during the war between Julius Csesar and the Alexandrians,- and the latter by order of Caliph Omar in 640. By this act the Caliph Omar is said to have provided the 4,000 baths of the city with fuel for six months. Alfred Club. A club in London, established in Albemarle Street in 1808, and dissolved about the middle of the century. t^ Lord Byron, who was a mem- ber, characterized it as '* pleasant, a lit- tle too soher and literary," and "in the whole, a decent resource in a rainy day, in a dearth of parties, or Parlia- ment, or in an empty season." IS^ "The Alfred received its coup- de-grdce from a well-known story to the effect that Mr. Canning, whilst in the zenith of his fame, dropped in accidentally at a house dinner of twelve or fourteen, staid out the evening, and made himself remarkably agree- able, without any one of the party sus- pecting who he was." Quarterly Review. Alfred dividing his Loaf with the Pilgrim. A picture by Ben- jamin West (1738-1820), well known by engravings. In the Hall of the Stationers' Company, London. • Alfred Jewel. A remarkable jewel found near Ethelney Ab- bey in Somersetshire, England, and a rare specimen of Anglo- Saxon art. It bears this inscrip- tion in Saxon characters: "Al- fred had me wrought." Alhambra. [The Bed Castle.] The palace-fortress of the Moor- ish kings in Granada, Spain. It was begun in 1248, and finished in 1314. The exterior is plain, and affords little indication of the unrivalled splendor which once characterized the interior apart- ments. The building has suf- fered greatly from decay, neg- lect, and wanton injury, but is still an object of attraction to travellers, as one of the finest existing specimens of Moorish architecture, abounding in colon- nades, pavilions, baths, foun- tains, gilded ceilings, and every kind of Oriental ornamentation. Around the palace and gardens were scattered the establish- ments of the court and nobility, so that the whole population of the Alhambra consisted of some 40,000 souls. The preservation from absolute ruin of this, the most interesting and beautiful of the historical monuments of Spain, is due to the French, who, when Granada was in their hands, did much to repair and restore the Alhambra. .6®= " To the traveller imbued with a feeling for the historical and poetical, 80 inseparably intertwined in the annals ALH 12 ALM of romantic Spain, tlie Alhambra is as much an object of devotion as is the Caaba to all true Moslems. How many legends and traditions, true and fabu- lous, — how many songs and ballads, Arabian and Spanish, of love and war and chivalry, — are associated with tins Oriental pile! It was the royal abode of the Moorish kings, where, surround- ed with the splendors and refinements of Asiatic luxury, they held dominion over what they vaunted as a terrestrial paradise, and made their last stand for empire in Spain. The royal palace forms but a part of a fortress, the walls of which, studded with towers, stretch irregularly round the whole crest of a hill, a spur of the Sierra Nevada or Snowy Mountains, and overlook the city: exterfially it is a rude congrega- tion of towers and battlements, with no regularity of plan nor grace of archi- tecture, and giving little promise of the grace an^ beauty which prevail within. . . . After the kingdom had passed into the hands of the Christians, the Alham- bra continued to be a royal demesne, and was occasionally inhabited by the Castilian monarchs. The Emperor Charles V. commenced a sumptuous palace within its walls, but was de- terred from completing it by repeated shocks of earthquakes. The last royal residents were Philip V. and his beau- tiful queen, Elizabetta of Parma, early in the eighteenth century. . . . The desertion of the court, however, was a fatal blow to the Alhambra. Its beau- tiful halls became desolate, and some of them fell to ruin; the gardens were destroyed, and the fountains ceased to play." Irving. i6®^ " The Al/iamf)ra, a name which will make my blood thrill if I live to the frosts of a century, not that the pleasure I received, on wandering over the immense extent of these most graceful and most picturesque of all ruins, was like the quiet, hallowed delight of a solitary visit to the Coli- seum or the Forum, . . . but it was a riotous, tumultuous pleasure, which will remain In my memory hke a kind of sensual enjoj'ment," George Ticknor. Lonely and still ai-e nnw thy marble halls, Thou fair Alhambra! there the feast is o'er; And with the murmur of thy fountain falls Blend the wild tones df minstrelsy no more. Felicia Hemans. And there the Alhambra still recalls Aladdin's palace of delight : Allah il Allah ! throiif-h its halls Whispers tjie fountain us It falls. The Darro darts beneath it« walls, The hills with snow are white. Longfellow. On to Alhambra, strong and ruddy heart Of glorious Morisma, yasping now. A maimed giant in his agony. George Eliot. All Hallows Cliurch. A celebrat- ed old London church, destroyed in lh77. In this church Milton ^yas baptized. • All Saints. A modern church in London, the interior of which is said to be the most gorgeous of any in the kingdom. Finished in 1859. ^^ " Though I have a rather large acquaintance with English and foreign works executed since the revival of Pointed art, I cannot hesitate for an instant in allowing that this church is not only the most beautiful, but the most vigorous, thoughtful, and original, of them all." G. A. Street. A116e Verte. [The Qreen Walk ] A fine promenade in Brussels, Belgium, extending along the canal from Brussels to the Scheldt. Alloway Kirk. A ruined church near Ayr, Scotland, immortalized in Burns's poem of " Tam O'Shan- ter " The old bell of the kirk is still hanging in it, though hardly more than the four walls of the structure are now standing. She prophesy'd that late or soon, TIiou would be found deep drown 'd in Doon ; Or cutch'd w i' warlocks in the mirk, Bi' AUoway's auld haunted kirk. Bums. Almack's. Noted assembly-rooms in King Street, St. James's, Lon- don, so called after the proprie- tor, Almack, a Scotchman. They were opened Feb. 12, 17(i5, with an assembly at which the Duke of Cumberland, the hero of Cul- loden, was present. The house continued to be the fashionable place of entertainment during the early part of the present cen- tury, but has now lost its former importance, — '* a clear proof that the palmy days of exclusive- ness are gone by in England'' (Quarterly Berkw). The rooms are let for public meetings, dra- matic readings, lectures, con- certs, balls, and dinners. Al- mack's is now called " Willis's," from the name of the present proprietor. A novel entitled ALM 13 ALT " Alraack's" was issued in 1831, and followed by "A Key to Al- niack's," by Benjamin Disraeli. j^^ " "We could, howe%'er, stay there but a short time; for we were to go to Almack'8, where, with some exer- tion, we arrived just before the doors were closed at midnight. It was very brilliant, as it always is; and the ar- rangements for ease and comfort were perfect, — no ceremony, no supper, no regulation or managing, brilliantly lighted large halls, very fine music, plenty of dancing. ... It struck me, however, that there were fewer of the leading nobility and fashion there than formerly, and that the general cast of the company was younger." George Ticknor {in 1835). The Fraction asked himself: How will this look in Almack's, and before Lord jVIahocany ? The Wiiiklemann asked himself: How will this look in the Universe, and before the Creator of Man ? Varlyle. Almaok's Club. Tliis club in Pall Mall, London, was founded in 1764, and was celebrated for the gambling which took place there. Walpole writes, in 1770, that the gaming at Almack's is "worthy the decline of our em- pire, or commonwealth, which you please." He adds: "The young men of the age lose ten, fifteen, twenty thousand pounds, in an evening there." Charles Fox was a member, and also Gib- bon. The latter wrote, that, notr- ■withstanding the rage of play, he found there more entertain- ment and rational society than in any other club to which he be- longed. Almack's afterwards be- came Goosetree's Clirb, of which, in 1780, Pitt and Wilberforce were members. See Bkookes's Club. Almeidan. The largest and hand- somest square in Constantino- ple, Turkey. Almond Glen. See Glen Al- mond. Alnwick Castle. The ancient seat of the Duke of Northumberland, in the town of the same name, and historically one of the most interesting baronial mansions in England. It dates from before the Conquest, but has undergone several restorations. .6®=" " As no pains or expense was spared to make the new part harmo- nize with the old, so far as it was pos- sible to combine ancient architecture with modern requirements, the struc- ture, as a whole, presents the most magnificent specimen in G-reat Britain — perhaps in the world — of the feudal castle of mediaeval days." The Times, 1869. Home of the Percy's high-horn race. Home of their beautiful and brave. Alike their birth and burial place. Their cradle and their grave ! Still sternly o'er the castle's gate Their house's Lion stands in state. As in his pro ad departed hours; And w arriors frown in stone on high. And feudal banners "flout the sky," Above his princely towers. Fitz-Greene Halleek. Alphonsine Tables. A series of astronomical tables intended to correct those contained in Ptol- emy's "Almagest," composed by order of Alphonso of Castile in 1252. Alsatia. See "Whitefriars. Alster, The. A basin or lake in the city of Hamburg, Germany, surrounded with fine buildings. It is a favorite pleasure-resort of the inhabitants. AlteMarkt. [Old Market.] A public square in Dresden, Ger- many. Altenahr Castle. An ancient feudal fortress, now in ruins, in the valley of the Ahr, in Ger- many. Altenberg Abbey. A very inter- esting monastic establishment of the Cistercian order in a seques- tered valley near Cologne, Ger- many. The church is of the thirteenth century. Altenburg. Anancient and noted castle near Bamberg, in Franco- nia, Germany. It is now in ruins. Althorp. A noble manor near Weedon in England, the seat of Earl Spencer. Alton Towers. A noble mansion, the seat of the Earl of Shrews- bury, in the parish of Alton, England. Altotting. See Shkinb op the Black Virgin. ALT 14 ANC Altoviti, Eindo. A portrait of this youth, which has been wrongly talfen to be tliat of the painter himself, by Raphael San- zio (1483-1520). It was formerly in the Casa Altoviti, Koine, but is now in the gallery at Munich, Bavaria. Amalienborg. A royal palace in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the ordinary residence of the royal family. Amazon, The. 1. A celebrated work of ancient sculpture in the Vatican, Home. Also another in the Museum of the Capitol. 2. A celebrated relic of an- cient sculpture in the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. It has been by some ascribed to Polycleites the Elder (452 ?-412 ? B. C), the Greek statuary. Amazons, Battle of the. See Battle of the Amazons. Ambassadors, The. See Two Ambassadors. Ambassadors' Club. See Coven- TBT Club. Ambras Armoury. [6er. Am- hraser Sammhing.] A famous collection of ancient armor, jew- els, and curiosities, in the Belve- dere, Vienna, Austria. It de- rives its name from the Castle of Ambras in the Tyrol, from which place it was brought to Vienna in the early part of this century. Ambrosian Library. [Ital. Bi- blioUca Amhrosiana.] A noted library in Milan, Italy, contain- ing some celebrated manuscripts. It was founded in 1602, and was named after St. Ambrose, the patron saint of the city. Ambush, The. A picture by George H. Boughton, a contem- porary painter of landscapes and genre. Amer, Mosque of. See Mosque OP Amek. America, The. 1. A war-vessel of the old American navy, built be- tween 1775 and 1783. She carried 74 guns, and was pronounced by Commodore Jones " the largest of seventy-fours in the world." She was presented to the French government before she went to sea, and was finally captured from the French by the British. 2. A noted schooner-rigged yacht, celebrated lor her speed and the excellence of her model. The victory of this yacht over K. Steijhenson's iron yacht Titania in a race, August, 1851, demon- strated the superiority of the model upon which the America was built. She is now in the possession of Gen. Benjamin P. Butler. Amiens Cathedral. See Notke Dame [d'Amiens]. Amphion, The. A British frigate destroyed by an explosion in the harbor of Plymouth, England, Sept. 22, 1796. Nearly all on board perished. Amphltrite, The. A ship which was wrecked off Boulogne, France, in 1833, with a loss of over 100 jiassengers. Amrita Saras. [Fount of Immor- tality,] A famous temple in Am- ritsar, India, one of the sacred places of the Hindus. The tem- ple is situated on an island in the centre of a reservoir or tank about 150 paces square. It was constructed in 1581. Amsterdam Vegetable Market. A picture by Gabriel Metzru (b. 163(5), a Dutch seiu'e-painter.. In the Louvre, Paris. Ananias, Death of. See Death OF Ananias. Anatomical Lecture. A celebrat- ed picture by Rembrandt van Kyn (1607-1669), the Dutch paint- er. It bears date 16.32, and is now in the Museum of the Hague, Holland. Anoajani Madonna. See Madon- na Ancajaxi. Anoaster House. See Lindsey House. Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. The oldest regular military company in the United States, organized in 1638. Its ar- mory and interesting collection of military and other relics are AKC 15 ANN in Fanenil Hall, Boston. An Artillery Company was incorpo- rated In England under Henry VIII. And the old books In nnifarms as vn- ried iis those of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company used to be, if mv memory serves lue right. Holmes. Ancient Italy. A picture by Jo- seph Mallord William Turner (1775-1857), the eminent English painter. Andersonville Prison. A noted military prison in Sumter Co., Georgia, in which, during the civil war in the United States, many Union soldiers were con- •fined, and subjected to great cruelty. Andes, Heart of the. See Heakt OF THE A>DES. Andrea del Sarto. A portrait of hitnselt by the painter (1488- 1530). In the collection of auto- graph portraits in the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Andromeda. A picture by Guido Keni (1575-1642), in the casino, or summer-house, of the Eospigli- osi palace, in Rome. Angel, The. An old and famous inn in the parish of Islington, London, rebuilt in 1819. &^ This name has heen a common designation of inns and public-houses in England, which were formerly known by the various devices upon their signs. Angel appearing to the Shep- herds. A picture by Thomas Cole (1801-1848). In the Boston Athenaeum. Angelo. See Bridge op St. An- GELO, Michael Angelo, Mi- chael Angelo's House, and St. Angelo. Angels, Fall of the. See Fall op THE Angels. Angels' Heads. 1. A well-known picture, called by this name, by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). " The head of Miss Gordon, the niece of ' No-Popery ' Lord Gor- don, appears in five different po- sitions, with cherubs' wings." This picture ia in the National Gallery, London, and has been often reproduced. 2. Picture-groups bearing this name, by Corregglo, and by others, are very familiar through jihotographic reproductions. Angerstein Gallery. The collec- tion of pictures which formed the nucleus of the present Na- tional Gallery, London. See National Galleky. Animali, Sala degli. See SalA DEGLi Animali. Anna, St. See St. Anna. Anne Hathaway' a Cottage. A house in the village of Shottery, near Stratford-on-Aron, Eng- land, which is pointed out as the cottage in which Anne Hatha- way lived prior to her becoming the wife of Shakespeare. t^S^ " It is a timber and plaster house, like John Shakespeare's, stand- ing on a b-ank, with a roughly paved terrace in front. The parlor is wain- scoted high in oak, and in the princi- pal chamber is an enormous and heav- ily carved bedstead. Though a rustic and even rude habitation when meas- ured by our standard, it was evidently a comfortable home for a substantial yeoman in the time of Queen Eliza- beth, and is picturesque enough for the cradle of a poet's love." Richard Grant White. Anne's, St. See St. Anne's. Annitsbkoff Palace. A noted pal- ace in St. Petersburg, Russia, a favorite residence of the impe- rial family. It is situated on the Nevskoi Prospekt, the main ave- nue of the city. Annunciation, The. [Ital. L'An- nimciazione, Fr. L' Annonciation, Ger. Die Yerkiindigunii .'] A very common subject of representa- tion by the mediieval painters, exhibiting the interview between the an^el and the Virgin Mary, according to the account in Luke i. 26-29. Of numerous composi- tions treating of this subject, the following may be mentioned as among the more celebrated. Anmmciation, The. A picture regarded as miraculous, and for- merly held in the highest venera- tion by all Christendom. It is ANN 16 ANT in a chapel ol the church styled delta Santissima Nunziata in Flor- ence, Italy. It is concealed from the public, and only exhibited to the devout on great occasions. There is a copy of this picture in the Pitti Palace, by Carlo Dolce. ;US-"The name of the painter is disputed; but, according to tradition, it is the work of a certain Bartolomeo, ■u'ho, -while he sat meditating upon the various excellencies and perfections of Our Lady, and most especially on her divine beauty, and thinking with humil- ity how Inadequate were hia own pow- ers to represent her worthily, fell asleep; and, on awaking, found the head of the Virgin had been wondrous- ly completed, either by the band of an angel, or by that of St. Luke, who had descended from heaven on purpose. Though this curious relic has been fre- quently restored, no one has presumed to touch the features of the Virgin, which are, I am told, — for I have never been blessed with a sight of the original picture, — marvellously sweet and beautiful. It is concealed by a veil, on which is painted a line head of the Redeemer, by Andrea del Sarto; and forty-two lamps of silver burn con- tinually round it." Mrs. Jameson. Annunciation, The. A picture by Giovanni da Fiesole, called Fra Angelico (1387-1455). In the Museum of St. Mark, Florence, Italy. Anminoiation, The. A picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, bearing date 1482, and described as a work of very original conception and mar- vellous delicacy. It is in posses- sion of Prince Kadzivil at Berlin, Germany. Annvnciation, The. A remark- able picture by Baccio della Porta, called Fra Bartolommeo (146i)- 1517), representing the Virgin on a throne, the angel descending with a lily, and around the tlirone various saints. In the gallery at Bologna, Italy. Anminciation, The. A picture by Francesco Francia (1450-1517). In the Brera, Milan, Italy. Annunciation, The. A small picture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian painter. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Annunciation, The. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In the church of S. Bartolomeo, Bologna, Italy. Anthony's Nose. A well-known promontory on the Hudson River, at the entrance to the Highlands, said to have been so called from Anthony Van Corlear, a trum- peter of Gov. Stuyvesant. X)®- " It must be known, then, that the nose of Anthony, the trumpeter, was of a very lusty size. . . . Now thus it happened, that, bright and early in the morning, the good Anthony, having washed his burly visage, was leaning over the quarter-railing of the galley, contemplating it in the glassy wave below. Just at this moment the illustrious sun, breaking in all his splendor from behind a high bluff of the Highlands, did dart one of his most potent beams full upon the reful- gent nose of the sounder of brass, the reflection of which shot straightway down hissing hot into the water, and killed a mighty sturgeon that was dis- porting near 'the vessel. The huge monster, being with infinite labor hoist- ed on board, furnished a luxurious repast to the crew. . . . When this astonishing miracle became known to Peter Stuyvesant, and that he tasted of the unknown fish, he, as may be supposed, marvelled exceedingly, and as a monument thereof he gave the name of Anthony's Nose to a stout promontory in the neighborhood, and it has continued to be called Anthony's Nose ever since that lime." It-Ding. GI^^Thereisalsoan Anthony's Nose on the shore of Lake G-eorge, and an- other on the Mohawk in Montgomery Co.,N.Y. Antinous, The. A name given to several statues supposed to repre- sent a young Bithynian of dis- tinguished beauty, and a friend of the Emperor Hadrian. Ac- cording to some historians he drowned himself in the Nile. Hadrian wept for him, and caused the most famous artists to reproduce his image. Among the statues which represent him, there are two chefs d'lenvre. One " (Belvedere Antinous) is now in tire Belvidere of the Vatican, Koine, the other in the Capitol. (SeeiH/?'a, 2.) The former, which is now called Mercury, was found near S. Martino ai Monti, a church on the Esquiline, and is a statue of great beauty. Its just ANT 17 ANT proportions and graceful posture nave received unqualified praise. J9®" " The Belvedere Antinous is an exva8 wisely made may be doubted." J. A. Symonds. 4. A bust in the Louvre, Paris. -6®= " Among the simple busts, by far the finest, to my thinking, are the colossal head of the Louvre and the ivy-crowned bronze at Naples. The latter is not only flawless in its execu- tion, but is animated with a pensive beauty of expression. The Ibrmer, though praised by Winckelmann as among the two or three most precious masterpieces of antique art, must be criticised for a certain vacancy and life- lessness." J. A. Symonds. 5. A bronze bust in the Mu- seum at Naples, Italy. (See SKjnxt^ 4.) 6. Among other statues of An- tinous, is that called the Braschi Antinous, from having belonged to Duke Braschi. This colossal statue, found on the site of the ancient Gabii, is now in the Ro- tunda of the Vatican, Rome. Antiope. See Jupiter and Anti- op e. Antiparoa, Grotto of. SeeGiiOT- TO OF AnTXPAROS. Antoine, Paubourg St. See Fau- bourg St. Antoine. Antonia, Fortress of. The site of this structure .at Jerusalem has been a subject for controver- sy, but it is thought to have oc- cupied the whole northern section of the Haram. Josephus de- scribes it as being the fortress of tlie Temple, as the Temple was that of the city, and as having the apartments and conveniences of a palace. He says that the " gen- eral appearance was that of a ANT 18 APO tower, with other 'cowers at each of the four corliers, three of which were 51) cubits high, while tliat at the south-east angle rose to an elevation of 70 cubits, so that from thence there was a complete view of the Temple." Antonine Column. A celebrated relic of ancient Rome, now stand- ing in the Piazza Colonna, to which it gives its name. It was erected to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus by the Sen- ate and Roman peojile, A.D. 17-t. The column is surmounted by a statue of St. Paul, placed there by Sixtus V., and the shaft is surrounded by bas-reliefs ar- ranged in a sjiiral form. One of these bas-reliefs, a figure of Jupi- ter Pluvius, representing him sending down rain which falls from his outstretched arms, is celebrated from its supposed con- nection with an old legend that a Christian legion from Mitylene caused rain to fall as the result of their prayers. This story is told hy Eusebius, and corroborat- ed by Justin Martyr. Antoninus and Faustina. See Tejiplt! of AxTOxmus akd Faustina. Antoninus, Wall of. See Wall OF AXTOXIXUS. Antony, St. See St. Antony. Antwerp Citadel. A famous fort- ress in Antwerp, Belgium, erect- ed for the Duke of Alva. It has undergone several sieges, and at different times has fallen into the hands of the English aud the French. Apis Mausoleum. A large sub- terranean tomb at Sakkarah, Egypt, also known as the Sera- peum, although the latter title is more properly applied to the tem- ple (no longer in existence) which was built over the excavated tomb. M. Mairette disoevered the site of the Serapeum and the Apis Mausoleum in 1800-61. He found them buried in the sand; and the remains of the Serapeum, which he excavated with great difficulty, are now re-buried. The discovery of the Apis Mauso- leum was, historically, of much importance. In it were found manv inscribed tablets, the most important of which are now in the Louvre at Paris. See Seka- PEIM. ;(t2r " An avenue of sphinxes led up to it [the Ser.ipouml, and two pylons stood before it; round it was the usual enclosure. But it was distinguished from all other temples by having in one of its chambers an opening, from which descended an inclined passage into the rock below, giving access to the vaults in which reposed the mum- mied representatives of the god Apis. Living, the sacred bull was worshipped in a magnificent temple at Memphis, and lodged in a palace adjoining, — the ApieunT: dead, he was buried in ex- cavated vaults at !~akk,irah, and wor- shipped in a temple built over thera — the ijerapeum." Murray's Handbook. ApoUinare in Classe. See S.vnt' Apollinare in Cl.asse. ApoUinarisberg. A hill on the banks of the Rhine, well known to travellers, and crowned with a beautiful modern Gothic church. ApoUino, The. [The little Apol- lo.] An ancient and admired statue, now in the Tribune of the TJffizi Palace, Florence, Italj'. 4KS" "After the vivid trutli of these two remarkable works [the Wrestlers, and the Knife-Orinder], we are hardly prepared to do full justice to the soft, ideal beauty of the Apo/Uno. It is like taking up the Fhedre of Racine, after laying down the first part of King Henry IV." IllUard. Apollo. An ancient statue in the Louvre, Paris, supposed to be a copj' of a work bj' Praxiteles, the Greek sculptor (b. B.C. 3!t2 ?). Tliere is another in the Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Apollo and Daphne. A work of sculpture bv Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1080). In the Yilla Borghese, Rome. Apollo and Python. A picture bv Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775 - 1S51), the English landscape-painter, regarded one of his liest works. Apollo and the Muses. See Pak- KASSUS. APO 19 APO Apollo Belvidere. A celebrated statue of Apollo found about the beginning of the sixteenth centu- ry at Porto 'd'Anzio, the ancient Antium. It was purchased by Julius II., when Cardinal, and was placed in the Belvidere of the Vatican, Rome, whence it de- rives its present name. Connois- seurs now think that this statue is not the original work of a Greek sculptor, but a copy. «S» " Ardently excited, and filled "W'ith divine finger, witli whicli is min- gled a touch of triumphant scorn, the intellectual head is turned sideways, ■while the figure with elastic step is liastennig forward. The eye seems to shoot forth lightning; there is an ex- prestiion of contempt in the corners of tile mouth; and the distended nostrils seem to breathe forth divine anger." Lubke, Trans. iKir "The Apollo Belvidere belongs to a more recent and a less simple age. Whatever its merit may be, it has the defect of being a little too elegant : it might well please Winckelmann and the critics of the eighteenth century. His plaited loclis fall behind the ear in tlie most charming manner, and are gatliered above the brow in a liind of diadem, as if arranged by a "ixprnan. This Apollo certainly displays savoir- vivre, also consciousness of his rank — I am sure he has a crowd of domestics." Taine, Trans. Or view the Lord of the unerring bow. The God of life, and poesy, and liylit, — The sun m human limbs arrayed, and brow All railiant from his triumph in the light; The ^hnft has jubt been shot — the arrow bright With an immortars vengeance ; in liis eye And iio.stril btautiful disdain, and might .And majesty, flasli theirfall lightnings by, Developing in that one glance the Deity. Jiyron. Apollo Club. Ben Jonson ap- pears to have been the founder of this club, which met at the noted Devil Tavern, between Temple Bar and the Middle Temple gate, in London. The principal room at the tavern was known as the " Oracle of Apol- lo." The Welcome in gilded let- ters upon a black-board, and the rules of the Club inscribed in the same manner, were placed over the door and fireplace of the Apollo. The Welcome and the Leges Conviviales are to be found in Jonson's works. See Devil Tavern. ilJj-''*Tlie Club at the Devil does not appear to liave resembled the higher one at the Mermaid, ^vhere Shakespeare and Jieaumont used to meet him [Jonson]. He most probably had it all to himself." Leigh Hunt. Apollo Gallery. See Galekie d'Apoli-on. Apollo Room. An apartment in the Raleigh Tavern, an ancient building in "Williamsburg, Va., in which the House of Burgesses met to take into consideration the insurrectionary proceedings then occurring in Massachusetts. Apollo Sauroctonos. [Lizard-kill- er.] A bronze statue of Apollo in the Villa Alhani at Rome, which in the judgment of Winck- elmann is the original statue by Praxiteles, described by Pliny, and the most beautiful bronze statue left in the world. It was found upon the Aventine Jlount. There is another statue of the same name in the Vatican. Apollo, Temple of. See Temple OP Apollo. ApoUonioon. An immense organ first exhibited in 1817 at the man- ufactory of the builders, Messrs. Flight and Bobson, St. Martin's Lane, London. The instrument was self-acting, and could also be plaj'ed in the ordinary mauiier by one or by several performers. The ApoUonicon was five years in course of construction, and cost about £10,000. Apostles, The. See Calling of THE Apostle?, Communion of THE Apostles, and Twelve Apostles. Apotheosis of Hercules. A well- known picture by Franijois Le- moine (1688-1737), the French his- torical painter. It is 64 feet by .54 feet in size, and is said to be the largest in Europe. "There are 1421igures in it, and it is proba- bly the most magnificent pithira di macliina of the decorative ?eriod in which it was executed." t is painted on the ceiling of a room in tlie palace at Versailles. APO 20 AEB Apotheosis of Trajan. See Tki- UMPH OF TBAJAN. Apotheosis of 'Washington. An immense fresco on the interior of the dome of the Capitol in AVash- iiigton, painted by Brumidi. It covers some 5,000 feet, and cost $40,000. Apoxyomenes. A celebrated stat- ue of an athlete by Lysippus (flourished time of Alexander the Great), the Greek sculptor; a marble copy of which, found at Trastevere in 1846, is now in the Vatican, Rome. The Ipgs and arm's [of the Antinous] are jiTidelled with exquisite grace of outline; yet they do not show that readiness for active ser\'ice which is noticeable in the statues of tlie IVIeleager. the Apoxyomertos, or the Belvedere Hermes. J. A, Si/monds. Appian "Way. See Via Appia. Apprentices. See Idle and In- DUSTiiious Appkentices. Approach to Venice. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), the eminent English painter. Apsley House. The former well- known residence of the Duke of Wellington, Piccadilly, London. It immediately adjoins Hyde Park. It was built about 1785 for Charles Bathurst, Lord Aps- ley, and was purchased by Mar- quis Wellesley, elder brother of the great Duke, in 1828. It con- tains a collection of pictures. Ara Cceli. [Altar of Heaven.] A very interesting church in Kome, of high antiquity, occupying the site of the temple of Jupiter Capi- tolinus. It was in this church that Gibbon, as he himself in- forms us, on the 15th of October, 1704, as he sat musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers, first meditated writing the history of the Decline and Fall of the city. The name Ara Cceli is traditionally derive^ from the altar consecrated by Augus- tus in consequence of the sibyl's Sropliecy about the coming of the .edecmer, a monkish invention wholly unsupported by historical evidence. Some say, however, that in the middle ages the church was called " S. Maria in Aiirocie- !io." The church of Ara Cceli is held in great reverence by the people, on account of the famous wooden image called the Santis- simo Bambino, supposed to be of great efficacy in curing the sick. The steps of this church are the identical ones which formed the ascent to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. See Bameiko. «®- " On the steps of Ara-Coeli, nine- teen centuries ago, the first great Cae- ear climbed on his knees after his first triumph. At their base Kienzi, the last of the Roman tribunes, fell. . . . Standing on a spot so thronged with memories, the dullest imagination takes fire." ' W. W. Story. «®- "A flight of 124 steps of marble leads to the church of Ara-Cceli, one of the oldest and ugliest in Rome. But no one is held in greater reverence by the people, and none is more frequent- ed by throngs of worshippers." G. S. Hillard. iigf=*'A staircase of extraordinary width and length stretches upward to the red facade of the church of Ara- Coeli. On these steps hundreds of beg- gars, as ragged as those of Callot, clad in tattered hats and rusty brown blank- ets, are warming themselves majesti- cally in the sunshine. Vou embrace all this in a glance, the convent and tlie palace, the colossi and the canaille ; the hill, loaded with architecture, sud- denly rises at the end of a street, its stone masses spotted with crawling human insects. This is peculiar to Rome." Taine, Trans. Ketuming home by Ara Cceli, we mounted to it by more than 100 marble steps, not in devotion, ^as 1 observed some to do on their bare knees, — but to see those two famous statues of Constan- tino in white marble, placed tlice out of his Baths. Jolin Evelyn, 1644. Arbroath Abbey. This ruin of the most spacious abbey in Scotland is in Aberbrothwick. It was built in 1178, and dedicated to St. Thomas k Becket. There is a tradition that the Abbots of Ab- erbrothwick placed a bell on a dangerous reef in the German Ocean, and this storj' gave rise to a ballad of Southey's. The Abbot of Aberbrothock Had placed that bell ou the Inchcape rock. Southep. See IsoHCAPE Kock. AEO 21 ARC Aro de I'Etoile, o?- Arc de Tri- omphe. A very large and fine triumphal arch at the west end of the Champs-Elyse'es, Paris. It is one of the chief ornaments of the city, and, from its high situa- tion, commands an extensive view over Paris. In 1806 Napo- leon resolved to huild this arch, and its construction was begun; but the work as now seen was not finished until 1836, after the accession of Louis Philippe. It is of a classical design ; and the whole structure is 161 feet high, 145 feet wide, and 110 feet deep. IKS^ " It was not, however, till we stood almost beneath it that we really felt the grandeur of this great arch, in- cluding so large a space of the blue sky in its airy sweep. At a distance it im- presses the spectator with its solidity ; nearer, with the lofty vacancy beneath it." Hawthorne. She C^fme. de B ] is not a cabinet minister, she is not a marshal of France, she has no appointments in her gift, she lives beyond the Arc de I'Etoile; but, for all that, people go to visit her from the four comers of Paris. Taine^ Trans. With every respect for Kensington turnpike, I own that the Arc de VEtoile at I'aris is a much finer entrance lo an imperial capital. Thackeray. You find here [in Rome] less space and stone work, less material grandeur than in the Place de la Concorde, and in the Arc de Triomphe. but more invention and more lo interest you. Taine, Tram. Are de Triomphe. See Arc de L'jfiTOILE. Arc du Carrousel. A triumphal arch in the centre of the Place du Carrousel, Paris, 48 feet high, 65 feet wide, begun in 1806. It is a copy, with alterations, of the Arch of Severus at Rome. For- merly the Arc du Carrousel was surmounted by four horses of bronze from St. Mark's, Venice; but these were returned to Ven- ice in 1814. Arcade, The. A well-known building in Providence, R.I., be- ing an immense granite bazaar 225 feet in length by 80 feet in depth (in parts 130 feet deep), con- taining under one glass roof 78 stores. The building was erected in 1828. Arcadian Academy. [Ital. Acca- demia degli Arcadi.] A literary institute at Rome, founded in 1690, which still holds its meet- ings in the Capitol. Its aim, which it failed to reach, was to improve the literary taste of the time, and at one period it num- bered some 2,000 members. Its laws were drawn out in ten tables, its constitution was republican, its first magistrate was called mistos, and its members shep- herds. Goethe was enrolled as an Arcadian in 1788. £fg== " Each person on his admission took a pastoral name, and had an Ar- cadian name assigned to liira : the business of the meetings was to be conducted wholly in the allegorical lan- guage, and the speeches and verses as much so as possible. . . . The Arcadia has survived all the changes of Italy; it still holds its meetings in Rome, lis- tens to pastoral sonnets, and christens Italian clergymen, English squires, and German counsellors of state, by the names of the heathens. It publishes moreover a regular journal, the Gior- nale Arcadico, which, although it was a favorite object of ndicule with the men of letters in other provinces, con- descends to follow slowly the progress of knowledge, and often furnishes for- eigners with interesting information, not only literary but scientific." Spalding. Arch of Augustus. An old Roman memorial arch in Rimini, Italy. Arch of Constantine. One of the most imposing monuments of an- cient Rome, standing over the Via Triumphalis. It is orna- mented with bas-reliefs and me- dallions illustrating the history of Trajan. These were taken from an arch of Trajan to decorate that of Constantine, though some writers have regarded the whole structure of Constantine as a transformed arch of Trajan. The frieze and sculptures upon the arch, which are of the time of Constantine, show plainly the decay which the art of sculpture had suffered since the age of Tra- jan. .8®- " The Arch of Constantine . . . is, I think, by far the most noble of the triumphal arches of Rome. Its superi- ority arises partly, no doubt, from its fine preservation. Its ancient magnifi- cence still stands unimpaired." C. A. Eaton. AEC Arch of Drusus. A triumphal arch near the gate of San Sebas- tiano in Rome, the oldest monu- ment of this kind now in exist- ence in the city. Arch of Hadrian. This gate, on the outsl^irts of the modern city of Athens, Greece, is inscribed on the side toward the Acropolis, " This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus;" on the other side, " Tliis is the city of Hadrian, and not of Tlieseus." Arch of Janus. (Quadrifrons.) This structure, which is rather inaccurately called an arch, since it consists of four arches, is now standing in what was once the Forum 'Boarium, Rome. It is a large square mass, each of its four fronts being pierced with an arch, which gives rise to the belief that • it was a Compitum, a kind of structure which was generally erticted at the meeting of four roads. It is supposed to have been used as a shelter from the sun and rain, and as an exchange or place of business for those trad- ing in the Forum. The date of its construction is unknown, though it has been usually as- signed to the time of Septimius Severus (140-211), and by some to as late an age as that of Constan- tine. il^ " I know few ruins more pic- turesque and venerable than this. That tliis arch is a work of imperial Rome, there ean be no doubt, hut the date of its erection ia purely conjectural." Eaton, Arch of Septimius Severus. 1. A noted monument of ancient Ivotne, standing at the north-west angle of the Forum It was Imilt of marble, A.D. 205, in honor of the emperor Septimius Severus and his sons Caracalla and Geta, and consists of one large and two smaller arches. It is ornament- ed with bas-reliefs relating to the Eastern ^vars of the emperor, and "was formerly surmounted by a car drawn by six horses abreast, and containing statues of Sep- timius Severus and his two sons, The part of the inscription of the 22 AEC arch relating to Geta was oblit- erated after his murder by his brother. ,gjf " The heavy and clumsy style of its architecture is sufficiently strik. in" when viewed beside the noble buildings of the Forum, in which it stands, fndoed, I know few ancient edifices in which the arts have been so completely tortured out of their na- tive graces. The whole building is covered with a profusion of bas-reliefs, and their deformity of design and exe- cution is sufHciehtly evident through all the injuries of time and accident. . . . Though this arch is entire, the sculpture has evidently suffered from Are." £aton. j^- " In the later days of the Empire two side arches were added fur foot- passengers, in addition to the carriage- way in the centre. This added much to the splendor of the edifice, and gave a greater opportunity for sculp- tural decoration than the single arch afforded. The Arch of Septimius Sev- erus is perhaps the best specimen of .1 1 — ,) Ftrgiisson. tile class.' 2. There is also a smaller Arch of Septimius Severus in the Vela- brnm, Eome, near the church of S. Giorgio in Yelabro. It was erectetl to the- emperor Severus, his wife Julia, and his sous Cara- calla and Geta, by the silver- smiths (Arijentarii ; hence it is also called Arcus Arr/entarius) and tradespeople of the Forum Boarium. The dedication of this arch was changed after the death of Geta, as in the case of the lar- ger arch described above. Arch of Titus. The most elegant triumphal arch in Eome. It stands upon the sirmmit of the Via Sacra, and was erected by the Eoman Senate and people iu honor of Titus to commemorate the destruction of Jerusalem. As a record of Bible history it is the most interesting ruin in Eome, containing as it does a representation in bas-relief o£ the spoils brought from the Tem- ple; among which may be recog- nized the tabic of siiew-bread, the silver trumpets, and the gcild- en seven-branched candlestick Avhich is said to have fallen into the Tiber during the flight of Maxentius from the onslaught of AEC 23 ARD Constantine. There is a close resemblance between the bas- reliefs on this arch representing the trophies brought from Jeru- salem, and the account of them given by the Jewish historian Jo- sephus. 4Sr " The Arch of Titus— the most ancient and perhaps the most faultless of the Triumphal Arches — was the work of an age when the arts, which in the age ot Doraitian had degener- ated from their ancient simplicity into a &.tylc of false and meretricious orna- ment, had revived in their fullest pur- ity and vigor, beneath the patronage of Trajan. But we now see it to great disadvantage. The hand of Time has robbed it of much of its ancient beauty, his 'effacing lingers 'have ob- literated much of the espi'ession and grace and even outline of the bas-re- liefs, the design and composition of which we can yet admire." Eaton, Jd^ " Over the half-worn pavement, and beneath this arch, the Roman armies had trodden in their outward march to tight battles, a world's width away. Returning victorious, with royal captives and inestimable spoil, a Koman triumph, that most gorgeous pageant of earthly pride, has streamed and flaunted in hundred-fold succession over these same flagstones and through this yut stalwart archway." H^awthorne. i^jf " The Arch of Titus is the most graceful in its form of all the Roman arches. . . . The Jews to this day, it is said, never pass under this arch; avoiding the eight of this mournful rec- ord of the downfall of their country and the desecration of their religion." J/illard. I stood beneath the Arch of Titus long; On Hebrew forms there sculptured lung I pored ; Titus ! a loftier arch than thine hath spanjied Rome and the world with empery and law; Thereof each stone was hewn from Israel ! Aubrey de Vere. Arch of Trajan. 1. A fine relic of Roman times at Benevento, Italy. The arch, which is nearly perfect, is now called the Porta Avrea. 2. An old Roman triumphal arch in Ancona, Italy. Archery Guild. [Dutch, het Doc- leiistuck.] A celebrated picture by Bartholomew van der Heist (1613-1670),. the Dutch painter. It is now in the Amsterdam Gal-, lery. There is a replica of the' same now in the Louvre in Paris. Archimedes, Th.e. The first ves- sel propelled by a screw. She was built by the English Admi- ralty in 18;i8, and made her first? trip in 1839. Arctic, The. A vessel of the Col- lins line of transatlantic steam- ers wljich sank in 1854, with a loss of many lives, in coiisii- quence of a collision with the Vesta. .ft^'Tn thatmysterious shroud, that vast atmosphere of mist, both steam- ers were holding their way with rush- ing prow and roaring wheels, but in- visible. At a league's distance, uncon- scious, and at nearer approach, un- warned; within hail, and bearing right towards each other, unseen, unfelt, till in a moment, moie, emerging from the gray mists, the ill-omened Veata dealt her deadly stroke to the Ariiic. . . . In a wild scramble that ignoble mob of fl.remen, engineers, waiters, and crew, rushed for the boats, and abandoned the helpless women, children, and men, to the mercy of the deep ! Four hours there were from the catastrophe of col- lision to the catastrophe of sinking! " H. W. Beecher. Ardennes. ["Written also poetic- ally Arden.] An ancient forest of vast extent in Belgium and tlie North of France, of which but little remains at the present time. The Forest of Arden is familiar to readers of "As You Like It." There was an ancient forest named Arden in the central part of England, which has now entirely disappeared. Shake- speare's "Arden" is by some identified with the English for- est. .e®""The wood of Soignies is sup- posed to be a remnant of the forest of Ardennes, famous in Boiardo's Orlan- do, and immortal in Shakespeare's ' As You Like It.' It is also celebrated in Tacitus as being the spot of successful defence by the Germans against the Roman encroachments." Byron. Oh. Where will the old Puke live? Vha. Tliey say lie is already in the Forest of Arden . 2LnCi a many merry men with him; an(i there they live like the old Kobin Hood of Knglaiid. Shakespeare. ABD 24 ABE And Ardennes waves above them Tier green leaves, Dewy wjth nature's tear-drops as they pass. Byron. That motley clown in Arden wood, - "Whom humorous Jaquts with envy viewed, Jy'ot even that olown could amplify Oil this trite text so long as 1. Scott. The forest-walks of Arden" s fair domain, Where Jaques fed his solitary vein, No pencil's aid as yet had dared supply, Seen only by the intellectual eye. Charles Lamb. Ardfert Abbey. An interesting and picturesque monastic ruin in the county of Kerry, Ireland, near Tralee, of high antiquity. Ardtornish Castle. An ancient ruined castle of the fourteenth century, in the island of Mull, formerly a place of great conse- quence as a stronghold, and as the headquarters of the "Lords of the Isles." Its situation, on a low basaltic promontory over- looking the sea, is very pictur- esque- [Written also Artornish and Ardtoniah.] Ardtornish on her fVowning steep, "iwixt cloud and ocean hunJ,^ Scott. Wake, Maid of Lorn ! the minstrels sun^. Thy rugged halls, Artorriish, rung; And the dark sl as thy towers that lave, Heaved on the beach a softerwave. lOid. Arena, The [of Aries]. A Bo- man ruin in the city of Aries, France. This ami:thitheatre is thought to have surpassed in the days of its splendor that at Nimes. 'J'horc, tlie hugp Coliseum's tawny brick. The twin arcs hand in hand. But there is one In mine own country T saw clearer yet. Ihou art ihe Aries arena ni niv i-yef. Great ruin ! Aub'antl, Trans. Arena, The [of Nimes]. A re- markable Roman ruin at Kimes, in Southern France. The amphi- theatre is 437 feet long, 3;!2 feet broad, and 72 feet high, and is one of the finest remains of the kind in existence. Jfi®" " RoiiBseaii, in the Inst century, complained of the neglected state in ■which the arenas of Nimes were allowed to lie. . . . Not till the year 1810 was an act passed for the clearing of this great amphitheatre, and now there is no ob- struction to the view. Situated in the middle of the town, and not far from the ant-ient wall, the arenas fFr. Lea Arenes] of Nimes have long been fa- mous for their size and preservation. They are supposed to be contempora- neous with the Cohseum. . . - Theinte- riorpresents only a jjicturesque mass of ruins, but the principal parts may even yet be easily distinguished." Le Ftxfre, Trans. Donald. jBSf- "If the arena of Aries is better preserved in the interior, the wall of that of Nimes is more intact, and its crown has not suffered so much. . . . Taken to- gether these two amphitheatres furnish almost complete details of the construc- tion of these buildings, the purpotic of which, and their gigantic proportions, argue a state of things so different from our own." Mtrimee. Arena, The [of Verona]. A cel- ebrated Roman ruin in Verona, Italy, being an amphitheatre of the age probably of Diocletian, and in a remarkable state of pres- ervation. It is still used forthe- atrical purposes. jK^ "In the midst of Verona is the great Roman ampliitheutre. ISo well preserved, and carefully maintained, that every row of seats is there, unbrok- en. Over certain of the arches the old Roman numerals may yet be seen; and there are corridors, and staircases, and subterranean passages for beasts, and winding ways above ground and below, as wlien the fierce thousands hurried in and out, intent upon the bloody shows of the arena." Livkens. t^uf " The amphitheatre is interesting from the excellent preservation in which the interior still continues. . . . We see here that root of utility out of which the flower architecture springs. The idea of an amphitheatre is >nnply that of a buildingin which he who is the most distant, in a horizontal line, shall have the highest place. This is. the way in which a crowd, on any occasion of in- terest, dispose themselves. The amphi- theatre is still used for public exhibi- tions. I could not help thinking what a capital place it would be for a^politi- cal caucus or a mass-meeting. It will hold twenty-two thousand spectators." nuiard. jCS?" *' The arena of this amphitheatre [at Verona] is very nearly perfect, ow- ing to the care taken of it during the Middle A^k.^^, when it was often used for tournaments and other spectacles. Its dimensions arc 502 feet by 401, and 98 feet high, in three stories, beautifully proportioned." Ferguswn. JS^ " This edifice seen from above looks like an extinct crater. If one de- sires to build for eternity it must be in this fashion." Taine, 7'ram. AEE 25 AEL Arena Chapel. A celebrated chap- el ill Padua, Italy, noted for the tine fresco decorations of Giotto (1276-1336), with which its walls are covered. Areopagus. [Hill 'of Mars.] A hill in Athens, Greece, on the north-east side of the Agora, and between the Pnyx and the Acrop- olis. 4Kg=" " Above the steps [by which the hill is ascended], on the rocky pave- ment of the bill, are the stone seats on ■which the court of the Areopagus sits. In this spot, distinguished by rude sim- plicity, is assembled the council by ■whose predecessors heroes and deities are said to have been judged, and whose authority commands respect and en- forces obedience when otlier means fail, and whose wisdom has saved their country in times of difficulty and dan- ger, when there appeared to be no long- er any opportunity for deliberation." C. Wordfiworth. Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' Mill, and said. Ye men ol Athens, I per- ceive that in all things ye are too supersti- tious. Actsxvii. 'i'L Pallas in figures wrought the heavenly powers. And Mars's Hill among the Athenian towers. Ovid, Trans. Arethusa, Fountain of. See FouN- T.\iN OF Arethusa. Argus, The. A noted vessel of the United States Navy, built at Washington, and in service in the war of 1812. She was captured by the English Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813. Argyll House. A mansion in Ar- .gyll Street, London, formerly the residence of the Duke of Argyll, taken down in 1862. Or bail at once the patron and the pile Of vice and folly, Oreville and Argi/le ! "Wliere von proud palace, i'ashion's lial- low'd fane. Spreads wide her portals for the motli^y train, Behold the new Petronius of the dfty. Our arbiter of pleasure and of play ! Byron . Argyll Rooms. Formerly a fash- ionable place of entertainment in London, where balls, concerts, etc., were held. The buildings were burnt down in 1830. While walking through the niahtly procession of ttie Haymarket, I thought about the Argi/lt Rooms, a sort of plea'i- ure casino whicli 1 had visited the night before. Taine, Trans. Ariadne. A famous Greek statue, representing Ariadne sleeping. It was at one time thought to be a figure of Cleopatra. In the Gallery of Statues in the Vatican, Rome. U®^ '* The eifect of sleep, so remark- able in this statue, and which could not have been rendered by merely clos- ing the lids over the eyes, is produced by giving positive form to the eyelashes, a distinct ridge being raised at right angles to the surface of the lids." Skakspere Wood, /^S' " One of the finest works of antiquity . . . especially admirable for the drapery, which hangs in the most natural folds, revealing the line outline of the limbs whicli it veils, hut man- aged with great refinement." tf . S. milard. Ariadne. A well-known and much admired group of statuary, repre- senting Ariadne on a panther, by Johanu Heinrich Dannecker (1T58-1841). In the Ariadneum, or Museum of Bethmann, in Frankfort-on-the-Main. Ariadne. See Bacchus and Ari- adne. Ariosto's House. The house of the poet (1474-1533) is still stand- ing in the Via dei Ariostei, Fer- rara, Italy. Arkansas, The. A monster armor- plated " ram " of the Confederate Navy, in the war of the Rebellion. Her mission was to " drive the Yankees from New Orleans." For that purpose she went down the river; but encountering the three Union gunboats, the Essex, Cayiic/a, and Humter, she was driven ashore and set on fire. Arkhangelsk! Sabor. See St MiCHAiiL's. Aries Amphitheatre [or Arena]. See Arena. Arlington House. A noted man- sion on the heights opposite Washington, D.C., overlooking the Potomac. It was once the property of Gen. Washington, who left it to his adopted son, George Washington Parke Custis, from whom it descended to Rob- ert E. Lee, the General of the AEM 26 ARE Conferlerate Army. During the war of the Rebellion the estate was a camp-ground for the Fed- eral troops, and the house was occupied as a headquarters. In 1863 the place was solil, and came into tlie possession of the United States. Armada, The Spanish. This famous naval armament, or expe- dition, Icnown as the Invincible Armada, was collected by Philip II. of Spain, and by liim sent against England in 1588. The Armada, consisting of I'M ships, about 2,500 great guns, nearly 5,000 quintals of powder, about 20,000 soldiers, besides volunteers, and more tlian 8,000 sailors, arrived in the Channel on the 19th of July, and in tlie first en- gagement was defeated by tlie English fleet, which was com- manded by Howard, Drake, Frobisher, and otliers. Several of the Spanish vessels were cap- tured, and others destroyed. Afterwards fire-ships were sent into the Spanish fleet, whicli caused so much alarm tliat the Armada put to sea in disorder, closely pursued by tlie English fleet, whicli attacked it so vigor- ously, and kept up so persistent an engagement that the immense armament was fairly routed. A number of the Spanish ships were destroyed, many were injured, a large number of men were killed; and the Spanisli commanders received sucli a fright that tliey did not dare return home the way they had come, but resolved to sail tlirough the North Sea and round Scotland to avoid risking another engagement. In this passage tliey suffered from storms and disasters, many of the vessels were wrecked, and of the whole fleet but 5:i shattered vessels and a little more than one-third of the army reached Spain. The attack of the Armada cost the Englisli only one ship. XiOT' " There was never any thing that pleased me better than Beeing the enemy Hying with li southerly wind to the northward." Drake. Armadale Castle. Tlie seat of Lord Macdonald in the island of Sltye, one of the Helirides. Armenian Convent [in Jerusa- lem]. This conventual establish- ment, A^'hich is the most aristo- cratic in Syria, was formerly the property of the Georgians, by whom it was founded in the elev- enth century. The convent has accommodations for three thou- sand pilgrims. Here are reputed to be the tomb of St. James, the stone which closed the Holy Sep- ulchre, the spot where Peter de- nied the Saviour, and tlie court where the cock crew. It con- tains a very gorgeous chapel. The Armenian Patriarchs of Jeru- salem are buried liere. Armourers' Hall. The building of tlie Armourers' Company, one of the old city companies of Lon- don. In Coleman Street. Armoury. See Hokse Armoury. Army and Navy Club. A house opposite the War Office, in Pall Wall, London, opened in 1851, is occupied bythis well-known club. It is a superb edifice, and, includ- ing the laud, cost not far from £100,000. In ISoT, Sir Edward Barnes and others originated the idea of founding a military club; and the Duke of Wellington be- came a patron, under the stipula- tion that the navy and marines should be included in the scheme of tlie club. Arnoliini, Jean. See Jean Akn- OLFINI. Arnstein Abbey. An ancient ruined monastery with a church still preserved of the fourteenth century, near Dietz, in Germany. Arques Castle. A ruined fortress a few miles from Dieppe, France. It was an important stronghold in the Middle Ages. Under its walls Henri IV. "gained a great victory over the army of the League. Arrotino, L'. [The Slave sharp- ening his Knife.] An ancient statue, now in the Uifizi Palace, Florence. The figure is repre- AES 27 AEU sented as suspending )iis employ- ment, and looking up as if to listen to something that is said to him. [Often called the Knife- Grinder.} a^ " 1 found in the figure of the Knife- Grinder quite a new revelation of the power of art. As is well known, this statue is an enigma, to which no satisfactory solution has ever been of- fered. Indeed, whether he ia whetting his knife seems somewhat doubtful. But as to its power there can be no doubt. The hgure is unideal, and the face and head coarse: but every line glows with the fire of truth. ... It seemed to me that a single look at this figure had given rae a new insight into Roman life and manners, as if one of Terence's characters bad been turned into marble for my benefit." Iliiiard. To be made a living statue of, — noth- ing to do but strike an attitude. Arm up — so — like the one in tlieCiarcien. John of Bologna's Mercury — thus — on one foot. Keedy knife-gnnder in the Tribune at Florence. No, not "needy," come to think of it. Holmes. Arsenal of Venice. This interest- ing sti-uctnre is a work of the fourteenth century, of great ex- tent, and containing many memo- rials of the early power and naval supremacy of Venice. iKS^" No reader of Dante will fail to pay a visit to the Arsenal-, from which, in order to illustrate the terrors of his ' Inferno,' the great poet drew one of those striking and picturesque images, characteristic alike of the bold- ness and the power of his genius. Besides, it is the most characteristic and impressive spot in Venice. The Ducal Palace and St. Mark's are sym- bols of pride and pomp, but the strength of Venice resided here. . . . Here was the index-band which marked the culmination and decline of her greatness." Iliiiard. As in the Arsenal of the Venetians Itoils in the winter the tenacious pitch To smear their unsound vessplso'era^^ain. Dante, Lmujfetlow's Trans. Arsenal. See BiBLiOTHi:QCB de l'Aksenal. Arthur's Club. This club in Lon- don, referred to by Lady Hervey as " the resort of old and young " in 1756, is so called from Mr. Ar- thur, the proprietor of White's Chocolate House, who died in 1761. The club-house in St. James's Street was built in 1811, antl reconstructed in 1825. Arthur's Palace. See King Ar- thltr's Palace. Arthur's Round Table. See Round Table and King Ak- thur's Round Table. Arthur's Seat. An eminence in Edinburgh, Scotland, 820 feet in height, the most conspicuous fea- ture in the view of tlie city. It derives its name from Prince Arthur. .0®^'* Arthur's Seat, a huge double- headed hill, presenting, from some di- rections, peculiar resemblance to a recumbent lion." J. I'. Uunnewell. Whose muse, who«e cornemuse sounds with such plaintive music from Arlliur's Seat, while . . . the mermaids come flap- piufj up to Leith shore to hear the exqui- site music ? Thackeray. Wily do the injured unresistinp yield The calm possession of thiir native iteld? Wily tamely thus before their fangs re- treat. Nor hunt the bloodhounds back tn Ar- thur's Seat ? Byron. I'raced lilie a map the landscape lies, In cultured beauty stretching wide; There ocean with its azure tide; There Arthur's Seat. D. M. Moir. Artist and the Uasel. A picture by Adrian van Ostade (1610-1683), the Dutch f/en)T-painter, and con- sidered one of liis chief works. In the Dresden Gallery. Artornish Castle. See Ardtorn- isH Castle. Arundel Castle. An ancient baro- nial mansion, the property of the Duke of Norfolk, situated on the River Arun, in Sussex, England. There are references to it as early as the time of King Alfred. The castle stands upon a knoll over- looking the sea. Of the original structure, the gateway, part of the walls, and the keep are still standing. The latter, which is covered with ivy, is a stone tower of a circular form, 68 feet in diam- eter, and Is one of the most inter- esting feudal remains in England. The castle was mainly in ruins till 1815, when it was restored by the owner at great expense. The buildings and grounds are mag- nificent. Arundel House. A celebrated mansion which formerly stood in the Strand, London, and was AEU 28 ASS taTren down in 1678. It was here that the celebrated collection known as the Arundelian Mar- bles was gathered. See Akun- DELIAN Marbles. Arundel Library. A well-known collection now merged in the li- brary of the British Museum, to which it was added in 1831. ArundeUan Marbles. Acelebrated collection o( ancient Greek stat- ues and monuments, brought to England in 11)27 from the island of Paros, and purchased by the Earl of Arundel. After the Res- toration in IBGO, they were pre- sented by the grandson of the Earl to the University of Oxford. [Called also Oxford Marbles] How a thing prows in tlic human Mom- ory, in ihe human Imagination, ivlien love, worship, and all that lies m tlie hu- man Heart, is there to encourage it. And in the darkness, in the entire ignorance, without date or document, no book, no Arundel-marble ; only here and there some dumb monumental cairn. Carlyle. Ascension, Convent of the. A convent on the summit of Mount Olivet, near Jerusalem. Ascension of Christ. [Ital. L'As- censione, Fr. L' Ascension, Ger. Die Himmelfalvt.] A favorite subject of representation by the early painters. The following may be mentioned as among the more celebrated and familiar ex- amples. Asce)LSion, The. A picture by Giotto di Bordone (1276-1336). In the Chapel of the Arena at Padua, Italy. Ascension, The. A grand altar- picture by Pietro Perugino (1441)- 1524), originally painted for the church of S. Pietro Maggiore, at Perugia, Italy, and afterwards presented by Pope Pius VII. to the city of Lyons, France, and now preserved in the museum of that city. Ascension, The. A picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- reggio (1494-1534). In the church of S. Giovanni, Parma, Italy. Ashburnham House. A mansion in London, so named because formerly the residence of Lord Ashburnham. It was built by Inigo Jones. Asher Place. See Esher Place. Ashmolean Museum. A building connected with the University of Oxford, England, built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682, to con- taiu the collections of Ashmole, the antiquary. AsineUi, Torre degli. See Toeke DEGLI ASIXELLI. Assistance, The. An Arctic ex- ploring vessel which sailed under Commander Austin, in 1850. Assumption, The. [Ital. L'As- siuizione, Fr. L' Assomption, Ger. Maria. Himmelfahrt.] A very common and favorite subject of representation by the early paint- ers, in which is portrayed the exaltation of the Virgin Mar\-. Of the great number of pictures called by this name, the follow- ing may be mentioned as among the more celebrated and familiar. Assumption, The. A picture by Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). In the Academy at Florence, Italy. Assumption, The. A celebrated picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 1528), the German painter and engraver. The sum of 10,000 flor- ins was paid for this picture by Maximilian, the Elector of Bava^ ria; but it was destroj'ed by fire at Munich in 1674. A copy of it by Paul Juvenel of Nuremberg is still preserved in the Stahlhof at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Assumption, The. A noted pic- ture by Guido Reni (1575-1642), now in the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. /Kg=- ** The fine large Assumption m the Munich Gallei-y may be regarded as the best example of Guide's manner of treating this theme." Mrs. Jameson. Assumption, The. A picture bearing this title bv Guido Reni (1575-1642) in the National Gal- lery, London, is, according to the best authorities, an Immaculate Conception. Assumption, The. A large altar- piece by Domenico di Bartolo (fl. 1440). Now iu the Gallery of Berlin, Prussia. ASS 29 AST jfi®* " Thia is one of the most remark- able und important pictures of the Siena Echool." Mr^. Jameson. Assximpiion, TJie. A picture "by Fra Bartolomineo (1477-1517), tlie Italian painter. It is now in the Museum at Naples, Italy. There is another upon the same subject by this master in the Museum at Naples, and another at Besan^on, France. Assitmption, The, A picture by Antonio Allegri, called Correggio (l:i94-15;?4). In the cupola of the Duomo at Parma, Italy. JO®^ " One glow of heavenly rapture is dittuscd overall ; but the scene in vast, confused, almost tumultuous." Mrs. Jameson. Assitmption, Tlie. A celebrated picture by Titian (1477-157G), and regarded as his masterjiiece, now in the Accademia delle Belle Arti in Venice, Italy, to which it was removed from the church of S. Maria Gloriosade' Frari. It is one of the best examples of the work of this renowned master of color- ing, Jl^' " The injury and neglect this marvellous picture had suffered in tlie keeping of the Roman Church protected It from the rapacity of the French. The lower part was literally burnt with candles, and the whole so blackened with smoke, that the French commis- sioners did not think it worth the trans- port to Paris. It continued in this state till 1815, when, all danger being over, Count Cieognara drew attention to Titian's masterpiece, wliich was then cleaned and restored," £aetlake, Ilandbook of Painting , Note. .^^ " And Titian's angels impress me m a similar manner. 1 mean those in the glorious AssutJiption at Venice, with their childish forms and features, but with an expression caught from beholding the face of 'our Father that IS in heaven:' it is glorified infancj'. I remember" standing before this pic- ture, contemplating those lovely spirits one after another, until a thrill came over me like that which I felt when Mendelssohn played the organ, and I became music while I listenc'd." Mrs. Jameson. Assumption, The. A celebrated picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1(J40). Of a number of com- positions upon thia subject by Eubens, the most famous and splendid is that in the Museum at Brussels, Belgium. Astankina. A summer palace and park in the immediate neighbor- hood of Moscow, Russia, belong- ing to the noble family of Chere- metieff. The grounds are laid out after the manner of Ver- sailles. iU®=' " Here was the scene of one of those gigantic pieces of flattery by which the courtiers of Catherine II. Bought to keep or win her favor. Dur- ing a visit of that empress to Astankina, fjhe remarked to the proprietor, ' Were it not for the forest, you would be able to see Moscow.' The latter immedi- ately set some thousands of serfs to work, au4 in a few days afterward prevailed upon the empress to pay hira another visit. ' Your majesty,' he said, 'regretted that the forest should shut out my view of Moscow. It shall do BO no longer.' He thereupon waved his band, and there was a movement among the trees. They rocked back- ward and forward a moment, tottered, and fell crashing together, breaking a wide avenue through the forest, at the end of which glittered in the distance the golden domes of the city." Bayard Taylor. Astley's. A well-known place of entertainment, "Westminster Bridge Road, London, so called from Philip Astley, the builder of nineteen theatres. It was originally built for equestrian exhibitions. The present thea- tre, which is the fourth erected upon this site, has been remod- elled for performances of the reg- ular drama. S^" " There is no place which recalls so strongly our recollections of child- hood as Astley's. It was not a ' Royal Amphitheatre'' in those days, nor had r>ucrow arisen to shed the light of class- ic taste and portable gas over the saw- dust of the circus; but the whole char- acter of the place was the same, the pieces were the same, the clown's jokes were the same, the riding-masters were equally grand, the comic performers equally witty, the tragedians equally hoarse, and the 'highly-trained char- gers ' equally spirited. Astley's has al- tered for the better — we have changed tor the worse." Dickens. He [Canninfj] came, but said he hated the v^hole thins; that he had come only because he had ^iven his word; and then, turning suddenly on the Secretary, "^ow AST 30 ATH if you will let me off from this business to-niglit, 1 will treat you to Astley's.'' George Ttcknor. We have four horses aiid one postilion, who hiis a very lon^ whip, and drives his team something like the Courier of St. I'etersburfj in the circle at Astley's or Franconi's. Uickens. Base Buonitparte, filled with deadly ire, Sets, one by one, our playhouses on lire. Some years ago he pounced with deadly t!lee on The Onera Hoiise, then burnt down the Pantheon; Thy hutch, O Halfpenny I passed in a trice. Boiled some black pitch, and burnt down Astlei/'s twice. Rejected Addresses. Astor Library. A library in New York City, containing more than ]00,000 volumes, so named after John Jacob Astor (176(i-LS4S), by whom it was endowed with .:?4U(J,- 000. Astrologer, The. A picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly called Giorgioue (U77-1511), in the Maufi'in palace, Venice, Italy. Astrologers, The. See Geome- TRiciAxs, The. Athassel Priory. A heautifnl ruined priory of the thirteenth century, in Tix:)perary County, Ireland. Athenaeum. In ancient Athens a temple or gymnasium sacred to Minerva, where philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians were ac- customed to recite their works. Hence applied in later times to an association or a building de- voted 'to purposes of literature or art. Athenaeum. A noted club-house and club situated in Pall Mall, London, lieionging to an associa- tion instituted in ISl'o, and com- posed of individuals distinguished for their literary or scientific at- tainments, or as patrons of sci- ence, literature, and art. The club-house was built in 1829. The Athenanim has the best club library in London. i^^="Thc■ only club I beloni? to is Ibe .■Ulu'na?um. wlilch consists of 1,200 members, nmonij wbom are tu be reck- oned a UxviZQ proportion of the most eminent persons in the land, in every line — civil, military, and ccclcfilastical, peers spiritual and temporal (95 noble- men and 12 bishops), commoners, men of the learned professions, those con- nected with science, the arte, and com- merce in all its principal branches, as well as the distinguifihed who do not belong to any particular class. Many of these are to be met with every day, living with the same freedom ae in their own houses. For six guineas a year every member ha.'^ the command uf an excellent library, with map?, of the daily papers, English and foreign, the principal periodicals, and every material for writing, with attendance for whatever is wanted. The building is a sort of palace, and is kept with the same exactness and comfort as a pri- vate d^^'elling. Every member is a master, without any of the trouble of a master. He can corne when he pleases, and stay away as long as he pleases, without anything going wrong. He has the command of regular servants, without having to pay or to manage them. He can have \\batever meal or refreshment he-want^, at all hours, and served np with the cleanliness and comfort of bis own house. He orders just what he pleases, ha\ing no interest to think of but bis own. In short, it is impu^^ible to suppose a greater de- gree of liberty in living." Walker's OriginaL /E5^ *• Ninety-nine bundredthsof thia club are people who rather seek to ob- tain a sort of standing by belonging to the Athenaeum, than to give it lustre by the talent of its members. Nine- tenths of the intellectual writers of the age would be certainly black-balled by the dunces. Notwithstanding all ibis, and partly on account of this, the Athseiieum is a capital club." 2vew Quarterly Review. His [M. Guizot's] name was immedi- ately pioniiscil as an honorary member of tiiC Atheiixum. M. Guizot was black- oalled- Ctriaiiilv, they knew the dis- tinction of bib name. lUit ibe Enphsh- man is not tickle. He had reallv niwde up bis mind, no" for vcars as he read his newspaper, to hate and de.-pise M. Gui- zot; and the altered position of the man as an illustrious exile, and ague-tin the country, make no difference to him, as they would instantly to an American. Emerson. Every day after leavinR the Athenasum, T go and sit for an hour in St. James s Park. Taine, Trans. The broad steps of the At/ienssum are as yot uuthronged tiy thp shnfflinij; feet of the literati whose morning is longer and more secluded than that of idler men, but who win be seen In swarms, at four, en- tering that superb edifice in company w'ith the employh and pohticians who atlcct their sucieiy. £f, p, Willis, ATH 31 AUB Athenaeum. A building on Beacon Street, Boston, belonging to tlie AthenrEum corporation, and con- taining a library ot more tban 115,- 000 volumes, and until recently a good collection of paintings and statuary. A great part of the works of art formerly in the AthenfEum are now in the Muse- um of Fine Arts, in Boston. It contains also the library of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Athenaeum. A building in Balti- more, Md., containing several libraries, a picture-gallery, read-' ing-room, and museum pf curios- ities Athenaeum. A very common name applied to numerous associations and buildings devoted to purposes connected with literature or a;rt. See supra. Athena, School of. See School OF Athens. Athlone Castle. This castle at Athlone, Ireland, has been prom- inent in the military history of the island. It underwent a long siege in the reign of James II., and was at last taken by the English. Atlanta, The. A jiowerful Con- federate ram in the Civil War of 18til-B3. She Avas under the com- mand of Capt. ■\Vebb, formerly of the United States Navy. She was captured by the United States vessel-of-war Weehawken. .e®-" The Atlanta was in the Wll- minijton River. It was the pleasant month of June. She went down to meet the two monitors [^IhnWeekawken and the Nahant], accompanied by gun- , boats crowded with citizens of Savan- nah, who went to see the tight and enjoy the victory. Wlien her intended victims appeared in sight, Webb assured bis 'audience' that tiie monitors would be ' in tow of the Atlanta before break- fast.' As she pushed swiftly toward the Wffhawkent Capt. Kodgers sent a solid shot that carried away the top of the Atlanta'-^ pilot-house and sent her aground. Fifteen minutes after- wards she was a prisoner to the Wee- hawken. ' Providence, for some good reason,' said the astonished Webb pa- thetically to his crew, * has interfered with our plana.' " tossing. Atlas. A noted statue represent- ing Atlas sustaining a globe. ■This figure is of value as e.xhibit- ing the ancient ideas of astron- omy. Now in the Museum at Naples, Italy. Attila. A fresco by Raphael San- zio (14K.T-15'20) in the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome. t^S^ " Raphael's fresco styled ' the Attiia'is rather historically than reli- giously treated ; it is, in fact, an histori- cal picture." Mrs. Jameson. Auburn. A place celebrated in Goldsmith's poem of "The De- serted Village." The situation of this village has been much in doubt ; but it is now generally supposed to be the same as Lis- soy, or Lishoy, in the county of Westmeath, near Athlone, Ire- land. There is a village named Auburn (sometimes spelt Al- bourne) in Wiltshire, near Marl- borough, which has by some been identified, but without any apparent reason, with the scene of the poem. B£^ '* The village of Lissoy, now and for nearly a centurj' known as Au- burn, and so 'marked on the maps,' stands on the summit of a hill. . . . The circumstances under which he [Goldsmith] pictured 'Sweet Auburn' as a deserted village, remain in al- most total obscurity. If his picture was in any degree drawn from facts, they were in all likelihood as slender as the materials which furnished his description of the pl.ace, surrounded by all the charms which' poetry can derive from invention. . . . The poem bears ample evidence, that, although some of the scenes depleted there had been stamped upon his memory, . . . the story must either he assigned to some other locality, or traced entirely to the creative faculty of the poet." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. 4J®^ " The village in its happy days Is a true English village. The village In its decay is an Irish village. The felicity and the misery whicli Gold- smith has brought close together be- long to two different countries and to two different stages in the progress of society. He had assuredly never seen In his native island such a rural para- dise, such a seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity, as his Axitmrn. He had assuredly never seen in England ail AUB 32 AUE the inhabitants of such a paradise turned out of their homes in one day, and forced to emigrate in a body to America. The hamlet he had probably seen in Kent; the ejectment he had probably seen in Munster; but by join- ing the two, he has produced some- thing which never was and never will be seen in any part of the world." J/acaulay. US' " He [Goldsmith] paints the friends and scenes of his youth, and peoples Auburn and Wakerteld with remembrances of Lissoy." Thackeray. Sweet Auburn 1 loveliest viUase of the plain. Goldsmith. Auburn, Mount. See Mount Au- burn. Auohlnleck House. The mansion of the Boswell family, near Cum- nooli, Scotland, often alluded to in the memoirs of Johnson, and associated with the name of his biographer. Audley Castle. A picturesque ruined fortress in the county of Down, Ireland. Audubon Avenue. A subterra- nean passage in the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. It is one mile in length, 50 feet high, and 50 or 60 feet in width. Auerbaob's Cellar. A place of public entertainment, where beer and wine are sold, under an old house in Leipzig, Germany. It is noted as the scene of the tradi- tional feats of the famous magi- cian. Doctor Faustus. His magi- cal exploits of drawing various wines from gimlet-holes bored for the purpose in the table, of mak- ing the members of the company seize each other's noses under the delusion that they were grasping bunches of grapes, and his finally riding out of the door upon a cask, are told by Goethe in his dramatic poem of " Faust," one scene of which is laid in Auer- bach's Cellar. Two pictures painted upon the walls of the vault are supposed to commemo- rate the adventures of Faust. /I®" " I supped there duringr my last visit to Germany, and tooli some pains to ascertain the traditions' connected with it, which the waiter seemed to have a particular pleasure in communi- cating. He assured me that there was not the shadow of a doubt as to my being seated in the verv vault in which both Faust and Goethe had caroused." Uayward. SfB- " Another interesting place in Leipsio is Auerbach's cellar, which it is said contains an old manuscript history of Faust, from which Goethe derived the first idea of his poem. He used to frequent this cellar. ' Bayard Taylor. As grosser spirits gurgled out • From ciiair i-nd table with a spout, 111 Auerbaih's Cellar once, to liout '1 he s.*iises of th-i rabble rout. Where'er the gimlet twirled about Of cunning Mcphistopheles: So did these cunning spirits seem in store. Behind the wainscot or the door. Lowell, Bigtow Papers. Auerbaok. A ruined castle on the road between Darmstadt and Heidelberg, Germany. Augustan Age. A picture by Jean Le'on Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Augusteum. A palace in Dresden, Saxony. It contains a valuable collection of works of art and scientific trea.sures. [Called also the Japanese Palace.^ Augustus. See Arch of Augus- tus, Mausoleum of Augustus, Palace of the C^saks. Aurea Domus. See Golden House. Aurora. 1. A celebrated fresco by Guido Reni (1575-1042) in the casino, or summer-house, of the Kospigliosi Palace in Rome. It is painted upon the ceiling, and represents Aurora scattering flowers before the chariot of the Sun, while the Hours advance in rapid motion. The engraving of this picture by Raphael Morghen (1758-183o) has made it very fa- miliar. According to Lanzi, the Venus de' Medici and the Niobe were the favorite models of Gui- do, and there are few of his large pictures in which the Niobe or one of her children is not intro- duced, yet with such skill that the imitation can hardl.y be detected. jflSr " Guido's Aurora is the very type of haste and impetus; for surely no man ever imagined such liurry and tumult, such sounding and clashing. Painters maintain that it is lighted from two sides ; they have my full permls* AUE 33 AVE sion to light theirs from three, if it will improve them, but the difference lies elsewhere." Mendelssohn's Letters, fl®- " The God of Day is seated on his chariot, surrounded by a choir of dancing Hours, preceded by the early morning Hour, scattering flowers. The deep blue of the sea, still obscure, is charming. . There is a joyousness, a complete pagan amplitude, about these blooming goddesses, with their hands interlinked, and all dancing as if at an antique festival." Taine, Trans. What is Guide's RosplgliosI Aurora but a morning thought, as the horses in it are only a morning cloud. Emerson, 2. A well-known freseo-palnt- Ing by Giovanni Francesco Bar- bieri, called Gueroino (1590-166B). In the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. .8®= "The Aurora of G-uercino fills the ceiling and its curves. She is a young, vigorous woman, her vigor al- most inclining to coarseness. Before her are three female figures on a cloud, all large and ample, and much more original and natural than those of the Aurora of Guido ... A ray of morn, ing light half traverses their faces, and the contrast between the illuminated and shadowed portions is charming. . . . Guercinodid not, like Guido, copy antiques : he studied living models, like Caravaggio, always observing the de- tails of actual life, the changes of im- pression from grave to gay, and all that is capricious in the passion and expres- sion of the face." Taine, Trans, ie®='*'The work of Guido [see su- pra'] is more poetic than that of Guer- cino, and luminous and soft and har- monious." Forsyth. An Aurora by Jean-Louis-Ha^ mon (1821-1874) is known through reproductions. Aurora, The [of Michael Angelo]. See Morning, The. Aurungzebe Mausoleum. A cele- brated tomb erected by Aurung- zebe, to his daughter, in Aurunga^. bad, Hindostan. It has cluster- ing domes of white marble simi- lar to those of the Taj Mahal, but inferior to the latter in size and splendor. ■ See Taj Mahal. Austerlitz, Battle of. See Bat- tle OF j4usterlitz. Austin Friars. The name given to a court or place in London, in which formeirly stood a cele- brated Augustinian convent, now converted into a Dutch church. Austria, The. A screw steamer saihng from Hamburg, Germany, destroyed by fire on the open sea in 1858, with a loss of nearly 400 persons, for the most part Ger- mans. Auto da Fe. A noted picture by Francisco Rizi (1608-1685). In the gallery at Madrid, Spain. Avalou. The poetical name of Glastonbury, Somersetshire, Eng- land, spoken of as an fstond, which, it is conjectured, the place may once have been at certain seasons. Avalon is intimately connected with the romances of King .Ar- thur. Clustered upon the western Bide Of Avalon s preen hill. Her ancient homes and fretted towers Were lying, bright and still. Henry Alford. Glory and boast ofAvalon's fair vale, How beautiful the ancient turrets rose ! W. L. Bowles, Ave-Ceesar-Imperator. A pic- ture by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Aventine Mount. [Lat. Mons Aventimis.] One of the seven hills of Rome. Under the kings two orders had been established at Rome, the Patricians and Ple- beians. The revolution which substituted the consular republic for royalty destroyed the equilib- rium between these two orders. The plebeians, revolting against the severity of the poor-laws, broke the peace of the city, B.C. 493, by an armed secession to the Aventine Mount. Ancus Martins added the hill to Rome, and peo- pled it with captives from neigh- Ijoring Latin villages, thus origi- nating the order of plebs. Of the many temples and buildings which once covered the Mount, but very little remains, and its summit is now crowned by the three churches of Sant' Alessio, II Priorato, and Santa Sabina. The name of the hill is said to be de- rived from Aventinus, a king of Alba; but some regard it as taken from Avens, a Sabine river; while others give it a more legendary derivation from the story of Romulus and Remus watching AVE 34 AZH the auspices after the foundation of the city. A cliff of the Aveu- tine is famed as the supposed place where the giant Cacus had his cave. The story of his rob- bery of the oxen of Hercules, and of his subsequent destruction by that herOj is told by Virgil in the eighth book of the ^neid. The poets Ennius, Gallus, and Livius Andronicus lived upon the Aven- tine. J^= " Mount AventinuB indemnifies the mind for all the painful recollections the other hills awake ; and its aspect is as beauteous as its memories are eweet. The banks at its foot were called the hovely Strand {pulchrumliitus). Poet- ry also has embellished this spot : it was there that Virgil placed the cave of Cacus; and Eome, so great iu his- tory, is still greater by the heroic tic- tions with which her fabulous origin has been decked." Madame de StaUl. Abelard had his school, his camp as he called it, upon the mountain, then almost deserted, where now rises the temple of St. Genevi6ve. This was the Aventine Mount of a nation of disciples leaving the ancient schools in order to listen to the fresh and strong words of Abelard. Lamartine. Trans. Amidst these scenes, O pilgrim! aeek'st thou Rome ? Vain is thy search, — the pomp of Rome is fled ; Her silent Aventine is glory's tomb ; Her walls, her shrines, but relics of the dead. Francisco de Quevedo, Trans. Avoca. A beautiful valley in the county of "Wicklow, Ireland, cele- brated in the verse of Moore. The name signifies the "meeting of the waters." There is not in the wide world a valley so sweet. As that vale in whose bosom the bright waters meet. Axum. See Obelisk of Axuji. Ayoon Moosa. See Fountains of Moses. Ayr, Twa Brigs of. See TwA Brigs of Ayr. Azhar, Mosque of. See Mosque OF Azhar. BAB 35 BAG B. Babel, Tower of. See Ems NiM- EOOD and Tower of Babel. Babele, Tor di. See Tor di Ba- BELE. Babi Humayou. See Sublime POKTE. Babuiuo, Via. See Via Babuino. Baccliaual, The. 1. A picture by Dosso Dossi (1474-1558), the Ital- ian painter. In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. 2. A picture by Peter Paul Eubens (1577-1640), now at Blen- heim, England. Bacchante. A famous picture by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In the Tribune at Florence, Italy. Bacchus. 1. A famous relic of ancient sculpture, a masterpiece by some attributed to Phidias. In the Museum at Naples, Italy. [Also called the Torso Farnese.] 2. A celebrated colossal statue in the Vatican, Rome. J8®^ " The Bame personality. [Anti- nous], idealized it is true, but rather Buffering than gaining by the process, is powerfully impressed upon the colos- sal Dionysus [Bacchus] of the Vatican. What distinguishes this great work is the inbreathed spiiit of divinity." J. A. Si 3. A statue by Jacopo Sanso- vino (1477-1570), pronounced " one of the finest statues conceived by any modern in the style of the antique." It is in the Uffizi Gal- lery, Florence, Italy. Bacchus. See Drunken Bacchus and Narcissus. Bacchus and Ariadne. An ad- mired mythological picture by Titian (1477-1576), now in the National Gallery, London. gS" " The creation of the Bacchus and Ariadne may be said^ to make a third with that of Shakespeare's Mid- summer Night's Dream and Milton's Comus ; each given in their own proper language." £asilake. J8^ " Is there any thing in modern art in any way analogous to what Titian has effected in the wonderful bringing together of two times in the Ariadne of the National G-allery ? " Charles Lamb. Back Bay. An expansion of Charles Eiver, the principal stream flowing into Boston Har- bor. On the new made land in this region of the city (to which quarter the name Back Bay is commonly applied) are some of the finest streets and buildings. The crowds filled the decorous streets, and the trim pathways of the Common and the Public Garden, and flowed m an orderly course towards the vast edifice on the £ac/c Bay, presenting the interestr ing points which always distinguish a crowd come to town from a city crowd. W. D. HowelU. Bacon's Brazen Head. See Fbiak Bacon's Brazen Head. Badia, La. A celebrated abbey church in Florence, Italy. It was founded in the middle of the thirteenth century. In the im- mediate neighborhood of Flor- ence is another church built by the Medici, in the fifteenth cen- tury, known as La Badia di Fie- sole. Badminton. The seat of the Duke of Beaufort, 10 miles from Chip- penham, England. Bagnigge "Wells. Formerly a noted mineral spring in Isling- ton, London. It was much vis- ited by Londoners in the latter part of the eighteenth and first part of the nineteenth century. Its gardens were extensive, and laid out in the fashion of the times ; but its mineral springs were the principal attraction. Miss Edgeworth alludes to it as a place of popular resort, and it is often spoken of by authors of the last century. It has ceased to exist. ;6®- " Bagnigge Wells were situated on a little stream called the River Bag- BAI '36 BAM nigge, though scarcely better than a ditch. The House of Bagnigge was at one time inhabited by Nell Gwynn. On an inscription on the front of it stood : ' T. S. This is Bagnigge House near the Pindar a Wakefeilde, 1680.' " W. Howitt. Baiae, Bay of. See Bat of Bal^. Bailey, Old. See Old Balley. Baker Street. A well-known street in London, leading north from Portman Square. In Baker Street is Madame Tussaud's cele- brated exhibition of wax-work figures. See Madame Tus- saud's Exhibition. What would they say in Baker Street to some sights with which our new friends favored us ? Thackeray Balbi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Balbt] A well-known palace in Genoa, Italy, containing some treasures of art. Balbi. See Stkada Balbi. Baldaoohino. [The Canopy.] The bronze canopy which covers the high altar in St. Peter's Church, Eome. It was cast after designs by Bernini in 1633, and made chiefly from the bronze taken from the Pantheon, and partly from metal whiph Pope tfrban VIII. procured from Venice. JOS' "It is difficult to imagine on ■what ground, or for what purpose, this costly fabric was placed here. It has neither beauty nor grandeur, and re- sembles nothing 80 much as a colossal four-post bedstead without the curtains. ... It is a pursuing and intrusive presence. . ; . We wish it anywhere tout where it is, under the dome, rear- ing Its tawdry commonplace into that majestic space, and scrawling upon the air its feeble and affected lines of spiral." mtlard. /B» " It only looked like a consid- erably magnified bedstead — nothing more. Yet I knew it was a good deal more than half as high as Niagara Falls. It was overshadowed by a dome so mighty that its own height was snubbed." Mark Twain. Balduiustein. A feudal fortress on the river Lahn, near Dietz, in Germany. It was built in 1325. Balgownie, Bridge of. o' Balgownie. See Bkig BaUoI College. A noted college in Oxford, England, being one of the nineteen colleges included in the University. It was founded about the year 12G3. 1637. 10 May, I was admitted a fellow communer of Baliol College. . - . The fel- low communers were no more exempt from exercise than the meanest common- ers there. John Evelyn, Diary. Ball's Cave. A natural curiosity in Schoharie County, N.Y. It is traversed in boats which follow the course of a subterranean river at a depth of one hundred feet below the surface of the gi-ound. Ballybuuian. A series of noted caves which are among the most remarkable of the natural won- ders of Ireland. They are situ- ated not far from Tralee, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. Balmoral Castle. A castle in Scot^ land, on the river Dee, about 40 miles south-west of Aberdeen, belonging to the Queen of Eng- land, and occupied by her as a Highland residence. Baltimore Street. A main avenue in Baltimore, Md., and a favorite promenade. Baltouy. A Druidical temple in the county of Donegal, Ireland, somewhat resembling that at Stonehenge in size and structure. Bambino Santissimo. [The Holy Infaut.] A wooden figure of the infant Saviour, preserved in the church of Ara Coeli at Eome, whose miraculous powers in cur- ing the sick have caused it to be held in wonderful repute. Ac- cording to the legend it was carved by a Franciscan pilgrim out of a tree from the Mount of Olives, and was painted hy St. Luke while the pilgrim was sleep- ing over his work. The image is extremel}^ rich in gems and jew- elry, and is held in such esteem in cases of severe sickness that it has been said by the Italians to receive more fees than any phy- sician in Rome. The festival of the Bambino, which occurs at the Epiphany, attracts crowds of peasantry from all parts of the surrounding country. BAN 37 BAN iS®= " On the 6th of January, the lofty stepa of Ara Coali looked like an ant-hill, so thronged were ihey with people. ... II Bambino, a painted image of wood, covered with jewels, was carried by a monk in white gloves, and exhibited to the people. Every- body dropped down upon their knees." FredeHka Bremer. iB®" " The disposition of the group and the arrangement of the lights are managed with considerable skill. On this occasion the church is always thronged, especially by peasants from the country." &. S. Hillard. .e^*'The miraculous Bambino is a painted doll, swaddled in a white dress, which is crusted oyer with magnificent diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The Virgin also wears in her ears superb diamond pendants. The general effect of the scenic show is admirable, and crowds flock to it and press about it all day long." W. W. Story. Garnished fVom throat to foot with rings And brooches and precious offerings, And its little nose kissed quite away By dying lips. . . . ... for you must know It has its minions to come and go, Its perfumad chamber, remote and still. Its silken couch, and its jewelled throne, And a special carriage of its own To take the air in, when It will. T. B. Aldrich. Banbury Cross. In Oxfordshire, England. The place was famous for its cakes and ale, and also for its Puritanic zeal. In the latter part of Elizabeth's reign an at- tempt was made to revive the shows and pageants of the Catho- lic Church in Banbury; but when the performers reached the high cross in Banbury, a collision oc- curred between them and the Pu- ritans, in which the latter were victorious. The high cross, and three smaller ones, were cut down and hacked in pieces. The mag- nificent church met with a simi- lar fate. Ride a cock-horse to Banbury CrosSy To see a fine lady ride on a white horse, Eings on her fingers, and bells onher toes, That she may make music wherever she goes. Mother Ooose. Bangor House. An old ecclesias- tical mansion in London — the reside'nce of the Bishops of Ban- gor — which stood until 1828. Banifts, A noble deserted castle in Syria, of very high antiquity, one of the finest examples of Phcenician architecture. Portions of the building are of the period of the Middle Ages. It was occu- pied by the Christians at the time of the Crusades, after which it fell into the hands of the Moslems, and in the seventeenth century was allowed to go to ruin. [Called also Castle of Subeibeh.] Bank of England. The great na- tional moneyed institution of England, and the principal bank of deposit and circulation in the world, situated in Threadneedle Street, London. It is sometimes jocularly styled "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street." It was founded in 1694. The process of weighing gold and printing bank- notes is one of the most wonder- ful results of mechanical inven- tion. The chief halls of the Bank are open to the public. The finished glaze of life in Paris is less invariable, and the full tide of trade round the Bank of England is not so inexorably powerful. Anthony Trollope. Bank of Ireland. A noble build- ing — formerly the Houses of Par- liament — in Dublin. ]S^=' " The Bank of Ireland is univer- sally classed among the most perfect examples of British architecture in the kingdom ; and indeed is, perhaps, un- surpassed in Europe. Yet, strange to say, little or nothing is known of the architect — the history of the graceful and beautiful structure being wrapt in obscurity almost approaching to mys- tery. It is built entirely of Portland stone, and is remarkable for an absence of all meretricious ornament, attracting entirely by its pure, classic, and rigid- ly simple architecture. In 1802 it was purchased from government by the gov- ernors of the Bank of Ireland, who have since subjected it to some altera- tions, with a view to its better applica- tion to its present purpose. These changes, however, have been effected without impairing its beauty either ex- ternally or internally; and it unques- tionably merits its reputation as *the grandest, most convenient, and most extensive edifice of the kind in Eu- rope.' '• JUr. and Mrs. Hall. Banks, The. A name familiarly given to the shoal, or submarine table-land, extending some 300 miles eastward of Newfound- land, and much frequented by BAN 38 BAR fishing-craft. The depth of wa^ ter varies from 25 to BO fathoms. The good ship darts through the water, all day, all night, like a fish, quivering ■with speed, gliding through liquid leagues, sliding from horizon to horizon. She has passed Cape Sable ; she has reached the 2aB/ts, the land-birds are left; no fisher- men — and still we fly for our lives. R. W. Emerson. Banciue de France. [Bank of France.] The Bank of France, in the Rue de la Vrilliere, Paris, was founded in 1803. Its capital is 182,500,000 francs, and the av- erage amount of hullion in the large and carefully guarded vaults has been of late years about 300,- 000,000 francs (£12,000,000). The Bank has branches in the chief large towns. Banqueting House. A building in Whitehall, London, forming part of a magnificent design by Inigo Jones, but of which only this portion was completed. The ceiling is adorned with paintings by Rubens. Upon a scaffold erected in front of the Banquet- ing House, Charles I. was led forth to execution. Baphomet. A small human figure which served among the Tem- plars as an idol, or, more accu- rately, as a symbol. This figure, of which specimens are to be found in some Continental muse- ums, was carved of stone, and had two heads, one male and the other female, while the body was that of a female. The image was covered with mysterious em- blems. The name Baphomet is thought to be an accidental cor- ruption of Mahomet. Baptism of Christ. A pictxire by Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336). In the Accademia at Florence, Italy. Baptism of Christ. A picture by Rogier van der Weyden (1400- 1464). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Baptism of Christ. A fresco by Pietro Perugino (1446-1524), in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Baptism of Christ. A well-known picture by Gheerardt David (1484-152.3), a Flemish painter. Now in the Academy of Bruges, Belgium. Baptism of Christ. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In the church of S. Georgio, Bolo- gna, Italy. Baptism of Pocahontas. A pic- ture in one of the panels of the Rotunda in the Capitol of "Wash- ington, representing the well- known scene in the early history of Virginia, which is now re- garded as destitute of truth, or mainly legendary. This paint- ing was executed by John G. Chapman (b. 1808) under commis- sion from Congress, and is not considered a work of merit. It has become very familiar to the general public by its reproduc- tion as an engraving upon the back of the twenty-dollar note of the national currency. Baptist. See St. John the Bap- tist. Baptistery of Pisa. A well- known building in Pisa, Italy, forming one of the beautiful and noted group of marble struc- tures which includes the Cathe- dral, the Baptistery, the Leaning Tower, and the Campo Santo. See Pisa CATHEDK.iL, Leaning TowEK, Campo Santo. fl®= In this building hangs the cele- brated lamp whose measured swinging suggested to Galileo the theory of the pendulum. Baptistery of San Giovanni. A famous religious edifice in Flor- ence, Italy, noted especially for its beautiful gates — the work of , Andrea Pisano and of Lorenzo Ghiberti. Barbara, St. See St. Bakbaka. Barberi, Course des. See Course DES Bakeeki. Barberini Faun. A celebrated work of ancient sculpture, so called from having once belonged to the Barberini family in Rome, but now preserved in the Glypto- thek at Munich, Bavaria. See Faun, Slbeping Faun, Dancing Faun, etc. BAR 39 BAE JUS" " A colossal male figure of the Satyr class, sleeping, half sitting, half reclining, on a rocli. The peculiar merits of this worls claim particular notice. It is essentially a worls of character. The expression of heavy sleep is admirably given in the head and falling arm. . . . The precise date of this fine statue has not been deter- mined ; but the style of form, and excel- lent technical treatment of the marble, leave little doubt of its having emanated from the best school of sculpture. If not from the hand even of Scopas or Praxiteles, it may without disparage- ment be considered the work of a scarcely inferior scholar." H. WestmaeoUtjun. Barberini Juno. A colossal statue of tbe goddess. In the Vatican, Rome. See Juno. Barberini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Barberini.'] One of the largest palaces in Rome, begun by Pope Urban VIII., and finished by Ber- nini in 1640. It contains a valu- able library, museum, and gallery of paintings. Among the latter is the celebrated portrait of Beatrice Ceuci, by Guido. See Beatkicb Cenci. Barberini Vase. See Poktland Vase. Barbican. A locality in London, so called,- as the name indicates, from a former watch-tower of "which nothing now remains. Mil- ton lived here in 1646-47, and here wrote some of his shorter poems. Barcaooia, Fontana della. See FOMTANA DELLA BaKCACCIA. Barclay's Brewery.^ [Barclay, Perkins, and Co.] The largest and most famous brewery in Lon- don (Park Street, Southwark), extending over 11 acres, and ' in which 600 quarters of malt are brewed daily. It is one of the sights of London. It is said to occupy the site of the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare's time. Therefore, I freely acknowledge that when I see a Jolly young Waterman rep- resenting a cherubim, or a Barclay and Perkins's Drayman depicted as an Evan- gelist, I see nothing to commend or ad- mire in the performance, however great its reputed Painter. Dickens. Bardi, Via de'. See Via de' Babdi. Bargello. A palace in Florence, otherwise called the Palazzo del Podesta, the seat of the chief tri- bunal of justice, built in the year 1250. In the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries, the palace, no longer needed for the dwelling of the chief magistrate of a free city, was turned into a jail for common criminals, and what had been once a beautiful chapel was occu- pied as a larder or store-room. In this room, in 1840, some ancient and precious frescos by Giotto were discovered, among others the now famous portrait of Dante, the only one known to have been made of the poet during his life, and on that account of inestim- . able value. The palace also con- tains many treasures of sculpture. 4®=* " We went yesterday forenoon to see the Bargello. I do not know any thing in Florence more picturesque than the great interior court of this ancient Palace of the Podesta with the lofty height of the edifice looking down into the enclosed space, dark and stern." Hawthorne. He [Dante] has been down to hell, and. come back as the women in Verona saw him, scarred and singed; far otherwise, truly, than as Giotto painted him on the wail of the Bargello, with the clear-cut features, and fresh look of early manhood, and pomegranates of peace in his hand. Chr. Examiner. Barnard Castle. A ruined fortress, now the property of the Duke of Cleveland, on the river Tees in England. It gives its name to the town in which it stands. While, as a livelier twilight falls. Emerge from Barnard's bannered walls. Scott. Barnard's Inn. A law establish- ment, one of the Inns of Chan- cery, in London. j6®^ " I [Pip] was still looking side- ways at his block of a face . . . when be [Mr. Wemmick] said here we were at 'Barnard's Inn.' My depression was not alleviated by the announce- ment, for 'I had supposed that estab- Ushment to be an hotel kept by Mr. Barnard, . . . whereas I now found Barnard to be a disembodied spirit or fiction, and his inn the dingiest collec- tion of shabby buildings ever squeezed together in a rank corner as a club for Tom-cats. ... A frowsy mourning of soot and smoke attired this forlorn BAE 40 BAS creation o£ Barnard, and it had strewed ashes on its head, and was undergoing penance and Immiliation as a mere dust-hole. Thus far my sense of sight ; while dry rot, and wet rot, and all the silent rots that rot in negiected roof and cellar — rot of rat, and mouse, and hug, and coaching stables near at hand besides — addressed themselves faintly to my sense of smell, and moaned, * Try Barnard's Mixture.' " Dickens. Barrack Bridge. An ancient and noted bridge over the Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. It was for- merly callecl the Bloody Bridge, from a sanguinary conflict fought in its vicinity between the Irish and the English, A.D. 1408. Barricades, Les. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- croix (1799-1863). In Paris. He [the painter] is bound to be vera- cious and dramatic ; if he sliows us a bat- tle, let it be the Barricades of Delacroix. Taine, Trans. Barriere de Vlncennes. See Bak- Kli;KE DU Tkone. Barriere de Oliohy. A noted pic- ture by Horace Vernet (1789- 18t)3). In the Luxembourg, Paris. Barriere du Combat. An old bar- rier, corner of the Boulevard du Combat and the Boulevard de la Butte Chaumont, Paris. It is on the line of the fortifications of old Paris. One of them said of the dancers on the platform [at the Mabille]: They turn like cat,'ed beasts, that is the Barriere du Combat. Taine, Trans. Barrifere du Trone. One of the old gates of Paris, so called from the throne used by Louis XIV. in lfi60, at the upper end of the Faubourg St. Antoine, on the road to Vincennes. It was for- merly the Barriere de Vincennes. As I wished to see every tiling, I went over to the bai Perron at the Barriere da Trdtte. Taine, Trans. Barrogill Castle. A seat of the Earl of Caithness, in the North of Scotland, not far from Wick. Bartholomew Close. A passage in London, where for a time Mil- ton was secreted. Bartholomew Fair. A famous fair formerly held at Smithfield, Lon- don. It was one of the leading lairs of England, and was estab- lished under a grant from Henry I. to the priory of St. Bartholo- mew. The original grant was for the eve of St. Bartholomew, and the two succeeding days (N. S. Sept. 3 to Sept. 6), but the duration of the fair was after- wards extended to 11 days. Bar- tholomew Fair was proclaimed for the last time in 1855, and for a long period previous to its abo- lition was a scene of much li- cense. Many of its customs and abuses are pictured in Ben Jon- son's comedy of "Bartholomew Fair." Morley's "Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair " contains many details upon the subject. See Smithfield. Doll. I" faith, and thoa followedst him like a church. Thou whoreson httle tidy Bartholomew boar-pig, when wilt thou leave fighting o' davs„and foining o' nights, and bepiin to patch up thine old body for heaven ? Shakespeare., Henry IV, Kot that of pasteboard which men shew For groats at Fair of BarthoVmew. Butler. A countryman coming one day to Smithfieid, in order to take a slice of Bartholomew Fair, found a perfect show before every booth. The drummer, the fire-eater, the wire-waHicr, and the salt- box were all employed to invite him in. GoldsmitK To Johnson Life was as a Prison, to be endured with heroic faith: to Hume it was little more than a foolish Bartholo- mew-Fair Show-booth, witli the foolish crowdings and elbowings of wliich it was not worth while to quarrel; the wliole would break up, and be at liberty, so soon. Carlyle. Bartholomew's Hospital. See St. Bartholomew's Hospit.^l. Bartolomeo Colleonl. A cele- brated equestrian statue in Ven- ice, Italy, designed by Andrea Verrocchio (1432-1488). S^ " I do not believe that there is a more glorious work of sculpture exist- ing in the world." Ruskin. Basil, St. See St. Basil. Bass Bock. A fortress on the Frith of Forth, near Edinburgh. It is celebrated as the prison in which the Covenanters were im- mured. BAS 41 BAT S^ " It was this fortress that Habakkuk Mucklewrath [a fanatic preacher in Scotl'8 * Old MortaUty '] speaks of in bis ravings when he says, *Ara I not Habakkuk Muclilewrath, ■whose name is changed to Ma,ior-i\Iiss- ahib, because 1 am made a terror unto myself, and unto all that arc around me? 1 heard it: when did I hear it? Was it not in the tower of the Bass, that overhangeth the wide, wild sea? and it howled in the winds, and it roared in the billows, and it screamed, and it whistled, and it clanged, with the screams and the clang and the whistle of the sea-birds, as they iioated and ilew, and dropped and dived on the bosom of the waters.' " J/rs. ff. B. Stowe. Bastei, The. A remarkable and noted precipice on the Elbe, in the region called the " Saxon Switzerland." Bastille. This name — a general term for a strong fortress, protect- ed by bastions or towers — is com- monly applied to the structure which was originally a castle for the defence of Paris, but which in later times became the famous jirison known as the Bastille. The castle was built in the four- teenth century for the defence of the gate of St. Antoine against the English. It was a stone building of an oblong shape, with eight circular semi-engaged tow- ers, in which (and also in the cel- lars) the prisons were situated. The Bastille, though not a strong fortress, regarded in the light of modern military science, com- manded with its guns the Fau- bourg St. Antoine, the workmen's quarter. Although by its lofty walls, its guns, and its moat, it seemed proof against any assaults of the people, it was attacked, July 14, 1789, by a mob of 50,000 persons, with twenty cannon, and the assistance of the Gardes Fran- faises, and was soon taken, after a feeble defence by the governor Delaunay and his small garrison of 82 invalids and 32 Swiss. On the following day the destruction of the building was begun by the exasperated multitude. Although only seven prisoners were found in the Bastille at the time of its destruction, it had been the place of confinement of many persons of the upper classes, — many vic- tims of intrigue, family quarrels, political despotism, and various forms of tyranny, — many noble- men, savans, authors, priests, publishers. The position of this famous prison is now marked by the Place de la Bastille. The Bastille was always to the people of Paris a threatening emblem of arbitrariness and oppression. See Place DE la Bastille. «®- " The history of the Bastille would comprehend, strictly speaking, all the intellectual and political move- ments of France.'' J/ongin. When silent zephyrs sported with the dust Of the Bastille, I sat in the open sun, Anil from tlie rubbish gathPrcd up a stone. And pocketed the relic, in the jruise Of an enthusiast. Wofdswortfi, The dark foundations of the Bastille walls Were banked with lengthy, crisp, white. sloping drifts Of hailstones multitudinous, that lay Thick as the pebbles on a moonlit beach. George Gordon McCrae. There were censors then for those who attempted to write, and the Bastille for those who were refractory Thiers, Trans. In order to write well on liberty, I should wish to be in the Bastille. Voltaire, Trans. Bastille, Place de la. See Place DE LA Bastille. Bates College. An institution of learning in Lewiston, Me., organ- ized in 18t)4. Bates HaU. The main library room in the Public Library building, Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. This room contains the most valuable part of the large collec- tion of books belonging to the citj', apd was named after the principal benefactor of the insti- tution, Joshua Bates (1788-1864), who contributed largely towards its endowment. Bath House. The town residence of Lord Ashburton, Piccadilly, London. It contains a fine col- lection of Dutch and Flemish pic- tures. Bathiaz, La. An ancient feudal stronghold in the neighborhood of Martigny, Switzerland. BAT 42 BAT Bathing Soldiers. See Soldiers Bathing im the Akko. Baths of Caracalla. The most per- fect of all the Roman Thermas, and one of the most impressive ruins of the ancient city, situated on the Via di S. Sebastiano, under the eastern slopes of the Aven- tine. They were begun by Cara- calla about 212 A.D.; and the portions devoted to tht baths, ■which were supplied by the An- tonine Aqueduct, are said to have accommodated 1,600 persons at one time, while the whole edifice was nearly a mile in circuit. Many pieces of sculpture, among others the Farnese Hercules, were discovered in these baths. The ruins were a favorite resort of the poet Shelley. J^^ "In the Bathe of Caracalla, there is no unity of impression : a mass of details is heaped up like rubbish shot from a cart. They are a town- meeting of ruins without a moderator." ffitlard. JS^ " They now present an im- mense mass of frowning and roofless ruins abandoned to decay; and their fallen grandeur, their almost immeas- urable extent, the tremendous frag- ments of broljen wall that fill them, the wild weeds and brambles which wave over them, their solitude and their silence ; the magnificence they once displayed and the desolation they now exhibit, — are powerfully calculated to affect the imagination." Eaton, J3Cj^ '* There is nothing with which to compare its form, while the line it describes on the sljy is unique. You enter, and it seems as if you had never seen any thing in the world so grand. The Colosseum itself is no approach to it, 80 much do a multiplicity and ir- regularity of rums add to the vastness of the vast enclosure." Tai7iet Trans. U^ ** From these stately palaces [the ThermsB, or Baths of Caracalla] Issued forth a swarm of dirty and ragged plebeians, without shoes and without m.intle, who loitered away whole days in the streets or Forum to hear news and to hold disputes; who dissipated in extravagant gaming the miserable pittance of their wives and children, and spent the hours of the night iu the indulgence of gross and vulgar sensuality." Gibbon. «®- "This poem [the Prometheus Unbound] was chiefly written upon the mountainous ruins of the Baths of Caracalla, among the flowery glades and thickets of odoriferous blossoming trees which are extended in ever-widen- ing labyrinths upon its immense plat- forms and dizzy arches." Shelley. Baths of Diooletian. A vast col- lection of ruins in Rome, cover- ing, it is said, a space of 440,000 square yards. The construction of these baths was begun under the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian about A.D. 302; and 40,000 Christians, it is related, were employed upon them. The Thermfe are said to have had twice the capacity of the Batha of Caracalla, and the ruins with the surrounding buildings cover a space which is nearly a mile in circumference. The great central hall was converted by Michael Angelo into a church (Sta. Maria degli Angeli), which was, how- ever, altered by Vanvitelli in the last century. .6®" " "We drove this morning to the Baths of Diocletian, which are scattered over the summit of the Quirinal and Viminal Hill, and which in extent as well as splendor are said to have sur- passed all the Therm 86 of ancient Rome. Though they do not stand in the same imposing loneliness of situation as those of Caracalla, the wide space of vacant and grass-grown ground over which their ruins may be traced tells a melancholy tale of departed magnifi- cence." Eaton. Baths of Titus. The ruins of cele- brated baths built by the Em- peror Titus (A.D. 79-81) upon the southern slope of the Esquiline Hill in Rome, overlooking the northern side of the Coliseum. They occupy an area of about 1,150 feet by 850 feet. The Baths of Titus and those of Trajan oc- cupy part of the site of the palace of Kero, which in turn was erect- ed on that part of the Esquiline covered by the house and gardens of MiBcenas. Merivale says that the Golden House of Nero " was still the old mansion of Augustus and the villa of Mfecenas con- nected by a long series of columns and arches; " and as Titus in con- structing his baths made use of the works o£ his predecessors, parts of the ruins now to be seen BAT 43 BAT are thought to be undoubtedly older than the time of that em- peror. In these baths were dis- covered the famous Nozze Aldo- brandini {q.v.); and there are still remaining interesting arabesques, though their color and outline are fast fading away. They were a favorite study of Raphael. ^^ " That part of these interesting ruins which has been excavated is near the Colosseum. We passed the mouths of nine long corridors . . . and entered the portal of what is called the House of Maecenas, a name so justly dear to every admirer of taste and literature, that we did not feel disposed too scru- pulously to question the grounds of the belief that we actually stood within the walls of that classic habitation where Horace and Virgil and Ovid and Augustus must have so often met." JSaton. Battersea Park. A pleasure- ground on the right bank of the Thames, facing Chelsea Hospital, London, laid out with orna- mental plantations, a fine sheet of water, a sub-tropical garden of four acres, cricket-grounds, etc. JS^ The district of Battersea, thought to be a corruption of Peter's Eye (or Island), was once a portion of the inheritance of St. Peter's Abbey, "Westminster. It had great celebrity for the asparagus which was there raised. Battery, The. A park of 10^ acres in New York City, at the south end of Manhattan Island. A fine view of the Bay is ob- tained from the promenade which runs along the water-front. The immigrant station here was originally built for a fort in 1807, was granted to the city in 1823, and afterwards became an opera^ house. In it were held civic re- ceptions of Marquis Lafayette, Gen. Jackson, President Tyler, and others, and here (while an op- perar-house) appeared Jenny Lind, Sontag, Parodi, Jullien, and oth- ers. See Castle Garden. je®='" He [Peter Stuyvesant] fortified the city, too, with pickets and palisa- does, extending across the island from river to river, and, above all, cast np mud batteries, or redoubts, on the point of the island where it divided the beau- tiful bosom of the bay. These li*tter redoubts, in process of time, came to be pleasantly overrun by a carpet of grass and clover, and overshadowed by wide-spreading elms and sycamores, among the branches of which the birds would build their nests and rejoice the ear with their melodious notes. Under these trees, too, the old burghers would smoke their afternoon pipe, contem- plating the golden sun as he sank in the west, an emblem of the tranquil end toward which they were declining. Here, too, would the young men and maidens of the town take their evening stroll, watching the silver moonbeams as they trembled along the calm bosom of the bay, or lit up the sail of some gliding bark, and peradventure inter- changing the soft vows of honest affec- tion, — for to evening strolls in this favored spot were traced most of the marriages in New Amsterdam. Such was the origin of that renowned prom- enade. The Battery, which, though ostensibly devoted to the stern purposes of war, has ever been consecrated to the sweet delights of peace." Irving {Knickerbocker). What would a Boston or New York mother think of taking chairs for her whole family, grown-up daughters and all, in the Mali, or upon the Battery, and spending the day in the very midst of the gayest promenade of the city V People of all ranks do it here [in Paris]. N. P. Willis- Where nowadays the Battery lies, New York had just begun, A new-born babe, to rub its eyes, In Sixteen Sixty-One. E. C Stedman. The visitor, I may say without flattery. Finds few, if any, ports to match the view CWhen the wind's up, the walk is shght- ly spattery) Of bustling, white-winged craft and laughing blue, Which fixes him enchanted on the Bat- tery,— So full of life, forever fresh and new. T Q. Appleton. Battle between Constantine and Maxentius. A well-known fres- co representing the battle be- tween, the Emperor Constantine and Maxentius at the Ponte MoUe, near Rome. The design of this composition was by Baphael (1483-1520), but it was executed by Giulio Romano (1492-1546). It is in a room, called after this picture the Sala di Cos- tantino, in the Vatican, Rome. Battle Hill. An eminence in Greenwood Cemetery, command- ing a grand view of the cities of BAT 44 BAV New York and Brooldyn, and the Bay. Battle Monument. A memorial structure in Baltimore, Md., built in 1815, to commemorate the sol- diers who were engaged in the defence of the city against the British troops in September, 1814. The total height of the monu- ment is 72 feet. Battle of Austerlitz. A celebrated picture by Fran90is Gerard (1770- 1836), the eminent French painter. It is of great size (30 feet wide by 16 feet high), and is much admired. It was painted by request of Napoleon I. Battle of Bunker HiU. A well- known picture by John Trum- bull (1756-1843). XI@=-"Not surpassed [this and his ' Death of Montgomery ' ] by any sim- ilar works in the last century, and thus far stand alone in American historical paintings." Harper'a Magazine. Battle of Cadore. A' picture by Titian (1477-1576), no longer ex- isting, but of which there is a drawing in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Battle of Darius and Alexander. A celebrated mosaic found at Pompeii, and now preserved in the Museum at Naples, Italy. Battle of Gettysburg. An im- mense picture by Peter F. Roth- ermel (1). 1817), the American artist. It was painted under commission from the State of Pennsylvania," and is much ad- mired. It is now in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Battle of Hercules with the Cen- taurs. A marble bas-relief by Michael Angelo (1475-1564). Battle of Isly. A noted picture by Horace Vernet (1789-1863), the celebrated French painter. Battle of Lepanto. A picture by Titian (1477-1576), believed to have been painted by him at the age of ninety-four. At Madrid, Spain. Battle of the Amazons. A cele- brated picture by Peter Paul Ku- In the Munich bens (1577-1640). gallery. Battle of the Huns. [Ger. Hunn- enscMacht.] A celebrated picture by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805- 1874), regarded as a masterpiece. In the museum at Berlin, Prus- sia. It is "founded upon the tradition of the battle before the gates of Kome, between the Rom- ans and the spirits of the Huns who were slain, which, rising in the air, continued the fight." Battle of the Issus. A famous mosaic, representing the battle between Alexander and Darius at the river Issus. This mosaic was discovered at Pompeii in 1831, and is the finest ancient relic of the kind in existence. It is now in the Museum at Naples, Italy. Battle of the Standard. A cele- brated cartoon by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520). The subject is the victory of the Florentines un- der the Patriarch of Aquileja, at Anghiari, over Niccolo Piccinino, general of Filippo Visconti. The cartoon is no longer in existence. There is a sketch by Rubens, and an engraving taken from it by Edelinck, called the "Battle of the Standard." j^g~ " Leonardo's work, both cartoon and painting, partook of the evil desti- ny, which, not unaccountably, presided over all he did. He repeated the same process so fatal to the Last Supper, only apparently with still fewer pre- cautions, painted in oil on so defective a ground that the surface gave way un- der his own hand, and the work, for which he had already received a con- siderable sum, was linally abandoned." Ji^astlaket Battle of "Waterloo. A picture by Sir William Allan (1782-1850). In the possession of the Duke of Wellington. Baumann's Cave. A curious cav- ern in the Harz Mountains, Ger- many, very interesting in a geo- logical regard, on account of the fossil remains that have been dis- covered in it. Bavaria. A colossal bronze statue • by Ludwig Schwanthaler (1802- BAV 45 BEA 1848). It is 54 feet in height, larger than any other work of modern sculpture. In the Hall of Fame at Munich, Bavaria. Bavon, St. See St. Bavon. Bay of Baise. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775- 1851), the English landscape painter, and regarded one of his best works. In the National Gal- lery, London. Bayenthurm. A picturesque Goth- ic tower of the fourteenth century in Cologne, Germany. From its position, projecting into the river Rhine, it serves as a sort of bar- rier against the drifting ice. Bayeux Tapestry. [Fr. Tapisserie de BayeiiK.] This tapestry, now preserved at Bayeux near Caen, France, is traditionally said to have been wrought by Matilda, queen of "William the Conqueror. It is the oldest known work of the kind. It is 214 feet long by 19 inches wide, and represents the history of the conquest of England by William of Nor- mandy, in a series of scenes, the subject of each of which is indi- cated by a Latin inscription. The series extends frorn the visit of Harold to the Norman court to his death at Hastings. S^ "The most celebrated, if not the most ancient piece of needlework tapestry — reai tapestry, heing entirely wrought by the needle, as was usual in the earliest period of its history — which time has spared us, is the ' B.iy- eux tapestry,' and called at Bayeux the * Toilet of Qiieen Matilda,' or of * Due Gujllaume.' " i. Jewitt. ^®* " Of Norman armor and arms in England, the Bayeux capestry affords every detail, and may be looked upon as a valuable storehouse of informa- tion." L. Jewitt. Beacon HUl. An eminence north of the Common in Boston, Mass., now covered with streets and houses. It was so called from the circumstance, that, in the -early days of the city, beacon- fires were lighted here to arouse the people in case of danger. And, sunlike, from her Beacon height The dome-crowued city spreads her rays. Holmes. Beacon Street. A well-known street of residences in Boston, Mass. It was originally known as the lane leading to the alms- house, at which it terminated. J8®- "The name of Beacon Street was applied very early to that portion north and east of the State House, and to the westerly part before the Revolu- tion. A^ this time there were not more than three houses between Charles Street and the upper end of the Common. The rest of the hill was covered with small cedars and native shrubbery with here and there a cow- path through which, the herds ranged unmolested." Drake. Beacon Street, very like Piccadilly, as it runs along; the Green Park, and there is the Green Park opposite to this P;cca- diUy. called Bgston Common. Anthony TroUope. The lack-lustre eye, rayless as a Beacon- street door plate in August, all at once tiUs with light ; the face flings itself wide op^n, like the church-portals when the bride and bridegroom enter. Holmes. The bore is the same, eating dates under the cedars of Lebanon, as over a plate of baked beans in Beacon Street. Holmes. Bean Feast. A well-known pic- ture by Jacob Jordaens (1593- 1678), of which there are numer- ous specimens, the best heing that in the Vienna Gallery. Bears of Berne. The armorial de- vice of the city of Berne, Switzer- land, is a bear (the name itself signifying bear), and the animal is a favorite effigy throughout the city. In addition many living bears are still kept and support- ed at public expense. At the time of the French Revolution the bears of Berne were carried as prisoners to Paris. I have forgotten the famous bears and all else. I^olmes. Beatrice. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858), well known through engravings. Beatrice Cenoi. 1. The subject of a well-known and exquisite por- trait by Guido Reni, in the Bar- berini Palace at Rome, It is said, according to the family tradition, to have been taken on the night before her execution. Other ac- counts represent that it was painted from memory, after Gui- do had seen her on the scaffold. BEA 46 BED The tragic story has been treated by Shelley in his poem entitled with her name. ,QES^"I think no other such magical effect can ever have been wrought by pencil. . . . The picture can never be copied. Guido himself could never have done it over again. The copyists get all sorts of expression, gay as well as grievous; some copies have a coquet- tish air, a half-backward glance, thrown alluringly at the spectator ; but nobody ever did catch, or ever will, the vanish- ing charm of that sorrow. I hated to leave the picture, and yet was glad when I had taken my last glimpse, be- cause it so perplexed and troubled mo not to he able to get hold of its secret." Bawtfwrne. .eSf *The picture of Beatrice Cencl represents simply a female head ; a very youthful, girlish, perfectly beau- tiful face. . . . The whole face is very quiet, there is no distortion or disturb- ance of any single feature, nor is it easy to see why the expression is not cheerful, or why a single touch of the artist's pencil should not brighten it in- to joyousness. But, in fact, it is the very saddest picture ever painted or conceived ; it involves an unfathomable depth of sorrow, the sense of which comes to the observer by a sort of intu- ition." Hawthxme. *S" " The picture of Beatrice Oenei is a picture almost impossible to be for- gotten. Through the transcendent sweetness and beauty of the face there is a something shining out that haunts ™e." Dickens. 2. A life-size statue by Har- riet Hosmer (b. 1831). In the Mer- cantile Library, St. Louis, JIo. Beaudeaert Park. The seat of the Marquis of Anglesea, near Ruge- ley, England. Beaumarohais, Boulevart. One of the*oulevards of Paris, so called from the author of that name, who built here a fine mansion. See BoCLEv.iKDs. Beau vais Cathedral. A fine Gothic church in Beauvais, France. It was begun in 1225, and has the loftiest choir in the world. BeauxArts.Academiedes. [Acad- emy of Fine Arts.] One of the five academies embraced in the Institut.the mostimportant learn- ed society of France. It is de- voted to painting, sculpture, ar- chitecture, engraving, and music, and is, accurately speaking, the most ancient of the academies in Paris, traces of an association among painters being found as early as the fourteenth century. It was regularly founded by the Car- dinal Mazariu in 1655. See Insii- TUT. Bed of Justice. [Fr. Lit de Jus- tice.] Formerly the seat or throne occupied by the French monarchs when they attended parliament. Afterwards the term was applied to parliament itselt The last Bed of Justice was held at Versailles by Louis XVI., Aug. 5,1788. Was not every soul, or rather every body, of these Guardians of oar Liberties, naked, ornearly so, last night; *'a forked Radish with a headfantasticallv carved "? And why might he not, did our stern fate so order it, walk out to St. Stephen's, as well as into bed, in that no-fasnion; and there, with other similar Radishes, hold a Bed of Justice f Carlyle. Bed of 'Ware. See Great Bed op AVare. Bedford Coffee-house. A noted house in Covent Garden, London, formerly much frequented. Gold- smith, John and Henry Fielding, Hogarth, Churchill, Foote, Gar- rick, and others resorted to the Bedford. It is no longer stand- ing. j8®* " Almost every one you meet is a polite scholar and a wit." Connoisseur, K54. Bedford Head. An old Loudon tavern, Covent Garden. When sharp with hunger, scorn you to be fed Except on pea-chicks at the Bedford Head ? Pope, Bedford House. A noble mansion in Belgrave Square, London, the residence of the Duke of Bedford. It was taken down in 1704. Host of the peers who were in town met in the morninfr at Bedford House, and went thence in procession to Cheapside. Jfacautay. Bedford Level. A tract of land in England, situated in the counties of Norfolk, SuflEolk, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, Cam- BED 47' BEP bridge, and the Isle of Ely, con- sisting of about 400,000 acres, a large portion of it being marshy ground. It was drained and re- claimed in the seventeenth cen- tury by the Duke of Bedford and others. It produces fine crops of grain, flax, and cole-seed. Bedford Square. A well-known square in London, near Oxford Street. Bedlam. See Bethlkm Hospital. Bednall - green. See Bethnal Gbeen. Bee Hive House. A building in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, used as a seraglio of the Mormon leaders. It derives its name from an emblematic bee-hive carved over the entrance. Beef-steak Sooiety [Club]. 1. The first club with this name is thought to have been established at London in the time of Queen Anne. The meetings " composed of the chief wits and great men of the nation " seem to have been noted for their jovial character. The first Providore of the Club was Dick Estcourt, the actor, who was valued for his gayety and humor, and who wore, as the badge of the Club, a small golden gridiron. 2. The Sublime Society of the Steaks was established in 1735 by Henry Rich. According to an early rule of the Society the diet was restricted to beef-steaks, port-wine, and punch. The meet- ings were first held in a room at the Covent Garden Theatre, but later at various places, and finally at a room in the Lyceum Theatre — " ornamented with gridirons as thick as Henry the Seventh's Chapel with the portcullis of the founder. Every thing assumes the shape, or is distinguished by the representation, of their em- blematic implement, the grid- iron. The cook is seen at his office through the bars of a spa^ clous gridiron, and the original gridiron of the Society (the sur- vivor of two terrific fires) holds a conspicuous position in the centre of the ceiling." Many persons distinguished for rank or social powers have been " Steaks," as the members were accustomed to call themselves, and many are included in the Ust of guests of the Society. ^B®" " On Saturday, the 14th of May [1785], the Prince of WaleB was ad- mitted a member of the Beef-steak Club [SocietyJ. His Royal Highness having signified his wish of belonging to that Society, and there not being a vacancy, it was proposed to malse him an honorary member; but that being declined by his Royal Highness, it was agreed to increase the number from 24 to 25, in consequence of which his Royal Highness was unanimously elect- ed. The Beef-steak Club [Society! has been instituted just 50 years, ana consists of some of the most classical and sprightly wits in the kingdom." AnnuaL RegisteVt 1785. «S- "The Beef-steak and October Clubs are neither of them averse to eating or drinking, if we may form a judgment of them from their respective titles." Spectator^ 3. A Beef-steak Club became an institution in almost every thea- tre. Dr. Johnson's club in Ivy Lane was at first a Beef-steak Club. About 1749 a Beef-steak Club was founded at the Theatre Koyal, Dublin, and was presided over by the celebrated " Peg Woffington." There was also a Beef-steak Club at the Bell Tav- ern, Houndsditch. In 1733-34 there existed in London the Rvmp-steak, or Liberty Club, a political club in opposition to Sir Bobert Walpole. Beersheba. See Dan. Beethoven. A statue by Thomas Crawford (1813-1857). In the Mu- sic Hall, Boston, Mass. Befana, La. A wooden figure placed outside the doors of houses in Italy at the opening of Lent. This name is perhaps derived from La Befana (a corruption of Epiphany, Gr. 'ETricJano), which in Italy is a common personifica- tion of the Epiphany, differently represented as a saint, as a fairy, and as the bugbear of naughty children, and who at Epiphany is supposed to go about at night like BEF 48 BEL Santa Clans, bearing presents to the children. «S-"On the eve of Twelfth-Day, the Crature (the children), with trem- bling mingled with hope, anticipate a midnight visit from a frightful old wo- man, called the Befana (an obvious corruption of Epifania, the Epipha- ny), ft)r whom they always take care to leave 6ome portion of their Bupper, lest she should eat them up ; and when they go to bed, they suspend upon the hack of a chair a stocking, to receive her expected gifts. This receptacle is always found in the morning to con- tain some sweet things, or other wel- come presents, — which, I need scarcely say, are provided by the mother or the nurse." C. A. EaUm. Beffroi [Ghent]. An ancient and celebrated belfry or watch-tower in the city of Ghent, Belgium. It was erected in 1183, and is a lofty square structure, containing a fine chime, and surmounted by a gilt dragon brought from Con- stantinople. One of the bells in the belfry weighs nearly five tons. Beggar Boy. A picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the Spanish painter. In the Louvre, Paris. There is another upon the same subject in the Pinakothek at Munich, Bava- ria. Bdguinage, The. A famous nun- nery in Ghent, Belgium. Begulnage, Grand. A fine church of the seventeenth century in Brussels, Belgium Beheading of St. John. A picture by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- named Caravaggio (1569-1609), and one of his principal works. In the Cathedral of Malta. Beheading of St. John the Bap- tist. A picture by the Swiss painter, Nicolas Manuel, .sur- named Deutsch (1484-1531). Now in the Museum at Basle, Switzer- land. Beheading of St. Paul. A picture by Niccolo dell' Abbate, called also Niccolo da Modena (1509- 1571). In the Gallery of Dresden, Germany. Bekaa. A valley in Syria, some- times called Hollow Syria. It is between the Antilibanus range and the higher Lebanon. It was by this way that the ancient ar- mies used to march, the Syrians to Samaria, and the Egyptians against Damascus Belfort. An ancient and vener- able fortress of unknown origin, situated on the summit of a bare rock in northern Palestine. Por- tions of the castle are thought to have been built by the Crusaders, who, at different times, took ref- uge in it. In 1189 it was besieged by Saladin. In 1260 it was pur- chased by the Templars, who, however, were soon compelled to relinquish it. It is a stronghold of great size, with massive walls, and moats, and drawbridges, and the other means of defence com- mon in the Middle Ages. The original building is believed to have been of Phoenician origin. The place is first mentioned un- der its European name by Wil- liam of Tyre in the twelfth cen- tury. The castle is now deserted. Belfry of Bruges. See Halles, Les. For the Belfry of Ghent, see Beffkoi. See also Ca.mpa- NILE. Belgrave Square. See Belgravia. Belgravia. Formerly a sobriquet applied to Belgrave and Eaton Squares, Grosvenor Place, and the radiating streets, London, but now received as the legiti- mate name of this aristocratic quarter. Belgrave Square was so called from Belgrave, Lincoln- shire But the ordinary residences of fashion- able life — the mansions of Belgravia, Ty- burnia, and Mayfair — are mere shells of brick and. stucco, which present such a dreary appearance outside that one Is sur- prised sometimes to find them palaces of comfort within C L Eastlake. Crouched on the pavement close by Bel- grave Square, A tramp 1 saw, ill, moody, and tongue- tied; A bflbe was.in her arms, and at her side Aftirl; their clothes were raps, their feet were bare. Matthew Arnold. That is a source of prospective pleasure in which the inhabitants o{ Belgravia and Tybumla cannot indulge. Eastlake. BEL 49 BEL Belisarius. A noted picture by rraii90is Gerard (1770-1836), the eminent French painter. It was executed about 1795. Bell, The. 1. A noted inn at Ed- monton, near London, famous in connection with John Gilpin's ride, and a favorite stopping- place of Charles Lamb. ' To-morrow is our wedding-day, And we win then repair Unto the Bell at Edmonton, All in a thaise and pair.' Cmsper. 2. A noted old inn in Tfar- wick Lane, London. The pres- ent building is modern. And he [Archbishop Leiphton] obtained what he desired; for he died at t\^e Bell Inn, in Warwick Lane. Burnet. -6®" The name has been a frequent designation of inns and public-houses in England, wbleb were formerly dis- tinguished by the various devices of their sighs. Bell Kook (or Inchoape Eoek) Lighthouse. This important lighthouse — built upon the fa- mous rock of the same name in the German Ocean, on the north- ern side of the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and about twelve miles from laud — was begun in 1807, under the charge of the celebrated engineer Robert Ste- venson. After much very difficult work and many discouraging hinderances the stnicture was finished in October, 1810. Its total height is 115 feet, and diameter at the base 42 feet. See Inch- cape KOCK. Far in the bosom of the deep, OVr these wild shelves my watch I keep ; A ruddy gem of changeful light, liound on the dusky brow of night ; The seaman bids my lustre hail. And scorns to strike his timorous sail, Scott. Bella di Tiziano. [Titian's Beau- ty] A picture in the Sciarra Palace, Rome, now attributed to Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- chio (1480-1528). There is anoth- er picture of the same name in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Bella Donna, La. A noted picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Pa- lazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. Bellamy's Kitchen. An estab- lishment which was situated near the Old House of Commons, Lon- don, and is described as a plain apartment, with an immense fire, meat-screen, gridirons, and a small tub under the window for washing the glasses, — a place where "the statesmen of England very often dine, and men, pos- sessed of wealth untold, and with palaces of their own, in which luxury and splendor are visible in every part, are willing to leave their stately dining -halls and powdered attendants, to be wait- ed upon, while eating a chop in Bellamy's kitchen, by two unpre- tending old women." jeSf- " But let us not omit to notice Bellamy's kitchen, or, in other words, the refreshment-room, common to both Houses of Parliament, where Ministe- rialists and Oppositionists, Whigs and Tories, Radicals, Peers, and destruc- tives, strangers from the gallery, and the more favored strangers from below the bar, are alike at liberty to resort." Dic/cens. Belle Arti, Acoademia delle. [Academy of Fine Arts.] A name applied in Italy to buildings in nearly all the principal cities, containing collections of art. Among the more celebrated are the Accademias of Florence, Ven- ice, and Bologna. Belle Ferroniere. A celebrated portrait of Lucrezia Crivelli by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), the Italian painter. It is now in the Louvre, Paris, and is known by the title above given, from a tradition that it is the picture of a blacksmith's wife, mistress of Francis I. There is a fine copy of this portrait believed to be by Beltramo. BeUe Jardiniere. [The Fair Gar- dener.] A beautiful and well- known picture of the Madonna by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in which the Virgin is represented as sitting among flowering shrubs as in a garden (from which cir- cumstance the picture may have derived its name). The infant Christ stands at her knee, while St. John kneels in childlike de- votion. There is an early copy of this picture, probably by a BEL 50 BEL Flemish artist, sometimes taken for the original, which latter is now in the gallery o£ the Louvre, Paris. Belle Jooonde. The name given to the celebrated portrait of Mona Lisa, wife of Francesco del Giocondo, by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). It is regarded as one of the most beautiful and highly- finishert works of art existing. It is stated that the lady sat for her portrait during a period of four years. This picture is now in the Louvre, Paris. The Duke d'Au- niale has a black chalk cartoon of the same by Leonardo. O^ " As the countenance of the Pis- tine Madonna represents the purest maidenliness, so we see here the most beautiful woman — worldly, earthly, ■without sublimity, without enthusiasm, but with a calm, restful placulity, a smile, a mild pride about her, which makes us stand before her with endless delight." Grimm, Traits. Belle Sauvage. A noted old Lon- don tavern which formerly stood on Ludgate Hill. .6®= " A few of these quaint old figures still remain in London town. You may still see there, and over its old' hostel in Ludgiite Hill, the ' Belle Sauvage,' to whom the Spectator so pleasantly alludes, and who was prob- ably no other than the sweet American Pocahont>as who rescued from death the daring Captain Smith.'* Thackeray. BeUe Tout. A celebrated light- house on the south coast of Eng- land near Beachy Head, built in 1831. BeUerophou. An English line-of- battle ship in which, on the 15th of July, 1815, while lying at anchor in the roadstead of Roche- fort, France, the emperor Na- poleon I. took passage for Eng- land, having vainly endeavored to escape to America, 2. A formidable armor-plated ship of the British navy, launclied April 2(), 1865. Bellevue Avenue. A broad road at Newport, R. I., lined with country-seats, many of which are very magnificent. It is a fash- ionable drive, where may be seen a display of elegant equipages, affording in the season one of the gayest spectacles to be seen in the country. Bellini, Giovanni. A portrait of himself by the painter (1426-1516). In the collection of autograph portraits of the painters in the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Bellosguardo. A hill in the neigh- borhood of Florence, Italy. From . this eminence Galileo is said to have observed the planetary movements. From Tuscan BeUosguardo. wide awake, When standing on the actual, blessed sward Where Galileo stood at nights to take The vision of the stars, we find it hard. Gazing upon the earth and heaven, to make A choice of beauty. Mrs. Browning. Belmont, A noted mansion in what is now Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Peun. It was erected in 1745, and was a favor- ite resort of Washington, La- fayette, Franklin, Jefferson, Tal- leyrand, Louis Philippe, and other distinguished men. Beloeil. A celebrated Gothic castle near Ath, in Belgium, built in 1146, and containing some valti- able works of art. Belceil tout a la fois magniflque et cham- P6tre- DehUe. See Villa Pajifili- Belrespiro. Doria. Belshazzar's Feast. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American painter. It was left unfinished at his death. Now in the Athenieum, Boston, Mass. S^ " A mighty sovereign sur- rounded by his wliole court, infqxicated with his own state, in the midst of his reveli-y, palsied in a moment under the spell of a'prcternatui-al hand suddenly tracing his doom on the wall before him ; his powerless limbs, like a wounded spider's, shnink up to his body, while his heart, compressed to a point, is only kept from vanishing by the terrific suspense that animates it, during the interpi-etation of his mys- terious sentence." Allston. Belus, Temple of. See Birs Nim- KOOD. BEL 51 BEisr Belvedere Antinous. See Antin- oi;s. Belvedere Palace. A celebrated palace in Vienna, Austria, con- sisting of two buildings, an upper and a lower, with a public garden between them. The upper Bel- vedere contains a gallery of pic- tures, filling 35 halls; the lower, an armory and museum of sculp- tures. Belvidere Apollo. See Apollo Belvjdere. Belvidere, or Cortile del Belvi- dere. [Court of the Beautiful View.] A famous octagonal court in the palace of the Vatican, Rome, built by Bramante, out of which open several cabinets con- taining some of the most precious remains of ancient art, as the An- tinous, the Laocoon, and the Apollo. -O^The name Belvidere (Belvedere) is frequently applied to apartments in palaces and galleries of art. .KS^ " The view from the balcony in front of the windows is that which gave the name of Belvidere to this Museum, and in consequence to the Apollo, and some of its tinest pieces of sculpture. It commands a prospect over the vale'of the Tiber to the pine- covered heigiit of Monte Mario, but the hues which the brilliant sky of Italy sheds over it must be seen before its beauty can be imagined." Eaton. Belvidere Torso. See ToKSO Bel- VIDEKE. Belvoir Castle. An ancient and noble mansion, the seat of the Duke of Rutland , near Grantham , Leicestershire, England. It con- tains one of the best collections of pictures in England. Till Belvoir^s lordly terraces Tile sipn to Lincoln sent. And Lincoln sped the messape on O'er the wide vale of Trent Macaulay. The lord of Belvoir then his castle viewed. Strong without form, and dignified but rude. George Crabbe, Belzoni's Tomb. The common appellation, from its discoverer, of the tomb of Sethi I., in Thebes, Egypt. This tomb is regarded as the most noteworthy in Thebes for its sculpture and preservation. Bema. [Gr. B^m".] A tribune or raised platform in ancient Greek buildings, from which speeches were made before a court of law. Especially applied to a place of this kind in the Pnyx, at Athens. Bemerside. A mansion in Scot- land, near the town of Dry burgh, memorable for the fact that it has been for 700 years the seat of the family of Haig, in verification of a prophecy of Thomas of Ercil- doune, called Thomas the Rhym- er. " Betide, betide, whate'er betide, Haig shall be Haig of Bemerside.'* Ben, Big. See Big Ben. Bench. See King's Bench and Queen's Bench. Bengal, Little. See Little Ben- gal. Beni Hassan, Caves or Tombs of. These ancient tombs excavated in the rock on the shore of the Nile are the oldest known monu- ments in Egypt, excepting the Pyramids. 'They are numerous and spacious, and some of them are exceedingly interesting. The sculptures and paintings are of great variety, representing the occupations and amusements of the people, and throwing much light on their mocfes of life. The paintings are of various and very brilliant coloring. [Written also Benee IJasan.] .6®* " The character of the sculptures which adorn their walls approaches that found in the tombs surrounding the Pyramids, but the architecture dif- fers widely. They are all cheerful- looking balls open to the light of day, many of them with pillared porches, and all possessing pretensions to archi- tectural ornament, either internal or external." Fergusson. Benjamin West. A portrait by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American painter. It was placed in the Boston Athenaeum, but is now in the Museum of Fine Arts in that city. Bentivoglio, Cardinal. A well- known portrait by Anthony ^'an Dyck (1539-1641). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. BEE 52 BET Bergstrasse. [Mountain Road.] A famous post^road from Darm- stadt to Heidelberg, Germany, now superseded in great part by tlie railway, but formerly very celebrated for its beautiful views of mountains and of the river Eliine, and for the rich cultiva^ tion of the district it overlooks. Bergtiner Stein. A deep and nar- row ravine in Switzerland, in which is a carriage-road 600 feet above the Albula. This road is a triumph of engineering skill. Berkeley Castle. A noted Norman fortress and baronial mansion, the former residence of the Berke- ley family, near the river Severn, in England, between Bristol and Gloucester. It was founded soon after the Conquest, and has been the scene of many historical events, including the murder of Edward II. It is regarded as one of the finest feudal structures in Great Britain. J^' " The room shown for the murder of Edward II., I verily believe to be genuine. It ia a dismal cham- ber, almost at the top of the house, al- most detached, and to be approached only by a kind of footbridge.'' Horace Walpole. Mark the year, and mark the night, ' When Severn shall re-echo with affright The shrieks of deatli through Beykeiey's roof that ring, — Shrieks of an agonizing king. Gray. Berkeley Square. A well-known .public square in London. Bermondsey. A district in the borough of Southwark, London, a great seat of the tanning trade. Bermudas, The. A name given to some narrow and intricate alleys in London. These passages, which are thought to have been north of the Strand, near Covent Garden, are no longer in exist- ence. Pirates liere at land Have their Bermudas and their Strclghts in the Strand. Ben Jonson. Bernard, St. See Hospice of the St. Bernakd and Vision of St. Bernard. Berne, Bears of. See Bbabs of Bekne. Bethesda, Pool of. See Poor, op Bethesda. Bethlem (Bethlehem) Hospital. A lunatic hospital, founded in 1547, in the reign of Henry VIII., and popularly called Bedlam. It has been situated at the junction of Kensington and Lambeth Eoads, London, since 1810-'lo,but was formerly in Moorfields, near Bishopsgate. Until 1770 it was one of the sights of the city. The patients, before 1815, were kept chained to the walls ; but now their treatment is all that could be wished. The entrance- hall contains the famous statues of Melancholy and Madness by Caius Gabriel Gibber (father of CoUey Gibber). See Melan- choly. He [Fox] was then a youth of pure moi-als and grave deportment, with a per- verse temper, with the education of a la- boring man, and with an intellect in the most unhappy of all states, that is to say, loo much disordered for liberty, and not sufficiently disordered for Bedlam. Macaulay. Why, there are passions still great enough to replenish Bedlam, for it never wants tenants ; to suspend men from bed- posts, from improved-drops at the west end of Newgate. Carlyle. Tlie river proudly bridged ; the dizzy top And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul's; the touibs Of Westminster; the giants of Guildhall; Bedlam, and those carved maniacs at the gates Perpetually recumbent. Wordsworth. Bethnal Green. A district in Lon- don to the east of Spitalfields, celebrated in the old English ballad of Bednall-Green. Great numbers of silk-weavers reside in this quarter. It was made a parish in 1743. .8®* *' Numerous blind courts and al- leys form a densely crowded district in Bethnal Grreen. Among its inhabitants may be found street venders of every kind of produce, travellei-s to fairs, tramps, dog-fanciers, dog-stealei-s, men and women sharpers, shoplifters, and pickpocl^els. It abounds with the young Arabs of the streets, and its outward moral degradation is at once apparent to any one who passes that way." Athenmim. .6®* Dickens, in "Oliver Twist," places the home of Bill Sikes in one of a "maze of mean and dirty streets, BEV 53 BIG which abound in the close and densely populated quarter of Bethnal Green." 26 June, 1663. By coach to Bednall- green, to Sir W. Rider's to dinner. A fine merry "walit with the ladies alone after dinner in the garden; the greatest quan- tity of strawberries I ever saw, and good. Pepys' Diary. My father, shee said, is soone to he seene : The seely blind beggar of Bednall-greene, That daylye sits begging for charitie. He is the good father of ijretty Bessee. The Beggar's Daughter of BednaU-Qreen, Percy's Rehques. [According to Percy, this popular old ballad was written in the reign of Elizabeth.] •Twas August, and the fierce sun over- head Smote on the squalid streets of Bethnal Greeiu And the pale weaver, through his win- dows seen In Spitalfields, looked thrice dispirited. Matthew Arnold. Bevis Marks. A thoroughfare in London, near Houndsditch. A part of the scene of Dickens's " Old Curiosity Shop " is laid here. I intended calling on you this morning on my way baclc from Bevis Marks, whiili- er 1 weut to look at a house for Sampson Brass. Charles Dickens to Mr. Forster. Bezetha. A hill in Jerusalem mentioned by Josephus, but not mentioued in the Bible. It is identified with a broad uneven ridge which extends north from the Haram, and descends into the Valley of Jehoshaphat. At the present time it is cultivated and covered with olive-trees. Bibiena, Cardinal. A portrait by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Biblioteca Ambrosiana. See Am- EROSIAN LiBKAKY. Biblioteca Casanatense. [Casar natense Library.] The largest library in Home, next to that of the Vatican, named after its founder Cardinal Casanate, and kept in the Dominican convent of the Minerva, Sta. Maria sopra Minerva. It contains more than 120,000 bound volumes and 4,500 MSS. Bibliotheque de 1' Arsenal. One of the principal public libraries of Paris. . Bibliotheque Mazarine. [Mazariu Library.] One of the principal public libraries of Paris, situated in the Palais de I'Institut. Its foundation was the library of Cardinal Mazarin, bequeathed by him to the city of Paris. Bibliotheque Natlouale. [It has been known as the Bibliotheque du roi, Bibliotheque royale, nation- ale, impiriale, according to the changes of government.] A pub- lic library in Paris, perhaps the richest and most extensive iu the world. The collection is supposed to include 1,000,000 printed books, 1,300,000 engrav- ings, 300,000 maps and charts, 150,000 MSS. The Palais Maza/- rin, originally the palace of the Cardinal Mazarin, was purchased for the library in 1724. Bicetre. An ancient hospital near Paris, founded in 1364, was de- stroyed in the fifteenth century, but afterwards restored and con- verted into a hospital for old men and those afflicted with mental diseases. The name is a corruption of Winchester, a Bish- op of "Winchester having lived here iu 1290. The word Bicetre has passed into common language to express a notion of folly or extravagance. Thus the French say of one who gives himself up to acts of folly: " He has escaped tiova. Bicetre." Compare Bedlam. Bielshohle. A cave in the Harz Mountains, Germany, very inter- esting in a geological regard on account of the fossil remains found in it. Big Ben. This is the largest bell in England. It hangs in the clock-tower of the new Houses of Parliament, in London. The first bell of this name was cast in 1856, but was cracked by being struck for amusement before it was raised to its place in the tower. The weight of this bell, which was broken up and re-cast, was more than 16 tons, its height 7 feet 10| inches, and its diameter at the mouth 9 feet 5\ inches ; the thickness of the metal at the sound bow was 9| inches. The present " Big Ben " was cast in 1857, and is slightly cracked. Its BIG 54 BIB weight is more than 13 tons. See Gbeat Tom (2). Big Bonanza. See Consolidated Virginia. Big Trees of California. See Calaveras. Biga, Sala deUa. See Sala della Biga. Billingsgate. The noted fish-mar- ket of London, near London Bridge, long famous for the coarse language indulged in by the venders. According to Geof- frey of Monmouth, tlie name Bil- lingsgate was derived from Beliu, king of the Britons about 400 B.C., who, says Geoffrey, built here a water-gate, with an im- mense tower above it, and a ha- ven for ships beneath. The mar- ket was destroyed by fire in 1715, and rebuilt. A new market was erected in 1852, and it has been since rebuilt in 1856. That strength of body is often equal to the courage of mind implanted in the fair sex, will not be denied by those who have seen the water-women of Plymoulh; the female drudges ol Ireland, Wales, and Scotland; the flsherwomen of Billings- gate. Goldsmith. One may term Billingsgate the Esculine gate of London. Fuller. There strlpt, fair Rhetoric languish'd on the ground; Her blunted arms by Sophistry are borne. And shameless Billingsgate her robes adorn. l^ope. Some less fastidious Scotchman shall be found. As bold in Billingsgate, though less re- nown'd. Byron. No song is heard, save, haply, the strain of some siren from Billingsgate, chiuiting the eulogy of deceased mackerel. Irving. While Lady Thrifty scolds in French, And Cis in Billingsgate. Fraed. Bilton Hall. A noted mansion near R"gby, England, once the resi- dence of Addison. Birds of America. A series ol drawings of American birds, of the size and color of life, by John James Audubon (1782-1851). Cu- vier is said to have pronounced it (the book containing them) " the most gigantic and most magnifi- cent monument that had ever been erected to Nature." Birkenhead, The. An English steamer employed to carry troops to South Africa, and wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope, Feb. 26, 1852. Less than 200 were saved out of more than 600 who were on board. XI®='*'Tlie women and children to the boats,' says the captain of the Birkenhead ; and, with the troops formed on the dect, and the crew obe- dient to the word of glorious command, the immortal ship goes down." Thackeray. But courage like this, or let us say the ever-memorable noble behavior of the sol- diers on the sinking £i>A'e7i/C60, was not greater than was exhibited by those 20 poor nuns who, in the French Revolution, stood together on the scaffold chanting the Te Learn, till one by one the sweet voices dropped in silence beneath the axe of the guillotine. Frances Power Cobbe. Birmingham Tower. The ancient keep or balliura of the Castle of Dublin, Ireland, and the only part which now bears a character of antiquity. It is associated with many romantic histories. It is now used as the State Paper Of- fice. Blrnam Hill and Wood. An emi- nence about 1,500 feet high, near the town of Dunkeld, and about 16 miles from Perth, Scotland. It is famous from its association with Shakespeare's tragedy of "Macbeth." ;8£g^*' Birnam hill is at present al- most bare of trees, though an attempt is being made to clothe it again with fir saplings taken from the original ' Birnam wood.' In the rear of the hotel are two trees, an oak and a plime, which are believed to be a remnant of this famous forest." W. J. Rolfe. I pull in resolution, and begin To doubt the equivocati")n of the fiend That lies like truth: • Fear not till Bir- nam wood Do come to Dunsinane; ', and now a wood Comes toward Dunsinane. Shakespeare. Before I can sit down in my own chanij, her, and think it of the dampest, tlie door opens, and the Brave comes moving in. in the middle of such a quantity of fuel that he looks like Birnam IVbod taking a winter walk. Dickens. Biron. A large and well-preserved feudal fortress in southern France, not far from Cahors. It is of the eleventh century. BIE 55 BLA Birs Nimrood. A ruin in the neighborhood of ancient Babylon, thought to be the same as the Tower ol Babel , or the Temple of Belus mentioned by Herodotus. This tower is over 2,000 feet in circumference at the base. The existing remains are of brick laid in beautiful masonry, and are some 28 feet in width. See Tower OF Babel. j6£g=- •' The tower of the great tem- ple of BeUiB was amongst the most remurkahle monuments of Babylon. Eight gradually dimiuishhlg stories gave it the loolv of a pyramid with enor- mous gradients. Upon the summit stood the temple, surmounted by a plat- form, where the jiriests assiduously devoted themselves to the study of the celestial bodies. They believed that BCience was the supreme aim of man, and was the crown of religion. This temple was still in existence in the second century of our era." Leftvre, Trans. .6®=* " It is true that as it now stands, every brick bears the stamp of Nebo- chadnassai', by whom it was repaired, perhaps nearly rebuilt; hut there is no reason for supposing that he changed the original plan, or that the sacred form of these temples had .altered in the interval. It owes its more perfect preservation to the fact of the upper story having been vitrified after erec- tion hy some process we do not quite understand. This now forms a mass of slag which has to a great extent pro- tected the lower stories from atmos- pheric influences." Fergusson. Nav, the whole Encyclop^die, that world's wonder of the eij-'htienth century, the Belus' Tower of an a^e of refined Illu- mination, what has it become ! Cavlyle. Birth of Venus. 1. A mythologi- cal fresco in the Vatican, Rome, designed by Raphael (1483-1520), and executed by his scholars. 2. A picture by Alexandre Ca- banel (b. 1823). In the collection of H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia, Penn. Bishopsgate. An old and quaint street in London. Black Brunswicker. A picture by John Everett Millais (b. 1829). Black Butte. A natural curiosity in Wyoming Territory, being a mound of rock and earth stand- ing on the level plain, one of the more celebrated of the huge monumental mountains which are found along tlie Hue of the Union Pacific Railroad in this part of its course. Black Forest. An extensive wood- ed district iu Germany, sloping down to the banks of the Rhine, and containing the most varied and beautiful scenery. The heights are covered with forests, and vegetation is most luxuriant in the valleys. Biack Forests, and the glories of Lub- berland; sensuality and horror, the spec- tre nun, and the charmed moonshine, shall not be wanting. Carlyle. And you, with braided queues so neat, Black-Forest maidens, slim and brown, How careful on the stoop's green seat You set your pails and pitchers down. Ferdinand Freiligrath, Trans. Black Hole. A small dungeon, so called, in Fort William, Calcutta. "When Calcutta was captured by Surajah Dowlah, in June, 1756, he shut up at night in this con- fined and ill-ventilated space the British garrison of 146 men. The Black Hole was only 18 feet square; and the sufferings from heat, want of air, and thirst, were so terrible that but 23 of the pris- oners were found alive iu the morning. The Black Hole now serves as a •warehouse. Mr. Hol- well, one of thos^ imprisoned, gives a narrative of the excru- ciating sufferings of the unfortu- nate garrison, in the "Annual Register " for 1758. Must the Indomitable millions, full of old Saxon energy and fire, lie cooped up in this Western Nook, choking one an- other, as in a Blacklwle of Calcutta, while a whole fertile untenanted Earth, desolate for w.int of the ploughbhare, cries : Come and till me, come and reap me ? Carlyle. Black Maria. A name popularly applied to the covered van iu which criminals are conveyed to and from the court-house and the jail in cities. It is often painted black. Black Prince. An armor-plated ship ol the British navy, launched Feb. 27, 1861. Black Rod. The title of a gentle- man-usher who bears a black rod surmounted with a gold lion, and who iu the time of a i)arliament- BLA 56 BLA ary session attends in the House ol Lords, and summons the House ol Commons when a royal assent is to be given, and on other ooca^ sious. The House, therefore, on the last day of the session, just before the Black Rod knocked at the door, unanimously re- solved that William Fuller was a cheat and a false accuser. Macaulay. Black Kood [of Scotland]. A fa- mous gold cross, believed to con- tain a piece of the true cross, brought to Scotland by Queen Margaret in 1067, and held in rev- erence by the whole Scottish peo- Ele. Since the Reformation it as disappeared. Black Stone of Mecca. A dark colored stone contained in a small oratory of the templeof the Caaba at Mecca, Arabia, and held in the utmost veneration by the Mo- hammedans as having been giVen by an angel to Abraham. See Caaba. ij£^ " To tbe idolatrous Arabs one of the most ancient universal objects of ■worship was that Black Stone, still kept in the building called Caabah at Mecca. Diodorus Siculua mentions this Caabah in a way not to be mis- taken, as the oldest, most honored temple in bis time; that Is, some half century before our Era. Silvestre de Sacy says there is some likelihood that the Black Stone is an aerolite. In that case, some man might see it fall out of Heaven ! It stands now beside the Well Zemzem : the Caabab is built over both." Carlyle. Black Virgin. See Sheine of the Black Virgin. Blaekfriars. The district in Lon- don between Ludgate Hill and the Thames, so called from the Dominican monks who built a monastery and church here. Here (June 21, 1529) was decided the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of Arragon, and here assembled the parliament which condemned Cardinal Wolsey. Under Edward VI. part of the monastic buildings was convert- ed into Blaekfriars Theatre. See Blackfriars Theatre. Dead long since, but not resting; daily doing motions in that Westminster region still,— daily from Vauxhal) to Blaekfriars, and back again; and cannot get away at alll Carlyle. Blaekfriars Bridge. An Iron bridge across the river Thames, at London, erected in 1760-69 by Robert Mylne, and rebuilt in 1867 by Cubitt. Blackfriars Theatre. A play- house in London, built in 1575 upon the site of the monastery of Blackfriars. Shakespeare was one of the proprietors, and acted here in 1598. In 1655 the theatre was taken down, and dwelling- houses were built upon the ground. In 1598 Ben .Tonson's first and best comedy. Every Man in his Humour, was produced at the Blaclfriars ; and the au- thor of King Henry llie Fourth and Romeo and Juliet might have been seen for two pence by any London prentice who could command the coin, playing an inferior part, probably that oC Knowell, in the new play. Richard Grant White. In that year [1603] Ben Jonson'a Seja- 7? us was produced at the Blackfriars. and tbe author of Hamlet might have been seen playing a subordinate part in it. Richard Grant White. Black well's Island. An island within the city limits of New York, noted for its penitentiary and for its public hospitals. Blair Castle. The seat of the Duke of Athole, near Blair- Ath- ole, in Scotland. Blanche Nef. The ship in which William, the only son of Henry I. of England, with 140 noblemen was wrecked in 1120 upon the rocks of Barfieur, Normandy. Blarney Stone. About four miles north-west of the city of Cork, in Ireland, are the celebrated re- mains of the ancient Blarney Castle, in which is a wondrous stone, thought to possess the power of imparting to any one who kisses it a fluent, persuasive, and not over-honest tongue. The exact position of the stone in the ruins is a matter of dispute. Some say that it is lying loose on the ground; others allege that it is at the summit of the large square tower which was originally the donjon or keep of the castle; while there are yet others who maintain that it is inserted in the wall at such a height that he who would kiss It must consent to be BLE 57 BLO suspended by his lieela from the top. Whenor how it first got its singular reputation is not known; but the superstition concerning it is firmly fixed in the minds of the Irish peasantry, hundreds of whom resprt to the castle every year for the purpose of kissing a stone endued with a property so marvellous. It is said that*, in the early part of the seventeenth century, the lord of Castle Blar- ney, having been taken prisoner by the English, made repeated promises that he would surrender the fortress; but, whenever the fulfilment of his pledges was demandefl, he invented some smooth and plausible excuse for delay; and thus the term hlarney became a byword, and was used to denote a soft, ii^sinuating, and deceitful manner of speech. JS®=" " When or bow the stone ob- tained its singular reputation, it is diffi- cult to determine : the exact position among the ruins of the castle is also in doubt; the peasant-guides humor the visitor according to his capacity for climbing, and direct either to the sum- mit oi; the base the attention of him ■who desires to 'greet it with a holy- kiss.* " Mr. and Mrs. Hall. There is a stone there That whoever kisses, O, he never misses To grow eloquent. Don't hope to hinder him Or to bewilder hhn, Sure he's a pilgrim From the Blarney Stone. R. A. Milliken. O say, would you find this same * Blarney'' ? There's a castle, not far from Killarney, On the top of its wall (But take care vou don't fall) There's a stone that contains all this Blar- ney. Like a magnet, its influence such is, That attraction it gives all it touches; If you kiss it, they say. From that blessed day You may kiss whom you please with your Blarney. Samuel Lover. Blenheim. A noble mansion and estate at Woodstock, near Oxford, England. It was erected in the reign of Queen Anne, and was presented by the British Parlia- ment to the Duke of Marlborough in, commemoration of the victory achieved by him at the battle of Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. je®=" "I saw Blenheim Palace, near Woodstock, belonging to the Duke of Marlborough. This is a sort of Louvre, formerly presented by this nation to the great captain, built in the style of the period, much ornamented." Taine, Trans. See, here's the grand approach. That way is for his (trace's coach ; There lies the bridge, and there the clocfe, Observe the liun qnd the cock; The spacious court, the colonnade. And mind how wide the hall is made; The chimneys are so well designed, They never smoke in any wind ; The galleries contrived tor walking. The windows to retire and talk in ; The councU-chamb itated. After death the body was removed to Naples. At the time of the removal, a woman, who collected the blood of the saint, delivered it, in two bottles, to St. Severus, in whose hands it imme- diately melted. According to the belief of many Catholics, this miracle of liquefaction still takes place at least three times every year; and the occurrence of it is the occasion of the greatest reli- gious festivals observed by the Neapolitans. The head of the martyr, and the phials contain- ing his blood, are carried in solemn procession to the high altar; and, prayer having been offered, the head is brought into contact vs'ith the phials, the blood in which is thereupon believed to liquefy. The phenomenon, however, does not always take place immediately, and occasion- ally it fails altogether. The ex- citement of the congregation, ■when the pretended miracle takes place, is only surpassed by that caused by its non-occurrence, ■which is considered an omen of the worst possible import. .6®" " At the same moment [that of liquefaction], the stone (distant some miles) where the saint suflfered martyr- dom becomes faintly red. It is said that the officiating priests turn faintly red also, sometimes, when these mira- cles occur." Dickens. >C®"" The first day the hlood lique- fies in forty-seven minutes : the church is crammed, then, and time must be al- lowed the collectors to get around; after that it liquefies a little quicker and a little quicker every day, as the houses grow emaUer, till on the eighth day, with only a few dozens present to see the miracle, it liquefies in four min- utes." Mark Twain. At Naples they [the English] put St. Januarius' blood m an alembic. Emerson. But as it was then, so it is now; so will it always be. Does not the blood of St. Januanus become liquid once a year ? Bayard Taylor. as I lay ■Watching Vesuvius from the bay, 1 besought St. Januanus. Butlwasa fool to try him ; nought 1 said could liquely him. T. W. Parsons. Bloody Brook. A locality in Deer- field, Mass., noted as the scene of a terrible battle with the Indians in the early days of New Eng- land. On the 18th of September, 1675, Capt. Lathrop, with a com- pany of 84 men, was here at- tacked by 700 Indian warriors; and all perished with the excep- tion of seven who escaped. In 1835 a marble monument was erected on this battle-field, and an address delivered by Edward Everett. Bloomsbury Square. A London square, built in 1665, and former- ly called Southampton Square from Southampton House, which stood there until 1800. This square was once so fashionable that it was considered one of the won- ders of England. On the north- ern side is a bronze statue of Charles James Fox by Westma- cott. In Palace-yard, at nine, you'll find me there, At ten, for certain, sir, in Bloomsbury Square. Pope. Blue Boy. A celebrated portrait- picture by Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788). In the Grosvenor Gallery, London. 4KSP " Reynolds had laid down the law that blue ought not to be employed in masses in a picture, when, more from a spirit of malice which led Gainsborough to show that such a law was not without an exception, th.in with the intention of expressing his grave dissent from the view, Gainsbor- ough painted the ^oii of Mr. Bultall in an entire suit of blue. The result was a triumph of Gainsborough's art in the treatment of a diflicult subject, so as to produce an agreeable effect under dis^ BLXJ 59 BLtr advantages, i-ather than an upsetting of Sir Josliua's tiieory." Sarah Tt/tler. -fl^ ** Gainsborough's J5tite Boy al- ready possesses the expressive and ■wholly modern physiognomy by which a work falling within the painter's province oversteps the limits of paint- ing." Taine, Trans. Blue Coat School. See Chkist's Hospital. Blue Grotto. [Ital. Grotta Azz^i- )•«.] A celebrated cavern on the island of Capri, in the Bay of Naples. The walls and roof of the grotto, as well as the water within it, are of a beautiful ultra- marine color, produced by the light from without entering the water, and being refracted up- wards into the grotto. i^ " Here, nnder a rough round bastion of masonry, was the entrance to the Blue Grotto. We were now trans-shipped to the little shell of a boat which had followed us. The swell rolled rather heavily into the mouth of the cave, and the adventure seemed a little perilous, had the boat- men been less experienced. We lay flat in the bottom, the oars were taken in, and we had just reached the en- trance, when a high wave rolling up threatened to dash us against the iron portals. The young sailor held the boat back with his hands, while the wave rolled under us into the darkness beyond ; then, seizing the moment, we shot in after it, and were safe under the expanding roof. At first, all was tolerably dark; I only saw th.at the water near the entrance was intensely and luminously blue. Gradually, as the eye grew accustomed to the obscu- rity, theirregular vault of the roof be- came visible, tinted by a faint reflec- tion from the water. The efTect in- creased, the longer we remained. . . . The silvery, starry radiance of foam or bubbles on the shining blue ground was the loveliest phenomenon of the grotto. To dip one's hand in the sea, and scatter the water, was to create sprays of wonderful, phospborescent blossoms, jewels of the sirens, flashing and vanishing garlands of the Undines." Bayard Taylor. X^- *'The Blue Grotto loses nothing of its beauty, but rather gains by con- trast, when passing from dense fog you lind yourselves transported to a world of wavering subaqueous sheen. It is only through the opening of the very topmost arch that a boat can glide into this cavern; the arch itself spreads downward through the water, so that all the light is transmitted from be- neath, and colored by the sea. . . . The flesh of a diver in this water showed like the faces of children play- ing at snapdragon; all around him the spray leapt up with a living fire; and, when the oars struck the surface, it was as though a phosphorescent sea had been smitten, and the drops ran from the blades in blue pearls." J. A. Symonds. Many an arched roof is bent Over the wave, But none like thine, from tlie firmament To the shells that at thy threshold lave. What name shall shadow thy rich-blue sheen, Violet, sapphire, or ultramarine ? W. Gibson. Blue-Stocking Clubs. Boswell de- scribes the origin of Blue-Stock- ing Clubs: "About this time [1781] it was much the fashion for several ladies to have even- ing assemblies, where the fair sex might participate in conversation with literary and ingenious men, animated by a desire to please. One of the most eminent mem- bers of these societies, when they first commenced, was Mr. Still- ingfleet (grandson of the Bishop), whose dress was remarkably grave; and in particular it was observed that he wore blue stock- ings. Such was the excellence of his conversation, that his ab- sence was felt so great a loss that it used to be said, ' We can do nothing without the hhie stock- inc/s'; ' and thus by degrees the title was established. Miss Han- nah More has admirably de- scribed a Bhie-Stocking C'hii in her Bas-Bleu, a poem in which many of the persons who were most conspicuous there are men- tioned." The club which met at Mrs. Montagu's, in London, is described as having consisted originally of Mrs. Montagu, Mrs. Vesey, Mrs. Carter, Miss Bos- cawen,LordLyttelton, Mr. Pulte- ney, Horace Walpole, and Mr. Stillingfleet, and, according to Forbes, derived its name from the fact that Mr. Stillingfleet, " being somewhat of an humorist in his habits and manners, and a little negligent in his dress, liter- BOA 60 BOB ally wore gray stockings; from -vvliicli circumstance Admiral Bos- cawen used,bv way of pleasantry, to call them ' The Blue-Stocking Society,' as if to intimate that when these brilliant friends met, it was not for the purpose of form- ing a dressed assembly. A for- eigner of distinction, hearing the expression, translated it lit- erally, ' Bas-Bleu,' by which these meetings came to be afterwards distinguished." /!®= Mills (History of Chivalry) re- fers the use of the term Blue-Stock- ing, applied to a literary body, to the Society de laCalza, established at Ven- ice in 1400, the members of which, " when they met in literary discussion, were distinguished by the color of their stockings. The colours were sometimes fantastically blended; and at other times one color, particularly blu€t prevailed." The name was after- ward applied in Frarice to ladies of lit- erary tastes, as a derisive appellation to denote female pedantry. From France the title crossed over to Eng- land. Byron (1788-1824), in "The Blues: a Literary Eclogue," ridicules the blue-stockings of that period. Boar, Calydonian. See Chace of THE Calydonian Boar. Boar Hunt. See Wild-boak Hunt. Boar*s Head. A celebrated taA^- ern which formerly stood in Eastcheap, London, said to have been the oldest in the city. It was here that Shakespeare repre- sents Prince Henry and his com- panions indulging their revels before A.D. 1413. The celebrated Boar's Head Tavern of Shake- spearean fame was destroyed (afterwards rebuilt) by the great fire of 16K6, a fact forgotten by Goldsmith, Boswell, and Wash- ington Irving, in their references to the tavern as the identical structure frequented by Falstaff. <|@" "The earliest notice of this placfe occurs in the testament of Sir William Warden, who, in the reign of Richard II., gave ' all that his tene- ment, called the Boar's Head, East- cheap,' to a college of priests or chap- lains, founded by Sir William Wal- worth, Lord Mayor, in the adjoining church of St. Michael, Crooked-lane. Whether at that time it was a taveru or a cook's residence, does not appear ; but very early in the next reign, if any confidence can be reposed in the lo- cality of Shakespeare's scenes, it be- , came the resort of old Jack Falstaff and Prince Hal; but subsequently it was converted into a residence for the priests, to whose college it had been devised." JBrayley^s Londiniana. jB®=- " Falstaff absolntely requires the frame of an inn to make hie por- trait intelligible, w^ith^ the buxom figure of Mrs. Quickly in the background ; and it may be safely affirmed that no public house of entertainment has afforded such world-wide mirth as the Boar's Heady Eastcheap." H. T. Tuckerman. Such were the reflections that naturally arose while I sat at the Boar's Head tav- ern, still kept at Eastcheap. Here, by a pleasant tire, in the very room where old Sir John PalstaflF cracked his jokes, in the very chair which weis sometimes honored by Prince Henry, and sometimes polluted by his immoral merry companions, I sat and ruminated on the follies of youth. Goldsmith. [See Goldsmith's essay entitled, ^ /^ey- erie at the Boar''s Head Taveiii.'\ Boboli Gardens. Beautiful and well - known pleasure - grounds contiguous to the Pitti Palace, in Florence, Italy; so named from the Boboli family, who formerly possessed a mansion here; and affording fine views of the city with its domes and towers. J8®^ " All is formal and regular. Trees are planted in rectangular rows, and their branches so trained and in- terlaced as to form long cathedral aisles of foliage, as if a lateral shaft had been cut in a solid mass of fresh green. In these very gardens Milton may have had suggested to bim his image of the Indian herdsman, 'that tends his pasturing herds At loop-holes cut through thickest shade.' *' HilJard. S^ " I went into the Boboli Gar- dens, which are contiguous to the Pal- ace ; but found them too sunny for enjoyment. They seem to consist partly of a wilderness ; but the portion into which I strayed was laid out with straight walks, lined with high box- hedges, along which there was only a narrow margin of shade." Hawthorne. At Florence, too, what golden houra In those long galleries were ours; What drives about the fresh Casein^, Or walks ixi Boboli's ducal bowers. Tennyson. BOC 61 BOI Boooa della Verity. [Truth's Mouth.] A huge mask of white marble in the portico ol the churoli of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Kome, wliich has given its name to tlie adjoining piazza. Tliis maslt is a slab of stone with holes for the eyes, nose, and mouth, and resembles the common repre- sentations of the face of the sun or moon. It had great fame among the vulgar of Kome, who believed in it as a sort of touch- stone of truth, from which notion it derived its name. The belief was, that a witness of doubted veracity, having been required to place his hand in the mouth of the mask, would be unable to remove it in case he swore falsely. This truth-loving stone is thought to have been the. opening to a drain. J8£g=- " This Bocca della Verita is a curious relic of the Middle Ages. It served the purpose of a divine ordeal. Imagine a windmill 'which resembles not a human countenance, but the face of the moon ; we can distinguish in it eyes, a nose, and an open mouth into which the accused person placed his hand to take an oath. This mouth bit all liars, at least so the tradition goes. I put my j-ight hand into it, saying the Grbetto was a delightful place, and have not been bitten." About, Trans. Bocoadi Leone. SeeLiON'sMouTH. Bodleian Library. A famous li- brary belonging to the University of Oxford, England, founded, or rather restored, by Sir Thomas Bodley, near the close of the six- teenth century. It is one of the most valuable collections of books and manuscripts in Eu- rope. The founder expended large sums upon the building, which is magnificent, furnishea it with a large quantity of books, and bequeathed a large sum to be (i evoted to its annual replen- ishment. It has been enriched, also, by many valuable gifts of books and manuscripts. S^ " No candle or fire is ever light- ed in the Bodleian. Its catalogue is the standard catalogue on the desk of every library in Oxford. In each sev- eral college, they underscore in red ink on this catalogue the titles of books contained in the library of that college, — the theory being that the Bodleian has all books." Emerson. The walls and roofs [of the Vatican li- brary] are painted not with antiques and grotescs, like our Bodleian at Oxford, but emblems, figures, diagrams, and the like learned inventions. John Evelyn, 1644. Each college has been developed by it- self, each age has built in its fashion . . . close to the Bodleian Library, a mass of edifices, sculptured portals, lofty bell- towers. ' Taine, Trans. Boheme, La. See Bohemia. Bohemia. A cant name (from the Fr. BoMwien, gypsy) given to certain quarters of London large- ly occupied by roving wits and people who have no fixed oc- cupation. The appellation La Boheme is similarly used in Paris. Bois de Boulogne. A beautiful and extensive promenade in Par- is, covering nearly 2,500 acres. Previous to 1852 it was a sort of forest, with walks and rides; but in that year Napoleon III. deter- mined to improve it, and, together with the municipality, built new roads, dug out the lakes, made the waterfalls, and otherwise di- versified the surface, converting it into a delightful promenade — the Hyde Park of Paris. .8®= •' The Bois de Boulogne is a lev- el wood of small trees covering a mile or two square, and cut from corner to corner with straight roads for driving. The soil is sandy, and the grass only in tufts. Barring the equipages and the pleasure of a word in passing an ac- quaintance, I find a drive to this fam- ous wood rather dull business. I want either one thing or the other, — culti- vated grounds like the Tujleries or the wild wood." N. P. Willis. KS-" In 1319 some pilgrims, having erected at Mem-lez-Saint-Cloud (a little hamlet situated in the midst of a clear- ing of woods) a church modelled after that of Boulogne-sur-Mer, the name of the hamlet was changed to that of Bou- logne. The wood, too, following the fortunes of the first habitations erect- ed upon its territory, took the name of Boulogne, which it has retained to this day." Alphaud, Trans. About four o'clock he takes a turn in the Bois. He has a fair horse. He rides well, and does not look badly. Taine, Trans. EOT 62 BON Ills [P^ranFer's] K-'Opraphy did not go far hevond the 'i'uilerios. the Clianips Ely- s6es. and the Bois de Boulogne; and his true home ivas the circle in which the sel(-sup|iortinK citizen .toiled for his daily bread and butter and his weeklv holiday. Uaily Advertiser. Come, Albert, said he. if you will talte my advice, let us go out: a turn in the Bois in a carriage or on horseback will divert you. Dumas, Trans- Boisser^e Gallery- A celebrated collection of paintings (often re- ferred to in works upon art) be- gun at Cologne, Prussia, in 1804 by two brothers of that name, during the confiscation of prop- erty and the dispersion of works of art at the time of the Napo- leonic wars. The best part of this collection is now in the Pinakothek at Munich, having been purchased in 1827 by King Lewis. Boisson. See Glacier de Bois- SON. Bolingbroke House. A building at Battersea, about three miles from London. It was formerly the residence of Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, and was the frequent resort of Pope, Swift, Arbuthnot, Thomson, Mal- let, and other men of genius. The greater part of the mansion was taken down in 1778. In the wing remaining is a parlor lined with cedar, in which Pope composed his ** Essay on Man." It is said to have been called " Pope's Par- lor." Bolsena, Mass of. See Mass of BOLSENA. Bolt Court. A street in London. Dr. Johnson lived here (at No. 8) from 1776 until his death in De- cember, 1784. -(J®=-"When we read of Johnson's house in Bolt Court, although we do not think of the doctor as living in any state, we do not imagine a place like a flagged yard, reached through a dark, narrow alley, and in which we should expect to Bee clothes drying on the lines. Bolt Court is a representative place — an example of those nooks and secluded recesses found in the towns all over England." R, Q. White. The niate-llcker and wine-bibber CBos- well] dives into fio// Cour/, to sip muddy coflee with a cynical old man, and a snur- tempered blind old woman tfeeling the caps, whether tliey are full, with her fin- ger;) and patiently endured c<'ntradictiona without end; too happy so he may but be allowed to listen and live. Carlyle- There, in the Rue Taranne, for instance, the once noisy Denis Diderot has fallen silent enoufili. Here aiho. in Bolt Court, old Samuel Johnson, like an over-wearied giant, must lie down and slumber witholit dream. Carlyle. Can this be Sir Allan McLean? Ah, no ! It is only the Rambler, The Idler, who lives m Bolt Courts And who says, were he Laird of Inchken- neth, He would wall himself round with a fort Anonymous. Bolton Priory. The ruins of this celebrated priory are situated in one of the most beautiful spots in England, near Skipton on the banks of the Aire. From Bolton's old monastic tower The bells ring loud with gladsome power; And thus in joyous mood they hie To 5oWon*5 mouldering Priory. WordsiPOrth. Entranced with varied loveliness, I gaze On Bolton's hallowed fane. Its hoaiy walls. More eloquent in ruin, than the halls Of princely pomp. Newman Hall. Bon Homme Kichard. [Good Man Richard.] A noted ship in which Capt. John Paul Jones of the American navy sailed in 1779 to the coast of England, and en- gaging the much superior British frigate Serapis captured her after a desperate fight of two hours. The Bon Homme Richard was named after Benjamin Frank- lin's " Poor Richard.** ^^ '*In his earlier writings, he [Benjamin Franklin] often uttered wise sayings in this form : "* A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush," as Poor Richard says.' By these say- ings in this form he came to be known at home and abroad as ' Poor Richard ; ' and when, in the summer of 1779, the French government and the American ambassador jointly fitted out an expe- dition to be commanded by Jones, the flag-ship was named Bonhomme Rich- ard, or * Good Man Richard.'" Lossing* Who, in the darkest davs of our Revo- lution, carried your flag into the very chops of the British Channel, bearded the lion in his den, and woke the echoes of old Albion's hills by the thunders of his cannon, and the shouts of his triumph? It was the American sailor. And th« BON 63 EOE names of John Paul Jones, and the Bon Homme Richard, will go down the annals of time forever. R. F. Slockton. Bonanza, Big. See Consolidated ViKGINIA. Bonaparte at Cairo. A picture by Jean Le'on G-irome (b. 1824), the French painter. Bonaventure. A noted cemetery near Savannah, Ga. It ia plant- ed with native live-oaks. Bond Street. A street in London named after its builder, Sir Thomas Bond. It is natural to me to go where I please, to do what I please. I find* my- self at eleven o'clock in the day in Bond Street, and it seems to me that I have been stinntering there at that very hour fir years past. Charles Lamb. Why shouM we call them from their dark abode In broad St. Giles's or in Tottenham- road? Or (since some men of fashion nobly dare To scrawl in verse) from Bond-street or the Square? Byron. Is this the sublime ? Mr. Anprelo of Bond Street might admire the attitude; his namesake, Michel, I don't thii'k would. Thackeray. The exprcsive word ' quiet ' defines the dress, manner, bow, and even physiojino- my, of every true denizen of St. James's and Bond Street. X. P. Willis. Bone Compagnie. See Court db BONE Compagnie. Bonne Wouvelle, Boulevart. One of the boulevards of Paris. On this street is the The'atre du Gymnase. See Boulevards. Bonsecours Market. A stone building three stories high, with a dome, in Montreal, Canada. It is unsurpassed for Its purposes by any building in America. Boodle's Club. This club in St. James's Street, London, first kno-#n as the Savoir Vivre Chib, was established about 1764. Gib- bon was a member of Boodle's. jB®* '* Boodle's Cliib-houae, designed by Holland, has long been eclipsed by the more pretentious architecture of the club edifices of our time; but the interior arrangements are well planned. Boodle's is chiefly frequented by coun- try gentlemen, whose status has been thus satirically insinuated by a con. temporary; 'Everj* Sir John belongs to Boodle's — as yon may see ; for when a waiter comes into the room, and says to some aged student of the Morning Ifera/d, " Sir John, your servant has come," every head is ■ mechanically thrown up in answer to the address.'" Timbs. So, when some John his duU Invention racks, Tn rival Boodle's dinners or Almack's, Three uncouth legs of mutton shock our eyes. Three roasted geese, three buttered apple- pies. William Mason. Rank weeds will sprout between yon stones. And owls will roost at Boodle's, And Echo will hurl back the tones Of screammg Yankee Doodles. Frederick Locker. Book of Kevelation. A series of wood-cuts illustrating the Book of Revelation, by Albert DUrer (1471-1528), the German painter and engi'aver. Booth's. An elegant theatre on Twenty-third Street, New York. It is chiefly used lor standard tragedy. Bora, The. A name locally given to the north or north-east wind which at times rages over the Carnic and Julian Alps, in South- ern Austria, with extreme vio- lence. Border, The. The name often ap- plied to the common boundary line (or more generally to the whole of the common frontier region) of England and of Scof^ land. The position of this divid- ing line was, until comparatively recent times, dependent vipon the changes of war or diplomacy; and the border, from the eleventh century until about the beginning of the eighteenth century, was the scene of almost constant wars, forays, feuds, and various dis- turbances. After the legislative union of 1707, these wars and troubles of the border were finally terminated. Sir "Walter Scott is often called the "Border Min- strel," and he and some of his poetical followers, who celebrated various plitndering chiefs of the border, have been sometimes re- ferred to as the " Border-thief School." BOB 64 BOT 0, young Lochlnvar is come out of the Westl Through all the wide Border his steed is the best ; And save his good broadsword he weapon had none; He rode all unarmed, and he rode all alone. Scott Sophia [Scott] shares and enjoys ihese local feelings and attachments, and can tell as many Border stories as her father, and repeat perhajjs as many ballads, and certainly more Jacobite song-*. Qeorge Tichior, Borestone, The. 1. A spot on the field of Bannockburn, in Scot- laud, now enclosed by an iron rail- ing, where, according to tradition, Bruce's standard was planted during the contest. 2. A monumental stone pre- served at Edinburgh, Scotland, into which, accordingto tradition, the standard of James IV. was stuck before he marched to the battle-field of Flodden. Borghese Chapel. See Capella BOKGHESE. Borghese Gladiator. A celebrat- ed statue, representing a warrior contending with a horseman, and supposed to have made part of a large battle-group. It is attrib- uted to Agasias (400 B.C. ?), an Ephesian sculptor, whose name appears on the statue. Now in the Louvre, Paris. See Dying Gladiatob and Wounded Glad- lATOK. Borghese Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Borghese.] A Roman palace of immense size, containing one of the richest collections of art in the city. It was begun in 1590, and completed by Paul V., one of the Borghese family. i6®""The Palazzo Borghese con- tains the finest private collection of pictures in Rome, upwards of six hun- dred in number. . . . The Borghese family is still rich, and the suite of apartments devoted to the collection is taken good care of." O. S. Hiliard. Borghese Villa. See Villa Bor- ghese. Borgia, Csesar. See Cesar Bor- gia. Borgo. [Suburb, or borough.] See Leonine City. See also Incendio del Borgo and Stanze of Raphael. Borough, The. A generat term, but applied specifically to South- wark, a parliamentary borough of England, on the southern side of the Thames, directly opposite the City of London. And Gower, an older poet whom The Borough church enshrines. Horace Smith. Indeed, it is evident that the curious little passage which leads In to the " Cock " must have been originally an entrance to one of these courts on which the tavern gradually encroached. Much the same are found in the Borough, only these lead into great courts and innyards. Fitzgerald. " Borrachos," The. [The topers.] A famous picture by Diego Rod- riguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660). In the -gallery at Madrid, Spain. Borromean Colossus. See Carlo BOBBOMEO. Borromean Islands. See Isola Bella. Borromeo, Carlo. See Carlo Bor- romeo. Borthwick Castle. A Scotch fort- ress of the fifteenth century, in the parish of the same name, in the county of Edinburgh. fl®^ " This building is believed to be the largest specimen of that class of architecture [a simple square block] in Scotland." Billings. Bosch, The. See Huis in't Bosch. Boston Common. See Common, The. BothweU Bridge. A bridge over the Clyde, near Glasgow, the scene of the battle between the Royalists and the Covenanters, June 22, 1679, described in Sir Walter Scott's tale of " Old Jlor- tality." /)®- " We went to the famous Both- well Bridge, which Scott has immor- talized in • Old Mortality.' We walked up and down, trying to recall the scenes of the battle, as there described, and were rather mortified, after we had all our associations comfortably located upon it, to be told that it was not the same bridge— it had been new- ly built, widened, and otherwise made more comfortable and convenient." Mrs. H. £. Stowe. Bothwell Castle. An old baronial fortress on the Clyde, near Glas- BOT 65 BOTJ sow, Scotland, belonging to the Earl of Home. The modern mansion adjoining contains a valuable art^collection. JBE^ " The name had for me the quality of enchantment. ... I reraem- hered the dim melodies of ' The Lady of the Lake.' Bothwell's lord was the lord of this castle, whose beautiful ruins here adorn the banks of the Clyde. Whatever else we have, or may have, in America, we shall never have the wild poetic beauty of these ruins. The present noble possessors are fully aware of their worth as objects of taste, and therefore with the great- est care are they preserved." Mrs. H. B. Slows. Immured in BothwelVa towers, at times the brave (.So beaiitifLil is Clyde) forgot to mourn The liberty tbey lost at Bannuckbum. Wordsworth- Botolph's, St. See St. Botolph's. Bouo, La. A strong fortification at Luxemburg, Holland. It is an excavation in the solid rock capable of holding four thousand men. Bouolierie. See St. Jacques la BOUCHEKIE. Bouf f es Farisiens. A little theatre in Paris, known for the first pro- duction of Offenbach's operettes. It is much frequented, and is de- voted to comedies and vaude- villes. Do you suppose that I do not know that 3'Our club appointment is at the Bouffes Farisiens or somewhere else ? Tame., Trans. Bouillon Castle. An extensive feudal mansion in Belgium, once the seat of the famous Godfrey de Bouillon (1058?-1100). It is now used as a prison. Boulevards. A name given in French cities to the public in-ome- nade, and chiefly applied to the wide and magnificent streets of Paris, which occupy the site ol the former fortifications, or Bulwarks (whence the name), once devoted to the defence of the city. In the centre is a road which is lined with trees, and between each row of trees and the houses are wide sidewalks. They became a general promenade iu the reign of Louis XIV. Each of these streets has a distinctive name, as the Boulevart des Italiens, de la Madeleine, des Capucines, de Montmartre, Poissoniere, Bonne Nouvelle, St. Denis, St. Martin, du Temple, des Filles du Cal- vaire," Beaumarchais. Napoleon III. built several great streets which traverse the city in differ- ent directions, and to which tlie name Boulevart is applied. The principal of these new streets are: Boulevart de Prince Eugfene, Boulevart deMalesherbes, Boule- vart de la Reine Hortense, Boule- vart de Haussman, Boulevart de Richard Lenoir, Boulevart de Sebastopol. The houlevards er- UHeitrs constitute a line of broad, continuous road on the site of the ancient octroi wall. !Sy~ For the more celebrated boulevards of Paris, see the next prominent word; e.y., Boulevakt DES Italiens, see Italiens, BOULEVAKT DES. jg^ " The Boulevarts InUrieurs, the oldest in Paris, and those best known to the visitor, extend from the Made- leine to the Bastille, and occupy the site of the old walls of Paris, which were pulled down about 1670, when the ground was levelled and trees were planted, and the broad and handsome street thus formed soon became, and still continues, the gayest and most brilliant part of Paris. Some of the trees had attained large size, but they were cut down to form barricades in the revolutionary struggle of 1830; fresh ones were planted, but many of these were again cut down in 1848, and the Boulevarts thus deprived of their chief ornament. These Boulevarts are thronged with carriages and pedestri- ans, especially in the evening, when the hosts of people sitting outside caf^s, the throng of^ loungers along the pavement, the lofty houses, the splen- did shops, the brilliantly hghted cafes, and the numerous theatres, form a scene which will be quite new to an Englishman." Murray*s Handbook. Under pretence of doing his dut\'. he passed his time in walking to the Tuile- rles and on the Boulevai-d. Alfred de Musset. Que ma gloire s'etende Du Louvre aux boulevards Biranger. Would ten rubles buy a tag Of ribbon on the boulevard, worth a sou ? Mrs. Browning. BOXT t)6 BOW Boulogne Flotilla. A naral arm- ament assembled at Boulogne, France, in 1804, by Napoleon I., with the design of invading Eng- land. It included over 1,200 ves- sels, with a large force of seamen, infantry, cavalry, and artillery In consequence of Nelson's suc- cess, the expedition was aban- doned, and the flotilla was dis- persed. Bounty, The. A noted ship which sailed from England in 1787 for the Society Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. On the 28th of April, 1789, a mutiny occurred on board, as a result of which the commander, Capt. Bligh, was bound and placed with 18 of his crew in an open boat with 140 pounds of bread, a little meat, and a few gallons of water. They landed at Otahelte, but were driven off, and finally reached New Holland, after having been 46 days in a small boat upon the open sea on short allowances of food. After his return to Eng- land, Capt. Bligh published " A Narrative of the Mutiny which oc- curred on H. M. S. the Bounty," which excited great interest. Lord Byron wrote a poem enti- tled "The Island," suggested by the adventure. With slow, despairing oar, the abandon'd sKitr Ploughs its drear progress to the scarce- seen cliflF, Which lifts Its peak a cloud above the main : Tfiat boat and ship shall never meet again! Byron. Bourbon, Gros. [The Great Bour- bon.] An orange-tree in the gar- dens of Versailles, Prance, said to have reached an age of over 400 years. When France with civil wars was torn. And heads, as well as crowns, were shorn From royal shoulders. One Bourbon, in unaltered plight. Hath still maintained its regal right And held its court, — a goodlv sight To all beholders. JJorace Smith. Bourbon Museum. See MusEO BOKBONICO. Bourdon, Gros. See Gros Bouk- DON. Bourse, La. [Exchange, or Stock Exchange.] A stately edifice iu the Place de la Bourse, Paris. It is in the form of a parallelogram, with a surrounding colonnade of Corinthian pillars, and is one of the finest examples of classical architecture in Paris. In it is the Salle de la Bourse, a large and handsome hall with a gallery. The hours for business at the Bourse are from one to five. fl®= Bourse is a general term cor- responding to the English 'Change. While the Bourse of Pai-is is the most prominent and best known, these ex- changes exist in the other French cities. Each year the number of real artists grows less and less. Ta&te has declined since the division of patrimonies has broken fortunes into crumbs, and the great profits of the Bourse soil society with new and vulgar wealth. Taine, Ti'ant. When I observe the Parisians on the boulevard, at the Bourse, at the caf6 or theatre, I always seem to see a pele-mele of busy and maddened ants, on whom pepper has been sprinkled. Taine, Trans. Well-shaven, buxom merchants, look- ing as trim and fat as those on the Bourse or on 'Change. Thackeray J'ai fr^qnent^. jusqu'a present, La Bourse plus que le Farnasse. Scribe. ... La Bourse est un champ clos Oil c'est, au lieu de sang, de I'or qui conle a Acts. Fonsard. Paris, like Sparta, has its temple of Fear, — It Is the Bourse. Heine, Trans. The Bourse is the temple of speculation. ProudJion, Trans. • The Bourse is the sibyl's cave of I'aria Viennet, Trans. Bow Bells. The famous set of bells in the belfry of the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, London. It was from the ex- treme fondness of the citizens in the old times for these bells, that a genuine cockney has been sup- posed to be born within the sound of Bow Bells. The Bow Bells being rung somewhat late for the closing of shops, the young men, 'prentices, and others in Cheap made this rhyme ; — " Clarke of tho Bow Bells with the yel- low locks, For thy late ringing thou shalt have knocks." To which the clerk replied ; — " Children of Cheapo, hold you all still, For you shall have the Bow Bells rung at your will." BO"W 67 BOX The Bow Bells were the ones that rung the famous rhyme in the nursery tale: — Turn again, Whittington, Lord Mayor of London. See Bow Church. Far as loud Bow's stupendous bells re- sound. Pope. I am sure I don't know, Says the great bell at Bow. Mother Goose. Bow Church, or St. Mary-le-Bow. A celebrated church in Cheapside, London. According to Stow, an ancient church upon the same site was originally named St. Mary de Arcubtis, from its heing huilt on arches of stone. The Ecclesiastical Court, " The Court of Arches," was formerly held in this church, and hence derived its name. The bells of this church, which was built by "Wren, have long been famed for their sweetness of tone. See Bow Bells. Tillotson was nominated to the Arch- bishopric, and was consecrated on Whit- sunday, in the church of St. Mary Ze Bow. Macaulay. There has been a saying current among the ancient sibyls, who treasure up these things, that when the grasshopper on the top of the Exchange shoolc hands with the dragon on the top of Bow Church steeple, fearful events would take place. Irving. Bow Street. A once fashionable street in Covent Garden, London, so called from its shape being that of a bent bow. Here in the eighteenth century was Will's well-known coffee-house. Bow Street is especially familiar in connection with the Bow-street Police Office. In this street Field- ing wrote hisnovel "Tom Jones;" and here lived Edmund Waller, Wycherley, and Dr. Radcliffe. I've had to-day a dozen billets-doux From fops, and wits, and cits, and Bow- street beaux. Dryden. Through this dingy, ragged, bustling, beggarly, cheerful scene, we began now to march towards the Bow Street of Jalfa. Thackeray, Can none remember that eventful day, That ever glorious, almost fatal fray, . When Little's leadless pistol met his eye. And Bow-street myrmidons stood laughing by ? Byron. At home, our Bow-street gemmen keep the laws, And here a sentry stands within your call- ing. Byron. Bowariyeh. The oldest Cbaldsean temple of which any remains exist. It is at Warka (Brek), and was erected at least 2,000 years before Christ. Bowdoin College. An institution of learning in Brunswick, Me., named after Gov. James Bowdoin of Massachusetts, who endowed it with gifts in laud and money, together with his library and picture-gallery. The latter con- tains some valuable works of the old masters. The college was incorporated in 1794. Bowery, The. A well-known thoroughfare in New York, nearly parallel with Broadway. It is chiefly populated by the lower classes. At one time it gained notoriety by the ruffian bauds known as the Bowery Boys. Bowery Theatre. A theatre on the Bowery, New York, devoted to German plays and operas. Bowling Green. An enclosure just north of the Battery, in the city of New York. It was "the cradle " of the infant city. Here formerly stood an equestrian statue of King George III. It was torn down by the people in 1776, and, after being removed to Connecticut, was melted into bullets for the national army. Is this the Bowling Green 7 I should not know it, So disarrayed, defaced, and gone to seed, Like some un-Pegasused and prosy poet, Whose Helicon is now the bowl and weed; Its Green, if grass, does not precisely show it. So changed to worse from that once lovely mead. The iron fence, its once proud decoration. The street, the mansions round, share the disgrace. T. G. Appleton. The road is continuous. It is as if Broadway had half a dozen names be- tween the Bowling Green and Thirty- fourth Street. R. G. While. Bowood. A seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, near Calne, England. Bowyer, Port. See Fokt Bowyee. Boxers, The. See Two Boxers. BOY 68 BEA Boy and the Dolphin. A statue executed by Raphael (1483-1520), the Italian painter, and pro- nounced " a remarkable work of sculpture." It is in the posses- sion ol Sir Hervey Bruce, Lon- don. Boy Blowing Bubbles. A well- known and beautiful picture by Franz van Mieris (1635-1681). At the Hague, Holland. Boy Braying. A bronze statue, considered one of the finest relics of ancient sculpture, discovered in the bed of the Tiber. It was purchased by Frederic II. of Prus- sia for 10,000 thalers, and placed in his palace at Potsdam. Now in the Museum at Berlin. It is known of Boedas, son of Lysip- pus; the celebrated Greek sculp- tor, that he executed the statue of a praying figure, and by many this is believed to be his work. O genius of new days ! Hail from thine ancient tomb; Now let thy spirit's blaze Chase the old world of gloom. Bright one! thine influence pour On man, so prone and sad ; And teach him how to adore, And to be free and glad. N. L. Frothingham. Boy with a Squirrel. A picture by John Singleton Copley, the American painter (1737-1815). In possession of Mrs. James S. Am- ory. BracGio Wuovo. A hall in the Vatican, Rome, built in 1817 un- der Pius VII., filled with valua^ ble works of sculpture. /)ar"Thi8 noble hall is upwards of 200 feet in length, and admirably light- ed from a roof supported by Oorinth- ian columns. It is impossible for works of sculpture to be better disposed; and, cut of T2 busts and 43 statues which are here, there is hardly one which is not excellent." ffUlaril. All this shows itself in the Braccio Nuovo and in countless statues besides, such as the Augustus and the Tiberius. Taine, Trans. This statue [the Sleeping Ariadne], the Demosthenes and the Minerva Medica in the Nuovo Braccio, are worthy of peculiar attention to the modern artist, as show- ing what may be done by a skilful man- agement of drapery. Hillard. I Brae-Mar. A picture by Sir Ed- win Landseer (1803-1873), the cel- ebrated English painter of ani- mals. It is pronounced the no- blest single figure which he has painted, — "a stately stag, stand- ing clearly out on a misty hill- top, and bellowing defiance, while near him are several does." This picture was sold for $21,000 in 1868. Brambletye House. An ancient mansion of the reign of Henry VII., near the royal forest of Ashdown, in Sussex, England. With its gables and chimneys, moat and drawbridge, it remained an object of interest and curiosity till about 60 years since. About the middle of the seventeenth century Sir Henry Comptou erected an elegant baronial man- sion, but after the Civil War it was deserted. It is now only a picturesque ruin. Horace Smith's romance of " Brambletye House " has its opening scenes laid here. Bramfield Oak. A noted tree of great size, not far from Norwich, in England, the age of which ex- ceeded 1,000 years. It fell in 1843, from simple decay. Branoacci Chapel. See Capella Brancacoi. Brandenburg Gate. [Ger. Das Brandenbiirrjer Thor.] A noted gate and entrance-way into the city of Berlin, Prussia. It is said to have been modelled after the Propylaeum at Athens. On the summit is a triumphal car, which was carried by Napoleon to Paris, but afterwards recovered. Brandywine, The. A noted frig- ate of the United States navy, in service in the war of 1812. She wasi fitted up to convey Lafayette home to France in 1824 on his re- turn from his visit to this coun- try. Branksome Hall. A mansion near Hawick, Scotland, belonging to the Duke of Buccleuch, and asso- ciated with Scott's poem of the " Lay of the Last Minstrel." Such is the custom of Branksome Hall, Scott- BRA 69 BEI Why did I leave fair BranJcsorm*s towers, Why did 1 leave sweet Teviot glen ? William Wilson. Braschi Antinous. See Antikous, The (6). Braschi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Braschi.] A well-known palace in Kome, tuilt near the end of the last century by Pius VI. for his nephew, the Duke of Braschi. j8®" " As you aecend the staircase, you will be struck with its noble archi- tecture, "which is in the most chaste and classical taste. The stairs are led up between a colonnade of columns of red Oriental granite, the high polish of which accords well with the lustre of the variegated marbles, and with the graceful symmetry and just design of the whole." JSaton. Brazen Head. See Fbiar Bacon's Brazen Head. Brazen Uose College. One of the colleges included in the Univer- sity of Oxford, England. The tradition is, that its quaint name is derived from the circumstance that it was erected on the site of two ancient halls, one of which was called Brazen Nose Hall on account of an iron ring fixed in a nose of brass, and serving as a knocker to the gate. Bread and Cheese Iiand. The name given to a piece of ground, twenty acres in extent, in the parish of Biddenden, Kent, Eng- land, where, it is said, pursuant to the will of two maiden sisters, born in 1110 (and traditionally said to have been joined together by the shoulders and hips), "on the afternoon of Easter Sunday, 600 rolls are distributed to stran- gers, and 270 loaves, weighing three pounds and a half each, are given to the poor of the parish, — the expense being defrayed by the rental of the land." Bread Street. A street in London, so named from the market in which bread was formerly sold. Stow says that in the year 1302, which was the 30th of Edward I., the bakers of London were forced to sell no bread in their shops or houses, but in the market. In this street John Milton was born, Dec. 9, 1608; and in the Church of All Hallows (now destroyed), at the corner of Bread Street and "Watling Street, he was baptized, Dec. 20, 1608. See Mekmaid Tavekn. BrSche de Roland. [Roland's Breach.] A famous mountain pass in the Pyrenees, deriving its name from the tradition that Koland opened the passage with a blow of his sword, Durandal. It is the colossal entrance way from Prance to Spain, 200 feet wide, 300 feet high, and 50 feet long, at an elevation of more than ' 9,000 feet above the level of the sea. Breda, Surrender of. See SuR- KENDEB OF BrEDA. Brfede, La. An interesting and ancient chS,teau, in the vicinity of Bordeaux, France. It is the seat of the Montesquieu family. It was here that the great histori- an and philosopher of that name was born and wrote. Brederode Castle. A picturesque ruined fortress of the Middle Ages, in the neighborhood of Haarlem, Holland. Breed's Hill. An eminence (for- merly so called) in Gharlestown, now a part of Boston, Mass. See Bunker Hill Monument. Brera, La. A palace in Milan, Ita- ly, containing a famous gallery of paintings, together with a muse- um of antiquities. The building was erected in 1618, and is said to derive its name from the Latin prasdium, meadow. Leonardo da Vinci's angels do not quite please me, elegant, refined, and lovely as they are: " methinks they smile too much." By his scholar l.uini there are some angels in the grallery of the Brera, swinging censers and playmg on musical instruments, which, with the peculiar character of the Milanese school, combine all the grace of a purer, loftier nature. _Mrs. Jameson. Breton Club. A political associa- tion formed at Versailles, France, in 1789. The name was subse- quently changed to that of the Jacobin Club. Bridal Veil. 1. A noted fall in the Yosemite Valley, Cal. The water falling from a height of 1,000 BBI 70 feet is converted into miat before reaching the bottom. 2. A slender fall on the Ameri- can shore, at Niagara Falls. Bride's, St. See St. Bride's. Bridewell. Formerly a work- house and prison, now a hospital in London. The prison was founded upon the ancient palace of Bridewell, in which is laid the whole third act of Shake- speare's " Henry VIII." The name is derived from the famous well (St. Bride's, or St. Bridget's Well) in the vicinity of St. Bride's Church; and, this prison being the first of its kind, other houses of correction upon the same plan were called Bridewells. Bridge of Alcantara. See Puente DE Alcantara. Bridge of Balgownie. See Bkig o' Balgownie. Bridge of Lodi. A bridge over the river Adda, at Lodi, in Italy, famous in military history in con- nection with the wars of Na- poleon. Battles and bloodshed, September mas- sacres. Bridges of Lodi, retreats of Mos- 1 cow, Waterloos, Peterloos, ten-pound franchises, tar-barrels and guillotines Carlyle. Shall future ages tell this tale Of inconsistence faint and frail ? And art thou He of LodVs bridge, Marengo's field, and Wagram's ridge ? Scott. Bridge of St. Angelo. This bridge — the ancient Pons ^Elius — which crosses the Tiber immediately op posite the Castle of St. Angelo in Eome, was erected by Hadrian as a passage to his mausoleum. At the end are the statues of St. Peter and St. Paul. See St. Angelo. 41®" *' The piers and arches are an- cient, but have been a good deal re- paired ; not, indeed, till it was neces- sary, for in the Pontificate of Clement VII., when crowds were pressing for- ward to St. Peter's to share in the ben- efits and indulgences offered to the ?ious there, the bridge gave way, and 72 persons are said to have perished in the Tiber." Eaton. BET Even as the Romans, for the mighty host, The year of jubilee, upon the bridge. Have chosen a mode to pass the people For all upon one side towards the Castle Their faces have, and go unto bt. Peter s; On the other side they go towards the Mountain. ^ „ , „ Dante Unfemo), Longfellow s Trans. I may be wrong; but the Tiber has a voice for me, as it whispers to the piers of the Pons .^lius, even more full of mean- ing than my well-beloved Charles eddying round the piles of West Boston Bridge. Holmes. Bridge of Segovia. See Puente DEL Diablo. Bridge of Sighs. [Ital. Ponte dei Sospiri.] This bridge over the Eio Canal in Venice, Italy, con- necting the Doge's palace and the state prisons, is so called be- cause the condemned passed over it on the way to execution. " The Bridge of Sighs " is also the title of a well-known poem by Thomas Hood (1798-1845), which begins : — " One more unfortunate. Weary of breath." .6®- " The Venice of modern fiction and drama is a thing of yesterday, a mere efflorescence of decay, a stage- drama, which the first ray of daylight must dissipate into dust. No prisoner whose name is worth remembering, or whose sorrows deserved sympathy, ever crossed that Bridge of Sighs, which is the centre of the Byronic ideal of Venice." Suskin, ]^- " The Bridge of Sighs was not built till the eud of the sixteenth cen- tury, and no romantic episode of poUt- ical imprisonment and punishment (ex- cept that of Antonio Foscarini) occurs in Venetian history later than that pe- riod. But the Bridge of Sighs could have nowise a savor of sentiment from any such episode; being, as it was, merely a means of communication be- tween the criminal courts sitting in the Ducal Palace and the criminal prison across the little canal. Housebreakers, cut-purse knaves, and murderers do not commonly impart a poetic interest to places which have known them ; and yet these are the only sufiTerers on whose Bridge of Sighs the whole senti- mental world has looked with pathetic sensation ever since Byron drew atten- tion to it. The name of the bridge was given by the people from that opulence of compassion which enables the Ital- ians to pity even rascality in difficul- ties." W. D. MaiaMa. BEI 71 BEI T stood in Venice, on tlie Bridge of SigJis : A palace and a prison on each liand. £yron. Bridgewater Gallery. See Bridge- WATEK House. Bridgewater House. The town residence of the Earl of EUes- mere, London, built in 1847-49 on the site of Cleveland House, where once resided Barbara Vil- liers, Duchess of Cleveland, and which had at different times be- longed to the great Earl of Clar- endon, and to the Earls of Bridge- water. It contains a very cel- ebrated collection of pictures, called the Bridgewater Gallery, and sometimes the Stafford Gal- lery ; it having been left by the Duke of Bridgewater to his neph- ew, the Marquis of Stafford. It is the finest private collection in England; comprising some of the best works of Kaphael, Titian, Guido, Domenichino, Kubens, Rembrandt, Vandyke, and other masters, as well as those of the modern artists. *®- " From the time of Raphael the series is more complete than in any private gallery I know, not excepting the Lichtenstein Gallery at Vienna. The Caracci school can nowhere be studied to more advantage." Mrs. Jameson. Bridgewater Madonna. See Ma- donna OF THE BkIDGEWATEK Galleky. Brig o' Balgownie. A famous bridge of a single arch near Ab- erdeen, Scotland, built in the time of Robert Bruce (1274-1329). It has been made familiar by Byron, who alludes to it in his poem of " Don Juan." .8®= "It is a single gray stone arch, apparently cut from solid rock, that spans the brown rippling waters, where wild overhanging banks, shadowy trees, and dipping wild flowers, all conspire to make a romantic ]>icture. This bridge, with the river and scene- ry, were poetic items that went, with other things, to form the sensitive mind of Byron, who lived here in his earlier days. He has some lines about it : — • As ** Auld lang Syne " brings Scot- land, one and all, Scotch plaids, Scotch snoods, the blue bills, and clear streams, The Dee, the Don, Balgownie's brig's black wall. All my boy-feelings, all my gentler dreams, Like Banquo's offspring — floating past me seems My childhood.' " Mrs. JT. B, Siowe. Brig o' Doon. A bridge across the river Doon, in Scotland, near the town of Ayr, made famous by the poetry of Burns. How do thy speedy utmost. Meg, And win the key-stane of the brig ; There at them thou thy tail may toss, A running stream they darena cross ! 2'am 0' Shanter. Brignole Sale Palace. [Ital. Pa- lazzo Brifinole Sale.] A beautiful palace in Genoa, Italy, now the property of the city, and contain- ing many fine treasures of art. It derives its name rosso from being painted of a red color. It formerly belonged to the Brignole family. Britain, Little. See Little Brit- ain. Britannia Bridge. A famous iron tubular bridge across Menai Strait, which separates the island of Anglesea from Carnarvon, Wales. It consists of two lines of tubes, each 1,513 feet long, supported on three piers, in ad- dition to the abutments, 100 feet above the sea. It is situated one mile from the Menai suspension bridge. a fourth rstonc in the substructure of a temple at Baalbec] of similar dimensions is lying in the quarry, which it is cal- culated must weigh alone more than 1,100 tons in its rough state, or nearly as much as one of the tubes of the Britannia Bridge. Fergusson. Britannia Theatre. A well-built theatre in Loudon, opened in 1858. British Coffee-house. A London coffee-house, formerly frequented by Scotchmen. British Museum. This celebrated institution, formed of three col- lections, — the Cottonian, the Harleian, and the Sloane, — occu- pies the site of Montague House in Great Bussell Street, London. It has been the growth of a cen- tury, the first purchase for the BEI 72 BRO collection having been marie in 1753, and it having been opened to the public 1759. It was at iirst divided into three departments, viz.: Printed Books, Manuscripts, and Natural History. To these have since been added other de- partments, as Antiquities and Arts, Medals and Coins, Prints and Drawings, Zoological Collec- tions, etc. The Elgin marbles, the Egyptian antiquities, and the Assyrian sculptures collected by Layard, are among the chief curiosities of the institution. The Library is one of the largest and most valuable in Europe. Brittany Sheep. A picture by Eosa Bonheur (b. 1822), the cele- brated French painter of animals. Broad Street. One of the great thoroughfares of Philadelphia, Penn. It is over 100 feet in width, and runs in a straight line 15 miles. Broadway. A noted street, and the great thoroughfare of New York, extending from the Bat- tery, at the extreme lower end of 7 the island, to_Ceutral^ Park. In . respect of Tength, ~tlie imposing character of its buildings, and the importance of the business transacted in it, this avenue is unequalled in the world. Princes' Street, the Broadway of the new town, is built along tlie edtie of the ravine facing the long, many-windowefl walls of llie Canongate. ..V. P. Willis. He's so innate a cockney, that had he been born Where plain bare-skin'S' the only full- dress that is worn. He'd have given his o\vn such an air that you'd say 'T had been made by a tailor to louns'e in Broadieay. Lowell. Tell me not, in half-derision, Of your Boulevards Parisian, With their briliiant hroRdpavis^ Still for us the best is nearest, And tlie last love is the dearest. And theQucen oi Streets— Broadway. W. A. Bailer. For the wide sidewalks of Broadway era then Gorgeous as are a rivuiet'a banks In June, That, overhung with blossoms, through itsgien Slides soft away beneath the simny noon, And they who search the untrodden wood for flowers Meet in its depths no lovelier ones than ours. Bryant [Spring in Town). Brocl?en, Spectre of the. See Spectre of the Bkocken. Brohlthal. This lovely valley of the Rhine is surrounded by moun- tains, and a rapid brook runs through it. It is especially re- markable that the whole bottom of the vallej' consists of tuffstone 15 to 50 feet in thickness. Bromserburg. A well-known ru- ined castle at Eiidesheim, on the Rhine. Bronze Door [of the Capitol at Washington]. A work of art, forming the entrance to the Ro- tunda of the Capitol. It is en- tirely of bronze, weighing 20,000 pounds, and was designed by Randolph Rogers, an American artist. The casting was executed at Munich in 1861. The door is 17 feet in height by 9 feet in width. It contains 8 panels with reliefs exhibiting scenes in the life of Columbus. Bronze Gates [of Ghiberti]. Fa- mous gates of bronze in the Bap- tistery of St. John at Florence, Italy, executed from designs fur- nished by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378- 1455?), the greatest sculptor of his time. These gates represent scenes from the New Testament. Ghiberti is said to have spent more than 20 years on these bronze gates, which were pro- nounced by Michael Angelo worthy to be the Gates of Para- dise. Bronze Horses. Four celebrated figures of horses, in bronze, which were brought by the Venetians from Constantinople, and which now stand over the vestibule of the Cathedral of St. Mark, in Venice, Italy. He [the doge Dandolo] went to die; But of his trophies four arrived ere long. Snatched from destruction,— the four steeds divine. That strike tlie ground, resounding with their feet. And from their nostrils snort ethereal flame Over that very porch. Rogers. BKO 73 BRO J8^*' A glorious team of horses, — what seemed strange to me was, that, closely viewed, they appear heavy, while from the piazza below they look light as deer." Goethe^ Trans. S^ '* It should seem that the horses are irrevocably Chian, and were trans- ferred to Constantinople by Theodo- BiuB." Byron. >e®=" '• We have seen no bravoes with poisoned stilettos, no masks, no wild carnival ; but we have seen the ancient pride of Venice, the grim Bronze Horses that figure in a thousand le- gends. Venice may well cherish them, for they are the only horses she ever had." Mark Twain. Before St. Mark still glow his steeds of brass, Their gilded collara glittering in the sun ; But is not Doria's menace come to pass ? Are they not bridled f Byron. Bronze "Wolf. See Wolf of the Capitol. Brook Farm. A celebrated com- munity or association organized for agricultural and also for ed- ucational purposes, at West Rox- bury, Mass., in 1841. Nathaniel Hawthorne and George Ripley were among its founders. In his preface to the " Blithedale Ro- mance," which is thought to em- body a description of the commu- nity, Hawthorne says that he has "ventured to make free with bis old and affectionately - remem- bered Brook Farm, as being cer- tainly the most romantic episode of his own life." The characters introduced into this romance are wholly fictitious, though they may naturally enough be thought to harmonize well with the scene of the story. S^" The self-conceited philanthro- pist ; the high-spirited woman bruising herself against the narrow limitations of her sex ; the weakly maiden whose tremulous nerves endow her with sib- ylline attributes; the minor poet be- ginning life with strenuous aspirations which die out with his youthful fervor : all these might have been looked for at Brook Farm, but, by some accident, never made their appearance there." Mdwtkorne. j^' " While our enterprise lay all in theory, we had pleased ourselves with delectable visions of the spiritualization of labor. It was to be our form of prayer and ceremonial of worship. Each stroke of the hoe was to uncover some aromatic root of wisdom, hereto- fore hidden from the sun. ... In this point of view, matters did not turn out quite so well as we anticipated. . . . Ihe clods of earth which we so con- stantly belabored and turned over and over, were never etherealized into thought. Our thoughts, on the con- trary, were fast becoming cloddish." ifawihome. Here is a new enterprise of Brook Farm^ * of Skeneateles, of Northampton; why so impatient to baptize them Essenes, or Port Royalists, or Shakers, or by any known and effete name r' Emerson. Between the generality of these theo- rists and Emerson there was a wide gap, although he, like Hawthorne, if less prac- tically, sympathized with Ripley's Brook Farm experiment. Lathrop, Harper's Mag. Brooks's. A Whig club in Lon- don, founded as Almack's Club in 1764, The club-house in St. James's Street was opened in 1778. SirJoshua Reynolds, Burke, Hume, Garrick, Gibbon, Horace Walpole, Sheridan, and Wilber- force were among the noted men of Brooks's. See Almack's Club. The choicest wines are enhanced hi their liberal but temperate use by the vista opened in Lord Holland's tales of bacchanalian evenings at Brooks's with Fox and Sheridan, when potations deeper and more serious rewarded the states- man's toils, and shortened his days. - Talfourd. Not to know Brown was, at the West End, simply to be unknown. Brookes was proud of hnn, and without liim the Trav- ellers would not have been such a Travel- lers as it is. Anthony Trollope. Brothers, The. A political club in London, the rules for which were framed, in 1713, by Dean Swift, who declared that the end of the club was "to advance conversa^ tion and friendship, and to re- ward learning without interest or recommendation;" and that it was to take in " none but men of wit, or men of interest; and if we go on as we began, no other club in this town will be worth talk- ing of." The meetings of the club were held every Tuesday, first at the Thatched House Tav- ern, and latterly at the Star and Garter. The Brothers Club hav- ing to a great extent served its purpose was succeeded, in 1714, by the Scriblerus Club. See ScBiBLERUS Club, BEO 74 BUG Brothers, The. [Ger. Die Briider.'] See STEilNKEEG. Brougham Hall. The ancient and picturesque seat of Lord Brougham in the neighborhood of Penrith, Cumberland, Eng- land. It is called, from its situa- tion and beautiful view, the " Windsor of the North." Broughton Castle. A noted man- sion of the Elizabethan age, the seat of Lord Saye and Sele, near Banbury, in the county of Ox- ford, England. Brown University. An institution of learning in Providence, R. I. It was originally founded in 176-1, at Warren, as Rhode Island Col- lege, removed to Providence in 1770, and in 1804 named Brown University. Here is a library of about 40,000 volumes, a museum of natural history, and a portrait- gallery. Broxbourne House. The seat of the Duke of Roxburghe, near Dunbar, Scotland. Bruee's Castle. This castle on Kathlin Island, between Ireland and Scotland, derives its name from the fact that Robert Bruce was long concealed here. Here occurred the well-known incident of the spider and the web. Bruee's Tomb. See Haepeks' Tome. Bruges, Belfry ol. See Belfky OF Bruges. Briihl Palace. A well-known building in Dresden, Saxony. In front of the palace is the Briihl terrace overlooking the Elbe. Brunswick Square. A well-known public square in London, Eng- land. Brunswick Theatre. This theatre in London, bviilt upon the site of the Royalty Theatre, and opened in 1828, fell to the ground, from defective construction, during a rehearsal, a few days after the opening. Bteddin. A ruined palace of the Emir Beshir (b. 1764), " Prince of Lebanon," in Northern Palestine. It was once gorgeously furnished in the highest style of Damascene art, with marble pavements and gilded arabesqued ceilings, but is now entirely abandoned to decay. Bubastis, Temple of. See Temple OF BUEASTIS. Bucentaur, The. The name of the famous galley in which the Doge of Venice went out once a year to wed the Adriatic. The name is said to be a corruption of Ducentorum, i.e., a vessel hav- ing two hundred oars. There have been only three Bucentaurs. One was built in 1520. Another, still more splendid, was built in the following century. The third and last was constructed in 1725, and destroyed in 1797. It is said that the gilding alone of this last cost $40,000. The ceremony of the Espousal of the Adriatic is of higher antiquity than the con- struction of the first Bucentaur. This wedding ceremony, sym- bolizing the naval supremacy of Venice, owes its origin to the victory of the Venetians over the fleet of Frederick Barbarossa. A consecrated ring was each year thrown into the sea in the pres- ence of the papal Nuntio and the diplomatic corps, with the declar ration by the Doge that, " We wed thee, O sea, in sign of true and perpetual dominion " {Des- ponsaimis te, mare, in signum vei'i perpettdqiie dominii). JBEg^ *' In the model-room [of the Arsenal at Venice] are mini.iture rep- resentatione of all forms of navigable craft, from ancient galleys down to modern frigates. There is also a model of the Bucentaur, made from drawings and recollections after the original had been destroyed. This must have been a gorgeous toy, but very unseaworthy. A bit of the mast of the original struc- ture is still preserved." Eillard. The spouseless Adriatic mourns her lord : And, annual marriage now no more re- newed, The Bucentaur lies rotting unrestored. Neglected garment of her widowhood ! Byron. As bright as in a blue lagune, When gondolas from shore to shore Swam round the golden Bucentaur On a Venetian holiday. What time the Doge threw in the tide The ring which made the sea his bride. T.B.Reai. BUG 75 BUN" Buckingham Palace. The town residence of the sovereign of England, situated in London, on the west side of St. James's Park. It was built between 1825 and 1837, upon the site of Buckingham House. Queen Victoria took up her residence here July 13, 1837. Buen Eetiro. [Pleasant Retreat.] Extensive pleasure-grounds in Madrid, Spain, laid out as a place of retirement for Philip IV., in order to divert his attention from politics. Here were formerly situated a palace and a theatre in which the plays of Lope de Vega were acted. These gardens have been thrown open to the public since the revolution of 1868. Building of Carthage. A well- known and admired picture by Joseph Mallord "William Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape- painter, and regarded one of his best works. Now in the National Gallery, London. JS^ " The principal object in the foreground of Turner's * Building of Carthage,* is a group of children sail, ing toy-boats." Ruskin. Bull, The Young. A celebrated picture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter. It represents a young bull with a cow, repos- ing, and a sheep and a shepherd, iu a landscape. "All these fig- ures are as large as life, and the cattle so extraordinarily true to nature as not only to appear real at a certain distance, but even to keep up the illusion when seen near; the single hairs on the cow's head being seemingly pal- pable to the touch. The plastic element and the energy of execu- tion are particularly imposing upon so large a scale. There is but one fault, — the legs of the bull, and the bent foreleg of the cow, are a little stiff." It is in the Museum of the Hague, Hol- land. j{®" " There cannot be a greater con- trast to a very generalized mode of treatment than that displayed in the celebrated picture of "The Bull* by Paul Potter, which approaches the nearest to deception of any really fine workof art Ihave seen. . . . Through- out the picture, indeed, we see that the hand nas been directed by the eye of a consummate artist, and not merely by a skilful copyist." C. B. Leslie. BuU, The. See Farnese Bull and Alderkey Bull. BuU and Mouth Inn. A noted hostelry of London in former days, in the street of the same name. Also the bumpkins from Norfolk just disgorged by the Bull and Mouth. — tbe soldiers, the millmers, the Frenchmen, the swindlers, the porters with four-post beds on their backs, who add the excite- ment of danger to that of amusement. If. P. Willis. Bull of Phalaris. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicily, who lived in the sixth century before Christ, is said to have employed an Athenian artist to make for him a brazen bull so constructed as to contain a man, and a small fire by which he would be burned to death. History adds that the artist was the first victim of the punishment he had himself in- vented. Phalaris subjected his enemies and many citizens of Agrigentum to this punishment, but finally the people revolting caused him to be destroyed by the same means. Letires de cachet, that masterpiece of ingenious tyranny, are more dangerous to men than the brazen bull, that infernal invention of Phalaris, because they unite to the most odious uniformity an imposing appearance of justice. Mirabeau. Bunhill Fields. A burial-ground in London, and the place of inter- ment of several eminent men. It was opened as a suburban place for burial in 1665, and was closed in 1850. According to Southey, Bunhill-Fields' burial-ground is the Campo Santo of the Dissent- ers. It was one of the chief places for burial in the time of the Great Plague. John Bunyan, Daniel DeFoe, Isaac "Watts, and Nathaniel Lardner were buried here. Its original name of " Bone- hill Fields " is supposed to have arisen from its having been made a place of deposit for more than 1,000 cart-loads of human bones removed from the charnel-house of St. Paul's. BUN 76 BUR He [Milton] used also to sit in a gray, coarse cloth coat, at the duor of his house in Banhill Fields, in warm sunny weather- to enjov the fresh air; and so, as well as in his room, received the visits of people of distinguished parts as well as quality. J- Richardson. Bunker Hill. See Battle of Bunker Hill. Bunker Hill Monument. A lofty obelisk of Quincy granite, on what is now called Bunker Hill, formerly Breed's Hill, in Charles- town (now a part of Boston), Mass. It is erected upon the site of the battle between the British and American forces which took place June 17, 1775. The monu- ment is 221 feet in height, and is a conspicuous object from all points . The corner-stone was laid in 1825 by Gen. La Fayette. It was finished in 1842, when an oration was delivered by Daniel "Webster. ^e®^ "We wish that whosoever, in all coming time, shall turn his eye hither, may behold that the place is not undistinguished where the first great battle of the Revolution was fought. . . . We wish that this column, rising towards heaven among the point- ed spires of so many temples dedicated to God, may contribute also to produce, in all minds, a pious feeling of depend- ence and gratitude. We wish, finally, that the last object to the sight of him "who leaves his native shore, and the first to gladden his who revisits it, may he something which shall remind him| of the liberty and the glory of his country. Let it rise ! let it rise, till it meet the sun in his coming; let the earliest light of the morning gild it, and the parting day linger and play on its summit. *' Daniel Webster. [^Address on Laying the Corner-Stone of the Bunker Hill Monument, 1826.'] There is a stone now standing in very good order that was as old as a monument of Louis XTV. and Queen Anne's day is now when Joseph went down into Egypt. Think of the shaft on Bunker Hill standing in the sunshine on the morning of January 1st. in the year 5872! It won't be stand- iiTg, — the Master said. —We are poor bunglers compared to those old Egyptians. Holmes. I have seen TaglionI, — he answered. — She used to take her steps rather prettily. I have seen the woman that danced the cap-stone on to Bunker Hill Monument, as Orpheus moved the rocks by music, — the Elssler woman, — Fanny Elssler. Holrnes. And when the prowling man-thief came hunting for his prey Beneath the very shadow of Bunker's shaft of gray. How, through the free lips of the son, the father's warning spoke ; How, from its bond of frade and sect, the Pilgrim city broke ! Whittier. Burghley House. The fine Eliza^ bethan manorial mansion erected by the Lord Treasurer Burleigh, now the seat of the Marquis of Exeter. It is situated on the borders of the two counties of Lincoln and Northampton, Eng- land. The interior is very mag- nificent, and the building has many historical and legendary associations connected with it. Weeping, weeping, late and early. Walking up and pacing down, Deeply mourned the Lord of Burghley, Burghley House by Stamford town. Tennyson. Burgomaster Meier Madonna. See Madonna of the Burgo- master Meyer. Burgoyne, Surrender of. See Surrender of Burgoyxe. Burlington Arcade. A double row of shops in London, built in 1819 for Lord George Cavendish, and, according to Leigh Hunt, famous for " small shops and tall beadles." When I first descended into the cabin of the New York, it looked, in my unac- customed eyes, about as long as the Bur- lington Arcade. Dickens. Burlington House. A mansion in Piccadilly, London, originally built for the second Earl of Bur- lington. It is celebrated as hav- ing been the rendezvous of the leading artists, poets, and phil- osophers of the last century. Handel resided here for a time. In 1854 it was purchased by the British government, and is now occupied by the Royal Society and other literary and scientific institutions. — Burlington's fair palace stlU remains Beauty within — without, proportion reigns; Beneath his eye declining art revives, The wall with" animated pictures lives. There Handel strikes the strings, the melt- ing strain Transports the soul, and thrills through every vein. There oft 1 enter (but with cleaner shoes), For Burlington's beloved by every Muse. Gay, Trivia. BtJR 77 BUT Burnet House. A noble mansion in London, in which lived the celebrated Bishop of Salisbury (1643-1T15). It was taken down a few years ago. Burning Bush. See Moses akd THE Burning Bush. Burns's Cottage. A small house about two miles from the town of Ayr, in Scotland, where, on the 25th of January, 1759, Robert Burns, the poet, was born. The original building, which was noth- ing more than a " clay bigging," was rebuilt by the poet's father. The cottage is now converted into a public-house. , Burns's Monument. 1. A memo- rial structure in honor of the poet Burns (1759-1796), erected in 1820 near the town of Ayr, in Scotland. It is in the form of a circular temple, surrounded by nine Corinthian pillars, symboli- cal of the nine Muses. Within are preserved some relics of the poet. 2. A memorial in honor of the poet, erected in 1830, in Edin- burgh. The cupola is designed after the monument of Lysicrates at Athens. Burying HiU. A hill in Plymouth, Mass., where many of the Pil- grims were buried. On this hill, which commands a fine view of the harbors of Plymouth and Dux- bury and the adjacent country, a fortified church was built in 1622 with six cannon on its fiat roof. Bushnell Park. A beautiful pleas- ure-ground in Hartford, Conn. The new State Capitol is situated in it, and it contains some fine statues. Bushy Park. A well-known royal park near Twickenham, Eng- land. Busrah. A noble fortress in Syria, once a great stronghold, but now abandoned, or occupied only by roving bands of Arabs. It con- tains within its enclosure a great theatre, portions of which are still perfect, and which dates without doubt from Roman times. Button's. A sort of , succes.sor to Will's coffee-house, and the great place of resort for the wits in London after the death of Dry- den. Button's was in Russell Street, on the side opposite to Will's. Addison (who was the chief patron), Steele, Pope, Swift, Arbuthnot, Garth, and others frequented Button's. Here was . a letter-box, with its opening in the form of a lion's head, into which were put contributions for the " Guardian." Button's de- clined after Addison's death and Steele's retirement from London. See Will's. On Sunday morning, died, after three days' illness. Mr. Bntton, who formerly kept Button's Coffee-house, in Russell Street, Covent Garden ; a very noted house for wits, heing the place where the Lyon produced the famous Tatlers a.ud Specta- tors. JJaily Advertiser InSl). .\ddison usually studied all the morn- ing, then met his party at Button's, dined there, and stayd live or six hours; and sometimes far into the niglit. Pope, Spence's Anecdotes. Our fate thou only canst adjourn Some few short years, no more ! E'en Button's wits to worms shall turn. Who maggots were before. Pope. CA 78 CAJ" o. Ca' Doro. One of the most beauti- ful palaces in Venice, Italy. It was built in the fifteenth century, and is so named after its ancient owners, the Doro family. Caaba. A Mohammedan temple at Mecca, Arabia. It contains a small oratory within which is a black stone held sacred by all Mussulmans. [Written also^aa- bah.] See Black Stone. JS^ "Neither its ordonnance, nor, 80 far as we can understand, its details, render the temple an object of much architectural magnificence. Even in size it is surpassed by many, and is less than its great rival, the great temple of Jerusalem, which was 600 feet square. Still it is interesting, as it is in reality the one temple of the Moslem world; for though many mosques are now re- puted sacred, and as such studiously guarded against profanation, this pre- tended sanctity is evidently a prejudice borrowed from other religions, and is no part of the doctrine of the Moslem faith, which, like the Jewish, points to one only temple as the place where the people should worship, and towards which they should turn in prayer." Fergusson. jC®=- " The celebrated Kaahah at Mecca, to which all the Moslem world now bow in prayer, is probably a third [fire-temple of the ancient Persians]." Fergusson. J8®" " A curious object, that Caabah !■ There it stands at this hour, in the black cloth-covering the Sultan sends it yearly; * 27 cubits high;' with circuit, with double circuit of pillars, with fes- toon-rows of lamps and quaint orna- ments: the lamps will be lighted again this nighU — to glitter again under the stars. An authentic fragment of the oldest Past. It is the Keblah of all Moslem: from Delhi all onwards to Morocco, the eyes of innumerable pray- ing men are turned towards it, five times, this day and all days : one of the notablest centres in the Habitation of Men. Carlyle. They . . measure with an English footrule every ceil of the Inqufsitfon, every Turkish caaba^ every Holy of holies. Evierson. To the traveller imbued with a feeling for the historical and poetical, so insepar- ably intertwined in the annals of romantic Spain, the Alhambra is as much an object ot devotion as is the Caaba to all true Moslems. Iruing. Cadzow Castle. A ruined baronial mansion in Scotland, near Hamil- ton, and the ancient seat of the family of that name. Sir "Walter Scott has a ballad entitled " Cad- zow Castle." Caerlaverock Castle. An ancient and noted feudal fortress near Dumfries, Scotland, the former seat of the Maxwells, celebrated for its siege by King Edward I. of England, and for the brave resistance made by its garrison. This castle suggested to Scott his description of Ellengowan. Caesar. See Cleopatra and C^- SAR, Death of Julius C^sar, Triumphs of Julius Cesar. Csesar Borgia. A portrait often ascribed to Raphael, and said to be the likeness of the Prince, in the Borghese gallery at Rome. It is now ascertained to be neither the work of the one nor the por- trait of the other. Caesars, Palace of the. See Pal- ace OF THE C^SARS. Caesar's Tower. A remarkable keep of immense size and im- pressive effect, at Kenilworth Castle, of which it forms a part. See Kenilworth Castle. Caf6 (Cafffe) Greece. [The Greek Cafe. J A well-known cafe at Rome, in the Via Condotti, fa- mous as the rendezvous of artists of all nations. jB®* "In the morning we breakfast at the ca/e Greco ; this is a long, low, smoky apartment, not brilliant or at- tractive, but convenient: it appears to be like the rest throughout Italy-" TainSy Trans. Caffegiolo. A royal villa, the an- cient residence of the Medicis, CAG 79 CAL about 15 miles from Florence, Italy. Cagliari, The. A Sardinian steam- er trading between Genoa and Tunis. She was seized by some Sicilian adventurers in June, .1857, who with her effected a land- ing on the territory of Naples. Afterwards the vessel was sur- rendered to the Neapolitans, who imprisoned with the crew two English engineers who were on board. The affair became a mat- ter of diplomatic correspondence between England and Naples. Caiaphas' Palace. This name is applied to a building, now a con- vent, on Zion, which seems to have been built by the Armeni- ans. The credulous see here the stone which closed the Saviour's sepulchre, the spot where Peter was standing when he denied his Master, and even the very stone upon which the cock roosted when he crew. Caius Cestius, Pyramid of. See Pyramid of Caius Cestius. Caius College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. The college was insti- tuted in 1348. Calais Pier. A noted picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851). In the National Gal- lery, London. Calaveras Pines. A celebrated grove of mammoth pine-trees (Sequoia gipantea) in Calaveras County, California. Some of these are about 320 feet high and 30 feet in diameter. A similar grove, likewise much visited by tourists, is found in Mariposa County. These trees are believed to be over 2,300 years of age. By an act of Congress this grove was granted to the State of California on condition that it should be kept as a public domain. The grant was accepted, and the lo- cality is now under the charge of commissioners. Caledonia, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Oct. 24, 1862. Caledonian Porest. A remnant of the ancient wood which once, under the name of the Caledoni- an Forest, covered the whole of southern Scotland, from sea to sea, still exists on the bank of the Avon near Hamilton. A few large oaks are all that is now left. California. A statue by Hiram Powers (1805-1873). California Street. One of the prin- cipal streets in San Francisco, Cal., in which the chief banking offices are situated. Caligula. A noted bronze bust of the Roman emperor Caligula, now in Turin, Italy. [Called also the Albertina Bronze.] 4J®= " One of the most precious por- traits of antiquity, not only because it confirms the testimony of th'e green basalt in the Vatican, but also because it supplies an even more emphatic and impressive illuetratioa to the narrative of Suetonius." J. A. Syinonds. Caligula's Palace apd Bridge. A picture by Joseph Mallord Wil- liam Turner (1775-1851), the Eng- lish landscape-painter, and re- garded one of his best works. In the National Gallery, London. Calisto. See Diana and Calisto. Calixtus, St. See Catacomb of St. Calixtus. Calling of St. Peter. See Mir- aculous Draught of Fishes. Calling of the Apostles. A fresco- painting by Domenico Ghirlan- dajo (1449-1498 ?). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. CaUirrhoe. The fountain — and according to Pausanias the only one — which supplied sweet run- ning water to Athens, Greece. Also known as JSnneacrunus, from the nine pipes in which the water was conveyed. A small spring ■ still called /caWippori now issues from a ridge of rock crossing the bed of the Ilissus. Calton Hill. A well-known emi- nence in Edinburgh, Scotland, crowned with monuments. Calvary. A rock so called, now within the Church of the Sepul- chre, at Jerusalem. The Saviour CAL 80 CAM ■was crucified at a place known as Golgotha (Hebrew for " a skull "), the Latin equivalent for which is Calvaria, whence our English Cal- vary. S^ " It may be wpU to remind the reader that there are two errors implied in the popular expression ' Mount Cal- vary.' 1. There is in the Scriptural narrative no mention of a mount or hill. 2. There is no such name as ' Calva- ry.' The passage from which the ■word is taken in Luke xxiii. 33, is merely the Latin translation (* Calva- ria ') of ■what the Evangehst calls ' a ekull,' — KpayLov." A. P. Stanley. According to Mr. Bulwer, Glory is a Calvary on which the poet is crucified. Gustave Planche, Trans. Calves-Head Club. This club, " in ridicule of the memory of Charles I," consisting of Independents and Anabaptists, and formed in the times of the Revolution, was in existence as late as the eighth year of the reign of George II. They met annually, and dined upon calves' heads prepared in various ways, by which they rep- resented the King and his friends. Their meetings were at length broken up by a mob. Indeed, his [George Saville, Viscount Halifaxj jests upon hereditary monarchy were sometimes such as would have better become a member of the CalTs Head Club than a privy councillor of the Stuarts, Macaulay. Calvin's House. The house in which the Eeformer lived from 1543 to 1564. It is situated in the Bue des Chanoines, Geneva, Switzerland. Calydonian Boar. See Chace of THE Calydonian Boar. Camaldoli, Convent of. A cele- brated monastic establishment at Camaldoli, Italy, founded near the beginning of the eleventh century. XKir " This monastery is secluded from the approach of woman, in a deep, narrow, woody dell. Its circuit of dead walls, built on the conventual plan, gives it an aspect of confinement and defence; yet this is considered as a privileged retreat, where the rule of the order relaxes its rigor, and no monks can reside but the sick or the superannuated, the dignitary or the steward, the apothecary or the bead- turner. Forsyth. Oh, ioy for all, who hear her call From gray Camaldoli' s convent-wall. And Elmo's towers to freedom's carnival ! Whittier. Cambiaso Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Cambiaso.] A noted palace in G enoa, Italy. Cambio, Sala del. See Sala del Cambio. Cambridge House. A mansion in London, where Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, youngest son of George III., died in 1850. It was afterwards the town residence of Viscount Palmerston, and is now a Naval and Military Club House. Cambuskenneth Abbey. A ruined monastery in Scotland, near Al- loa, founded in the twelfth cen- tury, and once the richest abbey • in the kingdom. Camden House. A mansion in London, built in 1612, and inter- esting from its historic Associa- tions connected with the youn» Duke of Gloucester, who lived here with his mother, Queen Anne. Camden House was burnt in 1862, and has since been re- built. Back in the dark, by Brompton Park, He turned up thro' the Gore, And slunk to Campden-house so high. All in his coach and four. Sw^ft. Camelot. A hill in what is now known as the parish of Queen's Camel, England, famous in the Arthurian legends. Goose, if once I had thee upon Sarum plain, I'd drive thee cackling home to Camelot. Shakespeare. Camera della Segnatura. One of the four chambers known as the Stanze of Raphael, in the Vati- can, Rome, because adorned with paintings by that master. Camere dl Baffaello. See Stanze OF Raphael. Campagna. [The country.] A name given, in particular, to the undulating plain which extends on all sides around Rome, in- cluding portions of ancient La- tium and Etruria. The name is said to have been first applied in the Middle Ages. The whole region is now very unhealthy in CAM 81 CAM summer, owing to the miasmata which rise from it. Pliny speaks of the healthfulness and perennial salubrity of this now desolate region, which was once adorned with Roman villas and gardens. ■Pius VI. (1775-1799) drained a l^ortion of this plain. as- " Of all kinds of country that could, by possibility, lie outside the gates of Rome, this is the aptest and littest burial-ground for the Dead City." Ztickeiis. JS^' " Over this region of the Cara- pagna a light still hangs more beautiful than its golden mists or the purple shadows that lie upon its distant hills. The spirit of the past dwells here, and breathes over the landscape the conse- crating gleams of valor, patriotism, and filial duty." BUlard. j^^ "Nothing can be more heart- rending than the contrast -which the immediate and the present here form with the recollections of the past, gild- ed as they are by the feelings and the fancy. I cannot express the sinking . of heart which I felt in passing so many hours over this dreary waste — these lugentefi campi, so different from all the deserts nature has elsewhere left or created." Ticknor. Nothing: impresses the traveller more, on visiting the once imperial city, than the long lines of aqueducts that are every- where seen stretching across the now de- serted plain of the Campagna. Fergusson. Groves, temples, palaces. Swept from the sight ; and nothing visible. Amid the sulphurous vapors that exhale As from a land accurst, save here and there An empty tomb, a fragment like the limb Of some dismembered giant. Samuel Rogers. No wreaths of sad Campagna^s flowers Shall childhood in thy pathway fling; No garlands from their ravaged bowers Shall Terni's maidens bring. Whittier. The priest, and the swart flsher by his side. Beheld the Eternal City lift its domes And solemn fanes and monumental pomp Above the waste Campagna. Whittier. Campana Museum. An old Eo- man collection, nowforming part of the Muse'e Napoleon III., in the Louvre, Paris. It was bought by the French Government in 1861. This museum contains a fine collection of antique statues, and is rich in jewels of gold and precious stones. MHe. d'Estang had earrings like those m the Campana Museum, with emeralds. 2'aine, Trans. Campanile. In Italy, the general name for the belfry or bell-tower of a church, usually in that coun- try a separate building from the church itself. The more noted campaniles are those of Florence, Pisa, and Venice. See Giotto's Campanile, the Leaning Towek, and St. Mark's Campanile. Campbell. See Castle Camp- bell. Campldoglio, Piazza del. See Piazza del Campidoglio. Campo di Sangue. See Field op Blood. Campo Marzo. The modern Ital- ian name of the ancient Campus Martius, or Field of Mars, a low irregular plain in the city of Rome, between the Corso and the Tiber, surrounded by the Pin- cian, Quiriual, Viminal, and Capi- toline hills, including the princi- pal portion of the modern city. See Campds Martius. Campo Santo. [The Holy Field.] A celebrated cemetery in Pisa, Italy, adjoining the Cathedral and Baptistery. It was founded by Archbishop Ubaldo de' Lan- franchi, abont the year 1200, who, retreating from Palestine, whence he had been expelled by Saladin, returned with 53 vessels laden with earth from Mount Calvary, which he deposited in this place. The present building was begun in 1278. It has given its name to every similar burial-place in Ita- ly. It contains a museum of se- pulchral monuments, and frescos of much celebrity. JS^ " Giovanni Pisana, having been appointed to enclose the space with walls, designed and built the first, as well as the most beautiful, Campo San- to in Italy. Following the ground- plan marked out by Archbishop Lan- franchi, G-iovanui raised his outer walls without windows, and with only two doors looking towards the Duomo, that the frescos, with which they were to be covered on the inside, might be pro- tected as far as possible from the inju- rious effect of the salt and damp sea- winds. Between these outer walls. CAM 82 CAN ■whicli lie decorated with arches and pilasters, and the inner, directly con- tiguous to the quadrangle, he made a broad-roofed corridor paved -with mar- hie, lighted by G-othic windows and four open doorwayw." Perkins- The Ceraetere ral'd Campo Santo is made of divers (rally ladings of* earth for- merly brought from Jerusalem, said to be of such a nature as to ronsume dead bod- ies in forty hours. 'Tis cloistered witli marble arches. Jolm Evelyn, 1644. Love, loni? remembering those she could not save. Here bunc tliu cradle of Italian Art : Faith rocKL-dit: lilte a beraiit ebdd went forth From hence that power which beautified tiie earth. She perished when the world had lured her heart From her true friends, Religion and the Grave. ironumcntal marbles, Time-clouded frescos, mouldering year by year. Dim cells in which all day the night-bird warbles, — Tbese thint'S are sorrowful elsewhere, not here : A mightier Power than Art's hath here her shrine: Strang"r ! thou tread'st the soil of Pal- estine. Aubrey de Vere. Even the slumberors in the churchyard of the Campo Santo SQi'mci Scarce more quiet tli.an the living world that underneath us dreamed. T. II'. Parsons. A sign.ll example is the dne enthroned Madonna in t le Campo Santo, who re- ceives St. Itani ri when presented by St. Peter and St. Paul. Mrs. Jameson. Campo Vaooino. [The Cow-Pas- ture.] The modern Italian name of the Forum Romanum, or Ro- man Forum, derived, it is sup- posed, from the greater part of the area having hecome, as far bacli as the fifteentli century, the resort of cattle, " a kind of Ro- man Smithfield;" but according to others the name is derived from one Vitnivius Vacco, who is said to liave lived there. See FOKUM Ko.MANUM. 1844, Xov. 7. Wo went into the Campo Vaccina by tlie ruins of the Temple of Peace built by Titus Vespasianns. John Evelyn. Campus Eaquilinus. [Esquiline Field.] A burial-grountl for tlie poor in ancient Rome. It now makes a part of tlie grounds of the Villa Massimo. Campus Martius. [Field of Mars.] 1. The ancient name of the irreg- ular plain in the city of Rome surrounded by the Pincian , Quiri- nal, Viminal, and Capitoline hills, now including the principal por- tion of the modem city. This region did not come within the walls of ancient Rome, and it is thought that settlements were first made here during the Lom- bard invasion, when, the supply of water through the aqueducts ha\-ing been cut off, the people were compelled to desert the hills and seek the plain below where they could use the water of the Tiber. The Pantheon and a few fragments of other structures are all that is now left of the build- ing.s which were erected upon the Campus. Campo Jlarzo is the modern Italian namei of the an- cient Field of Mars. — There of old With arms and trophies gleamed the field of Mars: There to their daily sports the noble youth rushed emulous. John Dyer. 2. A large open square in De- troit, Mich. Campus Sceleratus. [The Ac- cursed Field.] A field in ancient Rome where unchaste virgins were buried alive. Carta, Marriage at. See Mab- KIAGE AT CaXA. Canadian FaU. See Hokse-Shoe Fall. Canal of the Giudecca. A picture of a scene in Venice, by Joseph Jlallord William Turner (1775- 1851). In the National Gallery, London. Canal Street. A noted street in New Orleans, La. It has a breadth of nearly 200 feot, with a grass-plot 25 feet in width in the centre, extending the entire tlis- tance. Canale Grande. See Gkaxd Ca- nal. Cancelleria, Palazzo della. A magnificent palace in Rome, com- pleted in liO.'i, the official resi- dence of the Vice-Chancellor. CAN 83 CAP Cane, Grotta del. See Grotta DEL Cane. Cannon Street. A well-known modern street in London, leading out of St. Paul's Churchyard. Canon, The. A celebrated print by Albert Diirer (1471-1528) which is thought to be the first example of the art of etching. Canon. See Gkajsd CaSon of the Yellowstone, Canonbury Tower. A building in London, formerly the resort and lodging-place of many literary men. Canougate. A noted street and the principal thoroughfare in the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scot- land (bearing different names at other points of its course), and ter- minating at the rocky eminence on which stands the palace of Holyrood. Sir Walter Scott pub- lished two series of tales entitled " Chronicles of the Canongate." Strew'd were the streets around with milk-white reams, Flow'd all the Canongate with inky streams. Byron. Canons Park. A palatial residence built by the " Great Duke of Chandos," near Edgeware, Eng- land. It was a favorite resort of literary men, including Pope, who often alludes to it. The original building is no longer standing. Canopus, Decree of. See Stone OF SAn. Canterbury Cathedral. A mag- nificent cathedral at Canterbury, England. It was designed by Sir James Burrough, was begun in 1174, and finished in the reign of Henry V. It contains the shrine of Thomas &, Becket, in former times a great re.sort of pilgrims. See Sheine of Thomas X Becket. And specially from every shire's ende Of Engle lond to Canterbury they wcnde. Chaucer. Cape Horn. A name given to a locality on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, in California. .0®" " The bluffs at this point are so precipitous that when the railroad was made the workmen had to be lowered down the face of the rock by ropes, and held on by men above, until Ihey were enabled to'blast for themselves a foot- hold on the side of the precipice." Samuel Smilea. Capella Borghese. [Borghese Chapel.] A gorgeous chapel, so called from the Borghese family, in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, built for Paul V. in 1608, rich in marbles, ala^ ■ basters, and frescos. jS®^ *' The splendor of the opposite Borghese chapel so far surpasses my feeble powers of description that I shall leave it all to your imagination, to which you may give abundance of lati- tude, tor it can scarcely surpass the reality. It contains one of St. Luke's precious performances, a miraculous image of the Virgin." Eaton, Capella Brancacci. [Brancaccl Chapel.] A chapel in the con- vent of the Carmine, Florence, Italy, celebrated for its fine fres- cos by Masaccio (1402?-1443). tS^ " The importance of these fres- cos arises from the fact that they hold the same place in the history of art during the fifteenth century, as the works of Giotto, in the Arena chapel at Padua, hold during the fourteenth. Each series forms an epoch in paint- ing." Layard, People at the present day still go to the Brancaccl Chapel to contemplate this iso- lated creator [Masaccio] whoRe precocious example no one followed Taine, Trans. He came to Florence long ago And painted here these walls, that shone For liaphael and for Ang€lo With secrets deeper than his own, Then shrank into the dark again, And died, we know not how or when. Lowell. Capella Clementina. See Clem- ent's Chapel. Capella Corsini. See Coksini Chapel. Capella della Colonna Santa. [Chapel of the Holy Pillar.] A chapel in St. Peter's Church, Rome, so called from an in- scribed pillar in it, concerning which the church tradition is that it is the one against which Christ leaned when teaching in the Temple at Jerusalem. Capella Paolina. [Pauline Chap- el.] An apartment in the "Vatican Palace, Rome, built in 1540 for Paul III. It contains two fres- cos by Michael Angelo. CAP 84 CAP J6®" "Two excellent frescos exe- cuted by Michael Angelo on the side walls ot the Pauline Chapel are little cared for, and are so much blackened by the smoke of lamps that they are seldom mentioned. The Crucifixion of St. Peter, under the large window, is in a most unfavorable light, but is dis- tinguished for its grand, severe compo- sition. That on the opposite wall — the Conversion of St. Paul — is still tolerably distinct." Kugter. Capella Sistlna. See Sistine Chap- el. Capitol, The [Rome]. See Capi- TOLiNB Hill and Piazza del Campidoglio. Capitol [of the United States] . The immense and magnificent build- ing in Washington, D.C., devoted to the uses of the American Con- gress. The centre building is of freestone painted white. Its corner-stone was laid by Wash- ington in 1792. The marble ex- tensions were begun in 1851. The total length of the original Capi- tol, together with the wings and corridors, is 737 feet. The build- ing covers an area of 3^ acres, and the cost of erection has been over $13,000,000. It is surmounted by an iron dome which is 287 feet above the base of the building, and 135J feet in diameter, being surpassed in size only by lour domes in Europe, — that of St. Peter's at Rome, of St. Paul's in London, St. Isaac's in St. Peters- burg, and that of the Invalides in Paris. The dome is surmount- ed by a colossal statue of Liberty in bronze, 19 feet in height, stand- ing upon a globe which bears the inscription E Pluribns Unum. Within the Capitol are included the Senate Chamber, the Hall of the House of Representatives, the Supreme Court room, and the Library of Congress. fl®^ " We have built no national temples but the Capitol; wo consult no common oracle but the Constitu- tion." R. C/ioate. "When, lo I in a vision I seemed to stand In the lonely Cajpf/o?. On each hand Far stretched the uortico; dim and prand Its columns ranged, like a martial band Of sheeted spectres wliom some command Had called to a last reviewing. Jiret Harte, Capitol [of New York]. An im- mense and imposing building in the city of Albany, the capital of the State of New York, designed for legislative purposes and the uses of the executive department of the State. The structure is of the Renaissance architecture, and one of the best finished and most costly edifices of the kind in the world. Capitoline HiU. [Lat. Mons Capi- tolimis.'] One of the original sev- en hills of ancient Rome, imme- diately contiguous to the Foriim, and still bearing the same name. The Church of Ara Coeli is sup- posed to mark the site of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which formerly stood upon the summit. There is a depression called the Intermontium, upon the top of the hill, forming two heights, upon the summit of one of which the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is thought to have stood, and upon the summit of the other the Arx Capitolii. Upon the latter mount is placed the temple which Romulus is said to have built and to have dedi- cated to Jupiter Feretrius. The hill was originally called Mons Saturnius, and afterwards (or cer- tainly the whole of one side of it) Mons Tarpeia, from her who, during the war with the Sabines, longing for the golden bracelets of the enemy, and allured by the promise of receiving that which they wore upon their arms, treacherously opened the fortress to the Sabines, and was rewarded by being crushed by the shields vrhich they threw upon her in passing. It lastly received the name of Mons Capitolinus (or Capitolium), because in digging the foundations lor the Temple of Jupiter (Capitolinus) a bloody human head was found, which the augurs declared to be an omen that Rome was destined to become the head of Italy. The famous Tarpeian Rock was also upon this side of the Intermon- tium, though its exact situation is not definitely determined. See Piazza del Campidoglio. CAP 85 CAR US' "But when we think of its in- vulnerable citadel, its vanished temples, its triumphal arches, its splendid por- ticos, its golden statues, and all its unparalleled hut forgotten splendors — it is indeed a contrast to look round on the scattered ruins of that seat of empire which awed the world; to be- hold a convent of barefooted friars usurping the proud temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, a few miserable hovels crowning the Tarpeian Rock, and the palace of a modern Roman patrician occupying the site of the house of Ovid and the School of Phi- losophers." C. A. Eaton. I^" " No language contains a word of more expression and significance than the Capitol, nor is there ^ spot on earth more full of historical interest. It was at once a fortress and a temple ; the head of the Roman state and the shrine of their reUgion. The Capitol was the symbol of ancient Rome, as St. Peter's and the Vatican are the symbols of the modern and mediaeval city." O. S. HiUard. TJnsexed, but foul with barren lust, Marslialled her powers to overwhelm Our Capitol and ancient realm. And lay Rome's glories in the dust ? Horace^ Trans- Cal. Ceesar, I never stood on ceremo- nies, Yet now tliey fright me. There is one witliin. Besides the things that we have heard and seen, Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch. A lioness hath whelped in the streets; And graves have yawn'd, and yielded up their dead; Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds. In ranks, and squadrons, and right form of war. Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol Capitoliue Museum. See MusEO Capitolino. Cwitolium. See Capitolini; Hill and Piazza del Campidoglio. Cappucclni, ConTent, Church, and Cemetery of the. One of the lar- gest and most populous convents in Rome, belonging to the monks of the order of St. Francis. The conventual Church contains a number of fine pictures, includ- ing that of the " Archangel Mi- chael and the Devil" by Guido. Adjoining the Church is the fa- mous Cemetery of the Cappuccl- ni. It is a sort of museum of bones, consisting of four cham- bers decorated with human bones, and bodies that have be- come mummified. The earth was brought hither from Jerusalem. Several skeletons are standing upright, dressed in their monas- tic robes. Whenever a brother dies, he is buried in the oldest grave, and the bones which have been displaced to make room for him are removed to the general collection. Capriuo, Monte. See Monte Ca- PRINO. Capuoines, Boulevart des. One of the boulevards of Paris. See Boulevards. Caracalla, Baths of. See Baths OF Cakacalla. Card Party. A small but very in- teresting picture, representing a company o£ men and women at a card-table, by Luc Jacobsz, commonly called Lucas van Ley- den (1494-1533), a Flemish paint- er. It is now in the collection of the Earl of Pembroke, at Wilton House, England. Cardiff Giant. A noted piece of trickery in the shape of a colossal statue of gypsum disinterred at a little place called Cardiff, near Lafayette, N.Y., in October, 18U9, and successfully palmed off Upon some of the most distinguished antiquaries and palaeontologists of America as being either a work of ancient sculpture, or more probably a fossilized man. It was carried about the country, and publicly exhibited to great crowds in all the principal cities. At last the fact came out, that it had been cut from a quarry in Iowa not long before, wrought into shape in' Chicago, and bur- ied in Cardiff, where it was soon after alleged to have been acci- dentally discovered. Cardinal Bentivoglio. See Ben- TIVOGLIO. Cardinal Bibiena. See Bibiena. Cardinal Pole. See Pole. Cardross Castle. A ruined castle in Scotland, on the Clyde, near CAR 86 CAR Dumbarton. In this castle Rob- ert Bruce died in 1329. Carinse. A fashionable quarter in ancient Rome, situated upon the Esquiline Hill, where many of the nobles and principal citizens had their residences. Carisbrooke Castle. A magnifi- cent feudal mansion, now in ruins, in the village of Caris- brooke on the Isle of Wight. Charles I. was confined here after his flight from Hampton Court. The castle contains a well said to be over 300 feet in depth. Carita. [Charity.] A picture by Andrea Vannucchi, called An- drea del Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian painter, and considered one of his best works. In the Louvre, Paris. Carita. [Charity.] A striking pic- ture bj' Bartolommeo Schedoue (1560-1615). In the Museum at Naples, Italy. Carlisle Castle. An ancient feu- dal fortress in Carlisle, England, now in a state of decay. It Avas built by William Rufus (1056- 1100). The castle is at present used as a barrack and armory. Musing on this strange liap the wliile. The King wends baclv to I'air Carlisle ; And cares, tliat cumber royal sway, Wore memory of tire past away. Scott. Carlo Borromeo. A statue in bronze and copper, of colossal size, near Arona, Italy, erected to the memory of the saint in 1697. It is 106 feet in height including the pedestal. Far off the Horromean saint was seen, Distinct, though distant, o'er his native town, "Where his Colossus with benignant mien. Looks from its station on Arona down ; To it the inland sailor lifts his eyes, From the wide lake, when perilous storms arise. Soutltey. Carlo Felloe. A noted theatre in Genoa, Italy, opened in 1828. Carlo, San. See San Caklo. Carlsbriicke , Die. [Charles' Bridge.] A famous bridge over the Moldau in Prague, Austria. It was begun in 1357, and was 150 years in building. The piers are surmounted with groups of saints and martyrs, 28 in number, in- cluding the celebrated statue of St. John Nepomuck. See St. John Nepomuok. Carlton Club. A noble building of Italian architecture (from St. Mark's Library in Venice), in Pall Mall, London, is occupied by the famous political club of this name, founded in 1831 by the Duke of Wellington. The first meeting of the club was held in Charles Street, St. James's. It removed to Carlton Gardens in 1832, and in 1836 a club-house was built in Pall Mall. The present house was built in 1854. j^^. " The Carlton contains Conser- vatives of every hue, from the good old-fashioned Tory to the liberal pro- gressist of the latest movements, — men of high position in fortune and politics." Timbs. Xo Carlton Clubs, Reform Clubs, nor any sort of clubs or creatures, or of ac- credited opinions or practices, can make a Lie Truth, can make Bribery a Propriety. Carlyte. Carlton House. A noted mansion which formerly stood in Water- loo Place, south of Pall Mall, London. It was built in 1709, and was taken down in 1827. Upon the Ionic columns of this house an Italian epigram was written by Bonomi : — V Care colonne, che fatti Quik? Non sapiamo, in verita, which has been translated as fol- lows: — " I>ear little columns, all in a row. What do you do there '/ Indeed we don't know." 4Kg~ " We went to see the Prince's new palace in Pall Mall, and were charmed. It will be the most perfect in Europe. ... In all^,Jlie fairy tales you have been, you^^synever in so pretty a scene. I forgTJt to tell you how admirably all the carving, stucco, and ornaments are executed, but whence the money is to come I con- ceive not. All the tin-mines in Corn- wall could not pay a quarter." Horace Walpole, 17S6- With the same childish attendant. I re- member peeping through tite colonnade at Carlton House and seeing the abode of the great Prince Regent. Tliackeray. I have a state-coach at Carlton Bouse, A chariot in Seymour Place; But they're lent to two friends, who make me amends By driving my favorite pace. Byroa, CAR 87 CAR T remember Alvanley eating three sup- pers once at Carlton Bouse— one nifrlit de petite coJniti. Thackeray, Carmine, The. A noted church in Florence, Italy, of the fifteenth century, containing some fine frescos which are of great impor- tance in the history of art. Carnac. A collection of stones or monumental blocks of granite, several thousand in number, in the town of the sajne name, in the Department of Morbihan, France. They are of unknown origin and antiquity, and their use and meaning are involved in great obscurity. By some they are thought to be Druidic re- mains, and by others to be of ear- lier date. They are probably not sepulchral monuments, and it is quite as probable that they were intended for military as for reli- gious purposes. In their general appearance they resemble the monuments found in the Orkney Islands. Caroccio. A famous car of great size, drawn by two beautiful oxen, which, in the old days of Florence, accompanied the citi- zens to • the field of battle. It bore the standard of the city, and is supposed to have been built in imitation of the ark carried before the Israelites. 4i®" " This vehicle is described, and also represented in ancient paintings, as a four-wheeled, oblong car, drawn by two, four, or six bullocks. . . . A platform ran out in front of the car, spacious enough for a few chosen men to defend it, while behind, on a cor- responding space, the musicians gave spirit to the combat; mass was said on the Caroccio, ore it quitted the city, the surgeons were stationed near it, and not unfrequently also a chaplain attended it to the field. The loss of the Caroccio was a great disgrace, and betokened utter discomfiture." ^Napier. Caroline, The. A United States steamer burned Dec. 29, 1837, by the loyal Canadians, for having brought aid to the rebels. The affair became a subject of diplo- matic correspondence. CaroU, Fort. See Fokt Caboll. | Carondelet, The. An armor-plat- ed ship of the United States Navy during the war of the Rebellion. CarrS. See Salon Cakke. Carrickfergus Castle. One of the most perfect castellated struc- tures in Ireland, standing on a rock which projects into the sea, and is nearly surrounded by water. It is in the county of Antrim. Carrig-a-droid Castle. A ruined stronghold of the Middle Ages, in the county of Cork, Ireland. It successfully resisted for a time the arms of Oliver Cromwell. Carrig-o-gunuell. [Bock of the Candle.] An interesting castle in the county of Limerick, Ire- land, and one of the most roman- tic ruins in the island. It is said to have been built by the O'Brien family in li330, and has undergone many sieges. Carrousel. See Arc du Carrou- sel and Place du Carrousel. Carthage, Building of. See Building op Carthage. Cartoons of Raphael. A collec- tion of seven (a number of others are now lost) drawings in distem- per colors by Raphael (1483-1520), being original designs executed by order of Leo X., for tapestries to adorn the lower walls of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The tapestries still hanging in the Vatican, for which the Cartoons were designed, were called Araz- zi, from Arras in Flanders, the place where they were executed. The seven Cartoons lay neglect- ed until about 1630, when Charles I. bought them by the advice of Rubens. After the death of Charles, they were purchased by Cromwell, and were subsequent- ly removed by William III. to Hampton Court, where they re- mained until 1865, when they were placed in a gallery specially prepared for them in the South Kensington Museum, London. These cartoons are ranked among the grandest productions of Christian art. The subjects are " Christ's Charge to St. Pe- CAS CAS ter," *' The Miraciilons Draiight of Fishes," " E]yinas the Sorcer- er struck Blind," " Peter and John healing the Cripple at the Beautiful Gate," "The Death of Ananias," " The Sacrifice at Lys- tra," and " Paul preaching at Athens." A number of copies of the Cartoons have been executed in tapestry, and the drawings have been twice cut into strips by tapes try- workers. fl®^ '* When I first went to see them, I must confess I was but barely pleased ; the next time I liked them better; but at last, as I grew better acquainted with tliera, I fell deeply in love with them -■ lilie wise speeches, they sank deep into my heart." Steele : Spectator, iVb. 244. S^ " In the set of Cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel, as originally prepared by Raphael, we have the foundation, the heaven-be- stowed powers, the trials and suffer- ings of the early Church, exhibited in the calling of St. Peter, tlie conversion of St. Paul, the acts and miracles of the apostles, the martyrdom of St. Ste- phen ; and the series closed with the Coronation of the Virgin, placed over the altar, as typical of the final triumph of the Church, the completion and ful- filment of all the pioraises made to man, set forth in tne exaltation and union of the mortal with the immortal, when the human Mother and her divine Son are re-united and seated on the same throne." Mrs. Jameson. Casa Blanca. [White House.] An old Spanish mansion in New Orleans, La. It was formerly the residence of Bienville, the first governor of Louisiana. Casa del Labrador. [Laborer's Cottage.] A curious and noted building erected for Charles IV. of Spain, at Aranjuez. fl®="A little plaything of Charles IV. It is the merest little jewel. There is but one suite of apartments in it, all the rest being divided into email rooms, cabinets, etc., the roofs painted in miniature frescos, and the floors paved in mosaic. In the rich- ness of its ornaments, which are often of gold, and sometimes of platina, it is absolutely unrivalled." Ticknor. Casa d'Oro. [The Golden House.] A noble palace in Venice, Italy. j8®" *'It has no trace , of the high roofs or aspi ring tendencies of the Northern buildings of the same age, no boldly-marked buttresses in strong vertical lines; but, on the contrary, flat sky-lines, and every part is orna- mented with a fanciful richness far more characteristic of the luxurious refinement of the East than of the manlier appreciation of the higher qualities of art which distinguished the contemporary erections on this side of the Alps." " Oh, yes, to' be sure. Venice built her Ducal I'alace, and her church of St. JIark, and her Casa d'Oro, and the rest of her golden houses. 0. W.Holmes. Slow, underneath the Casa dOro's wall, Three searchers and three peerint? shadows came. Walter Thombury. Casa Guidi. A building in Flor- ence, Italy, best known to Eng- lish-speaking people from its con- nectian with Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the poetess, who lived here for some years, and who wrote here her well-known poem of "Casa Guidi AYiudows," — a poem giving her impressions upon events in Tuscany of which she was a witness. There is a tablet here inscribed to the memory of Mrs. Browning (died in Florence in 1861), — "who in a woman's heart united the learning of a scholar and the spirit of a poet, and by her verse joined with a golden link Italy and England." She came, whom Casa Ouidi's chambera knew, And know more proudly, an immortal, now. And life, new lighted, with a lark-like glee Through Casa Qatdi windows hails the sun, Grown from the rest her spirit gave to me. Bayard Taylor And peradventure other eyes may see. From Casa Ouidi windows, what is done Or undone. Whatsoever deeds they be. Pope Pius will be glorified in none. Mrs. Bivicnmg. Casa Santa. See Santa Casa. Casanata Library. See Biblio- TECA CASANATEXSE. Cascine. A beautiful and well- known public park in Florence, Italy. J8®- " This is quite the loveliest public pleasure-ground, a wood of three miles in circumference, lying on CAS 89 CAS the ■banks of the Arno just below the town, not like most European prome- nadee, a bare field of clay or ground, but full of sward paths green and embowered. . . . The whole place is more like a half-redeemed wild wood in America, than a public promenade in Europe." 2i. P. Willis. ie®=* " If . . . his tastes are for com- panionship and society, he will find the Caseine, during a portion of the day, a most agreeable place of resort. Here, in the afternoon, assemble all the gay world of Florence, native and foreign. . , . Here may be seen the equipages and the manners of all Europe." Hillard. At Florence, too, what golden hours In those long galleries were ours ; What drives about the fresh Casein^, Or walks m Boboii's ducal bowers. Tennyson- Caserta (Royal Palace). A noted falace at Caserta, in Southern taly, begun in 1752 "by Vanvitelli for Charles III., and regarded as one of the finest royal residences in Europe. i^= " The chief productions of this period [the eighteenth century] are the colossal palaces of princes in which the spirit of modern despotism declares it- self in a grandiose manner, but also with the utmost caprice. Perhaps there is no better example of these vast buildings than the Villa of Caserta, huilt by Luigi Vanvitelli at Naples, with its huge three stories, imposing staircase, and park with its aqueduct and superb fountains." LiXbke. When London shall have become the Rome or Athens of a fallen empire, the termini of the railways will be among its finest ruins. T!iat of the Birmmghara and Liverpool track ig almost as magnifi- cent as that flower of sumptuousness, the royal palace of Caserta. N. P. Wilhs. Cashel, Rock of. See Rock of Cashel. Casino, Monte. See Monte Ca- SIKO. Cassiobury House. The seat of the Earl of Essex, near Watford, England. Castalian Fountain. See Foun- tain OF Castalia. Castel Wuovo. [The New Castle.] A massive stronghold in Naples, Italy, bearing some resemblance to the Tower of London. It was begun in the thirteenth century. Castel Sant' Elmo. See St. Elmo; and for other names beginning with the word Castel, see the next prominent word. Castiglione, Count. A portrait of his friend by Raphael Sanzio (148S-1520). In the Louvre, Paris. Castle. For names beginning with the word Castle, see the next grominent word; e.g., Castle of !hillon, see Chillon. See also infra. Castle Campbell. A mined castle near the village of Dollar in Scot- land, of romantic and historic in- terest. jB®^' " The origin of this castle is un- known; but it was originally called the Castle of Q-loom, situated in the parish of Dolour, surrounded by the glen of Care, and watered by the rivers of Sor- row." O Castell Gloom ! thy strength is gone, The green grass o'er thee growiu'; Oil hill of Care thou art alone, Tlie Sorrow round thee flowin'. Carohna, Baroness Nairne, Castle Clinton. See Castle Gab- den. Castle Garden, A singular build- ing of a circttlar form, situated on the Battery in New York City, and now used as a receiving sta- tion for immigrants. On landing here, they are received, cared for, furnished with instruction and guidance in regard to their routes of travel, and forwarded to their destination. The building was originally a fort, and known as Castle Clinton. It was built in 1807, and made over to the city in 1823. After having been put to various uses (at one time as an opera-house), it finally was ap- propriated to its present object as a place of reception for immi- grants. See Battery, The. The arrivals of immigrants at Castle Garden for the month of August [ISt'O] numbered 25.300. This aggrepate exceeds by 4,000 the figures for the same month In any year for a quarter of a century. Boston Journal. If, as a boy 1 did, T make my haunt in Dear Castle Garden, soon I find a check In two policemen, who, my courage daunting. Stand sentinels beside that piteous wreck, CAS 90 CAT And point to signs; I read, F^r Emigrant- 67), And just beyond I see an emptying deck. T. O. Appleton. Caatle Hill. An eminence in Edin- burgh, Scotland, on which stand the Castle of Edinburgh and otlier buildings of interest. While danderin' cits delight to stray To CasUehiU or public way, Where they nae otlier purpose mean, Than that iool cause o' being seen. Let me to Arthur's Seat pursue, Where bonnie pasturesmeet the view. R. Fergusson. Castle Howard. The magnificent seat of the Earl of Carlisle, near New Malton, England. Castle Kennedy. An interesting ivy-clad ruin near Stranrear, Scotland. The ancient castle was burned in the seventeenth cen- tury. The gardens are celebrated for'the beautiful groves of pines, the finest in Scotland. Castle Rising. An ancient Eng- lish castle supposed to have been built by Alfred the Great (849- 901). The keep and portions of the walls and embankments re- main. Queen Isabella was con- fined in this castle for the rest of her life, after the death of her husband, King Edward II. Castle Eoche. A remarkable ruin in the county of Louth, Ireland, formerly one of the frontier cas- tles of the English Pale. The name is a corruption of Rose Cas- tle. This fortress was destroyed by Oliver Cromwell in 1649. Castle Thunder. A milit&ry pris- on in Richmond, Va., during the war of the Rebellion. Here many Federal prisoners were confined, and subjected to great hardships. The building was simply a ware- house converted to the uses of a jail. Castor and Pollux. 1. Two well- known marble statues, of colossal size, which stand at the head of the modern ascent to the Capitol in Rome. 2. Two statues which were found in the Baths of Constan- tine, and now stand in the Piazza di Monte Cavallo. There are copies of these statues in the Museum at Berlin.' See Quiki- NAL Hill. Castor and Pollux carrying off the daughters of Leucippus. A pic- tuTe by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1640), now in the Munich Gallery. Castor and Pollux. See Temple OF Castor and Polll'x. Caswell, Fort. See Fobt Cas- well. Cat and Bagpipes. A well-known tavern which was situated in London. A bon-mot. for instance, that might be relished at White's, may lose all its flavor when delivered at the Cat and Bagpipes In St Giles's. Goldsmith. Catacombs [of Alexandria]. Ex- tensive subterranean cemeteries in Alexandria, Egypt. S£^ " Nothing which remains of Alexandria attests its greatness more than these catacombs. The entrance to them is close to a spot once covered with the habitations and gardens of the town, or suburb of the city, which, from the neighboring tombs, was called the Necropolis. The extent of these catacombs is remarkable ; but the prin- cipal inducement to visit them is the elegance and symmetry of the archi- tecture in one of the chambers, having a Doric entablature and mouldings, in good Greek taste, which is not to be met with in any other part of Egypt." Murray. Catacombs [of Paris]. One tenth of the city is said to be under- mined by quarries out of which building-stone was taken in for- mer times. In 1784, after inter- ment in the Cemetery of the Innocents was given up, vast quantities of bones were removed and deposited in these old quar- ries. In the first part of the present century the bones were arranged in the form of walls, altars and chapels were built of them, and the catacombs have become one of the sights of Paris. From the labyrinthine arrange- ment of the caserns, and the consequent danger of being lost in them, the catacombs were for many years closed to the public; but they may now be visited at certain times and with proper precautious. CAT 91 CAT Catacombs [o£ Rome]. The name given to the vast excavations which formed the burial-places of the early Christians. They were begun in the times of the Apostles, and continued to be used for the purpose of interment until the capture of Rome by Alaric in 410. The catacombs were usually named after those who owned the land. Among the more important catacombs in Rome are those of S. Calisto, S. Sebastian, and Sta. Priscilla. Catacombs [of St. Calixtus]. One of the most interesting and most frequently visited of the Roman catacombs. The cemetery is of considerable extent, and com- prises several tiers of galleries. In early times it was a favorite resort of pilgrims. It contains some curious paintings and se- pulchral inscriptions. Catacombs [of St. Sebastian]. A well-known subterranean ceme- tery in Rome. It was to a part of this cemetery that the term catacomb was first applied. Catelan, Pr^. See Pee Catelan. Cathedra Petri. See Chaik or St. Peter. Catherine Cornaro, The Nobles of Venice paying Homage to. A picture by Hans Makart (b. 1840). In the National Gallery, Berlin. .K^ " A grandiose composition, ■which, when displayed in London, was looked upon less as grave history than as phantasmagoria." J. B. Atkinson. Catherine, St. See St. Cathek- INE. Catherine Docks. See St. Kath- EKiNE Docks. Catherine's House. See St. Cath- ekike's House. Catiline, Conspiracy of. See CoN- sPiKACr OF Catiliite. Cato Street. A street in London, now called Homer Street, from which the Cato-Street Conspiracy derived its name. There had been radical tneetings In all parts of the kingdom ; the bloody scenes at Manchester; the great plot in Cato Street; and, above all, the Queen had returned to England 1 Irving, Cattle of Brittany. A picture by Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822), the cele- brated French painter of auimals. Caudine Porks. [Lat. Fuvculce Cavdince.] A famous pass, in the form of two lofty fork-shaped de- files, in the valley of Caudium, in the Apennines, into which a Roman army was enticed by the Samnites, B. C. 321, and, being hemmed in and unable to retreat, was obliged to capitulate. Cauter, The. A fine public square or parade in Ghent, Belgium. Cautionary Towns. The towns of Briel, Flushing, Rammekins, and "Walcheren, were held, in 1585, by Queen Elizabeth as security for the payment of troops with which she supplied the Netherlands. These four towns were called the Cautionary Towns; and although only one-third of the sum due on account of the troops was re- funded by the Dutch, they were nevertheless delivered to them July 16, 1616, in accordance with a treaty for the purpose signed May 22. Cavallo, Obelisk o^ the. See Obe- lisk OP THE Monte Cavallo. Cave Canem, House of the. [Al- so called House of Hoiner, and House of the Traffic Poet.] Avery interesting disinterred private residence at Pompeii, Italy, fa- mous for the beautiful wall-paint- ings discovered in it. On the threshold of this house was a mosaic representing a chained dog, with the words " Cave Ca- nem " (Beware of the Dog), from which the house derives its name. This mosaic is now at Naples. Cave of AduUam. A large cavern at Khureitun, Sj'ria, traditionally identified with the " cave of Adul- 1am" into which David retreated after his adventure at Gath (1 Sam. xxii. 1). There is no in- trinsic improbability in the mo- nastic tradition, and many cir- cumstances favor the conclusion that this may have been the cave. Cave of Jeremiah. This cave near Jerusalem is a very interesting natural curiosity. It is entered CAV 92 CAV by a door cut in the side of a hill; and the whole interior of the hill seems to be occupied by a series of caverns, separated from one another by pillars and screens wholly natural. There are vaulted chapels, crypts, and chambers, in one of which the Latin monks sometimes per- form mass. The whole place would be as sombre. as the medi- tations of Jeremiah, were it not relieved by an abundance of graceful weeds. Cave of Machpelah. The burial- place of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, in Hebron. Over it stands a Mohammedan mosque to which Christians cannot under any pre- tence obtain access. It is re- garded as reasonably certain that the cave underlies the venerable Haram, and there is no intrinsic improbability in the supposition that the embalmed remains of the patriarchs may still be lying there, as the excessive sanctity of the place would naturally guard it from pillage and profar nation. Cave of the Nativity. A caAe in Bethlehem, which was, accord- ing to tradition, the residence of Mary, and the birthplace of Jesus. Over it is a fine church arranged for Greek, Latin, and Armeni9,n worship. One is shown here the silver star in the spot where Jesus was born, the cor- ner where the manger was, and the place where the Magi pre- sented their offerings. Cave of the "Winds. A wet cave or grotto at Niagara Falls. It is under the great Centre Fall. The entrance to it is attended with difficulty, but with proper pre- caution, and the company of the guide, is not necessarily danger- ous. «gr " A cavern deep below roaring seas, in -which the waves are there, though they do not enter in upon hira ; or rather not the waves, but the very bowels of the ocean. He will feel as though the floods surrounded him, coming and going with their wild sounds, and he will hardly recoguize that though among them he is not in them. And then as they fall with a continual roar, not hurting the ear, but musical withal, will seem to move as the vast ocean waters may perhaps move in their internal currents. . . . And as he looks on, strange colors will show themselves through the mist; the shades of gray will become green or blue, with ever and anon a flash of white; and then, when some gust of wind blows in with greater violence, the sea-girt cavern will become all dark and black. Oh, my friend, let there be no one there to speak to thee then ; no, not even a brother. As you stand there, speak only to the waters." Anthony Trollope. Cave of Trophordus. A dark sub- terranean cave beneath frowning rocks in a dark ravine near the city of Lebadea, Greece, so called as the place chosen for the seat of the oracle of the Boeotian hero, Trophouius. e^ *' This [the cave of Tropbonius], according to the most reasonable con- jecture, is yet to be discovered within the walls of the modern castle on the top of the hill, where it may exist choked up with rubbish," Jlut'ray's Handbook, JSS^ *' The mouth of this cave was three yards high and two wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till they reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized by the feet and dragged violently to the bo'ttora of the cave, where they were assailed by the most unearthy noises, bowlings, shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights and sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and phantasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The votaries were then seized unexpectedly by the feet, and thrust out of the cave without ceremony. If any resisted, or attempt- ed to enter in any other way, he was instantly murdered." Plutarch. Cave-temples of Elephanta. See Elephanta, Cave-temples of. Caveau. A literary and convivial society founded at Paris in 172;>- 35 by Piron, Colle, Gallet, and the younger CreTjillon. It was so called from the sort of cuharet or cafe, called Le Caveau, in the Hue de Bussy, where, about 1735, many men of letters and song- writers were accustomed to meet. The society dissolved in 1817, CAV 93 CEN started up again in 1834, and still exists. Recently Caveaii has be- come a general name for societies similar to the original Caveau. *®- "In 1813 there had existed for for many years a reunion of song- writers and literary men, -which had tal^en the name of Caveau, after the Caveau rendered illustrious by Piron, Panard, Colle, Gallet, and the elder and younger Crebillon." Beranger. Au Caveau je n'osais frapper; Des m6chants m'avaient su troraper. Bb'anger. Cavendish Square. This sqviare in London, laid out in 1717, was so called from the wife of Harley, second Earl of Oxford. Caves of Beni Hassan. See Beni Hassan. Cecilia Metella, Tomb of. See Tomb of Cecilia Metella. Cecilia, St. See St. Cecilia. Cedaroroft. The former residence of Bayard Taylor at Kennett Square, Penu. Cedars of Xiebanon. An inter- esting and venerable group of patriarchal cedar-trees, standing in a completely solitary situation, with no other tree or hardly a bush in sight, upon the central ridge of Lebanon, or Libanus, in Northern Palestine. There are in all in this grove about 350 trees, of which a few only are very ancient. These last are in- scribed with the names of many visitors. The place is much re- sorted to, and annually in August is celebrated the " Feast of the Cedars," when multitudes gather in the grove, and pass the time in prayer and in festivity. The cedars of Lebanon are a frequent subject of allusion in the Old Testament writings, were re- garded with religious reverence, and furnished to King David some of the most beautiful images in the Psalms. 4®= " In ancient days, the grove must have been much more extensive, or rather, perhaps, the great trees then overspread the whole. Now they are huddled together upon two or three of the central knolls, and the peculiar grace of the cedar, as we see it in Europe, with its long sweeping branches feathering down to the ground, is there unknown. In one or two in- stances the boughs of these aged trees are upheld by a younger tree ; others again of the smaller ones whose trunks are decayed, are actually supported in the gigantic arms of their elder breth- ren." A. P. Stanley. Cemetery Hill. An eminence in Gettysburg, Penn., famous in con- nection with the great battle of July 3, 1863. The hill was held by the Federal troops, and was the centre of a most violent at- tack by the rebel army under Gen. Lee. Howard's artillery, massed at this point, aided in the final repulse and overthrow of the insurgent forces. This hill where so many Union soldiers fell has since been consecrated as a great national cemetery. See National Monument. Cemetery of the Cappuocini. See Cappuccini. Cemetery of San Lorenzo. See San Lorenzo. Ceuacolo. See Last Supper. Cenei, Beatrice. See Beatkice Cenci. Cenei Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Cen- ci'.J An immense palace in an obscure quarter near the Ghetto, in Rome, famous as the ancient residence of the Cencis, and as the scene of many of the fright- ful crimes and atrocities connect- ed with that ill-fated family. S^ "The Cenci Palace is of great extent; and though in part modern- ized, there yet remains a vast and gloomy pile of feudal architecture in the same state as during the dreadful scenes which it once witnessed, . . . and from the upper windows you see the im- mense ruins of Mount Palatine, half hidden under the profuse undergrowth of trees." Shelley. Central Park. A noble pleasure- ground in New York City, one of the largest and most beautiful parks in the world. It comprises 863 acres, and is in the form of a parallelogram, two and a half miles long, by half a mile in breadth. It is crossed from east to west by four sunken roads which provide for communica- tion between the avenues which CER 94 CHA bound it on either side. It in- cludes 12 miles o£ carriage-roads, 9 miles of bridle-paths, and some. 25 miles of walks. By a lavish expenditure of money, this tract of land, which in 1856 was a most uninteresting region of ledges and swamps, without nat- ural advantages, has been con- verted into one of the most de- lightful public pleasure-grounds of which any city can boast ; af- fording also, by its natural-his- tory collections, instruction as well as recreation to the thou- sands who visit it. Cerreto Guldi. A famous villa near Empoli, Italy, once belong- ing to the Medici family. Certosa [di Pavia]. A celebrated Carthusian convent near Pavia, Italy, founded near the close of the fourteenth century, and re- garded as the most splendid mo- nastic establishment in Europe. AST " The CerLosa of Pavia leaves upon the mind an impression of be- wildering sumptuousness ; nowhere else are costly materials so combined "with a lavish expenditure of the rarest art. Those who have only once been driven round together with the crew of sight-seers can carry little away but the memory of lapis-lazuli and bronze- work, inlaid agates, and labyrinthine sculpture, cloisters tenantless in silence, fair painted faces smiling from dark corners on tiie senseless crowd. . . . All the great sculptor-architects of Lombardy worked in succession on this miracle of beauty, and this may account for the sustained perfection of style. ... It remains the triumph of North Italian genius. . . . The Certosa is a wilderness of lovely workman- ship." J. A. Symonds. Approach, for what we seek is here. Aliylit, and sparely sup, and wait For rest in this outbuilding near; Then cross tlie sward, and reach that gate; Knock: pass the wicket! Thou art come To the Carthusians' worid-fanicd home. Matthew Arnold. Certosa of the Val d'Emo. A noted Carthusian convent near Florence, Italy, founded about the middle of the fourteenth cen- tury. Cesnola Collection. A fine collec- ~ tion of Egyptian, Phijenician, and Greek antiqtiities, gathered by Gen. di Cesnola, an Italian noble- man, while serving as United States consul in Cyprus. This collection is now preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Cestius. See Pyramid of Caius Cestius. Chaoe of the Calydonian Boar. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) regarded as one of his most admirable works in this kind. It is in the Imperial Gal- lery at Vienna, Austria. Chair of Coronation. See Coro- nation Chair. Chair of St. Peter. [Lat. Cathedra Petri.'] A famous chair of bronze in the Tribune of St. Peter's at Rome, the work of Bernini, en- closing, according to the Church , tradition, the identical chair which St. Peter and many of his successors used as their oflScial throne. Peter's chair is shamed Like any vulgar throne the nations lop To pieces for their firewood unreclaimed; And, when it burns too, we shall see as well In Italy as elsewhere. Let it burn. Mrs. Browning. Chaldean Sages. A picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, coiumonly called Giorgione (1+77-1511), in the Belvidere, Vienna, Austria. Chalk Farm. A former well- known tea-garden near London, and a place where a number of duels have been fought. .8®^ ' ' Chalk Farm , by the by, is prob- ably a corruption of Chalcote Farm, the Chalcote estate extending thence to Belsize Lane. There is no chalk in the neighborhood to originate the name." W. Jlowitt. Nay. oftener it is Cowardice rather that produces the result : for consider. Is the Chalk-Farm Pistoleer inspired with any reasonable Belief and Determination; or is he hounded on bj- hap^nrd, indefinable Fear, — how he will bec«(at public places, and '* plucked geese of theneighborliood' will wag their tongues at him a plucked goose ? Carlyle. The Courage that can go forth, once and away, to Chalk-Farm, and have it- self shot, and snuffed out. with decency. Is nowise wholly what we mean here. Ibid. Challenge, The. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1S03-1873), the most celebrated modern painter CHA 95 CHA of animals. In the possession of the Duchess of Northumherland, and well known through repro- ductions. Chalmette, Plains of. See Plains OF Chalmette. Chambord. A magnificent cha- teau, — "the Versailles of La Tourraine," — about 12 miles from Blois, France. It was built by Francis I. in 1526. Its archi- tecture is intermediate between that of a medifeval fortress and an Italian palace. It was pillaged during the Revolution, and con- fiscated as public property. Sub- sequently it was purchased by national subscription, and pre- sented to the Comte de Cham- bord, to whom it now belongs. Chamouni-Needles. A term some- times applied to the mountain- range of the Aiguilles Rouges (red needles) which bound the vale of Chamouni, in Savoy, on the north. Over all ■which Chamowni-veedles and Staubbach Falls, the great Pprsifleur skims along in this his little poetical air- sliip. nn>re softly than if he travelled the smoothest of merely prosaic roads. Carlyle. Champ de Mars. [Field of March.] A large- open space in Paris, three-quarters of a mile long, and about one-third of a mile broad. Here occurred the Fete de la Pede'ration, on the 14th July, 1790, and here Louis XVI. swore to observe the new constitution. In this jilace also Napoleon held his famous Champ de Mai, in 1815, before setting out on his fatal campaign in Belgium. On this field military exercises take place, and horse-racing on Sun- day. Much of its area was occu- pied by the buildings of the Great International Exhibition of 1867. Far over the waters there have been federations of the Champ de Mars; guil- lotines, portable-guillotines, and a French eeople risen against tyrants; there has een a Sansculottism, spealiing at last in cannon-volleys and the crash of towns and nations over half the world. Carlyle. Imminent blood-thirsty Regiments camped on the Champ de Mars ; dispersed National Assembly; red-hot cannon-balls; the mad War-god and Bellona's sounding thongs. Carlyle. Champs-ElysSes. [Elysian Fields.] A delightful and popular prome- nade in Paris. The Avenue, which begins at the Place de la Concorde, and rises by a gradual slope to the Arc de Triomphe, is more than a mile and a quarter in length. In 1616 it was laid out as a promenade by Marie de Me- dicis; and it has been gradually embellished and adorned witifi trees, graceful fountains, and gar- dens. On pleasant afternoons carriages throng the central road of the Champs-Elysees, and prom- enaders the foot-paths. In the evening the place is crowded with the middle and lower classes. The greatest crowd is on Sunday, though Thursday is the most fash- ionable day. See also Elysian Fields. 41®=* " The grand display of the year is in Passion Week, and is called Prom- enade de Longcha-mps. There was formerly an abbey of that name in the Bois de Boulogne, and it became the fashion to attend vespei's there during Passion Week. The abbey is gone ; but the fashion of driving on the road to Longcharaps during the last week of Lent remains, though somewhat fallen off of late years." Murray^s Handbook, J8®^ "The strangest peculiarity of this place, however, to eyes fresh from moist and verdant England, is, that there is not one bla8f^*'Few country residences ever existed comparable with this in the variety of its treasures and decorations. ... It is the perfection of a modern home in its most brilliant development of wealth, refinement, and education." J- F. Ilunnewell. ;8@~ " Even peers, who are men of worth and public spirit, are overtaken and embarrassed by their vast expense. The respectable Duke of Devonshire, willing to be the Maecenas and Lucul- lue of his island, is reported to have said that he cannot live at Chatsworth hut one month in the year." Emerson. Chatsworth ! thy stately mansion, and the pride Of thy domain, strange contrast do pre- sent To house and home in many a craegy rent Of the wild Pealt. Wordsworth. Cheapaide. A celebrated street and crowded thoroughfare in London, famous many years ago for its " Ridings," its Cross, its Standard, and its Conduit. Three centuries ago it was called " The Beauty of London," and was noted for its shops of goldsmiths, linen-drapers, etc. It is named from the Saxon word CJiepe, or market. It is still the greatest thoroughfare in London, and, excepting London Bridge, per- haps the busiest thoroughfare in the world. When there any ridings were In Chepe Out of the shoppe thider would he lepe And till that he had all the sight ysein And danced wel, he would not come again. Chatter. In short, the inhabitants of St. .Tames's, notwithstanding they live under the same laws and speak the same language, are a distinct people from those of Clieapstde. Addison. Smack went the whip, round went the wheels. Were never folk so glad ; The stones did rattle underneath As if Cheapside were mad. Cowper iJohn Gilpin). 'Tis a note of enchantment : what ails her ? she sees A mountain ascending, a vision of trees; Bright volumes of vapor through Loth- bury glide. And a river flows on through the vale of Cheapside. Wordsworth. Cheating Gamesters. A picture by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- named Caravaggio (1569-1609). In the Spada Palace, Rome. Cheese "Wring. A natural curi- osity, and one of the principal sights of Cornwall, England, near the town of Liskeard. It con- sists of a pile of rocks thirty- two feet in height, resembling a child's top, the smaller end being at the bottom. The immense stones, though apparently so in- secure, are perfectly immovable. Chehil Minar. See Xerxes. Chelsea Hospital. A Royal Hos- pital for disabled and aged sol- diers, Chelsea, London, built from designs by Sir Christopher Wren. The foundation stone was laid by Charles II. in 1681-82. The found- ing of the hospital originated with Sir Stephen Fox, though it is traditionally said to be due to the influence of Nell Gwynne with King Charles. On the frieze runs this inscription: "In subsidium et levamen emeritorum senio belloque fractorum, condi- dit Carolus Secundus, auxit Jaco- bus Secundus, perfecere Guliel- CHE 101 CHI mus et Maria Bex et Eegina, MDCXCII." Chenany. See Jean Aknolfini. Cheops, Pyramid of. See Gkbat Pyramid. Cherbourg. See DiGUB DB Chek- BOURG. Cherubs. See Chanting Cherubs. Chesapeake, The. An American vessel of war attacked and dis- abled by the British ship Leopard in 1813. She afterwards engaged in a desperate encounter off Mar- blehead, Mass., with the Shannon, and was captured and carried to Halifax. Her brave commander James Lawrence was mortally wounded in the action, and ex- pired with the memorable saying, " Don't give up the ship." Cheshire Cheese. A tavern in "Wine Office Court," Fleet Street, London. It was a fre- quent resort of Dr. Johnson, while living at Bolt Court. JS^ " It is an interesting locality, and a pleasing sign — the ' Old Che- shire Cheese Tavern,' which will aiford the present generation, it is hoped, for some time to come, an opportunity of witnessing the kind of tavern in which our forefathers delighted to assemble for refreshment." Fitzgerald. Chess-Players, The. An admired picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1811). Chesterfield House. The town house of the Earl of Chesterfield, London. It was built for the celebrated Lord Chesterfield, who wrote his famous Letters in the library, a room of which he boast- ed that it was the " finest in Lon- don." Chestnut Street. A noted and fashionable street in Philadel- phia, Penn. Cheyne Eow. A well-known street in Chelsea, London. Thomas Carlyle, who died full of years and of honors onSaturday morning, Febru- ary 5 [18811. at the house in Chej/ne-Row, Chelsea, where he had resided for nearly 47 years, . . . had overpassed by fully two months the ripe age of 85 years, on the day of his death. je®" " We have broken np our old settlement, and after tumult enough, formed a new one here [in Cheyne- Row]. The house pleases us much. It is in the remnant ot genuine old Dutch- looking Chelsea, looks out mainly into trees. We might see at half a mile's distance, Bohngbroke's Battersea, could shoot a gun into Smollett's old house, where he wrote ' Count Fathom,' and was wont evei'y Saturday to dine a company of hungry authors." Carlyle, 1834. Chiaja. A long and somewhatnar- row strip of streets and squares in Naples, Italy, ol which a broad street called the Riviera di Chiaia passes along the entire length, running parallel to the shore, bordered on the one side by hand- some houses, and on the other by the public gardens called the Villa Reale. It is the modern and fashionable quarter of the city. .6®= ** At six o'clock every evening, all Naples turns out to drive on the Riviere di Ohiaja (whatever that may mean) ; and for two hours one may stand there and see the motliest and the worst mixed procession go by that ever eyes beheld. Princes (there are more princes than policemen in Naples — the city is infested with them), — princes who live up seven flights of stairs and don't own any principalities, will keep a carriage and go hungry; and clerks, mechanics, milliners, and strumpets will go without their din- ners, and squander the money on a hack-ride in the Chiaja; the rag-tag and rubbish of the city stack themselves up, to the number of twenty or thirty, on a rickety httle go-cart hauled by a don- key not much bigger than a cat, and th£y drive in the Chiaja; dukes and bankers, in sumptuous carriages, and with gorgeous drivers and footmen, turn out also, and so the furious pro- cession goes." Mark Twain. To me, the Prado is an inexhaustible source of amusement. In the first place, it is in itself the finest public walk 1 have ever seen within the walls of any city, not excepting either the Tuileries or the Chic0a. Geoi-ge Ticknor. Chiaramouti. See MnsEO Chiara- MONTI. Chiaravalle. A celebrated old mo- nastic church near Milan, Italy. Chief Mourner. See Old Shep- herd's Chief Mourner. CHI 102 CHl Chief's return from Deer-Stalk- ing. A well-known picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Chigi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Chi- lli.'] A well-known palace in Eome, on the north side of the Piazza Colonna. It was erected in 1526, and contains some pic- tures and statues ol note. Child of the Kegiment. A pic- ture by John Everett Millais (b. 1829). Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. A picture by Joseph Mallord Wil- liam Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape-painter, and regarded one of his best works. In the National Gallery, Loudon. Children of the Mist. A famous picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the celebrated painter of animals, regarded as one of his masterpieces. Child's Bank. A financial house in Fleet Street, London, cele- brated as the oldest banking in- stitution in England. Charles II. , among many others, kept his account here. Child's Coffee-house. An estab- lishment in St. Paul's Church- yard, London, which was much frequented by professional men. Chillingham. See "Wild Deer of Chillingham. Chillon. This massive castle, the scene of Byron's " Prisoner of Chillon," is built on a solitary rock, almost surrounded by wa- ter, near the shore of Lake Ge- neva. The name of Francis Bonnivard, prior of St. Victor, is intimately connected with it. By his warm defence of the republic of Geneva, he incurred the hos- tility of the Duke of Savoy, into whose hands he unfortunately fell in.1530, and by whom he was im- prisoned in the Castle ol Chillon for six years. The castle con- tains gloomy dungeons in which the early reformers and prisoners of state were confined. .B®" " Across one of the vaults is a beam black -with age, on whicb we ■were informed that the condemned ■were formerly executed. In the cells are seven pillars, or, rather, eight, one being half merged In the wall; in some of these are rings for the fetters and the fettered: in the pavement the steps of Bonnivard have left their traces. He ■was confined here several years. It is by this castle that Rousseau has fixed the catastrophe of his H61oise, in the rescue of one of her children by Julie from the ■water ; the shock of which, and the illness produced by the immer- sion, is the cause of her death. The chateau is large, and seen along the lake for a great distance. The walls are white." Byron. 1^' *' First into the dungeon with the seven pillars described by Byron. . . . One of the pillars in this vault is covered with names. I think it is Bonnivard's pillar. There are the names of Byron, Hunt, Schiller, and many other celebrities." C. Beecher. i8®=- " It appears to sit right upon the water, and does not rise very loftily above it. I was disappointed in its as- pect, having imagined this famous cas- tle as situated upon a rock, a hundred, or, for aught I know, a thousand feet, above the surface of the lake; but it is quite as impressive a fact — supposing it to be true — that the water is eight hundred feet deep at its base. . . . The castle is wofully in need of a pedestal. If its site were elevated to a height equal to its own, it would make a far better appearance. As it now is, it looks, to speak profanely of what poet- ry has consecrated, when seen from the water, or along the shore of the lake, very like an old whitewashed fac- tory or mill." Hawthorne. Chillon! thy prison is a holy place. And thy sad floor an altar — for 'twas trod Until his very steps have left a trace, "Woru, as if the cold pavement were a sod. By Bitnnivard I maynone those marks ef- face, For they appeal fVom tyranny to God. ByroTi. Chillon, Prisoner of. See Pkis- ONER OF Chillon. Chimborazo. A well-known pic- ture by Frederic Edwin Church (h. 182(i), the American landscape- painter. Chinon Castle. An interesting ruined castle in Chinon, France, once a favorite residence of the French kings. CHO 103 CHR Choragic Monument of Lyaiora- tes. A small cjrcular building of graceful proportions at Athens, Greece. It is interesting as the only surviving relic of a series of temples formin" a street, which ■was called the Street of the Tri- pods, from the Tripods (gained by victorious Choragi in the neighboring Theatre of Dionysus) by which the temples were sur- mounted. This monument, the first authentic instance of Co- rinthian architecture, is about eight feet in diameter and 34 feet high. H^ *' Notwithstanding the Bmall- ness of its dimensions, one of the most beautiful works of art of the merely ornamental class to be found in any part of the world." " Where everything is square and rug- ged, as in a Druidical triUthon. the effect may be sublime, but it cannot be elegant; where every thing is rounded, as in the , Choragic Monitynent of Lysicraies, the per- fection of elegance may be attained, but never sublimity. Fergusson. Christ. 1. A marble statue by Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1475- 1564). In the church of Sopra Minerva in Rome. J^' " In its outward finish apd as a representation of a naked human form in the prime of beauty, it is a most ad- mirable work ; but as an image of Him whom it is to call to mind, il is the first statue of Michael Angelo's which we must designate as full of mannerism." Grimm^ Trans. 2. A famous statue by Johann Heinrich von Dannecker (1758- 1841), the sculptor of Ariadne. The statue is in a tower, built to imitate a ruined abbey, in the grounds attached to the palace of Tzarko Selo, near St. Peters- burg, Russia. iBSr " The longer I looked upon it, the more I was penetrated with its wonderful representation of the attri- butes of Christ, — Wisdom and Love. The face calmly surveys and compre- hends all forms of human passion, with pity for the erring, joy in the good, and tenderness for all. I have seen few statues like this, where the form is lost sight of in the presence of the idea. In this' respect it is Dannecker's great- est, as it was his favorite work." Bayard Taylor. Christ amid the Doctors. A pic- ture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter. According to the inscription upon it, it was executed in iive days. In the Barberini Palace at Rome. Christ and the Parable of the Vineyard. A picture by Rem- brandt van Ryn (1607-1069), the Dutch painter. Now in the Her- mitage at St. Petersburg, Russia. Christ and the Scoffers. A pic- ture by Anthony van Dyck (1599- 1641), now in Madrid, Spain. Christ appearing to the Magda- len. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryu (1607-1669), the Dutch paint- er. Now in Buckingham Palace, London. Christ, Ascension of. See Ascen- sion OF Christ. Christ at the Table of Simon the Publican. An immense picture by Paul Veronese (1500-1588), now in the Louvre, Paris. There is another upon the same subject at the Brera in Milan, Italy; and another in the Marcello Durazzo Palace, at Genoa. Christ, Baptism of. See Baptism OF Chkist. Christ before Pilate. An admired picture by Gherardo della Notte. In Lucca, Italy. Christ borne to the Sepulchre. 1. A well-known picture by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. ,6®" " Raphael's picture of this sub- ject . . . though meriting all its fame in respect of drawing, expression, and knowledge, has lost all signs of rever- ential feeling in the persons of the bearers." Lady Eastlake. 2. A well-known picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Louvre, Paris. 3. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-1594). Now in the Stafford Gallery, London. Christ Church. 1. An ancient and venerable church edifice in Phila- delphia, Penn. It was built near the beginning of the last century. Gen. "Washington was a regular attendant here. In the lofty CHE 104 CHE tower is the oldest chime of bells in the United States, brought from England in 1754, and which proclaimed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. 2. A religious edifice in Bos- ton, Mass., memorable as the oldest church structure now standing in the city (having been consecrated in 1723), and possess- ing an ancient chime of bells- — and in the steeple of Chnst Church, hard by. are the sweet chimes which are the Boston boy's Ram des Vaches, whose echoes follow him ail the worlc' over Holmes And here the patriot hung his light. Which shone though all that anxious night. To eager eyes of Paul Kevere. E. B. Russell. 3. A venerable church in Alex- andria, Va., built in 1766, in which George Washington worshipped, and in which the pew he occupied is still shown. Christ Church CoUege. The largest and most splendid of the colleges included in the Univer- sity of Oxford. It was founded in 1524 by Cardinal Wolsey. Its hall is one of the finest in Great Britain. J8E^ '* Each college has been devel- oped by itself, each age has built in its fashion ; here the imposing quadrangle of Christ Church, with its turf, its foun- tains and its staircases." Taive, Trans. Francis [Atterbury] was educated at Westminster School, and carried thence to Christ Church a stock of learning which, though really scanty, he through life ex- hibited with such judicious ostentation that superiicial observers believed his at- tainments to be immense. Macaulay. Christ Consolateur. See Chkistus CONSOLATOR. Christ crowned with Thorns. A well-known picture by Titian (1477-1576) unsurpassed as au ex- ample of his art in coloring. In the Louvre, Paris. Christ disputing with the Doc- tors. A picture attributed to Leonardo da Vinci (1452-151!)). In the National Gallery, London. Christ giving the Keys to Peter. A fresco by Pietro Perugino (1446- 1524). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Christ healing the Sick. A pic- ture by Be^jamin West (1738- 1820). In the Pennsylvania Hos- pital. Christ in Pilgrim's Dress. A noted picture by Fra Angelico Giovanni' (da Fiesole) (1387-1455). In the Museum of St. Mark, Flor- ence, Italy. Christ in the Garden. A picture by Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516?), the Italian painter. Kow in the National Gallery, London. Christ in the Garden with the Magdalene. A picture by Anto- nio AUegri, surnamed Correggio (1494r-1534). In the Gallery of Madrid, Spain. Christ in the Temple. A picture by William Holman Hunt (b. 1827). S^ *' When 34 years of age, Hol- man Hunt painted C'hriat discovered in the Temple, which thousands flocked to see, not only in London, but in every town where it was exhibited." Mrs. Tytler. .8®= " Tet neither that picture [Christ in the Temple], great as it is, nor any other of Hunt's, is the best he could have done." Ruskin. fl®~ " There it bangs before ue [an engraving of the picture] , but without its glorious color as Holman Hunt gave it forth from the years' study of his earnest soul. I wish you could have seen the picture all aglow with those wonderful hues, somewhat, perhaps, too rainbow-like and shifty in gleams, but yet no tint without meaning, and all conspiring to one of the most glori- ous effects." Bean A^ord. Christ mocked by the Soldiers. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (159il-1641). In the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Christ on the Mount of Olives. 1. An admired picture by An- tonio AUegri, surnamed Correg- gio (1494-1534). It was " taken in Joseph Buonaparte's carriage at the battle of Vittoria, returned to the King of Spain, and by him presented to the Duke of Well- ington." Now in Apsley House, London. 2. A picture by Raphael San- zio (1483-1520). Now in England. CHR 105 CHU 3. A noted picture by Fried- rich Overbeck (1789-1869). At Hamburg, Germany. Christ presented by Pilate to the People. A noted picture by Antonio Allegri, called Correggio (1494-1534). In the National Gal- lery, London. Christ rejected by the Jewish People. A picture by Benjamin "West (1738-1820). In Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Christ with the Tribute Money. A celebrated picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Dresden Gal- lery. JS^ " Tbis is a finely executed and delicately colored head, but too cold and commonplace in expression to merit tbe stereotyped praise bestowed upon it." Eastiake : Handbook of Painting. 2. Another expressive and ad- mirable picture upon the same subject by Guercino (1590-1666). In the Palazzo Durazzo, Genoa, Italy. Christian Martyrs (in the Coli- seum). A picture by Peter F. Kothermel (b. 1817), an American artist. In Fairmount Park, Phil- adelphia, Penn. Christianity in the Arts. See Influence of Christianity in THE Akts. Christiansborg Palace. The royal palace of Denmark, in the city of Copenhagen. It is decorated with many fine works of Thor- waklseu, tiie Danish sculptor, and contains a gallery of paintings and a museum of Northern an- tiquities. Christopher, St. See St. CHfeis- TOPHER. Christ's Charge to Peter. The subject of one of the famous ear- toons by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican at Rome were ex- ecuted. Christ's College. A foundation of tlie University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1505. Christ's Entrance into Jerusa- lem. A noted picture by Fried- rich Overbeck (1789-1869). In the Marienkirclie at Liibeck, Germany. Christ's Hospital. A celebrated public school — upon the site of the monastery of the Grey Friars — in Loudon, at which many eminent men have been edu- cated. It is often called the " Blue-coat School," from the antique uniform which lias been worn by the pupils since tlie foun- dation of the school in the time of Edward VI. It was not origi- nally founded as a school: its object was to rescue young chil- dren from the streets, to shelter, ■feed, clothe, and lastly educate them. The number of pupils is at present about 800. Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Richardson the novelist, and Leigli Hunt are among the more distinguished " Blues," as the scholars of Christ's Hospital are termed. Charles Lamb has essays entitled " Recollections of Christ's Hos- pital," and "Clirist's Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago." JC^^ " Christ's Hospital is an insti- tution to Iseep those who have yet held up their heads in the world from sint- ing ; to keep alive the spirit of a decent household, when poverty was in dan- ger of crushing it ; to assist those who are the most willing, but not always the most able, to assist themselves ; to separate a child from bis family for a season, in order to render him back hereafter, with feelings and habits more congenial to it, than he could ever have attained by remaining at home in the bosom of it." Charles Lamb. Christus Consolator. [Christ the Consoler.] A celebrated picture, well-known by reproductions, executed by Ary Scheffer (1795- 1858). The country itself is a C tached to its staff. All the mem- bers are citizens ; and the records show, as former members. Parlia- ment men, baronets, and alder- . men. One of the rules is, tliat " but one per.son of the same trade or profession should be a member of the club." This asso- ciation, which is now in exist- ence, met for years at the Old CLA 107 CLE Ship Tavern, in "Water Lane, and afterwards at the New Corn Ex- change Tavern, in Marie Lane. Claddaeh, The. A populons dis- trict, forming one oi the suburbs of Galway, Ireland, noted for the peculiarity of its inhabitants, chiefly fishermen, who eiijoy cer- tain hereditary ' ' rights, ' ' of which they are very tenacious, and any infringement of which is resisted with violence. j8S" "This singuliir community is etill governed by a ' king,* elected an- nually, and a. number of by-laws of tbeir own. At one time this king was absolute, — as powerful as a veritable despot; but his power has yielded, like all despotic powers, to the times. He has still, however, much influence, and sacrifices himself, literally without fee or reward, for 'the good of the peo- ple : ' he is constantly occupied hear- ing and deciding causes and quarrels, for his people never by any chance appeal to a higher tribunal. . . . His majesty was at sea; but we were intro- duced to his royal family, — a group of children and grandchildren, who for niddy health might have been coveted by any monarch in Christendom." Mr. and Mrs. 22all. Clarendon House. A noted man- sion which formerly stood in Pic- cadilly, London, but which was taken down soon after 1675, the name surviving in the modern Clarendon Hotel. Clarendon Press. A well-known establishment at Oxford, Eng- land. Clava, Stones of. See Stones of Clava. Clement XIII. A celebrated stat- ue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In St. Peter's Church, Kome. Clement Danes. See St. Clement ■ Danes. Clement's Chapel. [Ital. Capella Clementina.'] A chapel in St. Peter's, Rome, containing, among other things, the tomb of Pius VII., and a monument to him by Thorwaldseu. Clement's Inn. One of the nine Inns of Chancery in London, so named from its proximity to the church of St. Clement Danes and St. Clement's Well. Shallow.— \ was once of Clement's Inn. where I think thoy will talk of mad Shal- low yet. Silence. — You were called lusty Shallow then, cousin. Sliallom. — By the mass, 1 was called anything; and I would have done any th'iuf^ indeed, and roundly too. There was 1 and Little John Doit of Staffordshire, and Black George Harnes of Staffordshire, and Francis Tickbone, and Will Squele, a Cntswold man: you had not four such SMinge t)uck]ers m all the Inns of Court again. . . Shallow ~ Nay, she must he old; she cannot clioose but be old ; certain she's old, and had Roi)- in Nightwork by old Xightwork. before I came to Clement's Inn. . . Shallow. — I remember at Mile-end green (when I lay at Clement's Inn). I was ttien Sir J>agonet in Arthur's show. . . Folsfa^ —1 do re- member him at Clement's Inn. like a man made after supper of a cheese-panng Shakespeare. Clement's "Well. See St. Clem- ent's Well. Cleopatra. A statue by William W. Story (b. 1819). i^' " The two conceptions, • Cleo- patra ' and tlie ' Libyan Sibyl,' have placed Mr. Story in European estima- tion at the head of American sculp- tors." Jarves. JS^ "In a word, all Cleop.itra, — fierce, voluptuous, passionate, tender, wicked . . . was kneaded into what, only a week or two before, had been a lump of wet ct.iy from the Tiber. Soon, apotheosized in an indestructible material, she would be one of the images that men keep forever, finding a' heat in them that does not cool down through the centuries." Hawih'orne. Cleopatra and Csesar. A picture by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Cleopatra's Needle. This ancient Egyptian obelisk, one of two which were brought from Helioiv olis to Alexandria by one of the Csesars, stood on the sands near the new fortification wall. The companion obelisk, having fallen, was embedded and preserved in these sands. The obelisks are of red granite of Syene, and Cleo- patra's Needle is 70 feet high. It has been recently taken to New York, and is now set up in Cen- tral Park. " I What obelisk northward meets the curi- ous eye ? Kich as an orient gem it courts the sky : Its tapering sides a myriad sculptures grace. Dark mystic writing of earth's early race. CLE 108 CLO Brousht from far Thebes, it flecked the splendid pile Where Beauty, famed forever, shed her smile; Hence to yon shaft cling memories sweet and rare. And lore and love their souls are breath- ing there. Mcholas Michell. Clepsydra. A famous fountain in ancient Alliens, Greece. It was so namecl from its intermittent cliaracter, being dependent upon the Etesian winds. It was thought to have an underground communiqation with Phalerum. Tlie name clepsydra is older than the water-clocl£ of Andronicus. Clerkenwell. A now thickly set- tled district in London, so called from a well where the parish c'lerlts (cle.rken) were accustomed to meet for the acting of Scrip- ture plays. A great number of clockmakers, watchmakers, and jewellers, are now to he found in Clerkenwell. Not content with the easy victories which he CDr William Sherlock] gained over such feeble anta^'onists as those who were quartered at Clerkenwell anc the Sav^y, he had the courage to measure his strength with no less a champion than Bossuet, and came out of the conflict without discredit. Macaulay. Clermont, The. The steamer built by Robert Fulton (1765-1815), which ascended the Hudson in September, 1807, the iirst %'essel propelled by steam. The Cler- mont made regular passages be- tween New York and Albany at the rate of five miles an hour. After the introduction of im- proved machinery this rate was increased. Clichy. An old debtor's prison, formerly standing in the Kue de Clichy, Paris. It is now demol- ished, and imprisonment for debt has now been done away with. My nephew gives bouquets to Ma- demoiselle X . but ho will not go to Clichy for her. Tame, Trans. Clichy. See Barri^re de Clichy. Cliefden. A seat of the Duke of Sutherland, near Maidenhead, England. Clifford-street Club. A debating society in London, " which boast- ed for a short time a brighter assemblage of talent than is usu- ally found to flourish in societies of this description." The club, of which George Canning was a member, met once a month, in the last century, at the Clifford- street Coffee-house. Clifford's Inn. One of the Inns of Chancery in London, so named from Robert de Clifford, to whom the land was left in the time of Edward II. Clifford's Inn was granted to students-aWaw in the reign of Edward III. Clinton. See Castle Garden and Fort Clinton. Clisson Castle. A ruined castle in the town of Clisson on the Sevre-Nantaise, near its conflu- ence with the Maine, in France. It was a dark autumnal day When first to Clisson I would stray. Long grass-grown steps cut o'er the rock, Which shelves down in a mighty block. Conduct you to the portals grand. Which green 'with ivy proudly stand. Kenelm H. Digby. Clisson ! thy towers, thy depth of sunless caves, Thy humid corridors that smother sound. And thy gapped windows whence the violet waves A sweet farewell to Legend lingering round. And mingling whispers echoed from afar, Invite and chain my steps here where thy mysteries are. T. 6. Appleton. Cloaca Maxima. A subterranean canal, well known as the great common sewer of ancient Rome. It is of Etruscan architecture, and, still serving its original pur- pose, is as firm as when its foun- dations were laid. It was built at least twenty-four huntired years ago, and is one of the few monuments of Rome whose an- tiquity has never been assailed. iS^ " Modern scepticiera, which has overturned so much of the old faith, has not laid its withering touch upon this venerable monument. Romulus and Numa have been changed into thin shadows, but the stones of the Cloaca are still alive to speak of an antiquity of at least 2,400 years." &. S. Siltard. As a general thing, you do not get elegance short of two or three removes from the soil, out of which our best blood doubtless comes, — quite as good, no CLO 109 CLU doubt, as if it came from those old prize- fighters with iron pots on their heads, to ■whom some great people are so fond of tracine their descent through a line of small artisans and petty shopkeepers ■whose veins have held '' base " fluid enough to fill the Cloaca Maxima. Holmes. Ciock-tower (of Berne). A noted tower in Berne, Switzerland, formerly a watch-tower at the eastern extremity of the city, but now almost in the centre of the town. The tower is the scene of the following cvirious spectacle. Three minutes before the hour a cock crows, and claps its wings, whereupon a number of bears (the bear being the heraldic de- ■vioe of Berne) walk around a seated figure; then the cock repeats his signal; and at the striking of the hour the seated figure, which is an old man with a beard, turns an hourglass, raises his sceptre, and opens his mouth as many times as the clock strikes, while the bear on his right inclines his head. The hour is then struck on a bell by a hammer, and the performance is closed as it began by the crow- ing of a cock. Closeburn Castle. An ancient feudal mansion in Scotland, near the town of the same name, the seat of the Kirkpatricks, from whom Eugenie, the late Empress of France, traces her Scottish descent. Cloth Fair. A district in London, formerly much frequented by foreign merchants. Clotilde, . Sainte. See Saimte CliOTILDE. Cloud, St. See St. Cloud. Club, The. 1. A celebrated asso- ciation in London, founded in 1764 by Sir Joshua Beynolds and Dr. Johnson. It originally consisted of nine members, — Sir Joshua Eeynolds, Dr. Johnson, Edmund Burke, Dr. Nugent, Mr. Beau- clerk, Mr. Langton, Oliver Gold- smith, Mr. Cliamier, and Sir John Hawkins. The number was after- wards increased, and the club has included men very distinguished in literature and in science. From 1799 until the removal of that tav- ern, they met at the Thatched House in St. James's Street. At Garrick's funeral in 1779 the club was entitled the " Literary Club," and subsequently the name was again changed to the "Johnson Club." «®" " The verdicts pronounced by this conclave on ne'w books ■were speedily known over all London, and were suiBcient to sell oflF a whole edi- tion in a day, or to condemn the sheets to the service of the trunk-maker and the pastry-cook. Nor shall we think this strjinge when we consider what great and various talents and acquire- ments met in the little fraternity. Goldsmith was the representative of poetry and light literature, Reynolds of the arts, Burke of political eloquence and political philosophy. There, too, were Gibbon, the greatest historian, and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the age. Garrick brought to the meetings hie inexhaustible pleasantry, bis in- compai-able mimicry, and his consum- mate knowledge of stage effect. . . . To predominate over such a society was not easy. Yet even over such a society Johnson predominated." Macaulay. jK^ " The room is before us. . . . There are the spectacles of Burke, and the tall, thin form of Langton, the courtly sneer of Beauclerk, the beam- ing smile of Garrick, Gibbon tapping his snuflF-box, and Sir Joshua with his trumpet in his ear. In the foreground is that strange figure which is as fa- miliar to us as the figures of those among whom we have been brought up, — the gigantic body, ^he huge massy face, seamed with the scars of disease; the brown coat, the black worsted stockings, the gray wig with the scorched foretop; the dirty hands, the nails bitten and pared to the quick. We see the eyes and the nose moving with convulsive twitches ; we see the heavy form rolling; we hear it puffing ; and then comes the 'Why, Sir?' and the 'What then, Sir?' and the 'No, Sir !' and the ' You don't see your way through the question. Sir ! ' " Macaulay* 2. The appellation of "The Club " was also given in the time of William III. to a society in Edinburgh, including Sir James Montgomery, Lord Ross, the Earl of Annandale, and other disap- pointed Whigs, who were, as Macaulay says, dishonest mal- contents, who merely desired to CLU 110 coc annoy the government and to get places. They formed a union with the Jacobites; and, after giving mnch trouble to William and Slary, the chiefs betrayed one another, and the club finally broke up in disgrace. Club of Kings. See King Club. Club of 1789. See Feuillant CLun. Clumber Park. The seat of the Dukes of Newcastle, near Work- sop, England. Cluny. See Hotel Clunt. Clytie. A beautiful relic of Greek sculpture, well known through frequent reproductions. It is one of the Townley marbles in the British Museum. It exhibits the water-nymph, who, according to the Greek legend, fell In love with Apollo, but, meeting with no reciiirocation of her passion, be- came clianged into a sunflower, and constantly keeps her face turned towards him. It is said that this image was carried away in his hands by Mr. Townlej', its former owner, as being his most valued treasure, at the time when his house was threatened with destruction by a mob. I ■will not have the mad Clyiie, Whose head 13 turned by the sun. Ilood. But to hear hpr wonder and lament and BUf-'gcst, witIi,.sott, liquid inflections, and low, sad murinurs, ni tones as full of seri- ous tenderness for tiie fate of the lost Itey as if it had been a clnld that had straved fi-om Its mother, was so winning, that, had her foatui-es and figure been as deli- cious as her accents, — if she had looked like the marble C/i/(ie, for instance, — why, all I can say is— IJolmes Cnidian Venus. 1. A famous stat- ue in Cnidus, of the goddess of love, by Praxiteles, the Greek sculptor (fl. B. C. 364), known through report of its beauty. It was burnt in the palace of Lausi- acus, in Constantinople, A.D. 475. There are existing copies of some of the works of Praxiteles, and there is a statue in the Vatican supposed to be a copy of this. 2. A celebrated ancient statue, snrnaiiied the Cnidian Venus, considered by some to be the work of Praxiteles, and his mas- terpiece. Now in the Glyptothek at Munich, Bavaria. Coach. See Coroxatioh' Coach and Lord Mayor's Coach. Coat, Holy. See HoLr Coat. Cobbler, The. A popular name in Scotland of the mountain known as Ben Arthur, which rises at the head of Loch Long to the height of over '2,000 feet, and is said to resemble the figure of a cobbler. Far away, up in his rocky throne. The gaunt old Cobbler dwells alone; Around his head the lightnings play. Where he sits with his lapstoiie night and day. Charles Mackay. Cobham Hall. A .'seat of the Earl of Darnley, at Gad's Hill, near London. Cock, The. 1. A famous old tavern in Fleet Street, London, which still retains some internal decoration of the time of James I. J6®" "It is, perhaps, the most prim- itive place of its kind in the metropo. lie." Tinibs. JS^^ " Tou go through a little squeez- ed and panelled passage to enter; and at the end of the passaLre you pass the lit. tie window of the ' snuggei-y,' or bar, of a most inviting sort on a winter's night, with something simmering on the hob. There sits one whom we might call 'Miss Abbey,' — like Dickens's direc- tress of the ' Fellowship Porters,' — to whom come the waiters, to receive the good hunches of bread ' new or stale' — which she, aceoi-ding to old unvarying rule, chalks down, or up, on the ma. hogany sill of the door. All is duly eawdusted. The ceiling of the long low tavern room is on our heads. 'The windows are small, like sky -lights, and give upon the hilly passage orlane out. side. There aie ' boxes.' or news all round, with green curtains, of m.ahog- any black as ebony. Both the coveted places — say about a sharp Christmas time — are the two that face the good fire, on which sings a huge kettle. 'The curious old chimney-piece over it is of carved oak, with strange gi-inning faces, one of which used to delight Dickens, who invited people's attention to it par- ticularly. There is a quaintness, too, in the china ti-ays for the pewter mugs, each decorated with an eftigy of acock. On application, those in otftee produce lo you a well-thumbed copv of Defoe's ' History of the Plague,' wli'ei-e the allu- sion is made to the estabhsbmeut, and coc 111 CCE also a little circular box, in whlcli is carefully preserved one of the copper tokens of the house — a little lean, bat- tered piece, with the device of a cock, and the inscriptions * The Cock Ale- house ' and ' C. H. M. ATT. TEMPLE BARR. 1655.'" Fitzgerald. S^ *' Through a narrow portal, a few doors north-east of Temple Bar, over which a gilt bird proudly struts, have entered many generations of hun- gry Englishmen. There is no habitui of the ' Cock ' Tavern in Fleet Street who has not at some period or another of his prandial existence been informed of the extreme antiquity of that an- cient dining-plaoe." Tlwrnbury. Thence by water to the Temple, and there to tlie Cock Alehouse, and drank, and eat a lobster, and sang, and mightily merry. Pepys, 1668. plump head-waiter at The Coch, To which I must ri;sort, How goes the time ? 'Tis five o'clock. Go fetch a pint of port; But let it not be such as that You set before cliance-comers. But such whose father-grape grew fat On Lusitanian summers, Tennyson. 2. A ■well-known public-house in Threadneedle Street, London, taken down in 1841. It was noted lor its excellent soups, 3. An old London tavern of unenviable notoriety. It was situated in Bow Street. S!^ The Cock has been a frequent designation for English taverns, which were formerly distinguished by the de- vices of their signs. Cock Iiane. A lane in London, \vell known from its association with the " Cock-lane Ghost." The public were too strenuously em- ployed with their own follies, to be assidu- ous in estimating mine; so that many of my best attempts in this way have fallen victims to the transient topics of the times, the Gliost in Cock Lane, or the siege of Ticonderoga. Ooldsmitk. Every one must have heard of the Cock Lane ghost, and the apparition that guards the regalia in the Tower, which has fright- ened so many bold sentinels almost out of their wits. Irving. The shade of Denmark tied from the sun. And the Cock-lane ghost from the barn- loft cheer. Whittier. Cockloft Hall. An old mansion in the vicinity of Newark, N. J., cele- brated by "Washington Irving under this name in the " Salma- gucdi " papers. Cockpit, or Phcenix Theatre. A theatre in London, altered from a cockpit. It occupied the site of Cockpit-alley, now Pitt Place, opposite the Castle Tavern, St. Giles's-in-the-Fields. Knight re- fers to this as being in 1583 one of the chief London theatres. Cocoa-Tree. The Tory Chocolate- house in London, of the reign of Queen Anne, was converted into tlie Cocoa^Tree Club, it is thought before 1746, at which time the house served for the headquarters of the Jacobites in Parliament. Gibbon and Lord Byron were members of the club. J(K^ " That respectable body, of which I have the honor of being a member, affords every evening a sight truly English, Twenty or thirty, per- haps, of the first men in the kingdom in point Of fashion and fortune, supping at little tables covered with a napkin, in the middle of a coifee-room, upon a bit of cold meat, or a sandwich, and drinking a glass of punch." Gibbon (1762). A Whig will no more go to the Cocoa- Tree or Ozinda's. thim a Tory will be seen at the Coffee-house. St, James's, Journey through England, 1714, Cooos Castle. A fine ruined fort- ress in Castile, Spain. /KeT " Its tall towers and clustering turrets still attest its former magnifi- cence, and point to a local style of de- fensive architecture differing from that of any other part of Europe, but even more picturesque than tne best ex- amples of either France or England." Fergusson. ^ Coelian Hill. [Lat. Mons Cailius.] One of the seven hills of ancient Rome. It is not inhabited at the present day, except by some orders of monks. Coenaoulum. An ancient build- ing in Jerusalem, known for many centuries by this name, and believed to be the building within which, in an upper cham- ber (50 feet by oO feet), Jesus par- took of the last supper with his disciples. The building, which is unquestionably very ancient, is also associated by believers with other incidents in the life of Christ and his apostles. COL 112 COL Cold Bath Fields Prison. A jail in London, to which the nick- name of the English Bastille was given, about the beginning of the E resent century, from the num- er of state prisoners confined in it. *' As he went through Cold Bath Fields he saw A solitary cell ; And the Devil wa3 pleased, for it gave him a hint For improving his prisons in hell." Coleridge, Cold Harbor. A tavern at a coun- try cross-road near the Chicka- homlny River, and a few miles from Richmond, Va., where, on the .3d of June, 1864, a short but very sanguinary battle took place between the Union and Confederate armies, in which the former are said to have lost over 12,000 men in half an hoUr. There is another Cold Harbor, nearer the Chickahominy, which con- sists of a solitary country store. Coliseum. The most celebrated relic of ancient Rome, now a ruin. It was begun by Vespasian in A.D. 72, and continued by Ti- tus, by whom it was dedicated with a great display of magnifi- cence in A.D. 80. Additions were made by Domitian, and the Coli- seum was for nearly 400 years the scene of gladiatorial combats. The building was originally called the Flavian Amphitheatre, in hon- or of its founders; and the first reference to the name Coliseum is found in the fragments of the Venerable Bade, who records the memorable prophecy of Anglo- Saxon pilgrims : — "While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ; When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall; And when Rome falls, the world." Large portions of the amphithe- atre were removed after the Mid- dle Ages, and were used as ma- terial for building palaces and other structures; and the build- ing suffered much spoliation and desecration until it was conse- crated in 17B0 by Benedict XIV., to the memory of the Christian martyrs who had been sacrificed in it. The popes have of late endeavored to preserve the ruin from further destruction. The name Coliseum is probably de- rived from the vast size of the building, though some have thought that it was so called from a colossal statue which stood near it. See Colosseum. fl®= " As it now stands, the Colos- seum is a striking image of Rome itself, decayed, vacant, serioue, yet grand, half gray and half green, exact on one side and fallen on the other, with con- secrated ground in its hosom, iubahited hy a beadsman, visited by every cast, for moralists, antiquaries, painters, architects, devotees, all meet here to meditate, to examine, to draw, to meas- ure, and to pray." Forsyth. J^^ " Under all aspects, in the blaze of noon, at sunset, by the light of the moon or stars, — the Colosseum stands alone and unapproached. It is the monarch of ruins. It is a great tragedy in stone, and it softens and subdues the mind like a drama of .^Eschylus or Shakespeare. It is a colossal type of those struggles of humanity against an irresistible destiny, in which the tragic poet finds the elements of his ai-t." G. S. mUard. «®- " Fast tottering to its fall, but beautiful even in decay, we beheld the grandest remains of antiquity in the world, the majestic ruins of the mighty Colosseum. Xo relic of former great- ness, no monument of human power, no memorial of ages ..that are fled, ever spoke 80 forcibly to the heart, or awak- ened feelings so powerful and un- utterable. . . . What solitude and de- sertion ! On that wide arena, so often deep in blood, were now only to be seen the symbols and the worship of a religion then unknown, but which, even in its most corrupted state, had banished from the earth the fiend-like sports and barbarous sacrifices that dis- graced human nature." £aton. .6®° **It is the most impressive, the most stately, the most solemn, grand, majestic, mournful eight conceivable. Never, in its bloodiest prime, can the eight of the gigantic Coliseum, full and running over with the lustiest life, have moved one heart, as it must move all who look upon it now, a ruin, ~ G-od be thanked : a ruin ! " Dickens. Arches on arches ! as it were that Rome, Collecting the chief trophies of her line, Would build up all her triumphs in one dome. Her Coliseum stands. Byrtm. COL 113 COL _ , , — "Hpon such a nipht I Rtood within the Cohsmm's wall, Midst the chief relics of almighty Rome ; The trees which grew along the broken arches Wavetl dark in the blue midnight, and the stars Shone through th e rents of ruin. Byron. An amphitheatre's amazing height Here fills my eye with terror anil delight, 1 hat on Its public shows unpeopleu Rome, And held uucrowdeu nations in its womb. Adduoji 2. An immense wooden build- ing erected in Boston, Mass., in 1872, lor a Universal Peace Jubi- lee, and taken down the follow- ing year. It was capable of ac- commodating 50,000 persons. The musical entertainment consisted of American and foreign bands, with an orchestra of 2,000 musi- cians and a chorus of some 20,000 voices. The "Jubilee" lasted three weeks. If there were a building on it [the moon] as big as York Minster, as big as the Boston Coliseum, the great telescopes like Lord Rosse's would make it out. Nolmes. College de France. [College of France.] A large building in Paris, where gratuitous lectures on subjects connected with the higher departments of science and literature are delivered by various professors selected from among the most eminent men of France. CoUlge Louis - le - Grand. See Lodis-le-Gkand. College of Arms. See Heralds' College. College of Cardinals. See Sacred College. College of Heralds. See Heralds' College. College of Physicians. The Boyal College of Physicians, London, was founded by Linacre, physi- cian to Henry VIIL The pres- ent building in Pall Mall Bast, corner of Trafalgar Square, was opened in 1825. College of Surgeons. The Royal College of Surgeons, London, was incorporated by royal charter in 1800. The building (containing the Museum) of the College, in Lmeoln's Inn Fields, was first erected in 1800, and rebuilt bv Barry in 1835-37. Collegio di Propaganda Fede. See Propaganda. CoUegio Romano. [Roman Col- lege.] A college in Rome, under the superintendence of the Jes- uits, bnilt in 1582 for Gregory XIII., and containing, besides a valuable library, the Kircherian Museum, in which is an interest- ing collection of antiquities. Cologne Cathedral. This superb edifice at Cologne, in Rhenish Prussia, holds the first rank among German cathedrals, and is one of the most magnificent buildings in the world. It was, according to the common belief, begun in 1248, and progressed slowly till the sixteenth century, when work upon it was for a time abandoned. It fell more and more into decay until Frederick William IV. began its restoration. It was consecrated six hundred years after its foundation. Work upon this edifice has been vigor- ously prosecuted within the last few years, and it is now substan- tially completed. «®- " Externally, its double range of stupendous flying buttresses, and intervening piers, bristling with a for- est of purpled pinnacles, strike the beholder with awe and astonishment. If completed, this would be at once the most regular and most stupendous Gothic monument existing." Hope. «®- " The great typical catbedral of Germany, certainly one of the noblest temples ever erected by man in honor of his Creator . . . Generally speaking, it is assumed that the building we now see is that commenced by Conrad de Hochsteden in 1248; but more recent researches have proved that what he did was to rebuild or restore the old double-apse cathedral of earlier date. ... It seems that the present building was begun about the year 1270-1275, and that the choir was completed in all essentials as we now find it by the year 1322. Had the nave been completed at the same rate of progress, it would have shown a wide deviation of style, and the western front, instead of being erected according to the beautiful de- sign preserved to us, would have been COL 114 COL covered with stump tracery, and other vagaries of tlie late German school, all of which are even now observable in the part of the north-west tower ac- tually erected. ... In dimensions it is the largest cathedral of Northern Eu- rope; its extreme length being 468, its extreme breadth '21b, and its superficies 91,464 feet, which is 20,000 feet more than are covered by Amiens . . . The noblest as well as the most original part of the design of this cathedral is the western facade. This front, con- sidered as an independent feature, without reference to its position, is a very grand conception. . . . We see in Cologne the tinest specimen of masonry attempted in the Middle Ages; and, notwilh.^tanding its defects, we may hope to see in the completed design a really beautiful and noble building, worthy of its builders and of the reli- gion to which it is dedicated." Fergusson. Cathedral of Cologne .' Slemorial of eld. When German art excelled. Long grown with aue so gray, I'niinished till this day, Cathedral of Cologne ! Friedrich Rdckert, Trans. Cologne, Shrine of the Three King3 of. See Shrine, etc. Colombine, La. A picture in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, thought by some to be a repre- sentation of' Mona Lisa, whose portrait, known as La Belle Jo- conde, by Leonardo da Vinci, is in the Louvre at Paris. It is as- cribed by some to Solario, by others to Bernardo Luini (1460- 1530?). See Belle JocoNDE. Colonna della Vergine. [Column of the Virgin ] A flue column of the Corinthian order of archi- tecture, formerly belonging to the Basilica of Constantine, now standing in the Piazza di Sta. Jlaria JIaggiore, in Rome. Colonna Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Colonna.] A palace in Rome be- longing to the Colonna family, containing a fine picture-gallery, with many art treasures. it'S" "The inimense length and beau- tiful proportions of this building, the noble Corinthian columns and pilasters of giallo antifo marble that support it, the splendor of its painted roof, and the lustie of its marble pavement, dfe- light the eye with the rare union of maguilicence and taste, and well ac- cord with the ancient greatness of the ' Gloriosa Colonna.' " Eaton. We will Convey her unto the Colonna Palace, "Where 1 have pitched my banner. Byron. Colonna. See Capella della Co- lonna Santa, Piazza Colonna, and Trajan's Column. Golonne de Joux. A marble pil- lar, thought to be of Celtic origin, on the Pass of the Little St. Ber- nard, Switzerland. Colonne de Juillet. [Column of July.] A famous monument of bronze erected on the site of the Bastille, in the square of that name in Paris, France. It is 154 feet in height, and was reared by Louis Philippe, July 28, 1831, m honor of those who fell in the Revolution of 1830. Napoleon's purpose had been to rear a colos- sal elephant on this spot, and a model plaster-cast of the same might be seen even so late as 184t) at the entrance of the Fau- burg St. Antoine. After the July revolution a resolution was adopt- ed to supersede the elephant; and the column, the first stone of which had been laid by Louis Philippe, was inaugurated on the 2Sth of July, 1840. The bassi- rilievi of the July column are by Barye; the Genius of Liberty by Duret. The names of 615 of the combatants of July, 1830, are recorded upon the column; and in the vault beneath their ashes rest, together with those of com- batants who fell in the insurrec- tion of February, 1848. OJuIy! A tall and stately shaft, with classic scrolls Wrought on its antique capital, where stands, Poised airily a-tiptoe on one foot. That scarcely presses on the golden globe, A mighty-winged divinity ! George Gordon ifcCrat. Colonne de la Grande ArmSe. [Column of the Grand Army.] A monument to Napoleon I., erects ed at Boulogne, France, by the soldiers of the Grand Army. The corner-stone was laid by Marshal Soult in 1804. It is a marble pil- lar 165 feet in height, crowned by a statue of the Emperor. OOL 115 COL Oolonne Vendome. [Column of Vendome.] A celebrated monu- mental pillar in the Place Ven- dome, Paris. It was erected by Napoleon I. in 1805, to supersede a statue of Louis XIV. by Girar- don, which was pulled down in 1792. The column is the work of the architects Denou, Gondouin, and Lepere; and the work was inaugurated on the loth of Au- gust, 1810. It is of stone, and is 143 feet in height, including the pedestal. The shaft is cased with bronze from captured cannon, in the form of a spiral riband, 890 feet in length, on which is repre- sented, in a series of bas-reliefs by Bergeret, the contests and vic- tories of the French during Napo- leon's campaigns of 1805. It was surmounted by a statue of Napo- leon. In 1871, the column and statue were both pulled down by the Commune. A few days later the republic of M. Thiers resolved to put it in repair and replace it. Colorado, Chasm of the. See Chasm of the Colorado. Colosseum, The. 1. A large domed building in London, so named from its colossal size, and not from any resemblance to the Coliseum' at Rome. It was built for the exhibition of panoramic views, and other curiosities. See Coliseum. /je^ '* The most varied show in the world, the Colosseum in the Regent's Park, is such an aggregation of won- ders, that the visitor must have very small \corapas9ion not to he sorry for everybody who has not been there. . . If one were conjured bodily for five minutes to the ruins of Athens, the next five minutes left lounging in a Moorish palace, then dropped into Switzerland, then held in an angel's lap high over London, — -winding up with a wilderness of galleries, aviaries, conservatories, statuary, and grottos, — it would probably be not a bit more astonishing than a visit to the Colos- seum. The Swiss valley (which has a real waterfall, 40 feet high, and a real lake) is a complete illusion. And there is another illusion quite as com- plete, —a view down upon London by nightwith all the streets illuminated, the shop-windows glittering, the markets crowded, and the moon shining over all. ... It is next to impossible that any person can lean over the balus- trade for five minutes, and mark the fleecy clouds sailing steadily along, lighted as they come within the influ- ence of the halo-6ncircled moon which has just emerged from the smoke of the great city, and then fading from sight, or occasionally obscuring the stars that twinkle here and there in the appar- ently illimitable space, — it is next to impossible that they can, after such contemplation, recall themselves imme- diately to the conviction that the scene before them is but an Illusion." iT. P. Willis. 2. An immense iron building in New York, designed for pano- ramic exhibitions. Colossus, Borromean. See Carlo BORKOMEO. Colossus of Bhodes. One of the seven " wonders of the world," built, according to Pliny and Strabo, by Chares, a native of Lindos, in the early part of the third century B. C., and over- thrown by an earthquake fifty- six years after its erection. Tliis famous statue of Apollo is tradi- tionally supposed to have been placed at the entrance to the har- bor of Rhodes, where it served the purpose of a light-house, or pharos ; and to have been of such immense size that ships under full sail passed between its legs, which were separated in a strad- dling attitude. But the traditions of its use as a light-house, and of the ungraceful posture of the legs, are not verified by the ancient authors, and may be regarded as fables of comparatively modern growth. According to Strabo and Pliny, the brazen statue of Helios — known popularly as the Colossus — was seventy cubits in height ; its thumb was so large that but few men could embrace it with their arms. Pliny says that it cost 300 talents ; and the Saracens, who captured Rhodes in 672, are said to have sold the brass of which it was composed to a Jewish merchant for £36,000. The antique Khodian will likewise set forth The great Colosse, erect to mcmorie; And what else in the world is of like worth, Some greater learned wit will matmify. ■ Spenser COL 116 COM Colossus of the Apennines. A gigantic statue by John of Bo- logna (1524-1608), at Pratolino, a little place among the Apennines. J9@^ " This remarkable figure im- presses one like a relic of the Titans. He is represented as half-kneeling, sup- porting himself with one band, "while the other is pressed upon the head of a dolphin, from -which a little stream falls into the lake. The height of the figure when erect would amount to more than sixty feet. The limbs are formed of pieces of stone joined to- gether, and the body of stone and brick. ■ His rough hair and eyebrows, and the beard which reached nearly to the ground, are formed of stalactites, taken from caves and fastened together in a dripping and crusted mass. These hung also from his limbs and body, and gave him the appearance of Winter in his. mail of icicles. . . . We entered hie body, which contains a small-sized room : it was even possible to ascend through his neck, and look out at his ear. The face is stern and grand, and the architect has given to it the majes- tic air and sublimity of the Apen- nines." Bayard Taylor. Columba, Church and Abbey of. A famous religious and monastic establishment at Bobbio, Italy, founded by St. Columba in the early part of the seventh century. It became a celebrated seat of learning in the Middle Ages. Columba's Isle. A name some- times given to the island lona, near Scotland, from the fact that here St. Columba founded a mon- astery and introduced Christiani- ty into Scotland. It was formerly the favorite royal cemetery. Mac- beth was probably the last Scotch monarch buried here. The island contains many ecclesiastical ruins and antiquities, of which St. Oran's Chapel is the finest. Columbia, The. A noted frigate of the tjnited States Navy, in service in the war of 1812. She was built at "Washington. Columbus at the Council of Sal- amanca. An historical picture by Emmanuel Leutze (1816-1868). In the Gallery at Diisseldorf in Khe- nish Prussia. Columbus. See Fobt Columbus and Landing of Columbus. Column of July. See Colonxe de JUILLET. Column of M. Aurelius Anto- ninus. See Antonine Column. Column of Phooaa. See Phocas, Column of. Column of Trajan. See Trajan's Column. Column of the Flagellation. A brokeii shaft of porphyry in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. It is traditionally identified with the pillar to which Jesus was bound when he was de- livered by Pilate to be scourged. Column of "Vendome. See Co- LONNE Vendome. Combat, Barri&re du. See Bak- KiiRE DU Combat. ComSdie Fran9aise. The former name of the The'atre Franijais, and one which is still sometimes given to it. See Theatre Fban- 9AIS. La CoTTiidie-Fran^aise a des retours in- attendus de faveur et de vogue. 3te.-Beta>€, Coming through the Rye. A pic- ture by George H. Boughton, the landscape and genre painter. Common, The. A well-known and beautiful public park in Bos- ton, Mass. It comprises about 48 acres. jO®^ " The Common is now, as under the government of John Winthrop, the common land of the inhabitants of Boa- ton. Its original purpose was for pas- turage and military parade. From the earliest ^mes, until after Boston be- came a city, the tinkling of bells and lowing of cattle might be heard across Its hills and dales. . . . No other city of America has fifty acres of green turf and noble forest trees in its very midst. Its central position renders it accessi- ble from every quarter of the town ; and although it is not dignified with the name of a park, it is at once the glory and beauty of the ancient penin- sula." Drake, i^t^ '• On the south there is a small but pleasant Common, where the Gal- lants a little before sunset walk with their Marmalet-Madams, as we do iu Moorfields, etc., till the nine o'clock Bell rings them home to their respec- tive babitutioDS, wheu presently the COM 117 CON Constatilee walk their rounds to see good order kept, and to take up loose people." John Josselyn, 1675. Commons, House of. See House ofCommosts. Commonwealth Avenue. A fine street in Boston, Mass., the widest in the city, and lined with elegant buildings. Communion of St. Francis. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), and regarded as one of his finest works. It is now in the Antwerp Museum. Communion of St. Jerome. 1. A celebrated painting in the Vati- can at Rome, the masterpiece of Domenico Zampieri, surnamed Domenichino (1581-1641), and re- garded by many as one of the three greatest pictures in the world, which honor it shares with the Transfiguration and the Sis- tine Madonna of Raphael. It was originally designed lor the church o£ Ara Coeli, Rome. S^ "The last communion of St. Jerome is the subject of one of the most celebrated pictures in the world, — the St. Jerome of Domenichino, which has been thought worthy of being placed opposite to the Trans- figuration of Raphael in the Vatican." Mrs. Jameson. 2. A picture by Agostino Car- acci (1558-1602). In the gallery of Bologna, Italy. Communion of the Apostles. An altar-piece, executed for the brotherhood of Corpus Christi, by Justus of Ghent, a Flemish painter, and now in the town gallery of Urbino, Italy. Compagnie, -La Court de bone. See CouKT de bone Compagnie. , Compass Hill. The name given to a hill in the island of Canna, one of the Hebrides, from the re- markable variation in the com- pass experienced by the vessels which pass it. Compostella, Shrine at. See Shrine of St. James. Comstook Lode. A famous mine of silver-and-gold-bearing quartz, situated under Virginia City and Gold Hill, Nev. It is said to b9 the most profitable miuing de- posit in the world. It has depths of 1,000 feet, and there are more miles of streets underground than in the city above. The ledge or lode was discovered in 1859. It is reported to have yielded at times over $10,000,000 of silver in a year. Conception. See Gkeat Concep- tion OP Seville and Immacu- late Conception. Concert Champetre. A picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly called Giorgione (1477-1511). In the tribune of the Louvre, Paris. There is a similar picture in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Conoiergerie, La. The ancient prison of the Palais de Justice, Paris. During the Reign of Ter- ror the prisoners were confined here before being sent to the guil- lotine. 288 prisoners were killed here by the mob in September, 1792. It was from here that the fatal carts took their daily loads (fourn^es, batches) to the guillo- tine. Here Marie Antoinette was confined from Aug. 1, 1793, until her execution, Oct. 26. Here Malesherbes, Bailly, Madame Ro- land, Danton, and also Robes- pierre and 17 followers, were confined before being taken to execution. Napoleon III. was imprisoned here after the failure of the attempt on Boulogne. The prison is now used for the tem- porary confinement of criminals. Concorde, Place de la. See Place DE LA CONCOKDE. Conduit House. See "White Con- duit House. Confianoe, La. The flag-ship of Commodore Downie, the com- mander of the British fleet, in the naval battle on Lake Cham- plain in September, 1814. She surrendered to the American flag- ship Saratoga, commanded by Commodore Macdonough. Confusion of Tongues. A picture by "Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 1805). In Berlin, Prussia. CON 118 CON Couereas, The. 1. The flag-ship of the American fleet on Lalse Champlain in 1776. After a des- perate engagement, the Congress, which had fought four hours sur- rounded by the enemy's ships, was run ashore and blown up by her commander. 2. A vessel of the United States Navy destroyed by the Confeder- ate ram Merrimack, in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862. Congress. See Munstek Con- GKESS. Congress Park. A low ridge around the Congress and Colum- bian Springs at Saratoga Springs, N.Y. It is a pleasant ground, opposite the principal hotels, well laid out, and beautified with fine elms. Congressional Cemetery. A beau- tifully situated burial-ground in Washington, containing, monu- ments to those members "of Con- gress who have died while in office. Congressional Library. A collec- tion of books intended primarily .for the nse of members of Con- gress, and kept in the Capitol at "Washington. It is now the lar- gest library in the United States. The library was founded by Con- gress in 1800. In 1814 it was de- stroyed by the British. It under- went a partial loss by fire in 1851, when 35, 000 volumes were burned, since which time it has rapidly increased in size. Conisborough Castle. An ancient Norman castle, supposed to have been built within the first cen- tury after the conquest of Eng- land. The most remarkable part of it is a grand tower strength- ened by six massive buttresses, which is made the scene of one of the chapters in Sir "Walter Scott's novel of " Ivanhoe." Connoisseurs, The. A noted pic- ture by Sir Edwin Landseer (180-3-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. It was painted in 18(55, and present- ed by the artist to the Prince of "Wales, its present owner. S^ " The man behind his work was seen through it, —sensitive, variously- gifted, manly, genial, tender-hearted, simple and unaffected; and, if any one wishes to see at a glance nearly all we have written, let him look at his own portrait painted by himself with a ca- nine connoisseur on each eide." Monkhoiise. Consecration of Thomas k Back- et. A picture attributed to Jan Van Eyck (1370-1441). It is now in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, Eng- land. Conseil Paternal. [Paternal Ad- vice.] A celebrated picture by Gerard Terburg (1608-1681), the Dutch jience-painter. It is now in the Amsterdam Gallery. There are replicas of this picture in the Museum at Berlin, and in the Bridgewater Gallery. Conservative Club. A Tory club in London, founded in 1840. The club-house, opened in 1845, is in St. James's Street, partly upon the site of the old Thatched House Tavern. JKg" " This is the second Club of the Conservative party; and many of its chiefs are honorary members, but rare- ly enter it: Sir Robert Peel is said never to have entered this Club-house except to view the interior. Other leaders have, however, availed them- selves of the Club influences to recruit their ranks from its working strength. This has been political ground for a century and a half; for here, at the Thatched House Tavern, Swift mot his political Clubs, and dined with Tory magnates; but with fewer appliances than in the present day : in Swift's time ' the wine being always brought by him that is president.' " Timbs. Was it never thy hard fortune, good Reader, to attend anv Meeting convened for Public purposes;' any Bible Society, Reform, Conservative, Thatched-Tavern, Hogg-Dinner, or other such Weetini; ? Carlyle, Conservators, Palace of the. See Piazza del Ca>ipidoglio. Consolator. See Christus Con- SOLATOR. Consolidated "Virginia. One of the richest silver-mines in Ameri- ca, situated at Virginia City, Nev. It is said to have at times yielded $10,000,000 of silver in a year. Also known as the Big Bonanza. CON 119 CON Conspiracy of Catiline. A pic- ture by Salvator Rosa (1615-1673), one of the best of bis works. In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Constant-Warwick, The. The first frigate in the British navy. She was built in 1649. Coustantine. See Arch of Con- STANTIKE and ViCTOKY OF CON- STANTINE. Constantine and Maxentius. See Battle between Constantine AND Maxentius. Constantino, Sala di. - See Sala Di Constantino. Constellation, The. A noted ves- sel of the United States navy, built in 1798. She was the flag- ship of Commodore Truxtun, and was sent in pursuit of French cruisers. In 1799 she captured the famous French frigate Insiir- gente, iO guns, — a victory which caused great exultation through- out the United States. The Lon- don merchants sent Truxtun a service of silver plate, and the papers were filled with his praises. We sailpd to the West Indies, in order to annoy Ttie invaders of our commerce, to burn, sinlc. or destroy; Our Constellation sllone so bripht. The FrenClimen couid not bear the sight. And away tliey >campered in affright. From the brave Yanltee boys. Old Song. Constitution, The. A famous frigate of the United States navy, launched at Boston in 1797, and noted for the brilliant service she rendered in the attack upon Tri- poli, in 1804, and for the part she took in the second war with Great Britain. On the 19th of August, 1812, the Guerri'ere frig- ate was captured by her; and on the 29th of December, in the same year, the frigate Java surrendered to her. The well-known poem entitled " Old Ironsides," by Oli- ver Wendell Holmes (b. 1809), which begins: — •• Ay, tear her tattered ensign down ! " was printed at the time of the proposal to break up the frigate Constitution as being no longer fit for service. This renowned frigate now lies at one of the piers of the United States Nary Yard in Philadelphia. She has been of late used as a school-ship. JS^ " In the course of two years and nine months [July, 1S12, to March, 1815] this ship had been in three ac- tions, had been twice critically chased, and had captured five vessels of war, two of which were frigates, and a third frigate-built. In all her service . . . her good fortune was remarkable. She never was dismasted, never got ashore, and scarcely ever suffered any of the usual accidents of the sea. Though so often in battle, no very serious slaughter ever took place on board her. One of her commanders was wounded, and four of her lieutenants had been killed, two on her own decks, and two in the In- trepid ; but, on the whole, her entire career had been that of what is usually called ' a lucky ship.' Her fortune, however, may perhaps he explained in the simple fact, that she had always been well commanded. In her two last cruises, she had probably possessed as fine a crew as ever manned a frigate. They were principally from New Eng- land; and it has been said of them that they were almost qualified to fight the ship without her officers." James Fenimore Cooper. In the year 1812, when your arms were covered by disaster. — when Winchester had been defeated, when the army of tlie North-west had surrendered, arid when the feeling of despondency hung like a cloud over the land, — who first relit the fires of national glorv, and made the wel- kin ring with the shouts of victory? It was the American sailor. And the names of Hull and the Constitution will be re- membered as hing as we have left any thing worth remembering. R. F. Stockton. Old Ironsides at anchor lay In the harbor of Mahon; A dead calm rested on the bay,— The waves to sleep had gone; When little Hal, the captain's son, A lad both brave and good, In sport, up shroud and rigging ran. And on the main truck stood ! G. P. Morris. Constitution Hill. An eminence bearing this name in London, near Buckingham Palace. Conti, Torre dei. See Tokee dei Contx. Convent. For names beginning with the word Convent, see the next prominent word of the title; e.g., Convent of Monsekkat, see Monsereat. CON- ISO COE Conversazione, La. A celebrated picture by Niccolo dell' Abbate, called also Niccolo da Modena (1512-1571). In the Institute of Bologna, Italy. Conversazione. See Sacba Con- \i:esazione. Conversion of St. Maurice by Brasmus. A picture by Matthew Grunewald (d. 1530), a German painter. It was executed for a church at Halle, but is now at Munich, Bavaria. Conversion of St. Paul. A large fresco painting by Michael An- gelp (1475-1564). In the Vatican, Eoine. Conversion of St. Paul. One of the famous cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican were executed. Cooper Institute. This institu- tion in New York City was so named after Peter Cooper (b. 1791), by whom it was founded and endowed. It has a large library and reading-room, and occupies a brown-stone building which covers an entire square. The Institute was designed es- pecially for the benefit of the working classes, and furnishes free instruction to some 3,000 pupils annually. Coppet. This chateau, near Gene- va, formerly belonged to Necker, the banker of Paris, afterwards minister of finance to Louis XVI., who died here in 1804. His daughter, Madame de Stael, also lived here many years, and her desk, and portrait by David, are exhibited here. She and her father were buried in a chapel near the castle. The whole now belongs to Madame de Stael 's son-in-law, the Due de Broglie. Copp's Hill. An elevation in the north-east part of Boston, Mass. In the early period of the Revo- lutionary war it was occupied by a British fort, from which hot shot were thrown into Charles- town, at the battle of Bunker's Hill, setting the town on fire. An ancient burial-ground on the summit of the hill, containing the graves of several of the early Puritan ministers, is reverentially preserved. Perhaps you sometimes wander in through tlie iron gates of the Copp's Hrll burial-ground. You love to stroll round among the graves that crowd each other in the thickly peopled soil of that breezy summit. Holmes. Corcoran Gallery. A fine art- building in Washington, erected and endowed by W. W. Corco- ran, a banker of "Washington. It contains a rich collection of bronzes, casts, and statues, and a gallery of paintings. Cordonnata, La. [Ital. Cordoni, steps.] The name given to the imposing staircase which leads by an easy ascent from the Piazza di Ara Cceli to the Capitol, in Rome. It was opened on the occasion of the entrance of the Emperor Charles V. in 1536. See Aea Cceli. Cordouan, Tour de. See Tour de COKDOUAN. Cordova, Mosque of. See Mosque OF Cordova. Corfe Castle. An ancient and cel- ebrated fortress, formerly one of the strongest in the country, on the isle of Purbeck in the county of Dorset, England. It is now in ruins. Cor-Gawr. See Dance of the Giants. Cork Convent. A curious her- mitage, so called, near Cintra in Portugal, situated on the brow of a precipice nearly 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, and lined with cork as a protection against the moisture that prevails there. Cornaro Family. A picture by Titian (1477-1576), representing a family-group in the performance of religious functions. It was in Northumberland House, London, previous to the destruction of that mansion. Cornell University. An institu- tion of learning in Ithaca, N.Y. It was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell. • COR 121 COE Corinna at the Cape of Misejio. A noted picture by Francois Gerard (1770-1836), the eminent French painter. Cornfield, The. A picture by John Constable (1776-1837). In the National Gallery, London. Cornhill. One of the principal streets of London, named from a corn-market which in ancient times was there held. Chaucer speaks of a high May-pole which was set up here, as the "great shaft of Cornhill." Here was also the Standard, a conduit set up in 1582. Thomas Gray (1716- 1771) was born in Cornhill. Cornice Koad. A famous coast- road between Nice and Genoa, running along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, at a consid- erable elevation. It derives its name from its situation on the cornice or edge of the shore, and is noted for its beautiful views. Upon the Cornice Road with Italy be- hind him and home before (such home as he knows), he thinlts once more ot those he has left. D. G. Mitchell. Comwallis's Cave. An excava^ tion in a bluff at Yorktown, Va., said on good authority to have been made and used as a council-chamber by Gen. Corn- wallis during the siege of York- town. Cornwallis, Surrender of. See SUKRENDEK OF COKNWALLIS. Coronation Chair. There are two Coronation Chairs, so called, in Westminster Abbey, London. One, the older of the two, con- tains the famous Coronation Stone (the Prophetic or Fatal Stone of Scone), and is the chair in which all the kings of England from the time of Edward I. have been crowned. The other chair was made for the coronation of Mary, queen of William III. See Stone of Scone. S£^ " The chair is of oak, carved and hacked over with names, and on the bottom some one has recorded his name with the fact that he once slept in it." • Bayard Taylor. Methinks T sate in seat of majesty In the Cathedral Church of Westminster, And in that C/iairwhere kings andqueena are crowned. Shakespeare. Coronation Coach, [or Queen's State Coach.] An elaborate and ornate carriage used by the sove- reigns of England for state pur- poses on occasion of coronations and the like. The cost of it is said to have been £8,000. It is kept at the Royal Mews, Pimlico, and is exhibited on application. See Lord Mayor's Coach. &^ " It is a heautiful object though crowded with improprieties. Its sup- ports are Tritons, not very well adapt- ed to land carriage; and formed of palm-trees, which arc as little aquatic as Tritons are terrestrial. The crowd to see it, on the opening of the Parlia- ment, was greater than at the corona- tion, and much more mischief done." Walpole.' Coronation of Charlemagne. See Chaklemagne crowned by Leo III. Coronation of the Virgin. [Ital. Maria Coronata dal divin siio Ficflio, Fr. Le Covronnement de la Sainte Vierge.] A favorite sub- ject of representation by the great painters of the Middle Ages, in which Christ is exhibited in the act of crowning his Mother. Of the numerous compositions upon this subject, the following may be named as being among the more celebrated. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture by Angelico da' Fiesole (1387-1455), the Italian painter. It is now in the Louvre, Paris. J9®* " One of the most heautiful and celebrated of the pictures of Angelico da Fiesole is the ' Coronation,' now in the Louvre. Formerly it stood over the high altar of the Church of St. Dominic at Fiesole. The composition is conceived as a grand regal ceremony, but the beings who figure in it are touched with a truly celestial grace. The spiritual beauty of the heads, the delicate tints of the coloring, an ineffa- ble charm of brightness and repose shed over the whole, give to this lovely pic- ture an effect like that of a church hymn sung at some high festival." Mrs. Jarneson. Coronation of the Virgin. A noted picture by Fra Angelico, COE 122 COE Giovanni (da Fiesole) (1387-1455). In the Museum of St. Mark, Florence, Italy. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture by Giovanni da Fiesole, called Fra Angelico (1387-1455). In tlie Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture by Fra Filippo Lippi (1412-1469). In the Academy at Florence, Italy. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture undertaken by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Vati- can, Rome. 4eS" "In the Vatican is the Corona- tion attributed to Raphael. That he designed the cartoon, and began the altar-piece, for the nuns of Monte-Luce, near Perugia, seems beyond all doubt; but it is equally certain that the pic- ture as we see it was painted almost entirely by his pupils Giulio Romano and Gian Francesco Penni. . . . Thus in liighest heaven, yet not out of sight of earth, in beatitude past utterance, in blessed fruition of all that faith creates and love desires, amid angel hymns and starry glories, ends the £ictured life of Mary, Mother of our ord." 3fr$- Jameson. Coronation of the Virgin. A cartoon executed lor one of the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel In the Vatican, by Raphael San- zio (148.3-1520). Both the cartoon and the tapestry have disap- peared. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). Formerly belonging to Rogers the poet. Now in the National Gallery, London. jd®" *' Tills picture shows how deep- ly Annibale Caracci had studied Cor- reggio in the magical chiaro-oseuro, and the lofty but somewhat mannered grace of the figures." Mrs. Jameson. Coronation of the Virgin. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now at Brussels, Belgium. Coronation Stone. See Stone of Scone. Corps Ii^gislatlf. See Palais du Corps Legislatif. Corpus Christi College. 1. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Estab- lished in 1352, 2. One of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1516. Corsham House. A noble mansion near Chippenham, England, the seat of Lord Methuen, and cele- brated for its choice collection of pictures. Corsini Chapel. [Ital. Capella Cor- sini.^ A chapel in the church of St. John Lateran, in Rome, erect- ed in 1729, in honor of St. Andrea Corsini. It is very richly deco- rated, ranking perhaps next to the Borghese Chapel in this re- spect. Corsini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Cor- sini.'] 1. A splendid palace in Rome, built for the Riario family, and changed to its present form by Clement XII., in 1729, for his nephew. Cardinal Corsini. It ■was the resort of Michael Angelo and of Erasmus, among others, and was the residence of Chris- tina, Queen of Sweden, who died here in 1689. It contains a li- brary and picture-gallery. 2. A palace in Florence, Italy, containing an interesting gallery of pictures. Corso. [The Course.] The prin- cipal street in modern Rome, about a mile in length, extending from the Porta del Popolo to near the foot of the Capitoline Hill. It is the great thorough- fare of the city, and the scene of the festivities of the Carnival. .{£5^ " The reader will have the good- ness to walk with me into the Corso at about half-past two on a carnival day. . . . The usually commonplace aiid unexpressive fronts of the houses have suddenly put on life and bloom like that which a mass of multiflora in full flower gives to a dead wall." G. S. Hillard. SE^ " The Corso is a street a mile long; a street of shops, and palaces, and private houses, sometimes opening into a broad piazza. There are ver- andas and balconies, of all shapes and sizes, to almost every house, — not on one story alone, but often to one room or another on every story, — put there in general with so little order or regu- larity, that if, year after year, and COE 123 COTT season after season, it had rained bal- conies, hailed balconies, snowed bal- conies, blown balconies, they could scarcely have. come into existence in a more disorderly manner." Dickens. Cortes, Plaza de las. See Plaza BE LAS Cortes. Corykian Cave. A grotto or cav- ern in Greece about 300 feet long, nearly 200 feet wide, and about 40 feet in height. It contains fine stalactite and stalagmite for- mations. In this cave the in- habitants sought refuge when the Persians marched upon Del- phi, and in the Greek revolution it again served as a retreat. The inhabitants say that this cavern which tliey call 'S.apavT 'At-Aat, the Forty Courts, will hold 3,000 people. Cosmo I. An equestrian statue by Giovanni da Bologna, called II Fiammingo (1530-1608). In the Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy. Costanza, Strada di. See Steada Di Costanza. Cothele House. An ancient and beautiful mansion, belonging to the Earl of Edgecumbe, one of the most interesting of the his- toric halls of England. It is near Plymouth. Cotopaxi. A well-known picture by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 1826), the American landscape- painter. 1^- " In this picture the artist rep- resents Cotopaxi in continuous but not violent eruption ; the discharges of thick smoke occur in successive but gradual jets, and, seen at a distance, the col- umn rises slow and majestic." Tuckerman. Cottage City. A name by which the village of Oak Bluffs on Martha's Vineyard is often known. It was laid out in 1868, and contains a large number of summer cottages and seashore . residences. Cottonian Library. A very valu- able collection of ancient char- ters, records, and other MSS., gathered by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton. The collection was pur- chased by Parliament in 1700, and in 1757 it was transferred to the Britisli Museum, of which it now makes a part. Count Castiglione. See Casti- OLIONE. Count of Toulouse, Pilgrimage of the. A picture by Jan (or Jannyn) Gossart (d. 1532), the Flemish painter. It is now in the possession of Sir John Nel- thorpe at his seat, Scawby, Lin- colnshire, England. Coup de Canon. [The Cannon- shot.] A picture bv Jan Joseph Wynand Nuyen (1813-1839), and one of his best. Couriers of the Pasha. A picture by Jean Leon Ge'rome (b. 1824), the French painter. Course de Barberi. A famous pic- ture by Emile-Jean-Horace Ver- net (1789-1863), representing the horses setting out for the carni- val race, in the Corso, Rome. Course of Empire. An allegorical painting by Thomas Cole (1801- 1848), the American painter. . Now in the Gallery of the New York Historical Society. Court de bone Compagnie. A society in England, of the time of Henry IV., regarded as the earliest instance of an English " Club," although tliat name did not come into use until a later period. The poet Occleve belong- ed to this society, and Chaucer was probably a member. jeeg=- " This society of four centuries and a half since was evidently a jovial company." Timbs. Court, Inns of. See Inks op COOKT. Court o€ liions. A celebrated apartment in the palace of the Alhambra, in Spain, originally a Moorish cloister, and luxuriously adorned with Arabian sculptures, mosaics, and paintings. See Al- HAMBKA. .6®- " This is the gem of Arabian art in Spain — its most beautiful and most perfect example. It has, however, two defects which take it entirely out of the range of monumental art; the first is its size, which is barely that of a modern parish church, and smaller cou 124 GOV than many ball-rooms; the second, its materials, which are only wood cov- ered with stucco. In this respect the Alhambra forms a perfect contrast to such a building as the Hall at Karnac, or any of the greater monumental edi- fices of the ancient world. But in fact no comparison is applicable between objects totally different. Each is a true representative of the feeling and character of the people by whom it was raised. The Saracenic plaster-hall would be totally out of place and con- temptible beside the great temple-palace of Thebes ; while the granite works of Egypt would be considered monuments of ill-directed labor if placed in the palaces of the gay and luxurious Arab fatalist, to whom the present was every thing, and the enjoyment of the passing hour all in all." Fergusson. Court of the Great Mogul. A most elaborate and costly trinket in the Green Vault at Dresden, consisting of some 138 figures wrought in gold, and represent- ing the Great Mogul upon his throne surrounded by his court. Courtesan. See Young Courte- SA2i. Couasin Vert. See Yierge X L'OliEILLER YeRD. Coutts*s Bank. An establishment in London which has been used by the royal family since the time of Queen Anne. Covent Garden. A locality in London, lying between the Strand and Long Acre, and which has been of much interest and celebrity for centuries. Accord- ing to Strype, it was so named from the garden 'belonging to the large convent where Exeter House formerly stood. It was formerly occupied by taverns and coffee-houses, which were much resorted to by the wits and liter- ary characters of the time, among whom were Addison, Butler, Sir Kichard Steele, Dryden, Otway', Pope, Gibber, Fielding, War- burton, Churchill, Bolingbroke, Dr. Johnson, Rich, Woodward, Booth, Garrick, Wilkes, Macklin, Peg Woffington, Kitty Clive, Mrs. Pritchard, the Duchess of Bolton, Lady Derby, Lady Thurlow, the Duchess of St. Albans, Sir God- frey Kneller, Sir Peter Lely, Sir James Thornhill, Lambert, Ho- garth, and Samuel Foote. See also Covent Garden Market and Covent Garden Theatre. j8®=" " The convent becomes a play- house; monks and nuns turn actors and actresses. The garden, formal and quiet, where a salad was cut for a lady abbess, and flowers were gathered to adorn images, becomes a market, noisy and full of life, distributing thou- sands of fruits and flowers to a vicious metropolis." Walter Savage Landor, JC^^ " Courtly ideas of Covent Gar- den as a place with famous coflfee- bouses, where gentlemen wearing gold- laced coats and swords had quarrelled and fought duels ; costly ideas of Cov- ent Garden, as a place where there were flowers in winter at guineas apiece, pine-apples at guineas a pound, peas at guineas a pint; picturesque ideas of Covent Garden, as a place where there was a mighty theatre, showing wonderful and beautiful sights to richly-dressed ladies and gentlemen, and which was forever far beyond the reach of poor Fanny, or poor uncle; desolate ideas of Covent Garden, as having all those arches in it, where the miserable children in rags, ajnong whom she had Just now passed, lilie young rats, slunk and hid, fed on offal, huddled together for warmth, and were hunted about; . . . teeming ideas of Covent Garden, as a place of past and present mystery, romance, abundance, want, beauty, ugliness, fair country gardens, and foul street gutters, all confused together, — made the room dimmer than it was, in Little Dorrit's eyes, as they timidly saw it from the door." Dickens. Where Covent Garden's famous temple stands, That boasts the work of Jones' immortal hands, Columns with plain magnificence appear, And graceful porches lead along the square; Here oft my course I bend, when lo ! from far I spy the furies of the football war. Gay. All the town was in an uproar of admi- ration of his poem, the ' Campaign,' which Dick Steele was spouting at every coffee- house in Whitehall and Covent Garden. Thackeray. Covent Garden Market. The great fruit, vegetable, and herb- market of London , originated about 1656. The present market- £laoe was erected in 1830 by the tuke of Bedford. See also Gov- GOV 125 CEA EKT Garden and Covent Gae- DEN Theatre. <®- " The two great national then, tres on one side, a churchyard full of mouldy but undying celebrities on the other; a fringe of houses studded in every part with anecdote and history ; an arcade, often more gloomy and de- serted than a cathedral ai^lc; a rich cluster of brown old taverns — one of them filled with the counterfeit pre- sentment of many actors long since silent, who scowl or smile once mure from the canvas upon the grandsons of their dead admirers; a something in the air which breathes of old books, old pictures, old painters, and old au- thors; a place beyond all other places one would choose in which to liear the chimes at midnight; a crystal palace — the representative of the present — which peeps in timidly from a corner upon many things of the past ; a with- ered banlc, that has been sucked dry by a felonious clerk; a squat building, with a hundred columns and chapel- looking fronts, which always stands knee-deep in baskets, iiowers, and scat- tered vegetables J a common centre into which Nature showers her choicest gifts, and where the kindly fruits of the earth often nearly choke the narrow thoroughfares; a population that nev- er seems to sleep, and does all in its power to prevent others sleeping; a place where the very latest suppers and the earhest breakfasts jostle each other on the footways, — such is Covent Garden Market, with some of^its sur- rounding features." Thackeray. S^ " Such stale, vapid, rejected cabbage-leaf and cabbage-stalk dress, such damaged orange countenance, such squashed pulp of humanity, are open to the day nowhere else." Didcenii. Covent Garden Theatre. The Italian Opera House, Bow Street, London. The first building of this name was opened by Rich, the celebrated harlequin, in 1732. The present house, the third theatre upon this spot, was con- structed in 1858 for operatic per- formances, and is one of the largest theatres in the world. See also Covent Garden and Cov- ent Garden Market. Coventry or Ambassadors' Club. A Loudon club, founded about 1853, and closed in March, 1854. a®" " The Coventry Club was a club of most exclusive exquisites, and ' was rich in diplomacy ; but it blew up in admired confusion." New Quarterly Review. Cowgate, The. A well-known street in the Old Town of Edin- burgh, Scotland. It was once a fashionable quarter, now occu- pied only by the poorest class of inhabitants. Cradle of Liberty. See Panectil Hall. Craig-erook Castle. This pleas- antly situated castle overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland, was for- merly the residence of Lord Jef- frey. Craigenputtooh. A farm in a , lonely region, among granite hills and black morasses, fifteen miles north-west of Dumfries, Scotland. It was the former home of Thomas Carlyle (1795- 1881). It was here that his first great original work, " Sartor Be- sartus," was written. It was during his seclusion iu Craigen- puttoch also that the brilliant series of essays contributed to the Edinburgh, Westminster, and Foreign Reviews were mainly produced. J^B' "... I found the house amid desolate heathery hills, where the lonely scholar [Carlyle] nourished his mighty heart." Emernon. JG^ "In this wilderness of heath and rock, our estate stands forth a green oasis — a tract of ploughed, part- ly enclosed and planted ground, where corn ripens and trees afford a shade, although surrounded by sea-raewe and rough-wooled sheep. Here, with no small effort, have we built and fur- nished a neat, substantial mansion ; here, in the absence of a professional or other office, we live to cultivate literature with diligence, and in our own peculiar, way. Two ponies which carry us everywhere, and the moun- tain air, are the best medicines for weak nerves. This daily exercise is my only dissipation; for this nook of ours is the loneliest in Britain — six miles removed from every one who in any case might visit me." Carlyle to Ooethe. X!^ " Once, in the winter time, I re- member counting that for three months there had not been any stranger, not even a beggar, called at Craigenputtoch door." Carlyle. CEA 126 CEO Craigmiller Castle. A mediEEval mansion near Edinbnrgh, Scot- land, associated with tlie name and memory ol Mary, Queen of Scots, who once lived here. Craignethan. A castle on the river Clyde in Scotland. It is the " Tillietudlem Castle " in Scott's novel of " Old Mortality." ^^ "It is stated in Lockbai-t's life of Scott, tbat the ruins of this castle excited in Scott such delight and en- thusiasm, that its owner urged him to accept for his lifetime the use of a email habitable house, enclosed within the circuit of the walls." Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Cranes in the "Vintry. See Thkee Cranes in the Yintry. Crawford Notch. See Notch, The. Creation, The. A fresco in the Loggie of the Vatican, Rome, executed by Giulio Romano (1492?-1556), after a design by Raphael. Creation of Adam and Eve. See Adam and Eve. Creation of Light. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (1475- 15(54) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Creation of the 'World. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (1475-1564) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Cremorue Gardens. A ]>lace of entertainment (a kind of Vaux- liall) on the Thames near London, greatly frequented on summer evenings. About eleven o'clock In the eveninc we proceed to Cremorme Gardtns, a sort of Hal Mabille, and where the foUv of the day 13 continued throughout the nipht. Taine, Trans. Crepusoolo, II. See EyENiNG, The. Creux du Vent. A remarkable eminence between Pontarlier in France, and Neuchatel, Switzer- land, the summit of which is hollowed into a vast cavity 1,(XK) feet deep, occasioning remarkable echoes. See also Cave of the Winds. fli5f**-*At times the crater of the mountain is seen to become suddenly filled with a cloud of white vai^or, ris- ing and falling, until the whole hollow presents the appearance of an im- mense caldron of boiling vapor, which seldom rises above the edge." Latrobe. Criohton Castle. A ruined cas- tellated building in the county of Edinburgh, Scotland, associated with the poems of Sir Walter Scott. Crichton, though now thy miry court But pens the laz3' steer and sheep. Thy turrets rude, and tottered keep Ha\ e been the minstrers loved resort. Marmion. Crime pursued by Justice. See Justice and Divine Vengeance PURSUING Crime. Cripplegate. A gate in London of great antiquity, said to have been so called from the cripples who congregated there to beg. It is referred to under this name in the early part of the eleventh century, and was pulled down in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Part of the postern was for some time used as a prison for trespassers and debtors. Three crooked cripples went through Cripplegate, And through Cripplegate went three crooked cripples. Mother Goose. Cristo della Moneta. See Christ WITH THE Tribute JIoney. Croce Greoa, Sala a. See Sala A Croce Greca. Croce, Santa. See Santa Croce. Crookford's. A famous gaming club-house in St. James's Street, London, so called from the pro- prietor, who began life as a fish- monger, and finally amassed an immense fortune by gambling. He died in 1844. It was opened in 1849 for the Jlilitary, Naval, and County Service Club, but Was closed in 1851, and has for some years served for a dining- house. Crockford's was cele- 'brated for its cuisine. 4If«r " It [the club-bouse] rose like a creation of Aladdin's lamp; and the genii themselves could hardly have surpassed the beauty of the internal decoi'ations, or furnished a more ac- complished maiire iVhotet than Ude. To make the company as select as pos- sible, the establishment was regularly organized as a club, and the electiotl CEO 127 CRO of mem'bers vested in a committee. ' Crockfoi-d's ' became the rage ; and tlie votaries of fashion, whether they lilied play or not, hastened to enroll them- selves. The Duke of Wellinttton was an original memher, though (unlike Blijcher, who repeatedly lost every thing he had at play) the great captain was never known to play deep at any game but war or politics. Card-tables were regularly placed, and whist was played occasionally ; but the aim, end, and final cause of the whole was the hazard-bank, at which the proprietor 1;pok his nightly stand, prepared for all comers. ... A vast sum, perhaps half a million, was sometimes due to him; but as he won, all his debtors were able to raise, and easy credit was the most fatal of his lures. He retired in 1840, much as an Indian chief retires from a bunting country where there Is not game enough left for his tribe." JUdinburgfi Review. Truly this same world may be seen in Moss^iel and 'larbolton, if we look well, as Clearly as it ever came to light in Crock- ford's or the I'uileries itself. Carlyle. thuplatsai White's, the play^at Crock's, The bumpers to Miss Gunning; The boniiomie of Charlie Fox, And Selwyn's ghastly funning. Fj-edeitck Locker. Cromwell Gardens. A place in London much frequented in the last century. Crosby Hall. An interesting house in Bishopsgate Street, London, huilt in the fifteenth century by Sir John Crosby. Here lived Kichard, Duke of Gloucester, and here is laid the scene of a portion of Shakespeare's " Richard III." Sir Thomas More lived for some vears in Crosby Place, and also the Countess of Pembroke, " Sid- nev's sister, Pembroke's mother." Crosby Hall is now a restaurant, having variously served of late vears as a Methodist meeting, an anction-room, the meeting-place for a literary society, and a wine- store. fl^ " Crosby Hall is a witness of this unwillingness to improve a house off the face of the earth. The name of this house is known to all readers of ' Richard III.' ... I knew something of its beauty and its history, and it was one of the buildings in London I was curious to see. . • • It is now a common eating-house chiefly frequent- ed by commercial people. ... As it is said to be the only remnant of the ancient domestic architecture of Lon- don, it is a building of peculiar inter- est." Richard Grant Wkiie. When you have done, repair to Crosby Place. ' Shakespeare. Crosby Place. See Crosby Hall. Cross, The True. The instrument of torture upon which Christ suf- fered death was believed to have lain " dishoviored and unknown for three centuries " on a spot now covered by the Church of the Holy SepulchVe at Jerusalem, and to have been dug up together with the crown of tliorns, the nails, and the inscription, in the presence of the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, at the time of the building of the church. An altar and a crucifix now mark the place of the discovery, and the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross is re- garded with peculiar veneration by the pious pilgrims to Jerusa- lem. Cross. See Deposition from the Cross, Descent from the Cross, Elevat'ion of the Cross, Mir- acle OF THE Cross, Vision of THE Holy Cross. Cross and the World. An im- pressive allegorical picture by Thomas Cole (lSOl-1848), the American painter. It was left unfinished at his death. Crowland Bells. A famous peal of bells once connected with the Abbey of Crowland. They were named Pega, Bega, Tatwin, Tur- ketyl, Betelin, Bartholomew, and Guthlac. Kunc erat turre tanta consonantia cam- panaruin in tota Anglia. /ngulplius. Crown and Anchor. A noted tavern in the Strand, London, formerly much frequented. At half-past eight we adjourned in mass from the tavern, which was the well- known ' Crown and Anchor.' in the Strand, to the Geological Rooms at Somerset House. Oeorffe I'icknor. Crown. See Holy and Apostol- ical Grown and Iron Crown. Crown Point Fortress. A forti- fication on Lake Champlain, now CEO 128 CEU in ruins, memorable as the scene of an engagement in 1775, when the fort was captured by the Ver- mont militia under the lead of Ethan Allen and Benedict Ar- nold. Crown Tavern. A former house of London. Its site is now occu- pied by the Bank of England, Threadneedle Street. 4®== The Crown has been a frequent designation for public houses in Eng- land, which were formerly distin- guished by the devices of their signs. Crucifixion [of Christ], The. Of the great number of compositions which treat of this subject, the following may be named asamong the more celebrated and better known. Crucifixion, The. A noted pic- ture by Fra Angelico, Giovan- ni (da Fiesole) (1387-1455). In the Museum of St. Mark, Florence, Italy. Crucifixion, Tlie. A triptych, representing, together with the crucifixion, the Raising of the Brazen Serpent, and Moses strik- ing the Rock, executed by Gerard van Meire (1627-1691), the Flem- ish painter, and said to be the only picture in existence with which liis name is intimately con- nected. It is in a chapel of the Cathedral of St. Bavon at Ghent. Crucifixion, The. A picture of the Crucifixion, Expulsion, and Last Judgment, by Roger van der Weyden (d. 146i), the Flem- ish painter, and considered a fine example of that master. It has recently been transferred from the Monastery de los Angelos to the Museum of Madrid, Spain. Crucifixion, The. A large altar- picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter. It is in the Palais de Justice at Paris. Crucifixion, The. An altar-piece, with wings representing the Sac- rifice of Abraham and the Bra- zen Serpent, by Cornells Engel- brechtsen (1468-1533), the Flemish painter. It is now in the town- hall at Leyden, Holland. Crucifixion, The. A picture by Guide Reni (1575-1642), and one of that painter's finest creations. In the gallery at Bologna, Italy. Another striking picture on the same subject by that artist is in the gallery of Modena. Another in Rome, in the Church of S. Lo- renzo in Lucina. Of this last Robert Browning writes : ■' Beneath the piece Of Master Guide Reni, Christ on Cross, Second to nought observable in Rome." Crucifixion, The. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Cathedral of Mechlin, Bel- gium. There are also several other paintings upon the same subject by that artist. Crucifixion, The. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called II Tintoret- to (1512-1594). In the School of St. Roche, Venice, Italy. Crucifixion, The. A large altar- piece, with wings representing scenes from the life of Christ, ex- ecuted by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, and pronounced the most important representation of this subject which the Flemish school offers, " full of original motives and ad- mirable carrying out." It is now in the cathedral at Lubeck, Ger- many. Crucifixion, The. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the Flemish painter. In the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Crucifixion, Descent from the Cross, and Entombment. Portions of an altar-piece of eighteen or twentvpanels, painted in 1502 by Hans Holbein the Elder (d. 1524). This picture was orisfinally in the Abbey of Keisheim, but is now at Munich, Bavaria. Crucifixion, The. An altar-piece at Weimar, Germany, by Lucas Cranach (1472-1553). It includes admirable portraits of Luther, Melanchthon, and the painter himself. Crucifixion, The. A well-known picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the museum at Antwerp, Belgium. Crucifixion, The. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called II Tinto- retto (1512-1591), and regarded as one of his finest and most perfect CRTJ 129 CUM ■works. It is in a room of the Scuola di S. Eocco, at Venice, Italy. Cnicifixion, The. A picture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter and engraver, and regarded as one of his best works. It is in the gallery of Dresden, Germany. Cnicifixion, The. A picture by Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Schleissheim Palace, near lilu- nich, Bavaria. Crucifixion, Chapel of the. One of the chapels in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. It is believed to stand upon the spot where Christ was nailed to the cross. Crucifixion of St. Peter. 1. A large fresco painting by Michael Angelo (1475-1564), and one of his last. In the Vatican, Rome. 2. A well-known picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), in the Church of St. Peter, in Co- logne, Germany. Crusaders, The. A picture by Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 1805), the eminent German painter. Crutched Friars. A street in London, named after a convent of Crouched Friars. Crystal Palace. A building which originally stood in Hyde Park, London, constructed for the Ex- hibition of the World's Industry, held in that city, and opened for that purpose May 1, 1851. It is said to have received its name from Douglas Jerrold, its roof and sides being made of glass. The entire area of the building was about 17 acres. It was sub- sequently taken down, re-erected and enlarged at Sydenham in Kent, where it is still an object of attraction. j^- " The Alhambra and the Tuil- eries would not have filled up the east- ern and western nave; the National Gallery would have stood heneatb the transept; the palace of Versailles (the largest in the world) would have ex- tended but a little way beyond the transept; and a dozen metropolitan churches would have stood erect under its roof of glass." Athenceum. But a fow years ago ^vQ bplipvcrl the world had {rr'>wTi too civilized for war and Crystal Palace in Hvde Park was to be the inaugiiratinn of a new era. Battles bloody as Napoleon's are now the familiar • tale of every day, and the arts which have made greatest progress are the arts of destruction. Froude. Solvency Is in the ideas and mechanism of an Englishman. The Crystal Palace Is not considered honest until it pays; no matter how much convenience, beauty, or ^clatt it must be self-supporting. Emerson, Just now, the world is busy : it has grown A Fair-going world. Imperial England draws The flowing ends of the earth, from Fez, Canton, Delhi and Stockholm, Athens and .Madrid, The Kussias and the vast Americas, As a queen gathers in her robes amid Her golden cincture. — isles, peninsulas. Capes, continents, far inland countries hid By jasper snnds and hills of chrysopras. All trailing in their splendors through the door Of the new Crystal Palace. Mrs. Brovming. Culla, Santa. See Santa Culla. Culzean Castle. The seat of the Marquis of Ailsa, in the neigh- borhood of Maybole, Scotland. It is a Gothic castle of the last century. It is alluded to in the poems of Burns. Cumsean Sibyl. 1. A well-known picture by Domenico Zampieri, called Domenichino (1581-1641). In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 2. A picture by Guido Reni (1575-1642). In the Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Cumberland, The. A vessel of the United States navy, sunk by the iron-clad ram Merrimac in Hampton Roads, Saturday, March 8, 1862, going down with her colors flying, and firing upon her impenetrable assailant as tlie water rose above her own- gun- deck. To the last her brave commander Morris refused to surrender; and the ship sank, carrying down with her a hun- dred dead and wounded. At anchor in Hampton Koads we lay, On board of VaeCumbej-land, sloop-of- war; And at times from the fortress across the bay The alarum of drums swept past. Or a bugle blast From the camp on the shore, hongfellow. CUM 130 CUR With decks afloatyind powder gone. The last broadside we gave From the guns' heated iron lips Burst out beneath the wave. a. II. Bok€T. He will tliink of that brave band He sank in the Cumberland : Ay, he will sink like them. M.M Brownell. Weep for the patriot heroes, doomed to drown ; Pledge to the sunken Cumberland's re- nown. T. H. Read. Cumberland Eoa'd. See National Road. Cumnor Hall. An ancient manor- bouse near Oxford, made memor- able by the genius of Scott, in con- nection with the Earl oi Leice.ster and AmyRobsart. Some remains of the building are still visible, but most of the ruiis have disap- peared. The dews of summer night did fall ; The moon, sweet regent of the sky, Silvered the walls of Cumnor Hall, And many an oak that grew thereby. Full many a traveller oft hath sighed. And pensive wept the countess' fall. As wandering onward tliey've espied The haunted towers of Cumnor Hall. W. J Mickle. [Mickle's ballad of "Cumnor Hall" is supposed to have suggested to Scott the I'omance of '' Kenilworth."] Cupid. A Statue by Michael An- gelo Buonarotti (1475-156i). In the Kensington Museum. Cupid and Dauae. See DanaiS AND Cupid. Cupid and PsyoHe. A celebrated ancient cameo, representing the reconciliation of Cupid and Psy- che ; ascribed to Tryphon, who lived in the time of Alexander's successors. It is now in the col- lection of the Duke of Marlbor- ough, England. Cupid and Psyche. See Mak- KiAGE OF Cupid and Pysche. Cupid catching a Butterfly. An exquisite marble sculpture by Thomas Banks (1738-1805), re- garded as a model of classic grace. It was purchased by Catherine II. of Russia. In Rus- sia. Cupid complaining to Venus. A mythological fresco in the Vati- can, Rome, designed by Raphael, but executed by his pupils. Cupid, Education of. A well- known picture by Antonio AUe- gri, surnamed Correggio (1494- 1534). In the National Gallery, London. Cupid wrestling with. Pan. A mythological fresco in the Vati- can, Rome, designed by Raphael (1483-1520), but executed by his scholars. Curragh of Klldare. A fine un- dulating down about six miles in length and two in breadth, the principal race-course in Ireland. /KS^ " Unequalled perhaps in the world for the exceeding softness and elasticity of the tiu'f, the verdure of w^hich is 'evergreen,' and the occa- sional irregularities which are very attractive to the eye. The land is the property of the crown." Mr. and 3Irs. S. C. Hall. Curraghmore. The seat of the ilavquis of Waterford, in the county of "Waterford, Ireland. Curtain Theatre. A former the- atre of London, conjectured to have been so called from having been the first theatre to adopt the use of a stage-curtain. It is mentioned in 1577, and is referred to by Stow and others. Aubrey (1678) speaks of it as a' " kind of nursery or obscure playhouse, called the Greene Curtain, situ- ate in the suburbs toward Shore- ditch." It was afterwards used for prize-fighting. Curule Chair. The name given to a kind of ivory chair, without arms or back, and "which was one of the insignia of senatorial dig- nity in ancient Rome, when the Gauls under the lead of Brennus entered Rome, which had been for the most part abandoned by the citizens in terror. A few of the aged senators alone remained, clad in their purple robes and seated in their curule chairs. It is related that one of the Gauls, approaching the Senator Papi- xius, and supposing him to be a statue, passed his hand gently- over his long beard. The patri' CUT 131 CYE cian resented the affront by strik- ing him with his ivory baton, which was at once the signal of a general massacre. This chair was also used by successful gen- erals in a public triumph, and was fitted to a kind of chariot (curi'us), whence its name. The Girondists, once more united for the last time, dined together to consult upon what remained to do. They coun- selled each other to stand firm at their post, and to die upon their curulecfiai7's, defend- ing to the last the character with which they were invested. Thiers. Than Timoleon's anns require. And TuUy's ciirule cliair, and Milton's golden lyre Mark Akenside. Cuthbert. See Shbine op St. CUTHBERT. Cyclopean Towers. A singular and picturesque group of lime- stone towers, rising to a height of nearly 70 feet, in Augusta County, Va. Cymon and Iphigenia. A picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723- 1792), the celebrated English por- trait-painter. Cypress Grove. A well-known public cemetery in New Orleans, La. Cypress Hills. A cemetery near Brooklyn, N.Y. Cyrus' Tomb. A ruined pyra- mid, but still in tolerable preser- vation, at Passargardae in an- cient Babylonia, believed to be the tomb of Cyrus the Great (B.C. 529). JCl£g= " This building is now called the tomb of Cyrus, and probably was eo, thoufjb copied from a form which we have just been describing as a tem- ple. But it must be borne in mind that the most celebrated example of this form is as often called the tomb as the temple of Belus, and among a Turanian people the tomb and the temple may be considered as one and the same thing." I'ergusson. DAL 132 DAN D. Dalhousie Castle. An old Scotch Castle, the seat of the Earl of Dalhousie, in the valley of the Esk, Scotland. 4J®" ** An avenue of near three-quar- ters of a mile of fire, cedars, labur- nums, and larches, wound through the park to the caatlc, and, dipping over the edge of a deep and wild dell, I found the venerable old pile below me, its round towers and battleraented turrets frowning among the trees, and forming with the river, which swept round its base, one of tlie linest specimens imagi- nable of the feudal picturesque." N. P. Willis. Dalkeith Palace. The seat of the Dulce of Buccleuch at Dalkeith, Scotland. Dalmahoy Park. A mansion near Midcalder, in Scotland, the seat of the Earl of Morton. Among the curiosities here are mentioned the keys of Lochleven Castle, which, after the flight of Queen Mary, were thrown into the lake, and of which keys there are said to be seven different sets in Scot- tish houses, each claiming to be genuine. Dalmeny Park. The seat of the Earl of Eosobery near the village of Dalmeny, in Scotland. Dan. In ancient times a city in the extreme northern part of Pales- tine, a frontier-town or outpost of the Israelites. It was originally called Laish, and was inhabited by a people who were connected with Sidon. Its position relative to Beersheba, another ancient town on the extreme southern boundary of Palestine, some 40 miles froih Jerusalem, has given rise to the familiar expression " from Dan to Beersheba," which signified the land of the Hebrews in its entirety, and which as com- monly used now means to trav- erse the whole extent of any journey or undertaking. I pitv the man who can travel from Dan to Beersheba, and cry, 'Tis all barren. Laurence Sterne : Sentimental Journey, It is sad to see an honest traveller con- fidently gauging all foreign objects with a measure that will not mete them; try- ing German Sacred Oaks by their fitness for British shipbuilding; walking from Lan to Beersheba, and finding so little that he did not bring with him. Carlyle. Danae. A well-known picture by Antonio AUegri, surnamed Cor- reggio (1494-1534). In the Bor- ghese palace, Kome. Danae and Cupid. An admired picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Museum at Naples, Italy. Dance of Death. 1. A series of wood-cuts after designs by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), the German painter. They were first published at Lyons in 41 plates, and in a subsequent edi- tion, which also appeared at Lyons, in 1507, were increased by 12 additional plates. 2. This subject was also treat- ed by the Swiss painter Nico- las Manuel, surnamed Deutsch (1484-1531), in a humorous way, in 46 large fresco pictures on the churchyard wall of the Domini- can convent at Berne. Dance of the Giants. A monu- mental structure, generally thought to be of Druidical origin, at Stouehenge, England. It con- sists of two circles and two- ovoids, one within the other, and measuring 300 feet in circum- ference. Dance of the Magdalen. A beau- tiful engraving by Luc Jacobsz, commonly called Lucas van Ley- den (1494-1533). Now in the British Museum. Dancing Faun. 1. An ancient statue now in the Tribune of the Uffizi Palace in Florence, Italy. It has undergone restorations by Michael Augelo. 2. There is another ancient DAN 133 DAN statue of this name, much ad- mired, found at Pompeii in 1831, and now in the Museum at Na- ples, Italy. See Faun, Barbe- KiNi Faun, Sleeping Faun, etc. H^^ " The Dancing Fauut a work full of spirit, and admirably restored by Michael Angelo, is a sort of con- necting link between the two [the Apollino and the Wrestlers]." milard. Daniel in the Lions' Den. A pic- ture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1610), now in Hr.milton Palace. " In this picture the prophet him- self — a subordinate and uninter- esting figure — is only the excuse for a series of studies of lions in various attitudes.' ' Daniel 'Webster. See Webster. Dante and Beatrice. A painting by Ary Scheffer (1796-1 858 ). Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Bos- ton, Mass. Dante and Virgil. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- croix (1799-1863), a 'celebrated French historical painter. This picture on its appearance in 1822 caused a great sensation. Dante's House. [Ital. Casa di Dante.] A well-known house in Florence, Italy, in the "Via S. Martino, in which the poet was born in 1265. Dante's Portrait. A fresco paint- ing by Giotto di Bondone (1276- 1336) in the chapel of the Bar- gello, or palace of the Podesta, in Florence, Italy. After having been long hidden from view by a covering of whitewash, it was brought to light In 1840 through the exertions of three gentlemen, Mr. Richard Henry Wilde, an American, .Mr. Seymour Kirkup, an Englishman, and Signer G. Aubrey Bezzi, an Italian. This is the only likeness of Dante known to have been made dur- ing his life, and is therefore re- garded of the greatest value. The eye of the beautiful profile was wanting, and in its place a hole an inch deep, doubtless caused by a nail which had been driven into the plastering. Giot- to a portrait of Dante has been made familiar to the public by excellent reproductions. /KS- " After all commentaries, the Book itself is mainly what we know of him. The Book; — and one might add that Portrait commonly attributed to Giotto, which, looking on it, you cannot help inclining to think genuine, whoever did it. To me it is a most touching face ; perhaps, of all faces that I know, the most so. Lonely there, painted as on vacancy, with the simple laurel wound round it; the deathless sorrow and pain, the known victory which is also deathless; significant of the whole history of Dante! I think it is the mournfullest face that ever was painted from reality; an altogether tragic, heart-affecting face." Carlyle. — We salute thee [Dante] who art come Back to the old stone with a softer brow Than Giotto drew upon the wall, for some Good lovers of our aye to track and plough Their way to, through Time's ordures stratified, And startle broad awake Into the dull Bargello chamber. Mrs Browning. Dante's Stone. [Ital. Sasso di Dante.] A stone in the Piazza del Duomo, Florence, Italy, re- markable as the place where Dante is supposed to have mused while he looked upon the great cathedral. —The stone Called Dante's — a plain flat-stone scarce discerned From others in the pavement, — where- , upon He used to bring his quiet chair out, turned To Brunelleschi's cliurch, and pour alone The lava of his spirit when it burned. Mrs Browning. On that ancient seat. The seat of stone that runs along the wall. Rogers. Would Dante sit conversing. Dark and frowning piles of mediffival structure; a majestic dome, the prototype of .St. Peter's; basilicas which enshrine the ashes of some of the mightiest of the dead ; the stone where Dante stood to gaze on the campanile. Edward Everett. Dante's Tomb. A small circular structure in Ravenna, Italy, underneath which the bones of the poet rest. Dante degll Ali- ghieri died in 1321. I pass each day where Dante's bones are laid: A little cupola, more neat than solemn, Protects his dust. Byron. BAR 134 DAY Bittpr spirits! ye claim Heine ? Alaa, he is yours ! Only a moment I I Itnew Whose he was who is here Bnried. 1 knew he was yours ! Ah, I knew that I saw Here no sepulchre built. ... no tomb On Ravenna sands, in the shade Of Kavenna pines, for a hiph Austere Dante ! Matthew Arnold. Dargle, Tie. A beautiful and much-frequented glen in Wick- low County, Ireland. jOgf- " As, in consequence of its short distance from Dublin, many travellers examine no other portions of the coun- ty, the glen has attained to greater celebrity than others, — more solemn, magnificent, and picturesque, — yet it may be a question whether, in variety, it is anywhere surpassed." Mr. and Mrs. Sail. Darius and Alexander. See Bat- tle OF Darius and Alexander and Tahili- op Darius before Alexander. Darnaway Castle. The seat of the Earl of Moray, near Forres, in Scotland. Dartmoor Prisonj A noted place of confinement for prisoners of war, situated in that district of England known as Dartmoor, in the southern part of the county of Devon. Here, during the war between England and the United States, in 1812, many American prisoners were confined. Wild Dartmoor! thou that midst thy mountains rude Hast robed thyself with haughty solitude. 'Twas then the captives of Britannia's war Here for Iheir lovely southern climes afar In bondage pined. Felicia J-Iemans. Dartmouth College. An institu- tion of learning in HanoTer,N.H., originally founded in 1770 as a school for missionaries. Datohet Mead. A patch of land near the village of the same name in England, immortalized by Shakespeare in his " Merry "Wives of Windsor," in connec- tion with the adventures of Sir John Palstaft. Daughter of Titian. A picture, bearing this name, by Titian (1477-1576), representing a beau- tiful woman carrying with ui^lift- ed arms a plate of fruit or a cas- ket. Of several examples, the best is in the museum at Berlin. There is one at Madrid, repre- senting the girl as Salome carry- ing the head of John the Baptist. The original of these pictures is supposed to be not Titian's daughter, but Violante, the daughter of Palma Vecchio, who is known as Titian's love. Dauphlne, Place. See Place Dau- PHINE. Davenant's Theatre. A theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, opened in 1602. The actors were styled the " Duke of York's com- pany of comedians." David. A gigantic marble statue by Michael Angelo (1475-1564), which formerly stood in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy, but has now been removed to the Accademia delle Belle Arti. 4K^ " The erection of this David was like an occurrence in nature from which people are accustomed to reckon. We tind events dated so many years after the erection of the Giant. It was men- tioned in records in which there was not a line besides respecting art." Grimm, Trajia. .er^*' As soon as the statue was set upon its pedestal the Gonfaloniere Pier Soderini came to see it, and, after ex- pressing his great admiration for the work, suggested that the nose seemed to him too large; hearing this, Michael Angelo gravely mounted on a ladder, and after pretending to work for a few minutes, during which be constantly let fall some of the raarble-dust be had taken up in his pocket, turned with a questioning, and doubtless a slightly sarcastic, expression in his face to the critic, who responded, ' Bravol bravo! you have given it life.' " Perkins. David. See Zuccone, Lo. David and Bathsheba. A picture by the Swiss painter, Nicolas Manuel, surnamed Deutsch (1484- 1531). In the museum at Basle, Switzerland. David and Goliath. A picture by Daniele da Volterra (1509-1566), the Italian painter, the pupil of Michael Angelo. It was, for a long time, considered to be the DAV 135 DEA work of the latter. It is a double picture, representiug David and Goliath in two different points of new on each side of a tablet of slate. Now in the Louvre, at Paris. David's -Well. A deep rock-cis- tern m the neighborhood of Beth- lehem, Palestine, traditionally identified with the Well of David, the water of which the king cov- eted when hiding in the cave of Adullam. (1 Chrou. xi. 15-19.) Davidson Fountain. A magnifi- cent fountain in Cincinnati, O. It is of bronze, cast in Munich, and presented to the city by Tyler Davidson. Day, The. [Ital. H Giorno.] One of four colossal figures by Michael AngeloBuonarotti (1475-1564). In tlie Church of S. Lorenzo, Flor- ence, Italy. *S» " They have received the names of Day and Kight, Dawn and Twilight; but the subjective instinct of the mas- ter urged him here too far outside the gale of human sympathy for any terms, owever vague, to define his inten- tipn." Eastlake. (What word says God?) The sculptor'b Night and Day, And Dawn and Twilight, wait in marble scorn. Like dogs couched on a dunghill, on the clay From whence the Medicean stamp's outworn. Mrs. Browning. 2. A celebrated bas-relief by Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770- 1844), the Danish sculptor. It is well known through numerous reproductions. The companion piece is entitled The Night. Day, The. [II Giorno. I See St. Jerome. De Soto discovering the Missis- sippi. A picture in one of the panels of the rotunda in the Cap- itol of Washington, representing the arrival of Fernando de Soto (1500?-1542),the Spanish explorer, upon the banks of the great river. This work was executed, under commission from Congress, by "W. H. Powells, who received $13,000 for painting it. Previous to the engagement of Mr. Powells auothei artist, Henry luman, had been commissioned to fill the va- cant panel; but he died before begmning his work. This paint- ing has been severely criticised and pronounced "a plagiarized patchwork of generalities, absurd and incongruous, badly drawn, gaudily colored, and as destitute of historic value as an act of Con- gress is of poetic feeling." The picture has become very familiar to the general public from its re- production as an engraving, upon the back of the ten-dollar notes of the national currency. Dead Man Revived. A picture by Washington AUstou (1779- 1843), the American painter. It " took the prize of 200 guineas at the British Institution." Dearborn Street. A well-known and prominent street in Chicago, Dearborn, Fort. See Fokt Dear- born. Death. See Dance op Death; Knight, Death, and the Devil; Shadow of Death; and Tri- umph OF Death. Death of Ananias. One of the famous cartoons by Raphael San- zio (US:i-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican, at Rome, were executed. Death of Julius Ceesar. A picture by Jean L. Ge'rome (b. 1824), the French painter. In the Corcoran Gallery at Washington. Death of Montgomery. A well- known historical picture by John Trumbull (1756-1843). In the Wadsworth AtheniEum, Hart- ford, Conn. tBx' " Not surpassed by any similar works in the last century, and thus far stand alone in American historical painting." Ilarper'n Magazine. Death of Queen Elizabeth. A picture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 1856), the celebrated French his- torical painter. Death of St. Francis. A fresco picture by Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336). In the Church of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy. DEA 136 DEI Death of the Duke of Guise. An admired picture by Paul Dela^ roche (17SI7- 1856), the eminent Frencli painter. Death of the Virgin. A picture by Jan Slioreel (1495-1562), the Dutch painter, " remarkable for its intense reality and splendor of color, and one of the great or- naments of the Boissere'e Gal- lery." At Munich, Bavaria. There is an excellent and well- known lithograph of this picture. Death of the Virgin. A cele- brated picture by Caravaggio (15li9-160ii), formerly in the pos- session of Charles I. of England, and which has often been en- graved. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Death of the Virgin. A picture by Martin Schongauer, commonly called Martin Schon (b. 1420 ?), a German painter, supposed to be his earliest work. It is now in the National Gallery, London. Death of Warren. An historical picture l)y John Trumbull (1756- 1843), the American painter. In the Wailsworth Athenteum, Hart- fort, Conn. Death of Webster. A painting by Jo.seph Ames (1816-1872), an American painter, of which there is an engraving. Death of Wolfe. A picture by Benjamin West (17.38-1820). In tlie Grosvenor Gallery, London. /ISr "JuKt before he [Lord Nelson] went to sea for the last time, ... he expressed his regret that he had not acquired some taste for art. ' But,' said he, tui'ning to West, 'there is one picture whose power I do feel. 1 never pass a paint-shop where your Death of Wolfe is in the window without being stopped bv it.'. . . 'But, ray lord [said Mr. wesl], 1 fear yOur intrepidity will furnish tnu sueh another scene; and, if it should, I shall certainly avail myself of it.' — ' Will yoQ? ' said Nelson, ' then I hope that I shall die in the ne.\t bat- tle." He sailed a few days after, and the result was on the canvas before us.*" Ticknor's LeUe78. Death on the Pale Horse. A pic- ture by Benjamin West (173S- 1820). DSoadenoe de Home. [Decline of Rome.] A noted picture by Hor- ace Vernet (1789-186-3). In the palace of the Luxembourg, Paris. .8®- "In this picture is a rriost grand and melancholy moral lesson. The classical forms are evidently not intro- duced because they are classic, but in subservience to the expression of the moral. Nothing could be more exqui- site than the introduction of the busts of the departed heroes of the old repub- lic, looking down from their pedestals on the scene of debauchery below. It is a noble picture, which I wish was hung up in the Capitol of our nation to teach our haughty people that as pride, and fulness of bread, and laxness o^ principle, brought down the old repub- lics, so also ours may fall." Beecher. Decadence of the Komans. A well-known picture by Thomas Couture (b. 1815). In the Lux- embourg, Paris. Declaration of Independence. A large picture by John Trumbull (1756-1843), executed under com- mission from Congress for the rotunda of the Capitol at Wash- ington. The picture is well known by engravings. Decree of Canopus. See Stone OF SAn. Deer of ChiUingham. See Wild Deer of Chillikgh.\.vc. Deer Pass. A picture by Sir Ed- win Landseer (1803-1873). Defence, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navj-, laauched April 24, 1861. Deir, El. [The Convent.] A rock monument well preserved, in Pe- tra, Arabia, being a .huge mono- lith hewn out of the side of a cliff, and facing Mount Hor. It is of an order neither Greek nor Ro- man, but with something like a Doric frieze over a Corinthian capital. fl®* " The facade is nearly double the size of the Khuzneh, being 150 feet in length, by about the same in extreme height, and is in admirable preserva- tion. Some idea m.ay be formed of its massive proportions by tlie measure- ment of its details. The lower columns are seven feet in diameter, and over 50 in height, almost rivalling those of the great temple at Ba'albek; the interior- DEL 137 DEP is one vast hall, perfectly plain. . . . The whole aspect of this singular and heautiful editice is undoubtedly that of a heathen temple.*' Murray^s ITandbook. Deligny. The celebrated Imperial Swimming School, so called from the name of its director, and situ- ated on the Quai d'Orsay, Paris. For instance, once on the boulevard a friend tapped me on the shoulder,. . . when after tiiking a plunge at Deligny*s, 1 came to the surface of the water blowmg like a porpoise. Taintt Trans. Delilah. See Samson and Deli- lah. Deliverance of St. Peter. A fresco by Raphael Sanzio (14S3-15'20), representing the deliverance of the apostle from prison. "Peter sits asleep between his guards, his chained hands still clasped in prayer. The angel is about to strike him on the side to wake him. On the riglit the angel leads him tlirough the guards •who are sleeping on the steps. In both these representations, . . . the figures are illuminated by the light proceeding from the angel. On the left, the guards are roused, and seem staggering half asleep : this group receives its light from the moon and from torches. This fresco is celebrated lor the picturesque effect of these lights. The subject is supposed to contain an allusion to the cap- tivity of Leo X., who had been lilaerated only the year preceding his elevation to the pontificate." This picture is in the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome. Dgliverande, La. A small Nor- man chapel in the neighborhood of Caen, France. It contains a shrine of the Virgin to which for 800 years the Norman sailors and peasantry have resorted. The Image owes its reputation for sanctity to the miracles alleged to have been wrought by it in behalf of sailors. Delivering the Keys to St. Peter. A well-known wall-painting by Pietro Perugino (144(j-1524). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. It is considered one of his best works. Delia Crusca. [Academy of the Sieve.] A celebrated literary as- sociation in Florence, Italy, founded by Cosiino I. for the pur- pose of purifying and refining the Italian language and style. It is still in existence, and continues to hold meetings. The name Delia Crusca is better known, probably, to English readers, as a designation applied to a class of sentimental writers in England during the last century, distin- guished by their affected style of expression. Though Crusca's bards no more our jour- nals fill. Some stragglers skirmish round the col- umns still. Byron. Delmonlco's. A noted restaurant on Fifth Avenue, New York. Delphic Sibyl. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (1475-1564). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Deluge, The. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo (1475-1564). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Deluge in Phrygia. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the gallery of Vienna, Austria. Democritus. A picture by Salvar tor Rosa (1615-1673). IntheGros- venor Gallery. Dendara, or Denderah. See Tem- ple OF Dendekah and Zodiac OF Dendekah. Denis. See Porte St. Denis; St. Denis; and St. Denis, Rue. Denis du Maraia. See St. Sacke- ment. Denizens of the Highlands. A picture by Rosa Bonhear (b. 1822), the celebrated French painter of animals. Departure and the Return. A picture by Thomas Cole (1801- 1848), the American painter, being scenes from feudal times. In the Corcoran Gallery, Washington. Deposition from the Cross. 1. A well-known picture by Giotto di Bondone (127li-1330). In the Are- na, at Padua, Italy. DEE, 138 DES J83= " The Descent from the Cjoss and the Deposition from the Cross are two separate themes. . . . The Depo- sition is properly that moment which succeeds the Descent from the Cross; when the dead form of Christ is de- posed or iaid upon tlie ground, resting upon the lap of his mother, and la- mented by St. John, the Magdalene and others." Mis.Juvieson. 2. An admired picture by Tom- maso di Stefano, called Giottino (1324-1356), and considered " one of the finest of the Giottesque school." In the Gallery of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Derby Day. A popular picture by \V. P. Frith. In the National Gallery, London. Descent from the Cross. A very common subject of representa^ tion by the great religious paint- ers. Of the more celebrated or familiar compositions upon this subject, may be mentioned the following: — Descent from the Cross. A cele- brated picture by Pietro Perngino (1446-1524). In the Pitti Gallery, Florence, Italy. Descent from the Cross. A pic- ture by Baccio della Porta, called Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517). In the Pitti Gallery, Florence, Italy. Descent from the Cross. A pic- ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- named Correggio (141I4-1534). In the gallery at Parma, Italy. Descent from the Cross. A pic- ture by Roger van der Woyden- (d. 1464), the Flemish painter; described by Kngler as " a rich composition, with heads of liighly pathetic expression and admir- able execution." It is now in the gallery of the Hague, Hol- land. Descent from the Cross. A pic- ture by Roger van der "Weyden the younger (d. 1529), the Flemish painter, and his principal work, originally executed for the Church of Our Lady " Darbuy- ten " at Louvain, now in the sacristy of S. Lorenzo of the Es- curial, in Spain. Descent from the Cross. A cele- brated altar-piece by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), in the cathe- dral at Antwerp, Belgium. It " represents the highest excel- lence attained by this master in ecclesiastical art." H^ "In the famous 'Descent' at Antwerp, the masterpiece of Rubens, Mary stands, and supports the arm of her Son as he is let down from the cross. This is in accordance with the ancient version, but her face and figure are the least effective part of this tine picture." J/rs. Jameson. Descent from the Cross. A pic- ture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter, and regarded as one of his most admirable works. It is in the gallery at Munich, Bavaria, and there is a replica of the same in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, Russia. There is also a picture upon this subject by Rembrandt in the National Gallery, London. Descent from, the Cross. A pic- ture by Daniele da Volterra (1509- 1566), the Italian painter, and his best work, described as " a grand impassioned work, of powerful action." It is in the Church of Triniti de' Monti, at Rome. jO®^ " In the famous • Descent from the Cross,' — the masterpiece of Daniel di Volterra, — the fainting form of the Virgin, extended on the earth, and the dying anguish in her face, have never been exceeded, and are in fact the chief merit of the picture." Jlrs. Jameson. Descent of the Holy Ghost. An admired picture by Taddeo di Bartolo (b. 1350?). In the Church of S. Agostino, Perugia, Italy. Destruction of Jerusalem. A well-known painting by Wilhelra von Kaulbach (1805-1874). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. 4^^ " The destruction of Jerusalem is dealt with in this picture as an epoch in the history of the world, as a cir- cumstance of more than a general his- toric character. Thus Kaulbach has comprehended it and represented it, for he has gathered his materials from the prophets and from Josephus. At the top of the picture we see, in the clouds, the figures of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, surrounded by a glory : they prophesy the fall of Jeru- salem. . . . We see the Jewish people's misery; the temple is in flames; the city is taken. ... To the right of the DBS 139 DEV picture, a Christian family is leaving the city, accompanied by two angels ; to the left is seen the Wandering Jew, chfised out of the city by three demons ; he is the representative of the present Judaism — a people without a home." ifans Ghristian AmJersen. Destruction of the Giants. A fresco by Giulio Romano (1492- 1546) in the Palazzo del Te, Man- tua, Italy. Devil Tavern. A celebrated tav- ern in London, between Temple Bar and the Middle Temple gate, much frequented in the time of James I. Here met the famous Apollo'Clitb. The Devil Tavern is no longer standing. Its site is occupied by Child's Banking- house. See Apollo Club. Hence to the Devil — Thus to the place where Jonson sat we , climb, Leaning on the same rail that truidpfl him. Prior and Montague. itKg^ A Young Devil Tavern was es- tablished on the opposite side of the street. Devil's Beef-tub. A singular nat- ural curiosity in the vale of the Annan, in Scotland, in the form of a hollow or basin surrounded by high hills, so deep and so se- cluded as to serve in ancient times as a hiding-place for stolen cattle, whence its name. The spot is alluded to in Sir Walter Scott's tales. Devil's Bridge. 1. A famous arch of masonry constructed in the twelfth century, and overhanging at a height of 70 feet the river Eeuss, on the St. Gothard Pass, in Switzerland, in a narrow and dangerous gorge. The old bridge has been superseded by a new and secure structure, built in 1830. Here the Eeuss leaps about 70 feet in a short space, while a wind created by the fall blows with such force as nearly to lift one from his feet. Plunge with the Reusa embrowned by ter- ror's breath, Where danger roofs the narrow walks of Death, By tioods that, thundering from their dizzy height. Swell more gigantic on the steadfast sight. Wordsworth. 2. A natural curiosity in Wales, a few miles from Aberystwith. A deep rocky cleft surmounted by two arches, one above another, the lower said to have been built in the time of William Rutus, beneath which the river Mynach descends in terrific cascades. How art thou named ? In search of what strange land From what huge height descending ? Can such force Of waters issue from a British source. Or hath not Pindus fed thee, where the band Of patriots scoop their freedom out, with baud Desperate as thine ? WcrWstmrlh. 3. See PuENTE del Diablo. Devil's Cave. See Peak Cavekn. Devil's Dyke. A vast natural amphitheatre in the hills near Portslade, Sussex, England, a favorite resort of visitors. Devil's Garden. A natural curi- osity in Hardy County, W. Va. 41®=" "This strange curiosity lies at the bead of what is called Trout Run. . . . On the summit [of a dizzy preci- pice] is a natural pavement of flat rocks, and on the eastern edge stands a gigantic bust in granite, the head, neck, and shoulders clearly defined, and the whole appearance savage and terrific. Near tills figure formerly stood a square granite pillar about two feet in diame- ter and twelve feet high, but this has been overthrown by some storm or convulsion of the earth. . . . The most singular part remains to be described. About 100 feet below the stone bust, an opening leads into deep caverns in the rock. The explorer hnda himself in an apartment with a level floor and ceiling, and from this room a flight of stone steps ascends to another apart- ment still larger. A third flight gives access to a third cavern, and so on, un- til the twelfth apartment is reached by the eleventh flight of steps just beneath the pavement of the summit, through fissures in which a dim light enters the cavern. Such is the singular character of this natural curiosity." Eercheval. Devil's Glen. A singular and ro- mantic ravine in Wicklow Coun- ty, Ireland. «®» " Nothing astonished us or grati- fied UB so much as the Devil's Glen; with its roaring river, its huge preci- pices, its circuitous paths, and the DEV 140 DIA noble and graceful fall that seems as a crown of glory to Its bead." Mr- and Mrs. Hall. Devil's Ladder. A rocky emi- nence near Lorch on the Rhine, crowned by a ruined oastle. Devil's Pulpit. 1. A singular granitic mass on the summit of the Brocken, in the Harz Moun- tains, in Germany. 2. A remarkable precipice on an island in Tupper Lake, in the Adirondack region o£ New York. Devil's Punch-Bowl. A curious natural formation in Hampshire, England. Devil's Slide. A remarkable nat- ural curiosity in Weber Carion, Utah Territory. It consists of . two parallel lines of rock extend- ing from the base to the top of a mountain. JBSr- " Imagine a mountain 800 feet high, composed of solid dark-red sand- stone. . . . From the base of the im- mense red mountain up to its entire height of 800 feet is what is called the ' Devil's Slide,' composed of white limestone. It consists of a smooth white stone floor from base to summit, about 15 feet wide, as straight and reg- ular as if laid by a stone-mason, with line and plummet. On either side of this smooth white line, is what ap- pears to the eye to be a well-laid white stone wall, varying in height from 10 to 30 feet. This white spectacle on the red mountain-side has all the appear- ance of being made by man or devil as a slide from the top of the mountain to the bed of Weber River." 0. C. Fulton. There is another very similar, of the same name, in Montana. jCST* " Wo are now within the wild Weber Canon, and the scene is chan- ging every moment. On the right we Eiiss a most wonderful sight, — the levU's Slide. Two ridges of gray rock stand some 10 feet out of the snow and brushwood, and run parallel to each other for about 150 feet right up the mount.ain-side." Sjniles. Devil's Stone. A natural curiosi- ty in the neighborhood of Diirk- ■heiiu, Germany, in the shape of a rock bearing the print of a huge paw. It is saiil that the pagans used this rock for an altar of sac- rifice. Devil's 'Wall. 1. The old Roman wall dividing England from Scot- land, so called by those living in the vicinity because they thought, from its durability, that it must have been built by the Devil. It is said that the superstitious peas- antry put pieces from this wall into the foundations of their dwellings to secure an equal per- manence. 2. [Ger. Tevfelsmmier or Pfahl- graten.^ A famous Roman ram- part (now in ruins) begun by the Emperor Probus, A.D. 277, ex- tending from Ratisbon on the Danube, across hills, valleys, riv- ers, and morasses, as far as to the Rhine, — a distance of nearly 200 miles. It was intended as a bulwark against the inroads of German invaders upon the soil of the empire. 4KiF* " Within a few years after his [Probus's] death, it was overthrown by the Alemanni. Its scattered ruins, universally ascribed to the power of the daemon, now serve only to excite the wonder of the Swabian peasant." Gibhon. Devonshire House. A mansion built upon the site of Berkeley House in Piccadilly, London, the residence of the Duke of Devon- shire. This house was famous, towards the close of the last cen- tury, as the headquarters of Whig politics, and for the fascinations of its beautiful duchess. It con- tains many artistic and biblio- graphical curiosities. Diablo, Puente del. See Puente DEL Diablo. Diamond Necklace. A famous piece of jewelry which was the cause of the notorious affair of the " Diamond Necklace," in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- tury. It was made of the most beautiful diamonds, and was val- ued at nearly £80,000. Louis XV. commissioned the court jewellers of France to make the necklace, intending to give it to Madame dn Barry, but he died before it was finished. A certain Madame Ija Motte, in 178,5, using a forged signature of Marie Antoinette, DIA 141 DIG persuaded the Cardinal de Bohan to purchase the necklace, as if for the queen. The affair created a great deal of scandal. Madame La Motte was sentenced to im- prisonment for life, but managed to escape within a year, and went to England, where she was killed in trying to escape from a second- story window when pursued for debt. Cardinal de Kohan was acquitted of intehtional com- plicity. The celebrated Count Cagliostro was also implicated in the affair. Carlyle has some chapters upon the Diamond Kecklaee, included in the collec- tion of his ' ' Critical and Miscel- laneous Essays." je®= *' The great scandal of the Dia- mond Necklace, wbich to the clear vision of G-oethe presaged the coming Revolution, and in which the quick- witted Talleyrand saw the overthrow of the French throne, possesses an in- terest akin to that of the French Revo- lution itself. . . . The story is one of which the world does not seem to tire, for it has been told scores upon scores of times, and more or less recently, by historians, biographers, essayists, me- moir-writers, anecdotists, novelists, and dramatists, and in well-nigh every European language. . . . Whatever may have been the follies, or say the crimes even, if you please, of which Marie Antoinette was guilty, and which she more than expiated by her cruel death, complicity in any shape in this contemptible Diamond Necklace fraud is most certainly not one of them." H. Vizetelly. Looks dreamy to me, not self-conscious, though a black ribbon round her neck sets it otT as a Marie Antoinette's diamond necklace could not do- Holmes. Diana and Aotaeon. A mytholo- gical picture of great beauty by Titian (1477-1576). Now in the Bridgewater Gallery, London. Diana and Calisto. A mytholo- gical picture by Titian (1477-1576). Now in the Bridgewater collec- tion, London. Diana and her Nymphs. A pic- ture by Domenico Zampieri, sur- named Domenichino (1581-1641), and considered one of his best works. In the Borghese Gallery, Eome. Diana, Chase of. See Chase of Diana. Diana returning from the Chase. A mythological picture by Anto- nio AUegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534). In the convent of S. Paolo, Parma, Italy. Diana's Temple. See Temple of Ephesus and Temple of Diana [NiMES]. Dioe-players, The. A picture by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618- 1682). In the Pinacothek, Mu- nich,, Bavaria. Dickinson College. A collegiate establishment in Carlisle, Penn. It was founded in 1783. Dick's Coffee-house. Anoldhouse in Fleet Street, London, at iirst known as "Eichard's," from the Christian name of its lessee (Rich- ard Torner, or Turner) in 1680. Cowper at one time resorted to Richard's. It is no longer a cof- fee-house. Dido Building Carthage. A pic- ture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851). Dido's Last Momenta. A large picture by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, surnamed Guercino (1590-1666). In the Spada Gal- lery, at Rome. Dieu, HoteL See H6tel Dieu. Dighton Kock. A famous mass of granite, with rude sculptures and inscriptions upon it, near Digh- ton, Mass. It is by some referred to the Norsemen in the eleventh century. Or, if letters must be written, profitable use micht be made of the Dighton Bock hieroglyphic or the cuneiform script eve- ry fresh decipherer of which is enabled to educe a ditlerent meaning, wliereby a sculptured stone or two supplies us, anrt will pi-obably continue to supply poster- ity with a very vast and various body of authentic history Lowell. There are inscriptions on our hearts, which, like that on Dighton Itock, liK never to be seen except at ^ead-low nc^e^ Dignity and Impudence. An ad- mired picture of two dogs by bir . Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). In the National Galtery, London. DIG 142 DIO Digue de Cherbourg. [The Break- water of Cherbourg.] An im- mense structure of masonry stretching across the roadstead of Cherbourg, in France. It was more than 50 years in building, at an expense of some Sfl5,000,000, and was finished in 1858. The length of the breakwater is 4,120 Yards, and its width at the base 310 feet. Dilettanti. \LUerally, lovers of the fine arts.] This society, es- tablished in 1734, owes its origin to some gentlemen who had trav- elled in Italy, and who wished to encourage a taste for the fine arts. The society sent an expedition to the East in 1764, the result of which appeared in volumes of " Ionian Antiquities," " Chan- dler's Travels in Asia Minor," ".Chandler's Travels in Greece," and a volume of Greek inscrip- tions. Various other publications have been issued by the society at different times. Another ex- pedition to the Levant was under- taken in 1814. The Dilettanti dine together on the first Sunday of each month from February to July. Until its removal, these dinners were held at theThatched House Tavern, in London, in the large room of which were por- traits of the Dilettanti, including three pictures by Sir Joshua Rey- nolds. Friendly intercourse and social enjoyment have always formed an important part in the scheme of the society. Walpole said in 174:!, that the "nominal qualification [for membership] is having been in Italy, and the real one, being drunk." Sir Joshua Eeynolds, Earl Fitzwilliam, C. J. Fox, Hon. Stephen Fox (Lord Holland), Charles Howard (Duke of Norfolk), Lord Robert SpeuL'er, George Selwyn, Sir William Hamilton, David Garrick, George Colman, Joseph Windham, R. Payne Knight, Sir George Beau- mont, Towneley, Sir William Gell, Henry Hallam, and many others have been members. Any use of the word Dilettanti as a term of ridicule or disparagement is comparatively recent. .(Jf^""We, looking back out of a graver time, can only judge from the un- interrupted course of their festive gath- erings, from the names of the states- men, the wits, the scholars, the artists, the amateurs, that till the catalogue, from the strange mixture of dignities and accessions to wealth for which, by the rules of the society, fines were paid, — and, above all, by the pictures "which they possess, — how much of the pleasantry and the hearty enjoy- ment must have been mixed up with the more sohd pursuits of the mem- bers." Edinburgh Review, Diocletian, Baths of. See Baths OF DlOCLETIAH. Diocletian's Palace. A splendid retreat, constructed for himself by the Emperor Diocletian on his abdication of the throne, at Sa^ lona on the Adriatic. The mod- ern Austrian town of Spalato is chiefly built up out of the ruins of this colossal palace, and takes its name from it. iK^ "It certainly gives us a most exalted idea of what the splendor of the imperial palace at Rome must have been, when we find one emperor — cer- tainly neither the richest, nor the most powerful — building, for his retirement, a villa in the country of almost exactly the same dimensions as the Escurial in Spain, and consequently surpassing in size, as it did in magnificence, most of the modern palaces of Europe. It is uncertain how far it resembles or was copied from that of Rome, more espe- cially as it must be regarded as a forti- fied palace, which there is no reason to believe that at Rome was, while its model would seem to have been the praetorian camp rather than any habi- tation built within the protection of the city walls." Fergusson. j8®" " Spalato ought properly to be called Dioclesiano, . . . Spalato is founded on the ruins of Diocletian's palace, the walls of which still contain the whole of the mediaeval city. Every one has heard of Diocletian and his imperial cabbages, but few know how much of bis imperial hermitage has been spared by time." Bayard Taylor. Diogenes. A picture by Salvator Rosa (1615-1673). In the Gros- venor Gallery, London. Dionysiao Theatre. A ruined building in Athens, Greece. There is still much obscurity in regard to these remains. The DIO 143 DOC stmctnre was not completed till the time of the orator Lycurgus, 340 B.C.; but it is thought that the general arrangement of the completed theatre was substan- tially the same as that of the theatre in which the dramas of iEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes were acted. The ruins of this theatre have but recently been laid bare. Dlonysius' Ear. See Eak of Dio- NYSIUS. Dionysus. See Bacchus. Discobolus. [Quoit-thrower.] A celebrated statue by the Greek sculptor Myron (b. 430 B.C. ?). The original was in bronze, and has perished, but there are sev- eral copies in marble now exist- ing. The best of these, discovered on the Esquiline Hill in 1782, is now in the Villa Messimi, in Rome. There are other copies in the Museums of the Vatican and of the Capitol in Rome, and in the British Museum, London. j855=- •' The representation of a mo- mentary action renders the ' Discobo lus' wonderfully effective; and we feel as if we must see the throw made, and the tense muscles relaxed, before we can leave it. It is an example of the highest Greek art in the representation of the physical frame and difficult ac- tion, but it has no intellectual depth or thought." Good plaster casts, about two feet high, copii-d from the antique, may now be pro- cured for Ave or six shillings apiece; and such figures as the Gladiator, the Discobo- los, and the Antinous would, to my mind, constitute a much better " finish " for the trip of a bookcase than the clumsy vases and other objects usually sold for this pur- > po^e C. L- Eastlake. We may allow that a certain number of the clever children will die; but there will be enough left to carve the Niube and the Discobolus. Grant Allen. Dishonest Gamester. A picture by Caravaggio (1569-l(i09), and one of his best. In the Sciarra Palace, Rome. There are many repetitions of this picture. Dispute della SS. Trinlta. An altar-piece by Andrea Vannucchi, called Andrea del Sarto (1487- 1331), the Italian painter, and re- garded as one of his best works. It is a " Santa Conversazione," or discussion between six saints. In the Pitti Palace. Dispute of the Sacrament, [ia Disputa del Sacramento.'] A cele- brated fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the Al- mighty, the Saviour, the Virgin, with Patriarchs, Apostles, and Saints, in the glory of heaven- Below these, an assembly of the great Doctors of the Church, sur- rounding an altar on which is the Host. Farther off, "groups of youths and men who are pressing lEorward to hear the revelation of the holy mystery, some in atti- tudes of enthusiastic devotion, some yet doubting, and appar- ently in dispute." This picture is one of the series of four, — The- ology, Poetry, Philosophy, and Jurisprrrdence, — which were iu- • tended to exhibit the lofty sub- jects of thought with which the human mind is occupied. They are in the Camera della Segna- tura of the Vatican, Rome. 03P " In the first of these [' The- ology'], commonly but erroneously called La Disputa del Sacramento^ Raphael has combined into one great scene the whole system of theology as set forth by the Catholic Church : it is ' a sort of concordance between heaven and earth, between the celestial and terrestrial witnesses of the truth." Mrs. Jameson. Dispute with the Doctors. A cele- brated fresco by Bernardino Luini (1480-1530). In Saronno, Italy. It has beei) chromo-lithographed. Distinguished Member of the Humane Society. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated painter of animals. The stibject is a fine dog, carrying in his mouth a bas- ket of very bright flowers. Ditton Park. The fine seat of Lord Montague, near Datchet, Eng- land. Dixville Notch. A wild mountain defile in Coos Co., N.H. Dock Square. A well-known square in Boston, Mass. Doctors' Commons. A college of Doctors of Civil Law in London, Doa 144 DOL near St. Paul's Churchyarcl. It includes the Court of Arches, Probate Court, High Admiralty Court, which hold, or held, their sessions in the College Hall. The name Doctors' Commons is derived from the fact that the students and lawyers lived to- gether ill cummon after the colle- giate fashion. The first building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, and was rebuilt in 1672. ' SS^ " Now, Doctors' Commons be- ing familiar by name to everybody, aa the place where they grant marriage- licenses to love-sick couples, and divorces to unfaithful ones; register the wills of people who have any prop- erty to leave, and punish hasty gentle- men who call ladies by unpleasant names, — we no sooner discovered that we were really within its precincts, than we felt a laudable desire to become better acquainted therewith." Dickens. ;B£3^" It's a little out-of-the-way place, where they administer what is called ecclesiastical law, and play all kinds of tricks with obsolete old monsters of acts of parliament, which three-fourths of the world know nothing about, and the other fourth supposes to have been dug up in a fossil state, in the days of the Edwards. It's a place that has an ancient monopoly in suits about peo- ple's wills and people's marriages, and disputes about ships and boats." Dickens. The Earl of— Lsterisk — and Lady — Blank; Sir— Such-a-one — with those of fashion's host, For whosp blest surnames — vide " Morn- inc PoBt," (Or if for that hnpartial pfint too late. Search Doctors' Commons six months from my date). Byron. Doge's Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Dn- cah\] The famous and magnifi- cent palace of the Doges or Dukes of Venice, one of the oldest pal- aces in Europe, and by some regarded as, architecturally con- sidered, the finest building'in the world. The present edifice dates from the early part of the eleventh century. 4JSr*" There are indeed few build- ings of which it is so difficult to judge calmly, situated as it is, attached to the basilica of St. Mark, and looking on the one hand into the piazza of St. Mark's, and on the other acroes the > water to the churches and palaces that cover the islands. It is, in fact, the centre of the most beautiful architec- tural group that adorns any city of Europe, or of the world, —richer than almost any other building in historical associations, and in a locality hallowed especially to an Englishman by the poetry of Shakespeare. All this spreads a halo around and over the building which may furnish an excuse for those who blindly praise even its deformities. But the soberer judgment of the critic must not be led astray by such feelings; and while giving credit for the picturesque situation of this building, and a certain grandeur in its design, he is compelled wholly to con- demn its execution. . . . One thing in this palace is worth remarking, — that almost all the beauty ascribed to its upper story arises from the poly- chromatic mode of decoration intro- duced by disposing pieces of different colored marbles m diaper patterns. This is better done here than in Flor- ence, inasmuch as the slabs are built in, not stuck on. The admiration which it excites is one more testimony to the fact, that, when a building is colored,ninety-nine people in a hundred are willing to overlook all its faults, and to extol that as beautiful, which, without the adjunct of color, they would have unanimously agreed in condemning." ^ergusson. i6®~ "The Ducal Palace is so exten- sive a structure that the Church of St. Mark's seems nothing more than a chapel appurtenant to It. Its vast and desolate apartments, through which the visitor is carried, serve as a stand- ard by which the ancient greatness of Venice itself may be measured. Men who could build on so gigantic a scale could have had no thought of decaying fortune or declining power." HiUard. JS^ '* A palace more majestic and magnificent in its old age than all the buildings of the earth in The high prime and fulness of their youth. Cloisters and galleries ; so light, they might be the work of fairy hands; so strong that centuries have battered them in vain ; wind round and round this pal- ace, and enfold it with a cathedral, gorgeous in the wild luxuriant fancies of the East." Dickens. Dogs of St. Gothard. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 1873). Dolly's, A well-known tavern in Paternoster Row, Loudon, dat- ing from the time of Queen Anne, and still in existence. DOL 145 DON Dolmen of Bagneux. A huge Celtic monument near Saumur, France, consisting of a house or Chamber made of blocks of uncut stone. Its origin and meaning are wrapped in obscurity. It is supposed to be connected with the Druidic worship. Dolphin, The. The ship in which Juan Verrazano crossed the At- lantic on his voyage of discovery in 152i. He entered with her Long Island Sound and New York Bay, and afterward skirted the coast of Massachusetts and of Maine. Dome of the Bock. See Mosque OP Omar. Domes of the Yosemite. A paint- ing by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1828). In the Athenaeum at St. Johns- bury, Vt. J8®= ** The ' Domes of the Yosemite ' is panoramic in size ; it is a wildly magnificent and unique scene, drawn with singular fidelity from the solitary heart of the Rocky Hountains.'* Tuckerman. Domine Quo Vadis. A church upon the Via Appia, Rome, so named from the tradition, that at the time of the first persecution of the Christians, after the burn- ing of Rome, St. Peter, fleeing from the city, was here met by a vision of the Saviour on his way to Rome. St. Peter in astonish- ment cried out, "Lord, whither goest thou?" (Domine, quo va- dis?), to which Christ replied, " I go to Rome to be crucified a sec- ond time "' ( Yenio Romam iterum cruciftgi). Peter immediately ar- rested his flight, and turned back to the city. The church contains a marble slab upon which is a copy of the supposed footprint of the Saviour as left upon the pavement where he stood, the original stone being preserved in the basilica of S. Sebastiano. 4®" " On our way home we entered the Church of Domine quo Vadis, and looked at the old fragment of the Ap- plan "Way where our Saviour met St. reter, and left the impression of his feet in one of the paving-stones. The stone has been removed; and there is now only a facsimile engraved in a block of marble, occupying the place where Jesus stood. It is a great pity they had not left the original stone ; for then all its brother stones in the pave- ment would have seemed to confirm tbe tnath of the legend." Hawthorne. Don Saltero's Coffee-house. A house, now a tavern, in Chelsea, London, to which was formerly attached a museum, containing a collection of curiosities, the ab- surdity of some of which is indi- cated by the following remark of Steele: "He shows you a straw hat, which I know to be made by Madge Peskad, within three miles of Bedford ; and tells you, ' It is Pontius Pilate's wife's chamber- maid's sister's hat.' " When I came into the coffee-house, I had not time to salute the company, be- fore my eyes were diverted by ten thou- sand gimcracbs round the room and on the celling. ^ Steele Don Saltero's Coffee-house still looks as brisk as in Steele's time. Carlyle (1834) Donelson, Port. See Fobt Donbl- SON. Doni, Agnolo. A well-known por- trait by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520). Now in the Ufflzi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Doningtou Hall. The seat of the Marquis of Hastings, near Ashby- de-la-Zouch, England. Donnlngton Castle. A feudal for- tress in England, near Speen, celebrated for the resistance it made to Parliament, and for hav- ing been the residence of the poet Chaucer during the latter part of his life. Donnybrook Fair. A famous fair held annually in the village of Donnybrook, now one of the sub- urbs of Dublin, Ireland. The importance of the fair has of late years diminished. 41®=- " Although the Irishman is no longer there 'in his glory,' tents are still annually pitched upon the sodden sward, where they have been erected for centuries ; itinerant * play-actors * continue to gather there once a year ; the beggars yet make it a place of ren- dezvous ; lads and lasses assemble even now to dance under roofs of canvas; and the din of harsh music from the DOR 146 DOW • Bhows,* mingled with the almost equally discordant squeakings of a score or two of bagpipes, still keep alive the memory of ' Donnybrook capers, that bother'd the vapors, And drove away care.* " Mr. and Mrs. JTatl. Dorohester House. A modern mansion in London, built in 1851, on the site of the old Dorchester House, and noted for its elegance and for its fine collection of pic- tures. Doria Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Dona.'] A celebrated palace, once the residence ol Andrea Doria, in Genoa, Italy. This house was Andrea Doria 's. Here he lived - — He left it for a better, and 'tis now A house o( trade. Yet fallen as it is. "i'is still the noblest dwelling, even in Genua ! Rogers The Bona .5 Ion? pale palace strikmg out, Vrom green hills in advance of the white town, A marble finger dominant to ships. Seen glimmering through the uncertain gray of dawn Mrs Broicmng. Doria - Pamphili Palace. [Ital. Palazzo JJuria-Pamphih] A pal- ace in Rome, of immense size, having a facade upon tlie Corso, and containing a fine and large gallery of paintings. Among the many works in the gallery are some landscapes by Claude Lor- raine, including his well-known picture of "The Mill" (ihhno). Dorothea, The. A vessel under command of Capt. Buchan, sent, in company with the Trent under Franklin, on an expedition to the Arctic regions in 1818. Dorothea. See Fornarina, La. D'Orsay, Palais. See Oksay, Pa- lais d'. Dorset Gardens Theatre. A for- mer theatre of London, situated at the extremity of Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, opened in 1671, and taken down about 1720. Douglas Castle. An ancient ruined fortress near the town of the same name in Scbtland. It is described by Sir Walter Scott in his " Cas- tle Dangerous." It, as well as the modern mansion bearing the same name, belongs to the Earl of Home. Doune Castle. An ancient bajo- nial edifice in Doune, Scotland, associated with the romances of Sir Walter Scott. The hero of " Waverley " was imprisoned here. Dovedale. A remarkable and far- famed chasm, in the neighbor- hood of Ashbourne, J5ngland, through which flows the river Dove. The scenery is of the most romantic description. She dwelt among the untrodden ways Beside the springs of JJove, A maid whom there were none to praise, .\nd very few to love. Wordsworth. Dover. A picture by Joseph Mal- lord "William Turner (1775-1851), the celebrated English painter. Dover Castle. The ancient and now modernized and greatly strengthened fortress of Dover, England, on the summit of a cliff over 300 feet in height. The foundations of the fortress are thought to be of Roman times. Dover Castle embraces an area of some 35 acres. Dover House. A mansion in Whitehall, London, formerly be- longing to the Duke of York. Doves of Pliny. See Pliny's Doves. Downing College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1800. Downing Street. A street in Lon- don, named from Sir George Downing. The principal house in this street was given by George I. to Sir Robert Walpole, who accepted it for his office of First Lord of the Treasury. It has since been the official residence of successive prime ministers, and has given celebrity to the street in which it stands. S^S" " From all corners of the wide British Dominion there rises one com- plaint against the ineffectuality of what are nicknamed our ' red-tape ' establish- ments, our Government Offices, Colo- nial Office, Foreign Office, and the others, in Downing Street and the neighborhood. To me individually these branches of huiuau busluess are DRA 147 DRU little known ; but every British citizen and reflective passer-by has occasion to wonder much and inquire earnestly concerning them. . . . And, secondly, it is felt that ' reform ' in that Downing- street department of affairs is precisely the reform which were worth all others ; thatthose administrative establishments in Downing Street are really the Gov- ernment of this huge ungoverned Em- pire." Carlyle. j8@== '* There is a fascination in the air of this little cul-de-sac: an hour's inhalation of its atmosphere affects some men with giddiness, others with blindness, and very frequently with the most oblivious boastfulness." Theodore Hook. Let but a hand of violence be laid upon an English subject, and the great Hritish lion wliicli lies couchant in Downing Street begins to utter menacing growls and shake his invincible locks. HiUard. To call upon any judge in such a mat- ter would be altogether out of place. . . . He had in his head some hazy idea of for- cing an answer from the officials in Down- ing St/'eet; but in iiis heart lie did not believe he should be able to get beyond the messengers. Anthony Trollope. Suave mart magno, it is pleasant sitting in the easy-chairs of Doioning Street, to sprinkle pepper on the raw wounds of a kindred peoplestrugglingforlife, and phil- osophical to find in self-conceit the cause of our instinctive resentment. Lowell. Draclienfels. [Draj^fon Rock.] This castle on a motintain of the same name, S5o feet above the level of the Rhine, was built early in the twelfth century. It is about ten miles from the city of Bonn. In the Thirty Years War it was oc- cupied by the Swedes, but was taken and destroyed by the Duke Ferdinand of Bavaria. The name is said to be derived from the dragon slain by the horned Sieg- fried, who figures in the "Niebel- ungen Lied." Stone was taken from a quarry on the Drachenfels to build the famed Cathedral of Cologne. The castled crag of Drachenfels . Frowns o'er the wild and windmg Rhme, Whose breast of waters broadly swells Between the banks which bear the vme. Byron. 'Twas midnight as we scaled the mountain heiglit, — Owls hooteii, rattling sounds were heard and groans; . ^^^ ■• A furious north-wind blustered fltfuHy- Such was the night, iny friend, that 1 did On the h^U Drachenfels. Heine, Trans. Drapers' Hall. A vreW - known hall in Throgmorton Street, Lon- don, belonging to the great City Company of Drapers. The old edifice was destroyed in the great fire, but was afterwards rebuilt. Draught of Fishes. See Miracu- lous Draught of Pishes. Dreadnought, The. A celebrated ship of the British navy which fought at Trafalgar, and was afterwards moored in the Thames as a hospital for sick and diseased seamen of all nations. DreiGleichen. [TheThree Equals.] A name given to three ruined cas- tles of similar appearance, and all of great antiquity, in the neighborhood of Gotha, Germa- ny- Drei Mohreu. [The Three Moors.] A famous tavern in Augsburg, Bavaria, which has existed as such for more than 500 years, and is also celebrated for its stores of rare wines. Dresden Madonna. See Madonna m San Sisto. Druid Hill. A beautiful and spa- cious parli just north of Balti- more, Md. It comprises 675 acres. The trees are very ancient, and the grounds were to some extent laid out before the Revolution, Drummond Castle. The seat of the Earls of Perth near Crieff, Scotland. Drunken Bacchus. A statue by Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1475- 156i). It is in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. .8®= •' It is a figure as large as life, of which Michael Angelo's contempo- raries speak with admiration, while moderns do not accord with this un- qualified appreciation." Grimm, Trans. .^f" The arms are perfect in their manly beauty ; the frame is powerfully modelled, and all the lines flow with boldness and truth, one into the other. As a work of art, unity alone is want- ing. He should be Bacchus in every thing." Shelley. ^- " The Drunken Bacchus . . . might pass for a relic of the palmiest times of Grecian art. The face, amidst its half-vacant, sensual expression, DKU 148 DRY shows traces of its immortal origin, and there is still an air of dignity preserved in the swagger of his beautiful form." Bayard Taylor. Drunken Faun. An admired stat- ue, a relic of ancient sculpture. Now in the museum at Naples, Italy. Drury Court. A court in London, formerly called May-pole Alley. See May-pole and Drukv La>e. Drury Lane. A street in London, so called from the town house of the Drury family. It was an ar- istocratic quarter till late in the seventeenth century. The pres- ent character of the place is im- plied in the lines of Gay (1688- 1732), written after it had begun to deteriorate. See Dkuky Lane Theatre. Oh. may thy virtue guard thee through the roads Of Drury^s mazy courts and dark abodes ! Oay. lat May. 1667. To Westminster, in the way meeting many milkmaids with their garlands upon their pails, dancing with a tiddler before them ; and saw pretty Nelly [Nell Gwynne] standing at her lodging- door, in I}rary-lane, m her smock-sleeves and bodice, looking upon one: she seemed a mighty pretty creature Pepys. Did you ever hear the like. Or ever hear the fame. Of five women barbers That lived in Drury Lane f Ballad. When Calvert's butt and Parson's black champagne Itegale the drabs and bloods of Drury Lane ; There in a lonely room, from bailiffs snug, The Muse found Scrogyen stretched be- neath a rug. Goldsmith. Drury Lane Theatre. The first building of this name, situated upon the same site with the pres- ent edilice, was opened in 1663. It was subsequently burned, and was rebuilt from designs by Sir Christopher Wren. It was re- opened in 1G74 with a prologue and epilogue by Dryden. Many erainent actors and playwrights have at dilferent times been con- nected with this theatre. It was again destroyed by fire in 1809, and the present house was opened in 1812 with a prologue by Lord r.yron. This opening in 1812 is interesting from its connection with the ptiblication of the " Ee- jected Addresses " of James and Horace Smith. The managers of the theatre having advertised for addresses, to be sent them, one of which was to be spoken on the first night, the brothers James and Horace wrote and published their collection of supposed i?e- jected Addresses, consisting of hu- morous imitations of different au- thors. See Dkort Lane. This old doorway, if you are young, reader, you may not know was the iden- tical pit entrance to old Drury, — Garrick's Drury, — all of it that is left I never pass it without shaking some forty years from off my shoulders, recurring to the evening when I passed through it to see my first play. Charles Lamb. To him [Johnson] she was as beautiful as the Gunnings, and witty as Lady Mary. Her opinion of his writings was more im- portant to him than the voice of the pit of Drury Lane Theatre, or the judgment of the Aionthly Review. Macaulay. Then spare our stage, ye methodistic men I Nor burn damn'd Drury if it rise again. Byron. For this world abounds In miraculous combinations, far tr.nnscending any thing they do at Drury Lane in the melodramat- ic way. Carlyle. Drusus, Arch of. See Arch of Drusos. Drusus, Tower of. A Roman rtiin at Mayence, Germany, regarded by some as the tomb of Drusus, the son-in-law of Augustus. Its popular name is the JSichel$tein. Dryburgh Abbey. This ancient abbey of Scotland is situated on the 'Tweed, aboitt 40 miles from Edinburgh. It was founded in 1144 by Hugh de Morville, ami endowed by David I. and by sev- eral chitrches. It has long been in ruins. One of the transept aisles remains, however, and here Sir "Walter Scott and his family are buried. ;9®=* " There is a part of the ruin that stands most picturesquely by itself, as if Old Time had intended it for a mon- ument. It is the ruin of that part of the chapel called St. Mary's Aisle : it stands surrounded by luxuriantthickets of pine and other trees, a cluster of beautiful Gothic arches supporting a second tier of smaller and more fanci- ful ones, one or two of which have that light touch of the Moorish in their form which gives such a singular apd DUB 149 BUM poetic effect in many of the old Gothic ruins. , Out of these wild arches and windows wave wreaths of ivy, and slender harebells shake theirhlue pen- dants. . . . Underneath these arches he [Scott] lies beside his wife; around him the representation , of the two things he loved most, — the wild bloom and beauty of nature, and the architec- tural memorial of bygone history and art." Mrs. H. B. Stowe. A solemn ruin, lovely in repose, JJrybargh! thine ivied walls were grayly seen : Thy court is now a garden, where the flowers Expand in silent beauty, and the bird Flitting from arch to arch alone is heard To cheer with song the melancholy bowers. > D. M. Moir. Thou alumberest with the noble dead In Oryburgh's solemn pile. Amid the peers and warriors bold, And mitred abbots stern and old. Who sleep in sculptured aisle. L. B. Stgoumep. Dublin Castle. The residence of the Viceroy of Ireland, in Dublin. It is an ancient stronghold, — begun in 1205, situated on very high ground nearly in the centre of the city, — but it has under- gone' almost entire restoration and renewal, and is now used for government offices. Ducal Palace. See Doge's Palace. Dudley House. A mansion in London, the residence of Earl Dudley, containing a fine collec- tion of pictures. Dudley Observatory. An astro- nomical observatory in Albany, N. Y. Duff House. The seat of the Earl of Fife, in the town of Banff, Scot- land. Duke Humphrey's Walk. A name once popularly given to the middle aisle of the nave in St. Paul's Church, London, in ■which was the tomb of the duke, son of Henry IV. The young idlers of Elizabeth's time were often called " Paul's "Walkers." XJ®- " An open question whether ' dining with Duke Humphrey ' alludes to the report that he was starved to death, or to the Elizabethan habit for poor gentility to beguile the dinner hour by a promenade near ms tomb in old St. Paul's." Yonge. Paul's Walk is the Land's Epitome, or you may call it the lesser lie of Great Brittaine. I Earle, Microcosmographia, 1629. — 1)0 you dine with Sir Humphrey to-day? I should think with Du/ce Humphrey was more in your way. Byron. Those who at Christmas do repine, And would fain hence despatch him. May they with old Duke Humphrey dine. Or else may Squire Ketch catch 'em. Duke of Exeter's Daughter. A name given to the rack, which was first introduced as an instru- ment of torture into the Tower of London by the Duke of Exeter in 1447. Duke of Guise. See Death op THE Duke of Guise. Duke of York's Column. A Scotch granite column 124 feet high, Carlton-House Gardens, London, surmounted by a statue of the Duke of York (d. 1827) in whose memory it was erected. Duke's Theatre. A famous old London theatre, built in 1660, which took the place of the older Salisbury Court Theatre. Knight says of the Salisbury Court thea- tre that it was in 1583 one of the chief London playhouses. The Duke's Theatre was destroyed in the great fire, and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren in 1671. It lasted down to the year 1720. *' Like Nero's palace shining all with gold." HryUen. Dulwioh College. An educational establishment in the environs of London, founded in 1613. The present building is mostly mod- ern. Dulwioh Gallery. A collection of paintings, founded by Sir Francis Bourgeois, now in Dulwich Col- lege, in the environs of London. It contains some fine specimens of the Dutch school. Dumbarton Castle. An ancient and celebrated fortress on the river Clyde, in Scotland. a®- "The rock is nearly 500 feet high, and from its position and great strength as a fortress has been called the Gibralter of Scotland." Bayard Taulor. DUK 150 DUN JS^ "All the teara we shed over Miss Porter'B William Wallace seem to rise up like a many-colored mist about it. The highcBt peak of the rock is still called Wallace's Seat, and a part of the castle, Wallace's Tower; and in one of its apartments a huge two-handed sword of the hero is still shown. 1 suppose, in fact, Miss Por- ter's sentimental hero is about as much like the real William Wallace as Dan- iel Boone is like Sir Charles Grandison. Many a young lady who has cried her- self sick over Wallace in the novel, would have been in perfect horror if she could have seen the real man. Still Dumbarton Castle is not a whit the less picturesq^ue for that." Mrs, II. B. Stowe. Dunamase, Rock of. See Kock of D UN AH AS E. Dunderberg. [Thunder Moun- tain.] An eminence on the Hud- son river at Caldwell's Landing, associated with romantic legends. JS^ " The captains of the river craft talk of a little bulbous-bottomed Dutch goblin, in trunk hose and sugar-loaf hat, with a speaking-trumpet in his hand, which they say keeps the Bonder Berg. They declare that they have heard hira in stormy weather, in the midst of the turmoil, giving orders in Low Dutch for the piping up of afresh gust of wind, or the rattling off of another thunder-clap. . . . Several events of this kind having taken place, the regular skippers of the river for a long time did not venture to pass the Donder Berg without lowering their peaks, out of homage to the Heer of the mountains; and it was observed that all such as paid this, tribute of respect were suflered to pass unmo- lested." WashingUyn l7^ing. Dundonald Castle. An ancient feudal mansion, now in ruins, near the town of Troon, in Scot- land. KingRobertll. of Scotland lived here before his accession to the throne. J^^ " Dr. Johnson, to irritate ray old Scottish enthusiasm, was very joc- ular on the homely accommodation of King Bob, and roared and laughed till the ruins echoed." Boswell. Dundrennan Abbey. An ancient and once celebrated monastic es- tablishment near Kirkcubbright, in Scotland, and near the sea. It was built in 1140 by King David for Cistercian monks from Eie- vaulx. Queen Mary is said to have slept there after the battle of Langside. Only the front of the building now remains. Dun Edin's Cross. An ancient monument, consisting of a shaft surmounted by a unicorn, stand- ing within the enclosure of St. Giles's Church, Edinburgh, Scot- land. It was taken down, and for a time removed from the city, but in 1866 was restored to its original place. The base is mod- ern. Dun-Edin's Cross, a pillared stone, Kose on a turret octagon. (But now is razed that monument Whence royal edict rang, And voice of Scotland's law was sent In glorious trumpet clang); Oh ! be his tomb as lead to lead Upon its dull destroyer's head ! — A minstrel's malison is said. Scott. Dunfermline Abbey. A famous burial-place of the Scottish kings. The original edifice was founded in the eleventh century. The existing building is of the present century. The Palace of Dun- fermline was a favorite residence of the kings of Scotland. Dunloe Cave. A singular cave near the entrance to the Gap of Dunloe, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. It is remarkable for some ancient stones which it con- tains, inscribed with the old Og- ham characters, said to have been used in Ireland long before the era of Christianity. It is con- jectured that this writing may be a relic of the old Phcenician writing introduced by a colony into Ireland. Dunloe Gap. A noted pass about four miles in length, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. JS^ "The visitor is at once con- vinced that he is about to visit a scene . rarely paralleled for wild grandeur and stern magnificence; the singular char- acter of the deep ravine would seem to confirm the popular tradition that It was produced by a stroke of the sword of one of the giants of old, which divided the mountains and left them apaft forever. Anywhere, and under any circumstances, this rugged and gloomy pass would be a most striking object; but its interest and importance are no doubt considerably enhanced by DUN 151 DUE the position it occupies in tbe very cen- tre of gentle and delicious beauty." Mr. and Mrs. Ball. Dunluoe Castle. One of the most interesting and remarkable ruins in Ireland, in the county of Antrim, the former seat of the McDonnels. It stands on an in- sulated rock a hundred feet above the sea, while its base has been formed by the action of the waves into spacious and beautiful cav- erns. &^ " It was the most mournful and desolate picture I ever beheld. ... In front the breakers dashed into the en. trance, flinging tbe spray half way to the roof, while the sound rang up through the arches like thunder. It seemed to me tbe haunt of the old Norsemen's sea-gods." Bayard Taylor. Dunmore House. The seat of the Earl of Dunmore, on the Firth of Forth, Scotland. Dunmore House. An ancient but decaying mansion in Williams- burg, Va., the former residence of Lord Dunmore, the last of the colonial governors- of Virginia. It is of brick, and was in its day a house of vice-regal splendor. Dunnottar Castle. A ruined for- tress near Stonehaven, Scotland, the seat of the Keiths, earls mar- ischal of Scotland. It was taken by "Wallace in 1296, and was dis- mantled in the early part of the last century. It was at one time a place of imprisonment of the Scottish Covenanters. ;C®* *' Bare and desolate, surrounded on all sides by the restle^, moaning waves ; a place justly held accursed as the scene of cruelties to the Covenant- ers, so appalling and brutal as to make the blood boil in tbe recital, even in this late day." Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Dunrobin Castle. The seat of the Duke of Sutherland, a castel- lated mansion, and one of the finest residences in Scotland. It is situated in the parish of Gols- pie, in the county of Sutherland. Dunroby Abbey. A beautiful ru- ined monastery in the county of Wexford, Ireland. It was found- ed in 1182. Dunsinane Hill. An eminence about 1,100 feet in height, near Errol, in Scotland, famous from its associations with Shake- speare's tragedy of " Macbeth," and as having been the site of the castle mentioned in the play. See Maobbth's Cairn. I pull in resolution, and begin To doubt the equivocation of the fiend That lies like truth: * Fear not till Jiir- nam Wood Do come to Dunsinane; ' and now a wood Comes toward Dunsittane. Shakespeare. Dunstan's, St. See St. Dunstan's. Dunvegan Castle. An ancient mansion in the North of Scotland, the seat of Macleod of Maclend, said to be the oldest inhabited castle in the country. Sir Wal- ter Scott composed one of his poems here. Duomo. For names beginning with the word DuoMO (Italian tor cathedral) see the next promi- nent word of the name; e.g., Du- omo Di Pisa, see Pisa, Cathedkal OF. Du Quesne, Fort. See Fort du QUESNE. Duraudal. The famous sword of Koland the Brave, said to have been brought with his body by Charlemagne from Roncesvaux, and interred in the citadel of Blaye, on the Garonne, France. Durazzo Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Durazzo.} A splendid palace in Genoa, Italy, containing some fine pictures. Diirer, Albert. See Albert DD- BEK. Durgah, The. A famous tomb, built for the Shekh Selim-Chisti, at Futtehpore, about 22 miles from .A.gra, in Hindostan. flS-" The tomb, as well as a canopy six feet high which covers it, is made of mother-of-pearl. The floor is of jas- per, and tbe walls of white marble in- laid with corneban. A cloth of silk and gold was spread over it like a pall, and upon this were wreaths of fresh and withered flowers. The screens of marble surrounding the building are tbe most beautiful in India. They are single thin slabs about eight feet square, and wrought into such intricate open patterns that you would say they had DUii 152 DYI been ■woven in a loom. Buah^rat Ali informed me that the Durgah was erected in one year, and that it cost 37 lacs of rupees, — $1,760,000." Bayard Taylor. Durham Castle. One of the noble remains of antiquity in the North of England, different portions of which date back to different pe- riods. A great part of it is sup- posed to be no older than 'William the Conqueror; but there must have been a fortress before that time. The old keep, which com- mands beautiful views, is divided into rooms which are occupied by students of the university. Gray towers of Durham ! there was once a time I viewed your battlements with such vaeue hope As brightens life in its first dawning prime; Well yet I love thy mixed and massive piles, Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot, And long to roam these venerable aisles. With records stored of deeds long since forgot. Scolt. Durham Cathedral. One of the noblest ecclesiastical edifices in England. It was founded in 1093; is 507 feet in length, 200 feet in breadth, and has a tower 214 feet in height. It is of massive Norman architecture. Durham House. A noble man- sion in London in former days, situated on the Strand. It was at one time in the possession of Sir Walter Raleigh. A part of the site is now occupied by the Adelphi Terrace. Durham Terrace. A terrace at Quebec, Canada, 200 feet above the river, and commanding a magnificent view. The terrace, which is a favorite promenade, stands upon the platform and buttresses where was formerly the Cbateau of St. Louis, built by (Jhamplaiu in 1620. .^T'* There is not in the world a nobler outlook than that from the ter- race at Quebec. You stand upon a rock overhanging city and river, and look down upon the guard-ships' masts. Acre upon acre of timber comes float- ing down the stream above the city, the Canadian boat-songs just reaching you ' upon the heights." Sir Charles IHlke. Durreustein. A famous ruined castle on the Danube, near Linz, once the prison of Richard Coeur de Lion. Diisseldorf Gallery, A gallery of paintings in Diisseldorf, Ger- many, founded at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1805 all the finest pictures in the gal- lery were taken to Munich by Max. Joseph, king of Bavaria, and are now in the Pinakothek. The gallery, however, still con- tains many valuable sketches and drawings by celebrated artists. Diisseldorf Madonna. A name sometimes given to a picture of a Holy Family by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), formerly in DUssel- dorf, but now in the Pinakothek at Munich, Bavaria. .e®^" Christ and St, John attending to each other ; the Virgin sitting on the ground looking at St. John ; St. Joseph behind with both hands on his staff . . . altogether a very regular pyramid." Sir Joshua Reynolds* See Old Dutch Dutch Church. Church. Dyiijg Gladiator. A famous work of ancient sculpture, representing a Gaul dying, and supposed to be one of a series of figures illus- trating the incursion of the Gauls into Greece. The best authori- ties now regard this wonderful statue as that of a dying Gaul, and nota gladiator, though some have looked upon it as either the original work or a copy of a stat- ue by Ctesilaus (Cresilas), a Gre- cian sculptor, aiid contemporary of Phidias. It is now preserved in the museum of the Capitol at Rome. The right arm of this statue has been restored. It is not positively known by whom this restoration was made; but the work has been credited to Michael Angelo on the ground that no one else could have done it. See BoKGHESE Gladiatok and Wounded Gladiatok. DYI 153 DYI JS^" Here is a real and not an ideal Btatue: the figure, nevertheless, is beau- tiful, because men of this class devoted their lives to exercising naked." Tainet Trans. I must never forget the famous statue of the Gladiator spoken of by Pliny, so much follow'd by all the rare artists, as the many copies testify, dispersed through almost all Europe, both iu stone and metal. John Evelyn, 1644. I see before me the Gladiator lie : He leans upon his hand — his manly brow Consents to death, but conquers agony. Byron. It was that room, in the centre of which reclines the noble and most pathetic fig- ure of the Dying Gladiator, just sinlting into his death-swoon. Hawthorne. Dying Magdalene. A well-tnown work of sculpture by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). EAS 154 EAS E. Ear of Dionysius. In the neigh- borhood of Syracuse, in Sicily, is a cave of great depth, wlilch Is said to have been built by Dio- nysius the Elder, a tyrant, or usurper, Avho was born about B.C. 430, anddiedB.C.367,inthesixty- third year of his age, and the thir- ty-ninth of his rule. This cave Tvas 250 feet long and 80 feet high. It was fashioned in the form of a human ear; and the faintest sounds were carried from all parts to a central chamber, which corre- sponded to the tympanum, or drum, of the ear. In this remark- able whispering gallery, Dionysius imprisoned all who were the ob- jects of his suspicions; while he himself was in the habit of passing entiredays in the innermostcham- ber, listening to the conversation of his victims, in order that he might ascertain for himself who were really his enemies. Ancient writers tell us that the workmen who constructed the cavern were put to death to prevent them from divulging the use to which it was to be put, and that whole families were sometimes confined in it at once. Modern travellers relate that even at the present day, notwithstanding the changes which have been wrought by time, the echo is such that the tearing of a sheet of paper at the entrance can be distinctly heard in the re- motest part. Pieces of iron and lead have been found in making excavations, and they are thought to be the remains of the chains and staples by which the prison- ers were confined. This serpent in the wall is arranged for hearing. It Is an Ear of Dionysius. Qeorge Sand, Trans. Nevertheless, even in the height of his glory, he [Voltiiiro] has a strange sensi- tiveness to tile judgment of the world: could he have contrived a Dionysius' Ear, in the Rue Traversifere, we sliould have found him watching at it night and day. Carlylc. Earthly Love. An admired pic- ture by Caravaggio (1569-1609). In the Berlin Museum. East India Docks. These docks, in London, originally built for the East India Company, have been, since the opening of tlie trade to India, the property of the East and West India Compa- nies. They were opened in 1806. See "Wkst India Docks. Captain Cuttle lived on the brink of a little canal near the India Docks, where there was a swivel bridge, which opened now and then to let some wandering mon- ster of a ship come roaming up the street like a stranded leviathan. Dickens, East India House. The house of the East India Company, " the most celebrated commercial association of ancient or mod- ern times." It was situated in Leadenhall Street, London, and was taken down in 1862, its cele- brated museum having been re- moved to Fife House, White- hall. The museum is now at the South Kensington Museum. Hoole, the translator of Tasso, Charles Lamb, and James Mill, the historian of British India, were clerks in the East India House. j(J®-"My printed works were my recreations : my true works may be found on the shelves in Leadenhall Street, filling some hundred folios." Charles Lamb. Scandinavian Thor, who once forged his bolts in icy Hecla, and built galleys by lonely florda, in England, has ad- vanced with the times, has shorn his beard, enters Parliament, sits down at a desk in the Ijtdia Bouse, and lends Jlioll- nir to Birmingham for a steam hammer. Emerson. East India Marine Hall. A build- ing in Salem, Mass., containing collections of the Essex Institute and of the East India Marine So- ciety. The scientific cabinets of the Essex Institute are extensive and well-arranged, and the col- lections of the Marine Society in- EAS 155 ECC elude many curiosities from Ori- ental countries and otlier distant nations. . m^* Among the numerous curiosi- ties is a piece of wood-carving in liie form of two lieraispheres IJ inches in diameter, in the concavities of which are carved representations on the one hemisphere of heaven and on the other of hell. There are 110 full- length figures in the carving, and the whole is very sliiifuliy executed. It is said to be the work of an Italian monk of the fourteenth century. East Eoom. A noted apartment in the White House at Washing- ton, being a richly-decorated hall 80 feet in length by 40 feet in width, adorned with portraits of the Presidents, and used for pub- lic receptions. Eagle's Nest. A celebrated rock about 1,200 feet in height, among the Killarney lakes in the county of Derry, Ireland. It is noted for its wonderful and exciting echoes. It derives its name from the fact, that for centuries it has been the favorite abode of eagles. J3^^ " It is impossible for language to convey even a remote idea of the ex- ceeding delight communicated by this development of a most wonderful prop- erty of nature. ... It is not only by the louder sounds that the echoes of the hills are awakened; the clapping of a hand will call them forth ; almost a whisper will be repeated, — far off, ceas- ing, resuming, ceasing again." Mr. and Mrs. S. 0. Eall. j(J®=~"Itis scarcely in the power of language to convey an idea of the ex- traordinary effect of the echoes under this cliff, whether they repeat the dul- cet notes of music or the loud, discord- ant report of a cannon." Weld. Eastcheap. An ancient thorough- fare in London. It was the East Cheap or market, in distinction from Cheapside, which was the West Cheap. Here was the fa- mous Boar's Head Tavern. Stowe says that Eastcheap was always famous for its " convivial doings. The cookes cried hot ribbes of beef roasted, pies wellbaked,andother victuals: there was clattering of pewter pots, harpe, pipe, and sawtrie.'' See Boar's Head Tav- ern. Then I hyed me into Esl-Chepe, One cryes ribbes of befe and many a pye: Pewter pottes they clattered on a lieape. Lydgale. Eastcheap, that ancient region of wit and wassail, wlitre the very names of the streets relished of good cheer, as Pudding Lane bears testimony even at the present day. Irving. Age, car^, wisdom, reflection, begone ! I give you to the winds. Let's have t'oth- er bottle ; here's to the memory of Shake- speare, Falstaff, and all the merry men of Eastcheap. Goldsmith. Shakespeare knew . . . innumerable things : what men are, and what the world is, and how and what men aim at there, from the Dame Quickly of modern Eastcheap to the Caisar of ancient Rome, over many countries, over many centu- ries. Carlyle. Eastnor Castle. The seat of the Earl of Somers, near Ledbury, England. Eaton Hall. A noted mansion, the seat of the Marquis of West- minster, on the banks of the Dee, near Chester, England. Eaton Square. A well-known l^ublic square in London. Ebernburg. A ruined castle in Bavaria, which, in the sixteenth century, afforded shelter to many of the early Reformers. Eoce Homo. [Behold the Man.] A favorite subject of representa- tion by the religious painters of the Middle Ages, in which Christ is exhibited as presented to the people, according to the account in John xix. 5. a^^ '* The Ecce Homo is a compara- tively late subject. It did not occur in the Greek Church, . . , it does not ap- pear in early ivories, nor in manu- scripts. ... It was one of the aims in the Roman Church from the fifteenth century, to excite compassion for the Saviour, — an aim which has always tended to lower Art by lowering the great idea slie is bound to keep in view." Lady Easilake. On the freshly - stretched canvas of American landscapes plenty of Ecce Ho- mos breathe and live, who hide their wounds lest they fill tlie eyes of behold- ers with a medieval pity. John Weiss. Of a great number of composi- tions upon this subject, a few only of the more celebrated or familiar may be named. ECO 156 ECH Ecce Homo. A picture by Fra Eartolommeo (1469-1517). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Ecce Homo. A celebrated pic- ture by Antonio Allegri, sur- namedCorreggio (1494^1534). Tbe Virgin is represented in front fainting— a uniqueincident. This picture is considered a master- work of Correggio. Now in the National Gallery, London. There is another picture by Correggio upon the same subject, in the Museum at Berlin. iS^" The Ecce Homo, by Correggio, in our National Gallery, is treated in a very peculiar manner in reference to the Virgin, and is, in fact, another ver- sion of Lo Spasimo [q. v.\, the fourth of her hieffable sorrows. Here Christ, as exhibited to the people by Pilate, is placed in the distance, and is in all re- spects the least important part of the picture, of which we have the real sub- ject in the far more prominent figure of the Virgin in the foreground." Mrs. Jameson. -ftTF**' Correggio's picture in the Na- tional Gallery is a master-work, on which all praise is superfluous. The fainting Virgin in front is a novel inci- 1 dent in this piece, and, far from adding pathos, embarrasses the position of the Saviour, whose attention would natural- ly be concentrated on his mother." Lady Eastlake. j(J®="" Lastly his [Correggio's] Ecce Homo in the Berlin Museum, a paint- ing in which pain and sadness and beauty are united into the most touch- ing spectacle. Leonardo alone, beside him, could have painted it." Grimm, Trans. Ecce Homo. A picture by Lu- dovico Cardi da Cigoli (1599-1613), his chef d'(euvrp, and a work of the highest order. It is in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. J3Qf " One of the most beautiful pic- tures of this subject was reseiTed for a comparatively late master to execute. Cigoli s large work in the Pitti . . . can hardly fall to touch the heart. . . . All is mournful, gentle, and loving; and the very color of the robe adds to the sad- ness." Zady Eastlake. Ecce Homo. A painting by Rem- brandt van Eyn (1606-1669). ,^" " That 'inspired Dutchman,* aa Mrs. Jameson has called Rembrandt, threw all his grand and uncouth soul into this subject [the Ecce Homo]. He painted it once in chiaroscuro, and treated it twice in an etching, each time historically." Lady Eastlake. Ecce Homo. A picture by Jan van Mabuse (1499-1562 ?), a Flem- ish painter. It is in the Museum at Antwerp, Belgium. Ecce Hovio. A celebrated pic- ture by Titian (1477-1576), which includes portraits of the Emperor Charles V. in armor, of the Sul- tan Solyman, and of the painter himself. The picture formerly belonged to Charles I. of Eng- land, and was sold by Oliver Cromwell. Kow in the Belvedere Gallery at Vienna, Austria. Ecce Homo. An admired pic- ture by Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). In the Pa- lazzo Corsini, Rome. JB^ "A painting which, notwith- standing the painful nature of the sub- ject and all its hackneyed representa- tions, is full of such deep and powerful expression, and so faultless in its exe- cution, that it awakens our highest ad- miration." Eaton. Eccentrics, The. A convivial club in London, which first met about 1800 in a tavern in Chandos Street, Covent Garden, and afterwards removed to St. Martin's Lane, where they met till 1840. It was an offshoot of The Brilliants. j8®~ "Amongst the members were many celebrities of the literary and political world, they were always treated with indulgence by the authori- ties. . . . From its commencement the Eccentrics are said to have numbered upwards of 40,000 members, many of them holding high social position : among others, Fox, Sheridan, Lord Melbourne, and Lord Brougham. On the same memorable night that Sheri- dan and Lord Petersham were admitted, Hook was also enrolled." Timbs. Echo Canon. A remarkable and famous ravine forming a gateway through the Wahsatch range of mountains in Utah Territory. It is one of the most astonishing natural spectacles to be found in the West. The trains of the Un- ion Pacific Railroad pass through this gorge. Echo Lake. A picturesque little lake a short distance north of the ECH 157 EGY Profile House in the Pranconia Mountains, N.H., so named from the remarltable echoes which can he heard here. " Franconia is more fortunate in its little tarn that is rimmed hy the undis- turbed wilderness, and watched hy the grizzly peak of Lafayette, than in the Old Stone Face from which it has gained so much celebrity." Echo River. A partly subterra^ nean river in Kentucky. It fiows for three-quarters of a mile with- in the MammothCave, and finally empties into Green River. Ecluse. See Fort de l'Eclusb. Ecole Polytechnique. [Polytech- nic School.] A celebrated insti- tution in Paris, founded in 1795. The pupils are admitted only on examination. The candidates must be between 16 and 20 years of age. The pupils are examined at the end of the course, which is two years in length, and are assigned to various positions in the public service, according to their proficiency. They have more than once shown themselves ardent politicians. Ecstasy of St. Francis. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the gallery at Vienna, Austria. Eddystone Light-house. The " Eddystone " is the name of the highest part of a perilous reef about 14 miles south-west of the harbor of Plymouth, England. The first light-house upon this dangerous rock was begun in 1696 by Henry "Winstanley. Several years after the completion of this structure, which resembled a ' ' Chinese pagoda, with open gal- leries and fantastic projections," it was entirely carried away. Another light-house, built of stone and timber, was completed by Mr. Eudyerd in 1709, and burned in 1755. The third and present light-house upon the Ed- dystone rock was begun by John Smeaton in 1756, and finished in 1759. It is built of stone, and the separate stones are securely fas- tened together (and the lower courses to the ledge) by an ingen- ious system of dovetailing, ft is 100 feet in height and 26 feet in diameter. Over the door of the lantern is the inscription: "24th Aug., 1759. Laus Deo." Eden Hall. The ancient seat of the celebrated Border clan of the Musgraves, near Penrith, in Cum- berland, England. An interest- ing legend is connected with a curious drinking-cup, an heir- loom in the family. See Luck OF Edenhall. Eden Park. A pleasure-ground of 160 acres on an eminence east of Cincinnati, O. Edgeoumbe. See Mount Edge- CUMBE. Edinburgh Castle. A celebrated fortress in the form of an irregu- lar pile of buildings on an emi- nence in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. As a royal residence it dates back to the twelfth cen- tury. It was taken by Cromwell after the battle of Dunbar. Edouard, Enfans d'. See Eneans d' Edouard. Edward the Confessor's Chapel. An ancient chapel in Westmin- ster Abbey, London, in which are the tombs of many of the early- kings and queens of England, with their families. Egeria. See Fountain op Egeria. Egllnton Castle. The seat of the Earl of Egllnton, near Irvine, Scotland. Egypt. See Flight into Egypt and Kepose in Egypt. Egyptian Hall. 1. The principal room in the Mansion House, Lon- don, so named from being built in accordance with the descrip- tion of the Egyptian Hall given hy Vitruvius. A playful fancy could have carried the matter further, could have depicted the feast in the Egyptian Hall, the ministers, chief justices, and right reverend prelates taking their seats round about his lordship, the turtle and ottier delicious viands. Thackeray. 2. An edifice known as Egyp- tian Hall, and containing lecture- EGY 158 ELE rooms, a bazaar, and gallery of curiosities, is situated in Picca- dilly, London. Egyptian Museum. The collec- tion of this museum, in the Vati- can, Eome, was begun by Pius VII. Ehrenberg. A fine relic of medi- SBval times, situated on a rocky height near the Moselle. It is thought to surpass in beauty any of the castles on the Rhine. Ehrenbreitstein. [Broad Stone of Honor.] This fortress, called the Gibraltar of the Ehine, is situated on a precipitous rock, 377 feet above the river. During the French Revolutionary War it was besieged four times, and surren- dered in 1709. The French sub- sequently blew it up, and desert- ed it in 1801. The fortress was restored at great expense by the Prussians, and is much admired. The view from the summit is one of the finest on the Rhine. Eh- renbreitstein, at first a Roman casirum, was a refuge for the electors of Treves in medifeval times. JlSr- " Apart from its magnitude and almost impregnable situation on a per- pendiculai- rock, it ia filled by the rec- ollections of history, and liallowcd by the voice of poetry." Bayard Taylor, Here Ehrenhreitslein, with her shattered wall Black with the miner's blast upon her height, Yet sliuws of what she was, when shell and ball Rebounding,' idly on licrstrenpthdid light: A tower of victory I from whence the Hiyht Of baffled foes was watched along the lilain; But Peace destroyed what War could never bliglit, And laid those proud roofs bare to sum- mer's rahi, On which the iron shower for years had poured in vain. Byron. Bhrenfels. [Rock of Honor.] A ruined castle of the thirteenth century, near Bingen on the Rliine. Eichelstein. [The Acorn.] The popular name of the old Roman structure at Mayeiice, otherwise known as the Tower of Drusus. See Dkusus, Towek of. 1807. A picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1813). The artist is said to have labored 15 years upon this picture, which was purchased by the late A. T. Stewart of New York for more than 300,000 francs. 1814. A picture by Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier (b. 1813), the eminent French painter. Eildon Hall. A seat of the Duke of BUccleuch, near Newton St. Boswells, Scotland. Elnsiedeln Abbey. A famous Benedictine abbey in the town of Einsiedeln, Switzerland, after Lo- reto, in Italy, the most celebrated resort for pilgrims in Europe. It is estimated that more than 150,000 persons visit this shrine of the Virgin annually on the 14th of September. j8S=- "I was astonished at the splen- dor of this church situated in a lonely and unproductive Alpine valley. The lofty arches of the ceiling, which are covered with superb fresco-paintings, rest on enormous pillars of granite, and every image and shrine is richly - ornamented with gold. . . Many of the pilgrims came from a long dis- tance." Hayard Taylor. Eiserne Jungfrau. See Iron Vir- gin. Eleanor Crosses. A popular name of memorials, in the form of a cross, erected to Queen Eleanor of England by order of her hus- band, King Edward, "in every place and town Avhere the corpse rested '(on its way from Hardby to 'Westminster)." Fifteen crosses are believed to have been origi- nally erected, of which only three now remain, the principal and best known being those at North- ampton and at Waltham. See Charing Cross. Time must destroy those crosses Raised by the Poet-Kinff , But as long as the blue sea tosses. As long as the skylarks sing, As long as London's river Glides stately down to the Note, Men shall remember ever How he loved Queen Eleiinore. MorUiner Collins, Electors of Treves, Castle of the. A vast mediiEval palace (built ELE 159 ELL 1280) near Coblenz, on the Rhine. It has been converted into a man- ufactory. Elephant, The. An old London tavern in Fenchurch Street, of earlier date than the Great Fire of 1666, talcen down in the first part of this century and rebuilt. Elephanta, Cave-temples of. These celebrated remains are situated upon the island of Ele- phanta, about seven miles from Bombay, in India. In one of the caves is a colossal figure of the Hindoo Trinity, called the Tri- murti. The largest temple-cave is 130 feet long by 123 feet in breadth. «S- " The PortugueBe, In their zeal for destroying heathen idols, planted cannon before the entrance of the cave, and destroyed many of the columns and sculptured panels, but the faces of the colossal Trinity have escaped mu- tilation. This, the Trimurti, is a grand and imposing piece of sculpture, not unworthy of the best period of Egyptian art. It is a triple bust, and ■with the richly adorned mitres that crown the heads, rises to the height of twelve fpet." Bayard Taylor. Elevation of the Cross. A colos- sal picture by Peter Paul Kubens (1577-1640). In the Cathedral of Antwerp, Belgium. ;6^ ** Rubens stands forth in all his Titanic greatness as the painter of vio- lent and agitiitcd scenes. The effect of this picture [the Elevation of the Cross] is something overpowering, but in all other respects it bears no comparison with the Descent from the Cross [q'V.]" Handbook of Painting. j^- This subject has been treated by painters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by Vandyck, Le- brun, Largilliere, and others. Elgin Cathedral. This ancient cathedral, on the banks of the Lossie, was founded in 1224. It has been repeatedly injured by fire, and plundered, and rebuilt. Though not harmonious, different portions being of different styles of architecture, its remains are on the whole the most magnificent ecclesiastical ruins in Scotland. Elgin Marbles. A collection of sculptures brought from the Par- thenon at Athens by the Earl of Elgin, and now deposited in the British Museum, London. I^i 1801 Lord Elgin, who had gone to Athens for the purpose, re- ceived permission from the Turk- ish Government to take away any stones that might be interesting to him; and the result of his la^ bors was the collection which has since borne his name. The mar- bles were purchased by the Brit- ish Government in 1816. «®- " Were the Elgin Marbles lost, there would be as great a gap in art as there would be in philosophy if Newton had never existed." Haydon. j8®" *' We possess in England the most precious examples of Grecian power in the sculpture of animals. The horses of the frieze in the Elgin collec- tion appear to live and move, to roll their eyes, to gallop, prance, and cur- vet ; the veins of their faces and legs seem distended with circulation; in them ' are distinguished the hardness and decision of bony forms, from the elasticity of tendon and the softness of flesh." Flaxman. JH^ " Lord Elgin, at Athens, saw the imminent ruin of the Greek re- mains, set up bis scaffoldings, in spite of epigrams, and, after five years' labor to collect them, got bis marbles on ship- board. The ship struck a rock, and went to the bottom. He had them all , fished up, by divers, at a vast expense, and brought to London ; not knowing that Haydon, Fuseli, and Canova, and all good heads in all the world, were to be his applauders." Emerson. It is 'Change time, and I am strangely among the Elgin Marbles. Charles Lamb. Elijah in the "Wilderness. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American paint- er. Now in England. Eliodoro, Stanza d'. See Stanze OF Raphael. EUsius, St. See St. Blisius. Elizabeth. See St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Ellen's Isle. An island in Loch Katrine, Scotland, celebrated in the legendary history of Scotland, and in Sir Walter Scott's poem ELL 160 ELY of "The Lady of the Lake," as the scene of the interview be- tween Fitz James and the hero- ine. -8®=*" It is a little island, but very famous in Romance land ; for Ellen, as almost everybody knows, was the Lady of the Lake. ... A more poetic, romantic retreat could hardly be ima- gined ; it is unique." J, F. Sunnewell. J8@" " A beautiful little turquoise in the silver setting of Loch Katrine." Bayard Taylor. Elllsland. A farm near Holywood on the river Nith, in Scotland, formerly rented by the poet Burns, and where he wrote some of his most^admired pieces, such as "Tam O'Shanter," and " To Mary in Heaven." "On a win- dow in the house may still be seen, scratched by Bnrns upon the glass, ' An honest man's the no- blest work of God.' " EUora, Cave-temples of. A series of remarkable and celebrated sculptured caverns or rock-tem- ples at BUora in the Deccan, In- dia, which are classed among the greatest wonders of architecture. fl®^" Their character is antique, but their date is uncertain : all that can be conjectured being that the more an- cient portion of them belong to the ages before Christ. They are conse- crated to several divinities of the Brah- minic Pantheon. The hills of Ellora cx^tend a length of two miles in the form of a crescent. Their flanks are pierced with subterranean galleries not less than two leagues in extent. Here ia to be found a great hall, nearly square, which is 180 feet long, 150 feet broad, and 18 feet high. The roof is supported by 28 columns. Certain of the excavations disclose many stories which communicate with each other." Lefiwe, Trans. Donald. Ellsworth, Fort. See Port Ells- worth. Elmo, St. See St. Elmo. Elmwood. An ancient colonial house in Cambridge, Mass., near Mount Auburn Cemetery, the home of James Russell Lowell. Eltham Castle. An ancient royal Ealace in England, near London, uilt by Edward IV. It was a frequent residence of the English sovereigns before Henrj; VIII., and here they held their great Christmas feasts. It is now a ruin, and used only as a barn. Ely Cathedral. The old convent- ual church of Ely, near Cam- bridge, England, was converted into the present structure by Henry VIII. Of the existing edifice the oldest part was erected in the reign of "William Eufus. Merrily sang the monks within Ely When Canute the King rowed thereby; {Row me, Knights, the shore along, And listen to these monks' song). Old Ballad. Ely House. An ancient palace in London, where " old John of Gaunt, time-honored Lancaster," died. It is alluded to in the plays of Shakespeare. My lord of Ely, when I was last in Hol- born, I saw good strawberries in your garden there ; I do beseech you send for some of them. Richard III. Elymas the Sorcerer struck with Blindness. One of the famous cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican were executed. ElysSe Bourbon. See ELYsi;B, PAiAlS. ElysSes. See Champs Eltsees. ElysSe Napol€on. See Elysee, Palais. ElysSe, Palais. A celebrated his- toric house, Rue du Faubourg St. Honore, Paris, built in 1718. Here at different times lived the Duchess of Bourbon (from whom it was called Elysie Bourbon), Murat, Kapoleon t., the Duke of ■Wellington, Napoleon III. Here Napoleon I. signed his abdica- tion, and here he passed his last night in Paris. [It was also for- merly called Elys€e Napolion.] Elysian Fields. A region in the neighborhood of Baias, in South- ern Italy, covered with gardens and vineyards, and which is thought to correspond with the description of Elysium given by Virgil. See also Champs Ely- sees. ELZ 161 END Elz Castle. A fine relic of feudal times near Garden in Eheuish ' Prussia, pronounced "an almost solitary example of a feudal resi- dence spared by fire, war, and time, and remainii;g in nearly the same condition that it was two or three centuries ago." It is in- habited, and contains a curious collection of antiquities. Elzevir Editions. A name applied to certain carefully printed and elegant editions of the works of Latin and Greek authors, issued by printers of the name of Elze- vir in Amsterdam and Leyden, Holland, and mostly published between 1595 and 1680. The old, dead authors thronged him round about. And Elzevir's gray ghosts from leathern graves looked out. Whittier. Emancipation Proolamation. A picture by Francis Bickuell Car- penter (b. 1830), and well known through the engraving by Ritchie. This painting was purchased and presented to Congress in 1877. It is now in the House of Represent- atives in the National Capitol, Washington. Emanuel. See Temple Emanuel. Emanuel College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1584. Embarkation of St. Ursula. A picture by Vittore Carpaccio (1450- 1520?). in the Accademia della Belle Arti at Venice, Italy. Embarkation of the Pilgrims. A picture in one of the panels of the Rotunda in the Capitol at Wash- ington, representing the depart- ure of the pilgrims from Hol- land. It was painted by Robert Weir (b. 1803), and was completed and placed in position during the administration of President Polk. The artist is considered to have sacrificed historical truth in order that he might produce a picture full of strong effects. The sum of ten thousand dollars was paid for this work. Familiar from its reproduction upon bills of the national currency. , Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba. A celebrated picture by Claude Lorraiu (1600-1082). In the National Gallery, London. Emma Mine. A mine of precious ore in Utah Territory, south-east of Salt Lake City. The sale of this mine to a stock-company, some years ago, most of the stock being held in London, was a mat- ter of great notoriety, and caused much sensation. Emperor of Bells. [Russian, Tzar Kolokol.] A renowned bell pre- served in the Kremlin at Mos- cow, Russia, cast by order of the Empress Anne in 1730. It was broken a few years afterward by the burning of the wooden tower in which it was suspended. It is said to be over 21 feet in height, about 22 feet in diameter at the bottom, to weigh between 100 and 200 tons, and to contain an amount of gold, silver, and cop- per, estimated to be worth $1,500,- 000. The "New Bell" of Mos- cow is 21 feet in height, and 18 feet in diameter. .t^=" " From the time of Herodotus, the Scythians were great casters of metal, and famous for their bells. The specimens of casting of this sort in Rus- sia reduce all the great bells of West- ern Europe to comparative insignifi- cance. It of course became necessary to provide places in which to hang these bells; and as nothing in Byzan- tine or Armenian architecture afforded a hint for amalgamating the belfry with the church, they went to work in their own way, and constructed towers whol- ly independent of the churches." I'ergusson. Emperors, Hall of the. See Hall OF THE EmPEKOKS. Empire. See Coukse op Empire and Stak op Empire. Endowment House. A building in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in which many of the rites of the Mormon worship, such as " sealings," and baptisms for the dead, are performed, and where they claim to receive their " en- dowments" from heaven. The edifice is constructed of unburnt brick. ENF 162 ENT Enfans d' Edouard. [Edward's Children.] A picture by Paul Delaroclie (1797-1856). ;OSS-"The 'EnfanB d'Edouard ' is renowned over Europe, and has ap- peared in a hundred different ways in print. It is properly pathetic and gloomy, and merits fully ita high repu- tation." Thackeray. Engelberg Abbey. A noted Ben- edictine abbey near the town of the same name in Switzerland. It was founded in the twelfth century, but the present building was erected in the early part of the last century. There is a tra- dition tliat angels chose the site of the monastery. Whose authentic lay Sung from that heavenly ground in mid- dle air, Made known the spot where Piety should raise A holy structure to th' Almighty's praise. Word&worih. Engliinderhiibel. [English Hill- ock.] A mound in Switzerland, about 11 miles from Lucerne, containing the bones of 3,000 Euglisiimen, followers of the Duke of Bedford, who were de- feated in battle while devastating the Swiss cantons. English Coasts. See Our English Coasts. English Opera House. See Ly- ceum Theatke . Enterprise, The. 1. An Arctic exploring ship which sailed to the Northern seas under Sir James Ross in 1848. 2. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Feb. 9, 1864. Entombment, The. A subject very often treated by the great' religious painters of the Middle Ages, exhibiting the burial of Christ in accordance with the Scriptural account of that event. Of the great number of pictures upon this subject, among the more celebrated are those given below. Entombment, The. A picture by Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336). In the Chapel of the Arena, Pad- ua, Italy. Entombment, The. A magnifi- cent picture by Taddeo Gaddi (1300-1366?), executed for the church of Or-San-Michele. Now in the Academy at Florence, It- aly. Entombment, TJie. A picture by Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. Entombment, The. A picture by Jan Mostaert (1474-1655), the Flemish painter. It is now in the possession of Rev. Mr. Heath at Enfield, England. Enlombm.ent, The. A famous picture by Titian (1477-1576), rep- resenting this well-known sub- ject. It is in the Louvre, Paris. There is a copy in the Manfrin Gallery, Venice, Italy. K^^ " An instance of the manner in which all subjects ministered to his favorite forms of dignity and tranquil- lity. The grief of such noble beings as support the half-concealed body of the Lord is one of the most dignified and impressive things in this world. Though all intent on the sacred object they hear, the fact of their hearing it is a fiction. Such strength and strain as would actually have been needed, would have overturned all the gravity which was Titian's chief aim, and the cloth by which they sustain the great weight of a well-developed body is not even drawn tight beneath their grasp." Sastlake. Entomhment, The. A celebrated altar-piece by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), painted for the church of S. Francesco at Perugia, Italy, and now in the Borghese Gallery at Rome. flS- "This is the first of Raphael's compositions in which a historical sub- ject is dramatically treated ; and, as is evident from the number of designs and studies he made for the picture, it tasked his powers to the utmost." JSasUake. .6®* " The Virgin Mother is always introduced [in an "Entombment"]. Either she swoons, which is the ancient Greek conception, or she follows with streaming eyes and clasped hands the pious disciples who bear the dead form of her Son, as in Raphael's wonderful picture in the Borghese Palace, and Titian's hardly less beautiful in the Louvre." Mrs. Jameson. ENT 163 E±i£j ^^ " This picture belongs indisput- ably among the chief works of Raphael ; and we may even assign it the pre- eminence over all the oil-paintings of this master in Rome, not even excepting the renowned Transfiguration and the Bo-called Madonna di Foligno." Plainer, Trans. 4®* "In Raphael's Entombment of Christ, we perceive the first traces of Michael Angelo's influence." Grimm, Trans. Entombment, Tlie. A picture by Boger van der "Weyden the Younger (d. 1529). JKS^ " The picture of the Entomb- ment by him [van der Weyden], in the National Gallery, is as much more sad to the heart than the passionate Italian conception, as a deep sigh sometimes, than a flood of tears. No finer concep- tion of manly sorrow, sternly repressed, exists than in the heads of Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea." Lady Eastlake. Entombment, The. A picture by Paul Veronese (1530-1588), and re- garded as one of his chefs d'oiuvre. In the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Eussia. Entombment, The. A picture by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- named Caravaggio (1569-1609), and his most famous vrork. In the Vatican, Kome. Entombment, The. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Antwerp Museum. Entresol, SociStS d". A French club established by the Abbe Alari at Paris in 1724. Epiphany, The. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the Flemish painter. Now at Mu- nich, Bavaria. A replica of the same in the gallery of Brussels, I3elgium. Epping Forest. Formerly a very large district, extending from Ep- ping almost to London. It was known under the name of Wal- tham Forest. In the same neigh- borhood was Hainault, which contains more beautiful scenery than any other forest in England. Great inroads have been made upon Epping Forest, and it now contains not more than 4,000 acres. It is much resorted to by the inhabitants of London. In the forest, about a mile from Epping, is Queen Elizabeth's "Hunting Lodge," which commands a beau- tiful prospect. The Cambridfie scholars trembled [sev- enteenth century] when they approached Epping Forest, even in broad day. Macaulay. Erasmus. 1. A portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), and considered one of his most admirable works. It is now in the possession of Lord Eadnor, at Longford Castle, England. This picture is said to have been sent by Erasmus to Sir Thomas More in 1525. There is also another portrait of Erasmus by Holbein in the Louvre, Paris. 2. A bronze statue of the great scholar in Eotterdam, where he was born. Erasmus. See Maktyrdom of St. Erasmus. Erbach Castle. An old family mansion at Erbach in the Oden- wald, containing a rare collection of antiquities. Ercole Earuese. See Faknese Hercules. Erebus, The. An Arctic exploring vessel which sailed from England under Sir John Franklin in May, 1845, and never returned. A document dated April 25, 1848, was discovered in a cairn on the shore of King William's Land by Capt. McClintock of the British expedition sent out by Lady Franklin, in which document it was stated that Sir John Frank- lin died June 11, 1847; that the Erebus and her companion ship, the Terror, were abandoned April 22, 1848; and that the survivors had started for the Great Fish Eiver. Ereohtheum. ['EpexSeioi',] This, the most venerable of the sanctua- ries of Greece, and closely linked with the early legends of Attica, was situated upon the Acropolis, and was so called from being the place of interment of Erechtheus, who holds an important place in the .Athenian religion. The ori- ginal Erechtheum was burnt by EEE 164 ESB the Persians ; but the new temple, built upon the ancient site, was a very beautiful structure, and one of the chief works of Athenian architecture. It was of the Ionic order, and was situated to the north of the Parthenon, and near the northern wall of the Acrop- olis. The appearance of the ex- terior can be judged from the existing ruins, but the interior presents nothing but a heap of confusing ruins. XK^ " It contained several objects of the greatest interest to every Athenian. Here "was the most ancient statue of Athena Polias, that is, Athena, the guardian of the city. This statue -was made of olive-wood, and was said to have fallen down from heaven. Here was the sacred olive-tree, which Athena called forth from the earth in her con- test with Poseidon for the possession of Attica ; here also was the well of salt water which Poseidon produced by the stroke of his trident, the impression of which was seen upon the rock; and here, lastly, was the tomh of Cecrops as well as that of Erechtheus. . . .The form of the Erechtheium ditfers from every other known example of a Gre- cian temple. Usually a Grecian tem- ple was an ohlong figure, with two porticos, one at its eastern, and the other at its western, end. The Erech- theium, on the contrary, though oblong in shape and hjiving a portico at the eastern front, had no portico at its west- ern end; but from either side of the latter a portico projected to the north and south, thus forming a kind of tran- sept. Consequently, the temple had three porticos." Smith's Diet. Xt5r " Nowhere did the exquisite taste and skill of the Athenians show themselves to greater advantage than here; for, though every detail of the order m.iy be traced back to Nineveh or Persepolis, all are so purilied, so im- bued with purely Grecian taste and feeling, that they have become essen- tial parts of a far more beautiful order than ever existed in the land in which they had their origin. . . . Owing to the Erechtheium having been convert- ed into a Byzantine church during the Middle Ages, almost all traces of its original internal arrangements have been obliter.ated ; and this, with the peculiar combination of three temples in one, makes it more than usually difa- cult to restore." Fergusson. Ereetheum, The. A London club, founded in 1836, and afterwards joined with the Parthenon Club. See Pakthenon. Eremitage. A palace in Bayreuth, Germany, erected by the mar- graves, in the early part of the last century. Eremo, Sacro (fir Santo). See Sa- CKO Eremo. Ericsson, The. A vessel built by John Ericsson (b. 1803), and named after him. She was in- tended to be propelled by hot air instead of steam ; but, alter some experimental trials, the caloric- engine was taken out in 1855, and replaced by steam-engines. Erythraean Sibyl. A figure in one of the frescos of the Sistine Chapel, Rome, executed by Mi- chael Angelo (1*75-1564). Esarhaddon's Palace. A celebrat- ed Assyrian palace, commonly known as the South-West Palace at Nimroud. It was destroyed by fire ; and the existing remains consist of the entrance or south- ern hall, the dimensions of which are 165 feet in length by 62 feet in width. It is the largest hail yet discovered in Assyria. Esbekeeyah, The. The great square of Cairo, Egypt, contain- ing about 450,000 square feet. On it are the principal hotels and other prominent buildings. It was formerly Inundated during the annual rise of the Nile, and a canal was cut around it to pre- vent this disaster; but since 1866 this canal has been filled up, some of the ancient houses have been removed and replaced by new ones, and a central space has been enclosed as a public garden, with cafe's, theatres, etc. [Writ- ten also Ezbekeyieh.] US' " The great square of the Ezbe. keeyeh is always gay on Sundays, when the Franks walk there after church, and the Mohammedans sit smoking in groups to watch them. . . . The Eastern and ^yestern groups, — the turbans and burnooses here, and the French bonnets and mantles there,— all among the dark acacias, or crossing the gleams of bright sunshine, make a strange picture, not to he likened to any thing I saw afterwards." Miss Martineom, ESC 165 ESQ Eschernheim Tower. A pictur- esque and admired watch-tower in Franlsfort-on-the-Main. ^?°9f>^l- An immense pile of buildings situated near Madrid, bpain, which has sometimes been called the eighth wonder of the world. It was built by Philip II., as a mausoleum, in accordance with the will of his father, and served at once many purposes, as a palace, convent, treasury, tomb- house, and museum. It was be- gun by Juan Bautista de Toledo in 1563, and finished in 1584. Its name, according to some, is de- rived from Escorios, the dross of iron-mines which still exist here. The building was begun upon the anniversary of St. Lawrence, and, according to the tradition, was made to assume the shape of a gridiron, the instrument upon which that saint is recorded to have suffered martyrdom. This story, however, is now believed to be an invention of later date. The huge and sombre structure, standing at an elevation of 2,700 feet above the level of the sea, is part and parcel of the mountain out of which it has been con- structed. It is built of granite in the Doric order, and was till lately the country palace and mauso- leum of the Spanish sovereigns, a part of the edifice being used for educational purposes. It is now, however, hut a mere wreck, and being deprived of its monks and revenues, and exposed to the mountain storms, is constantly subject to injury. [Written also Escurial.'] j^" *' The Escorial is as vulgar a name as the Tuileries. It signifies the place where scoria are thrown ; and it was so called hecause there was an iron manufactory near that threw its scoria on the spot. Its more just name is San Lorenzo el Reale, since it is a royal convent dedicated to St. Lorenzo. It is a monument of the magnificence, the splendor, the superstition, and perhaps the personal fears, of Philip II. . . . The convent itself is worthy of the severest influences of the most monkish ages. It is the only estahUshment I have ever met that satisfied all the ideas I had formed of the size of a monastery 1 such as Mrs. RadcliflTe or Dennis Jas- per Murphy describes, and which is here so immense that, in the space oc- cupied by its chief staircase alone, a large house might be built." Oeorge Ticknor. , The romance of Tom Jones, that exqui- site picture of human manners, will out- live the palace of the Escurial and the Imperial eagle of Austria. Oibhon. It CWolfert's Roost] is said, in fact, to have been modelled alter the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escunal was modelled after the gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence. Irving. No house, though it were the Tuileries. or the Escurial, is good for any thing -with- out a master. Emerson. Set as a challenge at the mountain's side. Afar the dark Escurial is descried. Three hundred feet from earth uplifting thus On its colossal shoulder firmly braced, Huge elephant, the cupola defaced. Granite debauch of Spain's Tiberius. T. Gautier, Trans. Escurial. See Escokial. Esher (or Asher) Place. A lovely spot in one of the most pictur- esque vales of the county of Sur- rey, England, noted as having been the residence of Cardinal "Wolsey after his fall and retire- ment from court. An old brick tower is still standing, which formed part of the palace when it belonged to the See of "Win- chester. The place is covered with fine groves of fir and beech, oaks and elms. Esplanade, The. A magnificent promenade in Calcutta, Hindos- tan, being an open space of three or four miles in length and nearly a mile in breadth, extending along the banks of the Hoogly, lined with stately mansions, and crowded with fine equipages. Esquiline Hill. [Lat. Mons Esqvi- linus.'] One of the seven hills of ancient Rome, of wide extent and undefined form, and now covered with ruins. It is less a distinct hill than a projection of the Cam- pagna. The name is derived by varro from excultus, because of the ornamental groves which were planted upon it. In the later days of the republic and in the time of the empire, the Esquiline was a fashionable place for resi- ESS 166 ETO dence. The section known as the Carince was upon the slope of the hill towards the Coliseum. Con- suls and emperors lived upon the Esquiline. There were the house and gardens of Mfecenas, and of Virgil, and possibly of Horace, a part of Nero's Golden House, the Baths of Titus, and many other structures, now in ruins. Suffice it now the Esquilian mount to reach With weary wing, and seelc the sacred rests Of Maro'a humble tenement. John Dyer. Essex, The. A noted frigate of the United States navy, in ser- vice in the war of 1812. She was built in 1812. ' The Essex surren- dered to the British ships Phcebe and Cherub, March 28, 1814. Our Rogers on the President Will burn, sink, and destroy; The Congress on the Brazil coast Your commerce will annoy. The Essex on the South Sea Will put out all your lights : The flag she wears at mast-head Is " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.*' Old Song. Essex Head. This club in London was formed in 1783 by Dr. John- son, who writes to Sir Joshua Reynolds that " the company is numerous, and, as you will see by the list, miscellaneous. The terms are lax, and the expenses light. . . . We meet twice a week, and he who misses forfeits twopence." The club was con- tinued for some time after Dr. Johnson's death. Boswell, de- scribing the formation of the club, says, that, notwithstanding <' the complication of disorders under which Johnson now la- bored, he did not resign himself to despondency and discontent, but with wisdom and spirit en- deavored to console and amuse his mind with as many innocent enjoyments as he could procure. Sir John Hawkins has mentioned the cordiality with which he in- sisted that such of the members of the old club in Ivy Lane as sur- vived, should meet again and dine together, which they did, twice at a tavern, and once at his house; and, in order to insure himself in the evening for three days in the week, Johnson Insti- tuted a club at the Essex Head, in Essex Street. .8®* "But, turning to Essex Street, and not many doors down on the left, at the corner of a little cross-passage leading to the pretty Temple gate with its light iron-work, we come on the Essex Head Tavern, an old, mean pub- lic house of well-grimed brick. It was here, in bis decay, that Johnson set up a kind of superior club, the -Ivy Lane. Boswell is angry with Hawkins for calling it an ale-house, as if in con- tempt ; but certainly, while the Cheshire Cheese, the Mitre, and the Cock are taverns, this seems to have been more within the category of an ale or public Louse. It has been so re-arranged and altered to suit the intentions and pur- poses of the modern public, that there is no tracing its former shape." Fitzgerald. Essex House. A noble mansion in London, of which only a few relics now remain, the residence of the Earl of Essex, the favor- ite of Queen Elizabeth. Next whereunto there standes a stately place Where oft I gayned giftea and goodly grace Of that great lord which therein wont to dwell. Estes Park. A picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). Now in pos- session of the Earl of Dunraveu. Etieune, St. See St. ]6tienne. Etoile, Arc de 1*. See Arc de l'I5toile. Eton College. ^ famous educa- tional establishment in the town of Eton, England. It was found- ed in 1440 by Henry VI. It has long been a favorite place of edu- cation for the sons of the nobility and gentry. Among the great men who have studied at Eton may be mentioned Sir Robert Walpole, the Earl of Chatham, Gray, AValpole, West, Fox, Can- ning, Hallam the historian, and the Duke of Wellington. The buildings form two quadrangles, and consist of towers, cloisters, and a fine Gothic chapel. The habit of brag runs through all classes, from the Times newspaper through politicians and poets, through Wordsworth, Carlyle, Mill, and Sydney Smith, down to the boys otEton. Emerson. ETO '5^s distant spires, ye antique towers, iliat crown the watery glade, Wliere grateful Science still adores Her Henry's lioly sliade. Oray. Eton Montem. A celebration held annually at first, then biennially, and at last triennially, by the boys of the school at Eton, Eng- land. They formed a procession, and marclied, arrayed in military costume, to Salt Hill or Mount, ■where they dined, returning to their school at evening. Some of the boys, in fancy costumes, way- laid travellers upon the roads, and levied a tax for the benefit of their captain. In return they bestowed a small quantity of salt upon each contributor. The fes- tival was abolished in 1847. Ettrick Forest. An ancient wood- land, forming part of the great Caledonian forest, situated on the borders of the river Ettrick, in Scotland. Only scanty rem- nants of it are now left. See Cal- edonian POKEST. Ettrick Forest is a fair forest, In it grows many a seemly tree; The hart, the iiind, the doe, the roe. And of all wild beasts great plentie. On Ettrick Forest^s mountains dun, 'Tis blithe to liear the sportsman's gun, And seek the heath-frequenting brood Far through the noonday solitude. Scott. Ettrick House. A farm in the par- ish of Ettrick, Scotland, the birth- place of James Hogg, the "Ettrick Shepherd." Etruscan Museum (Museo Grego- riano). A splendid museum of Etruscan antiquities, collected by the efforts of Gregory XVI., in the Vatican, Rome. Euclid Avenue. A noted street in Cleveland, O., considered one of the finest in the country. I was going to compare the roads on these islands [near St. Petersburg] to the eastern part of Euclid Street in Cleveland, O. ; hut there the dwellings and grounds are altogether of a more stately character. Bayard Taylor, Eudoxian Basilica. See San Pie- •SB.0 IN VlNCOLI. Eugubine Tables. Celebrated bronze tablets, discovered in 1444, bearing inscriptions which have I 16T EVE fiven rise to much antiquarian ispute. They are preserved in the town of Gubbio, Italy, near which place they were discovered, and whence they derive their name. Eulenspiegel. A famous engrav- ing by Luc Jacobsz, commonly called Lucas van Leyden (1494- 1533), the Flemish artist, cele- brated in part for its great rarity. It is said that " not more than six original impressions are in exist- ence, though there are many copies." One of the originals is in the British Museum. [Also called The Peasants Travelling.] Europa, Bape of. See Eape of BUKOPA. Eustache, St. See St. Eustache. Euston Square. A well-known public square in London, Eng- land. Evangelists. See PouK Evangel- ists. Eve. A well-known statue by Thorwaldsen (1770-1844). In Staf- ford House, London. Eve. A statue by Hiram Powers (1805-1873). .6®^ "His [Powers's] Eve is un- doubtedly his masterpiece among ideal figures, although his ' Greek Slave ' has attained larger popularity simply from being more widely known." Art Journal. JCtcB' " The essential character of the Eve of Powers is that lie so long ago imagined and proposed to embody; that is, be represents the mother of our race under the new-born sense of evil and wrong, the disturbance of that moral equilibrium that held her soul at first in tranquil self-poise ... it is Eve, beautiful, loving, grandly mater- nal, tender, confiding, but tried and tempted." Tuckerman. A faultless being from the marble sprung, She stands in beauty there ! As when the grace ot Eden 'round her clung,— Fairest, where all was fair. Bayard Taylor. Eve. See Repentant Eve. Eve of St. Agnes. A noted pic- ture by John E. Millais (b. 1829). In London. EVE 168 EXP flS- "In the Km of St. Agnes of Millais, a lady in a low-bodied evening- dress is represented through the me- dium of a studied effect of twilight as having the appearance of a corpse-like green ; and the chamber is of the same hue." Taine, Trans. Evening, The. [Ital. H Crepuscolo.] One of four colossal figures exe- cuted by Michael Angelo Buona- rotti (1475-1564). In the church of S. Lorenzo, Florence, Italy. Evening School. A picture by Gerhard Dow, or Douw (1613- 1680), and one of his best. In the Museum of Amsterdam, Holland. Event in the Forest. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Exchange, Koyal. See Koyal Exchange. Exeter Cathedral. A noble church edifice in Exeter, England. It is of high antiquity, cruciform, 408 feet in length, and has one of the most beautiful fa9ades in Europe. Exeter Change. Situated upon the site of Exeter House, Lon- don, built as a sort of bazaar, afterwards occupied as a mena- gerie, and taken down in 1829. Exeter Hall. A large proprietary establishment, situated on the Strand, London, and originally intended for religious and chari- table societies, and their meet- ings. From April to the end of May, various religious societies hold their anniversaries here. The Great Hall is also used for the Sacred Harmonic Society's, and other concerts. The works of Handel, Haydn, and Mozart are here given with great effect. JS£S^ "The independent and mutu- ally repelling bodies who congregate in Exeter Hall are one in spirit with all their diifcrences. Without a pervading organization they are a church." The Spectator. The fanaticism and hypocrisy create satire. Punch finds an Inexhaustible ma- terial. Dickens writes novels on Exeter- Hall humanity. Thackeray exposes the heartless high life. Emerson. Exeter House. A noble mansion which formerly stood in the Strand, London, the residence of the celebrated Lord Burleigh. Exeter Street. A street in Lon- don, so named after Exeter House. See ExETEK House.- He [Johnson] enters quite quietly, with some copper half-pence in his pocket; creeps into lodgings in Exeter Street, Strand; and has a Coronation Pontiff also, of not less peculiar equipment, whom, with all suhraissiveness, he must wait upon, in his Vatican of St. John's date. Carlyle. Expulsion from Paradise. A pic- ture by Masaccio (Tomma-so Guidi) (1402-1429?). In the church of S. M. del Carmine, Florence, It- aly. Expulsion from Paradise. See Fall and Expulsion. Expulsion of Hagar. A picture by Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). In the Bre- ra, at Milan, Italy. Expulsion of Heliodorus. A cel- ebrated fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the ex- pulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple at Jerusalem, which he had attempted to plunder, and allegorically typifying the deliv- erance of the States of the Church from the enemies of the Pope. " The picture is a spirited devel- opment of an extended action," and is considered, together with the other works in the same room, as perhaps the finest exam- ple of the art of fresco-painting. It is in the Stanza of the Heliodo- rus (so called after this, the prin- cipal picture in the room) in the Vatican, Rome. .6®^ " The chastisement of Heliodo- rus has given occasion to the sublimest composition in which human genius ever attempted to embody the concep- tion of the supernatural, — Raphael's fresco in the Vatican." Jlrs. Jameson. a^ " In fine pictures the head sheds on the limbs the expression of the face. In Raphael's Angel driving Heliodorus from the Temple, the crest of the hel- met is 80 remarkable, that, but foiv the extraordinary energy of the face,» it would draw the eye too much ; but the countenance of the celestial messenger subordinates it, and we see it not." Emerson. EXT 169 EZB Exton Hall. The seat of tlie Earl of Gainsborough near Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. Ezbekeyieh. See Esbekeetah. Ezekiel's Tomb. A building near Bagdad, In Asiatic Turkey, tra- ditionally held to be the tomb of the ijrophet. It is of much inter- est, and is a very striking object; but its date has not been satisfac- torily determined. Ezekiel, Vision of. See Vision of EZEKIEL. PAG 170 PAM Pagot, Xe. A picture by Nikolaas (or Claes Pietersz) Berghem (1624- 1683), the Dutch painter, and re- garded as one of liis best. In the collection ol Lord Ashburton, England. Pair, The. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Louvre at Paris. Pair, The. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694), the Belgian (/enre-painter. Of numerous pictures upon this sub- ject, perhaps the best specimen is at Vienna, Austria. Pair Oaks. A locality ffiur miles from Richmond, Va., where a se- vere but indecisive battle took place, May 31, 1862, between the tjnion and Confederate forces. Pairlop Oak. A famous tree in Hainattlt Forest, in Essex, Eng- land. It is said to have been 36 feet in circumference, and to have had 17 branches, each as large as an ordinary oak. For many years an annual fair, or festival, was held under and around this tree, in July, which was attend- ed by crowds of the country peo- ple. Pairmount Park. A vast and noble pleasure-ground in Phila^ delphia, Penn. It includes near- ly 3,000 acres, and is larger than most, if not any, of the great parks of Europe and America. It is traversed by the river Schuylkill and by the Wissahickon Creek. In natural capabilities and in the improvements made upon them, this park must be ranked among the finest in the world. The Cen- tennial Exhibition of 1876 was held here. Palaise Castle. A grand old ruin in Palaise, France, the ancient seat of the dukes of Normandy, and the birthplace of William the Conqueror. Falkenstein. 1. An imposing ruin among the Taunus Mountains, in Germany, not far from Frank- fort. 2. A medieval fortress among the Harz Mountains, in Germany. Pall and Expulsion from Para- dise. One of the frescos by Mi- chael Angelo (1475-1564) in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Pall of Adam and Eve. A picture by Filippino Lippi (1460-1505). In the church of Sta. Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy. Pall of Schaffhausen. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Tur- ner (1775-1851), the English land- scape painter, and regarded as one of his best. Pall of the Angels. 1. A cele- brated picture by Peter Paul Ru- bens (1577-1640). In the gallery at Munich, Bavaria. ,8S" *' Though this famous picture is called the Fall of the Angels, I have some doubtfl aa to whether this was the intention of the painter; whether he did not mean to express the fall of sin- ners, flung by the angel of judgment into the abyss of wrath and perdition.^'* Mrs. Jameson. 2 . A picture by Frans de Vriendt, called Frans Floris (1520-1570), a Flemish painter, and considered his masterpiece. It is in the Antwerp Museum. PaU of the Damned. A celebrated picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Pinakothek, Munich, Bavaria. fl®~ ** It is impossible to form an ade- quate idea of the powers of Rubens without having seen this picture." Sir Joshua Reynolds. .e®" " The most surprising of Ru- bens's labors." ' Wilkie. Pallen Angels. See Fall of the Damned. Pame, Torre della. See Tokre BELLA Fame. FAM 171 PAR Family of Darius before Alexan- der. A picture by Paul Veronese (1530-1588), and his grandest work. Formerly in the Pisani Palace, Venice, but purchased by the British Government in 1857, and now in the National Gallery, Lon- don. Famine. See Seven Years oe Famine. Faneuil HaU. A public edifice in Boston, Mass., famous as the place whei-e the stirring speeches of the Revolutionary orators were made, which incited the people to resist British oppression and secure their independence. The building was erected in 1742 by Peter Faneuil, a Huguenot mer- chant. It was destroyed by fire in 1761, but rebuilt three years later. During the siege of Boston in 1775-76, it was converted into a theatre. It has a capacious hall, containing portraits of eminent Americans. They like to go to the theatre and be made to weep,; to Faneuil HaU, snd be taught by Otis, Webster, or Kossuth, or Phillips, what gi-eat hearts they have, ■what tears, what possible enlargements to their narrow horizons. Emerson. Athens and the Acropolis, Kome and the Capitol, are not more associated ideas than are Boston &uCi Faneuil Hall. O. S. Hillard. The resistance to the Stamp Act was of the same kind as the resistance to the ship- money; and in our Revolutionary war there were as eloquent defences of our principles and course heard in the British Parliament as echoed in Fanueil Hall. Mrs. H. B. Stowe. Let the sounds of traffic die : Shut the mill-gate, — leave the stall,— Fling the axe and hammer by,— Throng to Faneuil Hall. Whittier. Forgets she how the Bay State, in answer to the call Of her old House of Burgesses, spoke out from Faneuil Hall ? Whittier. Farmyard, The. A celebrated pic- ture by Paul Potter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter. It was for- merly in the gallery at Cassel, Germany, but is now in that of St. Petersburg, Russia. Farnese Bull. [Ital. Ton Farnese.'] A celebrated work of ancient sculpture, representing the pun- ishment of Dtrce. Now in the Museo Borbonico at Naples, Italy. It is described by Pliny as one of the most remarkable monuments of antiquity. It was found in the Baths of Caracalla at Rome, in the sixteenth century, and was placed by Michael Angelo in the inner court of the Farnese Palace, whence its name. In 1786 it was removed to Naples. It is sup- posed to be the work of the brothers Apollonius and Tauris- cus, who probably lived in the first century after Christ. jK^ "The celebrated group of the Farnese Bull is a noble work, in which the intellectual conception of the artist is not at all overlaid by the weight and bulk of the material." Hillard. Farnese Cup. See Tazza Fak- NESE. Farnese Flora. See Floka. Farnese Hercules. A celebrated ancient statue representing Her- cules resting upon his club. At the foot of the club is inscribed the name of the Greek sculptor, Glycon. This statue was found at Rome in the Baths of Cara- calla, in 1540, and subsequently removed to Naples, Italy, where it is now deposited in the Museum. The right hand is modern. By some this statue is supposed to be a copy of the Hercules of Ly- sippus. See Hercules. j^' *• The indication of nerves and muscles, or their absolute suppression, is what distinguishes a Hercules who is destined to light monsters and brigands, and still be far from the end of hia labors, from the Hercules who is puri- fied of the grosser corporeal parts, and admitted to the felicity of the immortal gods. It is thus that we recognize the ynan in the Farnese Hercules, and the fvd in the Hercules of the Belvedere. t may even be said that this last ap- proaches nearer to the sublime period in art than the Apollo itself." Winckelmann, Trans. The tenor is a spasmodic buffoon, a sort of ugly Farnese Hercules, wearing one of those old chin-clasping casques which is only met with amongst classic rubbish. Tame, Trans. Farnese Mercury. An ancient statue, now in the British Mu- seum, London. Purchased in 1865. PAR 172 FAT Farnese Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Farnese.] A magnificent Eoman palace of immense size, begun Dy Paul III., one of tlie Farnese family. Michael Angelo was one of its architects. The materials were taken from the Coliseum and other ruins of ancient Rome. The great hall Or gallery is paint- ed in fresco by Caracci and his scholars. The palace fell by de- scent to the Bourbon kings of Naples, and within the last few years the exiled court have made it their place of residence. The Farnese gallery of sculpture was formerly celebrated ; but the best pieces have been removed, and are now at Naples, Italy. J8®* " The Palazzo Farnese, one of the finest palaces in Rome, is a shame- less receiver of stolen goods. . . . The great hall, or gallery, is painted in fresco hy Annibale and Agostino Caracci, and their scholars. . . .-Ahouthalf of Lera- priere's Classical Dictionary is painted on the walla and ceiling of the hall." I{iUard. /J®^ " Of all these fossils, the grand- est, noblest, most imposing and rigidly magnificent, is, in my opinion, the Far- nese Palace. Alone, in the middle of a dark square, rises the enormous palace, lofty and massive, like a fortress capa- ble of giving and receiving the heaviest ordnance. It belongs to the grand era.. It is indeed akin to the torsos of Mi- chael Angelo. You feel in it the in- spiration of the great pagan epoch." Tainet Trans. Farnesina. A beautiful villa in Rome, built in 1506 for Agostino Chigi, a great banker and patron of art. It contains some of the most beautiful frescos of Eaphael. Chigi was famed for his display of princely magnificence and lux- ury. He gave here — the build- ing is said to have been built expressly for the purpose — most extravagant entertainments. On the occasion of a sumptuous ban- quet to Leo X. and the cardinals, three fish served upon the table are said to have cost 250 crowns, and the gold and silver plate to have been thrown into the Tiber as soon as used. /i®" ** The Palazzo Farnesiua, the eplendid monument of the taste and magnificence of Agostino Chigi, is a pilgrim-shrine in art, because it con- tains the finest expression of Raphael's genius, "when manifesting itself in pure- ly secular forms." lliUard. j8®* " Peruzzi'B most beautiful build- ing is the Farnesina. Vasari says just- ly that it seems not formed by masonry, but born out of the ground, so com- plete does it stand therein its charming solitariness. At the present day it is forsaken, its open halls are walled up, the paintings on the outer walls are faded or fallen away with the mortar. But by degrees, as we become absorbed in the paintings, the feeling of transi- toriness vanishes." Grimms Trans. Note. — The Farnesina has been recently restored to an elegant and habitable condition. See Galatea. Farringdou Market. A market in London, erected in place of Fleet Market, opened in 1829. See Fleet Market. Fast Castle. This ancient fortress in Scotland is the original of "Wolf's Crag," in Scott's novel of the " Bride of Lammermoor." Fasti Consulares. Famous tablets containing a list of all the consuls and public officers of Rome to the time of Augustus. They are still legible, though much mutilated. In the Hall of the Conservators, Rome. Fata Morgana. A singular atmos- pheric phenomenon, quite similar to the mirage, which, under cer- tain conditions of the elements, is observed in the Straits of Mes- sina, between the coasts of Cala- bria and Sicily, and which is some- times, though rarely, seen upon other coasts. It consists of mul- tiplied images in the air of the hills, groves, buildings, people, and other objects on the sur- rounding coasts. These images are inverted, and the whole forms a sort of moving spectacle. It is popularly thought to be the work of the fairy of the same name. B®* " On Calabria's side lay Reggio, which a few weeks previously had sulfered terribly from an earthquake. Now every thing lay in a warm, smiling sunlight; yet the smile of the coast here has in it something like witch- craft. My thoughts were on the mil- TAT lions whose hearts have heat with the fear of death and lonffing for life under these coasts, the niillions who have sailed here, from the time Ulysses sailed past the cavern of Polyphemus, until now that our arrowy steamer glided over the watery mirror, where Fati Morgana shows her airy palace ; but no colonnades of rays, no fantastic cupola and Gothic towers, arose on the blue waters. Yet the coast itself was a Fata Morgana for the eye and thought." Mans Christian Andersen. But what must be thought of the fe- male dramatist, who, for eiBhteen long months, can exhibit the beautlfullest Fata- morgana to a flusli cardinal, wide awalte, with fifty years on his head; and so lap him in Iier scenic illusion that he never doubts but it is all firm earth, and the pasteboard coulisse-trees are producing I-Iesperides apples ? Carlyle. Fates.- See Three Pates. Faubourg St. Antoiue. A quarter of Paris inhabited by the working- classes, and famous in the Eevo- lution of ,1789 as the source and headquarters of the insurrection- ary efemeuts in the city. It has been since the time of the Fronde the .seat of disturbances. From 1830 to 1851 many riots and bloody fights gave a disagreeable charac- ter to tliis quarter, but since 1854 a change has taken place in this respect. Here and in the vicinity are some of the chief manufacto- ries of the city. Faubourg St. G-ermain. A fash- ionable quarter of Paris in which the ancient nobility resided. Many of the houses of the old noblesse are still standing. .6®" " St. Germain is full of these princely, aristocratic mansions, mourn- fully beautiful, desolately grand." C. Beecher. Everybody Itnows something of a hand- some and ver>- elegant young baron of the Faubourg St. Germain^ who, with small fortune, very great taste, and greater credit contrived to get on very swimming- ly as an adorable roui and vaurien till he was hard upon twenty-five. N. P. Willis. The microscopic Faubourg St. Germain of the little place thought of raising the quarantine for Monsieur Madeleine, the probable relative of a bishop. Victor Eugo^ Trans. The strong men usually give some al- lowance, even to the petulances of fashion, for that affinity they find in it. Kapoleon, child of the revolution, destroyer of the 173 FEA old noblesse, never ceased to court the Faubourg St. Oermam, doubtless witu the feeling that fashion is a homage to men of his stamp Emerson. Faun, The [of Praxiteles]. A cele- brated ancient statue. Now in the Capitol, Rome. .0®= " It is the marble image of a young man, leaning his right arm upon the trunk or stump of a tree. ... It is impossible to gaze long at this stone image without conceiving a kindly sen- timent towards it, as if its substance were warm to the touch, and imbued with actual life." JIawthorne. The shepherd asleep on a sheltered bank under the rocks, is already a Faun of PraxUeles, and might be a Theseus or a Perseus. Bayard Taylor. Faun. See Bakbekini Faun, Dan- cing Faun, Dkunken Faun, Ron- DiNiNi Faun, Sleeping Faun, etc. Favorite, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched July 5, 1864. Fawkes's Cellar. See Gut Fawkes's Cellar. Feast of Eoses. A picture by Al- bert Durer (1471-1528). In the monastery Strahoff at Prague, Austria. Feast of the Gods. A large fresco in the Farnesina, Rome, repre- senting the gods as deciding the dispute between Venus and Cu- pid, designed by Raphael (1483- 1520), but chiefiy executed by his pupil Giulio Romano. Feast of the Gods. A noted pic- ture begun by Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516), but completed by Titian (1477-1576), now in the col- lection of the Duke of Northum- berland at Alnwick Castle, Eng- land. There is a copy, thought to be by Poussin, in the Scotch Academy. Feast of the King of the Beans. A picture by Gabriel Metsu (b. 1630), a Dutch ryejij-e-painter. In the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Feast of the Levite. A picture of great size by Paul Veronese (1530-1588). It was formerly in the refectory of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, now in tlie Accademia Uelle Belle Arti, Venice, Italy. FEC 174 FIE Feoundidad, La. [Offering to the Goddess of Fecundity.] An ad- mired picture by Titian (1477- 1576). In the gallery at Madrid, Spain. Federal Hill. An eminence south of the centre of the city of Balti- more, Md. It was a place of much interest during the civil war, having been seized and oc- cupied by Gen. Butler, and heav- ily fortified to protect the city, and to overawe Internal sedi- tion. Feldmasser, Die. [The Land Sur- veyors.] See Geometkiciaus, The. Felix, The. An Arctic exploring ship which sailed to the northern seas under Sir John Boss in 1850. Fellows Marbles. A collection of sculptures in the British Museum, Loudon, brought from the ancient city of Xanthus. Felsenmeer. [Sea of Bocks.] 1. A remarkable accumulation of syenitic rocks in the Odenwald, not far from Darmstadt, Ger- many. 2. A natural curiosity in the form of an immense mass of de- tached rocks, near Hemar, in "Westphalia. Fenchureh Street. A street in London, which derives its name from a fen, or bog, caused by the overflow of a suiall stream which ran into the Thames. Fernay. This chateau, four and one-half miles north of Geneva, was built by Voltaire, and be- came his residence. He also erected a church, and founded the little village about it, by pro- moting manufactures. This and several subsequent app&nls of tlio same sort are among the best points in the conduct of the PiUlosophcr of Fer- nay. jSpaidirtg. Fernihurst. A Scottish fortress of the fifteenth century, near Jed- burgh. Ferrara Castle. A noted medifeval fortress in Ferrara, Italy, once the residence of the dukes of Ferrara. It is considered one of the finest relics of feudal times. Ferriter's Castle. An ancient ru- ined stronghold, situated in a wild spot, almost on the verge of the Atlantic, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. FerroniSre, La Belle. See Belle FEKK0Nli:RE. Festival of Venus in the Isle of Cytherea. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna, Austria. Feuillant Club. A political asso- ciation in Paris established dur- ing the Kevolution. It was origi- nally called the Club of 1789. It derived its name from the con- vent of the Feuillants in which its meetings were held. Feuillants [!6glise des]. A fine church in Bordeaux, France. It contains the tomb of Montaigne. Field Lane. A street in Loudon which has now mostly disap- peared. It was inhabited by a wretched, criminal class. a^^ " In its fiithy shops are exposed for sale huge bunches of second-hand siilv handl^erchiefs of ail sizes and pat- terns; for here reside the traders who Sjrchase them from the piciipockets. undreds of these handiierchiefs hang dangling from pegs outside the win- dows, or flaunting from the door-posts; and tile shelves within are piled witll thera. Confined as the limits of Field Lane are, it has its barber, its coffee- shop, its beer-shopi and its fried-fish warehouse. It is si commercial colony of itself, the emporium of petty lar- ceny." Dickens, Field of Blood. A tract in Italy, now occupied by the village of Canne, and still called " Campo di Sangue," Field of Blood. It is the site of the ancient battle- field of Canns8, where Hannibal gained a great victory over the Romans, B.C. 216. Field of Blood. See Aceldama. Field of Flodden. See Floddbn Field. FIE 175 pij Field of Forty Footsteps. A re- gion in Bloomsbury, London, for- merly noted as a resort for low- characters, and famous as the scene of a legendary conflict be- tween two brothers, whose foot- steps remained impressed in the soil, and over which no grass would grow. Upon this legend Jane and Anna Maria Porter based one of their popular ro- mances. *£g* " The steps are of the size of a large human foot, about three inches deep. We counted only seventy-six, but were not exact in counting. The place where one or both of the brothers is supposed to have fallen is still bare of grass." Southey. June 16, 1800. Went into the fields at the back of Montague House, and there saw, for the first time, the forty footsteps; the building materials are there ready to cover them from the sight of man. I counted more than forty, out they might be the footprints of the workmen. Joseph Moser, Commonplace Book. Field of March. See Champ de Mabs. Field of Mars. See Campus Mak- TICS. Field of Peterloo. The popular name of St. Peter's Field, near Manchester, England, where, Aug. 16, 1819, a riot occurred. The name was derisively imitat- ed from "Waterloo. Bridges of Lodi, retreats of Moscow, Waterloos, Peterloos, ten-pound fran- chises, tar-barrels, and guillotines. Carlyle. Field of Bakes. [Hung. Rtikos Mezo.] A celebrated plain in the immediate neighborhood of Pesth, Hungary, in which the Diet, or great national assembly, of the Hungarians, was formerly held in the open air. Field of the Cloth of Gold. A celebrated plain near the town of Ardres in Northern France. It is known by this name in conse- quence of the meeting on this spot in 1520 between Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France with their retinues, and the cloth of gold with which the tents of the two sovereigns were covered. I supposed you must have served as a VGomau of the guard since Bluff King Henry's time, and expected to hear some- thing from you about the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Scotl. They [Petrarch's finer poems! differ from them [his inferior ones] as a ivfay-day procession of chimney-sweepers differs from the Field of the Cloth of Bold. Macaulay. Fifth Avenue. A famous street in the city of New York, beginning at "Washington Square and ex- tending to Central Park. It is lined with costly edifices, the homes of wealthy citizens, and is the most splendid street of residences in America, and one of the finest in the world. .8®^ " Fifth Avenue is the Belgrave Square, the Park Lane, and the Pall Mall of New York. It is certainly a very fine street. The houses in it are magnificent, not having that aristocratic look which some of our detached Lon- don residences enjoy, but an air of com- fortable luxury and commercial wealth whic'ii is not excelled by the best houses of any other town that I know." Anthony Trollope, Fifth-Avenue Theatre. In New York. A small but elegant place of amusement. Fighting Gladiator. A well- known Greek statue in the Lou- vre, Paris. SS^ " There is a left arm again, though; no, — that is from the 'Fight- ing Gladiator,' — the ' Jeune Heros combatant' of the Louvre; there is the broad ring of the shield. . . . [The separate casts of the * Gladiator's ' arm look immense ; but in its place the limb looks light, almost slender, — such is the perfection of that miraculous mar- ble. I never felt as if I touched the life of the old Greeks until I looked on that statue] ." Holmes. Welcome, O Fighting Gladiator, and Kecumbent Cleopatra, and Dying Warrior, whose classic outlines (reproduced in the calcined mineral of Lutetia) crown my loaded shelves ! Holmes. Fighting T6m6raire. A picture by Joseph Mallord "Williani Tur- ner (1775-1851), the English land- scape painter, and regarded one of his best works. In the Na- tional Gallery, London. Fijah. A noted fountain in the vicinity of Damascus, one of the largest and most remarkable iu Syria. FIX 176 FIS Filatrice, The. An admired statue by Johann Gottfried Schadow (1764^1850). Filles du Calvaire, Boulevart des. One of tlie Parisian boulevards, so named from a convent. -See Boulevards. Finchley Common. Formerly an open tract in the county of Mid- dlesex, England, much frequent- ed by highwaymen. His enemies aflfirmed . . . that he [George Porter] sometimes pot on horse- back late in the evening, and stole out in disguise, and that when he returned from these mysterious excursions, his appear- ance justified the suspicion that he had been doing business on Hounslow Heath or Finchley Common. Macaulay. Finchley, March to. See March TO Finchley. Fingal's Cave. A famous and ro- mantic cavern in the island of Staffa, Scotland. It is 227 feet long, and 66 feet in height above the water at mean tide. It is composed of pentangular or hex- agon columns of black basaltic rock, erect, inclining, and curved, and irregularly jointed. There all unknown its columns rose Where dark and undisturbed repose The cormorant had found, And the shy seal had quiet home, And weltered in that wondrous dome; Where, as to shame the temples decked By skill of earthly architect, Nature herself, it seemed, would raise A minster to her Maker's praise. Scott^ Ye shadowy Beings, that have rights and claims In every cell of FingaVs mystic grot, Wliere are ye ? Wordsworth. Not Aladdin magian Ever such a work began ; Not the wizard of the Dee Ever such a dream could see; Not Saint John in Patmos' isle, In the passion of his toll, When lie saw the churches seven, Oolden-aislcd, built up in heaven, Gazed at such a rugged wonder. Keats. Finsbury. A now populous bor- ough of London, including the old district of Moortields. Cun- ningham says that Finsbury was a popular place for Sunday Avalks in the times of Queen Elizabeth and James. Shadwell says that you could here see *' Haberdash- ers walking with their whole fire- side." According to tradition, the name Finsbury is derived from two daughters of one of the Cru- saders, as expressed in the follow- ing extract from an old ballad: — Old Sir John Fines he had the name. Being buried in that place, Now, since then, called Finsbury^ To his renown and grace; Which time to come shall not outwear, Nor yet the same deface. And likewise when those maidens died They gave those pleasant fields Unto our London citizens. Which they most bravely hield ; And now they are made most pleasant walks, That great contentment yield. Old Ballad. JS^=' "Moorgate opens to the moor, or fen, — hence the district name #m, or Fensbury." Aihenceum. And giv'st such sarcenet surety for thy oaths, As if thou never walk*st farther than Fins- bury. Shakespeare. Finsbury Park. A pleasure-ground in London, opened in 1869. Fiustermiinz. A magnificent pass or defile in the Tyrolese Alps, second in point of grandeur only to the Via Mala. First Lesson. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873). Fish- Street Hill. In London. Here is the monument built, from designs by AVren, in commemora- tion of the great fire of 1666. The Black Prince had a palace on Fish- street Hill. A friend of mine, who was sitting un- moved at one of the sentimental pieces, wns asked how he could be so indifferent "Why, truly," says he, " as the hero is but a tradesman, it is Indififerent to me whether he be turned oiitof his counting- house on Fish-street Hill, since he will still have enough left to open shop in St. Giles's. Goldsmith. I find myself before a fine picture In the morning. Was it ever otherwise? What is become of FHsh Street Hill. Charles Lamb. Twelve columns like the monument on i^isA jS^reei //i7/ might give the reader some idea of the vastness of these pillars [in the palace of Kamac]. Lefhre, Trans. PishQr, Fort. See Fort Fisher. Fisher Boy. A statue by Hiram Powers (1805-1873). PIS 177 PLE ^®"' Then came a lithe, graceful, im- mature figure of the Fisher Boy, hold- ing a shell to his ear; the expression, the whole air and aspect, suggestive of the mystery of life that connects its outset with eternity." Tuckerman. Fisherman presenting the Ring of St. Mark to the Doge of Venice. A famous picture tiy Paris Bordone (1500-1576). In the Accademia delle Belle Arti, Venice, Italy. *S- " A grand piece of scenic deco- ration. The numerous figures, the vivid color, the luxuriant architec- ture, remind us of Paul Veronese, with, however, more delicacy, both in color and execution." Mrs. Jameson. Fishmongers' Hall. A celebrated hall in London, belonging to one ol the great city guilds, or com- panies, situated near London Bridge. This company has num- bered about 50 lord mayors, and on July 10, 1864, had been incorporated 500 years. Five Forks. A famous locality in the neighborhood of Petersburg, Va., where a last stand was made by Gen. Lee's troops, who being repulsed at this point, Lee con- cluded to evacuate the city of Kichmond, April 2, 1865. Five Points. A district in the city of New York near the Tombs, and at the intersection of Baxter, Park, and Worth streets, former- ly noted as being one of the most wretched and dangerous quarters in the metropolis. Its character has somewhat improved of late. There are many bj'-streets (in New York) almost as neutral in clean colors, and positive in dirty ones, as by-streets in London ; and there is one quarter, commonly called the Five Points, which, in respect of tilth and wretchedness, may be safely backed against Seven Dials, or any other part of famed St. Giles's. Dickens. Flagellation, The. A picture by Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, called II Sodoma (14T9-1549). In the Insti- tute of Fine Arts at Siena, Italy. g^- " This hallowed work of genius shows what pictorial art, devoutly ex- ercised, might effect in behalf of reli- gious truth." Hawthorne. ^S- " At last we came to a picture by Sodoma, the most illustrious repre- I sentative of the Sienese school. It was a fresco, — Christ bound to the pil- lar after having been scourged. I do believe that painting has never done any thing better, so far as expression Is concerned, than this figure. In all these generations since it was painted. It must have softened thousands of hearts, drawn down rivers of tears, been more effectual than a million of sermons. Really it is a thingto stand and weep at. No other painter has done any thing that can deserve to be com- pared with this." Bawlhome. Flagellation, Column of the. See Column of the Flagellation. Flaminia, Porta. See Porta Fla- MINIA. Flaminlan "Way. See Via Fla- minia. Flavian Amphitheatre. See Col- iseum. The Flavian Amphitheatre and the Baths of Caracalla enable us to realize imperial Rome more vividly than even the glowing pages of Tacitus. James Fergusson. Fleece, The. Formerly a tavern in Covent Garden, London, the scene ol numerous disorderly dis- putes, and, as Aubrey expresses it, "very unfortunate for homi- cides." Fleet, The. A famous prison in London, named from the creek, or stream, of the Fleet, upon the bank ol which it was erected. After an existence of nearly eight centuries, it was abolished, and removed about 1845. It has been tenanted by many distinguished victims. Pope calls it the " Haunt of the Muses,' ' from the number of poets who have been confined here. "The prisoners were sub- jected in many cases to most cruel and outrageous treatment. The horrors ol the Fleet were brought to public notice in 1726 by the trial of the warden for murder. The prison and its im- mediate neighborhood were no- torious for the so-called " Fleet Marriages," which were per- formed by clergymen imprisoned for debt. Great numbers ol these marriages were solemnized, as the clergymen could ol course defy the fine for performing clan- FLE 178 TLI destine and irregular marriages. The practice was put a stop to hy act of Parliament in 1754. The day before this act went into operation, 217 marriages were re- corded in one register alone. Dickens describes the latter days of the Fleet in the " Pickwick Papers." See Fleta. Scarce had the coach discharged its trusty fare. But f,'aping crowds surround th' amorous pair. The busy plyersmake a michty stir, And whisperintr, cry, "D'ye want the parson, sir? " Humours of the Fleet. Fleet Ditch. Formerly an open ' ditch in London, between Hol- born and the Thames, so called from the Fleet River, the supply of water from which being di- verted, the ditch became stag- nant, and a receptacle for all sorts of offal and tilth. Ben Jouson, Pope, Swift, and Gay have with minute detail described this -pes- tilential nuisance. It is now arched over, and serves as the Cloaca Maxima of London. To where Fleet-ditch^ Mv'iih. disemboguing streams Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to Thamps, The king of dykes! than whom no sluice of mud AVith deeper sable blots the silver flood. Pope. >'n\v from all parts the swelling kennels flow, And bfar their trophies-with them as they go; Filth of all hues and odors seem to tell What street they sailM from by their sight and smell. They, as each torrent drives its rapid fnrce. From Smithfleld to St. 'Pulchre's shape tneir course. And, in h uge confluence joined at Snowhill ridge. Fall from the Conduit prone to Holborn Bridge; Sweepin.s from butchers' stalls, . . . JJeiid cuts, and turuip-inps, come tum- lilliig down the (ioud. Sw\ft. By what mcthitd-^, by what gifts of eve and hand, doe-i a heroic Samuel Johnso'n. now when east forth into that waste chaos of authorship, maddest of things, a min- gled I'hiegethon and Fleet-ditch, ^\\t\i Its floating lumber, and «ea-krakeus, and mud- spectres, —shape himself a voyage; of the trannienf driftwood, and the enduring iron, built him a seaworthy life-boat, and sail therein, undrownecl, unpolluted, through the roaring "mother of dead dogs," onward'* to an eternal landmark, and city ihat hath foundations? Carlyle. Fleet Market. A meat and vege- table market in London, estab- lished over Fleet Ditch in 1737. Farringdon Market — occupying nearly the same place and opened in 1829 — now takes its place. <^=* "Fleet Market, at that time fKo Popery Riots], was a lonij irregular row of wooden sheds and. pent-houses, oc- cupying the centre of what is now called Farringdon Street. They were jumbled together in a most unsightly fashion in the middle of the road, to the great ob- struction of the thoroughfare and the annoyance of passengei's, who were fain to make their way as best they could among carts, baskets, barrows, trucks, casks, bulks, and benches, and to jostle with porters, hucksteit^, waggoners, and a motley crowd of buyers, sellers, pick- pockets, vagrants, and idlers. ... It was indispensable to most public con- veniences in those days ibat they should be public nuisances likewise, and Fleet Market maintained the principle to ad- miration." Dickens. Fleet Street. An ancient and cele- brated thoroughfare in London, so called from the stream of the same name. For centuries it has been famous for its exhibitions and processions, its printers and booksellers, its coffee-houses and taverns, and its banking-houses. The foaming pots which the best tap of Fleet St. supplies. T N. Talfourd. Cheapside, the Strand, Fleet Street, and Ludgate Hill, Each name a very story in itself. Robert Leighton. Fleta. A Latinized appellation of the noted Fleet prison, formerly situated in London. John Sel- den (1584-1(154) published a work entitled " Fleta." See Fleet, The. JS^' "In 1647 he [Selden] published from a manuscript in the Cotton librj^ry the valuable old law treatise entitled • Fleta,' so named from being compiled by its anonymous author wlnle confined in the Fleet prison, most probably in the reign of Edward 1." Singer. Fleurs, Chateau dea. See Cha- teau DKS FlEUKS. Flight into Egypt. [Ital. La Fxi- f/a in K(fitto, Fr. La Fuite de la Satnte Famille en Ef/ypte ] Of the compositions treating of this inci- dent in the life of the infant Sa- FLO 179 FON ■viour, the following are among the better known. See also Re- pose IN Egypt. Flic/ht into Egypt. An admired picture by Guadenzio Ferrari (1484-1550). In the church of the Minorites at Varallo, Italy. Flight into Egypt. A beautiful fresco by Bernardin Pinturicchio (1454-151o). In the church of St. Ouofrio at Eome. Flight into Egijpt. A picture by Joachim Patenier ( — d. 1524), a Flemish painter. It is now in the museum at Antwerp, Bel- gium. Flight into Egypt. See Return FKOM THE Flight into Egypt. Floddeu Field. A locality in Scot- land, in the county of Northum- berland, near Cornhill, where, on the fltli of September, 1513, was fought the famous battle between the English and Scotch, which is described in Sir Walter Scott s " Marmiou." Floors Castle. The seat of the Duke of Roxburghe, near Kelso in Scotland. Flora. A famous colossal statue, found in the Baths of Caracalla at Eome, and regarded as a mas- terpiece of art. It has been va- riously considered as representing a Venus, a Hebe, and Hope. By Winckelmann it was thought to be one of the Muses. Now in the museum at Naples. [Also called the Farnese Flora.] 1^^ " I always returned to a colos- sal Flora, standing in the middle of the hall, draped so as to reveal her forms, but of such an austere, dignified sim- plicity. She is a veritable goddess." Taine, Trans. Flora. A beautiful picture by Ti- tian (1477-1576), or, as some thmk, by Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vecchio (1480-1528), representing a woman in white, with flowing hair, holding flowers. In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Flora. A statue by Thomas Craw- ford (1814-1857). In Central Park, New York, Florida, The. A Confederate pri- vateer, built by Laird of Liver- pool, and commanded by John Moffit. She was captured iu San Salvador Bay, Brazil, Oct. 6, 1864, by the United States ship Wachu- setl. /JSr " The Confederates, encouraged hy British favors, employed a British shipbuilder (Mr. Laird, a member of Parliament) to construct vessels for them for privateering purposes. The Oreto was sent to sea in disguise, sailed for the British port of Nassau, and early in September appeared off the harbor of Mobile flying British colors. She ran into Mobile tiarbor, eluding the blockading fleet, and escaped late in December, when she bore the name of Florida. She hovered most of the time on the American coast, but was closely watched by national vessels. She managed to elude them. Finally she ran into the Brazilian port of Ba- hia or San Salvador, after capturing a barque; and there she was captured hy the Wachus^tt, Capt. Collins. This capture was a violation of neutrality, and occasioned a good deal of excite- ment. The captain and prize soon after appeared in Hampton Roads, and not long after the Florida was sunk near Newport News." Lossing. Flume, The. A remarkable ravine 700 feet long in the Franconia mountains, N.H., through which flows the Flume cascade. The rocky walls which enclose the canon are some 05 feet in height. At one point, where the passage is only ten feet in width, an enormous granite bowlder is sus- pended. Foligno Madonna. See Madonna DI FOLIGNO. Fontaine des Innocents. A fa- mous fountain in Paris, built in 1550 by Pierre Lescot, with sta1> ues and bas-reliefs by Jean Gou- jon. Fontaine MoliSre. A public foun- tain in Paris, in the Rue de Richelieu, with the statue of Mo- liere, and near the house where that great dramatist died. Fontainebleau. A vast and ir- regularly shaped palace at Fon- tainebleau [fountain of beautiful water], France, about 37 miles from Paris. It is one of the most magnificent royal residences in Europe, and associated with FON 180 FOIf many historical events of in- terest. Tlie present palace was chiefly the work of Francis I. Large additions were made to it by Henry IV. It was here that Napoleon signed his abdication in 1814. Under Louis Philippe the palace was much improved, and restored to something like its early condition. It has a magnificent park kept with great care like a garden. The forest of Fontainebleau covers 84 English miles. 1644, 7 March. I went with some com- pany towards Fontainebleau, a sumptuous palace oftheKing's, like oursof Hampton Court, about 14 leagues from the city. By the way, we pass through a forest so prodigiously encompassed with hideous rocks of whitish hard stone, heaped one on another in mountainous heiglits; but I think the like Is not to be found else- where. It abounds with stags, wolves, boars ; and not long after a lynx, or ounce, was killed amongst them, which had de- voured some passengers. . . . This house is nothing so stately and uniforme as Hampton Court. John Evelyn, Diary. For such it was, when long ago 1 sat in my leafy studio In the dear old Forest of Fontainebleau. C. P. Crunch. In the lone brakes of Fontainebleau, Or chalets near the Alpine snow. Matthew Arnold. Pontana della Barcaccia. A well- known fountain in the Piazza di Spagna, Rome, designed by Ber- nini (1598-1680). It is in the form of a boat (barcaccia), whence the name. Fontana di Trevi. [Fountain of Trevi.] A large and celebrated fountain in Rome, built by Clem- ent XII., in 1735, from designs of Niccolb Salvi, with a statue of Neptune and other figures by Pi- etro Bracchi. Tlie fountain is supplied by the aqueduct of the Acqua Vergine. «B" " The Fontana di Trevi is in the heart of Rome. A mass of rocks is tumbled together at the base of the facade of an immense palace. In a large niche in the centi'c of the facade le a statue of Neptune in tilfl car, the horses of which, with their attendant Ti'itons, are pawing and sprawling among the rocks. All this is in bad taste, an incongruous blending of fact and fable, chilled by the coldest of allegories ; but it sounds worse in de. flcription than it looks to the eye. The water gushes up in sparkling and copious masses from the crevices be- tween the rocks, spouts from the nos- trils of the horses and the conchs of the Tritons, and gives to the whole scene its own dancing and glittering beauty. . . . As we look, we begin with criticism; but we end with admira- lion." Hillard. ^®* " In the daytime there is hardly a livelier scene in Rome than the neigh- borhood of the fountain of Trevi ; . . . for the water of Trevi is in request far and wide as the most refreshing draught for feverish lips, and the wholesomest to drink that can any- where be found. Tradition goes that a parting draught at the fountain of Tre- vi ensures a traveller's return to Rome whatever obstacles and improbabilities may seem to beset him." Hawthorne. Till, Trajan's whispering forum passed, We hear the waters, showering bright. Of Trevi's ancient fountain, cast Their woven music on the night. Bayard Taylor, Fdntana Paoliua. [The Pauline Fountain.] One of the largest and most imposing fountains in Rome, on the Janiculum, and built to resemble the fa9ade of a church. It was erected by Pope Paul V. in 1612, and was de- signed by Fontana; so that by a whimsical coincidence both names are perpetuated in that of the fountain itself. Ponthill Abbey. A showy monas- tic building, erected at great ex- pense, at the beginning of the present century, near Salisbury, Wilts, England, by William Beckford, the celebrated author of " Vathek." The building was constructed in fantastic style, in the utmost haste and passion, shrouded with great mystery, the grounds being enclosed by a wall 12 feet high and seven miles long. At one time 500 men were em- ployed by day and night. A wooden tower 400 feet high was capriciously built, merely to see the effect of such a structure, and, being taken down, was replaced by a tower of stone. Twenty- five years later, in 1825, this lat- ter fell, owing to imperfect con- struction; and the estate being sold, the buildings were demol- TOO 181 POE ished. In this mansion Mr. Beckford resided for over 20 years. The property is said to have brought £350,000 at the sale. The mighty master waved his wand, and lo! On the astonished eye the glorious show Burst liiie a vision ! Ascend the steps ! the high and fretted roof Is woven by some elfin hand aloof: Whilst from the painted windows' long array A mellow light is shed, as not of day How gorgeous ali ! W, L. Bowles. Fools, Order of. See Ordeb of Fools. Force, La. A noted prison in Par- is, and the principal one in the city. It is situated on the Bou- levard Mazas. '' They are," Mr Lorry whispered the words, glancing fearfully round at the locked room, " murdering the prisoners. If you are sure of what you say; if you really have the power you think you have, — as 1 believe you have, — make yourself known to these devils, and get taken to La Force.''* Dickens. Ford's. 1. Formerly a theatre in "Washington, and noted as the building within which Presi- dent Lincoln was assassinated, April 19, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth. The building was pur- chased by the United-States Gov- ernment, closed as a theatre, and appropriated to the purposes of an army medical museum, which is said to be the finest of its kind in the world. 2. A grand opera-house in Bal- timore, Md. It has an elegant auditorium, and accommodates 2,500 persons. Forefathers' Book. See Plym- outh EOCK. Forest Hills. A large cemetery in the immediate vicinity of Boston, Mass. It contains some fine mon- uments. Forester's Family. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Forfarshire, The. A British steam- er wrecked Sept. 6, 1838, on the vovage from Hull to Dundee. Nine persons were saved from the wreck by the heroic exertions of Grace Darling, daughter of the lighthouse-keeper on one of the Parne Islands, who rowed with her father in a small boat through the heavy sea to the sinking ship. Forge of Vulcan. A drawing by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In the Louvre, Paris. Forge of • Vulcan. A celebrated picture by Diego Eodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the Spanish painter. In the Museum of Madrid, Spain. Forge of Vulcan. A picture by Jacopo Eobusti, called Tintoret- to (1512-1594). In the Ducal Pal- ace, Venice, Italy. Fornarina, La. The name given to several portraits by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). There is much doubt, both as to the name itself, and the person represented; but the latter is generally considered to have been Eaphael's mistress. It has been surmised that the name was invented to suit a story of the painter's having attached himself to a potter's daughter, but there is no authentic evidence in the case. The portrait bearing this name, in the Barberiui Pal- ace, in Eome, is regarded as the earlier work. There is another somewhat resembling it in the Pitti Palace, Florence, which is thought to have served as a model for the Sistine Madonna. There is still another portrait, also called La Fornarina, in the Tribune of the UiHzi at Florence, which has usually been ascribed to Raphael, but is now supposed to be the work of Sebastian del Piombo (1485-1547), and has been various- ly adjudged to represent either the improvvisatrice Beatrice da Ferrara, or Vittoria Colonna, Marchesa di Pescara, Michael Angelo's friend. Besides the foregoing, there are several oth- er female portraits bearing the name of La Fornarina. One in particular, which is also called Dorothea, dated 1512, and now generally ascribed to Sebastian del Piombo, is at Blenheim, Eng- land. FOR 182 FOE J8E^ " It is now no secret among con- noisseurs that the so-called Fornarina in the Trihune of the Uflfizi, and a por- trait named Dorothea, at Blenheim, both supplemented with the title of Raphael's Mistress, are by the hand of Sebastian." Jiastlake, Hand-book of Painting. jO^ " The portrait of the young girl, or woman, in the Barberini Palace, is a wonderful painting. I call it so be- cause it bears about it in a high degree the character of mysterious unfathom- ahleness." Grimm, Trans. Foro Trajano. See Fokum or Tkajan. Forsytli Place. A -well-known public park in Savannah, Ga. Fort Adams. One of the strongest defences on the United-States coast, near Newport, R.I. It mounts 468 cannon, and requires a garrison of 3,000 men. Fort Albany. A ruined earthwork south of Arlington, Va., one of the great fortifications by which "Washington was defended during the civil war Fort Bowyer. A fortification near Mobile, Ala., taken by the Brit- ish, Feb. 11, 1815, and the scene of the last encounter in the sec- ond war between England and the United States. Fort Caroll. A strong United States fortification on an artificial island a few miles below Balti- more, Md It commands the Pa^ tapsco Elver. Fort Caswell. A fortification of brick on the Cape-Fear Eiver, N.C. It was seized by the Con- federates in 18C1, and destroyed by them in 1865. Fort Clinton. An old fortification on the Hudson, a part of the de- fences which were designed to close the river against the British fleet in 1777. Fort Columbus. A United States fortification on Governor's Island in the harbor of New York Fort Dearborn. A stockade fort built by the United States Gov- ernment in 1803 upon the site of the present city of Chicago. It was afterwards destroyed by the Indians. Fort de TEcluse. A celebrated French fortress on the borders of Switzerland, not far from Geneva. Fort Donelaon. A Confederate stronghold in Kentucky during the war of the Eebellion. It was taken by Gen. Grant and Com- modore Foote, Feb. 16, 1862. The brave men who besieged Donelson. and who, after fighting through the day for three consecutive days, lay each night on the ground without shelter exposed to the rain and sleet, were chiefly Illinoisaiis. It was there that rebellion received the heavy blow which has staggered it ever since. X. Trumbull. An' how, sence Fort Donelson. winnin' the day Consists in triumphantly gittin away. Lowell, Biglow Papers. Fort du Quesne. An old French fort and trading-post which for- merly occupied the site where the city of Pittsburg, Penn., now stands. After falling into the hands of the British, another fort was built on the same spot, and named Fort Pitt. Fort Ellsworth. A ruined earth- work near Alexandria, Va., one of the great fortifications by which 'Washington was defended during the civil war. Fort Fisher. A fortification on the Cape-Fear Eiver, and the principal defence of 'Wilmington, N.C, during the war of the Ee- bellion. It was taken by the Federal troops under Gen. 'Terry, Jan. 15, 1865. Fort Frederick. A ruined fortifi- cation near Martinsburg, Va., built by the province in 1755 as a frontier fortress. It is a quadran- gular structure of stone. Fort George. A citadel in Inver- ness-shire, Scotland, constructed about the middle of the last cen- tury, and considered the most important fortress in Scotland. Fort Griswold. A ruined fortifi- cation near New London, Conn. It was attacked and taken by ^he British in September, 1781. Fort Hamilton. A strong fortress on the Narrows, protecting the approaches to New York. FOE 183 FOR Fort Hill. An eminence near Mys- tic, Conn., the .seat of Sassacus, the sachem of the Pequot tribe of Indians, who had here his royal fort. Fort Hill. An ancient fortifica- tion near Geneva, N.Y., believed to have been erected by the " mound-builders." A hundred years ago it was covered with large and ancient trees. Fort Hill. One of the historical three hills upon which the city of Boston (Trimountain), Mass., was built. It is no longer in existence, having been levelled for building purposes. Fort Independence. A strong granite fort, but recently finished, in the harbor of Boston, Mass. The first fortifications on this site were built in 1634. The battery was called Castle William at the time of the coronation of King William. It was strengthened by the British, who destroyed it when they evacuated Boston ; but it was afterwards repaired by the Ainericans, and received its pres- ent name in 1798. Fort Lafayette. A strong fortifi- cation on the Narrows, defending the approaches to New York. It was a famous prison for state criminals in the war of the Ee- bellion. Fort McHenry. A United States fortification on Whetstone Point near Baltimore, Md., and com- manding the harbor approaches. Fort Mifflin. A strong fortifica^ tion just below Philadelphia, and guarding the approaches to the city. Fort Montgomery. An old forti- fication on the Hudson, of which some ruins still remain. It was a part of the system of defences designed to close the upper part of the river against the approach of the British fleet in 1777. Fort Moultrie. A fortification on Sullivan's Island, protecting the approaches to Charleston, S.C. It stands on the site of an older fortress of the same name, which was built of palmetto logs, and was celebrated for its successful resistance to a British attack in 1776. As from Moultrie, close at hand, And the batteries on the land, Round Its faint but fearless baud Shot and shell Kaining hid the doubtful light. n. U. Stoddard. Fort Monroe. A strong United States fortification at Old Point Comfort, Va. It remained in the possession of the Federal Govern- ment at the time of the attempted secessionof the State, and through the war of the Rebellion. Say. pilot, what this fort may be. Whose sentinels look down From mo,ited walls that show the sea 'i'helr deep embrasures' frown ? The rebel host claims all the coast; But these are friends, we know. Whose footprints s)ioil the " sacred soil," And this is ? — Fort Monroe ! 0. W Holmes. Fort Ontario. A strong fortifica- tion at Oswego, N.Y., command- ing the harbor. Fort Pillow. 1. A Confederate for- tification on the Mississippi, in the State of Tennessee, taken by Federal gun-boats, June 4, 1862. 2. A Federal fortification in Kentucky, garrisoned mainly by negroes, taken by the Confeder- ates, April 12, 1864. Fort Pitt. See Fort du Qoesne. Fort Preble. A strong fortifica- tion commanding the approaches to the harbor of Portland, Me. Fort Kichmond. A strong fortifi- cation on the Narrows, a part of the system of defences which pro- tect the approaches to New York. Fort St. Marks. An old Spanish fortress in St. Augustine, Fla. According to an inscription over the gateway it was finished in 1756, and is said to have been a hundred years in building. With its castellated battlements, its portcullis and drawbridge, it was more like a European mediaeval stronghold than any other on this continent. Fort Schuyler. A strong fortifica- tion commanding the entrance to New York from Long .Island Sound. FOR 184 FOB Fort Sumter. A 'brick fortress begim in 1829, situated in the har- bor of Charleston, S.C. Memor- able as the scene of the first encounter in the war of the Re- bellion. fl®=- " The first gun that spat its iron insult at Fort Sumter, smote every loyal American full in the face. As when the foul witch used to torture her min- iature image, the person it represented BuiTered all that she inflicted on his waxen counterpart, so every buffet that fell on the smoking fortress was felt by the sovereign nation of which that was the representative. Robbery could go no farther, for every loyal man of the North was despoiled in that single act as much as if a footpad had laid hands upon hira to take from hira his father's staff and his mother's Bible. Insult could go no farther ; for over those bat- tered walls waved the precious symbol of all we most value in the past and hope for in the future, — the banner under which we became a nation, and which, next to the cross of the Redeem- er, is the dearest object of love and honor to all who toil or march or sail beneath its waving folds of glory." 0. W. Holmes. For this blasted spot of earth Where Rebellion had its birth Is its tomb ! And when Sumter smks at last From the heavens, that shrink aghast. Hell shall rise in grim derision and make room 1 R, H. Stoddard. "What strange, glad voice is that which caU.i From W agner's grave and Sumter's walls ? Whittier. Fort Tioonderoga. A ruined for- tification standing on a peninsula in Lake Charaplain, memorable as one of the liistoric battle-grounds of North America. Fort Trumbull. A strong fortifi- cation on the Thames, near New London, Conn. Fort Wagner. One of the defences of Charleston, S.C, during the war of tlie Rebellion. It was sit- uated on Morris Island. Fort "Warren. A modern fort (1833-1850) in the harbor of Bos- ton, Mass., built of Quincy gran- ite. Many Confederates were imprisoned here during the Re- bellion. Here the noted Mason and Slidell were confined. Fort 'Washington. 1. The princi- pal eminence on Manhattan Is- land, near High Bridge, and the site of the ancient fort which was taken by the British Nov. 16, 1776. The Americans lost 100 in killed and wounded, and 2,600 taken prisoners. 2. An old stone fort on the Po- tomac, a few miles below Wash- , ington. It was destroyed by the British in the war of 1812. Fort 'William. An immense fort- ress about one mile from the city of Calcutta, India. It was erect- ed in 1757 by Lord Clive, and has cost over 810,000,000. Fort 'WiUiam Henry. A ruined fortification on Lake George, in the State of New York, near the village of Caldwell. Fort 'Winthrop. A fortification on Governor's Island, in the har- bor of Boston, Mass., forming one of the defences of the city. Fort 'Wooster. A ruined fort near New Haven, Conn. Fortuna Virilis, Temple of. See Temple of Fortuna Virilis. Fortune. A picture by Guido Reni (1575-1642), of which there are numerous repetitions ; in the gallery of the Capitol at Rome, at Munich, in the Museum of Berlin, and elsewhere. Fortune Theatre. A former the- atre of London, opened in 1601, and so called from its sign. The picture of Dame Fortune Before the Fortune playhouse. Heywood. Fortune-teller, The. A picture by Michelangelo Amerighi, sur- named Caravaggio (1469-1609), and one of his masterpieces. In the gallery of the Capitol, Rome. Forty Footsteps, Field of. See Field of Forty Footsteps. Forum of Trajan. [Ital. Foro Tra- jano.] A magnificent forum of ancient Rome, between the Capi- toline and Quirinal hills, built by the emperor Trajan after his re- turn from the wars on the Dan- ube. Apollodorus was the archi- tect. A height of laud connecting FOR 185 FOS the two hills (the Capitoline and Quirinal) was cut away to the depth of a little more than 100 Roman feet, and the forum was placed in the valley thus formed. Portii)ns of the buried ruins of this once magnificent forura were brought to light in the sixteenth century by Paul III. , and by the French in 1812; but much still lies buried beneath the streets and houses which surround the pres- ent area of excavation. The cel- ebrated and beautiful Column of Trajan still stands in the midst of the ruins of the forum. See Trajan's Column. jg®=-'*My feeble description can scarcely give the faintest idea of Ihe unparalleled splendor of this forum. Besides the famous equestrian statue of Trajan in bronze, which excited the envy and admiration of Constantlne, who, on viewing it, uttered the vain ■wish " that he had such a horse," and ■was told in return " that he must first build him such a stable," it was crowded with statues of marble, of "bronze, and of ivory, of the great and the learned, of heroes and gods." Eaton. 41®* "The area was adorned with numerous statues in which the figure of Trajan was frequently repeated ; and among its decorations were groups in bronze or marble, representing his most illustrious actions. Here stood the great equestrian statue of the em- peror; here was the triumphal arch decreed him by the Senate, adorned with sculpture, which Constantine, two centuries later, transferred without a blush to his own, a barbarous act of this first Christian emperor, to which, however, we probably owe their pres- ervation to this day from more barbar- ous spoliation." Alerivale. 1644, Feb. 20. Ascending the hill, we came to the Forum Trajanum, where his column stands yet intire, wrought with admirable basso-rilievo recording the Da- cian war . . The sculpture of this stu- pendious pillar is thought to be the work of Apollodorus, but what is very observ- able is the descent to the plinth of the pedestale, shewing how this ancient Citty now lyes buried in her ruines, this monu- ment being at first set up on a rising ground. John Evelyn. Forum Romanum, [Roman Fo- rum.] An area of irregular out- line at the base of the Capitoline and Palatine hills in Rome is the site of the Roman Forum, now the Campo Vacciuo, q.v. The greater part of the ancient Forum is now covered by a deep accu- mulation of soil; and the true boundaries of the ground and the true situation of the numerous buildings said to have been erect- ed there, have for centuries been matters of dispute and uncer- tainty among antiquaries. The sites of many of the edifices seem now, however, to be determined with tolerable probability. £®"*'No spot on earth is more imposing, for it is overshadowed with the power and majesty of the Roman people. . . . Nothing gives a stronger impression of the , shattering blows which have fallen upon the Eternal City than the present condition of the Forum. . . . Every foot of ground has been the field of antiquarian contro- versy. Every ruin has changed its name two or three times. The reason of this confusion and ignorance is to be found in two circumstances : one that the buildings were very numerous in proportion to the small space which they occupied; and the other, that the original space has been covered to the depth of 12 or 15 feet by the accumu- lated soil of ages, so that the founda- tions of the structures are no longer to be seen." 6^. S. Millard. Yes: and in yon field below, A thousand years of silenced factions ■ sleep,— The Forum, where the immortal accents glow. And still the eloquent air breathes — burns — with Cicero ! Byron. It was once And long, the centre of their Universe, The /'yrum, — whence a mandate, eagle- winged. Went to the ends of the earth. Rogers. Herds are feeding on the Forum, as in old Evander's time; Tumbled from the steep Tarpeian all the towers that sprang sublime. T. W. Parsons. The Capitol and the Forum mipress us with less awe than our own Westminster Hall and Westminster Abbey, the place where the great men of twenty genera- tions have contended, the place where they sleep together 1 Macaulay, Foscari Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Fos- cari.'] A splendid palace situated on the Grand Canal, in Venice, Italy. It was erected near the middle of the fifteenth century. Fosse, The. An ancient Koman road in Britain, extending from the mouth of the Tyne to Wales. [Also called Ryknield Street.'] FOT 186 FOU Fotheringay Castle. An ancient castle in Nortliamptonshire, Eng- land, belonging to the house of York, and made memorable by the confinement of Mary, Queen of Scots, who ended her life here in 1587. Fouarre, Kue du. See Stkatv Street. Fount of Salvation. A celebrated picture in the Museum of Madrid, representing the Almighty with the Immaculate Lamb at his feet, ** whom he made an offering for the sins of the world. Below, this oifering is seen in the form of a stream of water, in which the sacramental wafers are float- ing, flowing into a little flower- garden, where six anggls are cele- brating the glory of God on dif- ferent instruments," The mean- ing of the stream of water is indicated by an inscription in Latin which refers to the passage in the Song of Solomon (iv. 15), — "A fountain of gardens, a well of living waters." There are many other symbolic representa- tions connected with the picture, which has been attributed to one of the two brothers van Eyck, the distinguished Flemish paint- ers. Dr. Waagen holds that it is the production of the elder, Hubert van Eyck (1366-1-1'26) ; but, it is a,sserted, the weight of critical judgment is against this opinion. It is also called " The Triumph of the Church." Fountain Court. A well-known court in the Middle Temple, one of the four Inns of Court in Lon- don. Cominp through the Fountain Court, he [Tom Finch] was just to ylunce down the stei)s leading into Giirdon Court, and to loolc once all round him, and if Ruth bad come to meet him; there he would see her, not sauntering, you understand (on account of the clerks), but coming briskly up with the best little laugh on her face that ever played m oppositioii to the fountaiu, and beat it all to nothing. JJickens. It looks out upon a garden about the size o( Fountain Court. Tliackeray. Fountain of Arethusa. Anciently a famous fountain in S.vracuse, Sicily. Cicero speaks of it as "a fountain pi fresh water, which bears the name of Arethusa, of incredible magnitude, and full of fish: this would be wholly over- flowed and covered by the waves, were it not separated from the sea by a strongly-built barrier of stone." Homer's fountain of Are- thusa is traditionally identified with a never-failing reservoir on the south-east part of the island of Ithaca. Far, far and wide along the Italian shores, That holy joy extends ; Sardinian mothers pay their vows ful- mied; And hymns are heard beside thy banks, O' Fountain Arethuse! Soutkey. Fountain of Castalia. A fountain in Greece, falling from Parnassus down the slope where Delphi stood into the river Pleistus. A small chapel has been erected over the spring. According to Murray's Handbook, during the earthquake of 1870 a fragment of rock falling from the cliff above completely crushed the basin, and covered with rubbish and buried from sight even the water. .0®= " It still flows on, while the Temple of Apollo, and the Council Hall of the Amphictyons, the Treasure- house of Croesus, and the three thou- sand statues which crowded the build- ings and streets of Delphi, even in the time of Pliny, bave all vanished as though they had never been." C. Wordsworth. Fountain of Egeria. A name given to a vaulted chamber of brick- work in the valley of the Almo, about a mile from Rome. It de- rives its fame from the belief that it is the site of the grove and sa- cred fountain where Numa held his nightly meetings with the nymph Egeria. Modern discov- eries have, however, determined that the nymphfeum which has so long been regarded as the Grotto of Egeria is not the place which Numa visited, and has placed the true fountain and val- ley within the present walls of the city, near where the Via Ap- pia crosses the Almo (Maranna), not far from the ancient Porta Capena. rou 187 FOU i6^ "About a mile from the Porta San Sebastiano is a pretty paBtoral val- ley, or gorge, as quiet and secluded as if in the heart of the Apennines. On one side is a wooded hill, crowned with the ruins of a temple of Bacchus; and on the other, at some distance, a gentle elevation on which there is a graceful structure which some call a temple, and Bome a tomb. This is the valley of Egeiia, — the spot where Numa met his shadowy counsellor. We must draw near to it in the spirit of faith, and let no clouds of doubt darken its tranquil beauty, . . . The fountain, so called, is a vaulted grotto scooped out of the hill-side, lined and floored with brick, with three niches on either side, and a larger one at the extremity con- taining a mutilated statue. At this extremity the water flows through a Blender orifice, and ia received into a email sbell-like basin, from which, fall- ing upon the floor, it glides down into the valley, and, swelled by tributes from the moist soil, forms a rivulet, takes the name of the Almo, and finally mingles with the Tiber. . . . The le- gend of Numa is one of the most genu- ine flowers of poetry that ever started from the hard rock of the Roman mind." Hiltard. The mosses of thy fountain still are sprin- kled With thine Elysian water-drops; the face Of thy cave-guarded spring, with years unwrinkled, Reflects the meek-eyed genius of the place. Byron. Here didst thou dwell, in this enchanted cover, Egeria ! tliy all-heavenly bosom beatmg For the far footsteps of thy mortal lover. Ibid. A goddess, who ther? deigned to meet A mortal from Rome's regal seat. And, o'er the gushing of her fount. Mysterious truths divine to earthly ear re- count. William Sotheby. The wonders of the outer world, the Tagus with the mighty fleets of England riding on its bosom, . . . the sweet Lake of Leman, the dell of Egeria, with its summer-birds and rustling lizards, the shapeless ruins of Rome, ... all were mere accessories, the background to one dark and melancholy figure. Macaulay. Fountain of Life. A remarkable picture by Hans Holbein the Younger (1494-1543). In the pal- ace of the King of Portugal at Lisbon. Fountain of the Virgin. A pic- turesque fountain at Jerusalem, issuing from a cave some 30 feet in depth, and associated with many legends of the Virgin. It is an intermittent spring, and by some it has been identilied with the pool of Bethesda. Fountain of Trevi. See Fontana Di Trevi. Fountain of Vaucluse. A cele- brated fountain in the depart- ment of the same name in South- ern France. f^S' " The glen seems as if struck into the mountain's depths by one blow of the enchanter's wand ; and just at the end, where the rod might have rested in its downward sweep, is the fathomless well whose overbrimming fulness gives birth to the Sorgues. It was the most absolute solitude. The rocks towered above to the height of 600 feet, and the gray walls of the wild glen below shut out all appearance of life.. . . I never visted a place to which the fancy clung more suddenly and fondly." Bayard Taylor. It would be the labor of a week to find in all the vast mass of iMr. Soutliey's poe- try, a single passage indicating any sym- pathy with those feelings which have con- secrated ihe shades of Vaucluse. Macaulay. Fountain Tavern. A former house of entertainment in the Strand, London. Fountains Abbey. The venerable remains of this abbey, said to be the most perfect monastery in England, are situated about three miles from Ripon, It was found- ed in 1204, and became one of the wealthiest monastic institutions in the kingdom. It originally covered ten acres, of which the ruins now occupy about two. j8^ " Travellers who can visit but one monastic relic in England should perhaps select this; for no other sur- passes its combination of completeness, size, beauty of position, and architec- tural interest. In all Britain there is probably now no religious or benevo- lent institution, except the national hos- pital at Greenwich, that could compare in extent and grandeur with this abbey as it was during the days of its glory.' /. i^. Hunnewell. Abbey ! forever smiling pensively. How like a thing of Nature dost thou rise. Amid her loveliest works ! as if the skies. Clouded with grief, were arclied thy roof to be, . . „ ^ And the tall trees were copied all .ft-o}? thee. Ebentzer ElhoU. rOTT 188 POTJ Fountains of Moses. [Arab. AyoonMoosa, or, more commonly, A'ui Moosa.'] These "Wells" in Egypt are a collection of springs, forming an oasis. They are reached from the town of Suez. There is a traditioa that here Moses and Miriam and the chil- dren of Israel sang their song of triumph. And, like the Coptic monks by Mousa's wells. We dream of wonders past, Vayue as the tales the wandering Arab tells, Each drowsier than the last. Whittier. Four Elements. Celebrated pic- tures by Francesco Albani (1578- 1660). In the Borghese palace at Rome, and also at Turin, Italy. Four Evangelists. A celebrated picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Grosvenor Gallery, London. ;Kg= " As a striking instance of this mistaken style of treatment [too rigid adherence to nature], we may turn to the famous group of the Four Evange- lists by Rubens, grand, colossal, stand- ing, or rather moving figures, each with his emblem, if emblems they can be called, which are almost as full of reality as nature itself." Mrs. Jameson. Four-in-Hand Club. The most prosperous days of this London club were in the time of George the Fourth (1820-1830). The noted Lord Onslow was a member, — ridiculed in the following epi- gram : — What can Tommy Onslow do ? He can drive a coach and two. Can Tommy Onslow do no more ? He can drive a coach and four. ,6®= *' The vehicles of the Club which ■were formerly used are described as of a hybrid class, quite as elegant as pri- vate carriages, and lighter than even the mails. Tbey were licrsed with the finest animals that money could secure. . . . The master generally drove the team, often a nobleman of high rank, ■who commonly copied the dress of a mail coachman. The company usually rode outside; but two footmen in rich liveries were indispensable on the back seat, nor was it at all uncommon to see some splendidly attired female on the box. A rule of the Club was, that all members should turn out three times a ■week; and the start was made at mid- day, from the neighborhood of Picca- dilly, through which they passed to the Windsor-road, — the attendants of each carriage playing on thtir silver bugles. From 12 to 20 of these hand- some vehicles often left London to- gether." Timba. Pour Marys. An admired and celebrated picture by Ann i bale Caracci (1560-1609). At Castle Howard, England. a^ *' On comparing this with Ra- phael's conception, we find more of common nature, quite as much pathos, but in the forms less of that pure po- etic grace which softens at once and heightens the tragic eflfect." Mrs. Jameson. Eour Philosophers. A celebrated portrait-picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Pour Quarters of the "World. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), in the gallery of Vi- enna, and considered one of his most admirable works. Pour Seasons. 1. A well-known picture by Prancesco Albani (1578- 1660). In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. J^^ *' The Seasons^ by Francesco Albani, were beyond all others my fa- vorite pieces.'* Sans Christian Andersen. 2. A picture by Antoine Fran- cois Callet (1741-1823). In the Louvre, Paris. Pour Sibyls. A series of well- known pictures by Raphael San- zio (148S-1520), representing the Sibyls, with angels holding tab- lets. They were painted for the Chigi Chapel in the church of S. Maria della Pace, Rome. ,8®=- " These are among the most perfect specimens of Raphael's raa- turer pencil, combining equal grandeur and grace. An interesting comparison may be instituted between this work and the Sibyls of Michael Angelo. In each we find the peculiar excellence of the two great masters ; for while Michael Angelo'e figures are sublime, profound, and entirely new, the fresco of tbe Pace bears the impress of Ra- phael's more serene and sympathetic grace," Sastlake. rotj 189 FEA «®- " Solemn, tranquil, elevated like antique goddesses above human action, thiey are truly superhuman creations: theirs is not a diflfused or transitory being, but one ever existing immutably in an eternal prfserei." Taine, Trans. Four Temperaments. The name sometimes given to pictures of the four apostles, John and Pe- ter, Paul and Mark, by Albert Durer (1471-1528). In the Pina- kothek, at Munich, Bavaria. Fourth Street. 1. The fashion- able promenade of Cincinnati, O. 2. The fashionable promenade of St. Louis, Mo. Fox, The. An Arctic exploring ship which sailed for the North- ern seas, under the command of Capt. M'Clintock, in the expe- dition fitted out by Lady Frank- lin in 1857 to discover traces of her husband. Sir John Franklin, the lost navigator. Francesca da Eimini. A cele- brated picture from Dante by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858), widely known through reproductions. Francesco, San. See Sak Fban- CESCO. Franohimont. A ruined castle near Liege in Belgium, associated with legendary traditions. The towers of /VancAmon/, "Which, like an eagle's nest in air. Hang o'er the stream and hamlet fair. Scolt. Francis, St. See St. Feancis. Franijois I., Maison de. See Mai- SON DE Fran6as= " ' Look at this G-alorie des Gla- ces,' cries Mon&ieur VaLout, staggering "with surprise at the appearance of tbe room, two hundred and forty -two feet long, and forty high. ' Here it was that Louis displayed all the grandeur of royalty; and such -was the splendor of his court, and the luxury of the times, that this immense room could hardly contain the crowd of courtiers that pressed around the monarch. Wonderful! Avondoiful! Eight thou- sand four hundred and si.xty square feet of courtiers! Give a square yard to each, and you have a matter of three thousand of them. Think of three thousand courtiers per day, and all the chopping and changing of them for near forty years; some dying, some getting their wishes and retiring to their provinces to enjoy their plunder, some disgraced and going home to pine away out of the light of the sun ; new ones perpetually arriving, — push- ing, squeezing, for their place in the crowded Galeric des Glaces.' " Thackeray. Galilee Porch. The name given to an entrance vestibule of the Cathedral of Durham in England, regarded as one of tlie arch?eo- logical and art treasures of Great Britain. /]fif"Thi8 unusual apartment, tbe Lady Chapel practically, was built es- pecially as a place of worship for wo- men, who were not admitted into the main church, on account of a violent antipathy for the sex felt by its patron saint, the reputed -inthony-like-tenipt- ed' Cuthbert." J. F. UunntwelL Galileo's Tower. [Ital. -Torre drl Gallo.] A structure in tlie neigh- borhood of Florence, Italy, tliought to have been tlie tow- er from which Galileo made as- tronomical observations. 'Ilie towerintt Campanile's Jtetght AVliere Galileo found liis stany cliair. J. £. Reade. Galla Plaoidia, Matisoleum of. See IMausoleum of Galla Pla- CIDIA. Galleria Lapidaria. [Lapidary Gallery, or Gallery of Inscrip- tions,] A corridor in the Vati- can Palace, Rome, of great length, the sides of which are covered with pagan and with early Chris- tian inscriptions. The walls of this corridor are also lined with sarcophagi, funeral urns, and oth- er ornaments. Galleria Vittorlo Emanuele. A beautiful and costly edifice in Milan, Italy. Used for purposes of trade. Gallery of Gondo. This gallery, or tunnel, on the Simplon road through the Alps, is cut through a solid rock. The work was ac- complished by 18 months of un- intermitted labor, day and night. The gallery is (j83 feet in length, and bears the inscription "Aere . Italo 1805 Nap. Imp." GaUienus, Palace of. A ruined palatje, and relic of Roman times, in Bordeaux, France. Gallows Hill. A hill near Salem, Mass., where 19 of the so-called witches were put to death in the time of the witchcraft delusion in 1G92. Ganymede and the Eagle. An admired relic of ancient sculp- ture. In the Museum at Naples, Italy. Ganymede, Rape of. See Rape OF Ganymede. Garaye. A picturesque ruined chateau in tbe environs of I>inan, France. The Hon. Mrs. Nor- ton has an admired poem, en- titled " The Lady of Garaye," the story of which is associated with these ruins. Garden of Love. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), now in the gailery at Madrid, " representing various couples, elegantly dressed, and enjoying the pleasures of music and dalli- ance in the open air." There is a copy of this picture in the Dres- den Gallery. Garden of Plants. See Jakdin DES PlANTES. Garden Heach. A celebrated promenade in Calcutta, India. It is laid out lilce a park, with fine trees and tropical jilants, and is occupied by the Europeans. GAR 195 GAT Gardens of SaUust, Euins of. See bALLusT's House and Gardens. Garisenda, La. A noted leaning tower in Bologna, Italy, which derives its name from that of its builders, the brothers Garisendi. The height of this tower is 130 feet, and the deviation from the perpendicular is eight feet to- wards the south and three feet towards the east: There is a companion tower called the Torre degli Asinelli. The cause of the inclination of these towers has been a subject in dispute, as in the case of the more celebrated Leaning Tower of Pisa. Eustace remarks of these in Bologna that they are " remarkable only for their immeaning elevation and dangerous deviation from the perpendicular." See Tokke de- gli Asinelli. As seems the Garisenda^ to behold Beneath the leaniny side, when goes a cloud Above it so that opposite it hangs; Such did AntEEus seem to inc. Hants, Inferno, Longfellow^s Trans. Garraway's. A noted coffee-house in Change Alley, Cornhill, Lon- don. Here tea was first sold in England. Garraway's was much resorted to during the tim.e of the South-Sea Bubble, and" was at all times a scene of great mercantile transactions. It was taken down in 1866. Meanwhile, secure on Garway^s clifTs, A savage race by shipwrecks fed. Lie waiting for the founder'd skiffs. And strip ttiC bodies of the dead. Swift (.Ballad on the South- Sea Scheme). The Cits met to discuss the rise and fall of stocks, and to settle the rate of insur- ances, at Garraway's or Jonathan's. Iv'ational Review. Doctor John RadclifTe, who in the year 16S5 rose to the largest practice in Lon- don, came dailv, at the hour when the Exchange was lutl.from his house in Bow Street, then a fashionable part of the capital, to Garrawa^fs. and was to be found surrounded hy surgeons and apothe- caries, at a particular table. Macaulay. Let mc read the first: " Garraway^s, twelve o'clock. J_)ear Mrs. B.. — Chops and tomato sauce. Yours, Pickwick." ticntlcmcn, what does this mean ? Chops and tomato sauce. Yours, rickwick! Chops! Gracious heavens! and tomato sauce ! Gentlemen, is the happiness of a sensitive and confiding female to be trifled away by such shallow artifices as these ? Dic&ejis. GarrickClub. A famous club in Co- vent Garden, London, founded in 1831, with the object "of bringing together the patrons of the drama and its professors, and also for offering literary men a rendez- vous." The club derived its name from that of the distin- guished actor ; and many noted men, from James Smith ("Re- jected Addresses") to Thackeray, have made it a favorite resort. The club has an interesting col- lection of theatrical portraits. .8®" " Among ray great pleasures at the Gai'ricb Club .was the sight of the large and very interesting collection of dramatic portraits that has accumu- lated there in the course of many years. Almost every thing fine of this sort has gravitated there lately, as if by the operation of natural law." Richard Grant White. Garry Castle. A striking ruin in Kings County, Ireland. Garter, The. An old English inn which iigures in Shakespeare's comedy of " The Merry Wives of Windsor," and in which is laid the scene of the third act of that play. Falstaff. Mine host of the Garter. Shakespeare. Gaspee, The. A British sloop-of- war captured and burned by a band of men from Providence, R. I., on the night of June 17, 1772. Gaston de Foix. A portrait, with mirrors repeating the figure, by Girolamo Savoldo, a Brescian painter. This picture is in the Louvre, Paris; and there is an original repetition of it in Hamp- ton Court. Gate of Alcala. See Puerta de Alcala. Gate of the Lions. A celebrated gateway in the wall of the citadel of MykenjE, Greece. The ruins have recently been entirely re- moved from around this gate- way. Pausanias says, "Among other parts of the enclosure which still remain, a gate is perceived with lions standing on it; and they report these were the works of the Cyclops, who also made for Prcetus the walls of Tiryne." GAT 196 GEK ^®*' " The blocks forming this [Gate of Lions] are enormous in size, quad- rangular, and horizontal. They are 15 feet high and 9 feet broad; and the opening is surmounted by a huge lintel, of which the three dimensions are 15 feet long, 6 feet broad, and 3 feet thick. A bas-reUef, 7 feet high, and 10 feet hroad at the base, forms a sort of tri- angular laediment at the gate, within which are sculptured two lions stand- ing on their hind-feet, resting their fore-paws upon a pillar placed between them so as to face each other. Their heads, which haveheen broken, former- ly reached the height of the capital of the pillar. This pillar increases gradu- ally in diameter from base to summit; and its capital is supported upon four disks, which are supposed to represent the billets of wood meant to maintain the sacred fire. The Gate of Lions formed the chief entrance to the Acro- polis." Lefevre, Trans, Gate of the Sun. See Puerta DEL Sol. Gates, Iron. See Iron Gates. Gates of Calais. A well-known picture by William Hogarth (1697- 1764). Gates of Paradise. See Bronze Gates, etc. Generalife. A 'beautiful IMooiish palace, surrounded with foun- tains and gardens, in Granada, Spain. Genevi&ve, St. See Pantheon (2). Genius of the Vatican. A cele- brated half-figure in Parian mar- ble, bearing this name, in the Vatican, Rome. It is supposed to be the Cupid of Praxiteles. It was found on the Via Labicana, outside of the Porta Maggiore. We'll take, say, that most perfect of an- tiques, They call the Genius of the Vatican, Which seems too beauteous to endure It- self In this mixed world, and fasten it for once Upon the torso of the Drunken Faun (Who might limp surely, if he did not dance) Instead of Buonarroll'smask; what then ? Mrs. Brouming. Geometricians, The. A celebrated allegorical picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, callfedGiorgione (1477- 1511), the exact signification of which has been a matter of dis- pute. In the Belvedere Gallery, Vienna. [Called also sometimes The Astrologers, or The Philoso- phers.'] /jt^ " I have myself no doubt that this beautiful picture represents the ' Three wise men of the East,' watch- ing on the Chaldean hills the appear- ance of the miraculous star, and that the light breaking in the far horizon, called in the German description the rising sun, is intended to express the rising of the Star of Jacob." Mrs. Jameson. Geometry. A picture by Caravag- gio (1569-1609), representing a ragged girl playing with a pair of compasses. In the Spada palace, Eome. George d'Amboise. A famous bell which formerly hung in the tower of the Cathedral of Eouen. It was taken down and melted in the time of the Revolution. George, Fort. See Fort George. George Square. A fine park and pleasure-ground in Glasgow, Scot- land, surrounded by the finest buildings in the city. George's. 1. An old London Club. It was accustomed to meet on St. George's Day, April 23. 2. A coffee-house in the Strand, London, famous and much fre- quented in this and the last cen- tury. A certain young fellow at George's, whenever he had occasion to ask his friend for a guinea, used to preclude his request as if he wanted 2110, and talked so famil- iarly of large sums, that none could ever think be wanted a small one.. Goldsmith. George, St. See St. George. George's, St. See St. George's. Georgia Augusta. The name given to the University of Got- tingen, Germany, from its found- er, George II. of England, who established it in 1737. Germain des PrSs, St. See St. Germain des Pkes. Germain I'Auxerrois, St. See St. Gerjiain l'Auxerrois. Germanious. An ancient statue called by this name, but repre- senting a Bomau orator, and sup- GER 197 GIA posed to be the work of the Greek sculptor Cleomenes. It is in the Louvre, Paris. Gervais, St. See St. Gekvais. Gethsemane. A small square en- closure of about 200 feet, sur- rounded by a high wall, a little way out of Jerusalem, below St. Stephen's Gate, and near the foot of the Mount of Olives. It is traditionally identified with the scene of the closing events in the life of Jesus as recorded in Matt. xxvi. 30-50, Mark xiv. 26-52, Luke xxii. 39-53, and John xviii. 1-14. There is no intrinsic im- probability in the monastic tradi- tions concerning it. It is now a desolate spot, containing a few very old and shattered olive-trees, the trunks of which are supported by stones, though some of the branches are flourishing. The garden belongs to the Latin Chris- tians, and the Greek Church has fixed upon another locality as the true site of Gethsemane. Gettysburg, Battle of. See Bat- tle OF Gettyseukg. Gezeereh, Palace of. A modern palace at Cairo, Egypt, so called from the ground which it occu- pies having been formerly an is- land (gezeereh) between branches of the Nile. Gherardesca, Villa. See Villa Gherakdbsca. Ghetto. [Jews' Quarter.] An en- closure in Home formerly set apart for the residence of the Jews. They have, until recent- ly, been confined to this crowded and dirty section since the time of Pope Paul IV. , who first com- pelled them to live within the walls of the Ghetto, and forbade their appearance outside of that quarter, unless the men were dis- tinguished from the Christians by a yellow hat, and the women by a veil of the same color. The Jews suffered much persecution, and were governed by many ar- bitrary regulations while confined to this crowded region; hut now the limits of the Ghetto are re- moved, and the oppressive regu- lations revoked. The name Ghet- to is derived by some from the Hebrew word chat, meaning ' ' bro- ken " or " destroyed." The pres- ent population of the Ghetto is estimated at 3,800. .1®- " The Ghetto, from its appear- ance, its flltliy and narrow streets, would seem to be the very hot-bed of disease. Here we should expect to find all the plagues and pestilences which have desolated the earth in for- mer ages preserved as in a morbid museum. But the reverse is the fact. It is in some respects the healthiest part of the city." Millard. I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell, as in a suburb by themselves, being invited by a Jew of my acquaintance. Being invironed by walls, they are locked up every night. In this place remains yet part of a stately fabric, whicb my Jew told me had been a palace of theirs for the ambassador of their nation, when their country was subject to the Romans. John Evelyn, ltJ44. 'Tis called the Ghetto; and the pious towns- man Shuns it, unless his piety lie deep Enough to teach him not to turn aside From any form of human brotherhood: Hard by the muddy Tiber's idle flow, Beyond the shadow of the Vatican, Yet within sound, almost, of choirs that chant Morning and evening to a Christian organ. Its prison-like and ragged houses rise. Parsons. Ghirlandina, La. [The Garland.] A noted tower in Modena, Italy, forming the campanile, or bell- tower, of the cathedral. It de- rives its name from the encircling sculptures which adorn it. See Secchia Eapita. Giant's Castle. A famous struc- ture on the summit of a mountain near Oassel, Germany. On the top of the castle is a pyramid 96 feet high, supporting a statue of Hercules (a copy of the Farnese) 31 feet in height. This castle in- cludes a system of water-works connected with the grounds of Wilhelmshohe, which is, perhaps, unequg,lled. 'The . fountain sup- plied by these water-works rises in a column 12 inches in diameter to the height of 190 feet. Giant's Causeway. A celebrated mass of basaltic columns, of all forms from triangular to octago- nal, on the northern coast of Ire- land, extending into the sea. GIA 198 GIN fl®=*"Iwas somewhat disappointed at first, having supposed the causeway to be of great height ; hut I found the Giant's Loom, which is the highest part of it, to be about 50 feet from the water. The singular appearance of the columns, and the many strange forms which they assume, render it, nevertheless, an ob- ject of the greatest interest." Bayard Taylor. Giant's Colonnade. An interest- ing natural curiosity, not far from Fingal's Cave in Scotland, being a cluster of columns placed upon a row of curved pillars, and form- ing a little island about 30 feet high. Giant's Column. A massive block of granite in the Odenwald, Ger- many, 32 feet long, and 3 or 4 feet in diameter. It still bears the mark of the chisel. SSf " When or by whom it was made, remains a mystery. Some have supposed it was intended to be erected for the worship of the sun by the wild Teutonic tribes who inhabited this for- est; it is more probably the work of the Romans. A project was once start- ed to erect it as a monument on the battle-field of Leipsic, but it was found too difficult to carry into execution." Bayard Taylor. Giants, Destruction of the. See Destruction or the Giants. Giant's Organ. The name given, from its very striking resem- blance to that instrument, to a magnificent colonnade of basaltic pillars in the Giant's Causewaj', Ireland. See Giant's Causeway. Giant's Staircase. [Ital. Scala del Gir/anti.'] 1. A celebrated stair- case in the Doge's Palace at Ven- ice, so called alter two statues of the Greek gods. Mars and Nep- tune, which are of immense size. fl®" " Touching the Giant's Stairs in the court of the palace, the inexorable dates would not permit me to rest in the delusion that the head of Marin Fa- lier had once bloodily staihed them as it rolled to the ground, — at the end of Lord Byron's tragedy." W. D. Ilowelh. As doge, clad in the ducal robes and cap. Thou Shalt be led hence to the Giants' Staircase. Where thou and all our princes are in- vested ; And there, the ducal crown being first resumed Upon the snot where it was first assumed. Thy head snail be struck off. Byron. He [Nicolo Tron] might have been pres- ent, with a countenance of pity, when Foscari, with feeble and tottering steps, descended the Giant's Staircase, and fainted at the sound of the bell which an- nounced the election of a successor. Billard. A poet on thy Giant Stair to-day Lingers beside each wondrous balcony. His tribute of a fruitless tear to pay. Graf von Platen, Trans. 2. A singular freak of nature near Cork, Ireland. Fifteen or 16 huge knobs of rock rise one above anotlier up the face of a very steep ascent, with nearly the regularity of a flight of steps. Giant's Tower. An ancient circu- lar building of Cyclopean archi- tecture at Gozo, one of the Mal- tese islands. Human bones have been found in and about it. "Its history is lost in the mist of an- tiquity." Giaour, The. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). Gibbon's Tennis-Court Theatre. A former theatre of London, in Gibbon's Court, Clare Market. Pepys, in 1G60, wrote, " It is the finest play-house, I believe, that ever was in England." Gibraltar. See Rock of Gibral- tar, and Sortie from Gibral- tar. Giebiohenstein. A ruined castle near Halle, Germany, oiice a state prison of the German Em- perors. Giessbach, The. A noted water- fall near Brienz in Switzerland. Giles's St. See St. Giles's. Giltspur Street Compter. A Lon- don prison, or City House of Cor- rection, built in 'l7S)l, closed in 1854, and since removed. About G,000 persons were yearly impris- oned there. Ginger-Cake Eook. A natural curiosity in Burke County, N.C. It is an inverted stone pyramid about 30 feet in height, seeming just ready to fall, but in reality perfectly secure. GIO 199 GIR Giorgio, San. See San Giorgio. Giorno, II. See Day and St. Je- KOME. Giotto's Campanile. The famous and admired bell-tower of the cathedral, orDuomo, of Florence, Italy. It was erected by Giotto (1276-1336), about the middle of the fourteenth century, J3@^ "The characteristics of Power and Beauty occur more or less in dif- ferent buildings, some in one and some in another. But all together, and all in their highest possible relative degrees, they exist, as far as I know, only in one "building of the world, tlie Campanile of Giotto. . . . Not within the walls of Florence, but among the far-away fields of her lilies, was the child trained who was to raise that head-stone of Beauty above her towers of watch and war." liuskin. The monntains from without Listen in silence for the word said next, (What word will men say ?J here where Giotto planted His campanile, like an unperplexed Question to Heaven, conceriiin^nhe things granted To a sreat people, who, being greatly vexed In act, in aspiration keep undaunted ! Mrs. Browning. In the old Tuscan town stands Giotto^s tower. The lily of Florence blossoming in stone, — A vision, a delight, and a desire, — Thebuilder's perfect andcentennial flower. That in the night of ages bloomed alone. But wanting still the glory of the spire. Longfellow. But behold The graceful tower of Gwtfo there. And Duomo's cross of freshened gold. W. S. Lander. That fall [Niagara] is more graceful than Giotto's tower, more noble than the Apollo. Anthony Trollope, Giotto's Chapel. See Arena Chapel. Giovanni, San. See San Giovan- ni, B.APTISTEKY OF SAN GiOVAN- N"i, and Porta San Giovanni. Giralda, La. The tower of the Cathedral of Seville, Spain, so called from its vane que gira (which turns round). It is an old Moorish minaret, built in 1196, and held in great veneration. J6®~ '* This is a more massive tower than is, as I believe, to be found any- where else as the work of a Moslem architect. ... It contrasts pleasingly with the contemporary campanile at "Venice, which, though very nearly of the same dimensions, is lean and bald compared with this tower at Seville. So,indeed,are most ofthe Italian towers of the same age. All these towers seem to have been erected for very analogous purposes; for the G-iralda can never have been meant as the min- aret of a mosque, to be used for 'the call to prayer: nor can we admit the dis- tinction sometimes ascribed to it by those who surmise that it may have been merely meant for an observatory. Most probably it was a pillar of victory, or a tower symboHcal of dominion and power, like many others. Indeed, the tradition is, that it was built by King Yousouf to celebrate his famous victory of Alarcos, gained in the year 1129, in which its construction was commenced. As such, it is superior to most of those constructed in the Middle Ages." Fergusson. Girandola. Celebrated fireworks formerly exhibited from the Cas- tle of San Angelo, Eome, at East- er and at the Festival of St. Peter. This magnificent display, consid- ered "the grandest exhibition . of fireworks in the world, and only- surpassed by the illumination of St. Peter's, is now made upon the Monte Pincio. >6®" "The show began with a tre- mendous discharge of cannon ; and then, for twenty minutes or half an hour, the whole castle was one inces- sant sheet of fire, and labyrinth of blazing wheels of every color, size, and speed ; while rockets streamed into the sky, not by ones or twos or scores, but hundreds at a time. The concluding burst — the Girandola — was like the blowing up into the air of the whole massive castle without smoke or dust." Dickens. -6®= " We did not, however, drive to the Trinita de Monti till after the exhi- bition of the Girandola, or great fire- works from the Castle of St. Angelo, which commenced by a tremendous explosion, which represented the raging eruption of a volcano. This was fol- lowed by an incessant and complicated display of every device that imagina- tion could figure, one changed into another, and the beauty of the first effaced by that of the last. Hundreds of immense wheels turned round with a velocity that almost seemed as if de- mons were whirling them, letting fall thousands of hissing dragons and scor- pions and fiery snakes, whose long con- GIK 200 GLA volutions, darting forward as far as the eye could reach in every direction, at length vanished into air. Fountains and jets of fire threw up their hlazing cascades into the slsy. The whole vault of heaven shone with the vivid fires." Eaton. Girard College. A grand and im- posing building in Philadelphia, Penn. It is constructed of white marble in the Corinthian style ol architecture. Adjoining the main building are other marble buildings used as dormitories, re- fectories, etc. The college -n-as founded by Stephen Girard (1750- 1831), a Philadelphia merchant, who left S2,000,000 and 45 acres for " the endowment of a college for poor white male children without fathers and between six and ten years of age." The course of instruction continues eight years. By the terms of the will, clergymen of every denomi- nation are forbidden to enter the college grounds. Girondists in Prison. An admired IDicture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 185G), the celebrated French his- torical painter. Giudecca, La. A broad canal in Venice which separates the prin- cipal island from the rest of the city. The island is also itself known by this name. See also Canal of the Giudecca. jJISr " The islands near Venice are all small, except the Giudecca (which is properly a part of the city), the Lido, and Mu rano. The Giudecca, from heiiig anciently the bounds in which certain factious nobles were confined, was later laid out in pleasure-gardens and built up with summer palaces. The gardens still remain to some extent, but they are now chiefly turned to practical account in raising vegetables and fruits for the Venetian market ; and the palaces have been converted into warehouses and factories." W. D. Howetls. Giulio Romano. A portrait of himself by the painter (1492- 1546). In the collection of auto- graph portraits iu the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Giustiniani Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Oiustiniani .] A noted palace in Genoa, Italy. Glaees, Galerie des. See Galekie DES GlACES. Glacier de Boisson. A well-known Alpine glacier in the vicinity of Chamouni, Savoy. Gladiator. See Borohese Gladia- tor, Dying Gladiatok, Wound- ed Gladiator. Gladiators, The. A pictnre by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1827), the French painter. Glamis Castle. The seat of the Earl of Strathmore, near the town of the same name in Scot- land, considered one of the finest existing specimens of the old Scottish baronial castles. It is es- pecially interesting from its asso- ciations with Shakespeare's play of "Macbeth," the "Thane of Glamis." The scene of Duncan's murder is pointed out in a room of the castle. jBS?- " It is still an inhabited dwell- ing ; thougli, much to the regret of anti- quarians and lovers of the picturesque, the characteristic outworks and de- fences of the feudal ages which sur- rounded it have been levelled, and velvet lawns and gravel-walks carried to the very door. Scott, who passed a night there in 1793, while it was yet in its pristine condition, comments on the change mournfully, as undoubtedly a true lover of the past would. . . . Scott says in hie ' Deraonology,' tliathe never came anywhere near to being over- come with a superstitious feeling, ex- cept twice in his life, and one was on the night when he slept in G lamia Castle. . . . Scarcely ever a man had so much relish for the supernatural, and so little faith in it. One must con- fess, however, that the most sceptical might have been overcome at Glamis Castle ; for its appearance, by all ac- counts, is weird and strange, and ghost- ly enough to start the dullest imagina- tion." Jlrs. II. B. Stowe. Glasgow Cathedral. An ancient church, dating from the twelfth century, and considered the finest Gothic church in Scotland. -dfg^ " A brave kirk, — a' solid, weel- jolnted mason-wark, that will stand as lang as the world, keep hands and gun- powther atf it." ScoU. Glastonbury Abbey. A famous ruined monastery in the town of that name in England, formerly GLA 201 GLO one of the richest and most pow- erful institutions of the kind in the kingdom. The ashes of King Arthur, King Edgar, and many- distinguished nobles are said to be contained in the ruins of this abbey. It is thought to stand on the spot where the iirst Christian church in England was erected. Glastonbury Thorn. A famous hawthorn tree which once grew at Glastonbury, Somerset, Eng- land, fabled to have sprung from the staff which Joseph of Arima- thea stuck into the ground. The tradition is, that it blossomed every Christmas Day ; and so highly prized were the blossoms that they were exported by the merchants of Bristol to foreign parts. In the time of Queen Eli- zabeth one trunk of the double- bodied tree was cvit down by some Puritans, and in the reign of Charles I. the other was de- stroyed, but slips from the tree are still flourishing. It is said to be the fact, that the shrub blos- soms some months earlier than elsewhere, and occasionally as early as Christmas; which circum- stance is explained by some on the supposition that the monks of Glastonbury brought the tree from Palestine, and that in its adopted soil it retained the hab- its of its native place. It is the winter deep, and all Tile glittering fields tliat mom In Avalon's isle were oversnowed The day Ihe Lord was born; And as they cross the northward brow. See white, but not with snow. The mystic thorn beside their path Its holy blossoms show. Eenry Alford. Glen, The. The name by which is familiarly known an interesting spot in the "White-Mountain re- gion. New Hampshire, a favorite resort of tourists. It is situated at the very base of Mount Wash- ington, with Adams, Jefferson, ' Clay, and Madison in full and unobstructed view. It is the point from which the carriage- road up Mount "Washington be- gins its ascent. Glen Almond. A lovely glen on the river Almond in Scotland, | and supposed to be the burial- place of Ossian. In this still place, remote from men, Sleeps Ossian in the narrow t-len. ' Word^ortll. Glen-Ellis Fall. A picturesque cataract in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, not far from the " Glen " and the base of Mount Washington. It is re- garded as the finest cascade in the whole region. Glen Onoko. A mountain ravine near Mauch Chunk, Penn., with attractive rock and forest scenery and many cascades. It is a place of much resort. Glenarm Castle. The seat of the Earl of Antrim, in the county of Antrim, Ireland. Glenoog. A celebrated glen, or pass, in the county of Argyle, Scotland, 4J@^"In the Gaelic tongue, Glencoe signifies the Glen of "Weeping; and, in truth, that pass is the most dreary and melancholy of all the Scottish pass- es, — the very "Valley of the Shadow of Death. Mists and storms hrood over it through the greater part of the finest summer. Huge precipices of na- ked stone frown on both sides. Mile after mile the only sound that indicates life is the faint cry of a bird of prey. The progress of.civilization, which has turned so many wastes into fields yel- low with harvest or gay with apple- blossoras, has only made Glencoe more desolate." Macaulay. Globe, The. 1. A noted theatre in Southwark, Loudon, built in the reign of Elizabeth, burnt in 1613, and rebuilt the following year. A patent was granted by James I. to Shakespeare and his com- panions to play "as within their then ' usuall house, called the Globe, in the county of Surry, as elsewhere." It is represented in an old print as resembling a high martello tower, with verj' narrow windows, and surmounted by a turret and a flag. Ben Jonsou speaks of the Globe as the " glory of the Bank, and the fort of the) whole parish." The exterior was hexagonal in shape, and the inte- rior circular, with an open roof. GLO 202 GOE It was huvned down liy tlie acci- dental ligliting of the thatch, oc- casioned by the discliarge of a piece of ordnance during tlie rep- resentation of the play of Henry VIII., June 29, 1613. It was re- built during the reign of King James, and was finally taken down April 15, 1644. Alas ! Shakespeare had to write for the Globe Playhouse, — his preat soul had to crush itself, as it could, into that and no other mould. It was ivith liim then, as it IS with us all. No man works save un- der conditions. Carlyle. 2. A theatre in Boston, Mass. Globe Tavern. A house of enter- tainment, now closed, in Fleet Street, London, frequented in the last century. Gloom. See Castle Campbell. Gloriette. An open pillared hall, 300 feet long, and commanding a magnificent view, in the gardens of Schonbrunn, near Vienna. Gloucester Cathedral. One of the finest ecclesiastical structures in England, in Gloucester, the capi- tal of the county of the same name. It was built in 1047, and was formerly a rich Benedictine abbe,y. Gloucester House. A noble house in Piccadilly, London, belonging to the Duke of Cambridge. Glyptothek. [Gr. vXuittos, carved, BriKTj, collection.] A famous gal- lery of sculpture in Munich, Ba- varia, regarded as the finest col- lection, with the exception of that in the British Museum, north of the Alps. The building, which forms a hollow square, lighted entirely from the inner side, with an Ionic portico of white marble, was finished by Klenze in 1830. flSr " The Glyptothek — aii affect- ed name for a statue-gallery — is, on the whole, the most beautiful, merely beau- tiful building 1 ever saw ; and there is a school of painting there, which for the wideness and boldness of its range, and the number of artists attached to it, is a phenomenon the world has not seen since the days of Ratlaelle and Michael Angelo." Georye Ticknor. 4igr " In the Glyptothek we wander amongst the most beautiful produc- tions of art, brought together from the four corners of the world. In the Glyp. tothek stand the immortal figures by Seopas, Thorwald8en,and Ganova; and the walls are resplendent with colors that will tell posterity of Cornelius, Zimmermann, and Scblotthauer." Hana Cliristian Andersen. Kowhere. not even on a gala-day in the Pope's Church of St. I'etor, is there such an explosion of intolerable hypocrisy, on the part of poor mankind, as when you admit them into their Royal Picture gal- lery. Glyptothek, museum, or other divine temple of the fine arts. Carlyle. Gobelins. A famous carpet man- ufactory in Paris, so called from its founder, Jean Gobelin (1450). The state purchased the present site in 1662. Here are executed with the needle splendid speci- mens of carpets and tapestry. Some of the pieces of work have cost as much as £6,000, requiring the labor of 5 or 10 years. The building, looms, and many pieces of tapestry were destroyed by the Commune in 1871. Here were made the tapestries and carpets which adorn the various palaces, or have been presented to royal foreigners. .(K^"The faraoTjs manufactory of the Gobelins was established by Louis XIV., who purchased the premises of some clever dyers of that name (Gobe- lin) about 1666; and the productions of the Hotel Roj'al des Gobelins are said to have attained the highest degree of perfection in the time of Louis's great minister, Colbert, and his suc- cessor, Louvuis." L. Jewilt. God appearing to Woah. A fres- co by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome. Godolphin Park. The seat of the Duke of Leeds, near St. Breague, England. Gods, Feast of the. See Feast OF THE Gods. God's Gift. A name given to Diil- wich College, in England. The college was founded by Edward Alleyne,'au actor in the age of Elizabeth. Goethe Monument. A magnifi- cent bronze monument to the jioet, modelled b.y the sculptor Sihwantbaler (1802-1848), and standing in an open square in the GOG 203 GOL city of Frankfort-on-the-Main. The bronze pedestal contains lias-reliefs representing scenes in Goethe's poems. Gog and Magog. Names applied to two huge figures of wood, about 14 feet in height, in the Guild- hall,' London. These celebrated statues are thought to be con- nected with the Gotmagot and CoriuEBus of the Arinorican chron- icle which Geoffrey of ]Moumouth quotes, from the former of which names both the modern appella- tions are supposed to be derived. Hawthorne says that they look like enormous playthings for the children of giants. Mother Ship- ton has a prophecy that when these statues fall, London will also fall. ^ES- " Our Guildhall giants boast of almost as high an antiquity as the Gog and Magog of the Scriptures; as thcy"^, or their living prototypes, are said to have been found in Britain hy Brute, a youngei- son of Anthenor of Troy, "who invaded Albion, and founded the city of London (at first called Troy-novant), 3,000 years ago. However the fact may have been, the two giants have been the pride of London from time imme- morial. . . . There can be little doubt that these civic giants are exaggerated representatives of real persons and events." Chamhers. 4J®" "These absurd monsters look like painted and gilded toys, made to please the boys of Brobdignag. Words can hardly express their gigantic child- ishness. Why they are retained in their present position, and how they ever came there, seem to be beyond conjecture. They have not even the glamour of antiquity upon them. . . . They stand there, wonderful and ridic- ulous witnesses to the immobility of British Philistinism.'* Richard Grant White. Nor had Fancy fed With less delipht upon that other class Of marvels, broad-day wonders perma- nent: The river proudly bridged; the dizzy top And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul's; the tombs Of Westminster; the^ian(5o/ GuVdhall. Wordsworth, Going to Market. A large land- scape picture, so called, by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-164'0), now in "Windsor Castle, England. Golden Gate. An ancient gate in Constantinople (Byzantium), much celebrated by the Byzan- tine writers, but wliich is now "sought for in vain; though a gate, now wholly blocked up, with two mean pillars supporting a low arch, is sometimes shown 'to travellers for it." Golden Gate. An ancient portal bearing this name, in the Haram at Jerusalem occupying the site of the Jewish Temple. Golden Gate. A portal in the Mosque of Omar at Jerusalem. .eeg=- " Well walled tip, and constant- ly guarded; the Mohammedans having a tradition that if ever they are driven out from possession, it will be by the Jews or Christians entering at this gate." 2Iiss Martineau. Golden Gate. A celebrated strait connecting the harbor of San Francisco, Cal., with the ocean. Up the long western steppes the blighting steals; Pown ilie Pacific slope the evil Fate Glides like a shadow to the Golden Gate: From sea to sea the drear eclipse is thrown. Wiillier. The air is chill, and the day grows late. And the clouds come in through the Gold- en Gate: Phantom fleets they seem to me. From a shoreless and unsounded se.T. £. Pollock. Within this Golden Gate, the noblest, surely, Of all the entrances of all the seas. The Asian barks-of-bope float in securely. And furl their lateen sails, and ride at ease. J£ Morford. A 'truce to moralizing, for we are ap- proaching the Golden Gate. Smites. Golden Grove. The seat of the Earl of Cawdor in Caermarthen- shire, Wales. The present build- ing is modern; but the former house was memorable from its associations with Jeremy Taylor, who resitled here for a time, and composed some of his chief works, one of which was entitled the "Golden Grove." Golden Hind. The vessel in which Sir Francis Drake (1540?-1595) circumnavigated the globe, reach^ ing home in 1579. GOL 204 GOL Golden Horn. A famous inlet of the Bosporus at Constantinople; Turljey. Tlie city lies between tlie Sea of Marmora and tlie Bos- porus on the south and east, and the Golden Horn on the north. We swept around the Golden Horn, . . . and now lay in the harbor wliich extends into the sweet waters. Haiu Christian Andersen. Golden House. [Lat. Aurea Do- miis.] The celebrated palace of Nero upon the Palatine, Esqui- line, and Coelian Hills, at Rome. Merivale says that it was the old mansion of Augustus and the house of Maecenas, connected by a long series of arches and col- umns. Titus and Trajan erected baths upon a part of the same site, and the ruins of these and other buildings are now mingled in inextricable confusion. "We are told by Suetonius and others of the great magnificence of Ne- ro's palace: that its whole inte- rior was covered with gold and with gems; that it was adorned with the finest paintings and statues the world could furnish ; that it had triple porticos a mile in length, and a circular banquet- hall which perpetually revolved in imitation of the motion of the sun. We read, also, of vaulted ivory ceilings which opened and scattered flowers upon the guests, and of golden pipes that poured over them showers of soft per- fumes. It is related that when Nero surveyed its costliness and immense extent he declared, that he sliould now " be lodged like a man." See Palace of the CiE- SAKS. ilfir " To give an idea of the extent and beauty of this edifice, itls sufficient to mention that in its vestibule was placed his [Nero's] colossal statue, one hundred and twenty feet in height. It has a triple portico, supported by a thousand columns, with a lake like a little sea, surrounded by buildings which resemble cities. It contained pasture-grounds and groves in which weve all descriptions of animals, wild and tame." Suetonius, Trans. Without it, proud Versailles 1 thy glory falls ; And Nero's terraces desert their walls. Fope. t Hark I the ov let's cry. That, like a muttering sibyl, makes her cell Mid Nero's Iiouse of gold, with clustering bats And gliding lizards. L. H. Sigoumey. Golden Kose. In former times the golden rose was sent annual- ly from Rome by the popes to sovereign princes. The conse- cration of it took place in the Ba- silica of Sta. Croce in Gerusa- lemme, Rome. It was regarded as a gift of peculiar mystery and sanctity, "representing by its gold, its odor, and its balm, the godhead, the body and the soul of the Redeemer, and was only bestowed by the popes upon sov- ereigns who were the most loyal servants of the church." Leo the Ninth, who was elected pope in 1048, is said to have entered into a compact with the monastery of Sainte Croix in Alsace, by which the monastery was bound to send a golden rose every year to the head of the Roman Church. The ceremony of the benediction of the rose takes place on the fourth Sunday in Lent. Golden Square. A district in Lon- don made famous by Charles Dickens in his novel of "Nicho- las Nickleby." i!£S^ " It is one of the squares that have been , — a quarter of the town that has gone down in the world, and taken to letting lodgings." Dickens. Golden Staircase. [Ital. Scala d'Oro.'] A celebrated staircase in the Doge's Palace, Venice, It- aly. It derives its name from the elaborate way in which it is adorned. Golden Tree. See Aleero d'Oko. Goldene Aue. [The Golden Mead- ow.] A beautiful valley, so called, not far from Nordhau- sen in Germany. It is watered by the river Helme. Goldsmiths' Hall. A building in Cheapside, London, belonging to the Company of Goldsmiths, one of the ancient city guilds. It was built after a design by Philip Hardwick, and was opened for use in July, 1835. GOL 205 GOU Golgotha. See Calvabt. Goliath's Castle. The foundations of a ruined tower in Jerusalem, now called Kul' at-el-Jalud, the castle of Goliath. Gondo. See Gallery of Gondo and Gorge of Gondo. Good Samaritan. A picture by Kembrandt van Eyn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. It is now in the Louvre, Paris. Goodman's Fields Theatre. A theatre in London, first opened in 1729, and taken down about 1746. Garrick first appeared in London at this theatre, in 1741, as Eichard III. Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that the town are horn mad after? There are ft dozen dukes or a night in Goodman's Melds sometimea. Gray. His [Johnson's] pupil, David Garrick, had, in 1741, made his appearance on a humble stage in Goodman's Fields, had at once risen to the first place among actors, and was now, after several years of al- most uninterrupted success, manager of Drury Lane Theatre. Macaulay. Goodwood. The splendid seat of the Duke of Richmond, near Chi- chester, England. Goosetree's Club. See Almack's Club. Gordon Castle. The seat of the Duke of Kichmond, near Focha- bers, Scotland. It is the chief mansion in that part of the coun- try. Gore Hall. A granite building containing the library of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. It was designed to be a copy of the famous King's College Chapel in Cambridge, England ; but the recent addition of a wing, for the purpose of increasing the capacity of the building, has impaired the resemblance. Gorge of Gondo. On the route of the Simplon pass, Switzerland. This is one of the wildest and grandest ravines among the Alps. Its precipitous walls completely overhang the road. .6®= *' Few scenes in Europe are more impressive than the Gorge of Gondo. The dizzy plunge of the enow-white torrent, the steep, dark I rocks of slate, crested with trees, and the thread-like stream winding away far below over its pebbly bed, derive new beauty and significance from the work of human skill which enables the traveller to observe them so safely and 80 completely." HUlard. Gorge of Pfaffers. An extraordi- nary chasm or ravine near Ra- gatz, Switzerland. Gorges du Trient. A remarkable chasm in the neighborhood of Martigny, Switzerland, some- what resembling the Gorge of Pfaffers. Gorner Glacier. A famous Alpine glacier in Switzerland. This gla- cier is more extensive than the Mer de Glace at Chamouni, and is joined in its course by ten other glaciers. Gorner Grat. A rocky ridge in Switzerland. It commands a most magnificent prospect. Monte Ro- sa and the Matterhorn are in full view, and the spectator is sur- rounded by glaciers and snow- peaks. Gosford House. The seat of the Earl of Wemyss, near Berwick, Scotland. Goswell Street. A street in Lon- don. Dickens, in the " Pickwick Papers," places here the house of Mrs. Bardell. Gomell Street was at his [Pickwick's] feet, Goswell Street was on his right hand, as far as the eye could reach Goswell Street extended on his left, and the opposite side of Goswell Street was over the way. Dickens. With this little boy, the only pledge of her departed exciseman, Mrs. Bardell shrunk from the world, and courted the retirement and tranquillity of Goswell Street; and here she placed in her front- parlor window a written placard, bearing this inscription, "Apartments furnished for a single gentleman. Enquire within." Dickens. Gothard. See Dogs of St. Goth- ard, and Hospice of the St. Gothaed. Gough Square. See note under Johnson's Court. .GST " It is, perhaps, Gough Square, to which one of the little passages out of Fleet Street leads, that most faith- fully preserves the memory of John- son. It is rather a court than a square ; - GOU 206 GRA so small ii5 it that carriages could never ' have entered, and it is surrounded with good old brick bouses that in their day ■were of some pretensions. A worthy society has fixed a tablet in the wall, recording that here lived Samuel Johnson. There is a pleasant flavor of grave old fashion and retirement about the place; and little has, as yet, been touched or pulled down. John- eon's house faces us, and is about the most conspicuous. He had, of course, merely rooms; as it is a rather large mansion, a little shaken and awry, queerly shaped about the 'upper story, but snug and compact." Fitzgerald. Goumont. See Hougoumont. Government Street. The principal avenue and favorite promenade in Mobile, Ala. Graben. A noted street in Vienna, Austria. Grace Church. This church, with its rectory, on Broadway, New York, is built of marble in aflorid Gothic style. It has a tall and graceful spire. Grace, "Val de. See Val de Grace. Graces. See Three Gkaces. Grafenburg. A castle in Rhenish Prussia, near Trarbach, once one of the strongest fortresses on the Moselle. Grafton House. An ancient ma- nor house, and historically one of the most interesting of the English halls; the spat of the Duke of Grafton, near Towcester. Graham's Dike. The name popu- larly given in Scotland to the re- mains of the old Roman Wall of Antoninus. See Wall of An- TONINl'S. Gran Duca, Piazza del. See Pi- azza I'ELLA SlGXORIA. Granary, The. An ancient burial- ground in Boston, Mass., situated on TreiQont Street, adjoining Park-street Cluirch. Here are buried Peter Faneuil, Paul Re- vere, Chief Justice Se.wall, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams, as well as several of the old colonial governors of MassMchusetts. On the street bordering this ceme- tery formerly stood the Paddock elms, transplanted from England and placed here in 1TG2, but late- ly removed. Grand Canal. {ItdX. Candle Grande.'] The principal canal and main water -thoroughfare of Venice, Italy. ,6®" ".Nay, what potenter magic needs my Venice to revivify her past whenever she will, than the serpent cuimingof her Grand Canal- Launched upon this great S, have I not seen hard- ened travellers grow sentimental, and has not this prodigious i-ibilant, in ray hearing, inspired white-baired Puritan ministers of the gospel to quote out of the guide-book ' that line from Byron.' For myself I must count as half-lost the year spent in Venici^ before I took a house upon the Grand Canal. There alone can existence have the perfect local flavor. But by what witchery touched, one's being suffers the com- mon sea-change till life at last seems to ebb and flow with the tide in that wonder-avenue of palaces, it would be idle to attempt to tell." W. D. HowelU. J3®^ "As we are borne along the Grand Canal the attention is every mo- ment attracted by the splendid show on either side. The long wave which the prow turns over is dashed against a wall of marble-fronted palaces, the names of which, carelessly mentioned by the gondolier, awaken trails of golden memories in the mind." Billard, J3^ " y^o procured four or five gondoliers, and, emharkingjustatdark, rowed down the Grand Canal towards the Lagune. As soon as we were fair- ly in motion they began to sing. They took at first Tasso, and began in a sort of recitative, and in their soft Venetian dialect to chant the Episode of Armida. At first it did not produce much effect; but the recurrence of the same melody in the recitative soon got the command of our feelings, and it became striking. Wordsworth, who was with us, enjoyed it very much." George Ticknor. Grand Canal at Venice. A fine picture by Antonio Canaletto (U)97-17fi8). Now in the Soane Museum, London. Grand Cafion of the Yellowstone. A picture by Thomas Morau (b. 1837). Purchased by Congress, and now in the Capitol at Wash- ington. Grand Galerie de Louis XIV. See Galkrie des Glaces. GRA 207 GKA Grand Trianon. A charming res- idence near the palace of Ver- sailles, built in 1688 by Louis XIV. It contains valuable paint- ings and portraits of several of .the kings and queens of France. It has been occupied by Madame de Maintenon, Louis X'lV., Louis XV., and Louis XVI., and by Napoleon. It is like an Italian palace, with the rooms all on one floor. There was also another chateau in the park of Versailles, called Trianon de povcdaine. This was demolished in 1037. See Pe- tit Trianox. ^=- " The Grand Trianon built for Madame Maintenon is a very lovely spot, made more interesting by the prefer- ence given to it over all other places by Marie Antoinette. Here she araused herself with her Swiss village. The cottages and artificial 'mountains' (10 feet high, perhaps) are exceedingly pretty models in miniature, and proba- bly illustrate very fairly the ideas of a palace-bred fancy upon natural scenery. There are glens and grottos and rocky beds for brooks that run at will (' les riviereft d volnnte ', the guide calls them), and trees set out upon the crags at most uncomfortable angles, and ev- ery contrivance to make a lovely lawn as inconveniently like nature as pos- sible. The Swiss families, however, must have been very amusing. Brought fresh from their wild country, and set down in these pretty mock cottages with ordex's to live just ns they did in their own mountains, they must have been charmingly puzzled." Ji. P. Willis. Bpholdhim [Rohan] even, with his red stockings, at dusk, in the Garden of Tiia- non: he has bribed the Concierge; will see her .Majesty in spite of Etiquette and Fate ; peradventure. pityins his long sad king's- evil, she will touch him, and heal him. Carlyle. She [Marie Antoinette] Indeed discarded Etiquette; once, when her carriage broke down, she even entered a hackney-coach. She would wj;lk, too, at Trianon, in mere straw hat, and, perhaps, musliu gown ! Carlyle. Grande Chartreuse. A celebrated monastery, founded in 1137, situ- ated in a wild mountain region on the borders of Savoj^ The buildings consist of an immense mass of masonry, towers, and roofs, surrounded by a wall ex- tending more than a mile in cir- cumference. The monks are of the order of La Trappe, and the discipline which enjoins silence is of the severest kind. JB®" " On my way from the Pyrenees to Germany, I turned aside from the Rhone highway of travel to make ac- quaintance with a place of which every- body has heard, yet which seems to have been partly dropped from the rapid itineraries which have come into fashion with railways. This is the cele- brated monastery called the ' Grande Chartreuse.' . . . During the last cen- tury, when Gray and Horace Walpole penetrated into those solitudes, it was a well-known point of interest in the 'grand tour;' but it seems to have been neglected during and since the great upheaval of the French Revolu- tion and the Kapoleonie empire. The name, however, is kept alive on the tongues of gourmands by a certain greenish, pungent, perfumed liquor, which comes upon their tables at the end of dinner." Bayard Taylor. And now, emerging from the forest's gloom, I greet thee, Chartreuse, while I mourn thy doom. Whither is fled that power whose frown severe Awed sober Reason till she crouched in fear ? Wordsworth. Grandes Reliques. [The Grand Kelics.] A name of general ap- plication, but commonly and fa- miliarly applied to the sacred relics preserved in the treasury, or sacristy, of the Cathedral of Aix- la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia. These relics are publicly exhib- ited once in seven years. So great is the curiosity to see them that it is said more than 180,000 visi- tors flocked to the spot in a single ' year. They comprise, among other things", the skull of Charle- magne, and his hunting-horn, the leathern girdle of Christ, a nail of the cross, the sponge that was dipped in vinegar, the cotton robe worn by the Virgin Mary at the Nativity, the swaddling-clothes of the infant Saviour, the cloth on which the head of John the Baptist was laid, and so forth. These relics, with the exception of the first two, are said to have been presented to Charlemagne by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and by the celebrated Haroun-al- Raschid , GEA 208 GEE Grands Mulets. The name given to' a mass of black rocks on the side of Mont Blanc, well known to Alpine travellers, who, when making the ascent of the moun- tain, are accustomed to pass the night here. Granja, La. [The Grange.] A royal palace in Spain, near Ma- drid, hnilt by Philip V. in the style of a French chateau. It stands at an elevation of 3,840 feet above the level of the sea, amid wild mountain scenery. It derives its name from a grange, or farmhouse, of monks which formerly occupied the site. [Also called San Ildefonsu.] jQSr " St. Ildefonso, or, as it is com- monly called here. La Granja^ is situ- ated where no other monarch's palace is, in the region of the clouds; since it is higher tip than the crater of Vesu- vius, and precisely at that elevation ■where the great clouds are commonly formed in summer. . . . Philip was a Frenchman, who knew of nothing and conceived of nothing more beautiful than Versailles. La Oranja, therefore, is its miniature." George Ticknor. And in the vale below^ "Where yonder steeples flash like lifted halberds, Ban Ildefovso, from its noisy belfries. Sends up a salutation to the morn. As if an army smote their brazen shields, And shouted victory! Longfellow. Grange, The. An old mansion — the home of Alexander Hamilton — near High Bridge, on the Har- lem River, N.Y. Near the house is a cluster of thirteen trees which he planted, and named after the thirteen original States. It is said that the South-Carolina tree is the only one that grew up crook- ed. Grange, New. See New Gkange. GranviUe, Grotto of. See Grotto OF Granville. Gray's Inn. One of the Inns of Court in London. Lord Bacon was a member of Gray's Inn, and here sketched his great work, the " Organum," though law was his principal study. He dedicated his essays " from my chamber at Graie's Inn, this 30 of Januarie, 1597." This inn, which Stow says has been "a goodly house since Edward III.'s time," was so called from Edmund, Lord Gray of Wilton (time of Henry VII.). The Hall was finished in 15li0. The men of Gray's Inn had their revels, masques, and interludes. The Society of Gray's Inn drink publicly only one toast, — " to the glorious, pious, and immortal memory of Queen Elizabeth." Dickens, in his "Uncommercial Traveller," gives a description of Gray's Inn. See Inner Temple. S^S" " Gray's Inn is a great quiet domain, quadrangle beyond quadran- gle, close beside Holborn, and a large ' space of greensward enclosed within it. . . . Nothing else in London is so like the effect of a spell, as to pass un- der one of these archways, and find yourself transported from the jumble, rush, tumult, uproar, as of an age of week-days condensed into the present hour, into what seems an eternal Sab- bath." Hawlhome. Gray's-Inn Gardens. A fashion- able promenade in London in the time of Charles II. Lord Bacon originally planted the trees in Gray's-Inn Gardens, though the same trees are not now standing. When church was done, my wife and I walked to Gravels Inne, to observe the fashions of the ladies, becauseof my wife's making some clothes. Pepys, Hay, 1662. Gray's Inn for walks, Lincoln's Inn for wall, The Inner Temple for a garden, and the Middle tor a hall. Grazie, Fonts aUe. See Ponte alle Grazie. Great Bed of "Ware. In Shake- speare's comedy of " Twelfth Night," the jolly Sir Toby Belch says to that charming simpleton Sir Andrew Ague-cheek, who is about to write a challenge, " As many lies as will lie in thy sheet of paper, although the sheet were big enough for the bed of Ware in England, set 'em down." The piece of furniture here alluded to is a very curious, carved, oaken bedstead, still preserved in an inn called the " Saracen's Head," at Ware. It bears the date 1460, but is said by antiqua- rians to be not older than the GEE 209 GRE time of Queen Elizabeth (1558- 1603); so that it must jiave heen comparatively new in 1601, when Shakespeare is supposed to have written the "Twelfth Night." It measures twelve leet square, and is surmounted by a heavy roof, or canopy, supported by a very high head-board, and by elaborately turned and carved posts at the foot. A few years ago it was put up for sale by auc- tion, an'd Charles Dickens olfered 100 guineas ($500) for it; but it was valued at a higher sum, and was consequently bid in by the owner. Great Bell of Moscow. See Em- PEKOK OF Bells. Great Bell of St. Paul's. This bell of London is only used at the death and funeral of members of the royal family, the bishop of the diocese, the dean of the ca- thedral, and the lord-mayor of London (while holding oifice). It was cast in 1716, weighs 5 tons i cwt., and is 6 feet lOJ inches in diameter at the mouth. Little Britain has its long catalogue of city wonders, which its inhabitants con- sider the wonders of the world : such as the Oreal Sell of St. Paul's, which sours all the beer when it tolls. Iimng. Great Comstook Lode. See Com- STOCK Lode. Great Conception of SevUle. A celebrated picture by Bartolome Bsteban Murillo (1617-1682), rep- resenting the Immaculate Con- ception of the Virgin, called " the Great Conception," from its co- lossal size. In the gallery at Se- ville, Spaifl. Great Eastern. A well-known mammoth steamship, without doubt the largest vessel ever built, originally designed for the Australian trade around the Cape of Good Hope. The vessel was intended to transport 1,000 pas- sengers, 5,000 tons of merchan- dise, and 15,000 tons of coal for fuel. She was several years building, and was launched in 1857-58 with the broadside toward the river, but not un- til after various unsuccessful efforts had heen made, with an expenditure of some KOO.OOO. For a year she plied between England and the United States, but without earning sufficient to pay the running expenses. In 1861 she was employed to convey 2,000 troops from England to Canada. In 1864 she was em- ployed to lay the Atlantic cable, and has since been repeatedly used for the same purpose. For ordinary traffic she has proved an expensive luxury, having cost, so far, it is said, some $25,000,000, including repairs, and has never returned a quarter of that sum. What must be the natural excellence of the harbor of Portland will be understood when it is borne in mind that tlie Crreat Eastern can enter it at all times, and that it can lay along the wharves at any hour ofthetide. Anthony Trollope. Great Gun of Moscow. A famous piece of ordnance preserved in the Kremlin at Moscow, Russia, and popularly called the " pocket- piece " of the Empress Anne. The diameter of the bore is three feet, but the gun is said never to have been used. Great Harry. This was the first double-decked vessel, and the first war-vessel of any size, built in England. She was construct- ed in 1509, by order of King Hen- ry the Seventh, in honor of whom she was named. She was of 1,000 tons' burden, measured 138 feet in length and 38 feet in breadth, from outside to outside, carried 80 guns, and cost upwards of £14,000. Her stem and stern were very lofty; and she carried four masts, according to the fash- ion of the time. She had three flush-decks, a forecastle, half- deck, quarter-deck, and round- house. Down to the year 1545, the Great Harry was the only vessel of her kind in the British service. She was accidentally burned at "Woolwich in 1553, in her forty-fifth year. And above them all, and strangest of all. Towered the Great Harry, crank and tall, Whose picture was hanging on the wall, With bows and stem raised high in air, And balconies hanging here and there, GEE 210 GRB And sipnal-lantems and flags afloat, And eight round towers, like those that frown From some old castle, looking down Upon the drawbridge and the moat. Longfellow. Great Mogul, Court of the. See Court of the Gkeat Mogul. Great Peter. 1. The oldest of the existing great bells in England is Great Peter of Exeter. Its pre- decessor was of the date of 1484. The present bell was cast in 1676, weighs 6 tons 5 cwt., and is 6 feet 4 inches in diameter at the mouth. 2. Great " Peter of York " was cast in 1845, weighs 12 tons 10 cwt., and is 8 feet 4 inches in diameter at the mouth. Great Pyramid. This oldest monu- ment ot Egypt and of the world, near Gheczeh and Cairo, was founded about 5,000 years ago by Cheops, or Suphis, who is said to have employed 100,000 men at a time on the worlt, who were re- lieved by tlie same number every three months. The work occu- pied twenty years, besides ten for constructing the causeway by wliich the immense stones were conveyed from the Arabian hills. It was undoubtedly de- signed for a tomb as well as for astronomical purposes. It cov- ers an area of 577,600 square feet, and is 4S4 feet in perpendicular height. Tlie view from the sum- mit is extensive and interesting, including as it does the Nile, the minarets ot Cairo, the pyramids of Abooseer, Sakkara and Das- hoor, and a wide expanse of des- ert. Tlie iirincijial apartment in the pyramid is called the King's Chamber: in it is a sarcophagus, which is without sculptures or hieroglyphics. There are also many other apartments, one of which is called the Queen's Chamber. It is said that the pyramid was first opened by the , Caliph Mamoon, about the year 820 A.D.; but it is quite probable that it had been previously opened. Arab historians relate that a statue enclosing a body supposed to be that of the king, was found in the sarcophagus; but this statement is not wholly trustworthy. The second pyra- mid, as it is called, near the Great Pyramid, contains one main chamber in which is a sarcopha- gus. The third pyramid, though much smaller than the others, excels them by having a coating of beautiful red granite from Syene. S^ " The area of the Great Pyra- mid is more than twice the extent of that at St. Peter's at Rome, or of any other building in the world. Its height is equal to the highest spire of any cathedi'al in Europe; for though it has been attempted to erect higher build- ings, in no instance has this yet been successfully achieved. Even the third pyramid covers more ground than any Gothic cathedral, and the mass of ma- terials it contains far surpasses that of any erection we possess in Europe." Fergusson. fl®=- *' Profound as is the impression created at the foot of the pyramid,— where the spectator, face to face with the enormous mass, loses the full view of the angles and the summit, — it is only after ascending to the top that he obtains a just idea of the whole, and finds expectation eclipsed by reality. From the summit the eye might traverse a distance of 36 miles were the human vision capable of distinguishing ob- jects 80 far away. A stone thrown with the gi-eatest possible force does not clear the base, but usually falls upon some of the lower steps. Owing to a common optical illusion, he who casts the stone imagines that he has sent his missile to a great distance : but as the eye follows it, the stone seems to turn back; and it falls only at the foot of the vast structure." Le/evret Trans. A man shall sit do^vn with his ftiend at the foot of the Great Pyramid ; and they will take up the question ihey had been talking about under " the great elm," and forget all about Egypt. Holmes. At last, our short noon-shadows hid The top-stone, bare and brown. From whence, like Gizeh's pyramid^ The rouyh mass slanted down. WMUter. Great Seal (of England). A pair of dies made of siher into which, when closed, melted wax is poured. " The im]iression of the seal is six inches in diameter and three-quarters of an inch thick. GEE 211 GEE On every accession to the throne a new seal is struck; and the old one is cut into four pieces, and de- posited in the Tower of London." Kay, more; I can say and will say, that, asal'eerof Parliament, as a Sneaker of til is right honorable Houbc, as Keeper of the Great Seal, as Guardian of his Maj- esty's conscience, as Lord Hiyli Cliancel- lor of England, — nay, even in that char- acter alone, in which the noble Duke would think It an affront to be considered, but which ciiaracter none can deny me, — as a MAN, — I am, at this moment, as re- spectable — I beg leave to add. I am as much respected — as the proudest peer I now look down upon. Lord Thurlow. Great Sguare. See Place Mehe- MET An and Plaza Mayok. Great Stone Face. See Profile, The. Great Tom. 1. A famous hell in the tower of Christ Church Col- lege, Oxford, England. It was cast in 1681, weighs 17,000 pounds, and is seven feet in diameter at the mouth. The original bell be- longed to Osney Abbey, and was inscribed, " In Thomse laude resono Bim Bom sine fraude." One hundred and one times the mighty sound, Such as when Vulcan forged the war- god's shield. Startled the Lemnian shepherd in his field, Hath Christ-church giant bell swung out around, And the night songster's voice melodious drowned. J. B. Norton, 2. A famous bell, formerly in "Westminster Palace, London, afterwards given or sold by Wil- liam III. to dean and chapter of St. Paul's, and then broken and recast. See Big Ben. - j!K^*' There was formerly a 'Great Tom of Westminster,* which was sold for St. Paul's Cathedral in 1698; hut, as though he determined never to give out a sound of his voice away from his own place, as he was being conveyed by Temple Bar — the boundary of Westminster and London — he rolled off the carriage and was broken. In 1708 he was recast by Philip Wight- man." L.Jewiit. 3. [of Lincoln.] The celebrat- ed bell of this name was cast, with additional material, from a still older bell, in 1610. This " Tom " was the predecessor of the present bell, which was cast inl834, weighs 5 tons 8 cwt., and is 6 feet 10^ inches in diameter at the mouth. 4. A celebrated bell in the tower of St. Peter's Cathedral, in Exeter, England. This bell weighs 12,500 pounds. Great Tun of Heidelberg. See Tun of Heidelberg. Great Wall of China. A famous structure traversing the northern boundary of the Chinese empire, carried over hills, valleys, and rivers. Its length is over 1,200 miles, its height 20 feet, its thick- ness 25 feet at the base, and 15 feet at the top. At intervals of 100 feet are towers. For a good part of its length, the wall is now but a heap of rubbish. This great structure was built about 200 B.C. as a defence against the Tartars. There standeth a building which ages have tried; It is not a dwelling, it is not a fane. A hundred days round it the rider may ride. And ride, if to compass ltd measure, in vain; And years told in hundreds against it have striven. By time never sapped, and by storm never bowed. Still sublimely it stands in the rainbow of heaven. Reaching now to the ocean and now to the cloud. Not constructed a boast to vainglory to yield. It serves as defender, to save and to shield ; And nowhere its like on the earth is sur- veyed : And yet by the labors of man it was made ! Schiller, Trans. Mr. Hue, I think it is, who tells us some very good stories about the way in which two Chinese gentlemen contrive to keep up a long talk without saying a word which has any meaning in it. Something like this is occasionally heard on this side of tile Great Wall, Holmes. Great Western. One of the early steam-propelled vessels of the British merchant-marine. She left Bristol April 7, 1838, and reached New York in 15 days. Greater and the Lesser Passion- See Passion, etc. Grecian, The. A former coffee- house of London, in Devereux GKE 212 GKE Court, Strand, so called after the " Grecian " (one Constantine) by •whom it was kept. The Grecian figures in " The Tatler " and " Spectator," and was resorted' to by Goldsmith, Foote, and by Fellows of the Royal Society. It was closed in 1843. The coffee-house was the Londoner's house; and those who wished to find a gentleman, commonly asked, not whether he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery- Lane, but whether he freouented " the Grecian " or " the Rainbow. ' Macaulay. Grecian Theatre. A theatre near the garden of the Eagle Tavern, City Koad, London, devoted to the melo-drama, farce, and ballet. Greek Cross, Hall of the. See Sala a Ckoce Greca. Greek Slave. A celebrated statue by Hiram Powers (1805-1873). It was finished in 1873, and several copies came from the artist's stu- dio. One is now in the gallery of the Duke of Cleveland, England, another in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, a third in the pos- session of Earl Dudley, and oth- ers elsewhere. They s;iy Ideal Beauty cannot enter The house of anguish. On the threshold stands An alien Image with the shackled hands. Called the Greek Slave: as if the artist meant her (That passionless perfection which he lent her, Shadowed, not darkened, where the sill expands) To so confront man's crimes in different lands With man's ideal sense. Pierce to the centre, Art's flery finger! — and break up ere long The serfdom of this world! Appeal, fair stone, From God's pure heights of beauty, against man's wron^! Catch up in thy divine face, not alone East griefs but west, and strike and shame the strong. By thunders of white silence overthrown. Mrs. Browning. I mean no disrespect to Gibson or Pow- ers; .. . but I think the world would be all thericher if their Venuses, their Greek Slaves, their Eves, were burnt into quick- lime, leaving us only this statue [the VcnuH de Medici] aa our image of the beautiful. Hawthorne. Green, The. A central square in the city of New Haven, Conn., generally known by this name. It was laid out in 1638 by John Davenport of London, the found- er of the city and colony. Green Gallery. [Ger. Das griine Geioolhe.] A collection of jew- els and costly articles in the pal- ace of the elector of Saxony, at Dresden, Germany. This coUeo- tioa is unsurpassed in Europe. Green Grotto. A celebrated cav- ern in the isle of Capri, near Na- ples. J^=- " Under these amazing crags, over a emootb, sunny sea, we sped along towards a point where the boat- man said we should find the Green Grotto. It lies inside a short project- ing cape of the perpendicular shore, and our approach to it was denoted by a streak of emerald fire flashing along the shaded water at the base of the rocks. A few more strokes on the oars carried us under an arch twenty feet high, which opened into a rocky cave beyond. The water being shallow, the white bottom shone like silver; and the pure green hue of the waves, filled and flooded with the splendor of the Bun, was thrown upon the interior fa- cings of the rocks, making the cavern gleam like transparent glass. It was a marvellous surprise. . . . The bright- ness of the day increased tbe illusion, and made the incredible beauty of the cavern all the more startling, because devoid of gloom and mystery. It was an idyl of the sea, born of the god-lore of Greece." Bayard Taylor. ;K«r*'The so-called Green Grotto has the beauty of moss-agate in its liquid floor; . . . and where there is no other charm4o notice, endless beauty maybe found in the play of sunlight upon roofs of limestone . . . mossed over, hung with fern, and catching tones of blue or green from the still deeps beneath." J. A. Symonds. Green Park. An area of 60 acres in London, situated between Pic- cadilly and St. James's Park, Con- stitution Hill, and the houses of Arlington Street and St. James's Place. It was formerly called Little St. James's Park. Stafford House, Bridgewater House, and Spencer House are upon the e^t side of the park. Greenmount. A cemetery near Baltimore, Md., established in 1838. The grounds are laid out with much taste and skill, and contain many fine mouumenta. GEE 213 GEE Greeuway Court. A decayed man- sion near BerryvUle, Va., once the residence of Lord Fairfax. Greenwich Hospital. An asylum for old and disabled seamen on the Thames, a few miles helow London. It was opened in 1705. JS^ Macaulay says in his sketch of the death of Mary II., " The affec- tion with "which her husband cherished her memory "was attested by a monu- ment the most superb that was ever erected to any sovereign. No scheme had been so much her own, none had been so near her heart, as that of con- verting the palace at Greenwich into a retreat for seamen. It had occurred to her when she had found it difficult to provide good shelter and good attend- ance for the thousands of brave men who had come back to England wound- ed after the battle of La Hogue. While she lived, scarcely any step was taken towards the accomplishing of her favor- ite design. But it should seem, that, as soon as her husband had lost her, he began to reproach himself for having neglected her wishes. No time was lost. A plan was furnished by Wren ; and soon an ediffce, surpassing that asylum which the magnihccnt Lewis had provided for his soldiers, rose on the margin of the Thames. . . . Few of those who now gaze on the noblest of JEuropean hospitals, are aware that it is a memorial of the virtues of the good Queen Mary, of the love and sor- row of William, and of the great victory of La Hogue." Greenwich Park. A royal de- mesne at Greenwich, near Lon- don, much resorted to by the in- habitants ol the metropolis. It was enclosed as a park by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester in the reign of Henry VI. Greenwood. A beautiful cemetery three miles from Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn, N.Y., containing 242 acres of land, and ornamented with winding paths, forests, and lakes. Gregorio, San. See San Gkego- KIO. Greif enstein. A picturesque med- iseval stronghold, now in ruins, near Eudolstadt in Germany. Grenan, Temple of. See Temple OF Gbenan. Gresham College. This institu- tion in London stood on Bishops- gate Street, and was so called after Sir Thomas Gresham, in whose honor it was established. The Eoyal Society originated here in 1645. After 1710 the college fell into decay, and in 1768 the building was sold. A handsome stone structure, Basinghall Street, was opened in 1843 for the Gresh- am Lectures- Greta Hall. The former residence of the poet Southey, situated on a slight eminence near the town of Keswick, in what is called the Lake District of England. Gretna Green. A little village in Scotland much resorted to for- merly by runaway couples from England. Marriages were here celebrated with very little cere- mony, but of late they have been prohibited by Act of Parliament. Once in my life I married a wife, And where do you think I found her? On Gretna Green, in a velvet sheen, And I took up a stick to pound her. She jumped over a barberry-bush, And I lumped over a timber; I showed her a gay gold rmg. And slie showed me her flnper. Mother Goose. GrSve, Place de. See Place de l'Hotel de Ville. Grey Abbey-. A picturesque ru- ined monastery in the county of Down, Ireland. Grey Friars. This important mon- astery in London was established by the early Franciscans who came to England in the time of Henry III. It was a favorite place of interment for royal per- sonages. Nothing but a few arches now remains of the monas- tery, upon the site of which was founded Christ's Hospital. How often have I seen the casual passer through the cloisters stand still, entranced with admiration ... to hear thee CColer- idgej unfold, in thy deep and sweet into- nations, the mysteries of Jamblicus or Plotiuus, . . . while the walls of the old Grey Friars re-echoed to the accents of the inspired charity boy ! Charles Lamb. Grey Mare's Tail. A cataract is- suing from the Loch Skene in Scotland. It is one of the loftiest cascades in the country. GEI 214 GEO Where deep, deep down, and far within, Toils with tlie roclcs the roaring linn ; Then issuing forth one foaming wave. And wheeling round the Giant's Grave "White as the snowy charger's tail, Drives down the pass of Motfatdale. Scott. J8®=" A rather narrow stream, whit- ened in plunges over rough rocks, pours, in one broad broken sheet, over a pre- cipitous crag of jagged, eccentrically stratified, gray rock. . . . The entire height of the fall is about 360 feet. It is part of a capital example of peculiarly Scottish scenery." J. F. Uuniiewell. GriUo, Torre del. See Torre del Grillo. Grimani Breviary. A celebrated illuminated service-book, con- taining beautiful miniatures. In the library of the Ducal Palace, Venice. Grimani Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Grimani.'] A noble palace in Venice, Italy, fronting on the Grand Canal. It was built in the sixteenth century, and is now used as the post-office. It was formerly decorated with frescos of Tintoretto which have disap- peared. .6®= " San Micheli's masterpiece is the design of the Grimani Palace. The proportions of the whole facade are good, and its dimensions give it a dig- nity which renders it one of the most striking fa9ades on the Grand Canal ; while the judgment displayed in the design elevates it into being one of the best buildings of the age in which it was erected." Fergusson. Grimes's Dike. See Graham's Dike. Grimsel. See Hospice of the Grimsel. Griper, The. An Arctic explor- ing ship which sailed from Eng- land under Commander Lyon in 1824. Griswold, Fort. See Fort Gris- WOLD. Grizzly Giant. A famous tree in Mariposa County, Cal., the lar- gest of a remarkable grove of trees, of the Sequoia gic/antea spe- cies. This tree is 107 feet in cir- cumference, and in one place is 34 feet in diameter. It reaches a height of 200 feet before throwing out a branch, and the first branch is eight feet in diameter. Grocers' Hall. A building in Lon- don belonging to the Company of Grocers, one of the great city guilds. The original hall was built in 1427, but was seriously damaged by the great fire of 1666. It was restored in 1668-60, but in 1681 was again in ruins. The present building was erected in 1802, and repaired in 1827. Gros Bourdon. The largest bell in America, hung in one of the towers of the church of Notre Dame at Montreal, Canada. Its weight is nearly fifteen tons. Grosse Garten. [The Great Gar- den.] A fine public park in the neighborhood of Dresden, Ger- many. It is five miles in circiun- ference. Grosvenor Gallery. See Grosve- KOK House. Grosvenor House. The city resi- dence of the Marquis of "West- minster, London. Formerly, as Gloucester House, it was inhab- ited by the Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III. It con- tains a fine collection of paint- ings, — the celebrated Grosvenor Gallery, — including some of the best works of Claude and Ru- bens. Grosvenor Square. An area of six acres in London, built 1723- 1730, and so called from Sir Kich- ard Grosvenor (d. 1732). One of the most aristocratic quarters in London. They [certain writers] conceived of liberty as monks conceive of love, as cockneys conceive of the happiness and innocence of rural life, as novel-reading sempstresses conceive of Almack's and Orosvenor Square, accomplished marquess- es and hanasome colonels of the Guards. Macaulay. Let Stott, Carlisle. Matilda, and the rest Of Grub Street, and of Grosvenor-place the best. Scrawl on, 'till death release us from the strain. Or Common Sense assert her rights again. Byron. Grotta Azzura. See Blue Gkotto. GEO 215 GEO Grotta del Cane. [Grotto of the Dog.] A celebrated but small cave at the base of a rocky hill on the southern bank of the Lake Agnano near Naples. The cav- ern is constantly emitting from its sides and floor quantities of vapor mingled with carbonic-acid gas. The latter, being the heav- ier, accumulates at ,the bottom, leaving the upper part of the cave free from gas. The cave derives its name from the com- mon experiment of subjecting a dog to the effects of the gas, and afterwards restoring him by ex- posure to the air. We tried the old experiment of a dog in the Grotto del Cane, or Charon's Cave; it is not above ttiree orfour paces deepe, and about the heiglit of a man, nor very broad. Whatever Iiaving life enters it presently expires. . . . This experiment has been tried on men, as on that poor creature whom Peter of Toledo caus'd to go in ; litewise on some Turkish slaves, two sol- diers, and other fooie-hardy persons, who all perislied, and could never be recovered by the water of the lake, as are doggs; fur which many learned reasons have been offered, as Simon Majolus in lii3 booke of the Canicular days has mentioned. John Evelyn^ 1644. Grotta della Sibylla. See Sibyl's Cave. Grotta di PosiUpo. [Grotto of Po- silipo.] An excavation in the vol- canic soil near Naples, at the ex- tremity of the street called the Chiaja. The earliest mention of it was in the time of Nero. It was enlarged in the fifteenth cen- tury by Alfonso I. In the centre of the tunnel is a recess, forming the chapel of the Virgin, before which a lamp is always burning. Near the top of the east entrance to the grotto is the Eoman colum- barium, or sepulchre, known as the tomb of Virgil. See Vikgil's Tomb. ess- " Above the grotto are the re- mains of a columbarium, which, time out of mind, has enjoyed the honor of being called the tomb of Virgil. Nor is it by any means impossible that it is so, though it must be admitted that the weight of evidence is against the claim. But there is quite enough of Interest clinging round it from the fact that a long line of poets and scholars, begin- ning with Petrarch and Boccaccio, have visited the spot more in the spirit of faith than of scepticism, "rtiere is nothing at all remarkable in the struc- ture itself, which is of brick, shattered by time, and overgrown with myrtle, wild vines, and grass. Whether Vir- gil^were really buried here or not, it is certainly a spot which a poet might well choose for his last repose." Rillard. Ah I precious every drape of myrtle bloom And leaf of laurel crowning VirgiV.^ tomb t Through the steep Is hewn Posilipo's most marvellous grot ; And to the prince of Koman bards, whose sleep Is in this singular and lonely spot, Doth a wild rumor give a wizard's name. Linking a tunnelled road to Maro's fame I W. Gibson. Grotto de la Vierge. [Grotto of the Virgin.] A noted place of pil- grimage in the present century at Lourdes,France. Its celebrity be- gan in 1858 through the declara- tions of a girl who affirmed that the Holy Virgin had appeared to her. In the following year over 200,000 persons visited the spot. In the cavern is a spring which is believed to possess miraculous properties of healing. Grotto of Adelsberg. A celebrat- ed grotto, or cave, in the lime- stone rock near Adelsberg in Styria, Southern Austria. It is one of the most interesting and extensive in the world, and is hung with the most beautiful sta- lactites. Grotto of Antiparos. A celebrat- ed stalactitic cavern on the isl- and of Oliaros (Antiparo), in the ^gean Sea. Grotto of Egeria. See FouHTAnf OF Egeria. Grotto of Granville. A natural curiosity in Southern France, near Le Bugue. It is a cavern extending a mile in a straight line, and, with its branches, meas- uring some two or three miles. Grotto of Jeremiah. A spacious cave near the Damascus Gate of Jerusalem. Grotto of St. John. A cavern, or grotto, belonging to the monas- tery of St. John in the island of GEO 216 GUE Patmos, off the west coast of Asia Minor. It is the supposed abode of the apostle John, who had been banished to this island, A.D. 94, by the Roman emperor, Domitian, and who is reported to here have had the visions re- corded in the Book of Revelation. Grottos of Bern Hassan. See Be'ki Hassan. Growler, The. A United States vessel of war captured by the British, June 3, 1813. Grub Street. The former title of Milton Street, Cripplegate, Lon- don, which was once the resi- dence of authors of the less fortu- nate class, and the jest of the more favored. From its being inhabited by these literary hacks, the name was familiarly used to characterize any worthless author or any poor production. This character it seems to have ob- tained as far back as the time of Cromwell, when the street con- sisted of low and mean houses, which were let out in lodgings, in many instances to persons vrhose occupation was publishing anonymously what were then deemed libellous or treasonable works. John Foxe the martyr- ologist. Speed the historian, and other authors, resided in Grub Street. Memoirs of the Society of Grub Street appeared in 1737. Its name was changed to Milton Street in 1830. The name Grub Street, as a term of reproach or contempt, is said to have been first used with reference to the works of Foxe. The present designa- tion of the street is taken from the name of one Milton, a bviild- er, and not, as might naturally be conjectured, from that of the poet. -8®" " Pope's arrows are so sharp, and his slaughter eo wholesale, that the reader's sympathies are often en- listed on the side of the devoted inhab- itants of Grub Street. He it was who brought the notion of a vile Grub Street before the minds of the general public; he it was who created such as- sociations as author and rags, author and dirt, author and gin. The occupa- tion of authorship became ignoble through his graphic descriptiou of mis- ery, and the literary profession was for a long time destroyed." Thackeray. Our theatres are now open, and all ffrufe- street is preparing its advice to the man- agers. We shall undoubtedly hear learn- ed disquisitions on the structure of one actor's legs, and another's eyebrows. We shall be told much of enunciations, tones, and attitudes, and shall have our lightest pleasures commented upon by didactic dulness. Goldsmith. When we first visited Grub-street, and with bared head did reverence to the genius of the place, with a " Salve, mag- na parens ! " we were astonished to learn, on inquiry, that the authors did not dwell there now, but had all removed, yi ars ago, to a sort of " High Life below Stairs," far in the west. Carlyle. Let Bud gel charge low Grub-street with his quill, And write whate'er he please, — except my will. Pope. Xot with less glory mighty Dulness crown'd. Shall take through Grub-street her tri- umphant round. And her Parnassus glancing o'er at once. Behold a hundred sons, and each a dunce. Pope. I'd sooner ballads write, and Grub-street lays. Gay. Griine Gewolbe. See Green Gal- lery. GriitU. A meadow on the shore of the Lake of Lucerne, Switzer- land, famous as the meeting-place of the three mythical heroes of Switzerland, Werner Stauffaeher, Erni of Melchthal, and Walter Fiirst of Uri, who are said to have assembled here in the night, and formed plans for the deliver- ance of their country from the Austrian yoke. This spot is now the ijropei-ty of the Swiss Repub- lic, having been purchased in 1859 by subscriptions. Guards. See Horse Guards. Guards' Club. A London club, founded in 1810, and confined to officers of the regiments of Foot- Guards who distinguished them- selves at Waterloo and in the Crimea. The club-house is in Pall Mall. Guelfa, Torre. FA. Guernica, Oak of. Guernica. See Torre Guel- See Oak of GTJE 217 GUY Guerrifere, La. A British frigate captured during the war of 1812 hy the United States vessel Con- stitution. Lon^ the tyrant of our coast Reifined the famous Guerrih'e. Our little navy she defied, Public ship and privateer. 1 On her sails in letters red To our captains were displayed Words of warning, words of dread, — ■» " All who meet me have a care, I am England's Guerriire" Old Song. "The wand of British invincibility was broken when the flag of the Ouerriere came down. That one event was worth more to the Republic than all the money which has ever been expended for the navy. R. F. Stockton. Guildhall, The. A name of gen- eral application, but specially used to designate the Town-Hall of the city of London, where the principal corporation business is transacted, and its hospitality exercised. The Guildhall will contain between 6,000 and 7,000 persons. The inauguration din- ners of the lord-mayors have been held here since 1501. It is magnificently decorated upon the occasion of royal entertainments. The present, or third Guildhall, was first built in 1411, though but little more than the walls of the original building now remain. See Gog aud Magog. 4®^ " The building itself is a strange architectural medley. . . . The great ball, however, has the grandeur which, in architecture, is always given, in a certain degree, by size. It is 150 feet long. The building has its name from the fact that it was erected by the united efforts of the various guilds of the city, — associations, or rather trading and Bocial institutions, of which the very germ seems not to have crossed the ocean." Richard Grant White. Our great fault with writers used to be, not that they were intrinsically more or less completed Doits, with no eye or ear for the "open secret" of the world, or for any thing save the " open display " of the world, — for its gilt ceilings, marketable pleasures, war-chariots, and all manner, to the highest manner, of Lord-Mayor shows and Guildhall dinners, and their own small part and lot therein : but the head and front of their offence lay in this, that they had not " frequented the "ociety of Ihe upper classes." Carlyle. Glosler. Go after, after. Cousin Buck- ingham. The Mayor towards Guildhall hies him in all post: There, at your meetest vantage of the time. Infer the bastardy of Edward's children : Tell them how Edward put to death a cit- izen. Only for saying he would make his son Heir to the crown ; meaning, indeed, hia house. Which, by the sign thereof, was termed so. Buck. I go ; and, towards three or four o'clock. Look for the news that the Guildhall af- fords. Shakespeare. Gutenberg. A bronze statue of the inventor, modelled by Albert BerterThorwaldsen (1770-1844), erected in 1837 at Mayence, the expense being defrayed by sub- scriptions from all parts of Eu- rope. Gutenfels. A well-known stately castle on the banks of the Ehine, near the town of Caub. It is al- luded to as early as 1257. In 1504 it was besieged for six weeks by the Landgrave William of Hes- sen, but without success. It re- mained in a habitable condition till the beginning of the present century, when, in 1805, it was de- molished by order of Napoleon, and is now but a picturesque ruin. Guy Fawkes's Cellar. An under- ground apartment, which former- ly served as a kitchen, in the old palace at Westminster, and into which the conspirators obtained entrance from an adjoining house. The Parliament chamber above this vault was taken down about the year 1823. Guy's Cliff. A noted spot, the re- treat of the famous Earl Guy of Warwick,. where he and his coun- tess are supposed to be buried, about a mile from Warwick Cas- tle, in England. It has a fine mansion and a romantic cavern, and is one of tlje places generally visited by tourists. Guy's Hospital. An institution for the sick and lame, near Lon- don Bridge, in Southwark, Lon- don, founded by Thomas Guy (b. 1645). GYM 218 GYZ Gymnasium of Ptolemy, or Stoa of Attains. A marble building in ancient Athens. Pausanias says, that in the Gymnasium, " which is not far from the Ago- ra, and is called Ptolemfeum from him who built it, are Hermse of stone worth inspection." See HEBMiE. Gyzen George. A remarkable por- trait by Hans Holbein the Young- er (14:98?-1543), pronounced by Euskin "inexhaustible." Now in Berlin, Prussia^ HAB 219 HAT> H. Habsburg Castle. [Habichtsburg, Hawk's Castle.] An ancient ruined castle of which little now remains, the old seat of the Im- perial House of Austria, near Brugg, in Switzerland. Hackney. A thickly populated district in London. ^®" Hackney coaches were not so called, as sometimes stated, after this district. Haddon Hall. An ancient man- sion, the seat of the Duke of Kutland, near Ashbourne and Bakewell, in Derbyshire, Eng- land. The various portions are of different orders of architecture, — pointed Gothic, Tudor, and Eliza- bethan. No part of the building is of later date than the sixteenth century. It is in good preserva^ tion, and is one of the curiosities of the Peak Country. 2?ot fond displays of cost, nor pampered train Of idle menials, me so much deliffht. As these time-honored walls crowning the plain With their gray battlements; within be- dight With ancient trophies of baronial might. Henry Alford. Hadrian's Gate, or Arch. See Arch of Hadkian. Hadrian's Mausoleum (Mole, or Tomb). See St. Angelo. The highest part Cof a monument at St. K6miJ is a circular colonnade, a miniature copy of that which we know to have once encircled Hadrian's Mole. Fergusson. Hadrian's Villa. [Ital. Villa Adri- ana.] A famous and wonderful relic of imperial times on a plain at the foot of the hill of Tivoli, in the neighborhood of Rome. The emperor Hadrian having re- solved to reproduce all the most striking objects which he had seen in his extensive travels, chose for the purpose a spot singularly favorable by its natu- ral advantages; and in a short time, with the immense resources at his command, he covered the ground Avith a vast number of costly and extensive structures. He is said to have enclosed in this way a space eight or ten miles in circuit. At the present day the ruins present the appear- ance of a confused mass of build- ings going to decay. Within seventy years after the death of Hadrian, many of the precious marbles used in the construction of these buildings were carried by Caracalla to Rome to deco- rate the Baths which he had then begun. JS^ "It rather resembled a city in itself than a single mansion. . . These proud imperial ruins are now lost among thicl^ olive-groves; their floors, instead of being paved with pictured mosaics, are overgrown with grass; their once magnificent halls are filled with thickets of aged ilex; yet enough still remains to attest their former extent and splendor." Eaton. «S- " Before quitting the Villa Adri- ana, I filled my pockets with bits of porphyry, alabaster, verd antique, and fieces of stucco and mosaic, all which afterwards threw away. Many trav- ellers who have gone before me have written their names on the marbles of the Villa Adriana. They have hoped to prolong tbeii" existence by attaching a memorial of their fleeting presence to celebrated spots; but they have been deceived. While I was attempt- ing to decipher a name newly written in pencil, a bird started from a tuft of ivy, and a few drops of the recent shower were shaken from its leaves, and, falling upon the name, blotted it out forever. Chdteaubriandy Trans. Hadrian's Wall. This wall ex- tended from Bowness (Tvnno- celum) on the Solway Firth, a distance of nearly 70 miles, to "Wallsend (Sec/edvmim) on the Tyne. There were 23 towns on its line; and between these towns, at intervals of a Roman mile, were fortresses, or " mile-cas- tles." The common opinion HAG 220 HAL tends to the belief that Hadri- an built (A. D. 121) an earthen rampart, and that Severus, to strengthen it, constructed a stone wall (A.D. 208). [Also called the Picts' WalL] ^§^ " Of the wall itself (which was a huge work of masonry varying from 18 to 20 feet in height, and from 6 to 10 feet in thickness, with fosse and vallum on either side), and of these towers, etc., extensive and wonderful remains exist at the present day, and have, from the inscribed stones and other relics they have furnished, proved a rich storehouse of valuable knowledge." Z. Jewiti. , Hagar and Ishmael. A picture by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, surnamed Guercino (1590-1666). In the Brera at Milan, Italy. 4®=- " The severity of the patriarch, the half-concealed triumph of Sarah, and the broken-hearted expression of the beautiful victim, produce altogether an effect which places it among the very first pictures in tbe world." George Ticknor. " The famous Guercino is at Milan, however, the ' Hagar ' which Byron talks of so enthusiastically. The pic- ture catches your eye on your first en- trance. There i^ that harmony and effect in the color that mark a master- piece even in a passing glance. It is a piece of powerful and passionate po- etry. The eyes get warm and the heart beats quick; and, as you walk away, you feel as if a load of oppres- sive sympathy was lifting from your heart." N. P. Willis. Hagar, Expulsion of. See Expul- sion OF Hagar. Hagley Park, A noble mansion, the seat of Lord Lyttelton, in Worcestershire, England. It is especially memorable as having been the favorite resort of the English poets, Thomson, Shen- stoue, and Pope. Courting the Muse, through ^a(7?£2/ ParA you stray : Thy British Tempe ! there along the dale, "With woods o'erhung, and shagged with mossy rocks Whence on each hand the gushing waters play. And down the rough cascade white-dash- ing fan, You silent steal. James Thomson. Hfikem. See Mosque of Sultan EL HaKEM. Half-Moon, The. The ship in which Henry Hudson sailed for America in the service of the Dutch East India Company, in 1609. In this ship he began to explore the coast of New Eng- land for an open channel to the South Sea, and ascended the river afterwards called by his name. J3®^ *'In the ever- mem or ah le year of our Lord, 1609, on a Saturday morn- ing, the five-and-twentieth day of March, old style, did that • worthy and irrecoverahle discoverer (as he has justly heen called), Master Henry Hud- son,' set sail from Holland in a stout vessel called the Half-Moon, being em- ployed by the Dutch East India Com- pany, to seek a north-west passage to China." Irving. While drinking in the scene, My mind goeshack upon the tide of years, And lo, a vision ! On its upward path The Half-Moon gUdes. A. JB. Street. Othersheld that It was Hendrick Hud- son and the sliadowy crew of the Half- Moon sailing to their weird revels in the Catskills. Washington Irmng. Half-Moon Tavern. See Shake- speare's House. Halidon Hill. An eminence near Berwick, in Scotland, memorable for a sanguinary battle between the English and Scotch forces in 1333, when the former, under Edward III., defeated the Scotch army under the regent Archibald Douglas. Sir Walter Scott pub- lished in 1822 a dramatic tale called " Halidon Hill." Aye, but King Edward sent a haughty message. Defying us to battle on this field, This very hill of Halidon, Scott. Halifax Gibbet. See Maiden. Hall of Animals. See Sala degli Animali. Hall of Columns. A magnificent colonnade in the palace of Kar- nac, on the Nile, Egypt. j8®=" '* A Bymmetrieal forest of oaks and beeches ten centuries old would not give an adequate idea of its thirty parallel ranks of columns. No tree, for instance, could attain the diameter, or the height even, of the twelve great columns that form the axis of the hall. . . . The enormous monolith capitals — heavy enough, one would think, to HAL 221 HAM crush any pillar — oppress the imagina- tion with Ihcir size. A hundred men could stand on one of them without crowding. Never have greater masses of stone been laid than these. . . . The hall itself is 422 feet long by 166 feet broad. The stones of the ceiling rest upon architraves supported by 134 col- umns which are still standing, and of which the largest measures 10 feet in diameter, and more than 72 feet in height. Sesostris and his two prede- cessors constructed the hall of columns, and the date of its construction was about the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries before Christ." Lefevrei Trans. Donald. Hall of Fame, The Bavarian. [Ger. Die baierische Rtihmeshalle.] A famous structure In the imme- diate neigliborhood of Munich, the capital of Bavaria, consisting of " a Doric portico forming three sides of a quadrangle, in the cen- tre of vphosa open side rises the colossal statue of Bavaria," q.v. The building contains the statues of distinguished Bavarians. Hall of the Biga. See Sala della BiGA. HaU of the Emperors. A hall in the Museum of the Capitol, Rome, so called because around the room is arranged a very valuable col- lection of 83 busts of Roman em- perors, their wives and relations. Hall of the Greek Cross. See Sa- IjA a Croce Gkeoa. Hall of the Vase. An apartment in the Museum of the Capitol, Rome, so called from a fine vase of white marble in the middle of the room. Hall of Xerxes. See Xerxes. Halles, Les. A biiilding of the fourteenth century in the market- place of Bruges, Belgium, with a lofty belfry-tower containing the finest chimes in Europe, which are played four times an hour by machinery. In the market-place of Bruges stands the belfry old and brown, Thrice consumed and thrice rebuilded, still it watches o'er the town. Longfellow. Halloren, The. A name applied to a cluster of families, some fifty in number, in Halle, Germany, who herd together, and gain a poor subsistence in the salt- mines by teaching swimming and by catching larks. They are curious as being probably the last remnant of the ancient Wendish people, who have re- tained their peculiar dress and customs from the time of Charle- magne to the present. Ham Citadel. A celebrated politi- cal prison in the little town of Ham, France. It was built in 14:70. The central tower is 100 feet high, and the walls are 36 feet thick. Many noted prisoners have been confined here, among others Louis Napoleon, who, after his failure at Boulogne in 1840, remained here for six years until he succeeded in making his es- cape. Even now, when the other accusations against her [Marie Antoinette] have sunk down to oblivion and the Father of Lies, this of wanting etiquette survives her. In the Castle of Ham, at this hour [1831], M de Polignac and Company may be wringing their hands, not without an ob- lique glance at Jier for bringing them thither Carlyle. Ham House. The seat of the Earl of Dysart. A residence of the time of James I. at Twickenham near London, where the " Cabal " ministers of Charles II. used to meet. The more than Italian luxury of Ham, with its busts, fountains, and aviaries, were among the many signs which Indi- cated what was the shortest road to boundless wealth. Macaulay. Hambye. A beautiful ruined mon- astery near Coutances, France. It was founded in 1145. Hamilton, Fort. See Fort Ham- ilton. Hamilton Palace. An old feudal mansion of much historic inter- est, the seat of the Duke of Ham- ilton, in the town of the same name in Scotland. The old pal- ace was rebuilt in the seventeenth century, and has received large additions in the present century. It contains one of the most valu- able private collections of paint- ings and other works of art in Great Britain. HAM 222 HAK Hamlet and Ophelia. A picture by Benjamin West (1738-1820). In the collection of Mr. Long- worth, at Cincinnati, O. Hampton Cgurt Palace. The re- nowned palace built in the parish of Hampton, near London, by Cardinal Wolsey, and by him re- signed to his sovereign, Henry VIII. Two of the original quad- rangles still remain. The later buildings erected by Sir Christo- pher Wren for William III. con- tain the famous state-rooms, por- trait-galleries, and cartoons of Raphael. J5®= " Hampton Court is a large gar- den in tbe French style, laid out in the time of William III. Our style was then the reigning one in Europe." 7'aine, Trans. It was idle to expect that old sailors, familiar with the hurricanes of the trop- ics and with the icebergs of the Arctic Circle, would pay prompt and respectful obedience to a chief who knew no more of winds and waves than could he learned inagilded barye between Whitehall Stairs and Hamptmt Court- Macaulay. For ever curs'd be this detested day. Which snatch'd my best, ray favourite curl away: Happy ! ah ten times happy had I been, If Hampton Court these eyes had never seen ! Pope. Hancock House. A famous old mansion which stood until within a few years in Boston, Mass. It was erected in 1737, and was the residence of Governor John Han- cock (17.'i7-17H3). The governors of Massacliusetts with the coun- cil were for a long period of years in the habit of dining in this man- sion annually on Election Day. It was taken down in 181i3. Haram, The. [.-Vrab. el Haram exh-Sherif.] A pile of walls and buildings occupying the site of the ancient Temple on Mount Moriah in Jerusalem, and extend- ing beyond the ancient limits. In extent it is almost equal to a quarter part of the city. It con- tains the celebrated mosques el- Aksa, and Kubbet es-Sukhrah. The interior of the enclosure, with its green grass, its olive- trees and cypresses, and marble fountains, is beautiful. The Ha- ram is of an oblong shape, meas- uring on its eastern side 1,580 feet, and on its southern 920 feet. Haroourt House. The city resi- dence of the Duke of Portland, London. It was originally called Bingley House, from its builder. Lord Bingley. Hardwiok Hall. An Elizabethan mansion, a seat of the Duke of Devonshire, near Glapwell, Eng- land. Harleian Library. A collection of manuscripts made by Mr. Har- ley, subsequently the Earl of Ox- ford (d. 1724). The collection was purchased by the Govern- ment, and is now in the British Museum. The most important documents in this collection have appeared in the publication known as the Harleian Miscel- lany, the first edition of which came out in 1744. Harlot's Progress. A series of famous dramatic and satirical pictures by William Hogarth (1697-1764). JUS^ " It would be suppressing the merits of his heart to consider him only a promoter of laughter. . . . Mirth colored his pictures, but benevolence designed them. He smiled like Socra- tes, that men might not be ofl'ended at his lectures, and might learn to laugh at their own follies." Lord Orford. Harpers' Tomb, The. This tomb of Rameses III. at Thebes, Egypt, is commonly known as The Harp- ers' Tomb, from a picture in one of the chambers, or as Bruce's Tomb, from its discoverer. It contains some interesting sculp- tures. ;8®=- *' One of the most celebrated is the Harpers' Tomb, first mentioned by Bruce, and therefore often called by his name. This is the work of two of the Rameses; and a vast work it is, — extending 405 feet into the hill." Miss JIartineau. Harrow. A famous grammar- school in the town of the same name, in the cotinty of Middle- sex, England. The school was founded by John Lyon in 1571. HAR 223 HAW Harr;y, The Great. See Great Harry. Hart, White. See White Hart. Hartford, The. The flagship of Admiral Farragut in the attack upon the defences of New Or- leans, in April, 1862, and subse- quently in the attack upon Mo- bile. J9®^ *' On the evening of the 23d, Farragut was ready for his perilous forward movement. The raortar-ves- eels covered the advance by a terrible shower of shells. Farragut in the forechaina of the Hartford watched the movements with intense interest through his night-glass. Just at the waning moon, when he was a mile from Port Jackson, that fortress opened a heavy iire upon the Hartford with great precision. Very soon she re- turned such 'a tremendous broadside of grape and canister that the garrison were driven from their barbette guns. Before the fleet had fairly passed the forts, the Confederate gunnoats and rams took part in the conflict. The scene was awful and grand. The noise of 20 mortars and 260 great guns afloat and ashore was t^rrlHc. And ail this noise and destructive energy — blazing fire-rafts; floating volcanoes, belching out fire and smoke with bolts of death ; the fierce rams pushing here and there with deadly force, and the thundering forts — were all crowded in the dark- ness, within the space of a narrow river." Lossing. Came the word of our crand old chief, — '* Go on ! " 'twas all he said. Our helm was put to the starboard, And the Hartford passed ahead. H. H. Browndl Harvard College. The oldest and most richly endowed institution of learning in the United States, situated in Cambridge, Mass. It was founded in 1638, and named after Eev. John Harvard, who bequeathed it a legacy of £780. The university comprises some 28 buildings, three of which are in Boston. Hassan, Mosque of Sultan. See MosQDE OF Sultan Hassan. Hastings. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775- 1851), the celebrated English painter. > Hatfield House. A palace in the county of Hertford, England, celebrated as being the place of Elizabeth Tudor's imprisonment previous to her accession to the throne of England. It is one of the noblest old places in the country. The hall of the old pal- ace remains; and an old oak is still standing under which Eliza- beth was sitting when the news of Queen Mary's death arrived, and she was saluted as queen. The river Lea runs through the park. The present building was erected at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was partially destroyed by fire in 1835. Charles I. was a prisoner here. Hatfield House is the seat of the Marquis of Salisbury, and is extremely interesting for its historical documents, pictures, and other valuable relics. The castle has been restored to its original magnificence. It is with- in 20 miles of London. 1643, U March. I went to see my Lord of Salisbury's palace at Hatfield, where the most considerable rarity beside the house was the garden and vineyard. John Evelyn^ Diary. Hattin. See Horns of Hattin. Haussman, Boulevart de. A splendid avenue in Paris. It is one of the modern boulevards of the city, and has a number of palatial residences. See Boule- vards. Haute Vieille Tour. A singular old edifice in Kouen, France, sup- posed to be a part of the ancient palace in which King John mur- dered his nephew Prince Arthur. Hawk's Nest. See Marshall's Pillar. Hawthornden. An ancient cottage on the banks of the Esk near Dal- keith, where the poet Drummond once lived. 41®" "I know in my childhood I often used to wish that I could liv9 in a ruined castle; and this Hawthornden would be the very beau-ideal of one as a romantic dwelling-place. It is an old castellated house, perched on the airy verge of a precipice, directly over the beautiful river Esk, looking down one of the most romantic glens in Scotland. The house itself, with its quaint high gables and gray antique walls, appears HAY 224 HEI oM enough to take you back to the times of Williani Wallace." Mrs. B. B. SUnve. Who knows not Melville's beechy grove, And Roslln's rocky glen, Dalkeith, which all the virtues love. And classic Jiawthomden f Scott. — here's the hawthorn-broidered nook. Where Drummond, not in vain. Awaited his inspiring muse. And wooed her dulcet strain. And there's the oak, beneath whose shade He welcomed tuneful Ben \ And still the memory of their words Is nursed in Hawihomden. L li. Sigoumey. Haymarket, The. " A very spa- cious and public street [in Lon- don], where is a great marlcet for hay and straw " (Hatton, 1708). Here are situated the "Haymar- ket Theatre," and "Her Majes- ty's Theatre," or the " Italian Opera House." The market was not finally abolished until 1830. Addison wrote Ms poem "The Campaign" in the Haymarket where he then lived. Haymarket Theatre. A celebrated playhouse in London devoted to the regular drama. The first building was opened to the public in 1720, and was called the New French Theatre. This was taken down, and the present theatre was opened July 14, 1821. Calculate how far it is from .Sophocles and .aischyius to Knowles and Scribe ; how Homer has gradually changed into Sir Harris Nicolas; or what roads the hu- man species must have travelled before a Psalm of David could become an Opera at the Haynmrket, Carlyle. Healing of the Lame Man. See Peter and John at the Beau- tiful Gate of the Tejmple. Heart of Mid-Lothian. See ToL- BOOTH. Heart of the Andes. A picture by Frederick E. Church (b. 1826). i^^ " In the Heart of the Andes, pbilosophically as well as poetically so called, the characteristics of tbeirfertile belt are, as it were, condensed; it is at once descriptive and dramatic; all the tints of tropical atmosphere and all the traits of tropical vegetation combine ' to conform the show of things to the de- sire of the mind,' and to place before it the spectacle of a phase of nature which to northern vision is full of en- chantment." Tuckerman. Hecla, The. An Arctic exploring ship which sailed from England under Sir James Parry in 1824. Hector, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Sept. 26, 1862. Heidelberg. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775- 1851), the celebrated English paint- er. Heidelberg Castle. An imposing ruin on a height adjacent to the city ol Heidelberg, Germany. It was both a palace (of the Elec- tor's Palatine) and a fortress. In the last century it had been re- stored to something like its for- mer splendor; but, having been struck by lightning in 1764 and burned, it has never been rebuilt. The fortress was built in the thir- teenth century. &^ " Some idea of the strength of the castle may be obtained when I state that the walls of this tower [one of the round towers] are twenty-two feet thick." Bayard Taylor. S^ " Heidelberg Castle is of vast extent and various architecture ; parts of it, a guide-book says, were designed by Michael Angelo. Over one door was a Hebrew inscription. Marshalled in niches in the wall stood statues of electors and knigbts in armor, — silent, lonely. The effect was quite different from the old Gothic ruins I had seen. This spoke of courta, of princes; and the pride and grandeur of the past con- trasted with the silence and desertion, reminded me of the fable of the city of enchantment, where king and court were smitten to stone as they stood." C. Beecher. Heidelberg Tun. See Tun of Heidelberg. Heidenmauer. [Pagan's Wall.] An old Roman relic, on a height near the town of Diirkheim, in Khenish Bavaria, consisting of a rampart, said to have been built as a defence against the barbari- ans, and enclosing a space some two miles in circuit. Attila the Hun is said to have wintered here ; and James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, has taken from it the title ol one of his stories, the scene of which he lays in the Vosges mountains in the Middle Ages. HEI 225 HEN Heights of Abraham. See Ahea- HAM. Helena's Tomb. A remarkable catacomb at Jerusalem. It is alluded to by Josephus, and by Pausanias, the Greek historian; and by the latter it is coupled with the tomb of Mausolus in Caria as deserving o£ special ad- miration. The locality is thought to be identified beyond doubt, and some curious features of the mechanism of the tomb corre- spond closely vritix the descrip- tion of Pausanias. [Called also Tomb 0/ the Kings.] Helen's, St. See St. Helen's. Heliodorus. See Expulsion of Heltodokus and Stanze of Ra- phael. Heliopolis, Obelisk of. See Obe- lisk OF Heliopolis. Hell. See Inferno. Hell Gate. A part of the East River, about a mile from Central Park, New York, which formerly abounded in rockS very danger- ous to navigation ; but these have for the most part been removed. fl@=- *' It is certain, hOTvever, that to the accounts of Oloffe and hie followers may be traced the various traditions handed down of this marvellous strait : as how the devil has been seen there, sitting astride of the Hog's Back and playing on the fiddle; how he broils fish there before a storm ; and many other stories in which we must be cautious of putting too much faith. In consequence of all these terrtfic cir- cumstances, the Pavonian commander gave this pass the name of Ilelle-gat, or, as it has been interpreted, Hell- Gate; which it continues to bear at the present day." Irving's Knickerbocker. ffurl-Oate \s at least as terrible as this fabled monster [Charybdis]. T. Chase. Hemioycle, The. A picture by Paul Delaroche (1797-1856). " It contains 75 life-size figures, and employed him three years. It represents the arts of different countries and times by groups of portraits of the artists of those times and nations." In the the- atre of L'^ficole des Beaux Arts at Paris. Henham Oak. A noted tree in Suffolk County, England, of great age and size. It is still standing, though shorn of much of its beauty. .8®= *' The oak was a noted resort for select .Jacobite meetings of a con- vivial nature, when Sir Robert Rous and two or three stanch adherents of the exiled house of Stuart were accus- tomed to drink deep healths ' to the king, over the^ water,' on bended knees." ^ ^gnea Strickland. Henrietta, The. A noted yacht which crossed the Atlantic in 14 days, 4 hours, reaching Cowes, England, Dec. 25, 18(i6, and win- ning a prize of $90,000 for supe- rior speed. Henry-Graoe-a-Dleu. A noted man-of-war belonging to the British navy, built by Henry VIII. in 1515. Henry VII.'s Chapel. A chapel in Westminster Abbey, London, richly ornamened with panelling, its entrance-gates overlaid with brass, gilt, wrought into various devices, and containing many monuments and tombs of royal and distinguished persons. «®- " The Chapel of Henry VII. is indeed well called by his name, for it breathes of himself through every part. It is the most signal example of the contrast between his closeness in life and his magnificence in the structures he hath left to posterity, — King's Col- lege Chapel, the Savoy, Westminster." Dean Stanley. «®- " The Chapel of Henry VII. is one of the most elaborate specimens of Gothic workmanship in the world. If the first idea of the Gothic arch sprung from observing the forms of trees, this chapel must resemble the first concep- tions of that order ; for the fluted col- umns rise up like tall trees, branching out at the top into spreading capitals covered with leaves and supporting arches of the ceiling resembling a leafy roof." Bayard Taylor. J8Sr "The very walls are wrought ' into universal ornament, incrusted with tracery, and scooped into niches crowded with statues of saints and martyrs." Washington Irving. I may mention the frieze of angels in Henry the Seventh's Chapel, merely as an example at hand, and which can De re- ferred to at any moment Mrs Jameson. HEP 226 HEE In the Chapel of Henry the Seventh, Where tlie sculptured ceilings rare Show the conquered stone-work, hanging Lille cobweb-tllms in air, There are held two shrines in keeping. Whose memories closely press, — The tomb of the Rose of Scotland, And that of stout tjueen Begs. Henry Morford. The gentle queen CMary II.] sleeps among her illustrious kindred in the south- ern isle of tlie Chapel of Henry the Sev- enth. Macaulay Heptastadium. The grand cause- way which connected the island of Pharos witlt Alexandria, in Egypt. It was so called from its length, which was seven stadia, or about three-fourths of a mile. It now forms the base of a por- tion of the modern city; but, ow- ing to the ruins of ancient, and the encroachments of modern, buildings, its precise position can hardly be discerned. Heraclean Tables. Two bronze plates of an oblong shape discov- ered in 1832 on the site of the ancient cioy of Heracleia, in Ca- labria, Italy, and now preserved in the Museum at Naples. These plates contain iuterestiug inscrip- tions ill Greek. Heralds' College. An edifice in Doctors' Commons, now removed to Queen, Victoria Street, Lon- don, erected by Sir Christopher Wren in 1B83, belonging to the institution of the same name which was incorporated by let- ters-patent of Kichard III. The college consists of three kings-at^ arms, namely, " Garter," " Cla^ reneieux," and " Norroy," and also includes six heralds and four pursuivants. Few things illustrate more strikingly the peculiar cluiracterof the English Gov- ernment and people than the circumstance that the House of Commons, a popular assembly, should, even in a moment of joyous enthi'siasm, have adhered to an- cient forms with the punctilious accuracy oi' a. College of Heralds. Macaulaij Bob has done more to set the public right on this important point of blazonry than the whole College of Heralds. Charles Lamb. Hercules. An ancient statue in the British Museum, London. It is supposed by some to be the work of Lysippus, the Greek sculptor. Hercules. A colossal statue, made of copper, in the grounds of the famous palace of Wilhelmshohe, Germany. " Eight persons can stand at a time in the hollow of the club, and out of a little win- dow formed in it enjoy a prospect extending nearly as far as the Brocken." See Wilhelmshohe. Hercules killing Cacus. A well- known marble group by Baccio Bandinelli (1487-1559). Near the entrance of the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy. Hercules. See Faknese Hekcu- LES and Torso. Hercules and Hessus. A group of statuary by Giovanni da Bo- logna, called II Fiammingo(1530?- 1608). In the Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence, Italy. Hercules and the Centaurs. See Battle of Hekclles with the Cektaurs. Hercules, Apotheosis of. See Apotheosis of Hekcules. Hercules attacking the Harpies. A painting in distemper by Al- bert Diirer (1471-1528). In the collection of the Landauer Brii- derhaus, at Nuremberg, Bava^ ria. Hercules' Pillars. An ancient tavern whicli weis situated in Fleet Street, London. After the play was done . . . we all supped at Hercules Pillars; and there I did give the best supper I could, and pretty merry; and so home between eleven and twelve at night. Pepys- j8®* Another bouseoftbeeamename ■was at Hyde-park Corner, London. Hercules strangling the Serpents. See Lnfakt Hercules., Hermee. The name given in an- cient Athens, as a technical term, to any four-cornered posts ter- minating in a head or bust, such as were very common in the pub- lic places of that city. The name is derived from the Greek 'Ep/xijt, Mercury. Hermannsdenkmal. ' [Monument to Hermann, orArminius.] Astat- ue of colossal size, erected in the HER 227 HER present century by general sub- scription throughout Germany, on the Grotenberg, the highest peak in the Tcutoburger Forest, Germany, to the memory of tlie old German hero, Hermann, who defeated the Romau army under Varus, as it is supposed, upon this spot, A.D. 9. Hermes. See Mercury. Hermin Street. An old Roman road extending from Pevensey, England, to the south-east of Scotland. It derives its name from one of the Saxon divinities. Hermitage, The. An imperial palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, connected with the Winter Pal- ace by covered galleries, and forming a sort of continuation of that vast building. It was built by the Empress Catherine in 1804, as a sort of Hans Souci, and a place of escape from the fatigue of court-life. The principal facade of the palace faces the Neva. It contains a renowned gallery of paintings, embracing some of the choicest productions of the vari- ous schools. fl®= " The name eeeme to have been jestingly or ii-onically given. Who would not be a hei-mit in this immense pile, whose walls are of marble, blaz- ing with gold, whose floors are of the choicest inlaid woods, and whose fur- niture is of the rarest and most costly workmanship in porphyry, jasper, la- pls-Iazuli, and malachite. Such splen- dor is now out of place since the palace has been given up to the arts. The vast collection of pictures accumulated by the Russian emperors is here dis- played, together with a gallei-y of sculpture, one of the finest assortments of antique gems in the world, a collec- tion of Grecian and Etruscan antiqui- ties, and a library of rare books and manuscripts. The picture-gallery is particularly rich in the works of Ru- bens, Vandyke, Rembrandt, Muriilo, and the Dutch school." Bayard Taylor. Hermitage, The. A picturesque garden and fashionable resort in Moscow, Russia. JS^ " It lies upon the side of a hill, at the foot of which is a little lake em- bowered in trees. Beyond the water rise massive zigzag walls, the fortii&ca- tions of a Tartar city, whose peaked roofs climb an opposite hill, and t-tretch far away into the distance; and yet the whole tiling is a scenic illusion. Three canvas frames, not a hundred yards from your eye, contain the whole of it. Thou- sands of crimson lamps illuminate the embowered walks, and on the top of the hill is a spacious auditorium, en- closed by lamp-lit arches." Bayard Taylor. Hermitage, The. A palace in the neighborhood of Baireuth, Bava- ria, once occupied by Frederick the Great. Hermitage, The. A venerable retreat at Warkworth, Northum- berland, England, the most per- fect work of its kind in the king- dom. It is a romantic solitude excavated out of the solid rocls:. The lonely cavern, like a chapel carved, Is situate amid the lonely liills. The scutcheon, cross, and altar hewn in rock, And by the altar is a cenotaph. . . . Such must have been his history, who first Cut this sad hermitage within the rock. Some spirit-broken and world-weary man. Anomjmous Hermitage, The. The residence of a hermit of the se^'enth cen- tury on St. Herbert's Island, in Derwent-Water, near Keswick, England. The ruins are still vis- ible. stranger! not unmoved Wilt thou beholiJ this shapeless heap of stones, The desolate ruins of St. Herbert's cell. Wordsworth. Hermitage, The. An interesting Border mansion in Scotland, near the town of Castelton, a .strong- hold of the Douglas family, sup- posed to have been built 1244:, and regarded as the oldest baronial edifice in Scotland. Hermitage, The. A mansion near Nashville, Tenn., the home for many years of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. Hermitage. See Sacko Eremo and San Francesco. Heme's Oak. A famous tree in Windsor Park, near London, im- mortalized by Shakespeare. HER 228 HIR There is an old tale goes, that Heme the hunter, Sometime a keeper here in Windsor For- Doth ail tlie -winter time, at still midnight, Walk round about an oak, with great rage'd horns; And there he blasts the tree, and takes the cattle; And makes milch-kine yield blood, and shakes a chain In a most hideous and dreadful manner. Shakespeare. And, 'neath Heme's oak, for .Shakespeare's sight. Strewed moss and grasa with diamonds bright. Lowell. Herod's Temple. The old temple at Jerusalem, rebuilt by Herod the Great (b. 72 B.C.) on a mag- nificent scale in the first century before Christ. ;(J®= •' In the last Temple we have a perfect illustration of the mode in ■which the architectural enterprises of that country [Judea] were carried out. The priests rcBtored the Temple itself, not venturing to alter a single one of its sacred dimensions, only adding wings to the fagade. At this period, however, Judea was under the sway of the Romans and under the influence of their ideas; and the outer courts were added with a magnificence of which former builders had no conception, hut bore strongly the impress of the archi- tectural magnificence of the Romans. An area, measuring 600 feet each way, was enclosed by teiTaced walls of the utmost lithic grandeur. On these were erected porticos unsurjiassed by any we know of. One, the Stoa Basilica, had a section equal to that of our lar- gest cathedrals, and surpassed them all in length; and within this colonnaded enclosure were 10 gateways, two of which were of surpassing magnificence; the whole making up a rich and varied pile worthy of the Roman love of ar- chitectural display, but in singular con- trast with the modest aspirations of a purely Semitic people." Fergusnon. Herrenhausen. A royal palace in Hanover, Prussia, once a favorite residence of George I. and George II. of England. Hertford House. A city residence built by the Marquis of Hertford, Piccadilly, London, now occupied by Sir Richard Wallace. It con- tains a picture-gallery. Hertha See. [The lake of Hertha, the Scandinavian goddess.] A small lake in the island of Rijgen, in the Baltic, held in veneration by the inhabitants from its asso- ciations with the old Norse reli- gion and mythology. Hever Castle. An historical man- sion and private fortress in Kent, England, interesting from its as- sociations with Anne Boleyn, of whom it was the ancestral abode. High Bridge. The structure which serves to carry the Croton Aque- duct across Harlem River at New York City. It is built of granite, cost ^900,000, and is 1,450 feet long and 114 feet high, with 14 piers. High Life. See Low Life axd High Life. High Street. The main avenue and thoroughfare of the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. In some parts of its course it is called by other names. See Cax- ONGATE. But neither the ignominious procession up the High Street, nor the near view of death, had power to disturb the gentle and majestic patience of Argyle. Macaulay. Highland Music. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). In the National Gallery, London. Highland Shepherd's Home. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Hilda's Tower. See Torke deli.-\ SCIMIA. Hills of Eome. See Seven Hills [of Rome]. Hinnom. A valley near Jerusa- lem, Palestine, beginning on the. west side of the city. It is re- ferred to in the Hebrew and Christian scriptures. Its present name is Wady Jehennam. Hippicus. See Tower of David. Hippolitus. See Martyrdom of St. Hippolitus. Hiram's Tomb. A remarkable and quite perfect sepulchral monument in Northern Pales- tine, not far from ancient Tyre, and believed, not without good reason, to be the mausoleum of Hiram, the friend and ally of HIS 229 HOIi Solomon. It is a colossal sarco- phagus with a cover, and rests upou a luassive pedestal. History of Painting. A well- kuown picture by Peter von Cor- nelius (1787-1866). In the Pina- kothek, at Munich, Bavaria Hockley in the Hole. A region in Loudon, of ill-repute a hundred years ago, but which has now passed out of existence. It is al- luded to by Fielding and by -Gay. You sliould go -to Hockley-in-tlie-Hole to learn valor. Gay. Hogue, La. A British frigate, which, in the war of 1812, com- mitted great havoc on Long Isl- and Sound, and in Connecticut, destroying many vessels. Hohen-Khoetien. This is the old- est castle in Switzerland, sup- posed to have been founded 587 years before Christ. Hohenschwangau. A famous toy- castle built in 1809 by the King of Bavaria on the top of a high hill, near Fiissen, in Bavaria. Hohenstein, A feudal stronghold near Schwalbach, Nassau, Ger- many. It is now an imposing ruin. HohenzoUern. A celebrated cas- tle near Hechiugen in Germany, the " cradle of the royal family of Prussia.' ' It has been almost completely rebuilt in this cen- tury. Holborn. A thoroughfare in Lon- don of varying widths. It was anciently called Old-bourne, from being built on the side of a brook, or bourne (Oldbourne or Hilbourne), which emptied into Fleet Ditch. By this road crimi- nals were formerly conveyed from Newgate and the Tower to the gallows at St. Giles's and Ty- burn. Milton lived in Holborn in 1B17-49. As Clever Tom Clinch, while the rabble -was bawling, Rode stately through Holborn to die of his calling, He stopped at the George for a bottle of And promised to pay for it when he came back. Swift. Methinks I see him already In the cart, sweeter and more lovely than the nose- gay in his hand ! . . , What volleys of sighs are sent from tlie windows of Hol- born that so comely a youth should be brought to the sack ! Qay {Beggar's Opera). An old counsellor in Holborn used eveiy executioU'day to turn out his clerks with this compliment : Go, ye young rogues ; go to school and improve. Tom Broion. My Lord of Ely, when 1 was last in Hoi- bom. I saw good strawberries in your garden there. I do beseech you send for some of them. Shakespeare. Holdernesse House. The city residence of Earl Vane in Lon- don. It contains a fine sculpture- gallery, in which are several works by Canova and other great sculptors. Holkham Hall. A splendid pile of buildings in the county of Nor- folk, England, situated near the sea-coast, built by the Earl of Leicester in the middle of the last century. It contains a rare and celebrated collection of pic- tures and statues, and also some ancient and valuable manu- ,script3. Holland House. A picturesque Elizabethan mansion about two miles from London. It was built in 1607, and descended to Henry Rich, first Earl of Holland, whence it was named Holland House. It was next occupied by Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Parlia- mentary General. Subsequently the estate passed to Addison the essayist, who died here. About 1762 it was sold to Henry Fox, the first Lord Holland of' that name, whose second son, Charles James Fox, passed his early years here, and whose descendants still hold the estate. Holland House for nearly two centuries and a half was the favorite resort o£ wits and beauties, of painters and poets, of scholars, philoso- phers, and statesmen. It can boast, says Macaulay , of a greater number of inmates distinguished in political and literary history than any other private dwelling in England. HOL 230 HOL JE^- " Two circles of rare social en- joyment—differing as widely as pos- Bible in all external circumstances, but each superior in its kind to all others — roay without offence be placed side by side in grateful recollection; they are the dinners at Holland House, and the suppers of 'the Lambs' at the Temple, Great Kussell Street, and Isl- ington." T. N. Tal/ourd. 4®^ "In what language shall we Bpeab of that house, once celebrated for its rare attractions to the farthest ends of the civilized world. . . . The wonderful city . . . may soon displace those turrets and gardens which are associated with so much that is inter- esting and noble, with the courtly magnificence of Rich, with the loves of Ormond, with the counsels of Crom- well, with the death of Addison. ._ . . They [the last survivors of Macaulay's generation] will recollect how many men who have guided the politics of Europe, who have moved great assem- blies by reason and eloquence, who have put life into bronze and canvas, or who have left to posterity things so written as it shall not willingly let them die, were there mixed with all that was loveliest and gayest in the so- ciety of the most splendid of capitals. These will remember the peculiar char acter which belonged to that circle, in which every talent and accomplish- ment, every art and science, had its place. They will remember how the last debate was discussed in one corner, and the last comedy of Scribe in an- other, while Wilkie gazed with mod- est admiration on Sir Joshua's EareLti ; while Mackintosh turned over Thomas Aquinas to verify a quotation; while Talleyrand related his conversations with Barras at the Luxembourg, or his ride with Lannes over the field of Aus- terlitz. They will remember, above all, the grace, and the kindness, far more admirable than grace, with which the princely hospitality of that ancient mansion was dispensed." Macautay. Thou hill, whose brow the antique struc- tures grace, Reared by bold chiefs of Warwick's noble race, How sweet were once thy prospects fresh and fair, Thy slopiUR walks and unpolluted au" ! How sweet the glooms beneath thy aged trees. Thy noontide shadow and the evenins breeze 1 Ttckell. Blest be the banquets spread at Holland Bouse, Where Scotchmen feed, and critico may carousel Byron. HollenthaL [Valley of HelL] A name given to .several glens in , North and South Germany. The most celebrated is near Glogg- nitz, in Austria, being a deep and gloomy ravine surrounded with scenery of the wildest character. There is another near Freiburg. Hollywood. A cemetery in Rich- mond, Va., a place of mtich nat- ural beauty, and containing the monuments of many persons of note. Holofernea. See Judith and Hol- OFEKNES. Holy and Apostolical Crown. The ancient crown of the Hungarian kings. It is surmounted by two ribs of gold, which belonged to a crown presented by Pope Sylves- ter II. to St. Stephen in the year 1000, and believed by the faithful to have been made by angels. It is kept in the royal palace at Buda, Hungary. Holy Coat (of Treves). A famous relic preserved in the church of St. Peter and St Helen in Treves, in Germany, devoutly believed by Catholics to be the coat with- out seam worn by the Saviour. In 1844, within the space of eight weeks, over one million pilgrims visited this church to behold this relic. It is mentioned as far back as 1190. Holy Cross. An imposing Roman Catholic church-edifice in Boston, Mass. It is larger than very many of the Old-World cathe- drals, and there are but two in America (those at New York and Montreal) which can be compared with it. It covers more than au acre of ground, and is to have two spires, respectively 300 and 200 feet in height\ Also a Catholic college of this name in Worcester, Mass. Holy Cross. See Vision of the Holy Cross. Holy-Cross Abbey. A noted and picturesque ruin in Tipperary County, Ireland. i^* *• As a noonastic ruin, the abbey of Holy Cross ranks in popular esteem as one of the flrat, if not the very first, in Ireland." Petrie. HOL 231 HOL Holy Family, The. [Ital. Sacra Famii/lia.] A name applied to a numerous class of compositions by the great medineval painters of Europe, in which are portrayed the domestic life of the Virgin and the infancy of the Saviour. Of the great number of pictures which are designated by this title, apart from those generally called by the name Madonna, or the French equivalent Z.a Vierge, the following may be mentioned as among the more celebrated and familiar. See also Madonna and ViKGIN. ,0®=" " It is towards the end of the fifteenth century, or a little later, that we first meet with that charming domes tic group called the //o/y FaniUy, after- wards so popular, so widely diffused, and treated with such an infinite vari- ety." J/rs. Jameson. Holy Family. A picture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517), regard- ed as a fine specimen of this ar- tist's work. Holy Family. A picture by Rem- brandt van feyn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. Now in the Lou- vre, Paris. There is another upon the same subject at the Hermi- tage in St. Petersburg. Holy Family. A celebrated painting by Michael Angelo (1474-1564), in the Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence. It is the only finished picture by his hand known to be in existence. f^ " The composition by Michael Angelo, styled a 'Holy Family,* is, though singular in ti-eatraent, certainly devotional in character. The grand, mannered, symmetrical treatment is very remarkable and characteristic. There are many engravings of this cele- brated composition." J/rs. Jameson. it^ '* The picture altogether is a work which we study with admiration, rather than one which irresistibly at- tracts and fascinates us." Grimm, Trans. Holy Family. A picture by Michael Angelo Amerighi, sur- named Caravaggio (1569-1609). In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Holy Family. A picture by Pe- ter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. Ij^S^ " Mary, seated on the ground, holds the Child with a charming mater- nal expression a little from her, gazing on him with rapturous earnestness, while he looks up with responsive ten- derness in her face. . . . Wonderful for the intensely natural and domestic ex- pression and the beauty of execution." Mrs. Jameson. Holy Family. A picture by Pe- ter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), rep- resenting the Virgin holding the Infant, who is adored by St. John, with Elizabeth and Joseph. This picture was formerly in the gal- lery of Vienna, afterwards in the collection of the Marquis of Hert- ford, and is now in the Bethnal- Green Museum, London. Holy Family. A picture by An- drea del Sarto (1488-1530). In the Louvre, Paris. There is another upon the same subject in the National Gallery, London, and a third in the collection of Lord Lansdowne. In the Pitti Gallery, Florence, Italy, is a pic- ture upon the same subject by this artist, and another still is in the Pinakothek, Munich, Bava- ria. Holy Family. A picture by Giulib Romano (1492-1546), the pupil of Raphael, and often as- cribed to that master, represent- ing the Virgin as preparing to wash the child, who is standing in a vase, while the little St. John is pouring in the water. In the Dresden Gallery. Holy Family. A noted pic- ture by Bernardino Pinturicchio (1454-1513). In the Academy at Siena. je@= " Mary and Joseph are seated together; near them are some loaves and a small cask of wine. More in front the two children, Jesus and St. John, are walking arm in arm. -Jesua holds a book, and John a pitcher, as if they were going to a well." Mrs. Jameson. Holy Family. A picture by An- thony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Pinakothek at Munich, Ba- varia. Holy Family. A noted picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), "in which St. Anna is seated on a sort of chair; and the Virgin ou HOL 232 HOL her knees bends down toward tlie infant Christ, who is sporting with a lamb." In the gallery of the Louvre, Paris. Holy Family. A celebrated pic- ture "by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520). See Bkidgewatek Ma- donna. Holy Family under the Oak. A picture executed chiefly by Giulio Romano (1492-1546), but in parts, it is supposed, by Raphael, and deriving its name from the oak under which the figures are stand- ing. It is in the Museum at Ma- drid. There is a copy in the Pitti Palace, Florence, which is known a^s the Madonna della Lucertola, q.v. Holy Family loith the Palm-tree. A circular picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the Virgin seated under a palm , holding the Child in her lap; while Joseph, kneeling, presents Mowers to him. This picture was formerly in the Orleans collec- tion, but is now in the collection of the Earl of EUesmere, Lon- don. ^^ " The following anecdote of this picture was related to the Marquis of Staftbrd by the Duke of Orleans when on a visit to England. It happened once . . . that this picture fell to the portion of two old maids. Both having an equal right, and neither choosing to j'ield, they compromised the matter by cutting it in two. In this state the two halves were sold to one purchaser, who tacked them together as well as he could, and sent them further into the world. The transfer from canvas to wood has obliterated every trace by which the truth of this tale might be corroborated." ' Passavant. Holy Ghost, Descent of the. See Descent of the Holy Ghost. Holy Grotto. A sacred shrine in the Latin Convent of Nazareth, in Northern Palestine, believed to be the spot in which the an- nunciation by the angel to the Virgin Mary took place. Over the vestibule in front of this grotto once stood, according to the Catholic legends, the fanious house in which Mary was born, and which was afterwards mirac- ulously transported to Loreto in Italy. See Santa Casa. Holy Island Castle. A fortress upon the so-called Holy Island, on the coast of Northumberland, England, the scene of uiuch legendary and poetical narrative. Holy Mountain. See Mount Athos. Holy of Holies. The name given to the innermost apartment in the Temple at Jerusalem, which was held peculiarly sacred, and into which the high priest only was allowed to enter once a year. See Sancta Sanctoki'm. 4JE^ " In the Temple, the only light that could penetrate to the Holy of Holies was from the front; and though the holy place was partially lighted from the sides, its principal source of light must have been through the east- ern faqade." Perguison. The spirit of Mammon has a wide em- pire; but it cannot, and must not, be worshipped in the Holy of Holies. Carlylk. Holy Oil. [Mir.] The oil of bap- tism with whicii all Russian chil- dren throughout the whole extent of the empire are anointed. It is preserved in 33 jars of massive silver in the Kremlin, Moscow; and it is said that about two gal- lons a year are necessary to sup- ply Russia. Holy PiUar. See C.-vpella della CoLONNA Santa. Holy Sepulchre. This church of Jerusalem purports to be built, as the name indicates, over the garden-tomb of Jesus. It is showy and gorgeotis, and con- tains chapels for Latins, Greeks, anil Armenians. The visitor is shown the tomb, the place of the cross, the pillar of scoiu-ging, and various other sacred places, whose genuineness is, however, more than questionable. The church is a Byzantine edifice, and was erected by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. The Holy Sepulchre stands in the centre of the rotunda of the church. Holy Staircase. See Santa Scala. HOL 233 HOE Holy Stone. A famous stone pre- served at Ardmore, in the county of "Waterford, Ireland, sacred to St. Patrick, and believed to have floated over the ocean from Rome with the vestments of the saint, a bell for his tower, and a lighted candle for the celebration of mass. iKg^ " The people crowd to the Holy Stone, and, havuig gone on their bare knees several times round it, creep un- der it, lying flat. The painful contor- tions of some of these poor people it is distressing to witness, as they force themselves through the narrow pas- sage. It is only at low water that this part of the ceremony can be performed. The stone, which weighs perhaps four or live tons, rests upon two small rocks, leaving a passage under it." Mr. and 3/rs. Hall. Holy Synod, Hciuse of the. A celebrated structure in the Krem- lin, Moscow, Russia. It derives its name from the council-hall of tlie Holy Synod, which is in the building. It contains the robes worn by the Russian patriarchs during the last fiOO years, as well as the silver jars containing the holy oil of baptism used through- out the whole empire. Holyrood Abbey, [i. e., Abbey of the Holy Rood or Cross.] A ru- ined monastery in Edinburgh, Scotland, the foundation of which dates from the twelfth century. At the time of the Reformation the church was plundered and burned. Attempts .were made to restore it in the last century, but the undertaking was relin- quished. Holyrood Palace. An ancient and famous royal palace in Edin- burgh, Scotland. It stands on the summit of a huge rock, 443 feet above the sea, and is built in the shape of a quadrangle, with a court in the centre. The palace was begun in the reign of James I V. , was nearly destroyed by the .soldiers of Cromwell in 1650, and was rebuilt in the reign of Charles II. The apartments occupied by Mary Queen of Scots are pre- served almost in their original condition. The palace has in recent times been very seldom used as a place of residence. «®-"Dark old Holyrood, where the memory of lovely Mai-y lingers like a stray beam in her cold halls, and the fair, boyish face of Rizzio looks down from the canvas on the armor of his murderer." Bayard Taylor. The truth of the record has been called in questiim. but I regarded it with the same determined faith with Avfiich I con- templated the stains of Rlzzio's blood on the floor of the palace of Holyrood. Irving. Old Holyrood runpmerrily That night with wassail, mirth, and glee: King James, within lier princely bower. Feasted the chief of Scotland's power Scott. Or should some cankered biting shower The day and a' her sweets deflower. To Holyrood-h.o\x&& let me stray, And gie to musing a' the day. Robert Fergusson. Homer and the Greeks. A pic- ture by "Wilhelm Kaulbach (b. 1805), the eminent German paint- er. Honors, Kue St. See St. Honore. Hope, The. One of the principal theatres in London in Shake- speare's time. Scenei-y. dresses, and decorations such as would now be thought mean and ab- surd, but such as would have been es- teemed incredibly magnificent by those who, eai'ly in the seventeenth century, sate on the filthy benches of the Bope, or under the thatched roof of the llose, dazzled the eyes of the multitude Macaulay. Hope House. A modern mansion in London, built in 1849, and noted for its rich and elaborate ornamentation, and collections of art. Hope, Mount. See Mount Hope. Hore Abbey. An interesting and well-preserved ruined monastery in Tipperary County, Ireland. Hornberg. A castle on the Neckar in Germany, once the fortress of Goetz of the Iron Hand. His armor is kept here, and the castle was inhabited nearly to the be- ginning of the present century. Hornet, The. An American war- ship, which, under Capt. James Lawrence, captured, in January, 1813, the British ship Peacock. Horns of Hattin. A singularly shaped hill in Northern Palestine, not far from Nazareth. Accord- HOE 234 HOS ing to ttie tradition of the Latin Cliurcli, this is the Hill of the Beatitudes from which the " Ser- mon on the Mount" was de- livered. According to the tradi- tion of the Greek Church, it is the scene of the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and the fishes (Matt. xiv. 15 et seq.). In the neighborhood of this hill took place the great battle in which Saladin overthrew the Christian power in Syria. Horologe of Petrus Lombardus. [Ital. ToiTe del Orologio.] A cele- brated clock-tower in Venice, Italy, erected 1466. It has a blue- aud-gold dial, and is surmounted by two Moorish figures in bronze, which, swinging round, strike the hours upon a bell with a hammer. i^^ " Over this Porch stands that admirahle Clock celebrated next to that ofStrasburg for its many movements; amongst which, abont 12 and 6, which are their hours of Ave Maria, when all the towne are on their knees, come forth the three kings led by a starr, and, Sassing by the image of Christ in his Mother's arms, do their reverence, and enter into the clock by another door. At the top of this turret another auto- maton strikes the quarters. An honest merchant told me, that one day, walking in the Piazza, he saw the fellow who kept the Clock struck with this ham- mer so foreeably as he was stooping his bead neere the bell to mend something amisse at the minute of striking, that, being stunn'd, he reel'd over the battle- ments and broke bis neck." Jo/m Svelyn, 1645. Horse Armory. A celebrated collection of equestrian figures clothed in the armor of various reigns from the time of Edward I. to James II., contained in a gallery of the Tower of London. Horse-fair, The. A well-known picture by RosaBonheur (b. 1822). Horse Guards. A building used for military purposes in London, and comprising the olilces of the secretary-at-war, the commander- in-chief, the adjutant-general, and quartermaster-general. In ^ tlie rear is a parade-ground for the inspection of troops. In two stone alcoves, flankiug the gates, is stationed a guard of two motmted cavalry soldiers from ten to four o'clock, relieved every two hours. Orders concerning all the guards are given out by the field-officer on duty. The marching and countermarching of the Guards, who are considered the finest "Household Troops" in Europe, make one of the most picturesque sights of London. Let no man despair of Govrrnnitnts who looks on these two sentries at tlie Jlorse- Guards, and our United Scrvue Clubs! Carhjl . Horse of Berkshire. See White House of Berkshire. Horse-Shoe Bend. A celebrated curve on the Pennsylvania Rail- road, near Kittanning Point. The curve is so short that the front of the train may be seen going in a direction just opposite to that of the rear portion. Horse-Shoe FaU. This fall at Ni- agara is 158 feet in height and nearly 2,400 feet in width. The river is divided above the falls into two branches by Goat Isl- and ; and the larger volume of water, which flows on the Canar da side, forms the Horse-Shoe Fall. [Called also the Canadian, Fall.} Horses, Bronze. See Bronze Horses. Horticultural Hall. 1. A fine edi- fice in Boston, Mass., of composite architecture, designed for floral exhibitions, fairs, and other pur- poses. 2. A building on Broad Street, Philadelphia, Penn., devoted to exhibitions of flowers and fruit. Hospice of St. Bernard. A cele- brated stone building, serving both as a monastery and as an inn for the accommodation of travellers, at the summit of the St. Bernard Pa.ss, in Switzerland. It is supposed to have been founded by St. Bernard in 962, hence the name of both Hospice and Pass. Everybody has heard of the St. Bernard "dogs which render such efficient aid to travel- lers: their number has now be- HOS 235 HOT come very small. This is the highest -winter habitation in the Alps. Hospice of the Grimsel. A cele- brated inn, once a monastery, near the summit of the Grimsel pass in Switzerland. Hospice of the St. Gothard. A well-known inn near the summit of the St. Gothard pass in Swit- zerland. Hotel Cluny. This beautiful build- ing in Paris derives its name from the Abbe of Cluny, who bought an ancient palace which stood on the spot now occupied by the present one. This was built in 1490. It was once used as a thea- tre, afterwards as a convent, and during the Revolution Marat held his meetings there. Subsequent- ly it became a museum, and passed into the hands of the govern- ment. It contains many treasures of art, mosaics, reliefs, stained glass windows, ivory cabinets, vases, and paintings. The build- ing itself is much admired for the grace and delicacy of its scul]> tures. See Palais des Thekmes. Hotel de Pimodan. A noted man- sion in Paris of the time of Louis XIV. Hotel de EambouiUet. A palace in Paris — the residence of the Marquis de Eambouillet — very famous in the seventeenth cen- tury, and subsequently, as the centre of a literary and political coterie. According to Eoederer, - the opening of the salon of the Hotel de Rambouillet took place in the year IBOO, under the reign of Henry IV. The marquis was an enemy of Sully; and his house became the headquarters of the opposition party, where the bar- barism and immoralities of the court were offset by purity of lan- guage and of manners. The most celebrated wits of the period, and the finest ladies of the realm, sought admission to these ri- u nions. Through the indifference to literature manifested by Louis XIII. and the various ministries which succeeded each other down to the time of Richelieu, the Ho- tel de Rambouillet soon had the exclusive patronage and direction of letters, and exerted an influ- ence which was for a long time without a rival. But notwith- standing the excellence of its mo- tives, it could not escape the law which governs all literary cote- ries. In time it engendered man- nerism and affectation. The dis- cussions turned upon idle and frivolous questions, upon the merits of roundelays, madrigals, enigmas, and acrostics. The wo- men who frequented the Hotel de Rambouillet took the name of Prgcieuses. It was a title of honor and a sort of diploma of talent and purity; but when pedantry and affectation had begun to draw down upon them the shafts of the satirists, it lost its original meaning, the epithet ridicules was appended to it, and Moliere, with his pungent irony, gave the fatal blow to the literary fame of the celebrated salon by holding it up to public laughter in his "Pre'cieuses Ridicules" and his "Femmes Savantes." The name Hotel de Rambouillet is at pres- ent only a derisive sobriquet. The house o( Mile, de L'Enclos was a branch establishment of the Hotel de Ram- bouillet. J. Janin. The great comedienne [ContatJ had her court and her Botet RambouiUet Roger de Beauvoir. H&tel de ViUe. [City-Hall.] A general term applied in France and Belgium to the buildings used for municipal offices, some of which are among the finest ex- isting specimens of architecture. See m/ra. Hotel de Ville. A large and beau- tiful building in Paris, the official residence of the Prefect of the Seine. It contained also rooms for the public festivals of the city, the sittings of the council, and meetings of learned and scien- tific societies. It was adorned by sculptures which were chiefly from the hand of Jean Goujon. The building had many interest- ing historical associations; the HOT 236 HOT insurrection of tlie Maillotins, in 1358, broke out liere; here met so- cieties of tlie Fronde; liere Robe- spierre lield his council; and here Louis Philippe was presented to the French nation by La Fayette in 1830. The Hotel de Ville was destroyed by the leaders of the Commune prior to the entrance of the German army, May 28, 1871 , and has not been rebuilt. Among the finer examples of architec- ture bearing this name may be mentioned the town-halls of Brus- sels, Bruges, Louvain, Ypres, etc. And for about four months all France, and to a yreat degree all Europe, rough- ridden by every species of delirium, ex- cept happily the murderous for most part, was a weltering mob, presided over by M. de Lamartine at the Hotel de Ville. Cartyle. Hotel de Ville. [Bruges.] The municipal building of Bruges, Belgium, the oldest edifice of the kind in the country, having been erected in 1377. /J®= *'It is a small building, being only 88 feet in front by 65 in depth, and of a singularly pure and elegant design. . . . The belfry is one of the most pic- turesque towers in the country.'* Fergusson, Hotel de ' Ville. [Brussels.] A noble Gothic edifice, the munici- pal hall of Brussels, Belgium. In the grand hall of this building the abdication of Charles V. took place in 1555. It is considered the finest of the town-halls of Belgium. It was begun in 1401, and finished in 1455. It has a spire of open stone-work 364 feet in height. >B@= " The spire that surmounts its centre is unrivalled for beauty of qut- line and design by any spire in Bel- gium, and is entitled to take rank amongst the noblest examples of its class in Europe." Fergusson, H6tel de Ville. [Louvain.] A sjjlendid edifice in Louvain, Bel- gium, used for municipal pur- poses, and one of the finest Gothic buildings in the world. .e®" "The well-known and beauti- ful lown-hall at Louvain is certainly the most elaborately decorated piece of Gothic architecture in existence. Though perhaps a little overdone in some parts, the whole is so consistent, and the outline and general scheme of decoration so good, that little fault can he found with it. In design it follows very closely the hall at Bruges, but wants the tower which gives such dig- nity to those at Brussels and at Ypres." FergunHOn. Hotel de ViUe. [Ypres.] A noted building in Ypres, Belgium, re- stored in 1860, and now used for municipal purposes. It was origi- nally called the Halle, or Cloth- Hall, cloth having been the great staple manufacture of Belgium during the Middle Ages. .6®= " The cloth-hall at Ypres is by far the most magnificent and beautiful of these [trade-halls], as also the earli- est. The foundation-stone was laid in 1200 by Baldwin of Constantinople, but it was not finished till 104 years after- wards. The fagade is -140 feet in length, and of the simplest possible design, being perfectly straight and unbroken from end to end. ... Its height is va- ried by the noble belfry which rises from its centre, and by a bold and beau- tiful pinnacle at each end. The whole is of the pure architecture of the thir- teenth century, and is one of the most majestic edifices of its class to be seen anywhere." Fergusaon. Hotel de ViUe, Place de 1'. See Place de l' Hotel de Ville. Hotel des Invalides. See Inya- LIDES. Hotel des Monnaies. A handsome classical edifice near the Pont Neuf, Paris, built in 1775. The mint of Paris is the principal one in France. The rate at which coins can be struck off is about 1,500,000 per day. In the Mu- seum are interesting collections of coins, medals, models, etc. The establishment also contains, besides the workshops for coin- ing, laboratories for assaying. Hotel Dieu. A magnificent hos- pital in Paris, on the river Seine. Its wards are on both sides of the river. It was established as early as the seventh century, and has been richly endowed by va- rious kings, nobles, and wealthy men. All the arrangements are on the most liberal scale. This name is given to the chief hospi- tal of many places. HOT 237 HEA Hotel Lambert. A. handsome structure on the He St. Louis, Paris, of the style of architecture under Louis XIV. Voltaire lived here; and here, in 1815, Napoleou held one of his last conferences. Hotel St. Aignan. An old aristo- cratic hotel of Paris, where lived the Due d' Avaux, and later the Due de St. Aignan. The gateway and court, with Corinthian pilas- ters, are left. Hotel St. Paul. A former palace of Paris, built by Charles V. about 1364:. Nothing now re- mains of it. Hotole, La. A fine promenade in the city of Amiens, France. It covers 52 acres. Houghton HaU. A splendid man- sion in the county of Norfolk, England, formerly the residence of Sir Robert "Walpole, and fa- mous for the rare collection of pictures which it contained. Most of the pictures are now dispersed ; the greater part, ha\ing been sold tp the Empress of Russia, are now at St. Petersburg. The es- tate now belongs to the Marquis of Cholmondeley. Hougoumont. A mansion in the neighborhood of 'Waterloo, noted for its importance in connection with the battle upon that field. [Written also Gownont.] Nor wood, nor tree, nor bush, are there, Her course to intercept or scare. Nor fosse nor fence are found. Save where, from out her shattered bow- ers. Rise ffougoumont's dismantled towers. Scott. Hounsditeh or Houndsditoh. This is the centre of the Jews' quarter in London, so called from the ancient foss around the city, once a receptacle for dead dogs. .8®" " From Aldgate, north-west to Bishopsgate, lieth the ditch of the city, ' called Houndsditch; for that in old time, when the same lay open, much filth (conveyed from the city), espe- cially dead dogs, were there laid or cast." Stow. More knavery and usury. And foolery and trickery, than Domdilch. Beaumont and Fletcher. If it please Heaven, we shall all yet make our Exodus from Houndsditcli, and bid the sordid continents, of once rich ap- parel now grown poisonous Ou'-clo\ a mild farewell ! Carlyle. Hounslow Heath. A region once open and infested by highway- men, but now enclosed, adjacent to Hounslow, in Middlesex Coun- ty, England. il@= " The waste tracts which lay on the great routes near London were es- . pecially haunted hy plunderers of this class. Hounslow Heath, on the great Western road, and Finchley Common, on the great Northern road, were per- haps the most celebrated of these spots." Macaulay. House. For names beginning with House, see the next prominent word. See also infra. House of Commons. One of the houses of Parliament in the New Palace at Westminster, Lon- don. t!^ '* The principal chamber of the manufactory of statute law." Quarterly Review. House of Lords, or House of Peers. One of the houses of Parliament, magnificently and richly fitted up, in the New Pal- ace at Westminster, London. Houses of Parliament. See West- minster Palace. Howard. See Castle Howakd. Howe's Cave. A natural cru:iosity in Schoharie County, N.Y. The cave has been penetrated a dis- tance of eight or ten miles, and visitors usually go as far as three or four miles. It was discovered in 1842, and is thought to be hard- ly surpassed by any cavern ex- cept the Mammoth Cave in Ken- tucky. [Sometimes called also the Otsc/aragee Cavern.] Hoy, Old Man of. See Old Man OF Hoy. Hradsohln, The. The ancient pal- ace of the Bohemian kings, in Prague, Austria. This imposing pile was begun in 1541, but not completed till 200 years later. There are said to be 440 apart- ments in it. It commands a noble HUG 238 HYD Aloft on the mountain, with prospect over citj', river, and wot>d-t;rown isles, his old Hradschin beaming in tlie nun. Hans Christian Andersen. Huguenot, The. A well-known picture by J. E. Millais (b. 1829). ijg?- "The incident of the 'Hugue- not' picture is founded on the order of the Due de Guise, that each good Catholic should, on the eve of St. Bar- tholomew, bind a strip of white linen round his arm, as a hadge to be known by." . Sarah Tytler. Huia in 't Boscli. [House in the Wood.] A palace in a wooded park in the environs of the Hague, Holland. Human Life. See Representa- tion OF Human Life, Humane Society. See Distin- guished Member of the Hu- mane Society. Hume Castle. A picturesque ruined castle near Kelso in Scot- land, once the residence of the Earls of Home. Humphrey's "Walk- See Duke Humphrey's Walk. Hungerford Market. A well- known London market. He [Charles Dickens] informed me as lie walked through it, that he knew JJungeriorii market well. Payne Collier. Eiinnengr aber . [Graves of th e Huns.] Curious sepulchral mounds and stone monuments in which ashes and bones have been found, in the island of Rugen in the Baltic. Hunnenschlacht. See Battle of THE Huns. Hunted Stag. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). In the National Gallery, Lpndon. Huss before the Council of Con- stance. A noted and elaborately finished picture by Karl Fried- rich Lessing (b. 1808). In the Stadel Institute at Frankfort-on- the-Maln, Germany. Jl^f* " It is said that this picture has had a great effect upon Catholics who have seen it, in softening the bigotry with which they regarded the early re- formers; and if so, it is a triumphant proof how much art can effect in the cause of truth and humanity." Bayard Taylor. /^^ " A most glorious picture here. The Trial of John Huss before the Council of Constance, by Lessing. . . . The paintei- has arrayed with consum- mate ability in the foreground a repre- sentation of the religious respectability of the age: Italian cardinals in their scarlet robes . . . men whom it were no play to meet in an argument, — all ttat expressed the stateliness and grandeur of what Huss had been educated to consider the true church. In the midst of them stands Huss in a simple dark robe : his sharpened features tell of prison and of suffering. He is defend- ing himself, and there is a trembling earnestness in the manner with which his hand grasps the Bible. With a Passionate agony he seems to say, Am not right? Does not this Word say it? and is it not the word of God ? " Beecher* Hyde Park. A large pleasure- ground in London, extending From Piccadilly westward to Kensington Gardens. It is the site of the ancient manor of Hyde. For nearly two centuries it has been the scene of military reviews and spectacles. Hyde Park was enclosed about the middle of the sixteenth century. It was opened to the public dur- ing the time of Charles I. Re- form meetings and other turbu- lent gatherings have frequently been held here, which have been sometimes attended with vio- lence. e^ " In this Part, in the London season, from May to August (betweeu 11 and 1, and 5^ and 7), may be seen all the .wealth and fashion and splendid equipages of the nobility and gentry of Grrat Britain. As many as 800 eques- trians, including the Knot at the music, have been seen assembled at Hyde Park in the height of the season." Murray's Handbook. .^"*' Hyde Park . . . with its small rivulet, its wide greensward, its sheep, its shady walks, resembling a pleasure- park suddenly transported to the centre of a capital." Taiiie, Trans. Now. nt ffi/de Park, if fair It be, A show of Indies ynu may sec. Poor Robin's Almanack {May, 1698). At fourscore he [the Duke of Schom- berg] retained a strong relish for inQocent HYD 239 HYD pleasures; lie conversed with great cour- tesy and sprightliness; nothing could be in better taste than his equipages and his table ; and every cornet ot cavalry envied the grace and dignity with which the veteran appeared in Hyde Park on his charger at the head ot liis regiment. Macaulay, Sooner shall grass in Hyde-park circus grow, And wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow! Sooner let air, earth, sea, to chaos fall. Men, monkeys, lap-dogs, parrots, perish all I Popt, 2. A public pleasure-ground in St. Louis, Mo. Hyder All. A vessel belonging to the State of Pennsylvania, which, in 1782, captured the British ship General Monk, in Delaware Bay, an exploit pronounced by Cooper " one of the most brilliant ac- tions that ever occurred under the American flag." See Monk, The. IBE 240 IDL Iberian Madonna. The name giv- en to a miraculous picture of the Virgin and Child, placed in a niche lighted with silver lamps, in the Kremlin at Moscow, Rus- sia. The picture was originally brought from Mt. Athos. jQE^ " For the last 200 years, the pro- tectress of the Muscovites. Her aid is involied by high and low, in all the cir- cumstances of life ; and I doubt whether any other shrine in the world is the witness of such general and so much real devotion." Bayard Taylor. Ice Palace. The Empress Anne of Russia, who reigned from 17.30 to 1740, took into her head a " most magnificent and mighty freak." One of her nobles. Prince Galitzin, having changed his re- ligion, was punished by being made a court page and buffoon. His wife being dead, the empress required him to marry again, agreeing to defray the expense of the wedding herself. The prince, true to his new charac- ter, selected a girl of low birth. This was in the winter of 17.39-40, which was one of extraordinary severity. By her majesty's com- mand, a house was built entirely of ice. It consisted of two rooms ; and all the furniture, even to the bedstead, was made of the same material. Four small cannons and two mortars, also of ice, were jjlaced in front of the house, and were fired several times without bursting, small wooden grenades being thrown from the mortars. On the wedding-day a procession was formed, composed of more than 300 persons of both sexes, whom the empress — desirous of of seeing how many different kinds of inhabitants there were in her vast dominions — had caused the governors of the vari- ous provinces to send to St. Pe- tersburg. The bride and bride- groom were conspicuously placed in a great iron cage on the back of an elephant. Of the guests (all of whom were dressed in the costume of their respective coun- tries), some were mounted on camels; others were in sledges — a man and a woman in each — drawn by beasts of all descrip- tions, as reindeer, oxen, goats, dogs, hogs, and the like. After passing before the imperial pal- ace, and marching through the 'principal streets of the city, the motley cavalcade proceeded to the Duke of Courland's riding- house, where dinner was served to each after the manner of cook- ery in his own country. The feast over, there was a ball, those from each nation having their own music and their own style of dancing. "When the ball was ended, the newly-married pair were conducted to their palace of ice, and guards were stationed at the door to prevent their going out until morning. The building is said to have lasted uninjured, in that cold climate, lor several months. No forest fell When thou wouldst build, no quarry sent its stores To enrich thy walls ; but thou didf t hew . the fiodds, And make thy marble of the glassy wave. Cowptr. Icebergs, The. A noted picture by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 1826), the American landscape painter. Idle and Industrious Appren- tices. A series of pictures by "William Hogarth (1697-1764). ;[®-"What a living and breathing gallery of old English life we have in Hogiirth's series of the * Idle and In- dustrlous Apprentices,' and how per- fect it is as i^r as it goes. It is com- plete and self-consistent, from the first picture where the ill-conditioned, ill- looking lad sits dozing, neglecting his IDL 241 IMM work, with the evil ballad of ' Moll Flaitders' hungup on his loom; while the pleasant, comely-faced youth is sedulously minding his business, with the volume of the * Apprentices' Guide ' lying open before him, through each intervening stage of the rise and fall ... on to the noble pathos of the last meeting of the early companions, when the justice on the bench hides his face after pronouncing condemnation on the felon at the bar." Sarah Tytler. Idle Servant Maid. A picture by Nicolas Maas (1632-1693), the Dutch .(7e?i)-e-painter, and one of liis principal works. In the Ka- tioual Gallery, London. Idlewild. An estate on the Hud- son River, near the village of Cornwall, N. Y., formerly the home of N. P. AVillis. Idolino, L'. [The Little Image.] An ancient statue. Now in the Uflizi, Florence, Italy. If. A famous castle, used as a state prison in part for political offenders, situated upon a small island of the same name in the Mediterranean, near Marseilles. The name is said to signify a yew- tree. Happily, the old marquis himself, in periods or leisure, or forced leisure, where- of he had many, drew up certain " unpub- lished memoirs " of his father and progen- itors; out of which memoirs youns Mjra- heau, also in forced leisure (still more forced, in the Castle of If!), redacted one memoir of a very readable sort: bv the light of this latter, so far as it will last, ' we walk with convenience. Carlyle. Igel Saule. [The Igel-column.] A monumental structure of Ro- man times near Treves, in Rhen- ish Prussia. It is a sandstone obelisk, 70 feet in height, with inscriptions and bas-reliefs. It is of uncertain date and origin. Ikenild Street. An ancient Ro- man road in Britain. It extend- ed from the coast of Norfolk to the south-west of Cornwall. The name is of uncertain origin. Ildefonso Group, The. A cele- brated marble group in the Mu- seum at Madrid, Spain. ,6®" « -p, Tieck, the sculptor and brother of the poet, was the first to suggest that we have here Antinous, the Genius of Hadrian, and Persephone. . . . Cliarles Botticher started a new solution of the principal problem. Ac- cording to him it was executed in the lifetime of Antinous, and it represents ... a sacrifice of fidelity on the part of the two friends Hadrian and Anti- nous, who have met together before Persephone to ratify a vow of love till death. . . . After all is said, the Ilde- fonso marble, like the legend of Anti- nous, remains a mystery." eA A. Symonds. Ildefonso, San. See Gkanja, La. lie de la CitS. [Island of the City.] An island, in Paris, which, pre- vious to 1608, was divided into two parts. On this island, which is formed by two arms of the Seine, are situated Sainte Cha- pelle, Notre Dame, the Palais de Justice, the Prefecture de Police, the Tribunal de Commerce, the Morgue, Caserne de Gendarm- erie, the Hotel Dleu. Here is the legal quarter of Paris, — the civil, criminal, and commercial law-courts. Here was the prin- cipal part of mediaeval Paris. From the centre of the Pont Neuf we could see for a long distance up and down the river. The different bridges traced on either side a dozen starry lines through the dark air, and a continued blaze lighted the two sliores in their whole length, re- vealing the outline of the ls}e de la CitS. Bayard Taylor. He de Paix. [Isle of Peace.] A little island in Lake Geneva, commanding a lovely view. It is referred to by Byron in the " Prisoner of Chilloia." And then there was a little isle. Which in my very face did smile, The only one in view. He St. Louis. An island in the Seine at Paris, France. Ilioneus. An admired antique kneeling figure in the Glyptothek, or gallery of sculptures, at Mu- nich, Bavaria. jK^ *' The head and arras are want- ing; hut the supplicatory expression of the attitude, the turn of the body, the bloom of adolescence, which seems abso- lutely shed over the cold marble, the unequalled delicacy and elegance of the whole, touched me deeply." Mrs. Jameson. Immaculate Conception [of the Virgin Mary]. A picture by Giu- IMM 242 IND seppe Eibera, called Lo Spagno- letto (1.jSS-1I)56), and one o£ his chief worlvis. In the gallery o£ Madrid, Sjiain. Immaculate Conception. See Great Cokception of Seville. InarimS. A ruined castle at Is- chia, once occui^ied by Vittoria Colonna. High o'er the sea-surge and the sands. Like n great galleuii wrecked and cast Ashore by storms, thy castle stands A mouldering landmark of the Past. Ivarime I Inarime .' Ihy castle on the crags above In dust shall crumble and decay. But not the memuiy of her love. Longfellow. Ineendio del Borgo. [Burning of the Borgo.] A celebrated fresco by Raphael Sanzio (14S.".-15:;0), representing the fire in the Borgo, or sitburb, of Rome, which w.is miraculously extinguished by the Pope. It is in a chamber of the Vatican, Rome, called, after this picture, the Stanza del Ineendio. Ineendio del Borgo. See Stanze OF Raphael. Inohoape, or Bell Rock. The cele- brated and dangerotts sunken reef known as the Inch Cape, or Bell Rock, is in the German Ocean, on the ncirtlicni side of the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and about twelve miles from land. An abbot of Abi'rl>rothock (Arbroath) is said to have placed a bell here, as a warning to sailors, which Ai-as cut loose by a Dutch rover, who, as a retribution for this mischievous act, was subsequently wrecked upon the very same rock. This story, which is an old tradition, is tciUl by Southey in his well- known ballad ot "The Inchcape Rock." See Bell Rock Light- house. jO^ " In old times upon the saide rock there was a bell fi.\ed upon a timber, which rang continually, being moved by the sea, giving notice to sny- lers of the danger. This bell was put there and niaintain(?d by the abbot of Abei-bi"othoclv ; but, being taken down by a sea-pirate, a yeare thereafter lie perished upon the same rocke, with ship and goodes, in the righteous judge- ment of God." Stoddart, Remarks on Scotland. The Abbot of .Vberbrothock Had placed that bell on tlie Inchcafie rock. On a buoy in the storm it floated and swung, And over the waves its warning rung. When the rock was hid by the surge's swell The mariners heard the warning bell; And then they knew the perilous rock. And blessed the Abbot of Aberbrothock. SouOiey. Incredulity of St. Thomas. A jMcture by Giovanni Battista Ci- ma, called le Conegliano (b. about 1460). Now in the National Gal- lery, London. There is another work of a similar character in the Brera, Milan, Italy. Incredulity of St. Thomas. A distinguished picture by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, surnamed Guercino (1590-1666). In the Vat- ican, Rome. Independence, Fort. See Fokt Ikdependexce. Independence Hall. A building on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, rich in historical associations, and regarded as the birthplace of the American Republic. Here the Continental Congress assembled. Here in June, 1775, George Wash- ington was chosen commander of the American forces. Here on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress, and read to a great multitude assembled in front of the building amidst the ringing of bells and prodigious enthusi- asm . It is from this circumstance that the edifice derived its name. The halls are now itsed as a mu- seum and a receptacle for curiosi- ties and relics connected with the history of the country. It con- tains portraits of the Revolution- ary patriots, specimens of old furniture, autographs, and other sourniirs of the past, including the famous Liberty Bell. Independence Square. A public ground in Philadelphia, Penn., contiguous to Independence Hall, from which tlie Declaration of Independence was read to the people assembled in the square. India Docks. See East India Docks and West India Docks. IND 243 INN India House. See East India House. India Museum. A celebrated col- lection of curiosities formerly in the East India House iq.v.), after- wards in File House, AVhitehall, and now at the South Kensington Museum. Large additions have "been made to the old collection, exhibiting the riches and re- sources of British India. It con- tains, besides historical relics and antiquities, specimens of the natural productions, arts, manu- factures, etc., of India. Indian Chief. A statue by Thomas Crawford (1S18-1857). In the hall of the New York Historical Soci- ety. Indian Hill. An old mansion near Newbnryport, Mass., the resi- dence of Ben : Perley Poore. It is noted for the historical curiosities which it contains. ludianola. The. A powerful iron- clad steamer of the United States , navy in the civil war in ISUl- 65. She ran safely the batteries at Vicksburg, but was finally cap- tured by a Confederate " ram." Industrie, Palais de 1'. See Pa- lais DE l'Industeie. Infant Hercules strangling the Serpents. A mythological pic- ture by Sir Joshua Keynolds (172.3-1792), the celebrated Eng- lish portrait-painter. It was painted for the Empress of Rus- sia, and is regarded as one of his best works. Inferno. [Hell.] A celebrated fresco by Andrea di Cioni, called Orcagna (1325?-1385?). In the CamiJO Santo, Pisa, Italy. Influence of Christianity in the Arts; A large and noted picture by Friedrich O verbeck(1789-1869). In the Stadel Institut, Frankfort- on-the-Main. .fl®= "Among the oil-paintings by Overbeck, the Triumph of Religion in the Arts, one of the choicest treasures in the Stadel Institute, is certainly the most elaborate and ambitious. This grand composition, which may be lik- ened in its intent to liapbael's ' Scbool of Athens,' or to the 'Hemicycle' by I Delaroche, has been aptly termed by German critics the ' Christian Parnas- sus,' the dawn of light in Europe." /. -S. Atkinson. Inghirami, Pedra. A portrait by Raphael Sanzio (148.3-1520). In the Pitti palace, Florence, Italy. Iniseealtra. [Holy Island.] An islet in the Shannon, in the coun- ty of Clare, Ireland, famous from very early ages for its reputed sanctity. je®=- " It possesses structures belong- ing to the Pagan as well as Christian periods, — a round tower, and seven small churches, or rather cells, or ora- tories. The round tower is about 70 feet high, and is in good preservation. . . . Holy Island continues a favorite burial-place with the peasanti-y; and although its religious establishments are ruined and desecrated, the ancient sanctity of its character still endures, and pilgrims from remote distances seek its shores. On the patron, or fes- tival, day of St. Camin (12th of Marchl, the crowd of these devotees is very great." Mr. and Mrs. Ilatl. Inner Temple. One of the four Inns of Court in London which have the exclusive privilege of conferring the degree of bar- rister-at-Iaw requisite for practis- ing as an advocate or counsel in the superior courts. The gentle- men of the Inner Temple were of old famedfor their plays, masques, revels, and other sumptuous en- tertainments. Among the emi- nent members were Littleton and Coke, Sir Christopher Hat- ton, Selden, Judge Jeffreys, and the poets Beaumont and Cowper. The Inns of Court have alwaj'S been celebrated for the beauty of their gardens. In the " Temple Garden," Shakespeare has laid the scene of the origin of the red and white roses as the cogni- zances of the houses of York and Lancaster. The red and white Provence rose no longer blossoms here; but the gardens are careful- ly kept, and are very attractive. In signal of my love to thee, Against proud Somerset and William Poole, _ Will 1 1 1 pun thy party wear this rose: And here 1 prophesy, — this brnwi to-day. Grown to this faction, m the Temple Gar- INN 244 INT Shall send, between the red rose and the white, , ^ ., A thousand souls to death and deadly Shakespeare, Ilevry FX, Pt. 1. jd^ " I waa born, and passed the iirst seven years of my life, in the Temple. Its church, its halls, its gardens, its fountain, its river I had almost said, — for in those young years, -what was this king of rivers to me but a stream that watered our pleasant places? —these are of my oldest recol- lections. I repeat, to this day, no verses to myself more frequently, or -with kindlier emotion, than those of Bpenser, where he speaks of this spot. There when they came, whereas those brickv towe'rs, The which on Themmes brode aged back doth ride, "Where now the studious lawyers have their bowers, There whylome wont the Templer knights to bide Till they decayed through pride. Indeed, it is the moat elegant spot in the metropolis. What a transition for a countryman visiting London for the first time, — the passing from the crowd- ed Strand or Fleet Street, by unex- pected avenues, into its ample squares, Its classic green recesses! What a cheerful, liberal look hath that portion of it which, from three sides, over- looks the greater garden; Thatgoodlv pile Of building strong, albeit of Paper hight, confronting, -with massy contrast, the lighter, older, more fantastically shrouded one, named of Harcourt, with the cheerful Crown-office Row (place of my kindly engendure), right oppo- site the stately stream which washes the garden-foot with her yet scarcely trade-polluted waters, and seems but just weaned from her Twickenham Naiads ! a man would give something to have been born in such places." Charles Lamb. Innocents. See Fontaine des In- nocents and Massacre of the Innocents. Inns of Court. The name given to the celebrated law-colleges in London, known respectively as the Inner Temple, Middle Tem- ple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray*3 Inn. The Inns of Court were so called because the students of the law belonged to tlie " King's Court." James I. is said to have declared that there were only three classes of persons who had any right to settle in London, — "the courtiers, the citizens, and the gentlemen of the Inns of Court." The lawyers were un- popular in the time of Jack Cade's rebellion ; and Shakespeare, in "Henry VI.," represents Jack Cade as saying, "Now go some and pull down the Savoy; others the Inns of Court ; down with them, all !" See Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. " The Inns of Court are interesting to others besides lawyers, for they are the last working institutions in the na- ture of the old trade-guilds. It is no longer necessary that a shoemaker should he approved by the company of the craft before he can apply himself to making shoes for his customers; and a man may keep an oyster-stall with- out being forced to serve an apprentice- ship, and be admitted to the Livery of the great Whig Company ; but the law- yers' guilds guard the entrance to the law, and prescribe the rules under which it shall be practised." Times Journal. The lawyers discussed law or literature, criticised the last new play, or retailed the freshest Westminster Hall " bite" at Nan- do's or the Grecian, both close on the pur- lieus of the Temple. Here the young bloods of the Inns of Court paraded their Indian yowiis and lace caps of a morning, and swaggered in their lace coats and Mechlin ruffles at night, after the theatre. National JRevieuj. They [Christ- Churchmen] were domi- nant at Oxford, powerful in the Inns of Court and in the College of Physicians, conspicuous in parliament and in the literary and fashionable circles of London. Macaulay. Institut, Palais de T. See Palais de l'Institut. Insurgente, L'. [The Insurgent.] A famous French frigate of 40 guns, captured by the United States vessel of war Constellation, in 1708. The Lis^trgente was at that time one of the fastest sail- ing vessels in the world, Intermontium. The ancient Latin name of the place in Kome now occupied by the Piazza del Cam- pidoglio. See Piazza del Cam- PIDOGLIO. Intrepid, The. 1. A famous vessel, originally a Tripolitau ketch, captured by Stephen Decatur, INV 245 IRE and in which he accomplished his brilliant naval exploit of de- stroying vessels in the harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804. Later, the Intrepid w^s used as a floating mine to destroy the Tripolitan cruisers in the harbor. The ship was exploded with a terrible con- cussion, but the brave men who went on the expedition never re- turned. JS^ " Nearly fourscore years their fate has been an impenetrable secret. At the front of the midshipmen's quar- ters at Annapolis [Md.] stands a fine monument erected to their memory, and of those who perished on the 7th of August, by the officers of the navy. The monument is of -white marble, aud is about 40 feet in height." Lossing. 2. An Arctic exploring ship which set sail from England under Commander Austin in 1850. Invalides, Hotel des. One of the chief public monuments of Paris. It was begun by Louis XIV. in 1671, as an asylum lor the soldiers wounded and maimed in his nu- merous wars. At the revolution of 1793 it was called the Temple •of Humanity; under the reign of Napoleon, the Temple of Mars. The building is capable of con- taining 5,000 persons. Its library and council chamber contain some interesting objects, but the church is the most attractive part of the institution. The portico and dome are exceedingly beauti- ful, as is also the interior of the church. It contains the grand mausoleum of Napoleon, and his remains as they were brought from St. Helena. Bertrand and Duroc, the near friends and com- panions of Napoleon, lie on each side of the entrance of the crypt that leads to his tomb. j6®= " In the afternoon we went to the Hotel des Invalides, which contains 3,000 old soldiers. Those who were wounded in the Crimean campaign are, however, nearly all sent to their own homes with an allowance of six hun- dred francs." Count Moltket Trans. H^ " The dome of the Invalides rises upon the eye from all parts of Paris, a perfect model of proportion and beauty. It was this which Bona- parte ordered to be gilded, to divert the people from thinking too much upon his defeat. . . . The interior of the dome is vast, and of a splendid style of architecture ; and out from one of its sides extends a superb chapel hung all round with the tattered flags taken in his victories alone." J^. P. Willis. The Lion [of St. Mark's] has lost noth- ing by his journey to the Invalides biittlie Gospel which supported the paw that is now on a level with the other foot. Byron. The beautiful sarcophagus of Scipio, the silent soldier of the Invalides, yet speaks in graceful epitaphs. H. T. Tuckerman. I walked the day out, listening to the chink Of the first Napoleon's dry bones, as they lay In his second grave beneath the golden dome That caps aU Paris like a bubble. Mrs. Brouming. Inverary Castle. A baronial man- sion near Inverary, Scotland, the seat of the Duke of Argyle. Inverleithen. A watering-place at the junction of the Leitheu ■V^ater and Tweed, somewhat cel- ebrated for its mineral springs. This spot is the scene of " St. Eonan's "Well." Inverna. The name given in some parts of Italy to a wind blowing from the south. Investigator, The. An Arctic ex- ploring ship, the companion ship to the Enterprise, in Sir James Ross's expedition, set sail from England in 1848. Invincible Armada. See Akma- DA, The Invincible. lo and Jupiter. A picture by An- tonio AUegri, surnamed Correg- gio (1494-1534). In the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. The head of this picture, which was formerly in the Orleans Gallery, was cut out by the son of its owner, the Duke of Orleans, " because it was too voluptuous in expres- sion." Another was substituted by Prud'hon. A replica of this picture, or what is believed to be such, is in the gallery at Vienna, Austria. Ireland Yard. A locality in Lon- don, England. So called from IRO 246 ISA one "William Ireland. His name occurs in a deed by which a house on this site was conveyed to Shakespeare. Iron Crown (of Lombardy). A famous crown, consisting of " a broad fillet of gold, within which runs a thin circlet or hoop of iron, formed of one of the nails of the Holy Cross beaten out." It is said to have been brought from the Holy Land by the Empress Helena. As many as 34 kings, including the emperors Charles V. and Napoleon Bonaparte, have been crowned with it. Until the year 1859 it was kept in the Chap- el of the Holy Nail (Santo Chio- do) in the Cathedral of St. John, in Monza, Italy; but it is now preserved in the Belvedere Mu- seum at Vienna, Austria, the model alone being shown at Monza. Iron Gates. A celebrated pass on the Lower Danube, near Gladova, where a spur of the Transyh-a- nian Alps nearly barricades the river. XtE^ " A mile and a half of slow, trembling, exciting progress, and we Lave mounted the heaviest grade; hut six hours of the same tremendous scen- ery awaits us. We pierce j'et sub- limer solitudes, and look on pictures of precipice and piled rock, of cavern and yawning gorge, and mountain walls, al- most shutting out tiie day, such as no other river in Europe can show." Jiayard Taylor. Iron Mask. A black mask, not of iron, as the popular name would imply, but of black velvet, stif- fened with whalebone, and fas- tened behind the head with a padlock or by steel springs. It owes its celebrity to the fact th^t in the reign of Louis XIV. it served to conceal the features of the mysterious state prisoner of France, known in consequence as the Man with the Iron Mask (L'Hoiume an Masque de Fer), about whom there has been much difference of opinion, and whose identity has never been satisfac- torily determined. He was se- cretly conveyed, about 1G79, wear- ing this mask as a disguise, to the castle of Pignerol. In 1686 he was removed to the i.'^le of Sainte Marguerite, and in 1698 was car- ried to the Bastille, where he died in 1703. He was always treated with great respect and courtesy, but was continually ^^-atched, and during all these years of im- prisonment was never seen with- out the concealment of the Iron Mask. Jdgr He has been variously conjec- tured to have been a son of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin (Gib- bon argues in favor of tliU theory) ; a twin brother of Louis XIV. (Voltaire, among others, adopts this view) ; the Duke of Monmouth ; and Fouquet. Among these and other suppositions, the one now generally received is, that the disguised prisoner was a Count Matthioli, a minister of Charles ni., Duke of Mantua. Delort and Lord Dover adopted this explanation, which is favored in Topin'e " Man with the Iron Mask," 1869, but disputed b^- other recent writers. Another theory is, that he was a conspirator against Louis XIV., known as Lefroid. lung holds this view in his " La Verite sur le Masque de Fer," Paris, 1873; but the whole matter is involved in entire un- certainty. Dumas has a sti>r3' concern- ing this famous prisoner, entitled " The Iron Mask." It varied, till I don't think his own mother (If that he had a mother) would her son Have known, he shifted so IVom one to t'other; Till puessing from a pleasure grew a task. At this epistolary " Ij'on Mask." Byron. Iron Virgin. [Ger. Die Eiserne Ji(n(jfraH.] A famous instrument of torture, of a kind not imcom- mon in the Middle Ages, still ex- isting in Nuremberg, Germany. It represents a girl of the fif- teenth century. The front, when opened by a spring, discloses the interior lined with pointed spikes which pierced the victim who was forced into it. Beneath is a trap-door into which the body fell. Ironmongers' Hall. The building of the Ironmongers' Company, one of the old London city com- panies. In Fenchurch Street. Isaac of York. A painting by Washington AUstou (1779-1843). ISA 247 ISO Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Isaac, Sacrifice of. See Saceifice OF Isaac. Isabella. A portrait of Isabella, Governess ot the Low Countries, by Anthony ran Dyck (1599-lBil). There are several portraits of this princess by this painter, the best being the one now in the Vienna Gallery. Isaiah. A picture of the prophet on a pillar of the church of S. Augustine, Rome. ■ JHE^ "In the church of the Augus- tines is Raphael's inimitable fresco of Isaiah, — a worll sufficient of itself to have crowned his name with immortai- ity. The fire and fervor of the prophet heara from that inspired and holy coun- tenance. Even in force and sublimity it "will bear a comparison with the Prophets and Sibyls which Michael Angelo has left in the Sistine Chapel." A'aton. Isaiah's Tree. An ancient and venerable mulberry tree in Jeru- salem , its trunk propped up by a pile of stones, and deriving its name from the circumstance tliat it, according to tradition, marks the spot where Manasseh caused the prophet Isaiah to be sawn in two. Isis, Temple of. See Temple of Isis. Isle of Dogs. An island — former- ly a peninsula, but made an island by a canal cut in 1800 — lying in the river Thames, and constitut- ing a part of London. The name is said by some to be a corruption from the" Isle ot Ducks, from the numbers of wild fowl formerly upon it. Granted, the ship comes into harbor with shrouds and tackle damaged; and tlie pilot is therefore blame-woi-thy , for he has not been all-wise and all-powerful: but to know hole blameworthy, tell us first whether his voyage has been round the Globe, or only to Ramsgate and the /sle of Dogs. Carlyle. Isle. See Ile. Islington. Now a part of London, but originally two miles north of the town. Said to be so called from Isheldun, the Lower For- tress. Before the reign of James I. it was a favorite place for the practise of arcliery. Macaulay, speaking of this now populated district, says, that in the time of Charles I. Islington was al- most a solitude; and poets loved to contrast its silence and repose with the din and turmoil of the monster London. [Also called Iseldon, Yseldon, Eyscldon, Ison- don, Isendiine.] Hogsdone, Islington; and Tothnam Court, For cakes and creame bad then no small resort. WillierllW). Let but thy wicked men from out thee [London} go, And all the fools that crowd thee so, Ev'n thou, who dost thy millions boast. A village less than Jslington will grow, A solitude almuat, Cowley. London has got a great way from the streame. I think she means to go to Ishngton. To eat a dish of strawberries and creame. Thomas Freeman's £ptgrams0^li). " It used to be called Merry Islington once upon a time. Perhaps it's merry now, if so. It's all the better."— Tom Finch. Dickens. Tom. Tom. of Islington, Married a wife on Sunday; Brought her home on Monday; Hired a house on Tuesday ; Fed her well on Wednesday; Sick was she on Thursday ; Dead was she on Friday ; Sad was Tom on Saturday. To bury his wife on Sunday. Mother Ooose. Isly, Battle of. See Battle of ISLY. Isnah, Temple of. See Temple of Isnah. Isola Bella. [The beautiful isl- and.] An island (one of the so- called Bprromean Isles) upon Lago Ma'ggiore, famed for its beauty. O fairy island of a fairy sea. Wherein Calypso might have spelled the Greek, Or Flora piled her fragrant treasury. Lord Lylton. Isola Bella, Palace and Gardens of. A famous show-palace, with a delightful prospect and elabo- rate pleasure-grounds, on tlie isl- and of Isola Bella (one of the so- called Borromean Isles) in Lago Maggiore, Italy. ISO 248 IZA JS^ " Isola Bella looks like a gentle- man's villa afloat. Aboywould throw a stone entirely over it in any direction. It strikes you ae a kind of toy, as you look at it from a distance : and, getting neai-er, the illusion scarcely dissipates; for, from the water's edge, the orange- laden terraces are piled, one above an- other, like a pyramidal fruit-basket, the villa itself peers above like a sugar castle; and it scarce seems real enough to land upon." JVl. F. Willis. Isola Madre. [The Mother Isl- and.] A celebrated island in the iiago Mag^iore, one of the four called the Borromean Islands. Issus, Battle of the. See Battle OP THK Issus. Italians, Boulevart des. The gay- est and most frequented of the boulevards of Paris. A modern enthusiast of Paris says, " France is the centre of civilized nations, Paris is the centre of France, the boulevard des Itahens is the centre of Paris." See Boulevards. Italy. See Ancient Italy and Modern Italy. Itaska, The. A noted vessel of the United States Navy in the civil war of 1861-65. She was one of Admiral Farragut's flotilla at the attack upon the defences of Mobile, Aug. 5, 1864. Ivan Veliki. [Tower of John the Great.] A famous tower in the Kremlin at Moscow, Russia. This tower rises to the height of 209 feet, and is surmounted by a gided dome. JSr^ " Before us rises the tower of Ivan Veliki, whose massive sturdy walls seem to groan under its load of mon- ster bells. At the foot of the tower stands on a granite pedestal the Tsar Kolokol, or Emperor of Bells, whose re- nown is world-wide. [See Emperou OP Bells.] In one of the lower stories of the tower hangs another bell cast more than a century before the Tzar Kolokol, and weighing 64 tons. Its iron tongue is swung from side to side by the united exertions of three men. It is only rung thrice a year; and when it speaks, all other bells are silent. To those who stand near the tower, the vibration of the air is said to be like that which follows the simultaneous discharge of a hundred cannon. In the other stories hang at least 40 or 50 bells, varying in weight from 36 tons to 1,000 pounds : some of them are one-third silver. "When they all sound at once, as on an Easter morn, the very tower must rock on its foun- dation." Bayard Taylor. Ivy-Lane Club. This London club, founded by Dr. Johnson in 1749, met on Tuesday even- ings at the King's Head, Ivy Lane, Paternoster liow. See Essex-Head Club. I remember to have read in flome philo- sopher, —I believe in Tom Jirnwn'v works, — that, let a man's character, sentiments, or complexion be what they will, he can find company in London to match them. ... If he be pbletrmatic, he may sit in silence in the hum-drum club in Ivy-Lane; and if actually mad. he may find very good company in Moorfields. either at Bedlam or the Foundery, ready to culti- vate a nearer acquaintance. Goldsmith. Izaak Churcli. A church in St. Petersburg, Russia, begun by the Empress Catherine, and com- pleted by Nicholas I. It is a magnificent structure, with a gilded dome, and one of the most remarkable sights of the Kussian capital. The foundation alone, of piles, is said to have cost ^1,000,000. S^' " The finest building in Russia — in all Northern Europe, indeed — is the Cathedral of St. Izaak. Thirty- two years of uninterrupted labor, backed by the unlimited resources of the Empire, were required to complete this gigantic work. Its cost is esti- mated at 90,000,000 rubles, or $67,500,- 000, The design is simple and majestic; and the various parts are so nicely balanced and harmonized, that at first sight the cathedral appears smaller than is really the case. It grows upon the eye with each visit. . . . Crowning this sublime pile is the golden hemi- sphere of the dome, which so flashes in the sunlight that the eye can scarce- ly bear its splendor. Far out over the (xulf of Finland, it glitters over the evening horizon like a rising star." Bayard Taylor. See I From the Finland marshes there 'Tis proud St. Isaac's rears in air. Pillar ou pillar, that shining dome ! E. D. Proctor. JAC 249 JAM Jacinto, San. See San Jacinto. Jackson Square. A well-known public square and pleasure resort in New Orleans, La. Formerly called the Place d' Armes. Jacob and Bachel. A well-known picture ascribed to Giorgio Bar- iDarelli, commonly called Giorgi- one (1477-1511), in the Dresden Gallery. This picture has also been attributed to Palma Vec- chio, and of late, by some, to Ca- riani, of Bergamo, Italy. Jacob blessing the Sons of Jo- seph. A picture by Bembrandt van Eyn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. It bears date 1656, and is now in the gallery of Cassel, Germany. Jacob. See Fuite de Jacob and Vision of Jacob. Jacobin Club. A famous political association organized in Paris, France, shortly before the Revo- lution of 1789. It derives its name from the monastery of Jac- obin friars, where its meetings were held. Jacob's Dream. A fresco by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome. Jacob's Dream. A picture by Rem- brandt van Byn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. Now in the Dul- wich Gallery, England. JS£^ *' Strange to say, the moBt po- etical painter of angels in the seven- teenth century is that inspired Dutch- man, Rembrandt. For instance, look at his Jacob's Dream, at Dulwich." Mrs. Jameson, Jacob's Dream. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American painter. Now at Petworth, England. Jacob's Flight. COB. See Fuite de Ja- Jaoob's Iiadder. A picture by Giuseppe Ribera, called Lo Spag- noletto (1588-1656), and one of his best. In the gallery of Madrid, Spain. Jacob's 'Well. A rock-hewn well, 9 feet in diameter, 75 feet or more " deep," at the foot of Mount Gerizim in Northern Palestine, traditionally held to be the an- cient well of the patriarch Jacob, and the same by which Jesus sat wearied at noon, and conversed with the woman of Samaria. Over this well a church was built in very ancient times. It is al- luded to by Jerome in the fourth century; and, though destroyed during the wars of the Crusades, the ruins are still traceable. All circumstances concur with the universal tradition shared in by Jews and Samaritans, by Mo- hammedans and Christians, to identify this well as the one spoken of in the sacred history. The water in it is at present quite variable, sometimes there being a depth of several feet, and at an- other time the well being entire- ly dry. .6®^ "No scene of these ancient in- cidents is more , clear and interesting than this. It is impossible not to see his very gestures when he spoke of 'this mountain,' — the Gerizim which rose above him, — and when be bade his hearers lift up their eyes and look on the fields, already ' white unto the har- vest,' the tilled lands of Jacob's plain which stretched before him." Miss Mariineau. Jacques, St. See St. Jacqdes. Jama (Gama) Tooloon. See Mosque of Ahmed ebn Tooloon. James, Shrine of St. See Shkine. James the Apostle. A picture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter. Presented by the Emperor Ferdinand III. to the Duke of Tuscany. Now in JAM 250 JAE the Uffizi Gallery, in Florence, Italy. James's, St. See St. James's. Janiculum, or Janlculan, The. [Lat. Mons Janiciihts.1 A hill rising abruptly on the west hank of the Tiber, at Rome. It derives / its name, according to the tradi- tion generally believed by the ancients, from Janus, the sun- god of the Latins. Numa Pom- pillus is said to have been buried upon Mons Janiculus. Ancus Martins, fourth king of Rome, fortified the Janiculan, and con- nected it with the city by the first bridge of Rome, tlie Pons Sublicius, celebrated in the old Roman lays as the bridge which Horatius Codes defended against the whole Etruscan army under Porsena. The Janiculan is con- nected with numerous other sto- ries of early Roman history, — with that of Caius Mucius Scfe- vola, the young Roman patri- cian, who, ihaving made his way into the camp of Porsena, with the purpose of killing him, and his intention being discovered, burned off his own right hand, to show that he feared neither tor- ture nor death, — with that of the hostage Cloelia, who escaped from the power of Porsena by swim- ming across the Tiber. Januarius, Blood of St. See Blood of St. Januakius. Janus, Arch of. See Akch of jANns. Japanese Palace. See Augusteum. Jardin, Le. [The Garden.] A well-known spot in the Alps, on the Glacier de Talefre, near Cha- monix. Jardin des Plantes. [Garden of Plants.] This garden in Paris was established by Louis XIII. in 1635. Buffon was made super- intendent of it in 1729, and great- ly enriched it, besides establish- ing its museums, galleries, and hot-houses. It has been greatly improved under recent govern- ments ; and almost every known flower, shrub, or tree may be seen here, besides a great variety of birds, beasts, and fishes. Much damage was done to it during the bombardment of 1871 by the Prussians. J6^ " This establishment combines large botanical and zoological gardens, connected with which are most inter- esting collections of natural history in every department, and comparative anatomy. The botanical garden is not to be compared to that at Kew, either in arrangement, number, or luxuriant growth of the plants ; and the zoologi- cal one is far surpassed by that in the Regent's Park." l/mray'a Handbook. He [Diderot] cannot work; he hopes to dissipate his melancholy bv a walk; goes to the Invalides, to the "Courts, to the Bibliotheque du Koi, to the Jardin dei Planter Mademouelle Diderot. These people all look like the doleful birds of the Jardin des Flames, begilded, striped, befeathered, and sad, but roostins on a suitable perch. Taine, Trans. Jardin Mabille. A famous garden in Paris (Avenue Montaigne, Champs Elysees), which is open in the evening, brilliantly illu- minated, and much frequented by the populace for dancing and otlier amusements. It is much resorted to by " strangers and the women of the demi-monde." The Chateau des Fleurs is now com- bined with this garden. 03- " At MaUlle. How often I had beard it spoken of ! Young men dream of it. Strangers take their wives to see it. Historians will some day speak of it. . . . At ten o'clock in the even- ing, I go to Mabille. It is a grand bail- niglit. . . . The men are said to be hired; the women exhibit themselves gratis, though they feel that they are despised. ... A great moving circle floats around the dancers." Taine, Trans, fl®* " There are bowers and refresh- ment-roome around it, and a large sa- loon for wet weather ; in fact, it is a Parisian Creraorne without the fire- works and amusements; smaller, but brighter and gayer. "This is the best appointed and best attended of all the summer balls." Murray^ Handbook. I was never more svirprised in my life than to see that staid, solemn, meditative, melancholy beast suddenly perk up both his lonj: ears, and hop about over the steep paths like a goat Not more surpriseii sbiuikl I he to see some venerable D.D. of I'riuc.eton leading off a dance in the Jar- "dtn Mabille. Beecher. JAR 251 JEE Whether they inhabit princely houses In fashionable streets (wliich they often do), or not; whether their sons have grad- uated at the Jardin Mabille, or have been taken from their father's shops. O. W. Curtis. JardiulSre, La Belle. See Belle jARDINliuE. Jarvis Gallery. A collection of early Italian pictures in the Art School of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Jason. A statue hy Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), the Dan- ish sculptor. Jasper Park. A public square in Savannah, Ga., named after Ser- geant Jasper, a hero of the war of the Revolution. Java, The. A British frigate cap- tured during the war of 1812 by the United States frigate Consti- tution. Jean Arnolfini. Portrait of, and of Jeanne de Chenany his wife, by the Flemish painter, Jan van Eyck (1370-1441). . It is related that the Princess Mary, sister of Charles V., bestowed a post of 100 guldens a year upon the bar- ber to whom it belonged. The picture is now in the National Gallery, London. Jeanne de Chenany. See Jean Arnolfini. Jebel-er-Raliui. A sacred hill in Arabia, not far from Mecca, and a famous resort of Mohammedan pilgrims. The tradition is that it is the place where Adam re- ceived his wife after their expul- sion from Paradise, and a sepa- ration of 120 years. Jedburgh Abbey. A well-known ruined monastery in the town of Jedburgh, Scotland. iJS=" *' The abbey churches of Kelso and Jedburgh, as we now find them, belong either to the very end of the twelfth, or the beginning of the thir- teenth, century. They display all the rude magnificence of the Norman pe- riod used in this instance not experi- mentally, as was too ofteA the case in England, but as a well-understood style, whose features were fully perfected. The whole was used with a Doric sim- plicity and boldness which is very re- markable." Fergusson. Jehoshaphat. See Valley or Je- HOSHAPUAT. Jenny's Whim. A noted place of entertainment in London, said to have been established in the time of George I., and character- ized in 1775 as the Vauxhall of the lower class of people. It is no longer in existence. Jephthah and his Daughter. A work of sculpture by Hezekiah Augur (1791-1858). At Yale Col- lege, New Haven, Conn. Jeremiah. A picture by Washing- ton AUston (1779-1843). Now in the possession of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Jeremiah's Cave. See Cave of Jeremiah. Jerome Park. A park in the neigh- borhood of the city of New York, a mile from Fordham, " the most aristocratic race-course in Amer- ica." Jerome, St. See St. Jerome and Communion of St. Jerome. Jerpoint Abbey. An ancient and impressive ruined monastery near Kilkenny, in the county of Lein- ster, Ireland. It was founded in' 1180. I gaze where JerpoinVs venerable pile Majestic in its ruins o'er me lowere. S. O. Hall. Jersey, The. A vessel of the Brit- ish navy used as a prison-ship, in which many Americans were con- fined during the Revolutionary war. Jerusalem Chamber. An apart- ment in the cloisters of ^Vestmin- ster Abbey, London, in which the upper House of Convocation meets, and where King Henry IV. died. It is said to have de- rived its name from having been hung with tapestries representing the history of Jerusalem. King Henry. Doth any name particular belong Unto the lodging where I first did swoon? Warwick. 'Tis called Jerusalem, my noble lord. King Henry. Laud be to God ! even there my life must end. It hath been prophesied to me many years, I should not die but in Jerusalem; Which vainly I supposed the Holy Land : JEE. 252 JOH But bear me to tbat chamber ; there I'll He; I In that Jerusalem shall Harry die. Shakespeare, King Heni-y IV., Part 11. fl®= " Out of these walls came the Directory, the Longer and Shorter Catechism, and that famous Confession of Faith -which, alone -within these islands, -was imposed by la-w on the -whole kingdom." Dean Stanley. Jerusalem Coffee-house. An old house in Cornhill, London, re- sorted to by captains and mer- chants Interested in eastern com- merce, r Jerusalem Delivered. A series of five large frescos, taken from Tas- so's poem " La Gerusalemme Liberata," by Friedrich Over- beck (1789-1869). In the Villa Massimi, Eome. Jerusalem, Destruction of. See Destbuction of Jekusalem. Jerusalem Eoad. A road leading from Nantasket to Oohasset, Mass., following the line of the coast, with grand ocean scenery, and adorned with many fine vil- las. Jerusalem Taverns. Houses in Clerkenwell, London, so called from the ancient priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. Jesus College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1496. Jeux Floraux, SocifitS des. A so- ciety in Toulouse, France, claim- ing to be the oldest literary insti- tution in Europe, founded in the fourteenth century, and to be de- rived from the ancient trouba- dours. It distributes annually prizes of golden and silver flow- ers for the best essays in prose and verse upon prescribed sub- jects. Jewish Cemetery. A picture by Jacob Ruysdael (1625 ?-1682), the Dutch landscape painter. In the Dresden Gallery. Jewry, Old. See Old Jewry. Jews' Quarter. See Ghetto and JUDENSTADT. 41®* In the Middle Ages the Jews -were commonly confined to a certain prescribed quarter of the cities in -which they lived, and, as a rule, were locked in at night. Among better known districts occupied by them in European cities are the famous " Jews* Quarter " in Rome and that in Prague. Joachim, St. See St. Joseph Aim St. Joachim. Joan of Arc. An admired picture by Paul Delaroche (1797-1856), the celebrated French historical painter. Joaima of Aragon. A portrait of this famous beauty, who was the wife of Ferdinand of Ara- gon, by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), of which there are numer- ous repetitions. One is in the collection of Baron Speck, of Lutschena, near Leipzig; another in Warwick Castle; another in the Louvre Gallery, Paris. The larger part of this last picture is said to have been executed by Giulio Romano. There is a copy which has sometimes been as- cribed, but -wrongly, to Leonardo da Vinci, in the Palazzo Doria, Borne. There are still other ex- isting copies. Job, Misfortunes of. A well- known fresco by Francesco da Volterra in the Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy. Joconde, La. See Belle Jocokde. Johanneum, The. An institution in Gratz, Styria, the "pride of Styria," founded in 1812, and containing fine collections of art, and museums of antiquities and of natural science. John and Peter. A picture of the two apostles, the figures the size of life, by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver. Another picture corresponding with this repre- sents the apostles Mark and Paul. These are considered to he the grandest works of this master, and the last executed by him. They are now in the Munich Gal- . lery. .6®^ " These pictures are the fruit of the deepest thought which then stirred the mind of Albert Diirer, and are ex- ecuted with overpowering force. Fin- ished as they are, they form the first complete work of art produced by JOH 253 JON Protestantism. "Well might the artist now close his eyes. He had in this picture attained the summit of art; here he stands side by side with the greatest masters known in history." Kugler. Handbook of Painting, John Brown's Farm. An estate near North Ellja, in Essex Coun- ty, N.Y., the former home of the famous abolitionist John Brown (1800-1859), the invader of Vir- ginia, and leader of the expedition against the national arsenal at Harper's Ferry. The house and farm are now the property of an association organized for its pur- chase. John O'Groat's House. This house is celebrated as having been con- sidered the most northerly dwell- ing in Great Britain. Nothing remains of it but a turf-covered mound. It is related that John O'Groat and his cousins used to meet here once a year to cele- brate the memory of their ances- tor De Groot, a Dutchman who had settled here long previous. They fell into a dispute as to which should preside at table; and John settled the difficulty by building a room with as many sides as there were cousins, and with a corresponding number of doors, and sides to the table, so that each, or neither, might be considered as presiding. Hear, land o' cakes, and brither Scots, Frae Maidenltirk to Johno' Groat's, If there's a liole in a' your coats, I rede ye tent it : A chiel's amang you takin' notes. And, faith, he'll prent it. Bums. I was with a commercial ftiend at the hour of the mid-day meal ; and he proposed luncheon, adding, " Let's go to Crosby Hall." I did not quite apprehend his meaning. It was much as if he had pro- posed to me to take luncheon with him in Stonehenge or John 0' GroaVs house, Richard Grant \yhite. John, St. See St. John. John the Baptist. An altar-piece representing three scenes in his life, by the Flemish painter Ro- ger van der Weyden (d. 1464). These pictures were formerly in Spain, but are now in the Mu- seum of Berlin, Prussia. John the Baptist in the 'Wilder- ness. A well-known picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. • It is supposed that this picture was executed in part by other hands. Similar pictures' in the Louvre, Paris, at Bologna, and elsewhere, are thought to have been taken from it. John the Baptist. See Behead- ISG OF St. John. John's, St. See St. John's. Johnson's Court. A place in Lon- don near Fleet Street, known as one of the residences of Dr. John- son. It did not, however, derive its name from him. We ourselves, not witliout labor and risk, lately discovered Gough Square, be- tween Fleet Street and Holbom (adjoin- ing both to Bolt Court and Johnson's Court), and on tlie second day of search the very house there, wlierein the English Dictionary was composed. Carlyle, Jonah. A statue executed by Ra- phael (1483-1520), the Italian painter, and pronounced " a re- markable work of sculpture." It is in the Chigi Chapel, S. Ma- ria Novella, Florence, Italy. .6®^ " Raphael, who handled the myth of Cupid and Psyche so magnifi- cently in the Villa Farnesina of his patron Agostino Chigi, dedicated a statue of Antinous, — the only statue he ever executed in marble, — under the title of a Hebrew prophet in a Christian sanctuary. The fact is no less significant than strange. During the early centuries of Christianity . . . Jonah symbolized self-sacrifice arid im- mortality. During those same centu- ries Antinous represented those same ideas, however inadequately, and for the unlettered laity of Paganism. It could scarcely have been by accident, or by mere admiration for the features of Antinous, that Raphael, in his marble, blent the Christian and the Pagan tra- ditions. To unify and to transcend the double views of Christianity and Paganism in a work of pure art was Raphael's instinctive, if not his con- scious, aim." J, A. Symonds, Jonathan's. A former coffee- house and resort of stock-jobbers in Change Alley, London. The Cits met to discuss the rise and fall of stocks, and to settle the rate of insur- ance, at Garraway's or Jonathan's. National Review* JOS 254 JTJD Joseph. See St. Joseph and PoTiPHAK'.s Wife accusing Jo- seph. Joseph sold into Captivity. A. fresco-painting by Friedrich Over- beck (1789-1869). Executed for the villa of the consul-general Bartholdy, in Rome. Joseph's Coat. A celebrated pic- ture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1060), the Span- ish paiuter. In the Museum of Madrid, Spain. Joseph's Tomb. A burial-place near Mount Gerizim and Jacob's AVell in Northern Palestine, tra- ditionally held to be the tomb of the patriarch Joseph. It is believed to be genuine. Joseph's "Well. A well of a total depth of 290 feet on the citadel hill at Cairo, Egypt, supposed to be so called from Yoosef, the other name of Saladin, by whom it was cleared of the sand which had filled it. It is thought to have been cut in the rock by the ancient Egyptians. It is built in two stages, the water being raised from the bottom to the first stage by donkeys or bullocks, and from the first stage to the top in the same manner. Joux, Chateau de. A noted cas- tle near Pontarlier in France, sifuated on a lofty hill, and mem- orable as having been the place of confinement of Toussaint L' Ouverture, who died here, and also of Slirabeau. Solely by way of variation, not of alle- viation (especially as tlic If Certierustoo has been bewitcliecl). be has tills sinner CMirabeau] rt'inovctl in May next, after some nine montiis space, to tlie Castle of Joux I an "old O^vl's nest, \\\i\\ a few invalids," among the Jura ilonntains. Carlyle. Joux, Coloune de. See Colonne DE Joux. Joyeuse, La. The sword of Char- lemagne. It was found lying by the side of the emperor when his tomb at Aix-la-Chapelle was opened in 097 by Otho III. Most of the relics there found were snljsequently removed to Vienna, Austria. Joys and Sorrows of the Virgin. See Virgin. Judenstadt. [Jews'-town]. A fa- mous quarter in Prague, Bohemia, occupied by Jews, and one of the most widely known Ghettos, or Jews' quarters, of those existing in any city. The Jews were formerly confined here, and the gates locked at eight o'clock in the evening; but all restrictions are now removed. In this close quarter of narrow labyrinthine streets are huddled together some 8,000 Jews. It is supposed to be the oldest Jewish settlement in Europe, the colony having ex- isted, according to tradition, he- fore the downfall of Jerusalem. In another quarter of the city is a celebrated Jewish cemetery of great antiquity, but no longer used. Judge's Cave. A cleft in a group of rocks near New Haven, Conn., where the famous regicides Goffe and Whalley were secreted for a time in 1661. Judgment, Last. See Last Judg- ment. Judgment of Paris. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1610), It is in the National Gallery in Lon- don. 2. A picture by Angelica Kauff- man (17-11-1807). Judgment of Solomon. 1. A picture by Giorgio Barbarelli, commonly called Giorgione (1477- 1511). In the Uifizi Palace, Flor- ence, Italy. 2. A noted picture by Benja- min Robert Haydon (1786-1846). Judgment of the Gods. See Feast OF THE Gods. Judith and Holofemes. A well- known bronze statue by Donate di Betto Bardi, called Donatello (1383-1466). In the Loggia de' Lauzi, Florence, Italy. .(feff" " The .Judith — a strange rather than an attractive work — was removed from the "Medici Palace in the year 1495, and set np at the I'ntrance of the palace of the Government." Grimnit Tram* JUD 255 JUN Judith and Holofernes. A picture by Andrea Mantegna (1430-150()). In the Museum at Florence, Italy. Judith and Holofernes. One of the frescos of Michael Angelo , (1474-13()4). In the Sistiue Chap- el, Rome. Judith and Holofernes. An ad- mired picture by Cristofano Allori (1577-1(;21). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. There are repetitions of this picture, one in the Belvedere, Vienna, another in the Uffizi, Florence. Juggernaut. A celebrated temple at Juggernaut, in India. It is the most famous place of pilgrim- age in Hindostan. Tlie name Juggernaut signifies the Lord of the World. In this temple is an image gorgeously decorated, ■which is carried on festal days upon a car moving upon wheels, and is drawn by people. The old belief, that while this car was moving along the crowded streets numbers of devout worshippers would throw themselves upon the ground in order to be crushed by the wheels, as an act of sac- rifice to the idol deity, is now understood to be a gross exaggera- tion, the loss of life which occa- sionally attends the moving ve- hicle being the result of accident rather than intention. [Written also Juygeniath.] j^=- " The Asiatic Society has pre- sented the French Government with a model of the temple and the proces- eional car of Juggernaut. This pre- cious specimen of art of the Middle Ages (1198) is placed in the Louvre, at Paris." Le/em'e. Tr- Donald. A thousand pilgrims strain Arm, shoulder, breast, and thigh, with might and main. To drag that sacred wain, And scarce can draw along the enormous load Prone fall the frantic votaries in its road. And, calling on the god. Their self-devoted bodies there they lay To pave his chariot-way. On Jana-Naut they call. The ponderous car rolls on, and crushes all. Through flesh and bones it ploughs its dreadful path. Groans rise unheard; the dying cry. And death and agony Are trodden under foot by von mad throng Who follow close, and thrust the deadly wheels along. Southey. Juillet, Colonne de. See Colonne DE Juillet. Julian, St. See St. Julian. Julius CsBsar. See Death of Ju- lius C^sAR and Tkiumphs ' of Julius C^sar. Julius II. A celebrated portrait of this pope Ijy Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing him as seated in an arm-chair, wrapt in meditation. It is adjudged one of Raphael's best portraits. Among the well-known copies of this picture are one in the Uffizi Gal- lery, Florence, one in the Nation- al Gallery, London, and another in the Berlin Museum. Jumma Musjeed. A famous Mo- hammedan temple or mosque at Delhi, Hindostan. It is built of sandstone and white marble. Jungfernstieg. [The Maiden's Walk.] A fashionable prome- nade in the city of Hamburg, Germany. It is a broad walk around the sides of a basin of water formed by damming up the small river Alster. It is a scene of much animation on sum- mer evenings when the surface of the water is covered with gayly- painted boats. Junior United Service Club. A London club, founded in 1826. See United Service Clue. Some of our party . . . made choice of the club-house in Commercial Square [Gibraltar]. . . . rather, perhaps, resem- bling the junior United Service Club in Charles Street, by which every Londoner has passed ere tliis witli respectful pleas- ure, catching glimpses of magnificent blazing caiidelabras. under which sit neat half-pay officers, drinking half-pints of port. Thackeray. Juno. A celebrated head of the goddess in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, and hence generally known as the Ludovisi Juno. It has been ascribed to the Greek sculptor, Polycleitus the Elder (452 ?-412 7 B.C.), See Barbekini Juno. fl®-" There is a head of 'Juno, Queen,* possessing a grandeur and se- riousness altogether sublime. I do not believe there is any thing superior to it in liome." Taine, Trans. JIJN 256 JUV Juno. See Jupiter a>'t> Juno. Jupiter [of Phidias]. See Olym- pian Jupiter. Jupiter and Autiope. A well- known picture by Antonio Alle- gri, surnamed Correggio (14114- 1534), pronounced " the chef d' (xu- vre of the master in the mytho- logical class " of subjects. It is now in the tribune of the Louvre, Paris. Jupiter and lo. See lo and Jupi- ter. Jupiter and Juno. A fresco by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609). In the Parnese Palace, Rome. Jupiter, Education of. A picture by Giulio Romano (1492-1546). Now in the National Gallery, London. Jupiter Latialis. See Temple of Jupiter Latialis, Jupiter Stator, Temple of. See Temple of Jupiteji Stator. Jurisprudence. A celebrated fres- co by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the science of juris- prudence in its two divisions of ecclesiastical and civil law, with female figures personifying Pru- dence, Fortitude, and Temper- ance, and the figures of Pope Gregory XL, and the Emperor Justinian. This picture forms one of the series of four, entitled respectively. Theology, Poetry, Philosophy, and Jurisprudence, which were intended to exhibit the lofty subjects of thought with which the human mind is occu- pied. They are all in the Came- ra della Segnatura of the Vati- can, Rome. Justice and Divine Vengeance pursuing Crime. An admired picture by Pierre Prud'hon (1758- 1823). In the Louvre, Paris. Justice. See Bed of Justice and Palais de Justice. Justina, St. See St. Justina and THE Duke of Ferraka. Juvenis Adorans. See Boy pray- ing. KAA 257 KEN K. Kaabah. See Caaea. Kailasa. A famous cave-temple at Elora, in the Deccau, India. J9cg=" *' A magni^cent jewel in Btone, as large as the Royal Exchange of Lon- don, made of a single isolated rock, hollowed within and magnificently carved without. Nothing is wanting to render its proportions, its grace, and its beauty perfect. The hand of a master must have fashioned this gor- geous structure which comprises chap- els, porticos, colonnades supported by figures of elephants, two basilisks 39 feet high, a pagoda 100 feet high, flights of stairs, and galleries made solemn ■with a dim and almost a religious light. The whole structure covers a space of 840 feet in length by 190 feet in breadth, and the exterior walls are separated from the cliff to which the rock origi- nally belonged by an excavated passage 26 to 32 feet in width; so that this wonderful rock-temple is completely isolated in the centre of a court hol- lowed out in the flank of the hill. Time, passing over the walls covered with innumerable statues, has black- ened them; but in robbing them of much it lias also imparted to them a real beauty. And here it raay be re- marked that the strange sculptures of Elora are only to be compared to -the shapeless works of our middle ages; and though they are wanting in the re- pose of the Egyptian sculptures, they seem to live and breathe with a mon- strous life." Leftvre, Tr. Donald. Kaiserstuhl. [Cjesar's Seat.] An eminence rising above Heidel- berg, in Germany, and affording a magnificent view. Karlstein. [Charles's Stone.] A famous feudal castle, the resi- dence- of the Bohemian kings, built in the middle of the four- teenth century, and still in a good state of preservation, not far from Prague. Karnak, Temple of. See Temple OF Karnak. Kasr. A ruin in ancient Babylon on the supposed site of the palace of Nebuchadnezzar. Katherine Docks. See St. Kath- ERiNE Docks. ■ - Kazan Cathedral. The metro- politan church of St. Petersburg, dedicated to our Lady of Kazan, standing upon the Nevskoi Pros- pekt. It is built of gray Fin- land granite, and was intended to be a copy of St. Peter's at Rome, having a circular colon- nade in front like the latter, but is, however, only a feeble imita- tion of it. Where are our shallow fords? and where The power of Kazan with its fourfold gates ? From the prison windows our maidens fair Talk of us still through the iron grates. Longfellow, Adaptation. Kazan looks down from the Volga wall, Bright in the darkest weather; And the Christian chime and the Moslem call Sound from her towers togpther. E. D. Proctor. Kazan, Defile of. An extraordi- nary pass in the Lower Danube, through which the river rushes. A road is carried along the bank by tunnelling through the per- pendicular cliffs. Kearsarge, The. A Union ship of war, commanded by Capt. Wins- low, which, on the 19th of Jane, 1864, destroyed the Confederate privateer Alabama, off the coast of France, near Cherbourg. Kelso Abbey. An ancient ruined monastery in the town of Kelso, Scotland. Kenilworth Castle. A magnifi- cent ruined mansion, one of the most interesting and picturesque feudal remains in England, at Kenilworth, near Leamington. It is familiar to readers through the description of Sir "Walter Scott in his novel of the same name. Kenilworth Castle was one of the strongholds of Simon ■ de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, lu his insurrection against Henry KEK 258 KEN III. John of Gaunt, coming into possession of tlie castle, enlarged it by magnificent buildings. Queen Elizabeth bestowed it upon Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who also made impor- tant additions. It was disman- tled after the civil war of Charles I. .Ogj- " Of this lordly palace, where princes feasted and heroes fought, now in the bloody earnest of storm and eiege, now in the games of chivalry, where beauty dealt the prize which valor won, all is now desolate. The massy ruins of tbe castle only serve to show what their splendor once was, and to impress on the musing visitor the transitory value of human posses- sions." .Sir Waiier Scott. i3®^ " Some of the ivy that mantles this building has a trunk as large as a man's body, and throws out number- less strong arms, which, interweaving, embrace and interlace half-falling tow- ers, and hold them up in a living, grow- ing mass of green. The walls of one of the oldest towers are sixteen feet thick. The former moat presents only a grassy hollow. What was formerly the gate-house is still inhabited by the family who have the care of the build- ing. The land around is choicely and carefully laid out." Mrs. H. B. Siowe. Ileards't thou what the Ivy sighed, Waving where all else hath died, In the place of regal mirtli, Ihow the silent Kenitworlli. Felicia Hemans. Kennedy. See Castle Kennedy. Kennington Common. An en- closure (comprising some 20 acres) in Lambeth, London, once celebrated as a place of gathering for pngilists and also itinerant preachers, and memorable as the scene of the great Chartist meet- ing in 1848. It has now been con- verted into a park. "Whitelield used to preach here to great crowds of people. iKjT " Sunday, May 6, 1731. At six in the evening went and preached at Kennington, but such a sight I never saw before. Some supposed there were above 30,000 or 40,000 people, and near fourscore coaches, besides grpat numbers of horses ; and there was such an awful silence amongst them, and the word of God came with euctt power, that all seemed pleasingly sur- prised, I continued my discourse for an hour and a half." George Whitejield'a Diary. Kennington Park. A modern .park in London, formerly known as Kennington Common. See supra. Kensal-Green Cemetery. On the Harrow Road, two and a half miles beyond Padtlington, Lou- don. It occupies eighteen acres. Kensington. A parish of London, containing several hamlets. The palace of Kensington is in St. Margaret's parish, Westminster. Kensington Gardens. Extensive pleasure-grounds attached to Ken- sington Palace, London, England, much frequented during the Lon- don season. The gardens were laid out in the time of William III., and at first consisted of only 26 acres. AVhere Kensington high o'er the neighbor- ing lands Midst greens and sweets a regal fabric stands. And sees each spring, luxuriant in her bowers, A snow of blossoms and a wild of flowers. The dames of Britain oft in crowds repair To groves and lawns and unpolluted air. nomas Tickell. Wise and Loudon are our heroic poets; and if, as a critic, I may snigle out any passage of their works to commend, I shall take notice of that part in the upper garden at Kensington, which at first was nothing but a gravel-pit. Spectator. Here in Kensington are some of the most Eoctical bits of tree and stump and sunny rown and green glen, and tawny earth. Haydon. Kensington Museum. See South Kensington Museum. Kensington Palace. A royal resi- dence of the English sovereigns, situated about two miles west of London. William and Mary lived here, and here Mary died in 1694, and Williarii in 1702. After the death of William III., Anne ami Prince George of Denmark lived at Kensington Palace, the latter dying here in 1708, and the for- mer in 1714. Queen Victoria was born here May 24, ISlil. It for- merly contained the collection of pictures known as the Kensing- ton Collection. KEN 259 KIL Kent's Hole. A cavern near Tor- quay, England, celebrated for its ossiferous remains. Kevin's Kitchen. See St. Kev- in's Kitchen. Kew Botanical Gardens. An en- closure, 270 acres in extent, at Kew, near London, containing the plants, flowers, and vegetaljle curiosities of all countries. Keyne's Well. See St. Keyne's Well. Keys of St. Peter. See Deliver- ing THE Keys. Khasne, The. The great temple of Petra, occupying an unrivalled situation opposite the opening of the Sik, and in full view of every one entering the city. Almost the entire structure is hewn in the rock ; and tlie age, and even the purpose of the monument, are matters of controversy. Its name, meaning "the Treasure," was given to it by the Arabs, who have a tradition that vast treas- ures of jewels and money were once placed in the urn upon the top of the fa9ade, where they are still carefully guarded by jealous genii. 4Kg=- " With consummate sMll have the architects of Petra availed them- selves of remarkable natural formation to dazzle the stranger, as he emerges from an all hut subterranean defile, by the enchanting prospect of one of their noblest monuments. Most fortunate, too, were they in the material out of ■which it is hewn; for the rosy tint of the portico, sculptured pediment, and statues overhead, contrasts finely with the darlier masses of rugged cliff above and around, and the deep green of the vegetation at its base. The monument is in wonderful preservation; some of the most delicate details of the carv- ing are as fresh and sharp as if exe. cuted yesterday." Murray's Handbook. tSS- " Its position is wonderfully line, and its. material and preservation very striking; but it is inconceivable how any one can praise its architecture. This temple, called by the Arabs ' Pha- raoh's Treasury,' is absolutely set in a niche." Miss Martineau. ;6®- " One of the most elegant re- mains of antiquity existing in Syria." Burckkardt. tfff- " The typical and most beauti- ful tomb of this place [Petra] is that called the Khasne, or Treasury of Pha- raoh. . . . Though all the forms of the architecture are Roman, the details are so elegant and generally so well de- signed, that there must have been some Grecian influence brought to bear upon the work." Fergusson, Khuttub Minar. A famous pillar in the neighborhood of Delhi, India. It is of 'a circular form, 240 feet in height, with a base of 35 feet, diminishing to less than 10 feet at the top. It consists of five stories, the three lower being of red sandstone, and the two upper of white marble. "As I stood a short distance from the base, my gaze travelling slowly from bottom to top, and from top to bottom, Mr. Place declared it to be the finest single tower in the world, and asked me whether I did not think so. I said ' no,' for just then I had Giotto's Florentine Campanile and the Giralda of Seville in mind, and could not ven- ture to place it above them ; but the longer I looked, the more its beauty grew upon me ; and after spending three or four hours in its vicinity, I no lon- ger doubted. It is, beyond question, the finest shaft in the world." Bayard Taylor. Kidron. A brook in the vicinity of Jerusalem, Palestine, alluded to in the Bible, and associated with the later scenes in the life of Christ. Kieran's Chair. See St. Kiekan's Chair. Kilohuru Castle. A massive stronghold of the fifteenth cen- tury near Dalmally, Argyle, Scot- land. It is now an imposing ruin. Abandoned by thy rupeed sire Nor by soft peace adopted, though in place And in dimension such that thou might'st seem But a mere footstool to yon sovereign lord. Huge Cruachan. Wordsworth. Kildare, Curragh of. See CnK- RAGH OF Kildare. Kilkenny Castle. The seat of the Marquis of Ormonde in Kilken- ny, Leinster County, Ireland. It dates from the twelfth century. Kilcoleman. A picturesque ruined castle in the county of Cork, Ire- KIL 260 KIN land. It was once the home of Edmund Spenser, the poet. j^^ " Four years of happy tranquil- lity here passed away, hearing for the world the glorious fruit of the first three books of the Fairy Queen. These he conveyed to London in company with his friend, Sir Walter Raleigh, and there jDublished them. ... A dreadful calamity now awaited bira. The Tyrone rebellion broke out (in 1598) ; his estate was plundered ; Kil- coleman was burned by the Irish; in the flames his youngest child perished; and he was driven into England with his wife and remaining children, — a poor and wretched exile. From this alHiction he never recovered, dying a year after in an obscure lodging in London in extreme indigence." Mr, and Mrs. Ball, Kilcrea. A beautiful ruined friary or abbey in the county of Cork, Ireland. Kilmallock Abbey. An interest- ing monastic abbey in the county of Limerick, Ireland. Kimbolton Castle. The seat of the Duke of Manchester, near Huntingdon, England. S£^ *' Though pulled about, and re- built by Sir John Vanbrugh, the castle has still a grand antique and feudal air. The memories which hang about it are in the last degree romantic and imposing. There Queen Katherine of Aragon died. There the Civil Wars took shape. . . . Kimbolton is perhaps the only house now left in England m which you still live and move, distin- guished as the scene of an act in one of Shakespeare's plays. . . . For a genu- ine Shakesperian house, in which men still live and love, still dress and dine, to which guests come and go, in which children frisk and sport, wlierc shall we look beyond the walls of Kimbolton Castle ? " Hepwortk Dixon. King Arthur's Palace. The name given to the vast intrenchments of an ancient Roman or British camp, still existing in a ruined state, in the ancient Camelot, or, as it is now called, Queen's Cam- el, England. King Arthur's Round Table. A singular and very ancient circu- lar area, surrounded by a fosse and mound, and supposed to have been intended for the practice of the feats of chivalry, near Penrith , in the county of Cumberland, England. He passed red Penrith's Table Round For feats of chivalry renowned. Sir Walter Scott. J3^ " A circular intrenchmerft, about half a mile from Penrith, is thus popu- larly termed. The circle within the ditch is about 160 paces in circumfer- ence, with openings, or approaches, di- rectly opposite to each other. As the ditch is on the inner side, it could not be intended for the purpose of defence ; and it has reasonably been conjectured that the enclosure was designed for the solemn exercise of feats of chivalry, and the embankment around for the convenience of the spectators." Scott, King Arthur's Round Table. See RouKD Taei^e. King Club, or Club of Kings. A club which was in existence in London in the time of Charles 11. (161)0-1685). The name of " King " was applied to all the members, and Charles was himself an hon- orary member. King John's Castle. 1. This for- tress, built in the thirteenth cen- tury upon a rock overlooking the sea, in the town of Carlingford, Ireland, commands charming views of the Mourne Mountains. Near this castle is an ancient ab- bey, now in ruins, which was built in the fourteenth century. 2. An ancient royal residence and fortress at Limerick, Ireland. jQES^ " The castle has endured for above six centuries ; in all the ' hat- tits, sieges, fortunes,' that have since occurred, it has been the object most coveted, perhaps, in Ireland, by the contending parties ; and it still frowns, a dark mass, upon the waters of the mighty Shannon." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. King of Clubs. A club in London, founded about 1801, and at first composed of a few lawyers and literary men. The meetings of the club were held at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, in the Strand. Richard Sharp ("Con- versation Sharp ") was regarded as the first of the club; and the poet Rogers, Sir James Mackin- tosh, Lady Mackintosh, and oth- ers were frequent attendants. KIN 261 KIN King of the Beans. See Feast of THE King of the Beans. King of the Forest. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Kings, Adoration of the. See Ad- OEATION OF THE MaGI King's Bench and Queen's Bench. An old prison in London, iflore recently known as the Queen's Prison, Southwark. Stow relates that the rebels under Wat Tyler " brake down the houses of the Marshalsey and King's Bench, in Southwarke." The Prince of "Wales, afterwards Henry V., was committed to this prison. It was known as the Upper Bench Pris- on during the Commonwealth. The King's Bench Prison figures in the works of Dickens. Micawber. — '* And this is the Bench ! "Where for the first time in many revolv- ing years the overwhelming pressure of pecuniary liabilities was not proclaimed from day to day by importunate voices declining to vacate the passage; where there was no knocker on the door for any creditor to appeal to ; where personal ser- vice of process was not required, and de- tainers were merely lodged at the gate ! " J)ickens. King's Cave. A cavern near Tor- more, in Scotland. It derives its name from the tradition that it was occupied by Fingal, Bruce, and other Scottish heroes. The Interior is carved with rude de- vices. This cave, the largest of a line of caves on the Scottish coast, is hollowed out under the cliifs, and is supported partly by a natural pillar that divides the upper portion into two chambers. King's Chapel. A religious pdifice on Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. It was built in 1754 on the site of an older church edifice. During the war of the Kevolution it was for a time forsaken by its loyalist congregation. In the adjacent burial-ground, which has been used from 1630, many of the early Puritans, including Gov. Win- throp, are interred. SS" "The edifice, its records and the worBhippers in it, are illustrative of the court-epoch of life in Boston, under the royal governors. A state ^ew, with canopy and drapery, was fitted up In the chapel for the Ear! of Bellomont ; and the royal governor and his deputy were always to he of the vestry. When Joseph Dudley came home as governor, he seems, at least in part, to have turned his back upon his own place for worship and communion. His own armorial bear- ings and escutcheon were hung on one of the pillars of the chapel, as were those of other gentry. Gov. Hutchin- son after him did the same. The edifice, in fact, and all that was done within its walls, and its objects and purposes, was a type and obtrusion of royal interference with the usages, the traditions, and the dearest attach- ments of the people. Men of note sat and worshipped in that first royal chapel. Among its worshippers were true EpiscopaUans by birth and con- viction, and others who, without any special convictions, might reasonably seek there a substitute for that espion- age and unwelcome form of religious dispensation found in the meeting- houses. Suspended from the pillars were the escutcheons of Sir Edmund Audros, Francis Nicholson, Capt. Ham- ilton, and Govs. Dudley, Shute, Burnet, Belcher, and Shirley. The altar-piece, with the gilded Gloria, the Creed, the Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, the organ, the surpliced priest, and, above all, the green boughs of Christmas, composed altogether a sight which some young Puritan eyes longed, and some older ones were shocked, to see." George E. Ellis. The Chapel, last of sublunary things That shocks our echoes with the name of Kings, Whose bell, just glistening from the font and forge, Eolled its proud requiem for the second George, Solemn and swelling, as of old it rang, Flings to the wind its deep, sonorous clang. Ilolnies. King's Coffee-house. A rude structure in Covent Garden, Lon- don, formerly much frequented by persons from various ranks of society. What rake is ignorant of Kmg'.t Coffee- house f Fielding. King's College. 1. An ancient college in Cambridge, England, one of the 13 colleges of the uni- versity, founded in 1441, enjoying some peculiar privileges, and noted lor its beautiful chapel. The groves of Granta, and her go thic halls. King s Coll., Cam's stream, staln'd win- dows, and old walls, Byron. KIN" 262 KIN 2. An ancient college in Aber- deen, Scotland, founded in 1494, "by a biill of Pope Alexander VI. The building is noticeable for the fine carving in the chapel and library. The college now forms a part of the new University of Aberdeen. «S» " The tower of it [King's Col- lege] w surmounted by a massive stone crown, which forms a very singular feature in every view of Aberdeen, and is said to be a perfectly unictue speci- men of architecture.** J/rs. ff. B. Siowe. 3. A college in London, founded in 1828, and occupying the east wing of Somerset House. King's College Chapel. A mag- niticent pile, connected with King's College, Cambridge, Eng- land. It is regarded as one of the finest specimens in existence of the perpendicular Gothic. ^®~ " The interior is imposing from its great height, from the solemn beauty and splendor of the stained glass, and from the magnificent fan-tracerv of the vaulting, which extends, bay after bay, in unbroken and unchanged succession, from one end of the chapel to the other." Fergusson. — nothing cheered our way tiU first we saw The long-roofed chapel of King's College lift Turrets and pinnacles in answering flies, Extended high above a dusky prove. Wordsworth. Tax not the royal saint with vain expense, With ill-matched aims the architect who planned — Albeit laljorlnff for a scanty band Of white- robed scholars only — this Im- mense And glorious work of fine intelligence ! Ibid. King's College Hospital. Estab- lished in London for the sick poor, to afford instruction to the students of King's College, in 18.39. The fir.st stone of the pres- ent building was laid in 1852. King's Head. A club in London, of the time of Charles II., also known as the Green-Ribbon Club, from the distinguishing mark of a green ribbon to be worn in the hat, founded by Lord Shaftes- bury, with the object of affording support to the court and govern- ment, and of influencing Protes- tant zeal. The members, who were popularly known as " hogs in armour," from the peculiar dress which they wore, carried the weapon known as the Protes- tant Flail. According to Eoger North, at the time of the pope- burning procession of November, 1680, " the Babble first changed their title, and were called the Mob in the assemblies of this club. It was their Beast of Burden, and called first mobile vulyus, but fell naturally into the contraction of one syllable, and ever since is become proper Eng- lish." The club declined after these celebrations were sup- pressed in 1683. jB®" " The gentlemen of that worthy society held their evening sessions con- tinually at the King's Head Tavern, over against the Inner Temple Gate. . . . They admitted all strangers that were confidingly introduced; for it was a main end of their institution to make proselytes, especially of the raw cstatcd youth, newly come to town. This copious suciety were to the fac- tion in and about London a sort of executive power, and, by correspond, ence, all over England. The resolves of the more r,etired councils of the ministry of the Faction were brought in here, and orally insinuated to the company, whether it were Ij'es, defa- mations, commendations, projects, etc., and so, like water diffused, spread all over the town ; whereby that which was digested at the club over night, was, like nourishment, at every assem- bly, male and female, the nest day; and thus the younglings tasted of politi- cal administration, and took themselves for notable counsellors." Koger North. King's Head. A tavern, now closed, in the Poultry, London. It was burnt in the great fire of 1666, and rebuilt. It was at first known by the sign of the Rose. • Also a King's Head in Fenchurch Street, London, and many other public houses of this name, which was a common appellation. King's Market. [Dan. Kongen's Nyiorv.] The principal square in Copenhagen, Denmark. Kings of Cologne. See Shkine of THE Three Kings of Cologke. KIN" 263 KNO Kings, Tombs of the. See Tombs OF THE Kings. Kirkoonnell. A ruined church in Scotland, near Kirkpatrick. The adjoining churchyard is the scene of the ballad of "Fair Helen of Kirkconnell. " T wish I were where Helen lies ! Night and day onmc she cries. Oh that I were where Helen lies On fair Kirkconnell Lee ! Kit-Kat Club. A celebrated asso- ciation in London, founded about the year 1700, and said to have derived its name from a certain Christopher Katt, a mutton-pie- man or pastry-cook, at vi'hose house in Shire Lane the meetings of the club are supposed to have been first held. It was the chief society for the leaders among the "Whigs, and originally consisted of 39 noblemen and gentlemen known for their warm attach- ment to the house of Hanover. The Duke of Marlborougli, Sir Eobert Walpole, Addison, Steele, and many other noted men of the time were members ; and the rep- utation of the club is literary and artistic as well as political. Here " used to meet many of the finest gentlemen and choicest wits of the days of Queen Anne and the first George. Halifax has conversed and Somers unbent, Addison mellowed over a bottle, Congreve flashed his wit, "Vanbrugh let loose his easy humor, Garth talked and rhymed." Ward, who claims that the pieman was named Chris- topher, and that he lived at the sign of the Cat and Fiddle, in Gray's-InnLane,says,"thecook's name being Christopher, for brev- ity called Kit, and his sign being the Cat and Fiddle, they very merrily derived a quaint denom- ination from puss and her ijias- ter, and from thence called them- selves of the Kit-Kat Club." Others say that the club derived its name from the pie itself and not from the maker of the pie, the pies being a regular dish at the supiiers of the club. Whence deathless Kit-Kat toolt his name, Few critics can unriddle ; I Some say from pastry-cook It came, And some Irom Cat and Fiddle. From no trim beaus its name it boasts, Gray .statesmen or green wits, But from this pell-mell pack of toasts Of old Kats and young Kits. Arbuthnpt. Kits Coity- House. A famous cromlech near Aylesford, Kent, England. By some thought to have bpen a sepulchral monu- ment to the memory of Catigern, who, with Horsa, was killed here in battle A.D. 465. The monu- ment isnow destroyed. Knife-grinder. See Akeotino, L' . Knight, Death, and the Devil. A celebrated engraving by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver. It has been pronounced " the most im- portant work which the fantastic spirit of German art has ever jjro- duced. . . . "We see a solitary knight riding through a dark glen ; two demons rise up before him, ... the horrible figure of Death on the lame horse, and the bewildering apparition of the Devil. But the knight, prepared for combat wherever resistance can avail, . . . looks steadily for- ward on the path he has chosen, and allows these creations of a delusive dream to sink again into their visionary kingdom. The masterly execution of the engrav- ing is well known." The print bears date 1513. Knight. See Vision of a Knight. Knoekgraff on. Moat of. See Moat OF Knockgbaffon. Knowle Park. A fine old castel- lated mansion near London, in the county of Kent. jg®- '* Parts of it date from the time of King John, and none of it is more recent than the time of Henry VlII. It is very extensive, few old castles be- ing so large ; and it has an awful hard, grim, feudal look, so slight have been the changes made in it." George Ticknor. Knowsley Hall (Park). A splen- did baronial mansion, the seat of the Earl of Derby, in Lancashire, England. It contains some cele- brated art-treasures. KOH 264 KEE Kohinoor, The. [Mountain o£ Light.] A celebrated diamond found in the mines of Golconda, India. Its original weight was 793 carats, which by unskilful ■ cutting was reduced to 186. Hav- ing been recut in Amsterdam, 1852, it was still further reduced to lOS-^i; carats, which is its pres- ent weight. This diamond, which for a long time was a chief feature in the treasury of Delhi, passed into the hands of the Brit- ish in 1849, and was presented to Queen Victoria, June 3, 1850. More than the diamond Eoh-i-noor, which flitters among their crown -jew- els, theyCthe English] prize thatduli peh- hle which is wiser than a man, whose poles turn themselves to the poles of the world, and whose axis is parallel to the axis of the world. Emerson. To have and to hold for one'* own prop- erty one of the largest diamonds ever dis- covered, is no doubt a magnificent pos- session; but in a purely artistic sense J prefer the orifc'inal Koh-i-noor, worn on the arm of Runjeet Siiiy as he sat " cross- legged in his golden chair, dressed m sim- ple white, with a sinjile strfng of huge pearls round his waist,*' to the Koh-i-noor cut and pared down to mathematical sym- metry by English lapidaries, with a loss of one-third of its weight. C. L. Ea&tlake. Cracking up Boston fdks, — said the gentleman with the diamond-^\\\, wliom, for convenience' sake, 1 shall hereafter call the Koh-i-noor. Holmes. Kohlmarkt, The. [The Cabbage Market.] A well-known and fine street in Vienna, Austria. The Toledo of Naples, the Corso of Rome, the Kohl-market of Vienna, tile Kue de la Paix and Boulevards of Paris, have each impressed me strongly with their magnificence; but they are really nothing to Regent Street. N. P. Willis. Koniggratz Strasse. [Koniggi-atz Street.] A well-known street in Berlin, Prussia. Konigsbau. . See New Palace. Kbnigsstuhl. [King's Seat.] A vaulted hall near the town of Ehense on the Rhine, once the place of assembly for the electors of the German empire. The build- ing now standing is chiefly mod- ern. Konigsatein. [King's Stone.] 1. A celebrated fortress in Saxony, Situated at a height of about 780 feet above the river Elbe. It has been regarded as impregnable, both on account of its isolated position with regard to other com- manding heights (the Lilienstein and Pfaffenstein are about IJ miles distant), and from the ex- treme steepness of the escarp- ments by which it is surrounded. It is approached by a sloping path cut in the rock, and by a slanting wooden bridge which can be re- moved in time of war. Water for the fortress is obtained from a well 613 feet deep, cut in the solid rock. The valuable works of art of Saxony owe their pres- ervation to the fortress of Konig- stein, and treasures of various kinds have often been placed here for safe keeping. Frederick Au- gustus II. made the fortress a retreat in the time of the Seven Years' AVar. 2. A ruined fortress which stands high above the banks of the Rhine. The castle was demol- ished by the French in 1796. Kratzer, ITicliolas. A picture by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498- 1543), the German painter. It is in the Louvre, Paris. Kremlin, The. A hill and quarter in Moscow, Russia, containing au imposing collection of buildings, palaces, churches, and towers, surrounded by a wall sixty feet in height and nearly a mile in cir- cumference. Among the princi- pal buildings are the old and new palaces of the czars, the Cathe- dral of St. Michael, the Church of the Assumption, the tower of Ivan Veliki, and the Church of St. Basil. The old palace of the czars, the Terema, or balcony, forms the rear wing of the new palace [Granovitaya Palata]. The former was mainly destroyed in the fire of 1812 during the French occupation of the city, the latter was built in 1816. See Ivan Ve- liki, St. Basil, etc. .BES^ '* If Moscow is tbe Mecca of the Russians, tlie Kremlin is its Kaaba. Within its ancient walls is gathered all th.it is holiest in religion or most cher- ished in historical tradition. ... Its very gates are pi-otected by miracles, and the peasant from a distant province enters them with much the same feeling KUB 265 KYF as a Jewish pilgrim enters the long- lost city of Zion." Bayard Taylor. j8^* " Every city in Russia had its Kremlin, as every one in Spain had its Alcazar; and all were adorned with walls deeply machicolated, and inter- spersed with towers. Within were enclosed tive-domed churches and hel- fries, just as at Moscow, though on a Bcale proportionate to the importance of the city." Fergusson. Mind that I gild the Invalides To match the Kremlin Dome. Walter Thoimbury. The bells that rock the Kremhn tower Like a strong wind, to and fro, — ' Silver sweet in its topmost bower, And the thunder's boom below. S. D. Proctor. Kubbet es Sukhrab. [The Dome of the Rock.] See Mosque of Omar. Kuhstall. A remarkable natural arch through a rocky wall or rampart 150 feet thick, in the re- gion known as the Saxon Switzer- land, near its capital, Schandau. The place is said to derive its name from having been used by the mountaineers as a hiding- place for their cattle in time of war. Kyburg Castle. An ancient Aus- trian stronghold near Winter- thur, Switzerland. The regalia of the empire was formerly kept here. Kyffhauser, The. A famous ru- ined castle, crowning an eminence in Thuringia, underneath which, in a vault, the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa is fabled to lie en- chanted . The ancient Barbarossa, Friedrich, the Kaiser great, Within the castle-cavem Sits in enchanted state. He did not die; but ever Waits in the chamber deep, Where, hidden under the castle. He sat himself, to sleep. The splendor of the empire He took, with him away, And back to earth will bring It When dawns the chosen day. Riickert, Trans. Far within the lone Kyffhauser, With a lamp red glimmering by. Sits the aged Emperor Fredeiick, At a marble table nigh. Emanuel GeiheU Trans. Full darkly loomed Kyffhauser Through fog which slowly broke, When first the spellbound Kaiser From his long sleep awoke. Ferdinand Freiligratht Trans. LAB 266 LAD Labourage Wivernais. See Ploughing in Nivebnais. Labyrinth. 1. One of the most remarkable and mysterious mon- uments of ancient Egypt, near Lake Moeris. According to Ma- netho, the Egyptian historian, it was built by Moeris as a sepul- chre for himself. In 1843 the site of this monument was excavated and explored by a Prussian expe- dition under Lepsius, but without fully satisfactory results. It was described and greatly admired by Herodotus, who says that it sur- passed the Pyramids, and con- sisted of 3,000 chambers, half of which were below ground, and contained " the sepulchres of the kings who built the Labyrinth; and also those of the sacred croco- diles." Ancient authors differ as to the founder of this Labyrinth; but the earliest name discovered among the ruins is that of Ame- nemha III., of the twelfth dy- nasty, and it is thought that he was the builder of the Labyrinth, as well as of Lake Mceris. " I visited this place, and found it to surpass description ; for if all the ■walls and other great works of the Greeks were put together in one, they ■would not eQU.il, either for lahor or expense, this Lahyrinth." Jlerodotus, &^ " From such data as have been given to the public, we learn that the Labyrinth was a building measuring about 1,150 feet east and west, by 850 feet north and south, sui'rounding three Bides of a court- yard. ... In the Lab- yrinth itself a number of small cham- bers were found, two stories in height, as the account of Herodotus leads us to expect, but so small, being only four feet in width at most, that we cannot understand the admiration they excited in his mind. As there are no hiero- glyphics upon them, it is difficult to determine whether they belong to the old Lahyrinth, or to that which Hero- dotus writes of as erected by Psamme- ticus and the kings of his day." Fergusmn. — within the brazen doors Of the great Labyrinth, slept both boy and beast, Tired with the pomp of their Osirian feast. Shelley. 2. Daedalus is said to have built a Labyrinth near Cnossus in Crete, for the confinement of the fabled monster the Minotaur, but nothing of this structure can be found. Remains of a labyrinth were extant in the time of Pliny on the isle of Lemnos. Others, the existence of which is doubt- ful, are said to have been built on the island of Samos, and in Clusium, near Etruria. A re- markable example of a natural labyrinth is found in the Aders- bach Eocks. Wausolus worke will be the Carians glorie And Crete will boast the Labyrinth, now raced. Spmser. Lackawanna, The. A noted iron- clad of the Confederate navy in the civil war of 1861-65. The great Lackawaim came down Full tilt for another blow : We were forging ahead, She reversed ; but, for all our pains, Kammed the old Hartford instead. Just for'ard the mizzen-chains ! //. U. Broimell. Laeryma Christi. [The Tear of Christ.] A celebrated wine, dis- tinguished for the delicacy of its flavor, produced upon the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, Italy. Lady Franklin. An Arctic ex- ploring ship which sailed from England under Capt. Penny in 1850. Lady of Aboshek. This smaller temple at Aboo-Simbil, Egypt, dedicated to Athor, who is called the " Lady of Aboshek," " Lady of the West," etc., is like the other, very old, having been exca- vated from the solid rock in the time of Rameses the Great, 1400 B.C. The temple is 90 feet in depth. It contains statues of Athor and of other deities. See Temple of Aboo-Simbel. LAD 267 LAK 4®- " The smaller temple of ' the Lady of Aboeheb,' — Athor, — beside the large one, is very striking, as seen from the river. The six statues on the fagade stand out boldly between but- tresses ; and their reclining backwards against the rock has a curious effect." Miss Martineau. Lady with the Lute. An admired picture in Alnwick Castle, Eng- land. It was formerly ascribed to Giorgione, bnt is now attributed to Jadopo Palma, called Palma Vecchio (1480-15:28). Lafayette. A well-known bust of the marquis, executed by the French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdou (1741-1828) for the Capi- tol at Richmond, Va.- Lafayette College. A collegiate establishment in Easton, Penn. It was founded in 1826, and is well endowed. Lafayette, Fort. See Fokt La- fayette. Lafayette Park. A public square in St. Louis, Mo. Lafayette Square. A beautiful park in Washington. It contains a colossal equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson. Lafitte. A farmhouse or small chateau in the vine district of Me'doc, on the Garonne, below Bordeaux. Here is produced the celebrated wine known as Cha- teau Lafitte, which is sometimes sold as high as $25 a bottle. The estate is the property of Baron Eothschild. The annual yield of the vineyard does not exceed 400 hogsheads. Lafitte, Kue. A street in Paris, so called from M. Lafitte, once a well-known banker and poli- tician. It was formerly known as the Rue d'Artois. Here some of the richest bankers live; and here the Rothschilds have two hotels, which are among the finest private residences in the city. Lahneok. A well-known ruined fortress of mediaeval times in the neighborhood of Coblenz, on the Rhine. The poet Goethe has commemorated it in his " Geister Gruss." Lais Corinthiaca. [The Corinthian Lais.] A picture by Hans Hol- bein the Younger (1498-1543), the German painter, representing a beautiful young girl in elegant dress, professedly the portrait of a member of the Offenburg fam- ily. It is in the Basle Gallery. Lake Country or District. The general name by which the coun- ties of Cumberland and "West- moreland in England are often known from the picturesque lakes with which they are interspersed, and also familiar from their asso- ciation with the so-called Lake School of poets and writers, of which Wordsworth,. Southey, Coleridge, Lamb, and Wilson may be taken as representatives. Those who travel much in the ^^ Lake District" can readily trace the course of the chivalrous Baron. /. F. Hunnewell. Lake Mceris. A celebrated reser- voir which was situated in the centre of the plateau of the Fy- odm, Egypt, serving to store up the water of the Nile during the inundation, and to afterwards distribute it through canals over the laud during the dry season. &^ Herodotus, who speaks of it as being " in the neighborhood of Croco- dilopolis," says : " Wonderful as is the labyrinth, the work called the Lake of Mceris, which is close by the labyrinth, is yet more astonishing. The measure of its circumference is 3,600 furlongs, which is equal to the entire length of Egypt along the sea-coast. The lake stretches in its longest direction from north to south, and in its deepest parts is of the depth of 50 fathoms. It is manifestly an artificial excavation ; for nearly in the centre stand two pyra- mids, rising to the height of 300 feet above the surface of the water, and extending as far beneath, each crowned with a colossal statue sitting upon a throne. The water of the lake does not come out of the ground, which is here excessively dry, but is introduced by a canal from the Nile. The current sets for sis months into the lake from the river, and for the next six months into the river from the lake." This great work Was built by Amenemha III. of the twelfth dynasty, who is thought to have also built the laby- rinth. Lake Mceris is not to be con- founded with the natural lake Birket el Korn, with which it probably commu- nicated during the inundation. LAM 268 LAN By M(sris and the Mareotid lakes, Strewn with faint blooms like bridal- chamber flours: Where naked boys bridling tame water- snakes, Or charioteering ghastly alligators. Had lelt on tlie sweet waters mighty wakes Of those huge forms. Shelley. He lifts his head and roars amain ; So wild and hollow is the strain, It booms along the desert sand. And shakes the flood on M(£ns' strand. F, FreiligratK Trans. Lamb, Adoration of the. See Adokation of the Lamb. Lambert, Hotel. See Hotel Lam- bert. Lambeth. A metropolitan bor- ougti of London. The name of this now densely populated dis- trict, once a swamp, is said, but not with certainty, to be derived from Lamb-hithe, that is, a land- ing-place for sheep. Yonder fish-wipe Will not away. And there's your giantess. The bawd of Lambetk. Ben Jonson. Lambeth Bridge. An iron-wire suspension bridge across the Thames at Loudon. Lambeth Palace. An episcopal mansion in London, and for six and a half centuries the residence of the Archbishops of C9,nterbury. Lambeth House has at various times proved an asylum for learn- ed foreigners who have been com- pelled to flee from the intolerance o£ their countrymen. fi^ " Lambeth is a stately pile of quaint antique buildings, rising most magnificently on the banks of the Thames. It is surrounded by be.auti- ful gi-ounds laid out with choice gar- dening." 3frs. H. B. Stowe. .Such Lambeth, envy of each band and gown. Pope. The grand hospitalities of Lambethhave perished, but its charities live. Douglas Jerrold. Landing of Columbus. A picture in one of the panels of the Ro- tunda in the Capitol at Washing- ton, representing the ilebarkation of the great discoverer with his companions upon the soil of the New World in 1492. This paint- ing was executed under commis- sion from Congress by John Van- derlyu (177U-lti52), who employed a French artist to do a good part of the work. It has been severe- ly criticised for its inaccuracy and marks of haste; in proof of which, among other things, it is noted that the three flags borne by the three vessels of the origi- nal discoverers are represented in the picture as blown outward in three different directions. This work of art has become very fa- miliar to the general public by its reproduction in the form of an engraving upon the back of the five-dollar notes of the national currency. Landing of the Pilgrims. A well- known painting by Sargent, in the Pilgrim Hall at Plymouth, Mass. Landing of Venus at Cytherea. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-1660), and one of his best works. In the Chigi Palace, Kome. Landore, Villa. See Villa Ghe- KAKDESCA. Land's End. The famous head- land in which the western coast of England terminates at the extremity of the county of Corn- wall. Let any social or physical con^■^llsion visit the United States, and England would feel the shock from Land's End to John o' Groat's. Charles Dickens. Langton FAva. A famous elm of great age in what was Sherwood Forest. It was for a long time so remarkable as to have a special keeper. Lanleff Temple. A remarkable structure of unknown origin and antiquity, near St. Briene, in France. It is thought by some to be a pagan temple, but is prob- ably a Christian church of the eleventh or twelfth century. It is of a circular form, like some of the English and Dutch churches, and built in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Lansdowne. A noted house, for- merly standing in what is now Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. It was the residence of Joseph LAK 269 LAS Bonaparte, and later of Lord Ashburton. It was destroyed by- lire in 1854. Lansdowne House. A noble house in London, situated on the south side of Berkeley Sqiiare, original- ly built for the Marquis of Bute, and subsequently sold to the Mar- quis of Lansdowne. It contains a gallery of paintings and sculp- tures. Lantern of Diogenes. A popular name for the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens. A struc- ture in imitation of the Greek monument formerly stood at St. Cloud [France], but was de- stroyed in 1870 by the Prussians. [Also called the Lantern of De- mosthenes.'] See Choragic Mon- ument OF Lysicrates. .^^"A little monument, formerly known under the name of the Lantern of Demosthenes, and of which a copy occupies at St. Cloud [France] the sum- mit of a tower well known to the Pa- risians, deserves attention as one of the rare specimens of the Corinthian order to be seen in Greece. It formed one of those small houses which were used to contain the tripods received by the vic- tors in the scenic games." Lefevre, Trans. Lantern of Ireland. The popular name of the beautiful ruined Pri- ory of St. John, in Kilkenny, Ireland. It. is so called from the number of its windows. ^g' " For about fifty-four feet of the south side of the choir, it seems to be almost one window." Grose. Lanti Vase. An antique vase brought from England by Lord Cawdor, and now in Woburn Abbey, the seat of the Duke of Bedford. Lanzi, Loggia de'. See Loggia de' Lanzi. Laocooh, The. A celebrated work of sculpture, now in "the Belvi- dere of the Vatican at Kome, dis- covered in 1506. It represents the death of Laocoon, a mythical priest of Apollo or of Neptune, and his two sons, who are crushed in the folds of two monstrous serpents. The group is probably the same as that referred to by Pliny as standing in the palace of the Emperor Titus. Virgil gives a vivid description of the death of Laocoon in the second hook of the ^neid (line 263 et seq.). JS^ " The fame of many sculptors is less diffused, because the number em- ployed upon great works prevented their celebrity; for there is no one artist to receivfothe honor of the work, and, where there are more than one, they cannot all obtain an equal fame. Of this the Laocoon is an example, which stands in the palace of the ilm- peror Titus, — a work which may be considered superior to all others, both in painting and statuary. The whole group — the father, the boys, acd the awful folds of the serpents — were formed out of a single block, in accord- ance with a vote of the Senate, by Age- sander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus, Rhodian sculptors of the highest merit." Pliny, Trans. S^ " I felt the Laocoon very power- fully, though very quietly; an immor- tal agony, with a strange calmness dif- fused through it, so that it resembles the vast rage of the sea, calm on ac- count of its immensity, or the tumult of Niagara, which does not seem to be tumult, because it keeps pouring on for ever and ever. It is a type of hu- man beings struggling with an inexplic- able trouble, and entangled in a cora- plication which they cannot free them- selves from by their own efforts, and out of which Heaven alone can help them." Hawthorne. .6®= ''This work is a compromise between two styles and two epochs, similar to one of Euripides' tragedies. . . . Aristophanes would say of this group, as he said of the Hippolytus or Ipbigenia of Euripides, that it makes us weep and does not fortify us ; instead of changing women into men, it trans- forms men into women." Taine, Trans. Turning to the Vatican, go see Laocoon's torture dignifying pain — A father's love and mortars agony With an immortars patience blending. Lord Byron. Lapidary Gallery. See Galleria Lapidaria. Larissa. See Acropolis [of Ar- gos]. Last Judgment. A favorite sub- ject of representation by the great religious painters of the Middle LAS 270 LAS Ages. Of the many compositions upon this theme, a few of tlie more celebrated and familiar examples are mentioned below. Concern- ing the treatment of this subject, Lady Eastlake writes : " The ' Last Judgment ' has tested the powers of some of the greatest and most opposite masters, both north and south of the Alps. Giotto appropriately led the way with the now ruined wall-paint- ing in the Chapel of the Arena at Padua. The solemn Orcagna fol- lowed in the Carupo Santo. . . . Fra Angelico has left several versions of the subject. . . . Mi- chael Angelo stands alone here, as in every subject on which he set the stamp of his paganized time, and his maniera lerribile. Roger van der Weyden, the mournful painter of Brussels, treated the subject with great dig- nity and reticence; . . . while Kubens, like Michael Angelo, has made the subject rather an occa- sion for displaying his peculiar powers, than an illustration of the most awful chapter in Chris- tian art." Last Jiidfiment. An admired picture bj' Fra Angelico (1387- 1455). In the Academy at Flor- ence, Italy. Last Jmlt/ment and Hell. A cel- ebrated fresco in the Campo San- to, Pisa, Italy, which has usually been ascribed tu Andrea Orcagna (d. l."8U), but has of late been re- ferred by some to the Sienese painter, Pietro Lorenzetti. tf^ " In the l.atit Jicdgment of Or- cngna, in tlie Campo Santo at Pisa, the Stven Anu;elfi [arcliangels] are impor- tant personagfs. 'I'liry have the garb of princes and warrioi-s, with breast- plates of gold, jewelled swofd-belts and tiaras, . . . while other angels hover above, bearing the instruments of the Passion." Mrs. Jameson. Last Judgment. A celebrated picture by the Flemish painter, Roger van der Weyden (d. 14t)4). It was executed for the Bm-gun- diau Chancelliir Rollin, between 1443 and 1447. and is now in the Hospital of Bi^aune, France. It is pronounced by Kugler the most comprehensive example of this master that is left to us. Xa.s( Judgment. A picture by the Flemish painter, Petrus Cris- tus, executed (1452) for a convent at Burgos. Now in the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Last Judgment. A celebrated altar-picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, and pronounced not only his most im- portant work, but one of the chefs-d'auvre of the whole Flem- ish school. From an inscription upon the picture, it is probable that it was painted in 1467. It is now in the Church of Our Lady at Dantzic, Prussia. ;6£g^ "In Memling's Last Judgment the redeemed are passing into a regular ' ehurch, with angel musicians hymning their welcome from seats in the archi- tecture above the porch." Lady Eastlake. Last Judqment. A fresco hy Fra Bartoldmmeo (1477-1517), the Italian painter. In the Church of S. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. Last Judqment. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the gallery of Munich, Bavaria. iMst Judgment. ■ A fresco paint- ing of great size, 60 feet high by 30 feet broad , occupying the end wall opposite to the entrance of the Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican Pal- ace at Rome. It is the work of Michael Angelo (1475-1564), who designed it in his sixtieth year, and completed it after eight years of labor, in 1541. It comprises nearly 300 figures, and presents "a confused mass of naked bodies in the most violent attitudes and most admired disorder, and ex- cels chiefly in energy of expres- sion." This picture is seen now under many disadvantages, hav- ing suffered from neglect and from alterations, and being ob- scured by the dampness, the smoke of candles and incense, but is still regarded as a mas- terpiece in painting of the great artist. It was undertaken by desire of Pope Clement VII., and finished in the pontificate of Paul III. A copy on a small scale by LAS 271 LAS Marcello Venusti, seven and a half feet high, is in the Gallery at Naples, and another by Siga- lon in the Beaux Arts at Paris. X^^ "Many fresco paintings be- longing to the sixteenth century are at the present day in a sad state; few, however, have been more cruelly trifled with than the La.^t Judgment of Mi- chael Angelo. Tile smolie of the altar- caudles has had a fatal elFect in the course of centuries. The lower part of the painting is most damaged. . . . The greatest evil, however, has been intentionally done to the work; the nakedness of the figures has been con- sidered otfensive ; and they have been covered with painted, and often glar- ingly bright, drapery. . . . From all this, the work appears in such a con- dition, that only after long study is it possible to form an idea of what it was in the year 1541." Grimnit Trans, ^®=- " "While in Raphael's angels we do not feel the want of wings, we feel, while looking at those of Michael An- gelo, that not even the ' sail broad vans ' with which Satan labored through the surging abyss of Chaos could suffice to lift those Titanic forms from earth, and sustain them in raid-air. The group of angels over the Last Judgment, fling- ing their mighty limbs about, . . . may be referred to as characteristic ex- amples." il/ns. Jameson. Or hues of Hell be by his pencil pour'd Over the damn'd before the Judgment throne. Such as I saw them, such as all shall see. Jiyron. Last Jiuh/ment. A picture by Lnca Signorelli (1441-1523?), and his masterpiece. In the Cathe- dral of Orvieto, Italy. Last Jiich/ment. A picture by Hieronymus van Aeken, com- monly known as Jerom Bosch (1460-1516), the Flemish painter. It is no-n- in the Museum at Ber- lin, Prussia. Last Jvdc/ment. A picture by Luc Jacobsz, called Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533), a Flemish painter, and one of his most im- portant works. It is now in the Town-house of Leyden, Holland. Last Judf/ment. A famous fres- co painting by Peter von Corne- lius (1787-1867). In the Ludwig's Kirche, Munich, Bavaria. It occupies the whole end of the church behind the high altar, and is perhaps the largest painting in the world. The circular dome in the centre contains groups of martyrs, prophets, and saints, painted in fresco on a ground of gold. • Last Supper. [Ital. II Cenacolo, or La Cena; Fr. La Cine.'] A fa- vorite subject of representation by the great painters of the Mid- dle Ages. This incident in the life of Christ is depicted both historically- and as a religious mystery. Among the more noted and familiar paintings which illustrate this theme, the follow- ing may be mentioned. Last Supper. A picture by Gi- otto di Bordone (1276-1336). In the refectory of the convent of Santa Croce at Florence, Italy. The earliest representation of this subject in "Western art. .e®^ " The arrangement of the table and figures, so peculiarly fitted for a refectory, has been generally adopted since the time of Giotto in pictures painted for this especial purpose." Mrs. Jameson. Last Slipper. A fresco painting by Cosimo Rosselli (1439-1506). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Last Supper. A composition by Ghirlandaio (1449-1494). Exe- cuted for the refectory of San Marco in Florence, Italy. "The arrangement is ingenious : the table is what we call of the horse- shoe form, which allows all the figures to face the spectator." Last Supper. A fresco dis- covered in 1845, in what was formerly the refectory of the con- vent of S. Onofrio, Florence, Italy. It bears in one place tho name of Raphael and the date 1505, which circumstance has given rise to much discussion concerning its authorship. It is now generally agreed that it is the work of some other painter — perhaps Pinturicchio. fla- "The authenticity of this pic- ture has been vehemently disputed; for myself — as far as my opinion is worth any thing — I never, after the first five minutes, had a doubt on the subject." Mrs. Jameson. Last Supper. A picture by An- LAS 272 LAT drea del Sarto (1487-1531), gen- erally considered as taking rank next after the representations of this stibject by Leonardo da Vin- ci and Raphael. I« the convent of the Salvi, near Florence, Italy. Last Supper. A famous picture by Hans Holbein (149i-1543). At Basle, Switzerland. There is an- other and smaller work on this subject by the same artist in the Louvre at Paris. Last Supper. A famous picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), painted by order of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, on the walls of the refectory in the Do- minican convent of the Madonna delle Grazie. The figures, being above the eye, and to be viewed from a distance, are colossal. The picture is now in a state of great decay, but it is very familiar through the engraving of Raphael Morghen. There are many good old copies of this celebrated pic- ture ; one of the best being by Marco d'Oggione, about 1510, and now in the Royal Academy, Lon- don. JS^ *' When Leonardo da Vinci, the greatest thinker as well as the greatest painter of his age, brought all the re- sources of his mind to bear on the sub- ject, there sprang forth a creation so eonsuraraate, that since that time it has been at once the wonder and the de- spair of those who have followed in the same path. True, the work of his band is perishing — will soon have per- ished utterly. Fortunately for us, mul- tiplied copies have preserved, at least the intention of the artist in his work." Mrs. Jameson. jB®^ " It is probably the most cele- brated picture m the world ; that is, the most talked of and written about, . . . a work full of melancholy interest, — a picture in ruins; and the imagination peoples the denuded walls with forms not inferior to those which time has effaced." G. S. Hiltard. S^ ** At the present day, when the work has almost disappeared, it still produces an irresistible effect from the attitude of the figures and the art with which they are formed into groups. . . . It is certamly the earliest work of that magnificent new style in which Michael Angelo and Raphael subsequently painted." Orimm, Trans. Though searching damps and many an envious flaw Have marr'd this work, the calm, ethereal grace, The love deep seated in the Saviour's face. The mercy, goodness, have not failed to awQ The elements; as they do melt and thaw The heart of the beholder — and erase {At least for one rapt moment) every trace Of disobedience to tjie primal law. The aimunciation of the dreadful truth Made to the twelve sui*vives; the brow, the cheek, And hand reposing on the board in ruth Of wliat it utters, whil,e the unguilty seek Vnquestionable meanings, still bespeak A labor worthy of eternal youth. Wordsworth. Time hath done His work on this fairpicture ; but that face His outrage awes. Stranger ! the mist of years Between thee hung and half its heavenly grace. Hangs there, a fitting veil ; nor that alone — Gaze on it also through a veil of tears ! Aubrey de Vere. Last Supper. A picture by Do- menico Ghirlandajo (1449-1498?). In the museum of St. Mark, Flor- ence, Italy. Last Slipper. A picture by Ja^ copo Robusti, called II Tintoretto (1512-1594). Last Supper. An altar-piece by Dierick Steuerbout (d 1475), the Flemish painter. In the Church of St. Peter's at Louvain, Bel- gium. Lateran, Palace of the. The old palace was the residence, of the popes in Rome for nearly a thou- sand years, from the time of Con- stantine to the return of the Holy See from Avignon. It was finally destroyed by Sixtus V. The pri- vate chapel of the popes, and a portion of the dining-hall, are all that now remain of this famous building. The new or modern Palace of the Lateran was built by Sixtus V. In 1693 it was turned into a hospital ; in 1843 it was con- verted by Gregory XVI. into a museum ; and it is no w the prin- cipal depository for antiquities found at Rome within the last few years. Lateran. See Obelisk OF the- Lateran and St. John Lateran. Latin Convent, Nazareth. This convent is the largest building LAT 273 LEA in Nazareth, and contains the Church o£ the Annunciation. This church is built, according to tradition, over the' grottos which formed the lower part of the house of Joseph and Mary. The church is plain but hand- some, and the music is very fine. The monks show the granite pil- lars which stand where the angel ■ Gabriel and Mary stood at the annunciation, the workshop of Joseph, the house where "Jesus gave a supper to his friends be- fore and after his resurrection, and the table ' Mensa Christi,' which they seem to value most of all." Liatin Quarter. See Quahtieb Latin. Xiatin School [of Boston]. An ancient school foundation in Bos- ton, Mass., the oldest institution of the kind in America. It ori- ginated in 163i. Benjamin Frank- lin, Sam Adams, John Hancock, Cotton Mather, Sir "William Pep- perell, and other celebrities of early days, as well as many emi- nent men of later times, have been pupils of this school. The school building was originally on School Street, to which it gave its name. Iiatour. A farmhouse, or small chateau, in the wine district of Medoc, on the Garonne, below Bordeaux, France. Here is pro- duced the celebrated wine known as the Chateau Latour. Laurel Hill. A large and beauti- ful cemetery adjoining Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. It has fine views of the Schuylkill, and noted collections of trees, includ- ing some cedars of Lebanon. Laval University. An institution of learning, with fine buildings, a library, museum, etc., in Que- bec, Can. Lawrence, The. The fiag-ship of Commodore Perry's squadron on Lake Erie in 1813. Laxenburg. A palace near Vienna, which has been a favorite resi- dence of the royal house of Aus- tria. It is generally known as the Blue House. Laying down the Law. A pic- ture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Lazare, St. See St. Lazare. Lazarus, Raising of. See Raising OF Lazarus. Leadenhall Market. The largest and best poultry-market in Lon- don, formerly celebrated for its beef. It derives its name from the manor-house of Sir Hugh Neville. Wouldst thou with mighty beef augment thy meal, Seek Leadenhall. Gay. Leadenhall Street. A well-known street in London, formerly a great meat-market. The East India House stood in this street. Further on, through Leadenhall Street and Fleet Street — what a world ! Here come the ever- thronging, ever-rolling waves of life, pressing and whirling on in their tumultuous career. Bayard Taylor. Leads, The. [Ital. 7 Piomfci.] The celebrated prison -cells in the Doge's Palace, Venice, Italy, so called from their situation under the roof. But let us to the roof, And when thou hast surveyed the sea, the land. Visit the narrow cells that cluster there. As in a place of tombs. There burning suns Day after day, beat unrelentingly ; Turning all things to dust, and scorching up The brain, till Reason fled, and the wild yell And wilder laugh burst out on every side. Answering each other as in mockery ! Rogers. 1 have betray'd myself; But there's no torture in the mystic wells Which undermine your palace, nor in those Not less appalling cells, the "leaden roofs," To force a single name fl"om me of others. The Pozzi and the Piomhi were in vain ; They might wring blood from me, but treachery never. Byron. League House. See Union League House. Leander's Tower. An ancient structure near the Golden Horn LEA 274 LED at Constantinople, so called after the Leander of classic story, a youth of Abydos, who swam nightly across the Hellespont to visit his love, Hero, a priestess of Sestos. The Turks call this tower the " Maiden's Tower," and con- nect with it a storj' of a Greek princess, who was kept impris- oned here by her father, but was liberated by the Arabian hero Heschan. ft is now used as a light-house. We swept round the Golden Horn, past Leander's tower, and now lay in the har- bor which" extends into the sweet waters. Hans Clutsiian Andersen. Leaning Tower [of Pisa]. The name by which the Campanile, or Bell-tower, of the Cathedral of Pisa, Italy, is popularly desig- nated. The deviation of about 13 feet from the perpendicular is doubtless owing to an imperfect foundation. The same peculiar- ity is observed in many other Italian towers, but nowhere to the same extent as here. That the inclination of the tower was not intentional, but the result of a defective foundation, is said by competent judges to be very evi- dent. It was begun in 1174, is built of white marble, and is 178 feet in height, and 50 feet in di- ameter. See CajMpanile. ^^= " Sismondi compares the Tower to the usual pictorial representations in children's books of the Tower of Babel. It is a happy simile, and con- veys a better idea of the building than chapters of labored description. Noth- ing can exceed the grace and lightness of the structure; nothing can be more remarkable than its general appear- ance. In the course of the ascent to the top (which is bjianeasy staircase), the inclination is not very apparent; but at the summit it becomes so, and gives one the sensation of being in a ship that has heeled over, through the action of an ebb-tide. The effect upon the low side, so to speak, — looking over from the gallery, and seeing the shaft recede to its base, — is very start- ling; and I saw a nervous traveller hold on to the Tower involuntarily, after glancing down, as if he had some idea of propping it up. The view with- in, from the ground, — looking up, as through a slanted tube, — is also very curious. It certainly inclines as much es the most sanguine tourist could desire. The natural impulse of ninety-nine people out of a hundred, who were about to recline upon the grass below it, to rest, and contemplate the adjacent buildings, would probably be, not to take up their position under the lean- ing side; it is so very much aslant." Dickens, j^' " This piece of architectural eccentricity was, and I suppose is, one of the commonplaces of geography, and is put in the same educational state- room with the Wall of China, the Great Tun of Heidelberg, and the Natural Bridge of Virginia. . . . This singular structure is simply a campanile, or bell-tuwer, appurtenant to the cathe- dral, as 18 the general custom in Italy. It is not merely quaint, but beautiful; that is, take away the quaintness, and the beauty ^vill remain. It is built of white marble, wonderfully fresh and f)ure when we remember that near- y seven centuries have swept over it." milard. ,es^ '* In any event, there are other leaning towers in Italy, at Bologna for example ; voluntarily, or involuntarily, this feeling for oddness, this love of paradox, this yielding to fancy, is one of the characteristics of the Middle Ages." Taine, Trans. J^B" " The Tower of Pisa may claim to be the noblest tower of Southern Romanesque. The round form doubt- less comes from Ravenna; but the Pi- san tower is a Ravenna tower glori- fied." Freeman, The well-curb had a Chinese roof; And even the long sweep, high aloof, In its slant splendor, seemed to tell Of Pisa's leaning miracle. < Whittier. Lear. A picture by Benjamin West (1738-1820). Now in the Boston Athenaeum. Leda. 1. A mythological picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), sometimes called a Caritk, or Charity. It is in thepossession of Prince Frederic of Holland, at the Hague. A picture by Mi- chael Angelo (1475-1564) upon this subject, executed for the Duke of Ferrara, is lost; but an early copy — a cartoon — is in the Royal Academy, London. 2. A picture by Antonio Alle- gri, surnamed Correggio (1494- 1534). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. LEE 275 LEV Leeds Castle. An ancient ruined fortress near Maidstone, Kent, England. Lehigh Tlniversity. A collegiate establishment in Bethlehem, Penn., founded in 18(j5 by Asa Packer. Leicester House. A mansion built about 1650 in Leicester Square, London, for the Earl of Leices- ter. It was occupied at various times by royal personages, among others by Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, who lived there, and died there in 1662. George II. resided in Leicester House from 1717 to 1720. Leicester Square. A well-known square in London, built between 1630 and 1731, noted as a resort and place of residence for for- eigners. tS" "Come through this narrow lane into J[jeicester Square. You cross here the first limit of the fashionable quar- ter. This is the home of that most miserable fish out of water — a French- man in London." i\r. p. WiUis. They dined atamiserablecheap French restaurateur m the neighborhood of Leices- ter Square, where they were served with a caricature of French cooltery. Irving. Lemon Hill. An eminence in Pair- mount Park, Philadelphia, sur- mounted by an old mansion, once the residence of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revo- lution. Lenox Library. A marble build- ing in New York City, fronting on Central Park, built at a cost of $500,000, to contain a museum, art-gallery, library, and lecture- hall. It derives its name from its founder, James Lenox, a wealthy citizen of New York. Leo X. A celebrated portrait of this Pope by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing him as seated at a table, with the Cardi- nals de' Medici and de' Rossi be- hind him on each side. This is regarded as one of Raphael's best portraits. It is now-in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. There is a repetition of this picture by Andrea del Sarto (1488-1530), who was employed by Ottaviano de' Medici, the possessor of it, to copy it for the Duke of Mantua. This repetition is so well executed that it deceived even Giulio Ro- mano, who had taken part in the execution of the original. This copy is in the Gallery of Naples, and there has been much discus- sion as to which was the original picture. Leonardo da Vinci. A portrait of himself by the painter (1452-1520). In the collection of autograph portraits of the painters, in the Ufiizi, Florence, Italy. Leonard's Crags. See St. Leo- nard's Ckags. Leonine City. [Ital. Citta Leo- nlna.1 The northern district or quarter of modern Rome, founded in the ninth century by Leo IV., who enclosed it in walls to pro- tect it from the devastation of the Moorish pirates. It is the most interesting quarter of the modern city, as it includes the Castle of St. Angelo, the Vatican, and St. Peter's. At the Italian invasion of September, 1870, it was promised to the Pope, as the sanctuary of the Holy See, the last relic of its temporal sovereignty. This quarter of the city is known as the Borgo. Dyer says, that, when it was enclosed by Leo IV., it obtained the name of Borgo from the Saxon settlement called " Burgus Saxonum." Leopard, The. A British ship of war which attacked and captured the American vessel Chesapeake, in a naval duel in 1813. Lepanto, Battle of. See Battle OF Lepanto. Lethe Lake. A well-known sub- terranean lake in the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. It is crossed in boats. Levant, The. A vessel, of the United States navy. See Ports- mouth, The. Levee, The. A famous dike or LEV 276 LIB embankment of earth constructed for a great distance along the Mississippi Kiver at and near New Orleans, La. It is 15 feet wide and four feet high, and is used in the fall and winter as a promenade. Crevasses have fre- quently occurred to damage it, but it has been much strength- ened of late. The scene of bustle and activity which the levee presents at times is unequalled in America. Levite, Feast ol the. See Feast OF THE Levite. Lia Fail. A singular pillar-stone on the summit oi the Hill of Tara, in the county of Meath, Ireland. jtKS^ " This is the celebrated ' coro- nation stone ' of the ancient Irish kings. It is composed of granular limestone, and is at present about six feet above ground, but its real^heigbt is said to be 12 feet. At its base it is, perhaps, four feet in circumference; but it tapers somewhat towards the top, not unlike the Round Towers." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. See Hill of Tara and also Stone of Scone. Libby Prison. In Richmond, Ta. A noted and notorious place of confinement for military ijrison- ' ers during the war of the Rebel- lion. Here the Federal soldiers were subjected to the greatest cruelty and hardships. The build- ing was simply a warehouse con- verted to the purposes of a jail. Liber Studiorum. [Book of Stud- ies.] A famous series of prints or drawings by Joseph Mallord AVilliam Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape-painter. Liber Veritatis. [Book of Truth.] A book of original drawings by Claude Lorraine (1600-1682), the French landscape-painter, kept to identify his pictures which were being constantly imitated by other artists. There are six copies of this wort, one of which is at Chatsworth, England. Liberian Basilica. Makia Maggiobe. See Santa Liberties, The. A district of Dub- lin, 'Ireland, in the most elevated and airy part of the city, so called from certain privileges and im- munities possessed by the inhab- itants, having manor courts of their own with seneschals to pre- side over them. Some 40 streets and lanes, containing a popula- tion estimated at 40,000 souls, are embraced within its precincts. .8®=- " The present state of this once iiourishing region forms a strong con- trast to its former, but it still retains many evidences of what it has been. In passing along its desolate streets, large houses of costly structure every- where present themselves. Lofty fa- gades adorned with architraves, and mouldings to windows, and door-cases of sculptured stone or marble; grand staircases with carved and gilded balus- trades; panelled doors opening into spacious suits of corniced and stuccoed apartments — all attest the opulence of its former inhabitants. They are now the abode only of the most miserable." Mr. and Mrs. Mall. Liberty. A colossal statue de- signed by Thomas Crawford (1814- 57), surmounting the dome of the Capitol at "Washington. It is un- doubtedly the best known of his works. The statue is executed in bronze, and is 19J feet in height. It was cast at Bladens- burg, Md., by Clark Mills. Liberty BeU. A famous bell now preserved in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Penn. It was origi- nally cast in London in 1752, and bore the motto, " Proclaim lib- erty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." It was subsequently re-cast in Phila- delphia, retaining the same in- scription, and was rung on the occasion of the adoption by Con- gress of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. «ffl» " The bell which rang out the Declaration of Independence has found at last a voice articultte, to ' proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.' It has been heard across oceans, and has modified the sentiments of cabinets and kings. The people of the Old World have heard it, and their hearts stop to catch the last whisper of its echoes. The poor slave has heard it, LIB 277 LIN and with bounding joy, tempered by the mystery of religion, he -worships and adores. The waiting Continent has heard it, and already foresees the ftilflllcd prophecy, when she will sit 'redeemed, regenerated, and disin- thralled by the irresistible Genius of Universal Emancipation.' " J. A. Andrew. Liberty-Cap. This symbol of lib- erty is very ancient. According to the Roman legend, when Sa- turninus seized the Capitol ^t Eome, in the first century before Christ, he raised a cap on the point of a spear as a sign of free- dom to all slaves who should join him. A similar expedient was often adopted subsequently, and in modern times the crowning of a liberty-pole with a cap is a relic of the old custom. Liberty Club. See Rump-Steak Club. Liberty Tree. A large elm in Bos- ton, Mass., used to hang effigies of obnoxious persons upon at the time of the disturbances caused by the Stamp Act. The site of this tree is commemorated by a device upon the building which now occupies its place upon Washington Street. Lafayette said, "The world should never forget the spot where once stood Liberty Tree." Libyan Sibyl. A statue by "W. W. Story (b. 1819). .6cg= "The two conceptions, *Cleo. patra ' and the ' Libyan Sibyl,' have placed Mr. Story in European estima- tion at the head of American sculp- tors." Jarves. Lichfield Cathedral. One of the most interesting ecclesiastical structures in England, in the town of Lichfield. It was erected in the twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies. Liohtenstein. A mimic castle near Reutlingen, Germany, on the summit of a lofty rock, with precipices of 800 feet, and acces- sible only by a drawbridge. Built in 1842. Lido, The. The name by which the sea-shore in the immediate neighborhood of Venice is com- monly known, and still as form- erly a favorite resort and bath- ing-place. .8®" " Thither in more cheerful days the Venetians used to resort in great numbers on certain holidays, called the Mondays of the Lido, to enjoy the sea-breeze and the country scenery, and to lunch upon the flat tombs of the Hebrews, buried there in exile from the consecrated Christian ground." W. D. Mowells. Through all the music ringing in my ears A knell was sounding as distinct ana clear. Though low and far, as e'er the Adrian wave Rose o'er the city's murmur in the night. Dashing against the outward Mdo's bul- wark. Byron. Liebenstein. A well-known ruined castle on the Rhine, near St. Gear. It is one of two which go by the name of the Brothers, and which are associated' with a romantic legend. Liechtenstein, Das alte Schloss. An ancient castle, now in ruins, in the neighborhood of Vienna, Austria. Life, Fountain of. See FouNTAiif OF Life. Life of the Virgin. See Vikgin. Light of the "World. A picture by William Holman Hunt (b. 1827), and regarded as one of his masterpieces. It is a symbolic figure of Christ. flS- " Hunt's Light of the World is, I believe, the most perfect instance of expreseional purpose with technical power which the world has yet pro- duced " Buskin : Modern Painters. *®- "Christ the Light of the World is set in a greenish-yellow atmosphere, resembling that perceived on ascend- ing to the surface of turbid water after •a plunge." Taine, Trans. Limbo, The. A picture by Angiolo Bronzino (1502-1572). In the Uffi- zi, Florence, Italy. LinceijAccademiade'. A scientific society, the oldest of the kind in Italy, founded in 1603 by a num- ber of philosophers. Including Galileo. It was re-organized in LIN 278 LIO 1849 by Pius IX. Its meetings are held on Sunday in the Palace of the Senator at Rome. ' Its name is taken from its symbol, the lynx, the emblem of watch- fulness. Linoluden Abbey. An ancient and picturesque ruined monas- tery near Dumfries, Scotland. Ye holy walls, that, still sublime. Resist the crumbling touch of Time, How strongly still your Ibnn displays The piety of ancient days ! As through your ruins, hoar and gray — Ruins yet beauteous in decay — The silvery moonbeams trembling fli'. Sums. Lincoln College. One of the col- leges included in the University of Oxford, England. It was founded about 14^7. Lincoln Park. 1. A public pleas- ure-ground in Chicago, 111., laid out on the lake-shore. It includes 250 acres. 2. A iiublic pleasure-ground in Cincinnati, O. Lincoln's Inn. One of the four Inns of Court, London, built upon the site of the town-house of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln {d. 1312), from whom its name is derived. See Inns of Court, In- ner TesipIjE, Middle Temple, Gray's Inn. Will any man, for instance, tell uswhich bricks it was in Lwcoln^s Inn Buildings, tliat Ben Jonson's hand and trowel laid ? Ko man, it is to bo feared, — and also grumbled at. Carlyle. Lincoln's Inn Fields. A fine square in London, laid out by Inigo Jones, and built in 1619-36. Lincoln's Inn Fields were long the resort of vagrants. Gay in his "Trivia" says: — Where Lincoln Inn's wide space Is rail'd around. Cross not with vent'rous step; there oft is found The lurking thief, who, while the daylight shone. Made the walls echo with his begging tone: That wretch, which late compassion moved, shall wound Thy bleeding head, and fell thee to the ground. Perhaps he remembered that one of them [the Pyramids] was as big as Lin- coln's Inn Fields. Thacteray. Linden, Uuter den. See Unter DEN Linden. Lindenwald. The country-seat of Martin Van Bureu (1782-1862), the eighth president of the United States, situated near Kinderhook, N.Y. Lindsay House. A noble mansion on the west of Lincoln's Inu Fields in London, built by the "Earl of Lindsey, the general of Charles I. Afterwards called Ancaster House. Linlithgow Palace. One of the most ancient royal residences in Scotland, situated in the town of Linlithgow. The present build- ing was begun by Edward I., about the year 1300, and is mem- orable as having been the birth- place of Mary Queen of Scots. It is now a magnificent ruin. The situation is remarkably lovely. Of all the palaces so fair. Built for the royal dwellinsr. In Scotland, far beyond compare, Linlithgow is excelling. Scott. £®^ " The castle has a very sad and romantic appearance, standing there all alone as it does, looking down into the quiet lake. It is said that the in- ternal architectural decorations are ex- ceedingly rich and beautiful, and a re- semblance has been traced between its style of ornament and that of Heidel- herg Castle, which has been accounted for by the fact that the princess Eliza- beth, who was the sovereign lady of Heidelberg, spent many of the earlier years of her life in this place." Mrs. H. B. Stows. Lion House. A building in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, used as a so'rt of seraglio of the Mor- mon leaders. It derives its name from the image of a lion over the entrance. Lion Hunt. A noted picture by Peter Paul Eubens (1577-1640), and one of his finest works. In the Pinakothek at Munich, Bava- ria. Also at Dresden, Saxony. Lion [of Bastia], The. A natural curiosity at the entrance of the harbor of Bastia in Corsica. It is a rock bearing an extraordi- nary likeness to a lion couohant, LIO 279 LIT the resemblance being striking in all details even to the bushy mane, which is formed by a growth of creeping plants. Liion of Lucerne. A celebrated work of sculpture at Lucerne, Switzerland, modelled by Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844). It was erected in 1821, in memory of 21 officers and about 760 sol- diers of the Swiss guard, who were slain in defending the Tuil- eries on Aug. 10, 1792. The lion, which is of colossal size, is repre- sented as dying, a broken spear transfixes his body, and with his paw he tries to protect the Bour- bon lily. The figure is of sand- stone rock, 28' feet long and 18 high, and upon it are inscribed the names of the officers. j8®=- " In a sequestered spot the rocky hill-side is cut away, and in the living strata is sculptured the colossal figure of a dying lion. A spear is broken off in his side, but in his last struggle he Btill defends a shield marked with the fleur-de-lis bf France. Below are in- scribed in red letters, as if charactered in blood, the names of the brave offi- cers of that devoted band." Heecher. Iiion of St. Mark. A winged lion, the heraldic device of the ancient republic of Venice, whose patron saint is St. Mark. One of the noted columns in the Piazzetta at Venice is surmounted by the im- age of a winged lion. And every monument the stranger meets. Church, palace, pillar, as a mourner greets ; And even the Lion all subdued appears. Byron. Lone seated on the strand. Uplifts the lion grand His foot of bronze on high ' Against the sky. Alfred de Musset, Trans. Sullen old lion of grand St. Mark Lordeth and iifteth his front from the dark. Joaquin Miller. Lions. See Court op Lions and Gate of the Lions. Lion's Mouth. [Ital. Bocca di Leone.'] A famous hole or open- ing in the wall, in the ante-cham- ber of the Great Council, in the Doge's Palace, Venice, through ■which anonymous accusations were passed in against individu- als who had incurred suspicion or enmity. And in the palace of St. Mark Unnamed accusers in the dark Within the " Lion's mouth " had placed A charge against him uueffaced. Byron. Liparata, Santa. See Santa Ma- KIA DEL FlORE. Lippi, Fra Filippo. A portrait of himself by the painter (1412-1469). In the Museum at Berlin, Prus- sia. Lismore Castle. A seat of the Duke of Devonshire in the coun- ty of "Waterford, Ireland. Lit de Justice. See Bed of Jus- tice. Literary Club. See Clue, The. Literary Fund. A society estab- lished in London, in 1790, by Da- vid Williams, the object of which is to furnish aid to authors who may be in distress, and to render assistance to their widows and children. .8®= *' Some of the brightest names in contemporary literature have been beholden to the bounty of this institu- tion, and in numerous instances its in- terference has shielded friendless merit from utter ruin." Quarterly Review. .6®= The permanent fund of the Lit- erary Fund on the 1st of January, 1880, consisted of £6,200 in consols. The actual number of grants paid by the society from its foundation up to 1880 was 3,796, amounting to £90,617. Little Bengal. A name applied to Cavendish and Portman Squares, and adjoining streets, in London, — a district inhabited by retired Indians. Little Britain. This quarter in London, so called from having been in old times the residence of the Dukes of Brittany, was, in •the reigns of the Stuarts, remark- able as a great centre for book- sellers — a sort of Paternoster Eow. ** Little Britain waa a plentiful and perpetual emporium of learned au- thors, and men went thither as to a market. . . . But now this emporium has vanished, and the trade contracted into the hands of two or three per- sons." Hoger North. LIT 280 LOG i^^ " In the centre of the great City of London lies a small neighborhood, consieting of a cluster of narrow streets and courts, of very venerable and de- bilitated houses, which goes by name of LitUe Britain. Little Britain may truly be called the heart's core of the city, the stronghold of' true John Bull- ism. It is a fragment of London as it was in its better days, with its anti- quated folks and fashions." Irving. The race of booksellers in Little Britain is now C1731] almost extinct. GentleTuan's Magazine. Little Messenger, The. An ad- mired picture by Jean Louis Er- nest Meissonier (b. 1811). Little Kound Top. A rugged emi- nence in the vicinity of Gettys- burg, Penu., famous as the scene of a desperate struggle between the Union forces and the Con- federate troops on the '2d of July, 1863, which led to the greater battle of Cemetery Hill on the next day. Little Trianon. See Petit Tki- ANON. Lizard Point. A famous headland, the southernmost promontory of England, — the Ocrinum. of Ptole- my, the ancient geographer. There are two large light-houses here. May never saw dismember thee, Nor wielded axe disjoint; Thou art the fairest spoken tree From here to Lizard Point. Tennyson. Lloyd's. The name given to a series of rooms in the Eoyal Exchange, London, — the rendezvous of the most eminent merchants, ship- owners (and those who seek ship- ping news), underwriters, insur- ance, stock and exchange brok- ers, etc. The name originated with one Lloyd, a coffee-house keeper in Lombard Street, at whose house merchants were in the habit of congregating in the early part of the eighteenth century for the transaction of the business. The subscribers to Lloyd's represent the greater part of the mercantile wealth of England. A similar institution was established at Trieste, Aus- tria, in 1833, and is known as the Austrian-Lloyds . Loch Inch Castle. The seat of the Earl of Stair, near Stranraer, Scotland. Loohleven Castle. An ancient castle on an island in the lake of Lochleven, Scotland, memorable as the scene of the imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots. Her escape from this fortress is re- lated in Sir Walter Scott's novel entitled " The Abbot." Put off, put off, and row with speed. For now s the time and the hour of need! To oars, to oars, and trim the bark. Nor Scotland's queen be a warder's mark ! Those ponderous keys shall the kelpies keep. And lodge in their caverns dark and deep; Nor shall Lochleven's towers or hall Hold thee, our lovely lady, in thrall. Robert Allan. Locum Abbey, A fine monastic ruin near Wunstorf in Prussia. The abbey dates from the thir- teenth century. Lodi, Bridge of. See Bkidge of LODI. Lodore. A noted waterfall in the lake district of England, near Keswick. The effect of the cas- cade is dependent in a good measure upon the state of the weather, and the quantity of water. How does the water Come down at Lodore f All at once and all o'er, with a mighty up- roar; And this way the water comes down at Lodore. Southey. Logan Stone. A famous rock- ing-stone near the Gap of Eun- ice in the county of Kerry, Ire- land. It is thought to be a Druidical remain of remote antiq- uity. The poet Moore likens it to the poet's heart, which " The slightest touch alone sets moving, But all earth's power could not shake from its base." Loggia de' Lanzi. A well-known arcade in Florence, Italy, built in the fourteenth century, and containing famous works of sculp- ture. The name is derived from the Swiss lancers in the employ of Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464). No ! the people sought no ^^'ings From Perseus in the Loggia., nor implored An Inspiration In the place beside. LOG 281 LON From that dim bust of Brutus, jagged and grand, Where liuonarottl passionately tried Out of the clenched marhle to demand The head of Rome's sublimest homicide. Mrs. Browning. IiOggie of Raphael. A celebrated portico (the Loggie form a series of three corridors, or a triple portico, round three sides of an open court) in the Vatican Pal- ace at Rome, deriving its name from the frescos of that master and his pupils which it contains. j8^ '• From the Sistine Chapel we ■went to Raphael's Loggie^ and I hardly venture to say that we could scarcely bear to look at them. The eye was so educated and so enlarged by those grand forms and the glorious complete- ness of all their parts, that it could take no pleasure in the imaginative play of arabesques, and the scenes from Scripture, beautiful as they are, had lost their charm. To see these works o/ien alternately, and to compare them at leisure and without prejudice, must be a great pleasure; but all sym- pathy is at first one-sided." Goethe, Trans. IioUards* Prison. A celebrated prison-room in the tower of Lam- beth Palace, London, in which many followers of 'Wickliife (known as Lollards), as well as others, were confined. The apart- ment is some 12 feet square and 8 feet high. The walls, ceiling, and floor are laid with rough- hewn boards upon which are nu- merous fragments of inscriptions, and notches to mark the passage of time, cut by those imprisoned here. 4S" "In order to get to the tower, we had to go through a great many apartments, passages, and corridors, and terminate all by chmbing a wind- ing staircase, steeper and narrower than was at all desirable for any but wicked heretics. ' The room is 13 feet by 12, and about 8 feet high, wain- scoted with oak, which is scrawled over with names and inscriptions. There axe eight large iron rings in the wall, to which the prisoners were chained ; for aught we know, Wickliffe himself may have been one. . . . "We all agreed, however, that, considering the very beautiful prospect this tower commands up and down the Thames, the poor Lollards in some respects might have been worse lodged." Mrs. M. B. Stowe. Lollards' Tower. A famous tower in London. See Lollaeds' Pkis- ON. Lombard Street. A celebrated street in London, the centre of the " banking world." It derives its name from the Longobards, a family of whom, in early times, settled here, and established a bank. The poet Pope was born in this street. .6®* "Lombard Street and Thread- needle Street are merely places where men toil and accumulate. They go elsewhere to enjoy and to expend." JIacaulay. London Bridge. The last bridge on the Thames, or the one near- est the sea, built of granite, and first opened to the public by Wil- liam IV., Aug. 1, 18.31. It was built at an outlay of £2,566,268, from designs of John Rennie and his sons John and George. In Saxon times there was a bridge at this spot, and in 1176 the first stone bridge was built here. The old London Bridge had houses upon each side. At one time it was noted for its booksellers' shops, and at a later period was famous for its many pin-makers. Pennant says that the street on Old London Bridge was " nar- row, darksome, and dangerous to passengers from the multitude of carriages: frequent arches of strong timbers crossing the street from the tops of the houses, to keep them together and from fall- ing into the river. Nothing but use could preserve the repose of the inmates, who soon grew deaf to the noise of falling waters, the clamors of watermen, or the fre- quent shrieksof drowningwretch- es." London Bridge, in the time of Shakespeare and for years af- terwards, was built of wood and lined with houses on either side. In the second part of King Henry VI., Cade says, " Come, then, let's go fight with them. But, first, go and set London-bridf/e on fire; and, if you can, burn down the Tower too." ;6Sr"It has been ascertained that the number of carriages of all descrip- tions, and equestrians, who daily pass LON LON along Lotidon Bridge in the course of 24 Lours, exceeds 20,000; and that the number of pedestrians who pass across the bridge daily during the same space of time is no fewer than 107,000." Murray* s Handbook. S£S' " Such who only see it [the old bridge] beneath^ where it is a bridge, cannot suspect that i t should be a street ; and such who behold it above^ where it is a street, cannot believe it is a bridge." Fuller, Stopp'd by the houses of that wondrous street. Which rides o'er the broad river like a fleet. Coisley. London bridge is broken down. Dance o'er my lady Lee ; London bridge is broken down, With a gay lady. Mother Goose. As I wns poing o'er London Bridge^ And peeped through a nick, I saw four aud twenty ladies Hiding on a stick I Mother Goose. London Coffee-house. 1. Former- ly an establishment on Ludgate Hill, London, now a tavern. It was Oldened before 1731. Yesterday morning I came early to Bath, . . . and at five in the evening took my seat in the mail-coach, which, tins morning at eight, landed 'me safely in the London Coffee-House^ Ludgate Hill. George Ticknor. 2. A noted old building in Phil- adelphia, Penn., on Market Street, erected in 1702, and a place of much resort before the Kevolu- tion. London Docks. An immense es- tablishment, in London, on the left bank of the Thames, covering an area of 90 acres, and including 20 warehouses, 18 sheds, 17 vaults, and six quays. The first dock was opened in 1805. The 'West- ern and Eastern Docks embrace respectively 20 and 7 acres ; and the Wappiug Basin, 3 acres. The cost of the whole structure has exceeded £4,000,000, and the number of laborers employed to carry on the business of the docks varies from 1,000 to 3,000. >(J®* " As you enter the dock, the eight of the forest of masts in the dis- tance and the tall chimneys vomiting clouds of black smoke, and the many- colored flags flying in the air, has a most peculiar effect; while the sheds, with the monster wheels arching through the roofs, look like paddle- boxes of huge steamers," Henry Mayhew. Jd^ " These docks are prodigious, overpowering. . . . There are ships everywhere, and ships upon ships in rows show their heads and their swell- ing bosoms, like beautiful fish under their cuirass of copper." Taine, Trails. London House. Once the town residence of the Bishop of Lou- don. London Monument. See Monu- ment, The. London Stone. An ancient relic, supposed to be a fragment of the mtUtarium, or mile-stone of the Romans, now preserved in Can- non Street, London. There is evidence that it was placed there a thousand years ago ; and Cam- den considers it to have been the great central mile-stone, from which the British high roads radi- ated, similar to that in the Forum at Eome. Tradition declares that the stone was brought from Troy by Brutus, and laid by his own hand as the foundation-stone of London, and its palladium. It is referred to in the ancient Sax- on charters as a local mark of immemorial antiquity. The stone before the Great Fire [1(J66J was much worn away: it was then cased over with new stone, ad- mitting the ancient stone to be seen through a large aperture at the top. It is now placed against the south wall of St. Swithin's Church. It has been from the earliest ages jealously guarded and embedded, perhaps from a superstitious belief in the identity of the fate of London with its palladium. Jack Cade struck London Stone, exclaiming, " Now is Mortimer lord of this city." /ffl" " On the south side of this high street, neere unto the chaunell, is pitched upright a great stone, called London Stone, fixed in the ground very deep, fastened with bars of iron, and otherwise so stronglie set that if cartes do runne against it through negligence, ^the wheeles be broken and the stone it- 'eelfe unsbaken. The cause why this stone was there set, the verie time LON 283 LON ■when, or other memory hereof, is there none ; but that the same hath long con- tinued there, is manifest, namely since, or rather hefore the time of the Con- quest." Stow. Cade. And here, sitting upon London Stone. I cliarge and command, that, of the city's cost, the conduit run noticing but claret "nine this first year of our reign. King Henry VI., Fart II. Jack Straw at London Stone with all his rout Struclt not the city with so loud a shout. Dryden. Ijondon Stone Tavern. A house near the famous London Stone, in London, which has heen incor- rectly called the oldest tavern in the metropolis. The celebrated Eobin Hood society originated here. London Tavern. A well-known place of entertainment in Lon- don, where are held many meet- ings, hanquets, and other gather- ings. It is situated in Bishops- gate Street Within. Dickens in "Nicholas Nickleby" describes a meeting of the " United Metro- politan Improved Hot MuiSn and Crumpet Baking and Punctual Delivery Company," holden at the London Tavern. London University. The Univer- sity of London, Burlington Gar- dens, was established in 1837 for the sole purpose of examining candidates for academical honors, and for conferring degrees on college graduates, previously matriculated at this university. The university has nothing to do with the ordinary business of ed- ucation, and the board of exam- iners is paid by Government. London "Wall. This name is now applied to a street in Loudon, the north side of which occupies the site of part of the old City wall. The wall, thought to be the work of the later Koman period, ex- tended " from the Tower through the Minories to Aldgate, Hounds- ditch, Bishopsgate, along London Wall to Fore-street, through Crip- plegate and Castle-street to Ald- ersgate, and so through Christ's Hospital byNewgateand Ludgate towards the Thames " (Timfts). And when we come to London Wall, A pleasant slyllt to view. Come forth ! come forlh, ye cowards all, Here's men as good as you. R- S. Rawker. Lone Mountain. A well-known cemetery, or cluster of cemeteries, in the neighborhood of San Fran- cisco, Cal. Around the conical peak called the Lone Mountain a number of burial-places have been laid out. Long Acre. A well-known street in London, between Covent Gar- den and St. Giles's. Bicli Swiveller. This dinner to-day closes Lortg Acre . . . There's only one avenue to the Strand left open now, and I shall have to stop up that to-night with a pair of gloves. Dickens. Make his acquaintance by chance, and he talies you home to supper in a plain chariot on tlie best springs Long Acre can turnout. It.F. Willis. Long Bridge. A structure about a mile in length, crossing the Po- tomac River atAYashington. This bridge was famous during the civil war, being strongly fortified, and the great thoroughfare for troops and supplies, and the main avenue of communication with the -A-rmy of the Potomac. Long Meg. A singular relic, suj)- posed to be a part of a Druidical temple, near Penrith, in the county of Cumberland, England. It is a square unhewn column of red freestone, 13 feet in circum- ference, and 18 feet high. Sixty- seven stones arranged in a circle near by are known as Long Meg's Daughters. «®" "When I first saw this monu- ment, as I came upon it by surprise, I might overrate its importance as an object ; but, though it will not bear a comparison with Stonehenge, I have not seen any other relic of those dark ages which can pretend to rival it in singu- larity and dignity of appearance." Wordsworth. A weight of awe, not easy to be borne. Fell suddenly upon my spirit — When first I saw that family forlorn — That sisterhood, in hieroglyphic round. Wordsworth. Long Walk. A famous avenue in Windsor Park, near London, nearly three miles in length, in a LON 284 LOK perfectly straight line, lined with trees, and terminated by the co- lossal equestrian statue of George III., in bronze, by Westmacott (1775-1856). It is considered the finest avenue of the kind in Europe. Long ^S^alls. The name given to the walls which in ancient times connected Athens with the sea. There were three " Long "Walls ; " but the name appears to have been applied to those two which connected the city with the Pi- ' iseus, that leading to Phalerum being called the Plialeriau "Wall, "^hese two walls (to the Pirfeus) were but a short distance apart. The foundations of the Long "Walls may still be traced in part, though they were in ruins in the time of Pausauias. Tliey were built during the administrations of Themistocles and of Pericles, in the fifth century B.C. A rail- way seven miles in length now extends from Athens to Piraeus, and follows the course of one of these famous walls. Longford Castle. The seat of the Earl of Eadnor, near Salisbury, England. The mansion contains a fine collection of pictures. Lougleat. The seat of the Mar- quis of Bath, on the borders of "Wiltshire, England. A beautiful mansion of the Elizabethan age. "We should see the keeps where nobles, insecure themselves, spread insecurity around them, giving place to the halls of peaceful opulence, to the oriels ofLongleat, and the stately pinnacles of Burleiyh. Macaulay. O'er Longleat's towers, o'er Cranboume's oaks. The tlfry herald flew; He roused the shepherds of Stonehenge. The rangers of Beaulieu. Macaulay. Longwood. Napoleon Bonaparte's villa, on the island of St. Helena, occupied by the emperor during his exile. It was here that he died May 5, 1821. Onr age has indeed been fruitful of warnings to the eminent, and of consola- tion to the obscure. Two men have died ■within our recollection, who, at a time of life at which few people have completed their education, have raised themselves, each in his own department, to the height of glory. One of them died at Longwood ; the other at Missolonghi. Macaulay. Lord Clyde. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Oct. 13, 1864. Lord Mayor's Coach. The car- riage in which, on state occasions, the Lord Mayor of London rides forth. It is a great lumbering vehicle, carved and gilded, jaid to have been designed and paint- ed by Cipriani in 1757, built at an original cost of £1,065, and kept in repair at an annual expediture of £100. See Cokonation Coaoh. ^g=- '* It seemed to me that a man of any sense must be very glad to get out of such a vehicular giracrack as that. . . . Nothing could be more out of place, more incongruous, than this childish masquerading seemed to be with Eng- lish common-senee, and with the so- briety and true dignity befitting such an official person as the mayor of the city of London." Richard Grant White. Lord "Warden. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, laimched May 27, 1865. Lords, House of. See House op LOKDS. Lorelei, The. [Ger. Lurleiberg.] Rugged and precipitous rocks, rising 420 feet from the river Rhine. The old legend of a siren who lived on the summit of the rock, and enticed sailors and fishermen to their destruction in the rapids at the base of the rook, has formed a subject for poets and painters. Goethe's pretty little ballad is perhaps most fa- miliar. Heinrich Heine, the German poet (1799?-18o6), has a well-known lyric entitled the " Lorelei." ["Written also Lurlei and Loreley.] Yonder we see it flrom the steamer's deck, The haunted mountain of the Lorelei. The o'erhanging crags sharp-cut against a sky Clear as a sapphire without flaw or rack. T. B. Aldrich. Loreley. A popular picture illus- trating the well-known legend upon the subject of the Loreley, by "W. Kray. The same subject LOE 285 LOU has also been treated ty others. See LoKELEi. Iiorenzo de' Medici. A famous statue lay Michael Angelo Buo- narotti (1475-1564). In the Church of S. Lorenzo, Florence, Italy. Called" IlPensoso," " the think- er." .8®* " From its character of profound reflection, the figure of Lorenzo has accLuired the distinctive appellation of * La Pensee de Michel Ange.' It is, in fact, the personification of contempla- tive thought." J. S. Harford, j8@= " Of a still higher order of art is the statue of Lorenzo. . . . The air of the figure is thoughtful and contempla- tive. It is that of a man meditating and absorbed by eome great design , and not "without a dash of the formidable. There is something dangerous in that deep, solemn stillness and intense self- involution. Deadly will be the spring that follows the uncoiling of those folds. I recall no work in marble which leaves the same impression as this remarkable statue. Its power is like that of a magician's spell, . . . such a work as would have been pro- nounced impossible to be executed in marble, had it not been done." Ifillard. .6®=- " I observe that the costume of the figure, instead of being mediseval, is Roman ; but, be it what it may, the grand and simple character of the fig- ure imbues the robes with its individ- ual propriety. I still think it the greatest miracle ever wrought in mar- ble." JTawthorne. j^- " It really is not worthy of Mr. Powers to say that the whole efiect of this mighty statue depends, not on the positive efforts of Michael Angelo's chisel, but on the absence of light in the spaceof afewinches. Hewrougbt the whole statue in harmony with that small part of it which he leaves to the spectator's imagination, and, if he had erred at any point, the miracle would have been a failure ; so that, working in marble, he has positively reached a degree of excellence above the capabil- ity of marble, sculpturing his highest touches upon air and duskiness." Hawthorne, Lorenzo, San. See San Loeen?o. Iioreto. See Santa Casa. Iiorsch, Abbey of. A ruined mon- astery near Benshelm, Germany. It is considered one of the oldest Gothic edifices in Germany, parts of the existing building dating - from the .year 774. Lost Pleiad. An admired picture by Thomas Buchanan Read (1822- 1S72). Lost River. A natural curiosity in Hampshire County, W.Va. A stream disappears abruptly at the base of a mountain, through ■which it finds its way by under- ground channels. Lothbury. A district in London where live many candlestick- makers and pewterers. Accord- ing to Stow the name is derived from the loathsome noise proceed- ing from the shops of these metal- workers. And, early in the morning, will I send To all the plumbers and the pewterei-s. And buy tlieir tin and lead up; and to lothbury For all the copper, Ben Jonson, 'Tis a note of enchantment; what ails her ? she sees A mountain ascending, a vision of trees: Bright volumes of vapor through Loth- bury glide. And a river flows on through the vale of Cheapside. Wordsworth. Lot's "Wife. The name given to a pillar covered with asphaltum, which stands in a region adjacent to the Dead Sea, Palestine. The allusion is to the account given in Gen. xix. 26. Lottatori.I. See Wrestlers, The. Loudon Castle. An ancient feudal mansion near Galston, Scotland, belonging to Lord Bute, who pur- chased it in 1868 for $300,000. Loudon Park. A fine cemetery near Baltimore, Md. The grounds cover 100 acres. Louis-le-Grand, College. A fa^ mous school of the seventeenth century, in Paris. It was the great school, the Eton, of France, at- tended by thousands of the chil- dren of the most distinguished families in the kingdom. Vol- taire was at one time a member of this school. It was under the control of the Jesuits, and was originally known as the College of Clermont, but was afterwards named in honor of Louis XIV. LOTJ 286 LOXT The school still exists upon its old site in Paris. Louis, St. See St. Louis. Louisa, Queen of Prussia. A work of sculpture liy Christian Ranch (1777-1857), and regarded as one of his masterpieces. At Charlot- tenburg, Prussia. Louise Home. A fine building in Washington, erected by W. W. Corcoran, and intended as a home for indigent ladies of culture. Louisiana, The. 1. A gunboat of the United States navy during the war of the Rebellion. Hav- ing been laden with 250 tons of powder, she was towed close un- der the walls of Fort Fisher, in North Carolina, when the pow- der was exjiloded on the 24th of December, 181)4, but without do- ing any serious injury to the for- tlncations. i^^ " A cupital feature in the plan of the expedition was the explosion of an enormous floating-mine as near the fort as possible, witli the intention of demolishing the -work, or so paralyz- ing the garrison that the seizure of the fort might he an easy task for the troops that were to debark immedi- ately after the explosion. A eaptured blockade-runner was converted into a monster torpedo, charged with 430,000 pounds of gunpowder, and placed un- der command of C:ipt. Rhind. The powder was in harrels and bags, and penetrated by Gomez fuses for igni- tion. It was intended to have her towed near the fort by a tug, in which the crew, after firing combustibles which were placed on board the tor- pedo-vessel, might escape. . . . Before their [the trsinsports'l return with the troops that were to play an important part with the torpedo-vessel. Porter had exploded that mine without any visible efl'ect on the furt or garrison." Lossing, 2. A Confederate steam-bat- tery used in the defence of the approaches to New Orleans, La. She was destroyed by the vessels of AdmiralFarragut's fleet, April 24, 1862. Lourdes, Virgin of. See Gkotto DE LA ViEKGE. Louvre, The. This palace in Paris, France, is connected with the Tuileries by a long gallery which contains the French national col- lection of pictures. On the site of the present i^alace once stood a castle, the hunting-seat of King Dagobert, which was called Lou- veterie, or wolf-hunting establish- ment, whence the name Louvre is said to be derived. The build- ing was completed by Napoleon 250 years after the first founda- tions were laid. It was occupied as a residence by several mon- archs of France, but since the time of Louis XV. it has been devoted to the exhibition of works of art. Its galleries are filled with paint- ings by the best masters, such as Raphael, Murillo, Guide, Dome- nichino, and others, also splendid vases, mosaics, and sculptures, with many valuable and magnifi- cent reliques of the kings and queens of France. ;(K^ " X must confess that the vast and beautiful edifice struck me 'far more than the pictures, sculpture, and curiosities which it contains, — the shell inore than the kernel inside; such no- ble suites of rooms and halls were those through which we first passed, containing Egyptian, and, farther on- ward, Greek and Roman antiquities; the walls cased in variegated marbles, the ceilings glowing with beautiful fres- cos; the whole extended into infinite vistas by mirrors that seemed like va. cancy, and multiplied every thing for- ever. . . . From the pictures we went into a suite of rooms where are pre- served many relics of the ancient and later kings of France. ... If each monarch could have been summoned from Hades to claim his own relics, we should have had the halls full of the old Chiiderics, Charleses, Bourbons and Capets, Henrys and Louises, snatching with ghostly hands at scep- tres, swords, armor, and mantles; and Napoleon would have seen , apparently, almost every thing that personally be- longed to him, — ^~his coat, his cocked hats, his camp-desk, his field-bed, his knives, forks, and plates, and even a lock of his bair." Hawthorne. «gj- " What a paradise this gallery is for French students, or foreigners who sojourn in the capital ! It is hardly pecessary to say that the brethren of the brush are not usually supplied by Fortune with any extraordinary wealth or means of enjoying the luxuries with LOXT 287 Lire "which Paris, more than any other city, abounds. But here they liave a luxury "which surpasses all others, and spend their days in a palace which all the money of all the Rothschilds could not buy. They sleep, perhaps, in a garret, and dine in a cellar; hut no grandee iu Europe has such a drawing-room. Kings' houses have at best but damask hangings and gilt cornices. "What are those to a wall covered with canvas ))y Paul Veronese, or a hundred yards of Rubens? . . . Here is a room half a mile long, with as many windows as Aladdin's palace, open from sunrise till evening, and free to all manners and varieties of study." Thackeray. The next day I went to see the Louvre with more attention, its severall courts and Pavilions. One of the quadrangles, begun by Hen. IV. and finished by his son and grandson, is a superb but mix'd structure. The cornices, mouldings, and compartments, with the insertion of sev- eral coIureO inarl)les have been of great ex pence. We went through tlie long gal- lery, pav'd with white and black marble, richly fretted and painted a fresca. 'I'lie front looiting to the river, the' of rare work for tlie carving, yet wants of that magnificence which a plainer and truer designe would have contributed toil. John Evelyn, Diary, 3 Feb., 1644. Tt was thy Pleasure House, thy Palace of Dainty Devices; thy Louvre, or thy White-Hall. Charles Lamb. Louvre, Mus6e du. See Musee D0 Louvre. Love. See Earthly Love, Gar- den OP Love, and Sacred and PKOF.iNE Love. Lovell's Pond. See Lovewell's Pond. Lovers' Leap. See Sappho's Leap. Love-well's Pond. A small lake near the village of Fryeburg, in Maine, noted as being the scene of a desperate fight tvith the In- dians in the old colonial days. It ■n-as one of the most fierce and sanguinary of the, many encoun- ters between the early settlers and the savages; and the fame of the heroism there displayed by tlie brave colonists, under the lead of Capt. John Love-well (from whom the pond takes its name), still survives in ballad and tradition. [Also Lovell's Pond.] " What time the noble Lovewell came With flftv men from Dunstable, The cruel Pequot tribe tn tame. With arms and bloodshed terrible. "With footstep.i low shall travellers go Where LovewelVs Fond shines clear and bright. And mark the place where those are laid Who fell in Lovewell's blooOy fight." Loving Cup. The name given to a goblet, usually of silver, which on ceremonial occasions, like the Lord Mayor's feast, is passed from one guest to another at the table, each raising it to his lips and tasting of its contents. A playful fancy could have carried the matter farther, could have depicted the feast in the Egyptian Hall, . . . and Mr. Toole behind the central throne, bawling out to the assembled guests and dignita- ries : " My Lord So-and-so, my Lord What- d'ye-call-'im, my Lord Etcaetera, the Lord IVlayor pledges you all in a Loving- Cup." Tkack^ay. Low Life and High Life. A pic- ture of two dogs by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). In the Nar tional Gallery, London. The sub- ject of High Life is a slender and delicate deerhound, long suppos- , ed to have been a portrait of Sir "Walter Scott's " Maida," at home in the luxurious chamber of its master. , The picture was painted in 1829. The subject of Low Life is a massive bull-dog, sitting in a rude doorway, keeping guard with one eye over the hat, boots, and pint-pot of his master the butcher, and with the other lazily blinking in the warm sunshine. Lbwenburg. An artificial ruined castlenearCassel, Germany, fitted in every respect to correspond with the description of a Middle- Age fortress, " with moat, draw- bridge, chapel, and garden of pyramidal trees." Lbwendenkmal. See Lion of Lu- cerne. Lowther Arcades. One of the principal arcades in London. Lowther Castle. The seat of the Earl of Lonsdale, near Carlisle, England. Luca, Acoademia di San. See St. Luke. Lucoombe Chine. A curious and celebrated ravine. on the Isle of Wight, not far from Ventnor, much visited by tourists. LTJC 288 LITD Lucerne, Lion of. See Lion op LnCEKNE. Luohsberg. [Lynx Mountain.] A remarkable natural curiosity in the shape ol a disintegrated and phosphorescent mountain near Alexandersbad, on the route be- tween Frankfurt and Carlsbad in Germany. The phenomenon is probably owing either to an earthquake, or to the peculiar structure of the rooks, and the action of the atmosphere upon them. Luck of Edenhall. This name is given to a drinking-vessel long and carefully preserved at Eden- hall, in Cumberland, England. It is traditionally said to have been stolen from the elves at one of their banquets, by a member of the ancient family of Mus- grave, or, according to some ac- counts, by one of their domestics. The fortunes of the house are, or at least were, believed to depend upon its preservation. " If that glass do break or fall, Farewell to the luck of Edenhall." It is described as a tall enam- elled glass, apparently of Vene- tian workmanship of the tenth century; and it is supposed to have been a chalice belonging to St. Cuthbert's ruined chapel, in the neighborhood of the hall. Longfellow has translated from the German poet Uhland a pretty ballad about the " Luck of Eden- hall." .e®- One legend connected with this curious heirloom relates that the but- ler having gone to the well of St. Cuth- hert found there a group of fairies, and this remarkable goblet standing on the brink of the well. He seized it; and the fairies, having tried in vain to recover it, fled, exclaiming, — " If this glass do break or fall, Farewell the luck of Edenhall." The letters I. H. S. are inscribed on the case containing the cup, hence tine surmise that it was originally a chal- ice. For Its keeper takes a race of might. The fragile goblet of crystal tall ; It has lasted longer than is right: Kllug I klang ! —with a harder blow than all Win 1 try the Luck of Edenhall I As the goblet ringing flies apart. Suddenly cracks the vaulted hall; And through the rift, the wild flames start ; The guests in dust are scattered all. With the breaking Luck of Edenhall ! Lueretia. A picture by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the German painter. In the Gallery of Mu- nich, Bavaria. Lueretia. A picture by Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vecchio (1480?-1548?). In the Belvedere Gallery, Vienna, Austria. Lueretia. A picture by Rembrandt van Byn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter. Now in possession of Mrs. Butler Johnstone, London. Ludgate. Anciently one of the principal gates of the city of Lon- don. Its traditional name is de- rived from the mythical British king Lud (66 B.C.), who is said by Geoffrey of Monmouth to have built it. Ludgate Hill is the name of the great street, one of the most crowded thoroughfares in London, extending from Bridge Street to St. Paul's. Ludgate Kill. See Ludgate. Cheapside, the Strand, Fleet Street, and Ludgate Hill, Each name a very story in itself. Robert Leighton. Ludgate Prison. A celebrated prison for poor debtors in Lon- don, taken down in 1760-62. Ludlow Castle. An ancient castle in Ludlow, county of Salop, Eng- land, of which fine remains exist. XS^" Sir Philip Sidney, the preux chevalier of his age, the poet, and lov- er of letters and men of letters, was no doubt a frequent resident in Ludlow Castle, and probably there collected at times around him the Spensers and the Raleighs and the other literaiy stars of the day." Thomas Wright, I must hold Ludlow Castle an honest house, for which Milton's " Comus " was written, and the company nobly bred, which performed it with knowledge and sympathy. Emerson. Ludovisi Juno. See Juno, and also Villa Ludovisi. Ludovisi, Villa. See Villa Lu- dovisi. LTJD 289 LYO Ludwigstrasse. [Louis Street.] A noted street in Munich, Bavaria, with magnificent buildings. Lueg Castle. A remarkable castle constructed in a cavern near the grotto of Adelsberg, in Southern Austria. It was built in 1570. It can only be approached by steps cvit in the rock, by ladders and drawbridges. It has served as a mysterious place of retreat for centuries. Luke, St. See St. Luke. Iiumley Castle. A seat of the Earl of Scarborough, near Dur- ham:, England. Jjundy's Lane. A locality in the province of Ontario, Canada. It was the scene of a battle between the United States forces and the British in 1814, resulting in the defeat of the latter. The courage -which girls exhibit is like a battle of Lundy's Lane^ or a sea-light. Emerson^ Lung' Arno. [Along the Arno.] The celebrated street and thor- oughfare of Florence, Italy, ex- tending along the right bank of the river, the Arno, which divides the city. Also the principal street in Pisa, Italy. Who, that remembers Florence, does not remember well the San Miniato in Monte, towering on its lofty eminence above the city, and visible along -the Lung' Arno from the Ponte alle. Grazie to the i'onte alia Carraja ? Mrs. Jameson. Lurlei. See Lokelei. Lute Player. A picture by Michel- angelo Amerighi, called Caravag- gio (1569-1609). In the Lichten- stein Collection, Vienna, Austria. See Lady with the Lute. Luther's Beech. A magnificent tree which formerly stood near Liebenstein, Germany, on the borders of the Thuringian forest, and was celebrated as the tree under which the reformer was seized on his return from Worms, and carried to the prison of the Wartburg. Luther's CeU. A room in the Au- gustine convent in Erfurt, Ger- many, memorable as the apart- ment in which the great reformer lived while a monk, and which contains his Bible and other in- teresting relics. Luther's Elm Tree. A tree near "Worms, Germany, famous from the tradition that the great re- former rested under it on his memorable journey to the city. Luther's House. A mansion in Wittenberg, Germany, where the reformer lived after his mar- ' riage, and which is carefully pre- served in an almost unaltered condition. It contains various interesting relics. Luton-Hoo. Formerly the seat of the Marquis of Bute, near Bed- ford, England. It was destroyed by fire in 1843. .6®^ "This is one of the places I do not regret having come to see. It is a very stately palace indeed. The dignity of the rooms is very great, and the quanti- ty of the pictures is heyond expectation — beyond hope." Dr. Johnson. Luxembourg. See Musee du Lux- EMBOUKG and Palais pE Luxem- BOUKG. Luxor. See Obelisk of Luxor and Temple op Luxor. Lyeabettus. A rocky conical hill of considerable height, about one mile north-east of the Acropolis, and forming a striking feature in the scenery of Athens, Greece. This hill is said to have been dropped here, that it might serve as a bulwark of Athens, by Pal- las Minerva, who, at the birth of Erichthonius, the ancient king of Attica, came from her temple at Pallene', and bore this hill through the air in her arms as a birthday gilt. It is now known as the mountain of St. Geoege. flS" "This hill is to the Grecian capital what Vesuvius is to Kaples, or Arthur's Seat to Edinhurgh ; from its summit Athens and its neighborhood lie unrolled hefore the eye as in a map." Murray. Lyceum. A famous school in an- cient Athens, where the philos- LYC 290 LYV opher Aristotle taught his pupils "While walkiug about with them, from which circumstance his school is known as the Peripa- tetic (Irom Gr. 7repnr(iT«;i', to walk about). The Lyceum derived its name from Lyceius, a surname of Apollo to whom it was dedicated, and has bequeathed the name to similar modern institutions of learning. The schools of ancient sages ; his who bred Great Alexander to subdue the world, Lyceum there, and painted Stoa next. Milton. Iiyceum Theatre. The Koyal Ly- ceum Theatre, Strand, London, was built in 1834, and so called from a former academy or ex- hibition-room, which was con- verted into a theatre in 1790, and burnt in 1830. Lyoian Gallery. A collection of Greek works of sculpture, con- sisting of reliefs, tombs, and sar- cophagi brought to England by Sir Charles Fellows from Xau- thus, in Lycia, Asia Minor, in 1841, and now deposited in a room specially devoted to the purpose in the British Museum, London. [Called also the Lycian Marbles.] Lyon's Inn. A seminary of legal learning in London — one of the nine inns of chancery. Lyon's Inn, once a hostelry, was de- stroyed in 1863. They cut his throat from ear to ear, His brains they battered in ; His name was IMr. William Weare, He dwelt in Lyon's Inn. Lysicratea. See Choragic Mohu- MENT OF LtSICRATES. Lyversberg Passion. A painting of the Passion, or suffering of Christ, attributed to Israel von Meckenen (1440-1503), but really by an unknown master. It de- rives its name from having been owned by Herr Lyversberg. At Cologne, Germany. MAB 291 KAD M. Mabille. See Jardin Mabillb. Macaroni Club. A company of eccentric fops who flourished in England in the eighteenth cen- tury. They dressed in the most fantastic manner. One of their most noticeable peculiarities was wearing a large knot of hair upon the back of the head. Their name was derived from their hav- ing always upon the dinner-table a dish of macaroni, then a novelty in England. For a time these eccentric young men were the leaders of fashion in London. Every thing, from the costume of the clergy to the music at public entertainments, was a la Maca- roni. 4®=" '* A winter "without politics — even our Macaronis entertain the town with nothing but new dresses, and the size of their nosegays. They have lost all their money, and exhausted their credit, and can no longer game for £20,000 a night." Horace Walpole. Macbeth's Cairn. This is sup- posed to be on the. spot where Macbeth, flying from his castle at Dunsinane, was slain by Mac- duff. See Dunsinane Hill. Macedonian, The. A British frig- ate captured in the war of 1812 by the United States frigate Con- stitution. McGrill Street. A main thorough- fare in Montreal, Can. MeHenry, Fort. See Pobt Mc- Henry. M'Swine's Gun. A natural curi- osity in the county of Donegal, Ireland. It is a prodigious cavity into which the tide rushes with such force as to produce a sound capable, it is said, of being heard distinctly a distance of between 20 and 30 miles, and shooting up a shaft of water some hundreds of feet into the air. JSt^ " Altogether, perhaps, so ex- traordinary a natural marvel does not exist in the British dominions," Mr. and Mrs. Ball. Machpelah, Cave of. See Cave OF Machpelah. Mad Margery. [Dutch, Be, dulle Griete.^ An enormous piece of ordnance preserved at Ghent, Belgium. It is made of wrought iron, and was used by the citizens of Ghent at the siege of Oude- narde ia 1382. Madama, ViUa. See Villa Ma- DAJMA. Madame Tussaud's Exhibition. A famous exhibition of waxwork figures in London. It is situated in Baker Street. ^^ ** Many of these, especially those relating to the French Revolution, were modelled from life, or death, by Madame Tussaud, who was herself im- prisoned and in danger of the guillo- tine, with Madame Beauharnais and her child Hortense as her associates." Rare. Madeleine, The. This church is one of the most beautiful build- ings in Paris. It was begun by Louis XV., and completed in the reign of Louis Philippe. It is of Grecian architecture. The prin- cipal fafade looks upon the Rue Eoyale and the Place de la Con- corde, and is very magnificent. The interior of the church is rich- ly decorated in gilt and marble. It contains many paintings and sculjrtures illustrative of the life of the Magdalene. In May, 1871, 300 insurgents were driven by the Versailles troops into this church and there killed. fl®- " The most sumptuous fane ever erected to her [the Magdalen's] special honor is that which, of late years, has arisen in the city of Paris. The church, or rather temple, of La Madeleine stands an excelling monument, if not MAD 292 MAD of modern piety at least of modern art. That which is now the temple of the lowly penitent was, a few yeare ago, Le Temple de la Gloire" Mrs. Jameson. JS^ " A Grecian temple requires to be seen against the sky, and loses all its dignity when surrounded by lofty buildings." Fergusson. The Attic temple whose majestic room Contained theprcsenceof Olympian Jove, With smooth Hymettus round It and above Softemng the splendor by a sober bloom, Is yielding fast to Time's irreverent doom ; "While on the then barbarian banks of Seine That nobler type is realized again In perfect form, and dedicate — to whom? To a poor Syrian girl of lowest name, A hapless creature, pitiful and frail As ever wore her life in sin and shame ; Of whom all history has this single tale, — " She loved the Christ, she wept beside his grave. And He, lor that love's sake, all else for- gave." Lord Houghton. Madeleine, Boulevart de la. One of the boulevards of Paris, ex- tending only about 600 feet from the church of the Madeleine. See Boulevards. Madam's "Well. See St. Madem's Well. Madison Square. A fashionable park in the city of New York, some six acres in extent, three miles from the Battery. It is bordered by magnificent hotels, and contains a monument erected to the memory of Gen. Worth. Hiss Flora ^I'Flimsey, of J/arfison Square. W. A. Butler. Madison's Cave. A natural curi- osity in Augusta County, Va. .6®- " It extends into the earth about 300 feet, branching into subordinate caverns, and at length terminates in two different places at basins of water of unknown extent. The vault of this cave is of solid limestone from 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, through which water is continually percolating. This trick- ling down the sides of the cave has incrusted them over in the form of ele- gant drapery." Jefferfton. Madness. One of two celebrated statues by Caius Gabriel Cibber (d. 1700?), which formerly adorned the principal gate of the old Beth- lehem Hospital, London, and are now in the entrance-hall of the new Bethlem Hospital. The com- panion figure is called Melan- choly. See Melajs'^choly. J9®" "These are the earliest indica- tions of the appearance of a distinct and natural spirit in sculpture. . . . Those who see them for the first time are fixed to the spot with terror and awe. . . . From the degradation of the actual madhouse we turn overpowered and disgusted, but from these magnifi- cent creations we retire in mingled awe and admiration." Cunningham, Madonna. [My Lady, i.e. the Vir- gin Mary.] The favorite subject of pictorial representation by the great religious painters of the Middle Ages. ,6®" *' Of the pictures in our galler- ies, public or private, . . . the largest and most beautiful portion have refer- ence to the Madonna, — her character, her person, her history. It was a theme which never tired her votaries, whether, as in the hands of great and sincere artists, it became one of the noblest and loveliest, or, as in the hands of super- ficial, unbelieving, time-semng artists, one of the most degraded. All that human genius, inspired by faith, could achieve of best ; all that fanaticism, sensualism, atheism, could perpetrate of worst, — do we find in the cycle of those representations which have been dedicated to the glory of the Virgin." Mrs. Jameson. Of the almost innumerable com- positions upon this theme, a few of the more celebrated and famil- iar, especially those which bear a distinctive title, are given below. See also, for pictures relating to this subject, Holy Fajviily and Virgin. Madonna. An altar-piece by Gio- vanni Cimabue (1240-1302?). In the church of S. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. JfK^ "In spite of its colossal size, and formal attitude and severe style, the face of this Madonna is very strik- ing, and has been well described as ' sweet and unearthly, reminding you of a sibyl.' '* Mrs. Jameson. JB®=- "It happened that this work was 80 much an object of admiration to the people of that day, they having then never seen any thing better, that it was carried in solemn procession, with the sound of trumpets and other festal demonstrations, from the house of MAD 293 MAD Cimabue to the church. . . . All the men and women of Florence hastened in crowds to admire it, making all pos- sible demonstrations of delight." Vatiariy Trans. ifiS^ " We next saw the famous pic- ture of the Virgin by Cimabue, which was deemed a miracle in its day, and still brightens the sombre walls with the lustre of its gold ground." Hawthorne. Briglit and brave, That picture was accounted, mark, of old ! A kint^ stood bare before its sovran ;^race; A reverent people shuuted to behold The picture, not the kiny; and even the place Containing such a miracle, grew bold. Named the t;lad Borgo from that beau- teous face. A noble picture ! worthy of the shout Wherewith along the streets the people bore Its cherub faces, which the sun threw out Until they stooped and entered the cliurch door ! Mrs. Browning. Madonna. A marble statue of the Virgin by Michael AngeloBuona- rotti (li7i-15()4). In the Church of Notre Dame at Bruges, Bel- gium. ,8®^ *' This Madonna is one of Mi- chael Angelo'a finest works. She is looking straight forward; a handker- chief is placed across her hair, and falls softly, on both sides, on her neck and shoulders. In her countenance, in her look, there is a wonderful majesty, a queenly gravity, as if she felt the thou- sand pious glances of the people who look up to her on the altar." Grimm^ Trans. Madonna Aldobrandini. A well- known picture of the Virgin and Child hv Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), representing her as " seated upon a bench, and bending ten- derly toward the little St. John, her left arm around him; he reaches up playfully for & flower offered to him by the Infant Christ who rests on his mother's lap." This picture is now in the National Gallery, London. Madonna Ancajani. A picture of the Holy Family by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1620), so called from a family of that name at Spoleto, Italy, to whom it formerly be- lono-ed. It is said to be the lar- gest picture by Raphael in Ger- many, after the Sistine Madonna, but it has suffered much from in- jury. In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Madonna and Child with a Lily. An admired picture by Carlo Dolce (iaiB-1688), one of his best works. In the Pinakothek at Munich, Bavaria. Madonna and Child with S. Anne. A group of figures executed by Andrea Sansovino (1460-1529), the Italian sculptor, for the church of S. Agostino, Florence, Italy. jB®* " One of Yhe most beautiful de- tached groups of modern art." Lubke^ Trans. Madonna at the "Well. A picture by Giuliauo Bugiardini (1481- 1556). Formerly attributed to Raphael. In the Uflizi, Florence, Italy. Madonna col Divino Amore. [Ma- donna with the Divine Love.] A picture of the Holy Family by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), or, as some think, by Giulio Romano (14H2-1546). Now in the Museum of Naples, Italy. Madonna del Ansidei. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). Now at Blenheim, England. Madonna del Bacino. [Madonna of the Basin.] A well-known picture by Giulio Romano (1492- 1546). In the gallery at Dresden, Saxony. IS- " The Child stands in a basin, and the young St. John pours water upon him from a vase, while Mary washes him. St. Elisabeth stands by, holding a napkin ; St. .Joseph behind is looking on. Notwithstanding the home- liness of the action, there is here a reh- gious and mysterious significance, pre- figuring the Baptism." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna del Baldaoehino. [Ma- donna of the Canopy.] 1. A celebrated altar-piece by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in which the Virgin and the Child are repre- sented as seated on a throne over which is a canopy (baldacchino), the curtains of which are held by two angels. This picture was left unfinished by Raphael. It is MAD 294 MAD in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. JS^ " The picture is not deiicient in the solemnity suited to a church subject, ... in other respects, how- ever, the taste of the naturaliaii pre- vails, and the heads are in general de- void of nobleness and real dignity." ]Sa8tlake. 2. A large picture by Fra Bar- tolommeo (14ti9-1517), the Italian painter. In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Madonna del CardelUno. [Ma- donna of the Goldfinch.] A beau- tiful painting of the Virgin by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), Now in the Tribune of the Uffizi Pal- ace in Florence, Italy. The lit- tle St. John is represented as offering a goldfinch to the Infant Christ, whence the name of the picture. IS£j§- *' The form and countenance of the Madonna are here of the purest beauty; the little Baptist also is ex- tremely sweet; but the conception of the Infant Christ does not fulfil the mas- ter's intention, which appears to have been to represent the dignity of a di- vine being in a childlike form; both the figure and expression are rather stifi" and afiected." JEastlake. .BEif " Perhaps the most perfect ex- ample [of the doraestic style of treat- ment] which could be cited from the whole range of art is Raphael's Ma- donna del CardeUino.*^ Mrs. Jameson. .6®= " The divine goodness expressed in the countenance of the Child Jesus whilst he holds his bands over the llt^ tie bird, and seems to say, ' Not one of these is forgotten by my Father,' is be- yond all description." Frederika Bremer. Madonna del I)onatorei See Ma- donna DI FOLIGNO. Madonna del Giglio. [Madonna of the Lily.] A picture by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the collection of Lord Garvagh. Madonna del Gran Duca [of the Grand Duke]. A well-known picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), representing the Mother holding the Child tranquilly in her arms, and looking down in deep thought. In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. ;6®- "The Madonna Gran Duca marks the growing transition from the first to the second manner of Raphael." J. S. Harford. Madonna del Orto. A celebrated church of the fourteenth century in Venice, Italy. It contains among other pictures the famous Last Judgment of Tintoretto. Madonna del Passegio. [Madon- na of the Walking-place.J A pic- ture of the Holy Family, consist- ing of four figures, — the Virgin, the Child, the infant St. John, with St. Joseph standing by, — commonly attributed to Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), but which some suppose to have been paint- ed by Francesco Penni. It was formerly in the Orleans Gallery, but is now in the Bridgewater Collection, in London. Copies of this picture are in the Museum of Naples, and elsewhere. .0®=" In a Holy Family of four fig- ures, we have frequently the Virgin, the Child, and the infant St. John, with St. Joseph standing by. Rapha- el's Madonna del Passegio is an exam- ple." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna del Pesce. [Madonna of the Fish.] A celebrated pic- ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), representing the Virgin and Child enthroned, with St. Jerome on one side, and on the other an archangel with the young Tobit who carries a fish. The picture derives its name from this last circumstance. It is considered one of the finest of Raphael's Madonnas. This pic- ture is now in the Gallery of Madrid, Spain. «®- " Tobias with the fish was an early type of baptism. In Raphael's Madonna dell' Pesce, he is introduced as the patron saint of the painter, but not without a reference to a more sacred meaning, that of the guardian spirit of all humanity." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna del Pozzo. [Madonna of the Well.] A picture attrib- uted to Raphael (1483-1520), but thought by some to be the work of Giulio Romano (1492-1546). In the Tribune of the Uffizi, Flor- ence, Italy. MAD 295 MAD Madonna del Kosario. [Madonna of the Rosary. 1 A picture of the Virgin and Child by G-iovanni Battista Salvi, surnamed Sasso- ferrato (1605-1685), and his most celebrated work. In the church of S. Sabina, at Eome. .6®" " 'Wllen the Virgin or the Child holds the rosary, it [the picture] is then a Madonna rfeZiSosarto, and paint- ed for the Dominicans." Mrs. Jameson. S^ " Domenichino, who died of a broken heart at Rome, because his pro- ductions were neglected, is a painter who always touches one nearly. His Madonna del Rosario is crowded with beauty. Such children I never saw in painting, — the very ideals of infantine grace and innocence." N. P. Willis. Madonna del Saeoo. [Madonna of the Sack.] A picture by An- drea Vanuechi, called Andrea del Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian painter, and regarded as one of his masterpieces. "A lunette fresco, known and praised the world over." It derives its name from the sack on which Joseph leans. It is painted over a door in the court of the Convent of SS. .A.nnunziata, Florence, Italy. .6®"' 1645, 21 May. We went to see the famous piece of Andrea del Sarto in the Annunciata ; the storie is that the Painter in a time of dearth bor- row'd a sack of corne of the religious of that convent, and repayment being de- manded, he wrought it out in this pic- ture, which represents Joseph sitting on a sack of corne, and reading to the B. Virgin; a piece infinitely valued." John Evelyn. J8®- " Michael Angelo and Raphael are said to have ' gazed at it unceas- ingly.' It is much defaced, and pre- serves only its graceful drawing. The countenance of Mary has the ieau reste of singular loveliness." Jf. P. Willis. Madonna del Tempi. A well- known picture of the Virgin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1S20), so called from the Palazzo Tempi at Florence, Italy, where it was formerly situated. It is now in the Pinakothek, at Mu- nich, Bavaria. Madonna del Trono. [Madonna of the Throne.] A famous pic- ture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469- 1517). In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. " The perfect architectonic idea is not only everywhere set forth in a live- ly manner, but also filled with the no- blest individual life." Burckhardt. Madoniia del Viaggio. See Ma- donna DEL GkAN DuCA. Madonna della Candelabra. [Ma- donna of the Candlestick.] A well-known circular picture of the Virgin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in which the Madonna is represented seated, with an angel on each side bear- ing a torch. This picture is now the property of Hon. H. Butler Johnstone, England. [Called also La Vierge mix Candilabres.} Madonna della Casa Colonna. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Madonna della Casa d'Alba. [Ma- donna of the House of Alva, called also Madonna della Fa- miglia d'Alva.] A beautiful and well-known circular picture of the Virgin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the Madonna, "a full-length fig- ure seated in a quiet landscape; the Child on her lap, she holds a book in her hand; the little St. John, kneeling before his divine companion, offers him a cross, which he receives with looks of unutterable love." This picture, which was formerly in London, is now in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. There is a copy of it in the Palazzo della Torre, Ravenna, Italy. Madonna della Casa Tempi. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), in which the Virgin is rep- resented standing and pressing the Child closely to her. This picture was formerly in Florence, Italy, but is now in the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Madonna della Cintola. [Madon- na of the Girdle.] A legendary subject frequently treated by the Middle-Age artists. y6®- " The legend relates that when MAD 296 MAD the Madonna ascended into beaven, in the sight of the apostles, Thomas was absent; but after three days he re- turned, and, doubting the truth of her glorious translation, he desired that her tomb should be opened, which was done, and lo! it was found empty. Then the Virgin, talking pity on his wealiness and want of faith, threw down to him her girdle, that this tan- gible proof miglit remove all doubts for- ever from liis mind. Hence, in many pictures, St. Thomas is seen below, holding the girdle in his hand." Mrs. Jameson, Madonna della Famiglia Beuti- voglio. [Madonna ol the Benti- voglio Family.] A picture of the Virghi and Child, by Lorenzo Costa ( 1530?). It was painted for Giovanni II., lord ol Bologna from 1162 to 1506. In the church ol San Giacomo at Bologna, Italy. Madonna della Pamiglia d'Alva. See Madonna della Casa d' Al- ba. Madonna della Famiglia Pesaro. A picture by Titian {1477-1570). In the church o£ S. Maria dei Frari, at Venice, Italy. Madonna della Gatta. [Madonna ol the Cat.] A picture of the Holy Family, much resembling the so-called " Pt-arl " by Ra^ phael, executed by Giulio Ro- mano (14fl2-15iH). The picture, which derives its name from a cat that appears in it, crouching in a corner, is in the Museum at Naples, Italy. iOT There is another picture bear- ing this name, the work of Federigo Baroccio (1.528-1G12). In the National Gallery, London. Madonna dell' Impannata [of the Paper Window]. A well-known picture of the Virgin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (14S;M520), deriving its name from the oiled- paper window in the background. It is in the Pitti Palace, in Flor- ence, Italy. j8®= *' The incident is most charm- ing. Two women have brought the Child, and hand it to the Mother; and while the boy turns, still laughing, after them, he takes fast hold of the Mother's dress, who seems to say, * Look, he likes best to come to me.' " £urck^ardt. Madonna deU' Impruneta. A celebrated church and pilgrim- shrine in the neighborhood of Florence, Italy. Madonna deUa Lucertola. [Ma- donna of the Lizard.] A copy in the Pitti Palace, Florence, of a Holy Family now in the gallery at Madrid, Spain. This copy de- rives its name from the lizard "which appears in the picture. See Holy Family undek the Oak. Madonna della Misericordia. A celebrated picture by Fra Bar- tolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian painter; his largest, and by many considered his most important, ^^•ork. It has suffered from in- juries and restorations. It is in the church of S. Romano, Lucca, Italy. Madonna deUa Bosa. [Madonna with the Rose.] A well-known picture by Francesco Maria Maz- zuoli, called II Parmigiano (1503- 1540). In the Gallery ol Dresden, Germany. Madonna della Scodella. [Madon- na ol the Cup.] A picture of the Holy Family by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1404-1534), representing the Virgin as hold- ing in her hand a cup (whence the name), and Joseph as bend- ing down the branches of a palm- tree to gather dates. This Jla- donna belongs to the class o£ pictures called II Eiposo, or the Reiiose in Egypt, q.v. This pic- ture is in the Gallery of Parma, Italy. .efg- '• This entirely realistic compo- sition, — the infant Saviour is dressed like a little Italian boy, — though much injured, is still one of the most trans- parently beautiful of his [Correggio's] works." Easllake, Eandbaok of Painting. Madonna della Sedia. [Madonna of the Chair.] See Madonna DELLA SeGGIOLA. Madonna della Seggiola [of the low Chair]. A celebrated picture of the Virgin and Child by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520), and per- MAD 297 MAD haps the most familijy of all liis Madonnas from the numerous en- gravings and other reproductions of it. It is a circular picture, representing the Mother seated on a low chair, holding the Child in her arms. The little St. John stands by her side with folded hands. "The Madonna wears a gay striped handkerchief on her shoulders, and another on her head, after the manner of the Italian women. She appears as a beautiful and blooming woman, looking out of the picture in the tranquil enjoyment of maternal love; the Child, full and strong in form, has an ingenuous and grand expression." The picture is in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Itay. It is well known through the engravings of Raphael Mor- ghen (1758-18o:i) and John Gott- fried Miiller (1747-1830). 11®=- " The most beautiful picture in the world, I ara couviiiced, is the Ma- donna della f^eijiriola. 1 was familiar with it in a hundred engravings and copies, and therefore it shone upon me as with a familiar beauty, though in- finitely more divine than I had ever seen it before. . . . Miss , whom I met in the galleiy, told me that to copy the 'Madonna della Seggiola,' appli- cation must be made tive years before- hand, so many are the artists who aspire to copy it." Hawthorne. The crowned Queen-Virgin of Perugino sank into a simple Italian mother in llaf- faelle's " Madonna of tlie Chair/' Raskin. Created by Kanhael in one of his poeti- cal inspirations, it is of magical ana fas- cinating beauty. Perhaps no picture has ever been rendered so popular by copies and imitations of every sort. Passavant. Madonna della Stella. [Madonna of the Star.] A picture by Gio- vanni da Fiesole, called Fra An- gelico (1387-1455). In the Museum of St. Mark, Florence, Italy. Madonna della Tenda. [Madonna of the Curtain.] A picture of the Virgin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), somewhat re- sembling the celebrated Madonna della Seggiola, of the Pitti in Florence. The picture derives its name from a curtain in the background. Now at Munich, Bavaria. There is a repetition of this picture, also .said to be an original, at Turin, Italy. Madonna della Vlttoria. [Ma- donna of the Victory.] A large altar-piece by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the Italian painter. It was painted in commemoration of a victory supposed to have been obtained by Gonzaga' over Charles VIII. of France. It is now in the Louvre, Paris. ^S^ *' Another class of votive pic- tures are especial acts of thanksgiving; first, for victory, as La Madonna della Vittoria, Notre Dame des Victoires. The Virgin on her throne is then at- tended by one or more of the warrior saints, together with the patron or pat- roness of the victors. She is then Our Lady of Victory. A very perfect ex- ample of these victorious Madonnas exists in a celebrated picture by An- drea Mantegna." J/rs. Jameson. He [St. MaurireJ stands on the left of the Madonna in iWantegna's famous Ma- donna della Vlttoria, in the Lnuvre. Mrs. Jameson. Madonna deU'Lungo Cello. [Ma- donna of the Long Neck.] A ■well-known picture by Francesco Maria Mazzuoli, called II Parmi- fiano (1503-1540). In the Palazzo itti, Florence, Italy. a^ " The Madonna dell'Lungo Collo of Parmigiano might be cited as a favor- able example of artificial and wholly mistaken grace." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna dello Spasimo. See Spasimo, Lo. Madonna di Foligno. A noted altar-picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the Vatican Gal- lery at Rome, originally painted lor the Church of Ara Cceli. In 1565 it was removed to Foligno, and later to Paris where it was transferred to c^anvas from the wood on which it was originally painted. It derives its name from the city of Foligno, which is represented in the background with a bomb falling upon it — in allusion probably to its escape from Some calamity. A tablet in the foreground gives color to the supposition that this was de- signed to be a votive picture. [Called also La Vieiye au Dona- taire.] MAD 298 MAD -ef^ " The whole picture glows throughout with life and beauty, hal- lowed by that profound religious senti- ment which suggested the oifering, and which the sympathetic artist seems to have caught from the grateful donor," Mrs. Jameson. Madonna di Loreto. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), rep- resenting the Virgin as lifting the veil from the Child who is just waking. The original of this pic- ture is thought to be lost ; but there is a picture at Florence, be- longing to Mr. Lawrie, which is pronounced by Sir Charles East- lake "the best of the many edi- tions of the Loreto Eaphael," and " partly by his hand." Madonna di liucca. A picture by the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck (1370-1441), representing the Virgin enthroned, giving her breast to the Child. It was so called from having been in the possession of the Duke of Luc- ca, but is now in the Stiidel In- stitute in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany. Madonna di Misericordia. [Ma- donna of Slercy.] A common subject of representation by the great mediaeval painters. .A.S an example, see Miseriookdia di LucoA. Madonna di San Brizio. An old Greek representation of the Vir- gin and Child, "venerated as miraculous, and to Which is at- tributed a fabulous antiquity." In the cathedral of Orvieto, Italy. Madonna di San Francesco. [Ma- donna of St. Francis.] A pic- ture by Andrea Vanucchi, called Andrea del Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian painter, and regard- ed as one of his most beautiful compositions. It is in the Tri- bune of the UfSzi at Florence, Italy. ij®" " Andl'ea del Sarto has placed harpies at the corner of the pedestal of the throne, in his famous JUadonna di San Francesco^ — a gross fault in that otherwise grand and faultless picture." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna di San Giorgio. [Ma- donna of St. George.] A cele- brated picture by -A.ntonio Alle- gri, called Correggio (1494-1534). In the Gallery of Dresden, Ger- many. J^^ " The Madonna di San Giorgio of Uorreggio is a votive altar-piece ded- icated on the occasion of a great inun- dation of the river Seccbia. The Vir- gin is seated on her throne, and the Child looks down on her worshippers and votaries. St. G-eorge stands in front victorious, his foot on the head of the dragon." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna di San Sebastiano. See St. Sebastian. Madonna di San Sisto. A large altar-picture of the Virgin and Child by Eaphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), perhaps the most widely known of all his works through the numerous reproductions of it, and universally regarded as one of the supreme and most wonderful works of art. Vasari relates that Eaphael painted this picture for the church of St. Sixtus at Piacenza. It is now in the Gallery of Dresden, Ger- many. IlE^ " The Madonna, in a glory of cherubim, standing on the clouds, with the eternal Son in her arms, appears truly as the Queen of Heaven ; St. Six- tus and St. Barbara kneel at the sides. These two figures help to connect the composition with the real spectators. A curtain drawn back encloses the picture on each side ; below is a light parapet on which two beautiful boy angels lean. The Madonna is one of the most won- derful creations of Raphael's pencil. . . . The Child rests naturally, but not listlessly, in her arms, and looks down upon the world with the grandest ex- pression. Never has the loveliness of childhood been blended so mai-vellous- ly with the solemn consciousness of a high calling, as in the features and countenance of this Child." Eastlaket Handbook of Painting, This picture is entirely by the hard of Raphael. It was painted upon wood, and has been transferred to canvas. The best engraving is that by Steinla (1791-1858). There is also one by Christian Friedrich von Miiller (1783- 1810). «®- " For myself, I have seen my ideal once and only once attained, thei-e MAD 299 MAD ■where Raphael— inspired it ever a painter was inspired — projected on the space before him that wonderful crea- tion which we style the Madonna di San Sisio." Mrs. Jameson. *y "The head of the Virgin is perhaps nearer the perfection of female beauty and elegance than any thing in painting." Wilkie. Madonna di Terranuova. A pic- ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Madonna Enthroned. A picture by Pra Bartolommeo {Delia Porta) (1469-1517). At Lucca, Italy. Madonna Incoronata. [The Vir- gin Crowned.] A picture by Sandro Botticelli (1448-150S). In the UfiBzi, Florence, Italy. See Dtjs- Madonna, Diisseldorf. SELDOKF Madonna. Madonna, Iberian. See Ieekian Madonna. Madonna Iiitta. A picture by Leo- nardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Madonna, Medica. See Medici Madonna. Madonna of Francis I. A picture of the Holy Family by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), painted by him for the Duke of Urbino as a present from the latter to Francis I. Parts of this picture were executed by Giulio Ro- mano. It is now in the Louvre, Paris. ;6®-"Mary, a noble queenly crea- ture, is seated, and bends towards her Cllild, who is springing from his cra- dle to meet her embrace. Elizabeth presents St. John, and Joseph, lean- ing on his hand, contemplates the group ; two beautiful angels scatter flowers from above." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna of Mercy. See Madon- na DI MlSEKICOKDIA. Madonna of the Basin. See Ma- donna DEL BACINO. Madonna of the Bridgewater Gallery. A picture of the Vir- gin and Child by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), belonging to Lord EUesmere, and forming part of the Bridgewater Gallery. Cop- ies of this picture are in the mu- seums at Berlin, Naples, and elsewhere. Madonna of the Burgomaster Meyer. A celebrated picture by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498- 1543). In the Gallery of Dresden, Germany. It was painted for the burgomaster, Jacob Meyer, of Basle. There is another beauti- ful picture in the possession of Princess Charles of Hesse at Darmstadt, very similar to this, respecting the priority of which there has been much discussion, many inclining to the opinion that the Darmstadt Madonna is the original, and the Dresden pic- ture a copy. The engraving of this picture by Steinla is very celebrated. j8^ " In purity, dignity, humility, and intellectual grace, this exquisite Madonna has never been surpassed, not even by Raphael; the face once seen haunts the memory." Mrs. Jameson. Madonna of the Candlestick. See Madonna della Candelabka. Madonna of the Canopy. See Madonna del Baldaochiko. Madonna of the Cat. See Madon- na DEL Gatta. Madonna of the Certosa at Pa- via. A celebrated picture by Pie- tro Perugino (1446-1524), the Ital- ian painter, and regarded as his masterpiece. It is now in the National Gallery, London. Madonna of the Chair. See Ma- donna DELLA SEGGIOLA. Madonna of the Cup. See Ma- donna DELLA SCODELLA. Madonna of the Curtain. See Madonna della Tenda. Madonna of the Fish. See Ma- donna DEL PeSCE. Madonna of the Girdle. See Madonna della Cintola. Madonna of the Goldfinch. See Madonna del Cakdellino. MAD 300 JIAG Madonna of the Grand Duke. See Madonna del Gbax Dcjca. Madonna of the Lily. See Ma- donna DEL GiGLio and Madonna AND Child with a Lilt. Madonna of the Lizard. See Madonna della Lucektola. Madonna of the Long Neck. See Madonna dell' Lungo Collo. Madonna of the Meadow. A pic- ture by Eaphael Sanzio (1483- Ij'JO). In Vienna, Austria. Madonna of the Napkin. See ViRGEN DE LA SeRVILETTA. Madonna of the Paper "Window. See Madonna dell' Impannata. Madonna of the Pearl. See Pearl, The. Madonna of the Eose. See Ma- donna della Rosa. Madonna of the B-osary. See Madonna del Rosakio. Madonna of the Sack. See Ma- donna del Sacco. Madonna of the Star. See Ma- donna DELLA Stella. Madonna of the Tempi Family. See Madonna della C asa Tempi. Madonna of the Victory. See Madonna della Vittokia, Madonna of the AValking Place. See Madonna del Passegio. Madonna of the Well. See SIa- donna del Pozzo. Madonna, Staffa. See ST.iFFA Madonna. Madonna with the Pink. A pic- ture Bepresentins the Virgin with the Child iu her lap, who is reach- ing gayly towards the pink which she is giving hiui. The original of this picture is unknown. "There is a repetition of it, said to be probably by Sassoferrato, at Basle. Madraoen. A remarlcable and elegant j\lauri(anian sepulchral monument in Algeria. It has a Doric peristyle, surmounted by an Egyptian cornice, and is undoubt- edlj' a work of ante-Christiau times. Mafra Palace and Convent. A superb pile of buildings at Mafra, near Lisbon, Portugal, built in 1717 by John V'., in imitation of the Escurial at Madrid. But here the Babylonian whore hath built A dome, where flaunts she in such glori- ous sheen. That men forget the blood whichshe hath spilt, And bow the knee to Pomp that loves to varnish guilt. Magdalene, The. A famous statue carved in wood by Donatello (1383-1466). In the Baptistery at iriorence, Italy. Magdalen, The. A celebrated pic- ture by Titian (1477-1576), so fa- mous in its day that he painted five or six copies of it, and there have been since numerous copies and engravings. It is said that his model for this picture was " a young girl, who being fatigued with long standing, the tears ran down her face." Magdalen, The. A picture by Ti- tian (1477-1576). In tlie Manlrini Palace, Venice, representing the Magdalen as standiny at the en- trance of her cave. HE^ " I do not know why this lovely MantVini picture should be so much less celebrated than the Dresden Mag- daleu." Mrs. Jameson. Magdalen, The. A picture by Titian (1477-1570). In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. Magdalen, The. A famous and often-repeated picture by Anto- nio Allegri, surnanied Correggio (1404-1534), representing the Mag- dalene as penitent, reclining, and reading from a book. It is in the gallery at Dresden, Germany, having been purchased by Au- gustus III., the Elector of Sax- ony, from the Duke of Modena, in 1745. This picture was paint- ed on copper over a wash of gold in 1533. It was formerly kept in the Golden Chamber of the Castle of Modena, in a costly silver frame ornamented with precious stones. MAG 301 MAG -(Gr^'Tbo earliest example I can remembi-T of the Penitent Magdalene, dramatically treated, remains as yet unsurpassed, — tlie Reading Magda- lene of Corrcggio, in the Dresden Gal- lery. This lovely creation has only one fault, — the virginal beauty is that of a' Psyche or a seraph. In Oelen- Bchliiger's drama of * Correggio ' there is a beautiful description of this far- famed j>icture : he calls it ' Die Gottinn des ^\ aides Frommigkeit,' — the god- dess of the religious solitude. And, in truth, if we could imagine Diana read- ing instead of hunting, slie might have looked thus." Mrs. Jameson. J^^ " Correggio's other pictures are excellent, but this one is wonderful." Mengs. Magdalen. A picture by Jacopo Eobusti Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Museum of the Capitol, Eome. je£S' *' A ' Magdalen ' by Tintoretto, on a heap of straw, dark, haggard, with hair dishevelled, and profoundly peni- tent. . . . Through the entrance of the cavern gleams the mournful crescent moon ; that glimpse of the desert, with the terrors of night above the poor sob- bing creature, is heart-rending." Tainey Trans. Magdalen. A noted picture by Francesco Barbieri Guercino (1590-161)6), representing the Mag- dalen in prayer. In the Museum at Naples, Italy. J^^ " His [Guercino's] charming Magdalen. How remote from the sim- plicity and vigor of the preceding age. The reign of pastorals, sigisbes, and devout sentimentality, has commenced ; this Magdalen is related to the Hermi- riias and Sophronias and the gentle heroines of Tasso, and, with them, is ■born out of the Jesuitical reformation." Tainey Trans. Magdalen. A picture by Carlo Dolce (1616-1686). In the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Magdalen. An admired picture by Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (1708- 1787). In the Gallery of Dres- den, Germany. Magdalen clinging to the foot of the Cross. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). Very famil- iar by reproductions. Magdalen College. A noted col- lege in Oxford, England, one of the nineteen colleges included in the university. Founded in the year 1457. «®- " A walk in Magdalen College. I never weary with admiring these old edifices festooned with ivy and black- ened by age; . . . above all these vast square courts, of which the arcades form a promenade like the Italian con- vents." Taine, Trans. Greek erudition exists on the Isis imd Cam, whether the Maud man or the Bra- sen Nose man be properly raulced ornot; the atmosphere is loaded with Greek learn- injj; tliewhole river has reached a certain hej^ht, and kills all that growth of weeds, which this Castalian water kills. Emerson. My chums will burn their Indian weeds The very night 1 pass away. And cloud propelling puflfand puff. As white the thin smoke melts away; Then Jones of Wadham, eyes half closed, Rubbing the ten hairs on his chin, Will say, "This very pipe I use Was poor old Smith's ot Maudlin." Salter Thomhury. Magdalene College. A founda- tion of the University of Cam- bridge, England. Established in 1519. Magdalen, Dance of the. See Dance of the Magdalen. Magdalene, Dying. See Dying Magdalene. Magdalen Hospital. A hospital in London, instituted in 1758. The building in Leigham Court Road, Streatham, was opened in 1869. Magdalen, Penitent. See Peni- tent Magdalen. Magdalen washing the feet of Christ. A picture by Paolo Cagliari, called Paul Veronese (1530?-1588). In the Louvre, Paris. Magdalenen-Grotto. A celebrated cavern in the limestone rock, near the Grotto of Adelsberg, in South- ern Austria. Magenta, Boulevard de. A fine avenue in Paris, France. See BOULEVAKDS. Magi, Adoration of the. See Ad- OKATION OP THE MaGI. Magliabeochlan Library. A cele- brated library in Florence, Italy, so-called after its founder, Anto- nio Magliabecchia (d. 1714). It is MAG 302 MAI now incorporated with the Na- tional Library. Magna Charta Island. An island in the river Thames, near Egham, England, on which the Great Charter was signed in 1215. Magnolia. A well-known ceme- tery in Charleston, S.C. Magog. See Gog and Magog. Maid and the Magpie. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1802- 1873). In the National Gallery, London. Maid of the Mist. A little steamer formerly accustomed to ply on the Niagara River below the falls, and used to take adventurous tourists up amid the spray as near to the cataract as possible. She is celebrated for having "shot" the famous "Whirlpool Eapids, June 15, 1867, with only slight injury, successfully reaching the calm water below Lewiston. It is said that the chances are fifty to one against any vessel which should undertake to repeat this marvellous and unprecedented adventure. See Whiki-pool Rap- ids. j^S^ " The story of that wondrous voyage "was as follows'. . . . The Maid of the Mist got into deht, or her owner had embarked in other and less profit- able speculations : at any rate, he be- came subject to the law, and tidings reached him that the sheriff would seize the Maid. . . . There was but a mile or two on which she could ply : the eherifTs prey, therefore, was easy, and the Maid was doomed. . . . He [the captain] concluded to run the rapids, and he procured two others to accom- pany him in the risk. ... I was told by a man who saw the boat pass under the bridge, that she made one long leap down as she came thither ; that her fun- nel was at once knocked flat on the deck by the force of the blow; that the waters covered her from stem to stern ; and that then she rose again, and skim- med into the whirlpool a mile below. When there she rode with comparative ease upon the waters, and took the sharp turn round into the river below without a struggle. The feat was done, and the Maid was rescued from the aherift'." Anthony TroUope. Maidan. A magnificent bazaar in Ispahan, Persia. It was built by Shah Abbas the Great (1585-1629), whose great works rendered Is- pahan one of the most splendid cities of the East. ^8®=" " The Maidan Shah, and its ac- companying gates and mosques, — the whole the work of one king and on one design, — present a scene of gor- geous, though it may be somewhat bar- barous, splendor, almost unequalled in the whole world. Even now in its premature decay, it strikes almost ev- ery traveller with astonishment, though the style is not one that looks well in ruin, owing to the perishable nature of the materials employed, and the taw- dry effect of glazed tiles when atten- tion is drawn to the fact that they are a mere surface ornament to the walls." Fergusson. Maiden, Halifax Gibbet, or Wid- ow. An ancient instrument of execution, similar to the guillo- tine, used in both England and Scotland during the Middle Ages. He [Arpyle] mounted the scaflFold, where the rude old guillotine ot Scotland, called the Maiden, awaited him. and ad- dressed the people in a speech, tinctured with the peculiar phraseology of his sect, but breatliing the spirit of serene piety. Macaulay. Maiden Bower. An ancient Brit- ish fortification near Dunstable, England. Maiden Castle. A famous earth- work near Monkton, in England, of great antiquity, supposed to belong to a period earlier even than that of the Britons and Ro- mans. The works are a mile in extent, and in some portions 60 feet high. It had four stone gate- ways, and occupied the summit of a hill. Maiden liane. Situated to the south of Covent Garden, London. Here Turner, the artist, was born in 1775. Maiden Stone. A curious sculp- tured stone near Inveramsay, Scotland, supposed to be an early Christian monument. Maids of Honor. [Span. Las He- nihas.'\ A celebrated picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Ve- lasquez (159^1660), the Spanish painter. In the Museum of Ma- MAI 303 MAL drid, Spain. "This wonderful picture is alilce a masterpiece in local color and in aerial lineal perfection." Maison Anseatic. [Hanseatic House.] A public building in Antwerp, Belgium. Maison CarrSe. [Square House.] A celebrated Roman ruin at Nimes, in Southern France. j^=- " France, which was under the dominion of Rome for more than 500 years, still preserves some antique tem- ples reared under the influence of the Romans. Undoubtedly the best pre- served and most important of these ancient structures which have escaped the devastations of barbarians and the hostile zeal of early Christians, is situ- ated at Nimes. It is called the Maison Carree, owing doubtless to its rectan- gular form. At the present day its interior is used as a museum. This beautiful editice was attributed to Au- gustus; but the exaggerated richness of the frieze and the Corinthian cor- nices, and an inscription on the facade, fix the period of its construction in the time of the Antonines." Lefkm-e, Trans. J^-g' " The finest specimen [of the pseudo-peripteral temples] now re- maing to us is the so-called Maison Carree at Nimes, which is indeed one of the most elegant temples of the Roman world, owing probably a great deal of its beauty to the taste of the Grecian colonists long settled in the neighbor- hood. . . . The temple is small, only 45 by 85 feet ; but such is the beauty of its proportions and the elegance of its details that it strikes every beholder with admiration. The date of this temple has not been satisfactorily as- certained. From the nail-holes of the inscription on the frieze, it has been attempted to make out the names of Caius and Julius Cffisar, and there is nothing in the style of architecture to contradict this hypothesis. . . . But for their evidence we might almost be inclined to fancy its style represented the age of Trajan." Fergusson. Remains of giant old whose magnitude Can show the scale of Nimes as once she The stranger's being thrills with feeling When thy 'vast outlines stretch before his eyes ; No stirring reveries in me arise, For here did boyhood sleep. Jean Reboul, Trans. Maison de Francois I. [House of Francis I.] A house in Paris, copied from one built in 1520 for his sister by Francis I. at Moret near Fontainebleau, and orna^ mented with sculptured work by Jean Goujon, removed from Mo- ret. Maison Dor6e. [The Golden House.] One of the most cele- brated cafe's in Paris, on the Boulevard des Italiens. Its ar- chitecture is very fine, and it is highly ornamented with gold. Maison Pompelau. [Pompeian House.] This building in Paris was built for Prince Napoleon, and is profusely ornamented with statues and paintings. jB®" **An imitation of a Pompeian house, familiar to our readers from that at the Crystal Palace." . Murray's ITandhook. Majorat's Haus. A grand palace in Vienna, Austria, the residence of Prince Liechtenstein. Mala, Via. See Via Mala. Malahide. One of the most vener- able and interesting castles of Ireland, in the neighborhood of Dublin, the ancient fortified man- sion of the " Talbots," and still held by that family. XI©=" The hall is perhaps one of the purest examples of Norman architec- ture to be found in the kingdom. The mansion is beautifully furnished, and the collection of paintings, though not extensive, is unsurpassed in value. Among them are choice specimens of the old Dutch and Italian masters in excellent preservation." Mr. and Mrs. Salt. Malakhoff. A stone tower forming one of the defences of Sebastopol in the Crimea, during the war between the Eussians and the Allies in 1854. It was of immense strength, and believed to be im- pregnable, but was taken by as- sault, Sept. 8, 1855, by the com- bined French and Sardinian forces. Malesherbes, Boulevart de. A splendid street in Paris, one of the new beulevards, lined with grand hotels, extending from the hurch of the Madeleine to the MAL 304 MAM Park of MoiKjeaTi, See Bodle- VARDS. Maliek € Meidan. An immense piece of ordnance cast in 1(J86 at Bejapore, India, to commemorate tlie capture of the city in that year by Aurungzebe. It is said to be the largest brass cannon in existence, sending a shot weigh- ing 1,000 pounds. Mall, The. 1. A well-known promenade, and once the most fashionable public resort in Lon- don, in St. James's Park. For the origin of the name see Pai.l Mall. The ladies, gayly drest. the Afall adorn With various dyes, and paint the sunny morn. Gap. When late their miry sides stage-coaches show, And Iheir stiff horses through the town move slow ; When all the MciU in leafy ruin lies. And damsels first renew their oyster- cries. Oay. 2. A beautiful esplanade in Central Park, New York, orna- mented with fine groups of stat- uary. It is over 1, 20U feet in length and some 200 feet in width, lined with trees. It is one of the prin- cipal attractions of the park. Malmaison. A noted villa or cha- teau in France, the favorite resi- dence of the Empress Joseiihine, wife of Kapoleonl., near Paris, on the road to St. Germain. It was owned for a time by Queen Christina of Spain, but purchased by Napoleon III. in 18C1, and partially restored by the Em- press. The attractions of the place are due to art rather than to nature. At last ho [Napoleon] spoke, and slowly turned (A moisture in his evcsl, — Massena gave a shrug'thut showed A cynical surprise: " Long years ago, at Malmaison, When nil unllnuwn of men, I heard just su<:h a laughing peal, And I was happy then." Walter Thombury. Malvern, The. A vessel of war of the United States navy in the Civil War in 1861-1865. She was the flag-ship of Admii-al Porter. It was on this vessel that on the 4;th of April, 1865, President Lin- coln went up to Eichmond from City Point. Malvern HiU. A hill about 11 miles from Richmond, Va., and one mile from the James River, where on the 1st of July, 1862, took place a severe battle be- tween the Union and Confeder- ate troops, resulting in the defeat of the latter. Mamelou. A fortified hill forming one of the defences of Sebastopol. It was captured by the French, June 8, 1855. Mamertine Prisons. A celebrated state prison on the slope of the Capitoliue in Rome. It is one of the few remaining works of the time of the kings, begun, accord- ing to tradition, by Ancus Mar- tins, and said to have been en- larged by Servius TuUius, from whom (or from a spring, tullins, issuing from the floor of the dun- geon) it took the name of Tullian. Here Jugurtha is said to have been starved to death, the accom- plices of Catiline strangled by command of Cicero, and Sejanus, the minister and favorite of Tibe- rius, executed. According to the tradition of the Church, this prison has been consecrated as the place where St. Peter and St. Paul were confined by order of Nero. It is entered through the Church of San Pietro in Car- cere. .e®^ " The Maraertine Prison is a hideous vault divided into an upper and lower portion , scooped out of^ the solid rock . . . and lined with massive tlocke in the Etruscan style of ai-chi- tceture. A more heart-breaking place of confinement it is not easy to imagine. According to the traditions of the Church, St. Peter was imprisoned here by. order of Nero ; and the pillar to which he was bound, and a fountain which sprang up miraculously to fur- nish the water of baptism to his jailers whom he converted, are shown to the visitor. There is no reason to doubt that Jugurtha was starved to death in these pitiless vaults. . . . Here, too, the companions of Catiline were stran- gled. It is a curious fact that the chances of literatui-e and history should have carved two such names as those of Sallust and Cicero on these Cyclo- peau walls." G. S. Hitlard. MAM 505 MAN Mammoth Cave. A celebrated cavern in Kentucky, near Green Eh-er, about 28 miles from Bowl- ing Green. It is unequalled, prob- ably, in the world, in point of extent, and in the variety of in- teresting objects. It has been explored a distance of more than 10 miles, and is thought to in- clude as many as 40 miles of tor- tuous passages. It comprises large and lofty galleries and halls, with curious limestone forma- tions in the shape of huge stalac- tites and stalagmites; and also streams and ponds inhabited by sightless fishes. One room in this cavern is said to occupy two acres, and to be surmounted by a dome of solid rock 120 feet in height. This natural curiosity is a great resort of tourists. In the Mammoth Cave In Kentucky, the torches "which each traveller carries make a dismal funeral procession, and serve no purpose but to see the ground. . . . But the guide kindled a Roman can- dle, and held it here and there, shooting its fireballs successively into each crypt of the groined roof, disclosing its starry splendor, and showing for the first time "What that plaything was good for. Emerson. Then, again, some kinds of tlioughts breed in the dark of one's mind like the blind fishes in the Mammoth Cave. Holmes. Mammoth Mound. A noted In- dian relic in Marshall County, Va. The mound is 75 feet in height, and is thought to be a sepulchral monument to some personage of high rank among the aborigines. Mammoth Trees of California. See Calaveras. Man with the Pinks. The por- trait of a beardless and weather- beaten old man by the Flemish painter Jan van Byck (1370-1441). It is now in the Suermondt Col- lection, at Aix-la-Chapelle, Ger- many. Manassas, The. A powerful Con- federate iron-plated ram, used in the defence of the approaches to New Orleans. She was destroyed by the vessels of Admiral Farra- mit's fleet, who forced the passage of the river, April 24, 1862. Manchester House. The city mansion of Sir Richard AVallace in London, recently belonging to the late Marquis of Hertford, and containing one of the finest col- lections of paintings in the city. Manchester Square. A well- known square in London. Cth, who "Will repair to Manchester Square, And see if the lovely fllarcliesa be there ? Moore. Manco Capac's House. An an- cient ruin in Peru, situated on an island in Lake Titicaca, and believed to be the oldest building of the Incas. .6®" " At about that period [three or foUr centuries before the Spanisli con- quest], it is fabled that a godlike man, Manco Capac, appeared with a divine consort, on an island in the Lake of Titicaca, journeying from whence they taught the rude and uncivilized in- habitants of the country to till the ground, to build houses and towns, and to live together in communities. Like the Indiitn Bacchus, Manco Capac was after his death reverenced as a god, and his descendants, the Incas, were considered as of divine origin, and worshipped as children of the Sun, which was the great object of Peruvian adoration." Fergusson. Manfrini Palace. [Ital. Palazzo ilanfrini.'] A noted palace of the seventeenth century in Ven- ice, Italy. It contains a gallery of pictures. And when you to Mavfrini's Palace go, That picture (howsoever fine the rest) Is loveliest, to my mind, of all the show, Byron. Manse, The Old. See Old Manse. Mansion House. The official resi- dence of the Lord Mayor of Lon- don, built in 1739-41. It occupies the site of the Stocks Market, nearly facing the Eoyal Ex- change. The grand banquet- room is called the Egyptian Hall. Here the Lord Mayor gives his state banquets. Cornhill is accustomed to grandeur and greatness, and has witnessed every 9tli of November, for I don't know how many centuries, a prodigious annual pageant, chariot, progress, and flourish of truni- petry, and, being so very near the Mansion House, I am sure the reader will under- stand how the idea of pageant and pro- cession came naturally to my rinna. Thackeray. MAE 306 MAR Mar Saba. See Saxta Saba. Marbles, ^gina. See JEgina Marbles; ami for Arunpelian Marbles, Elgin Marbles, and the like, see the various adjec- tives Arundelian, Elgim, etc. Maroellus, Theatre of. See Thea- tre OF M.iRCELLUS. March Club. See October Glub. March to Finchley. A celebrated picture by Williaro Hogarth ( 11597- 17K4). Now in the Foundling Hospital, London. Marco, San. See San Marco and St. Mariv's Square. Marcus Aurelius. A celebrated bronze equestrian statue now in the centre of the Piazza del Cam- pidoglio upon the Capitoline Hill, Eome. It is the only entire bronze equestrian statue wliich has come down to us from an- tiquity, and is regarded as a mag- niticent specimen of ancient art. Michael Angelo had great admi- ration for this worl^, and is said to iiave exclaimed to the horse, " Camnihiu ! " " Go along ! " .tJ5f- " It is the most majestic repre- sentation of tlie kingly character that the world has ever seen. A sight of the old heathen emperor is enougli to create an evanescent sentiment of loy- alty, even in a di'inocratic bosom, so august dues he look, so iit to rule." Ilaictltonie. a^ *' The proportions of the liorse are not such ae would satisfy a New- market Jockey : but the animation and spirit of Llie .attitude, and the air of life which informs the limbs and seems actually to ilistend the nostrils, cannot be too much praised. The face and figure of the I'ider are worthy of the noble animal on "which he is seated, and worthy of the good name which he Inis left in history." G. S. Ilillard. tt^ " The attitude is perfectly easy and natural : he is making a sign with his right hand, a simple action, that leaves him calm, while it gives life to the entire prrsou. He is going to ad- dress his soldiery, and certainly be- cause lie has sometliing important to say to them, lie does not parade him- Beif, he 1b not a riding-master like most of our modern equestrian tigures, nor a prince in state, displaying his rank: the antique is always eimpie." Taine, Trans. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Col- umn of. See ANToNiiNE Column. Maremma. A pestilential and la^ tal tract of country iu "Western Italy in the southern part of Tus- cany. " Farther south is the Maremma, a region, which, though now worse than a desert, is supposed to have been an- ciently both fertile and healthy. The Maremma certainly formed part of that Etruria which was called from its har- vests the aniwnarla. . . . Yet both nature and man seem to have eon- si^ired against it." Forsyth. Marforio. A colossal recumbent statue of Oceanns, or some river- god, but now known by the name of Marforio, jirobably from its having stood in the Forum ol Mars, and famous for the witty and caustic replies to the satire of Pasquino, which were affixed to it. This statue formerly stood near the entrance to the Museo ■ Capitolino, in Rome, but has late- ly been placed in the Capitol. See Pasqiino. Margaret at Church. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). Margaret at the Spinning-wheel, A ]iicture by Ary Scheffer (1795- is:.,s). Margaret, St. See St. Margaret. Margaux. An Italian villa on the Garonne below Bordeaux, France, in the midst of vine- yards noted for the wine they produce, called the Chateau Mar- gain:. Marguerite. A well-known pic- ture by Alexandre Cabanel (b. 18211), a Frencli painter. Marguerite, St. See St. Margue- rite. Marguerites, The. A picture by ■\Viiliam Morris Hunt. There is a popular lithograph of this pic- ture. «S- " A beautiful girl slowly tcstiag her love, by nipping leaf after leaf from the llower of that name, — simple in action, but naively true." Ihcckermaii. Maria, Santa. See Santa Maria Marie de Mediois. A series of twenty-one large pictures, repre- MAE 307 MAE senting scenes in the life of Mary of Medicis, by Peter Paul Ru- bens (157T-1G40). They are in the Louvre Gallery in Paris. Marienburg. A ruined fortress on the Moselle, near the village of PUnderich. Mario, Monte. See Monte MAKip. Mariposa. See Calavekas Pines. Marischal College. A fine build- ing in Aberdeen, Scotland. The college, which was founded in 1593, now forms a part of the new. University o£ Aberdeen. The general idea of the character [Da- gald Dalyetty] is familiar to our comic di-amatists after the Restoration, and may be said in some measure to be compounded of Captain Fluellcn and Bobadil; tmt tlic ludicrous combination of tlie soldado witli the divinity student of Marischal College is entirely "original. Je^rey. Marjelen See. A small mountain lake in Switzerland, bordering on the Aletsch glacier, formed by the drainage from the moun- tains in the summer. Mark and Paul. A picture of the two apostles, the figures the size of life, by Albert Diirer (1471- 1528), tiie German painter and en- graver, and considered to be one of his grandest works. It is now in the gallery at Munich, Bava- ria. A companion picture to this is that of John and Peter (.q.v.), which is also in the same gallery. Mark-Lane. A street in London which is widely known as the seat of the great Corn Market, and a scene of busy traiiBc. It was originally called " Mart Lane from the privilege of fair accorded by Edward I. to Sir Thomas Ross of Hamlake." Mark, St. See- St. Maek. Market Street. A great thorough- fare in Philadelphia, Penn. It is 100 feet wide. Marksburg. An imposing ruin on the Rhine near Boppart. The emperor Henry IV. was impris- oned in this castle. Marlborough House. A palace in London, built liy Wren in 1709-10 for the great IJuke of Marlbor- ough. It was purchased in 1817 by the Crown, and has been since enlarged and fitted up for the res- idence of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Playing the part of artists they prompt the setting up of drawiug schools, provide masters and models, and at Marlborough Mouse enact whac shall be considarc-d good taste and what bad. Herbert Spencer. Marriage a la Mode. A famous dramatic and satirical picture by William Hogarth (1697-17t)4). In the National Gallery, London. H^ "If catching the manners and follies of an age ... be comedy, Ho- garth composed comedies as much as Moliere ; in hia Marriage a la Mode there is even an intrigue carried on throughout the piece. Hogarth had no model to follow and improve upon. He created his art, and used colors instead of language." Walpole. j(5S= " HiB [Hogarth's] series of six scenes known as ' Marriage a la Mode ' were sold by auction in 1750, when the painter was at the height of his power, in his forty-seventh year; but only one bidder appeared, and the whole series were knocked down to him at a hun- dred and ten guineas, while the frames alone had cost the painter twenty-four guineas." Sarah TtjtUr. ^3f *' N"ote in the Marriage a la Mode the sorrowing gesture of the old steward who foresees the ruin of the bouse, and deprecates with uplifted hands the gross and sensual folly of the bridegroom." Taine, Trans. Marriage at Cana. [Ital. Le Nozze di Cana, Fr. Les Nores de Cana.] A very frequent subject of repre- sentation by the mediiBval paint- ., ers. Of the more celebrated pic- tures treating of this theme, the following may be named. Marriar/e at Cana. A colossal picture, '30 feet wide by 20 feet high, executed by Paul Veronese (1530?- 1588). It was formerly in the refectory of S. Giorgio Mag- giore, at Venice, Italy, but is now in the gallery of the Louvre, at Paris. " The most remarkable feature is a group of musicians in the centre, in front, round a table; also portraits, — Paul Ver- onese himself is playing the vio- loncello, Tintoret a similar instru- MAR 308 MAK ment, the gray-haired Titian, in a red-damask robe, the contra- bass." There is a smaller repeti- tion oi this lecture in the Brera at Milan, and another in the Dresden Gallery. /KF' " The cbief action to be repre- sented, the astonibliing miracle per- formed by him at whose command ' the fountain blushed into wine,' is here quite a secondary matter ; and the value of the picture lies in its magnitude and variety as a composition, and the por- traits of the historical characters and remarkable personages introduced." Mrs. Jameson. Mai-riar/e at Cana. A fine pic- ture by jacopo Robusti, called II Tintoretto (1512-1594), in the church of Delia Salute in Venice, Italy. .6®^ "Taken as a whole, the picture is perhaps the most perfect example which human art has produced of the utmost possiTjle force and sharpness of shadow united with richness of local color. This picture unites color as rich as Titian's with light and shade as for- cible as Rembrandt's, and far more de- cisive." liuskin. Marriage at Cana. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the Flemish painter. It was for- merly in the church of St. Basile at Bruges, Belgium, but is now in the Louvre at Paris. Marriage of Alexander and Kox- ana. A celebrated picture by the Greek painter Action, the precise date of whose life is unknown. The picture was carried to Rome, and has been described by Lu- cian. Marriage of Alexander and Rox- ana. A mythological fresco de- signed by Raphael, but executed by one of his scholars, probably Perino del Vaga. Now in the Borghese Palace, Rome. Marriage of Alexander and Rox- ana. A fresco painting by Gian- antonio Bazzi, called II Sodo- ma (1479-1654). In the Farnesina, Rome. Marriage of Cupid and Psyche. A large fresco in the Farnesina, Rome, designed by Raphael, but executed wholly or chiefly, by his pupil Giulio Romano (1492-1546). Marriage of St. Catherine. A celebrated and often repeated picture by Antonio Allegri, sur- named Correggio (1494-15S4), rep- resenting the saint as betrothed to the infant Saviour in the pres- ence of the Virgin and St. Sebas- tian. It is supposed to be con- nected with " a domestic incident in the life of the painter, viz., the marriage of his sister, Caterina Allegri, in 1519, for whom it was painted." The picture is now in the gallery of the Louvre, Paris. There is another upon the same subject, but different in some par- ticulars, at Naples, Italy. Other early copies are now at St. Peters- burg, Russia, in the Capitol at Rome, and elsewhere. Il£^ *' St. Catherine bends down with the softest, meekest tenderness and submission, and the Virgin unites her hand to that of the infant Christ, who looks up in his mother's face with a divine yet infantine expression. St. Sebastian stands by holding his arrows. It is of this picture that Vasari truly says that the heads appeared to have been painted in Paradise." 2frs. Jameson, Marriage of St. Catherine. A picture by Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517). Now in the Lou-\Te, Paris. Marriage of St. Catherine. A picture by Bartolome' Esteban Murillo (1618-1682). In the Vati- can, Rome. Marriage of St. Catherine. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Du- cal Palace, Venice, Italy. Marriage of St. Catherine. A picture by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618-1682), the Spanish painter. Now at Cadiz, Spain. Marriage of St. Catherine. A picture by "Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, in the Gallery of Strasburg. This picture was destroyed hy fire dur- ing the bombardment of Stras- burg in 1870. There is another upon the same subject by this artist in St. John's Hospital at Bruges, Belgium. Marria i/e of the two SS. Catherine. A picture by Fra Bartolommeo (14G9-1517), the Italian painter, MAE 309 MAE and regarded as his grandest work. It is now in tlie Pitti Pal- ace, Florence, Italy. He was as- sisted in the composition oi this picture by Mariotto. Marriage of the "Virgin. [Ital. Lo Sposalizio.] A celebrated pic- ture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), well known by the engrav- ing of Longhi. The painting has undergone, within a few years, a very careful restoration, which will insure its continuance for a long time. It is now in the Bre- ra at Milan, Italy. ]B£^ '* Every one knows the famous Sposalizio of the Brera. It "was painted by Raphael in his twenty-fii-st year, for the church of S. Francesco, in Citta di Castello, and though he has closely fol- lowed the conception of his master, it is modified hy that ethereal grace which even then distinguished him. ... In fact, the whole scene is here idealized; it is like a lyric poem." Mrs. Jmnesoiu JS^ " Raphael's ' Sposalizio ' leaves no recollections but those of unmingled pleasure. It is well known by engrav- ings, and, as its prominent merits are in the drawing and expression, it loses little in this interpretation. It was an old friend in a richer and more becom- ing costume." (?. S. Hillard. Marriage of the Virgin. A cele- brated fresco by Bernardin Luini (—aft. 1530). in Saronno, Italy. It has been chromo-lithographed. Mars, Field of. See Campus Mak- TIUS. Mars Hill. See Areopagus. Mars Ultor, Temple of. See Tem- ple OF Maks Ultok. Marshall's Pillar. An imposing mass of rock rising in columnar form to a height of 1,000 feet. It is situated in Fayette county, Va., and is regarded as a striking nat- ural curiosity. Marshalsea, The. An old prison in London, so called, as " pertain- ing to the Marshalles of Eng- land." It is not now standing. Here were imprisoned many of the martyrs who were persecuted for their religion in the bloody reign of Mary. George Wither was here imprisoned for writing his " Abuses Stript and Whipt," and while confined here wrote his " Shepheard's Hunting." The Marshalsea figures prominently in Dickens's novel of " Little Dorrit." Marston Moor. A place in the county of York, England, famous for the battle fought in IBM, in which King Charles I. was de- feated. Martin, St. See St. Maktin, PoKTE St. Martin, and St. Mar- tin EUE. Martinella. A famous bell which, in the old days of Florence, was used to signalize the outbreak of war. Xi®= " Besides the Caroccio, the Flor- entine army was accompanied by a great bell called Martinella, or Carapa- na degli Asini, which, for thirty days before hostilities began, tolled continu- ally day and night from the arch of Porta Santa Maria, as a public declara- tion of war, and, as the ancient chroni- cle hath it, ' for greatness of mind that the enemy might have full time to pre- pare himself.' " Napier. See Caroccio. Martin's, St. See St. Martin's in THE Fields, St. Martin's le Grand, St. Martin's Ludgate. Martyrdom of St. Agnes. A well- known picture by Domenichino (1581-1641), and reckoned among the most celebrated productions of the Bologna school. Now in the gallery at Bologna, Italy. See St. Agnes. Martyrdom of St. Catherine. 1. A picture by Giuliano Bugiar- dini (1480-1552), and his most important work. In the Capella Eucelai, in S. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. .6®= " The subject usually called the Martyrdom of St. Catherine, her ex- posure to the torture of the wheels, should rather be called the Deliver- ance of St. Catherine. It is one of the most frequent subjects in early art." Mrs. Jameson. 2. A grand picture by Gau- denzio Ferrari (1484-1550). In the Brera at Milan, Italy. MAE 310 MAK Martyrdom of St. Erasmus. An altar-piece by Dierick Stuerbout (d.l475), a Flemish painter. In the church of St. Peter's at Louvain, Belgium. Martyrdom of St. Hippolitus. An altar-piece by Dierick Stuerbout (d. 14:75), a Flemish painter. In the cathedral of Bruges, Belgium. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. 1. A picture by Hans Holbein the Younger (14!)8?-154:3). InthePiua^ kothek at Munich, Bavaria. See also St. Sebastian. 2. A picture by II Sodoma (1479-15.ji). In the Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Ijlartyrdom of St. Stephen. 1. An altar-piece by Giulio Romano (14iili-1546), the pupil of Raphael, and ijainted immediately after the death of tlie latter, for the church of S. Stephano at Genoa, Italy. 2. A picture by Giorgio Barba- relli, called Giorgione (1477-1511). In Verona, Italy. Martyrdom of San Lorenzo. A celebrated picture by Titian (1477- 157B). In the Jesuits' church at Venice, Italy. Martyrdom of San Placido and Santa Flavia. A jiicture by An- tonio AUegri, surnamed Correg- gio (1494-15.34). In the Gallery of Parma, Italy. Martyrdom of Santa FeHcitS,. A fresco by Raphael Sanzio (14.s:>- 1520), or by one of his best pupils, painted for the chapel of the cas- tle of La Magliana, a residence of Leo X. It has been transferred to canvas, and is now in the Monte di Pieta, Rome. JSSr" "There can be no doubt that ■we have here the death of St, Ceeiiia, and not the death of St. Felicitas; that this was the subject designed by Ra- phael, probably about the time that he painted the St. Cecilia at Bologna, and that the print was afterwards mis- named." Mrs. Jameson. Martyrdom of Santa PetrouiUa. A mosaic in St. Peter's Church, Rome. The work of Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590- 1666). It is a copy of the picture by the same master in the Muse- um of the Capitol. t^^ "The finest mosaic in St. Pe- ter's (and consequently in the world), is generally, and I think justly, said to be Guercino's famous Martyrdom of Santa Petronilla ; though why called a martyrdom, 1 cannot imagine, since it only i-epresents below the lifeless body of the saint raised from the grave at the request of her mourning lover, and found to be miraculously preserved in all the charms of youth and beauty." £aton. Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand Saints. A picture by Albert Dii- rer (1471-1528), the celebrated German painter and engraver. It bears the date of 1508, and was painted lor Duke Frederic of Saxony. It is now in the Belve- dere Gallery at Vienna, Austria. There is also a copy in the Schleissheim Gallery. Martyrs. See Christian JIab- TYUS (in the Coliseum). Mary and Elizabeth, Meeting of. A picture by Domenico Ghir- landajo (1449-1498?). In the gal- lery of the Louvre, Paris. Mary. See Seven Joys of Maey. Mary Kose. A British man-of-war which sunk off the coast of France in 1545, owing to the weight of the artillery she carried. It is said that breech-loading cannon have been recovered from the wreck. Maryland Avenue. One of the principal streets in "Washington, leading from the Capitol to the Long Bridge. Maryland Institute. A large build- ing in Baltimore, Md., erected in 18.54, used for a market, indus- trial exhibitions, etc., with a li- brary and school of art. In the hall' of the Institute, which is capable of holding 5,000 persons, the Southern Democratic Con- vention held its sessions in 1860. Mary-le-Bow, St. See Bow Chukch. Mary-le-Strand, St. See St. Ma- ky-le-Stkand. MAR 311 MAS Marylebone. A parliamentary bor- ough of London, originally called iyburn, or Ty bourne. See Ty- BUKN. Marylebone Gardens. A popular place of resort in the north-west part of London. It was famous for Its bowling-allej's, and for its illuminations, balls, and concerts. The poet Gay alludes to it more than once in his " Beggar's Opera." At" the Groom-porter's batter'd bullies play, Some dulses at Marybone bowl time away. Pope. Marys. See FouK jNIakys and Thkee JIakys. Marzocoo. The name given to a celebrated statue of a recumbent lion, the work of Donatello (1383- 1466), standing at the corner of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Italy. Masaccio, Tommaso G-uidi. (1402- 1443.) A portrait of himself by the painter in the collection of autograph portraits in the XJffizi, Florence, Italy. Masada. A remarkable desert for- tress in Palestine, now in ruins. It was jilaced upon a rock which overlooks the Dead Sea, was sur- rounded by very deep valleys, and was only accessible by two paths hewn in the rock. It was first built by Jonathan Macca- baeus in the second century B.C., and afterwards enlarged and strengthened by Herod the Great. Before the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, the Sicarii obtained posses- sion of Masada and its treasures. These Jews, who loved freedom and their country, used every means to revenge themselves for their wrongs against the Romans, and became a terror to the whole country. The fortress of Masada held out against the Romans after the destruction of Jerusalem and was only taken after a fierce siege. The garrison, consisting of 967 men, women, and children, find- ing defence hopeless, resolved to perish by their own hands rather than be taken by the Romans; and when the latter, making the final attack and expecting fierce resistance, reached the summit, they found only two women and a few children alive to tell the story of the tragedy. All trace of this ancient fortress was for a long period lost; but within the present century its site has been discovered and identified by the American traveller. Dr. Robin- son. Maschere, Stanza deUe. See Stanza delle Mascheke. Mashita, Palace of. A celebrated ruined palace of the Sassamian kings in Mesopotamia. .0®- "The great defect of the pal- ace at Ma.shita as an illustration of Sae- samian art arises from the faQt, that, as a matter of course, Chosroes did not bring with him architects or sculptors to erect this building. He employed the artists of Antioch, or Damascus, or those of Syria, as he found them. He traced the form and design of what he wanted, and left them to execute it, and they introduced the vine and other de- tails of Byzantine art with which Jus- tinian had made them familiar. . . . Though it stands thus alone, the dis- covery of this palace fills a gap in our liistory such as no other building oc- cupies up to the present time. ... Its greatest interest, however, lies iu the fact that all the Persian and Indian mosques were derived from buildings of this class." Fergusson. Mason and Dixon's Line. A cele- brated boundary line between the State of Pennsylvania and the States of Maryland and Virginia. It was so called after the survey- ors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, by whom it was mainly run, about the year 1765. The name acquired great celebrity through the speeches of John Randolijh of Virginia, who ' in the Congressional debates in the year 1820, in regard to the exclu- sion of slavery from the Territo- ries, made frequent reference to it, Pennsylvania being a free State, and Maryland and Virginia at that time slave States. Though the name has lost its old impor- tance and significance, it is still often alluded to. Tlie line was originally over 300 miles long, MAS 312 MAD" and was marked by stone posts at intervals of one mile. Mason.andI>jxon'shne,o(whicYiv/ehear so often, and which was livst established as the division between slave soil and free soil, runs between Pennsylvania and Ma- ryland. Avtiwny TroUope. He [Davis] is a wise mim. He knows ■wliat he wants, and he wants it with a will, lilie Julius Cffisar of old. He has gathered every dollar and every inissile south of Mason and Dixon's hne to hurl a thunderbolt that shall serve his purpose. W. Phillips. Mass of Bolsena. A well-known fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), representing a miracle wrought in 1263, by which a priest who doubted the doctrine of tran- substantiation was convinced by ' the blood which flowed from the Host he was consecrating. It is in the stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Home. Massachusetts, The. A royal frig- ate which took part in the attack upon Louisbourg in 1745, captur- ing the French frigate Vigilant. Massachusetts Avenue. One of the principal streets and thor- oughfares in the city of Washing- ton. Massacre of Scio. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- croix (1799-1863), the celebrated French historical painter. Massacre of the Innocents. A celebrated picture by Guido Eeni (1575-1642). In the Gallery of Bo- logna, Italy. .8®^ " Guido's celebrated picture of the Massacre of the Innocents is a pow- erful and painful thing. The marvel of it to rae is the simplicity with which its wonderful effects are produced, both of expression and color. The kneeling mother in the foreground, with her dead children before her, is the most intense representation of agony I ever saw. Yet the face is calm, her eyes thrown up to heaven, but her lips un- distorted. It is the look of a soul over- whelmed, — that has ceased to struggle because it is full." JV". P. WUlis^ Massacre of the Innocents. A celebrated picture by Daniele da Volterra (1509-1566), the Italian painter, containing more than 70 figures. It is now in the Tribune of the UfHzi, at Florence, Italy. Massacre of the Innocents. A picture by Giotto di Bondoue (1276-1.336). In the Arena Chap- el, Padua, Italy. Massacre of the Mamelukes. A noted picture by Horace Vernet (1789-1863). In the Luxembourg, Paris. Massimo delle Colonne Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Massimo delle Co- lonne.'] A M'ell-known palace in Rome, begun in 1526, and con- taining the celebrated Discobolus found upon the Esquiline Hill. Massimo, Villa. See Villa Mas- SLMO. Mater Dolorosa. [The Mourning Mother; Ital. La Madre diDolore,' L'Addolorata ; Fr. Notre Dame de Pitie'.} A very familiar subject of representation by the great painters of the Middle Ages, exhibiting the Virgin in the char- acter of the mother of the cruci- fied Redeemer, and " queen of martyrs." See also Pieta, La. Among the more celebrated pic- tures which treat of this subject the following may be named. Mater Dolorosa. A picture by Jau Mostaert (1499-1555), a Flem- ish painter, and regarded as his - most important work. It is now in the church of Notre Dame at Bruges, Belgium. Mater Dolorosa. A picture by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter and engraver. Now in the gallery at Munich, Bava- ria. Maud. See Magdalen College. Maurice, St. See St. Maurice and Conversion of St. Maukice BY Bbasmus. Mausethurm. See Mouse Towek. Mausoleum, The (of Halicarnas- .sus). A famous edifice, built of marble, erected as a monument or mausoleum to the memory of her husband by Artemisia, the Princess of Caria, frequently al- luded to by Greek and Latin writers, and reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. It gave its name to all monu- MAU 313 MAY mental structures of the same kind. Some of the relics of this celebrated monument were brought to England in 1846, and are now preserved in the British Museum, in a room devoted to the purpose. .8®^ " Till Mr. Newton'a visit to HalicaruasBus in 1866, the very site of this seventh wonder of the world was a matter of dispute. "We now know enough to he ahle to restore the prin- cipal parts with absolute certainty, and to ascertain its dimensions and general appearance within very insig- niticant limits of error. . . . The building consisted internally of two chambers, superimposed the one on the other. . . . Though its height was unusually great for a Greek building, its other dimensions "were small. It covered only 13,230 feet. The admira- tion, therefore, which the Greeks ex- pressed regarding it must have arisen, first, from the unusual nature of the design, and of the purpose to which it ■was applied, or perhaps still more from the extent and richness of its sculptured decorations, of the beauty of which we are now enabled to judge, and can fully share with them in ad- miring." Fergusson. Mausolus worke will be the Carians glorie. Spenser. Her power, her fame. Thus pass away, a shade, a name ! The Mausoleum murmured as I spoke ; A spectre seemed to rise, like towering smoke; It answered not, but pointed as it fled To the black caixass of the sitchtlesa dead. W. L. Bowles. Mausoleum of Augustus. A magnificent structure, now a ruin, erected on the hanks of the Tiber, in the Campus Martins, Rome. This huge circular monu- ment built by the Emperor Au- gustus, was designed to contain his own ashes and those of the whole imperial family and de- pendents. The first member of the family buried here was Mar- cellus; and the mausoleum is alluded to by Virgil in these famous lines : — What sroans of men shall fill the Martian field! . „ ^ „ How tierce a blaze his flammg pile shall yield ! What fun 'ral pomp shall floating Tyber When, rising from his bed, he views th« sad solemnity ! No youth shall equal hopes of glory give, ■ No youth afford so great a cause to grieve, The Trojan honor and the Roman boast. Admir'd when living, and ador'd when lost! Mirror of ancient faith in early youth ! I'ndaunted worth, inviolable truth ! Ah! could'st thou break through Fate's severe decree, A new Marcellus shall arise in thee ! .^neitl, VI. iDryden's Translation), ^^ " In the centre of that massive mound, the great founder of the em- pire was to sleep his last sleep ; while his statue was ordained to rise con- spicuous on its summit, and satiate its everlasting gaze with the view of his beloved city." dierivale. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. A celebrated sepulcliral monument in Bavenna, Italy, erected to the memory of the Empress Gallia Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great. This tomb is interest- ing on account of its architecture and mosaics, and rich decoration. Mausoleum of Hadrian. See St. Akgelo. Maximilian. A portrait of the emperor by Albert Diirer (1471- 1528), the German painter. It is in the gallery of the Belvedere in Vienna, Austria. A replica of the same was in the collection of Lord Northwick at Thirlestain Hall, England. Maximilian's Triumphal Car. A series of wood-cuts hy Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the celebrated German painter and engraver. They are in the British Museum. Max-Joseph-Platz. A large pub- lic square in Munich, Bavaria, one of the finest in Europe. May Fair. A district in London so called from the fair which was formerly held there in the month of May. ^^^ " May Fair ! What a name for the core of dissipated and exclusive Lon- don! A name that bi'ings with it only the scent of crushed flowers in a green field, of a pole wreathed with roses, booths crowded with dancing peasants girls, and nature in its holyday! This — to express the costly, the court-like, the so called 'heartless' precinct of fashion and art in their most authentic and envied perfection. 3fais les ex- iremes se touchent ; and perhaps there jMAY 314 MED is more nature in May "Pair than in Rose Cottage or Honeysuckle Lodg-e." N. P. Willis. But tbe ordinari' residences of fashion- able life — the mafisiuns of Belpravia. Ty- bumia, and May/air — are mere sliells of brick and stncco, which present such a dreary appearance outside that one is sur- prised sometimes to find them palacc^of comfort wlthiu. C. L. Eastlake. She puts off her patched petticoat to- day, And jjuts on May-fair manners, so be- gins By setting us to wait. Mrs. Browning. Mayflower, The. A famous ves- sel of 180 tons, chartered by tbe "Pilgrim Fathers," or first set- tlers of Massachusetts, and in which a i^ortion of them embarked in the summer of 1620 for the Kew World. The Mayflower set sail from Southampton, England, in company with the Speedioell, on the 5th of August; but, the courage of the captain and crew of the latter failing, both vessels put back to port. Finally, on the 6th of September, the Mayflower again spread her sails, and with 41 men and their families (101 in all) crossed the Atlantic, reach- ing anchorage within Cape Cod after a stormy passage of 63 days. Methinks I see it now, that one. soli- tary, adventurous vessel, the Mayflower, of a forhnii hope, freighted with Llie pros- pects of a future Htate. and bound across the unknown sea. . . Suns rise and set, and weeks and months pass, and winter surprises tliem on the deep, hut brings them not thesij^ht of the wished- for shore. ... I see them, escajjed from these perils, pursuing their all hut desperate undertak- ing, and landed at last nfter a five months' passage on tUe ice-clad rocks of Plymouih, weak and weary from the voyage, poorly anned, . . . without shelter, without means, surrounded by hostile tribes. Edward Everett. Give a thing time, — if it can succeed, it is a riRht thing. Look now at American Sa\ondom; and at that little Fact of the sailing of tbe Mayflower, two hundred years a^'O. from Delft Haven in Holland! Were we of open sense as the Greeks were, we had found a Poem here; one of Xa- turc'fl (iwn Poems, such as she writes in bruad facts over great continents. Carlyle. Or if we shrink, better remount our ships. And, fleeing God's express design, trace back The hero-freighted MuKfiower's prophet- track To Europe, entering her blood-red eclipse. Lotoell. Sad Mayfower! watched by winter stars, And nursed by winter gales, With petals of the sleeted spars, And leaves of frozen sails ! Whittier. O Jlother State, how quenched thy Sinai fires! Is there none left of thy stanch Maj^ower breed ? Lowell. Mayor's Coach. See Lord May- or's Coach. Maypole, The. A famous pole 134 feet high, which formerly stood in the Strand, London, was taken down in the time of Cromwell as " a last remnant of vile heathen- ism, an idol of the people," re- erected with great ceremony under Charles II., and finally taken down in 1717 and presented to Sir Isaac Newton. Amidst that area wide they took their stJnd. Where the tall Maypole once o'erlooked the Strand. Pope. Mazarin Library. See Biblio- THJ^QUE MaZAKINE. Mazas. A prison and house of de- tention in the Boulevard de THopital, Paris. Here oh the ni.£fht of Dec. 2, 1851, Napoleon III. imprisoned for two days 18 deputies, including MM. Thiers, Baze, Koger Charras, Greppo, Miot, Lagrange, and Gens. Chan- garnier, Lamoriciere, Cavaignac, etc., with 60 chiefs of barricades. My neighbor said to a vulgar creature who was dancing : " Has the Saltpetrifirp come down to the bal du Trdne to-day?" " No; but Mazas has emptied itself to-day into the bal du Trone." A distinction is made between them. 2'aine, Trans. Meadows, The. A large public ]iark and pleasure-ground in Edinburgh, Scotland. Meal, The. See Frugal Meal. M6dard, St. See St. Medabd. Medea. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799- lS(>o), the celebrated French his- torical painter. fis^ " Delacroix is a man of a very different genius, and bis 'Medea' is a genuine creation of a noble fancy." Thackeray. Medicean Venus. See Venus de' Medici. MED 315 MEL Mediceo-Laurentian Library. A famous library in Florence, Italv, containing many rare and pre- cious manuscripts and early cop- ies of books. Medici Chapel. 1. A chapel in the church of Santa Croce in Flor- ence, Italy. It contains some fine works of Luca della Robbia. 2. A chapel built as a mauso- leum in the church of S. Lorenzo, Florence. It contains the ceno- taphs of the Medici family. Medici, Lorenzo de'. See Loken- zo DE' Medici. Medici Madonna. Thename-some- times given to a picture of the Virgin and Child by Roger van der Weyden (— d. 1464), the Flem- ish painter. Now in the Stadel Institute in Frankfort, Germany. Medici, Tombs of. See San Lo- . KENZO. Medici, Villa. See Villa Medici. Mediois. See Makie de Mediois. Medora. An admired statue by Horatio Greenough (1805-1852). JSE^ " Among the beautiful ideal works he [Greenough] executed, with- in the few succeeding years, was Me- dora — illustr.itive of Byron's memor- able description of the Corsair's bride after death, of which the greatest praise is to say that the marble era- bodies the verse." Tuckerman. Medusa. A celebrated painting by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Grimm says, "Leonardo collected a brood of venomous swelling toads; he put them in his house, provoked them to rage, and observed them until his im- agination had absorbed enough for his painting. "When com- pleted, he brought the picture into a darkened room, cut a hole in the window-shutter, so that the ray of light exactly fell upon the head of the Medusa, and beamed upon it with lustrous brightness. With this the curi- ous, who were mysteriously brought in, were filled with fright." IS" " The Medusa's JTeail, by Leo- nardo da Vinci, is a very curious work, elaborately painted, as all his pictures were, and attracting the gaze by a strange species of fascination- . . . "What could have induced a man of such various and wonderful powers, with an organization so sensitive to beauty and all pleasurable sensations, to give so much time to a picture which we are afraid to look at steadily, lest it should start into life in our next troubled dream." Hillurd. Vpon its lips and eyelids seems to lie Loveliness like a shadow, from which shine Fiery and lurid, struggling underneath, The agonies of anguish and of death. Shelley. Medusa. See Rondinini Medusa. MSduse, La. See Shipwreck op THE Medusa. Meg. See Long Meg, Mons Meg, Roaring Meg. Megaspelion. A picturesque and irregular structure of large size upon a steep and narrow ridge at the mouth of a large cavern, in which much of the building is contained. It is overhung by a precipice several hundred feet in height rising above the cavern. The present front is modern, but the convent is traditionally one of the oldest monastic founda- tions in Greece. [Correctly Me- yaspelason ; Gr. MeyairirrjAaioi-.] Meier Madonna. See Madonna OF THE Burgomaster Meyer. Melancholy. One of two cele- brated statues by Caius Gabriel Cibber (d. 1700?), which formerly adorned the principal gate of old Bethlehem Hospital, London, and are now in the entrance hall of the new Bethlem Hospital. The companion figure is called Madness. See Madness. US' "Cibber, whose pathetic em- blems of Fury and Melancholy still adorn Bedlam, was a Dane." Macmilay. "Where o'er the gates by his famed father's hand, Great Gibber's brazen brainless brothers stand. I'ope- Bedlam, and those carved maniacs at the gates, Perpetually recumbent. Wordsworln. MEL 316 MEL Melancholy. See Melencolta. Meleager. A celebrated Greek statue of Meleager with boar's head and dog, now in the Vati- can, Rome. It was found near the Porta Portese in a nearly per- fect state, tlie left hand, which is supposed to have held a spear, being alone wanting. JS^ " This is simply a body, but one of the finest 1 ever eaw. The head, almost square, modelled in solid sections, like that of Napoleon, has only a mediocre brow, and the expres- sion seems to be that of an obstinate man. The beauty of the figure con- sists in a powerful neck and a torso admirably continued by the thigh. He is a hunter and nothing more." Taine, Trans. Melencolia. A celebrated print by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver. ,Ogf " In the seated figure of this grand winged woman, absorbed in thought, he has expressed, in a highly original and intellectual manner, the insufficiency of the human reason, either to explore the secrets of life, fortune, and science, or to unravel those of the past. Symbolical allji- eions of various kinds lie around, in the shape of the sphere, the book, the crystal polygon, the crucible, the bell, the hour-glass, etc., with many imple- ments of human activity, such as the plane, the hammer, and the rule. The intention of the plate is greatly en- hanced by the grandly melancholy character of the landscape back- ground." Kiigler's Handbook of Painting. Miellifont. A beautiful ruined monastery on the river Mattock, near the banks of the Boyne, ou the borders of Meath County, Ireland, regarded as one of the finest architectural remains in the island. Mielon-Eatera, The. A picture by Bartolome' Esteban Murillo (1618-1(382). In the Pinakothek, Munich, Bavaria. Melrose Abbey. A beautiful and far-famed ruined monastery in the little town of the same name in Scotland. The existing ruin is the relic of the third building which has occupied the site. There is probably no part of the present structure older than the year 1400. It is greatly admired for its i^icturesque beauty, and the fine tracery of its windows. Thisvenerablebuilding is similar, in the stone of which it is built, ■ and in the style of its archi- tecture and ornament, to Stras- burg Cathedral. It has been twice rebuilt, once by Robert Bruce. In the chancel is an exquisitely beautiful window, ■which Sir'Walter Scott thus de- scribes, — " The inoon on the east oriel shone Through slender shafts of shapely stone, Byfoliaged tracery combined; Thou wuuldsthave thought some fairy's hand 'Twixt poplars straight the osier wand In many a freakish knot had twined; Then framed a spell when the work was done. And changed the willow wreaths to stone." The scene of Scott's novel of " The Monastery " is laid at Mel- rose Abbey, in the sixteenth cen- tury. -CG^ " The most beautiful not only of the Scottish Second Pointed churches, but of all the northern fanes of what- ever age. The splendor of middle-age romance which Scott has thrown around the place has almost obliterated its older and holier renown, when it was described by Bede as the home of the meek Eata, the prophetic Boisil, the austere Cuthbert ; when ... it was the lamp of that Anglo-Saxon Lothian, which, deriving its own faith from lona, sped the glad gift to many an English province, and even sent a mis- sionary across the seas to become the apostle of the Austrasian tribes on the Mouse, the Waal, and the Khine." Quarterly Revieto. JS^ '* Melrose is the finest remaining specimen of Gothic architecture in Scotland. . . . The heart of Bruce is supposed to have been buried beneath the high altar. The chancel is all open to the sky, and rooks build their nesta among the wild ivy that climbs over the cnimbling arches." Bayard Taylor. j^^ " Here is this Melrose, now, which has been berhymed, bedraggled through infinite guide-books, and been gaped at and smoked at by dandies, and been called a 'dear love' by pretty young ladies, and been hawked about as u trade article iu uU uelgbhoriug MEM 317 MEM shops, and yon know perfeetlj- well tliat all your raptures are spoken for and expfcWd at the door, and your going otf hi ecstacy is a regular part of the programme: and yet, after all, the sad, wild, sweet beauty of the thing comes down on one like a cloud; even for the sake of being original you could not in conscience declare you did not admire it." Mrs. U. £. Stoioe. Oh, the monks oi Melrose, they made good On Fridays when they fasted; They never wanted beef or ale As long as their neighbors' lasted. Ballad. If thou wouldst view fair Meh-ose aright, Go visit it by the pale moonlight; For the gay beams of lightsome day Gild but to flout the ruins gray ; When tne broken arches are black in night, And each shafted oriel glimmers white ; When the cold light's uncertain shower Streams on the ruin's central tower, Then go, — hut go alone the while, — Then view St. David's ruined pile; And. home returning, soothly swear, Was never scene so sad and fair. 3coU. So perished Albion's " glammarye," With him in Melrose Abbey sleeping, His charmed torch beside his knee, That even the dead himselt might see The magic scroll within his keeping. Whittier. Member of the Humane Society. See Distinguished Member of THE Humane Society. Memnon. This celebrated vocal statue at Thebes, in Egypt, is of great antiquity, and is supposed to have uttered at sunrise a sound like a metallic ring or the break- ing of a harp-string. It was greatly shattered, probably by Cambyses or by the earthquake of 27 B.C., but has been repaired. This and the companion colossus (called " The Pair") are about 60 feet in height, sitting^ with their hands on their knees,' apparently looking across the river. They are inexpressibly grand and im- pressive. e^^ " No record exists of the sound which made the statue so famous hav- ing been heard while it was entire. Strabo, who visited it with ^lius Gral- lu8, the governor of Egypt, speaks of the 'upper part' having been 'broken and hurled down,' as he was told, 'by the shock of an earthquake,' aild says that he heard the sound, but could ' not affirm whether it proceeded from the pedestal or from the statue itself, or even from some of those' who stood near its base;' and it appears, from his not mentioning the name of Mem- non, that it was not yet supposed to be the statue of that doubtful personage. But it was not long before the Roman visitors ascribed it to the ' Son of Ti- thonus,' and a multitude of inscrip- tions, the earliest in the reign of Nero,. and the most recent in the reign of Septimius Severus, testify to his miracu- lous powers, and the credulity of the writers. Pliny calls it the statue of Memnon; and Juvenal thus refers to it.— ' Diraidio magicsB resonant ubi Memnon^ chordEG.* "Various opinions exist among modern critics as to whether the sound this statue was said to emit, and which is described as resembling either the breaking of a harp-string or the ring of metal, was the result of a natural phe- nomenon or of priestly craft. Some say that the action of the rising sun upon the cracks in the stone moist with dew caused the peculiar sound produced; while others declare that it was a trick of the priests, one of whom hid himself in the statue, and struck a metallic- sounding stone there concealed. The chief arguments in favor of this last view are, that such a stone still exists in the lap of the statue, with a recess cut in the block immediately behind it, capable of holding a person completely screened from view below; and, above ail, the suspicious circumstance that the sound was beard twice or thrice by important personages, like the Emp.er- or Hadrian, — -' Xatpwv Kat rpnov axov tTj,' rejoicing (at the presence of the emperor), it 'uttered a sound a third time,' — while ordinary people only heard it once, and that sometimes not until after two or three visits." Murray^s Handbook for Egypt. tS^ "And next appeared— and my heart stood still at the sight — the Pair. There they sat, together yet apart, in the midst of the plain, serene and vigi- lant, still keeping their untired watch over the lajise of ages and the eclipse of Egypt. I can never believe that any thing else so majestic as this Pair has been conceived of by the imagina- tion of Art. Nothing even in nature certainly ever affected me so unspeaka- bly; no thunder-storm in my child- hood, nor any aspect of Niagara, or the G-reat Lakes of America, or the Alps, or the Desert, in my later years." Miss Martineau. j0®=- " The impression of sublime tranquillity which they convey when seen from distant points is confirmed by MEM 318 MER u near approach. There they eit, keep- ing watch, — hands on knees, siazing straight forward, seeming, though so rouch of the faces is gone, to he looking over to the monumental piles on the other side of the river, which hecame gorgeous temples after these throne seats were placed here — the most im- movable thrones that have ever been established on this earth." J/(-5-s J/artineau. Then ^av, what secret melody was hidden In Memnon's statue, which at sunrise played? Perhaps thoa wert a priest: if so, my strugf-'les Are vain, for priestcraft never owns its juggles! Horace Smith. I thank no one for enlighteninii my cre- dulity on points of poetical belief. It is like rolihing the statue of Meinrion of its mysterious music. Washinr/tun In-tng. But what is the song they sing? Is It a tone of the Memnon Statue, breathing mu- sic as the tight first touclies itV a "iiquid wisiinm,'' disclosing tn our sense the deep, infinite harmonies of 2s'ature and man's seal? Cailyte. Of a more glorious snnrise than of old Drew wondrous melodies from Meninon huge, Tea, draws them still, though now he sits waist-deep In the ingulfing flood of whirling sand. LoweU, 'Twas close beside him there. Sunrise whose Meninon is the soul of man. Lotcelt. And morning-smitten Memnon, singing, wake^ ; And, listening by bis Nile, O'er Ammon's grave and awfal visage breaks A sweet and human smile. Whittier. Memnonium. See Eamaseu.m. Memorial Hall. An iraposinf!; col- legiate building, connected ' with Har\'ard University, in Cam- bridge, Ma.ss. It contains a din- ing-liail, a theatre, and a monu- mental hall in memory of the graduates who fell in tlie wai- of the Kebellion. The dining-hall, "which i.s one of the largest uni- versity halls in tlie -world, will seat 1,000 per.sons, and is adorned with portraits and busts of emi- nent men and liencfactDi's of the college. The building is of brick and stone, over :'.(» feet in length, with a Icpfty tower. It was decli- 'cated in 1874. Manage du Menuisier. [The Join- er's House.] A famous picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (lfi07- IfiGO), exhiliiting a rustic interior; the Virgin, seated with the vol- ume of the Scriptures open on her knees, contemijlates the In- fant asleep; in the background Joseph is seen at his work, while angels hover above keeping watch over the Holy Family. E.xqui- site for the homely natural senti- ment and the depth of the color and chiaroscuro. Now in the gallery at St. Petersburg, Russia. Menai Bridge. A famous suspen- sion bridge across Jlenai Strait, which sejiarates the island of Anglesea from Wales. It was erected at a cost of over £200,000. Menelaus, The. A British frigate which blockaded the Chesapeake in ISli, and landed an attacking force. Menhir of Lochmariaker. A large Druidic or ante-Druidic monu- ment of unknown antiquity, in the Department of Morbihan, France. Its origin and purpose are in- volved in complete obscurity. Menhir o( Plonarzel. A lofty Celtic monument of unknown antiquity about ten miles from Brest, France. It stands on an elevation in the midst of a wild region, and is regarded with su- perstitious awe by the peasantry. MeuiSas, Las. See Maids of Honor. Menuisier. See Menage du Me- nuisier. Mephistopheles appearing to Faust. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799- 186:)), the celebrated French historical painter. Mer de Glace. [Ger. Eismeer, The Sea of Ice.] A general name for a glacier, but more particularly applied to an immense sea of ice, which fills the highest gorges of the chain of Jfoiit Blanc, and extends OA'er a distance of Vi miles into the valley of Chamou- ni. From the lower part of this glacier springs the river Arvei- ron. De Saussure says that its MEE 319 MEE surface resembles that of " a sea ■which has become suddenlv frozen, not in the moment of a tempest, but at tlie instant when the wind has calmeil, and the waves, although verv high, hare become blunted and rounded." There are other seas of ice among the Alps, but this is the Mer de Glace poc eminenre. Meroeria. A street of busy traffic in Venice, Italy, leading out of the Piazza of S. Mark. JOS' " Hence I passed tliro' the Slei-ceria, which is one of the most delicious streets in the world for the sweetnesse of it, and is all the way on both sides tapistred as it were with cloth of gold, rich damasks and other silks, which the shops expose and hang before their houses from the first floore, and with that varietie that for neere halfe the yeare spente chiefly in this Citty, I hardly remember to have seen the same piece twice exposed; to this add the perfumes, the apothe- caries' shops, and innumerable cages of nightingales which they keepe that entertaine you with their melodie, so that shutting your eyes you would im- agine yourselfe in the countrie, when indeed you are in the middle of the Sea. This street paved with brick and exceedingly cleane brought us thro' an arch into the famous piazza of St. Mark." John Evelyn, 1G45. Mercers' Hall. A building situ- ated in Cheapside, London, be- longing to the Company of Mer- cers, the oldest of the great City guilds or companies. Merchant Taylors' Hall. In Threadneedle Street, London, b^iilt after tlie Great Fire. It is the largest of the companies' halls. 'The Jlerchant Taylors' Company, the great Tory com- pany, was incorporated in 146(j, and has counted among its mem- bers several kings of England, and many of the nobility. Merchants' Tables. A celebrated dolmen or burial grotto at Loch- mariaker, in the little island of Gavrinnis, France. Upon the stones the form of a hatchet or mason's trowel can still be dis- tinctly traced. This was a very common symbol in ancient times, intended to indicate that the monument was still under the trowel, that is, devoted to the purposes of a tomb; this device, it is sttpposed, being had recourse to in order to protect the empty tombs from mutilation. Mercury. A well-known and ad- mired statue by Giovanni da Bo- logna, called II Fiammingo (1524- KiOS). In the Bargello, Florence, Italy. itf^ '* Who docs not know the Mer- cury of Gian Bologna, that airy youth witti winged feet and cap, who, with the caduceug in his hand, and borne aloft upon a head of ^-Eolus, seems bound upon some Jove-commissioned errand? "^Vho has not admired its lightness and truth of momentary ac- tion, . . . since, SIcrcury-like, it has winged its way to the museums and houses of every qua*'ter of the globe? " Perldns^a Tuscan Sculptors. Jit^ *' The unrivalled Mercury of John of Bologna — aerial, spirited, de- signing, full of art and purpot^e — quick in intellect, invention, and rare device — it is Hermes himself, the winged messenger of the gods. His foot rests on the head of a Zephyr — a beautiful, poetic thought. . . . This exquisite statue is excelled only by a few master- pieces of ancient art." Eaton. &^ *' The first object that attracted us was John of B(jlogna's Mercury, poising himself on tiptoe, and looking not merely buoyant enough to float, but as if he possessed more than the eagle's power of lofty flight. . . . No bolder work was ever achieved; nothing so full of life has been done since." Ilawtkome. Mercury. A beautiful work of ancient sculpture. Now in Lans- downe House, London. Mercury. See Axtinous, The. Mercury and Argus. A picture by Joseph iSIallord William Tur- ner (1775-1851), the eminent Eng- lish painter. Mercury teaching Cupid. A noted picture 1 ly Antonio Allegri, called Correggio (l-til3-1534). In the National Gallery, London. Mercy. See Seven Wokks of Mekcy. Mercy's Dream. A picture by Daniel Huntington (b. 1816). In the Corcoran Gallery, Washing- ton. MEE 320 MEE Merlin's Hill. A noted eminence near Caermarthen, Wales. Upon it is a natural seat called Merlin's Chair, where the famous prophet is reputed to have sat when he uttered his prophecies. Mermaid, The. (Tavern and Club.) A celebrated tavern formerly sit^ uated in Bread Street, London, the favorite resort of actors and literary men in the time of Eliza- beth. The famous Mermaid Club, said to have been founded by Sir Walter Kaleigh, and including as members Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher, Selden, Carew, Donne, and probably Shakespeare, met here for social and convivial en- joyment. Fuller makes this tav- ern the scene of the wit combats between Shakespeare and Jonson ; although there is no positive evi- dence that Shakespeare M'as one of the club, or that he frequented the Mermaid, our confidence that this was the case resting, as has been said, " upon the moral im- possibility that he should have been absent." Knight remarks, that the circumstance that Fuller was only eight years old when Shakespeare died appears to have been forgotten by some who have written of these matters. Mr. Burn, in reference to the situa- tion of the Mermaid Tavern (de- stroyed in the Great Fire), where the meetings of this famous club Avere held, says, " The Mermaid in Bread Street, the Mermaid in Friday Street, and the Mermaid in Clfeap, were all one and the same. The tavern, situated be- hindj had a way to it from these thoroughfares, but was nearer to Bread Street than Friday Street." Ben Jonson also writes, — At Bread-street's Mermaid having dined and merry, Proposed to go to Holbom in a -vvherry. The origin of the Mermaid Club is traditionally ascribed to Sir Walter Raleigh. Gifford says: " Sir Walter Raleigh, previously to his unfortunate engagement with the wretched Cobham and others, had instituted a meeting of beaux esprits at the Mermaid, a celebrated tavern in Friday Street. Of this club, which com- bined more talent and genius than ever met together before or since, our author [Jonson] was a member; and here for many years he regularly repaired, with Shake- speare, Beaumont, Fletcher, Sel- den, Cotton, Carew, Martin, Donne, and many others, whose names, even at this distant pe- riod, call up a mingled feeling of reverence and respect." But whether Raleigh really founded the club must be considered a matter of doubt. Wliat tilings have we seen Done at the Mermaid ! heard words that have been So nimble, and so fall of subtle flame. As if that every one from whom they came Had meant to put his whole wit in a jest, And had resolved to live a fool the rest Of bis dull life. Beaumont, Letter to Ben Jonson. Souls of poets dead and gone, "What Elysium have ye known, Happy field or mossy cavern, . Choicer than the Mermaid Tavemt Have ye tippled drink more fine Than mine host's canary wine ? Or are fruits of Paradise Sweeter than those dainty pies Of venison ? Keats, Lines on the Mermaid Tavern. The poet only is not bound, when it is inconvenient, to what may be calleri the accidents of facts. It was enough for Shakespeare to know that Prince ilal in his youth had lived among loose conjpan- ions, and the tavern in Eastcheap came in to fill out his picture; although Mrs. Quickly and Falstaff and Polns and Bar- dolph were more likely to have been fallen in with by Shakespeare himself at the Mer- maid than to have been comrades of the true Prince Henry. E^vude. aeff" There -were other Mermaid Taverns, one in Cheapside and another in Cornhill. Merode Castle. An ancient, now ruined, stronghold in Rhenish Prussia, once the residence of a family one of whose members is' said to have been conspicuous ui the Thirty Years' A^'ar as a free- booter, and interesting from the fact that this circumstance, to- gether with the name of the castle, has, according to some authori- ties, given to our language the term marauder. There are, how- ev,er, other etymologies of the word. MEE 321 MET Merri, St. See St. Merri. Merrimack, The. A noted vessel of the Confederate navy during the Civil War. When the rebels seized the United States navy- yard at Norfolk, they had sunk this vessel, which was formerly a fine ship of war, in the harbor; but on reflection they concluded to raise her. After so doing, they covered the deck with a shelving iron roof, plated the sides with iron to below the water-level, and fitted up on her bow a pointed "beak" of oak and iron, thus converting the vessel into a most formidable ram. Thus armed, on the 8th of March, 1862, she bore down upon the Cumberland and the Congress, lying in Hamp- ton Roads, and destroyed them both. The following day she en- countered the iron-clad J/om'iO)-, just built in New York by John Ericsson, and was compelled to retire, leaving the victory to the latter. .6®^ " Before sunrise the dreaded Merrimac was seen coming down from Norfolk with attendants to renew her savage worli on the Minnesota. As she approached, the latter opened her stern guns on the assailant, when the Moni- tor, to the astonishment of friend and foe, ran out and placed herself along- side the giant warrior, — a little David defying a lofty Goliath. The faith of her commander in her strength and in- vulnerability was amply justified. The turret of the Monitor began to move, and from her guns were hurled pon- derous shots in quick succession. The Merrimac responded with two-hundred- pound shots, moving at the rate of two thousand feet in a second. These, with solid round shots and conical bolts, glanced from, the deck and citadel of the 3IonUor \ike pebbles, scarcely leav- ing a mark behind. Neither of these mailed gladiators was much bruised in this terrible encounter. . . . The Mer- rimac now [later] was more injured than her antagonist, and after a short and shai-p combat they both withdrew. The commander of the former was so impressed with profound respect for the Monitor that he did not again in- vite his little antagonist to combat." A frown came over Morris's face ; The strange, dark craft he knew: " That is the iron Merrimac, Manned by a rebel crew." G. B. Boker. Merry Maidens. A Druidical cir- cle, so called, near Penzance, Cornwall, England. Merry Mount. A district which in the early colonial days of New England bore this name was sit- uated in the neighborhood of what is now the town of Quincy, Mass. It was occupied by a party of Church-of-England men, who paid little respect to the rigid and austere habits of the Puritans, whom they greatly offended by the laxity of their manners. An attack was made upon this settle- ment by the forces of the Ply- mouth colony in 1630. John Lothrop Motley, the American historian, produced in 1849 a ro- mance entitled "Merry Mount." Merton College. A noted college in Oxford, England; founded about 1264, one of the 19 colleges included in the university. Its chapel is much admired, and its library is the oldest in Great Britain. My new friends showed me their clois- ters, the Bodleian Librarv. the Randolph Gallery, Merton Hall, and the rest. Emerson! Mesjid Shah. The great mosque at Ispahan, Persia. It is a rect- angular building surmounted by a dome, the external height of which is 165 feet. .6®= " On three sides the mosque is surrounded by court-yards, richly or- namented and containing fountains and basins of water for the ablutions of the faithful. The principal court, sur- rounded as it is on all sides by facades in the richest style of Persian poly- chromatic decoration , in the brilliancy of its architectural effect, is almost un- rivalled by any other example of its class." ■ Fergusson. Meta Sudans. A famous fountain, now a ruin, near the Coliseum, in Home. It was built in a conical form, of brick, was placed in the centre of a basin, also of brick, 75 feet in diameter, and is sup- posed to have been used by the gladiators after their contests in the amphitheatre. In one of Sen- eca's epistles he speaks of the noise made by a showman blow- ing his trumpet in the vicinity of this fountain. MET 322 MIL Metella, Tomb of Cecilia. See Tomb of Cecilia Metella. Meteora, Monasteries of . A group o£ monastic establishments in Greece, formerly 24 in number, but of wliich only ten now re- main. They derive their name from their situation " high up in the air " (Ta iMerewpo, so. Mova^T-rjpsa, i.e., the Meteor-Monasteries), being placed upon the summit of a cluster of detached rocks di- vided by deep chasms. The mode of communication between this abode " Of llie monastic brotherhood upon rock Aerial " — and the earth 300 feet below is by a suspended rope. The person wishing to visit the monastery takes his seat in a net fastened to the end of a rope lowered from the rock, and, after an ascent lasting about four minutes and a half, reaches the landing-place of the monastery. The ascent can also be made by suspended ladders. HGr' " They [the monks] cast their net into the -w'orid helow; sometimes these monastic fishermen draw up an inquisitive traveller, sometimes a brother Cccnobite from Mount Athos, sometimes a Neophyte, yearning for ascetic solitude : once they received in this manner an Emperor, who came here, as is said, to exchange the purple of Constantino for the cowl of St. Ba- sil." C. WordHworih. Metropolitan Museum. A build- ing near Union Square, in the city of New York, containing a picture-gallery, and gallery of statuary, and valuable collec- tions of manuscripts, Egyptian and Greek antiquities, etc. Michael Angelo. A portrait of himself by the painter (1474-1564). In the collection of autograph portraits in the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Michael Angelo's House. In the Via Ghiliellina, Florence, Italy. It remains in the possession of the sculptor's family, and is ex- hibited to visitors. Michael, St. See St. Michael, St. Michael's Chaik, St. Mi- chael's Mount, etc. Miohele, San. See San Michele and Ok San Michele. Michigan Avenue. A well-known street in Chicago, 111. Middle Temple. One of the Inns of Court in London. The poet Chaucer was a student here; and here livedBlackstone, the lawyer, and also Oliver Goldsmith, who died here in 1774. See Inns of Court, Inner Temple, Lin- coln's Inn, Geay's Inn. 1636, 13 Feb. I was admitted into the Middle 7'emple, London, tlioagh absent and yet at sclioole. John Evelyn, Ltary. Middle Temple HaU. An Elizar bethan structure of the Temple, London. "Twelfth Night" was performed here in 1601. iKg^ " Truly it is a most magnificent apartment; very lofty, so lofty, indeed, that the antique oak roof is quite hid- den, as regards all its details, in the sombre gloom that broods under its rafters." Hawthorne. , Mid-Lothian, Heart of. .See Tol- BOOTH. Mifiain, Fort. See Fokt Mifflin. Mignon. A picture by AryScheffer (1795-1858), which is well known through reproductions. , Milan Cathedral. A magnificent and celebrated marble church. Its erection was begun in the lat- ter part of the fourteenth cen- tury. .C®^ " The stranger in Milan natur- ally hurries to the cathedral, a struc- ture the merits and demerits of which require an architectural eye to compre- hend and intei-pret. I can only say that its exterior was somewhat disap- pointing. . . . The interior, always ex- cepting the disingenuous trick of the painted ceiling, called forth unqualified admiration. . . . The most striking part of the Milan Cathedi-al is the out- side of the roof. The gi-eat extent of the building is moi-e jiistly estimated there than from any part of the in. lerior, and the eye and mind are over- powered by the multitude of architec- tural details, tile rich ornaments, the delicately carved flying buttresses, the wilderness of pinnacles." HiHafd, MIL 323 MIN flS" " The design of the Duomo is said to he taken from Monte Rosa, one of the loftiest pealis of the Alps. Its hundred of sculptured pinnacles rising from every part of the body of the church certainly bear a striking re- semblance to the splintered ice-crags of Savoy. Thus we see how Art, [mighty and endless in her forma though she be, is in every thing but the child of Nature." Bayard Taylor. JS^ " Gothic art attains at once its triumph and its extravagance. Never had it been so pointed, so highly em- broidered, so complex, so overcharged, 60 strongly resembling a piece of jew- elry ; and as, instead of course and life- less stone, it here takes for its material the beautiful lustrous Italian marble, it becomes a pure chased gem, as pre- cious through its substance as through the labor bestowed on it," Taine, Trans. O Milan. the chanting quires. The giant windows' blazoned fires, The height, the space, the gloom, the glory 1 A mount of marble, a hundred spires ! Tennyson~ O peerless church of olit Milan, How brightly thou com'st back to me. With all thy minarets and towers. And sculptured marbles fair to see ! JJmry G. Bell. Mile End. A locality in London, England, at the head of White- chapel Eoad. I remember at Afile-end green (when I lay at Clement's Inn). I was Ihen Sir Dagonet in Arthur's show. Shakespeare. •He found Wat holding his ragged court at Mile End. The king, despairing of im- mediate assistance, had conceded every request that was presented to him. /. A. Froude. Military Academy^ See United States Military Academt. Milk Grotto. A cave, or grotto, in the neighborhood of Bethlehem, in which, according to monastic legend, Mary and the Child se- creted themselves from the rage of Herod before they took their flight to Egypt. The spot is a great resort of pious pilgrims, drawn hither by the superstitious belief that the stone of which the cave is composed has the miracu- lous power of increasing woman's milk. It is stated to be a fact, that portions of this stone are continually broken off by the pilgrims, and sent all over Eu- rope and the East, wherever a belief in its efficacy prevails. Milking-time at Dort. An ad- mired picture by Albert Cuyp (1605-1691). In the National Gal- lery, London. Mill, The. A celebrated picture by Claude Lorraine (1600-1682). In the Palazzo Doda, Rome. .6®" *' A fair example of what is called an ' ideal ' landscape, i.e., a group of the artist's studies from nature indi- vidually spoiled, selected with such op- position of character as may insure their neutralizing each other's effect and producing a general sensation of the impossible." Ruskin. MiUbank Prison. A prison in the parish of Westminster, London, and said to be " the largest penal establishment in England." It was begun in 1812, and has some- times been called the English Bastille. Milliarium Aureum. [The Golden Mile-stone.] A mile-stone of an- cient Rome, in the Forum, and said to have been set up by Augustus, upon which distances, beyond the walls of the city, upon the great Roman roads, were in- scribed. The Milliarium Aureum formed one extremity of a semi- circular wall, which terminated at the other end in a conical pyramid, called Umbilicus Romae, upon which were inscribed all distances within the walls. Milton at Home. An admired pic- ture by Emanuel Leutze (1816- 1868). In the Corcoran Gallery, Washington. MilVIan Bridge. See Pokte MOLLE. Mincing Lane. A street in Lon- don, so called from buildings which formerly belonged to the Minchuns or nuns of St. Helen's. Mincing Lane figures in Dickens's novel of " Our Mutual Friend." Stones of old Mincing Lam, which I have worn with my dally pilgrimage for six-and-thirty years, to the footsteps ot what toil-worn clerk are youreveriasting flints now vocal? Charles Lamb. MUST 324 MIE Minerva. A famous statue of an- tiquity, executed by Pliidias (500 B.C.?), the Greek sculptor, for the Parthenon at Athens. Minerva Medioa. A celebrated Greek statue which derives its name from the Temple of Mmer- va Medica, where it was dis- covered. Now in the Vatican, Eome. jO®" "In the Giuetiniani palace [since removed] is a statue of Minei-va whicli tills me ■with admiration. "Winckel- mann scarcely thinks any thing of it, or at any rate does not give it its proper position, but I cannot praise it suffi- ciently." Ooethe, Trans. That's you, :Misg Leigh : I've watched you half an hour, Precisely as I watched the statue called A Pallas in the Vatican. Mrs. Browning. Minerva Medioa, Temple of. See Temple op Minekva Medioa. Minerva Press. The name applied to a printing-house iuLeadenhall Street, London. In the latter part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nine- teenth century, numbers of popu- lar but trashy novels were issued from this establishment. Lamb speaks of these works, which had a wide circulation, as hav- ing heroes which are neither of this nor of any conceivable world, Hesperus and Titan themselves, though in form nothing more than "novels of real life," as the Minerva i^ress would say, have solid metal enough in them to fur- nish whole circulating libraries, were it beaten into the usual flligree. Carlyle. In this respect, Bums, though not per- haps absolutely a great poet, better mani- fests his capability, better proves the truth of his genius, than if he had, by his ovra strength, kept the whole Minerva Press going, to the end of his literary course. Carlyle. Miniato, San. See San Miniato AL Monte. Minorles, The. A parish in Lon- don, named from the Sorores Mi- nores, or nuns of the order of St. Clare, founded 1293, whose con- vent stood in this street. The street has long been noted for its gunsmiths. The Mulcibers who in the Minories sweat. Gongreve. Minotaur, The. A very formid- able iron-clad ship of the British navy, launched Dec. 12, 1863. Mlnot's Ledge Light. A well- known light-house on Cohasset reefs, in Massachusetts Bay. The lonely ledge of Minot, Where the watchman tends his light, And sets his perilous beacon, A star in the stormiest night. Mary Clemmer. And naked in the howling night The red-eyed light-house lifts its form. The waves with slippery fingers clutch The massive tower, and climb and fall. And, muttering, growl with baffled rage Their curses on the sturdy wall. Fitz-James O'Brien. Mir. See Holy Oil. Miracle of Bolsena. See Mass of BOLSENA. Miracle of Hoses of St. Francis. A large fresco-painting by Fried- rich Overbeck (1789-1869), and considered his masterpiece in that department of art. At As- sisi, Italy. Miracle of St. Mark. A cele- brated picture attributed to Gior- gio Barbarelli, called Giorgione (1477-1611), based upon a famous legend connected with the his- tory of Venice. In the Accade- njia delle Belle Arti, in Venice, Italy. ;K3^ " No painting, in my judgment, surpasses or perhaps equals his'[Tio- toret's] St. Mark. No one, save Ru- bens, laas 60 caught the instantaneous- ness of motion, the fury of flight; alongside of this vehemence and this truthfulness, classic figures seem stiff, as if copied after Academy models whose arms are upheld by strings: we are borne along with him, and fol- low him to the ground, as yet un- reached." TainCt Trans. Miracle of the Cross. A picture by Gentile Bellini (1421-1507). In the Accademia delle Belle Arti, at Venice, Italy. Miraculous Draught of Pishes. The subject of one of the famous cartoons of Kaphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican at Eome were exe- cuted. S^ " The composition of Raphael [the cartoon of the Miraculous Draught MIE 325 MIT of Irishes] is just what we should seek for in Raphael, a masterpiece of dra- matic expression — the Bignificant, the poetical, the miraculous predominat- ing." Mrs. Jameson. Miraculous "Wafers. A Catholic holy relic preserved in the chapel of St. Sacrament des Miracles in the Cathedral of Brussels, Bel- gium. The -wafers when scoff- mgly pierced with knives by Jews, who in the fourteenth century had stolen them from the altar, are said to have emitted jets of blood. The miracle is the occasion of an annual religious ceremony. Miramar. A well-known Gothic castle on a point of land ex- tending into the sea, near Trieste, Austria. It "was the residence of Maximilian, the Em- peror of Mexico, and Carlotta, his wife. Miriam singi;rig the Song of Tri- umph. A picture by "Washington Allston (1779-1843). Formerly in possession of Hon. David Sears, Boston, Mass. Misericordia di Lucca. A cele- brated picture by Baccio del Por- ta, called Fra Bartolommeo (1469- 1517), and his most important work. At Lucca, Italy. jC®=- " Famous in the history of art. The expression in the heads, the dig- nified beneficence of the Virgin, the dramatic feeling in the groups, par- ticularly the women and children, justify the fame of this picture as one of the greatest of the productions of mind." Mrs. Jameson, Misers, The. See Two Miseks. Misfortunes of Job. See Joe. Miss Kelley's Theatre. SeeSoHO Theatke. Mission Dolores. An interesting old Spanish mission station and church about three miles from San Francisco, Cal. It was founded by Jesuit missionaries upwards of a hundred years ago. The church has been partly en- closed with wood in order to pre- serve it. Mitre, The. 1. A noted tavern in Fleet Street, London, deriving its fame chiefly from the fact that it was a favorite resort of Dr. Johnson. It is no longer standing. Here Johnson and Boswell determined to make a tour to the Hebrides. ^6®=" "The Mitre/favern etilj^'stand^ in Fleet Street; but where now is 4t9 ecot-and-lot* payipg, beef-and-ale lov- ing, cocked-hatted, pot-bellied Land- lord; its rosy-faced, assiduous Land- lady, with all her shining bfass pans, waxed tables, well-filled larder-shelves ; her cook8| and bootjacks, and errand- boys, and watery -mouthed hangers-ori ? Gone! Gone! The becking waiter, that with wreathed smiles, wont to spread for Samuel and Bozzy their ' supper of the gods,' has long since pocketed his last sixpence; and van- ished, sixpences and all, like a ghost at cock-crowing. The Bottles they drank out of are all broken, the Chairs they sat on all I'Otted and burnt; the very Knives and Forks they ate with have rusted to the heart." Carlyle. ,e®=- " The orthodox high-church sound of The Mitre — the figure and manner of the celebrated Samuel John- son — the extraordinary power and precision of his conversation, and the pride arising from finding myself ad- mitted as his companion, produced a variety of sensations and a pleasing elevation of mind, beyond what I had ever experienced." JBoswell. S^ " On the other side of Fleet Street we can seethe * Mitre Tavern,' closing up the end of a court — but not the old original ' Mitre ' where Johnson sat with Boswell. It was pulled down within living memory, and with it the corner in which the sage used to sit, and which was religiously marked by his bust. Yet even as it stands in its restoration, there is something quaint in the feeling, as you enter through a low covered passage from Fleet Street, and flee its cheerful open door at the end. The passage to the * Mitre Ms as it was in Johnson's day, and his eyes must have been often raised to the old heams that support its roof. Even in its modern shape, it retains much that is old-fashioned and rococo." Fitzgerald. 2. A London tavern, in Wood Street, destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, and spoken of by Pepys a few years before that time as being " a house of the greatest note in London." 3. An old London tavern in Fenchurch Street, destroyed in MOA 326 MOIST the Great Fire afterwards rebuilt, but soon Moat of Knockgraffon. A very singular artificial mound in Tip- perary county, Ireland, built, ac- cording to tradition, in 1108, and invested with much legendary lore. Mock Election. A noted picture by Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786-1846). Modern Italy. A picture by Jo- seph Mallord "William Turner (1775-1851), the celebrated Eng- lish painter. Modesty and Vanity. A cele- brated picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In the Palazzo Sciarra, Rome. jg^ " One of Leonardo's most beau- tiful pictures, . . . remarkably power- ful in coloring and wonderfully fin- ished." Kugler. j6®^ " * Mary Magdalene rebuked by her sister Martha for her vanity and luxury.' I believe 1 am the first to suggest that the famous picture in the Sciarra Palace, by Leonardo da Vinci, known as ^ Modesty and Vanity , is, a version of this subject." Mrs. Jameson. XS^ ** One of the masterpieces of this gallery [in the Sciarra Palace], and perhaps the greatest, I find to be the Modesty and Vanity of Leonardo da Vinci. It is simply two female figures on a dark background. . . . The ex- pression of the face representing Van- ity is extraordinary. "We can never know the research, the combinations, the internal spontaneous reflective la- bor, the ground traversed by his spirit and intellect in order to evolve a head like this. She is much more delicately formed and more noble and elegant than Mona Lisa. The luxuriance and taste of the coiffure are remarkable. She has a strange, melancholy smile, one peculiar to Da Vinci, combining the sadness and irony of a superior nature." Taine, Trans. Mceris, Lake. See Lake Mcekis. Mogul. See Court of the Great Mogul. Mohammed Ali, Mosque of. See Mosque of Mohammed Ali. Mohocks, The. A name under which ruffians and vilUans com- mitted dastardly assaults and va- rious cruelties in London. This fraternity assembled in the time of Queen Anne, and was not broken up till nearly the end of George the First's reign. A royal proclamation was Issued against them in 1712, but with little result. ^£^ " Here is the devil and all to do with these Mohocks. Grub-street pa- pers about them fly like lightning, and a list printed of near eighty put into several prisons, and all a lie; and I begin to think there is no truth, or very little, in the whole story. . . . My man tells me that one of the lodgers heard in a coffee-house, publicly, that one design of the Mohocks was upon me, if they could catch me; and though I believe nothing of it, I forbear walking late." Dean Swift {Journal to Stella, 1712). Who has not trembled at the Moliock's name ? Was there a watchman took his hourl7 rounds Safe from their blows or new-invented wounds ? I pass their desperate deeds and mischiefs, done Where from Snow-hill black steepy tor- rents run ; How matrons, hooped within the hogs- head's womb. Were tumbled furions thence; the rolling tomb O'er the stones thunders, bounds from side to side : So Regulus, to save his country, died. Gay. Molifere, Fontaine. See Fontaine MOLliRE. Molle, Ponte. See Ponte Molle. Momba Devi. A famous Hindoo temple in Bombay, India. Mona Lisa. See Belle Joconde. " Monaco di Leonardo." A pic- ture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 1519). In the Palazzo Pitti, Flor- ence, Italy. Monadnock, The. A formidable armor-plated vessel of the United States navy in the Ci^^l War of 1861-65. She was one of the ves- sels of Admiral Porter's flotilla in the attack upon Fort Fisher, Dec. 14, 1864. Monarch of the Glen. A well- known picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most JION 327 MON celebrated modern painter of ani- mals. Monastery, The. A picture by Jacob Euysdael (1025?-1681), and considered one of his master- pieces. In the Dresden Gal- lery. Monboddo. A country-seat in Scotland, near Pordoun, former- ly the seat of Lord Monboddo, distinguished for the remarkable speculations upon the origin of man, contained in his " Disserta- tions upon the Origin and Prog- ress of Language." Monceaux, Pare de. A prome- nade and garden in Paris, taste- fully laid out, containing flowers, shrubs, some fine ancient trees, and various artificial adornments. Here is a small lake surrounded by a partly ruined portico of Cor- inthian columns. It was origi- nally laid out in 1778 with grot- tos, bowers, fountains, etc., by Carmontel, for Philippe Egalite. It is now the property of the municipality of Paris, and is open to the public. Monitor, The. A novel American gunboat, built in New York by John Ericsson (b. 1803), a Swedish engineer, during the war of the Rebellion. Her first engagement was with the Confederate ram Merrimack, in Hampton Eoads, on the 9th of March, 1862. The Merrimack was quickly put to flight. The Monitor was a sort of flat iron raft with a heavy-plated revolving turret containing two powerful guns. The name Moni- tor has since been applied to iron- clad vessels of similar construc- tion. ]^= " The Monitor was built almost wholly of Ihree-ineh iron, pointed at both ends like a whale-boat, her deck only a few Inches above the water. It was 124 feet in length, 34 in width, and six in depth, with a flat bottom. Over this hull was another that extended over the lower one three feet all round, excepting at the ends, where the pro- jection was 25 feet, for the protection of the anchor, propeller, and rudder. On her deck was a revolving turret made of eight thicknesses of one-inch wrought-iron plates, round, 20 feet in diameter, and 10 feet high. The smoke- stack was telescopic in construction, so so as to be lowered in battle. Within this revolving turret or citadel (which was easily turned by a contrivance) were two heavy Dahlgren cannons. By turning the turret these * bull-dogs * might look straight into the face of an attacking enemy, wherever he might be, without changing the position of the vessel. Thti 31onitor was propelled by a powerful steam-engine." Lo&sing, Monmouth Street. A well-known London street, called by Dickens, from its sliops for old clothes, ' ' the burial-place of the fash- ions." It is now Dudley Street. i3@=- ** If Field Lane, with its long fluttering rows of yellow handker- chiefs, be a Dionysius' Ear, where, in stifled jarring hubbub, we hear the Indictment which Poverty and Vice bring against lazy Wealth, that it has left them there cast-out and trodden under foot of Want, Darkness, and the Devil, — then is Monmouth Street a Mirza's Hill, where, in motley vision, the whole Pageant of Existence passes awfully before us ; with its wail and jubilee, mad loves and mad hatreds, chureh-bells and gallows-ropes, farce- tragedy, beast-godhood, — the Bedlam of Creation 1 " Carlyle (Sartor Hesartus), The long tables had disappeared, and, in place of the sage maei, I beheld a ragged, threadbare throny, such as may be seen plying about the great repository of cast-ofF clothes, Monmouth Street. Irving. With awe-struck heart I walk through that Monmouth Street, with its empty Suits, as through a Sanhedrim of stainless Ghosts. Carlyle. Monongahela, The. A noted ves- sel of the United States navy, in service in the "War of the Kebel- lion, 1861-65. Quickly breasting the wave, Eager the prize to win, First of us all the brave Monongahela went in, Under full head of steam. li. H. Bvownell. Mons Aventinus. See Aventine Mount; and for MoNS Capitoli- NUS, Mons Ccelius, Mons Esqui- LiNus, Mons Palatinus, Mons QaiRiNus, Mons Viminalis, and tlie like names, see Capitoline Hill, Ccelian Hill, Esquiline Hill, Palatine Mount, Quiki- nal Hill, Viminal Hill, etc. MON 328 MO^r Mons Meg. A famous piece ol ancient ordnance in Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, supposed to have been forged at Mons, in Flanders, In the fifteenth century. Mons Saeer. [Ital. Monte Sacro, The Sacred Mount.] A hill three miles from Eome, and bej'ond the Anio, to which the plebeians withdrew at the time of their famous secession under Menenius Agrippa, B.C. 494. A second se- cession took place, after the death of Virginia, when the plebeians revolted against Appius Claudius, and retired again to Mons Sacer. The epithet Sacer is derived, ac- cording to Dionysius, from an altar erected to Zeu? ieifiinos. According to others it was from the Lex Saci-aia decreed upon the occasion of the first secession. Monserrat. [From Mons Serratiis, the jagged mountain.] This fa- mous Benedictine convent, near Barcelona, Spain, was founded A.D. 976. It owes its origin, ac- cording to the Catholic legend, to the miraculous image of the Virgin, which was brought to Barcelona by St. Peter himself, A.D. 50. Upon reaching the summit of the Mons Serratus, where the convent now stands, the Virgin refused to proceed any farther ; upon which a chapel with a cross was built over her, where she remained 100 years. It is said that not less than 100,- 000 persons. Including tourists and pilgrims, visit this convent yearly. Mont Brilliant. A royal country residence, with a fine picture-gal- lery, near Hanover, Germany. Mont de PifitS. The great pawn- broking concern of Paris, estab- lished in 1777. /J®= " The name Mons PiHatis came with the invention from Italy. In the first centiu'y of the Christian era, free gifts were collected, and preserved in churches, to defray the expenses of di- vine service, and for the reUef of the poor. The collections thus made were called Monies or Mounts, a name origi- nally applied to all moneys procured or heaped together; and it has ap- peared that the inventor added the word Pietas to give to his institution a sacred or religious character, and to procure for it universal approbation and support. In Italy their establish- ment is of very early date, and in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the plan had spread to nearly all the cities. In 1777 a Mont de Piet^ was estab- lished in Paris by a royal ordinance of Louis XVI." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. JBE^ " Pawnhroking in France, as in most parts of the Continent, is a mu- nicipal monopoly. It was established in 1777, but is now regulated by the law of June, 1851, and the necessary capital taiien from the general hospital fund, which also receives the net prof- its for charitable purposes. About l,OOO,OO0<. is usually lent out. The average of articles pledged is 17/. ; the lowest value rate of interest is about six per cent. The articles pledged, if not redeemed, are sold at the expiration of 14 months ; and the surplus money, if any, is paid to the owner if application is made within three years. There are two large branch establishments in the Rue Bonaparte and Rue de la Ro- quette, and about 20 branches ( Commis- sionaires) in different parts of Paris. The profit .annually to the institution is about 233,000/." Murray^s Handbook. .8®^ " I must own, however, that al- though the interior of the Mont de Piete was repulsive to witness, I left its cen- tral office with an impression which reflection has strengthened rather than removed. — that that portion of the community of any country, whose ne- cessities force them occasionally to pawn their effects, have infinitely less to fear from an establishment guided hy fixed principles, and open every day from nine till four to the public, than they would be, — .and in England are, — in transacting the same business in private, cooped with an individual who, to say the least, may encourage the act which nothing but cruel neces- sity can authorize." Sir Francis B. Head. Mont Parnasse, Boulevard du. This quarter of Paris is said to have been so called because the students were accustomed to de- claim verses here. Mont Val6rien. {Movnt Valinen.] An eminence near Paris, rising 343 feet above the Seine, on the route to St. Germain, converted into a citadel, vv'hich is consid- ered one of the strongest of the fortifications of Paris. MON In^oatK Fa?fr:ithing a single regret at the recollections of Italy. The wonderful genius of Murillo can be studied and felt nowhere but at Se- ville, where he lived and died, and whose cathedral, convents and bouses are full of his works." George Ticknor. Mosque el-Aksa. This structure, situated within the enclosure of the Haram at Jerusalem, is sup- posed to be of tlie same outline and to occupy the same site as a magnificent basilica built in the sixth century in honor of the Vir- gin liy the emperor Justinian, le Vogiie' says that the present edifice is of Arabian construc- tion, liuilt upon the ruins of a Christian church as substructure. Mr. Fergusson dec lares that it is entirely a Mohammedan struc- ture, and not the Mary Church of Justinian. This mosque is in the form of a basilica, consisting of seven aisles, and covering iu all an area of about 50,000 square feet. Mosque of Ahmed ebu Tooloou. This mosque, usually called the Jama (Gama) Tooloon, is the old- est in Cairo, Egypt, dating from 879 A.D. It is architecturally interesting because it shows that the pointed arch was used in Egypt about 300 years before it was introduced into EuroiDe. Mosque of Amer. An interesting mosque at Old Cairo, Egypt, now in a state of partial decay. Mosque of Azhar. A large mosque at Cairo, Egypt, founded about 970, and afterwards rebuilt and enlarged. Here is the chief uni- versity of the East, containing about 300 professors, and nearly 10,000 students. Mosque (pr Cathedral) of Cordo- va. A grand church, formerly a Moorish mosque, in Cordova, Spain. It was begun by Abder- rahman I. in 786, and until 1528 remained precisely as the Moors left it ; and even now the altera- tions are inconsiderable. It is still called the Mezquita, the mosque. It is now converted into the Cath- olic church of the city. i:^r' "The grandest of all the monu- ments of Arabic architecture, for be- tween Bagdad and the Pillars of Hercu- les nothing to be compared to it is to be found. It is one of the largest churches in the world. The coup iVoeil on entering is m.agnificent. Koth- ing but St. Peter's equals it; not even the vast Gothic churches of the North, or the Cathedral of Milan, besides that it has the charm of entire novelty iu its form, style, and tone." George Ticknor, i>jr" " As far as the history of archi- tecture is concerned, by far the most interesting building in Spain is this Mosque of Cordoba. It was the first important building commenced by the Moors, and was enlarged and orna- mented by successive rulers, so that it contains specimens of all the styles cur- rent in Sp.ain from the earliest times till the building of the Alhambra, which was in the latest age of Moorish art. This celebrated mosque was com- MOS 335 MOS menced by Caliph Abd-el-Eahman, in tlie year 7SG, and completed by his son Hesham, who died 796. ... It covers 167,600 square feet, being a larger superticies than that of any Christian church except that of St. Peter's at Eome. It is, however, sadly deficient in height, being only about 30 feet high to the roofs, and also wants subordi- nation of parts." Fergusson. In Cordova's grand cathedral StamI the pillars thirteen hundred ; Thirteen hundred yiant pillars Bear the cupola, — that wonder. Moorish monarchs once erected This fair jiilc to -VUah's glory; But iu the wild, dark whirl of ases Many a change has stolen o'er it. Heine, Trans. And in whose mosque Almanzor hung As lamps the hells that once had rung At Compostella's shrine. JjongfelloiD . Mosque of Kaitbey. A beautiful Mohammedan temple in Cairo, Egypt. JKS= '* Looked at externally or inter- nally, nothing can exceed the grace of every part of this building. Its small dimensions exclude it from any claim to grandeur, nor does it pretend to the purity of the Greek and some other styles; but as a perfect model of the elegance we generally associate with the architecture of this people, it is perhaps unrivalled by any thing in Egypt, and far surpasses the Alham- bra or the other western buildings of its age." Fergitsson. Mosque of Mohammed All. This mosque at Cairo, Egypt, was be- gun by Mohammed Ali, and fin- ished after his death. It is not admired for its architecture; but a good effect is however produced by the richness of the materials used, and by the vast size of the structure. It is of Oriental ala- baster, with the exception of the outer walls. A fine view can be obtained from this mosque. fl®-Ui6s Martineau says of the view from the mosque : " In the evening the beauty is beyond description. The vastness of the city, as it lies stretched below, surprises every one." After sneaking of the more distant objects to be seen— the Pyramids, etc., — she adds • " This view is the great sight of Cairo, and that which the stranger con- trives to bring into his plan for almost every day." The great lion of the place. ... It is built of alabaster of a fair white, with a dcllcale blushing tinge; but the orna- ments are European — the noble, fantas- tic, beautiful Oriental art is forgotten. Tltackeray. Mosque of Omar. This mosque (Kubbet es-Sukhrah, " the Dome of the Kock ") covers the site long occupied by the great Jew- ish temples on the heights of Mount Moriah, in Jerusalem. It is very beautiful, being built of variegated marbles, with a splen- did dome, fine arches and ar- cades, surrounded by green lawns dotted by cypress-trees. On the Mohammedan Sabbath it presents a very cheerful specta- cle, worshippers being at prayers under the cypress-trees, women, Mohammedan nuns, sitting about the lawns, and children sitting upon the grass. Any Christian who should enter even the outer- most court of the mosque would be liable to immediate death by stoning, and even an approach to it subjects him to insult. The Caliph Omar built this mosque, according to the common tradi- tion, over the celebrated rock es- tiukhrah. The Arab historians say, however, that the mosque was rebuilt by the Caliph Abd el-Melek, the work being begun in 686 A.D. Upon the sacred rock, directly under the dome, is shown the " Footprint of Mo- hammed," where the foot of that prophet left the earth on his jour- ney to heaven ; and near by the " Handprint of Gabriel," where that angel seized the rock and held it down when it was rising with Mohammed. g^ " According to the treaty of ca- pitulation, in virtue of which the city [Jerusalem] was coded to the Moslems ... it was agreed that a spot of ground should be ceded to Omar, in which he might establish a place of prayer. For this purpose the site of the old Temple of the Jews was assigned him, that spot being considered sacred by the Moslems on account of the nocturnal visit of the prophet, and because they then wished to conciliate the Jews, while at the same time the spot was held accursed by the Christians on ac- count of the Lord's denunciation, and MOS 336 MOU Julian's attempt to rebuild it. Here Omar built a small mosque wbicli still exists, but all the traditions of the place have become so confused by subse- quent interchanges between the Chris- tians and themselves that it is difficult to say whether it is the chamber bear- ing the name on the east of the Mosque of the Monegrins, or to the west. As might be expected from the si-mplicity of Omar's character, his poverty, and his hatred of every thing lilie ostenta- tion, his mosque is a very simple build- ing." Fergusson. ,6®- " The Dome of the Eock, now tnown to European travellers as the * Mosque of Omar,' — which was un- doubtedly the church which Constan- tine erected over what he believed to have been the sepulchre of Christ, — was throughout the twelfth century considered equal in sanctity with the Church of the Sepulchre; and the ven- eration with which it was regarded had, np doubt, considerable influence upon the architecture of the age." Fergusmn. The Mosque of Omar is the St. Peter's of Turitey. Sir Fredetnck Hennilier. Mosque of Sultan el HSkem. The oldest mosque but one at Cairo, Egypt. It affords an example ol the early use of the pointed arch in Saracenic buildings, the time of its erection being nearly two centuries earlier than the general adoption of that style of architec- ture in England. Mosque of Sultan Hassan. [,7o- ma-t-es Soltdn Hassan,] This mosque at Cairo, Egypt, the finest in the city, was begun in 1357, and finished three years later. It is much admired for its archi- tecture. Motee Musjeed. See Peakl MOSQTJB. Moultrie, Fort. See Fokt Moui,- TKIE. Mount Athos, Monasteries of. The sides of tlnis mountain. Mount Athos, in Turljey, are occupied by 22 convents, together with many cells, grottos, etc., affording a habitation to more than 3,000 monks. Most of these convents were founded in the time ol the Byzantine Empire, some in the time of Constantine the Great. From the multitude ol these as- cetic retreats, Mount Athos, to- gether with the peninsula upon which it stands, is known in the Levant as the Holy Mountain ('Ayioi-'Opos, Monto Santo). Mount Auburn. An extensive and beautiful cemetery in Cam- bridge, Mass., the first of the large country cemeteries of the United States. It was- conse- crated in 1831. The grounds are laid out with great taste, and contain many fine and costly monuments. The place was formerly known as " S*eet Au- burn." XlSj^ "Wbat parent, as he conducts his son to Mount Auburn or to Bunker Hill, will not, as he pauses before their monumental statues, seek to heigliten bis reverence for virtue, for patriotism, for science, for learning, for devotion to the public good, as he bids him con- template the form of that grave and venerable Winthrop, who left his pleas- ant home in England to come and found a new republic in this untrodden wilder- ness; of that ardent and intrepid Otis, who first struck out the spark of Ameri- can independence ; of thatnobie Adams, its most eloquent champion on the floor of Congress ; of that martyr Warren, who laid down bis life in its defence; of that self-taught Bowditch, who, without a guide, threaded the starry mazes of the heavens ; of that Story, bonored at home and abroad as one of the brightest luminaries of the law, and by a felicity of which I believe there is no other example, admirably l^ortrayed in marble by bis son ? " Edward Everett. I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn, Where a little headstone stood ; How the flakes were folding it gently. As did robins the babes in the wood. Lowell. Mount Calvary. See Calvaky. Mount Carmel, Convent of. A noble monastic establishment, be- longing to the order of Carmelites, on Jlount Carmel, in northern Palestine. The spot is associated with many interesting events, not only in sacred story, but in mod- ern history. During the siege of " Acre by Napoleon, the convent was used as a hospital lor French soldiers. The buildings were afterwards burned by thei Turks, but have been rebuilt in MOU 337 MOU this century, and are the finest of the kind in Palestine. Mount Edgecumbe. A castellated mansion, dating from the time of Henry VIII., the seat of the Edgecumbe family, near Plym- outh, England. The grounds are famous for their beautiful views of land and sea. PortliwitTi, a guard at every gun AVas placed along the wall ; The beacon blazed upon the roof Of Edgecombe's lofty hall. Macaulay. Mount Holy oka Seminary. A well-known school for young women, founded in 1836. It is situated in South Hadley, Mass. Mount Hood. A well-known jiic- ture by Albert Bierstadt(b. 1829). Mount Hope. An eminence in Bristol County, B.I., nearly op- posite what is now called Fall Eiver, Mass., and celebrated as the residence of King Philip, the chief of the Indian tribe of the Wampanoags, who carried on the long and destructive war with the early settlers of New England, which broke out in 1675, and is known as " King Philip's War." .6®=- " Near the brow of the hill, Philip lised hie wigwam and held his dusky court. He has had Irving for his biographer, Southey for his bard, and Forrest for bis ideal representa- tive. In his own time be was the pub- lic enemy whom any should slay ; in ours be is considered a martyr to the idea of liberty — his idea of liberty not differing from that of Tell and Tous- saint, whom we call heroes." Drake.. j8®= " As Philip looked down from Ms seat on Mount Hope, that glorious eminence, that — — ' throne of roval state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormusand of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, , Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.' — as be looked down, and beheld the lovely scene which spread beneath, at a summer sunset, the distant bill-tops glittering as with fire, the slanting beams streaming across the waters, the broad plains, the island groups, the majestic forest, — could he be blamed if his heart burned within him, as he beheld it all passing, by no tardy pro- cess, from beneath his control, into the hands of the stranger? " Edward Everett. Mount Lander. A well-known picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). Mount Mario. See Monte Mario. Mount of Precipitation. A lo- cality fixed upon by monastic tradition in the immediate vi- cinity of Nazareth in northern Palestine, as the spot to which Jesus was taken by the Jews, with a design to cast him down " from the brow of the hill." Mount Pleasant. An old colonial house in what is now Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Penn. It was built in 1761, and was owned for a time by Benedict Arnold, having been confiscated alter his act of treason. Mount St. Michael. A renowned castle-convent, situated upon the summit of a picturesque isolated rock of the same name rising out of a wide expanse of sands in Normandy, France. This shrine of the Archangel Michael has loeen for centuries the resort of thousands of pious worshippers including many royal pilgrims. The convent bore the name of the Marvel, from the immense size and strength of its walls. During the Eevolution it was turned into a prison. St. Mich- ael's Mount in Cornwall was a dependency of this monastery. From various letters which my friend had written me from this proud eminence, I had formed a very distinct idea of ihe place. I had imagined a hill not unlike Mount St. Michel, my friend's house an- swenng to the monastery on the top. Harper's Magazine. Mount Sinai (Convent). See St. Cathekine. Mount Valerien. See Mont Va- LERIEN. Mount Vernon. The estate and home of George "Washington, in Fairfax County, Va., about 15 miles below the city of Washing- ton. It was named after Admiral MOU 33^ MUC Yernon of the British navy. The mansion contains many interest- ing relics connected with Wash- ington, and among others the key of the Bastille -winch was pre- sented to him by Lafayette. In 1855 the house with six acres of land was purchased by the Ladies' Mount Vernon Association, and is now the property of the nation. Tell me, ye who mnke your pious pil- frrimage to flie shades of Venioji, is Wasli- niitini indeed shut u|> in tliat cold nn:1 nuiTow house? That which made these men, and men like these, cannot die. Edward Everett- The tree who've branches in your north winds wave Dropped itsyounsblossomson J/om?/ Ver- non's grave. WluUier. As fvnm the jrrave where Tlenry sleeps, Frnm Vei'non''s weopint willow, And from the prassy pall winch hides The sat;e uf Monticello. Whntier. Mount Zion. The chief and most interesting of the hills upon which Jerusalem is built. It is the oldest part of the city, the first upon which buildings were erected. PinK, heavenly jruse. that on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That shejihcrd, who first taught the chosen seed In the beginning how the heavens and carih I?o-,(> out of Chaos; or if Sion hill Delitiht thee more, and Siloa'd broolt that flijwid Fast by tlie oracle of Gnd, I thence Invoke tliy aid to my adventurous sunc- Ala ion. Mountain of Light. See ICohi- NOOR. Mourning Bush. An ancient and celebrated tavern in Aldersgate, London. Mousa Castle. A Pictish castle on one of the Orkney Islands, said to be " ]ierhaps the most perfect Teutonic fortress now extant in Europe." Mouse-tower, The. [Ger. Mmise- th'irm.] A tower on an island in the Rhine, supposed to have been erected in the Middle Ages by some of the robhcr-kniglits of the Rhine. The ruins have been covered with stucco, and con- verted into a watch-tower. It derives its name from the legend of the cruel Archbishop Hatto of Mayence. According to the story, as told by Southey in his familiar ballad, the Bishop, having burned alive a barnfnl of starving poor in order to rid himself of their importunities for food from his well -furnished granaries, was punished for his cruel act by be- ing devoured by a whole army of rats in his tower on the Rhine, to which he had fled for safety. " Fly ! my Lord Bishop, fly," quoth he, "Ten thousand I'ats are couiing this wsy — The Lord forgive you for yesterday ! " "I'll go to my tower on the Rhine," re- plied he. " Tis the SHfest place in Germany; The walls aie hiyh, and the shores are Sleep, And the stream is strong, and the water deep!" Southey. 4®= " It appears to have been built in the thii'teenth century by a Bishop Siegfried (full 200 years afiL-r the death of Bisho]} Hatto) , along with the oppo- site castle of Ehrenft4s, as a watch- tower and toll-house for collecting the duties upon all goods which passed the spot. The word maufiie probably only an older form of vuuith, duty or toll; and this name, together with the very unpopular object for which the tower was erected, perhaps gave rise to the dolorous story of Bishop Hatto and the rats." Murray^s Handbook, From my study I see in the lamp-light, lK--ceiiding the Itroad hall stair. Grave Alice, and lauj^liinu Allegra, And Kditli with gulden hair. They almost devour me*with kisses; Tlieir arms alumt me intwine, Till 1 think of the lii&hop of Biiigen In his Moose-Tower on the Khine. LongftUm. Moyamensing Prison. A massive prison in Philadelphia, Penn. Mozart HaU. A building in Cin- cinnati, O., devoted to lectures and concerts. Mozzi, Villa. See Villa Mozzr. Mucross Abbey. A beautiful and famed monastery, now in ruins, situated in the county of Kerry, Ireland. It is of the fourteenth century. The best-preserved por- tion is the cloister, which consists of 22 arches. The whole area ia MUB 339 MUS covered by a magnificent yew- tree of a growth of centuries. Muezzin, The. A picture by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Mug-house Clubs. The Mug-house club was one of the most popular clubs in London early in the eigh- teenth century. The house in Long Acre derived its name from the fact that each member drank his ale from a separate mug. After a time other similar clubs were formed, and they became intimately connected with politi- cal events. Their tumults and struggles with the Jacobites cul- minated in the serious Mug-house riots of the year 171G. The Mug- house club in Long Acre, though subsequently a political rendez- vous, was not such at first, and is said to have consisted of gentle- men, lawyers, and statesmen. The Club in its early days is thus described: '"They have a grave old Gentleman, in his own gray Hairs, now within a few months of Ninety years old, who is their President, and sits in an arm'd chair some steps higher than the rest of the company to keep the whole Room in order. A Harp plays all the time at the lower end of the Room; and every now and then one or other of the Com- pany rises and entertains the rest with a song, and (by the by) some are good Masters. Here is noth- ing drunk but ale; and every Gentleman hath his separate Mug, which he chalks on the Ta^ ble where he sits as it is brought in; and e%'ery one retires when he pleases as from a Coffee-house. The Room is always so diverted with Songs, and drinking from one Table to another to one another's Healths, that there is no room for Politicks, or any thing that can sow'r conversa- tion." Mulberry Garden. A celebrated place of resort and entertainment in London in the seventeenth century, now included in the gar- dens oiE Buckingham Palace. Muleteer, The. A picture by An- tonio Allegri, surnamed Correg- gio (1494-1534). In the gallery of Stafford House, London. Mulets, Grands. See Gkands Mu- LETS. Mulino, II. See Mill, The. Mungret Priory. An interesting monastic ruin in the county of Limerick, Ireland. It is said to have been founded by St. Pat- rick, and is undoubtedly of high antiquity. Miinster Congress. A picture by Gerard Terburg (1608-1681), the Dutch .(/enre-painter, and consid- ered one of his masterpieces. It was sold at the Demidoff sale for 182,000 francs, and is now in the National Gallery, London. Murder of the Innocents. See Massacre of the Innocents. Mure Torto. A piece of broken wall in the garden of the Pincian Hill. jg®^ " At the farthest point of the Pincio you look down from the parapet upon the Muro TortOf a massive frag- ment of the oldest Roman wall, -which juts over, as if ready to tumble down by its own weight, yet seems still the most indestructible piece of work that men's hands have ever piled together." Hawthorne, The Marble Faun. Hence turning to the right out of the Porto del Popolo, we came to Justinian's garden neere the Mnro Torto, so promi- nently built as tlircatening every moment to fall, yet standing so for these thousand years. John Evelyn, 1644. .Kir*' Vainly have the antiquaries puzzled themselves to conceive thera with what intention, or by whom, this piece of deformity was made, wheth- er originally built in this strange shape,^ or whether fallen into it by time or ac- cident." Eaton. Mus6e du Louvre. A vast coIIcct tion of works of art in Paris, oc- cupying almost the whole of the Louvre Palace and Louvre Gal- lery. See LocrvKE. jl!®-" As a whole it is perhaps the finest, and as regards numbers the lar- gest in Europe, although it must yield in Italian art to those of the Vatican and Florence ; in Dutch, to those of the MUS 340 MUS Hague, Amsterdam, and Antwerp ; in Roman antiquities, to the Museums of ttie Capitol and Vatican at Home, and to that of Naples ; and in Greek sculp- ture, to the British Museum. Most of the objects are set out and exhibited to the best advantage in splendid rooms. Under Napoleon III. the whole was re-arranged, whilst very great additions were made in every department, espe- cially in the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Etruscan, — among them the magnifi- cent collections of the Marquis Cam- pana, of Rome, purchased in 1861 for nearly 200,000^., which form the most important portion of the Musee Napo- 16on III." Mmray's Handbook, Mus^e du Luxembourg. [Mu- seum of the Luxembourg.] A gallery of paintings in the Lux- embourg Palace, Paris. ;6^ " This gallery contains what are considered to be the best works of living French painters; at the expira- tion of ten years from the death of an artist, his works may be transferred to the Louvre. This gallery dates from 1818, and the works have been mostly purchased after the annual exhibitions under the selection of a jury composed chiefly of members of the Institute, tjntil lately the pictures selected were almost entirely of the school of the Empire and Restoration — enormous classical or academic subjects. Of late, however, this system has been departed from, and the collection is now a fairer representation of the French school of the day." Murray's Handbook. Museo, El. [The Museum.] The royal picture-gallery of JIadrid, Spain, and one of the richest col- lections in the world. Of the building, Pergusson says, " If not quite successful in design, it has so many good points about it as to be well worthy of study." The gallery contains a vast number of pictures by Spanish and Italian ^ artists. Museo Borbonico. [Bourbon Mu- seum.] A celebrated museum of antiquities, sculptures, paintings, gems, etc., in Naples, Italy. It received its name from Ferdinand I., in 1816, who placed in it the royal coUectionsof antiquities and pictures. The greater part of the relics found at Herculaneum and Pompeii are deposited here. This museum is now called Museo Na- zionale. Museo Capitolino. [Capitoline Museum.] A gallery of sculp- ture, — the Museum of the Capi- tol, — at Rome. It was begun by Pope Clement XII., and, though not so extensive as that of the Vatican, is a most interesting col- lection. Museo Chiaramonti. An apart- ment in the Vatican, Eome, filled with sculptures, arranged by ■ Canova. It was founded by Pope Pius VIII., and derives its name from that of his family. .6®" "Here are some seven hundred pieces of sculpture, — all worthy of ex- amination, many of them curious, and some of them of great merit." Sillard. Museo Gregoriano. See Etkus- CAN Museum. Museo Uazionale. See MusEO BOKBOSIOO. Museo Pio-Clementino. A mu- seum in the Vatican Palace at Eome, so called from the two ■ popes Clement XIV. and Pius VI., who made large donations to it. It contaiiis the most mag- nificent collection of ancient sculpture in the world, among which may be mentioned the Torso Belvedere, the Meleager, the Antinous, the Laocoon, and the Apollo Belvedere. iS^ " This is by far the most exten- sive collection in the Vatican. Besides the Cortile of the Belvidere ..." it comprises the Hall of Animals, the Gallery of the Muses, the Circular Hall, the Hall of the Greek Cross, the Hall of the Biga, and the Grand Stair- case. In point of architecture, these are the most splendid portions of the whole Vatican, and the visitor knows not which most to admire, the innu- merable works of art which soHcit his attention, or the spacious courts, and the noble apartments around and in which they are distributed." Hillard. Museum, The. 1. This renowned institution at Alexandria, Egypt, was founded by Ptolemy Soter. Alexandria was a famous seat of learning, where for a long time flourished literature, science, and all branches of philosphy. Ao- MtJS 341 MYE cordmg to Strabo, the Museum was a large structure surrounded ■fay a corridor, and the famous Li- brary of Alexandria was attached to it. 2. A hill in Athens, Greece, south-west of the Acropolis. 3. A well-known edifice oi;i Tre- mont Street, Boston, Mass., used for theatrical purposes, and con- taining a museum of curiosities and antiquities. Tickets to the Mdseiim, — said the land- lady.— There is them that's glad enough to go to the Museum, when ticicets is given 'em; but some of 'em ha'n't had a ticltet sence Cenderilla was played. Holmes. 4. See British Museum, In- dia Museum, Sloane Museum, SoANE Museum, etc. Music Hall. A plain edifice in Boston, Mass., containing a noble hall, used for concerts and other purposes, and the largest organ in America. Music Master. A picture by Jan Steen (1626-1679), the Dutch genre painter. In the National Gallery, London. Musidora. An admired picture by , Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788). In the National Gallery, London. .efg= " His [Gaineborough'e] Musi- dora has euch delicate feet and so in- telligent a head that she is no simple girl bathing, but a lady." Taine^ Trans. Myrtle Grove. A mansion near Youghall, Ireland, near Cork, once the home of Sir "Walter Ea- leigh. It derives its name from the luxuriant growth of the myr- tles by which it is nearly covered, and some of which are nearly 30 feet high. NAG 342 NAT N. Wag's Head. A former tavern in London. Wamur, Siege of. See Siege of Namur. Naudo's. A coffee-house in Fleet Street, London, formerly much frequented by professional loun- fers. It is no longer a coffee- ouse. fl®= ** The lawyers discussed law or literature ; criticised the last new play, or retailed the freshest "Westminster Hall ' hite ' at Nando^s or the Grecian, both close on the purlieus of the Tem- ple. Here the young bloods of the Inns-of-Court paraded their Indian gowns and lace caps of a morning; and swaggered in their lace coats and Mechlin ruffles at night, after the the- atre." National Review. Uapoleon at Fontainebleau. A picture by Paul Delaroche (1797- 1856), the eminent French his- torical painter. Napoleon at St. Helena. An ad- mired picture by Benjamin Rob- ert Haydon (1786-1846). Narcissus. An ancient marble statue supposed to be the copy of a work by Praxiteles, the Greek sculptor (b. 392? B.C.). It is in the Museum at Naples, Italy. [Called also Pan, and Bacohus.'\ Narcissus and Echo. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turn- er (1775-1851), the English land- scape-painter, and regarded one of his best works. Narragansett Fort. A ruined In- dian fortress near Kingston, R.I., the scene of one of the most desperate conflicts between the early colonists of New England and the Indian tribes during "King Philip's "War." The fort, of which a few remains still ex- ist, was taken by the Massachu- setts and Connecticut men in De- cember, 1675. Nashville, The. A noted priva- teer of the Confederate navy in the war of the Bebellion. She was one of the most active and formidable vessels afloat, but was finally destroyed by the Montavk, under command of Capt. Worden. Nassau, John, Duke of, and his Family. A family picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641), and one of his grandest compo- sitions. Now at Panshanger. National Academy of Design. A fine building on Fourth Ave- nue, New York, devoted to the exhibition of works of American art. National Cemetery. A national burying - ground in Arlington, Va., containing the bodies of 16,- 000 soldiers, who fell in the war of the Rebellion. National Gallery. A collection d Eaintings and works of art in fOndon. It originated under the auspices of the British gov- ernment, and was founded in 1824. The building of the Na- tional Gallery was erected 1832- 38. iOEg^ ** It possesses windows without glass, a cupola without size, a portico without height, pepper-boxes without pepper, and the finest site in Europe, without any thing to show upon it," All the Year Round. National Gallery of Statuary. A semicircular chamber in the Capi- tol at Washington, formerly the hall of the House of Representa- tives, in which that body sat for 32 years. In 1864 the room was set apart as a hall of statuary. It contains statues of some of the most eminent men of the re- public, and of the colonial period, contributed by the different States. NAT 343 NAT KTational Monument. A memo- rial structure in Edinburgt , Scot- land, begun in l&l, in honor o( those British soldiers who fell in the Napoleonic wars. It was designed to be a copy of the Par- thenon at Athens, but for want of funds the building is still in an unfinished st^te. ITational Monument. An impos- ing memorial structure of gran- ite, erected on Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg, Penn., in honor of the Union soldiers who gave their lives for their country at this place in the great battle of July 3, 18fi3. It stands in the centre of the enclosure, which contains the bodies of some a.oOO soldiers, representing eighteen Northern States. The monument bears upon its base the famous words of President Lincoln, delivered at the consecration of the ceme- tery in November, 1863. National Portrait Gallery. An interesting gallery in the South Kensington Museum, London, founded in 1858. National Road. An ancient na- tional highway, established by Thomas Jefferson, and once a great thoroughfare. It extended from Saltimore, Md., through Frederick, Cumberland, and "Wheeling, to Columbus, O. Sometimes called the old Cum- berland Road. Nativity, The. [Ital. E Presepio, Fr. La Nativite'.] A very com- moQ subject of representation by the great mediEeval painters, ex- hibiting, under various aspects and circumstances, the birth of Christ. 'Of the numerous pic- tures treating of this subject, the following may be mentioned as among the more noted. But for the occa-^ion and the appellation it would be quite impossible to distinguish the loves that sport rnund Venus and Adonis from the Cherubim, so called, that hover above a Nativity, or a Kiposo. Mrs. Jameson. Nativity, The. A celebrated picture by Corregglo. See Notte, La. Nativity, Tlie. An admired pic- ture by Mariotto Albertinelll (1474-1515). In the Pitti Gallery, Florence, Italy. Nativity, The. A well-known picture by Giulio Romano (1492- 154B), which formerly belonged to Charles I. of England. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Nativity, The. A picture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver, erroneously ascribed to Herri de Bles. It is in the collection of the Marquis of Exeter at Bur- leigh House, England. Nativity, The. An altar-piece with wings, executed by Hugo van der Goes (d. 1482), the Flem- ish painter, for the church of the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova at Florence, Italy, where it is still preserved. Nativity, The. A small triptych altar-piece, representing the Na- tivity, a Dead Christ in the lap of the Virgin, and Christ appearing to his mother after the Resurrec- tion, by Roger van der Weyden, (d. 1464). It was presented by Pope Martin V. to the King of Spain, afterwards was brought to France, and is now in the Berlin Museum. ~ Nativity, The. A wall-paint- ing by Nabor Martin (1404-1453), a Flemish painter. In the "Grande Boucherie" at Ghent, Belgium. Nativity, The. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), a Flemish painter. Now in the National Gallery at Madrid, Spain. Nativity, Cave of the. See Cave OF THE Nativity. Nativity, Church of the. This splendid basilica at Bethlehem, the oldest specimen of Christian architecture in the world, was built by the Empress Helena in 327 A.b. In consequence of its being used by all sects alike, the church is now in a state of neg- lect. Connected with it is a chamber which was formerly the study of Jerome. In the church is an altar reputed to be upon the NAT 344 NEL spot where were buried the 20,000 children massacred by order of Herod. There is also here a low vault known as the Chapel of the Nativity, within which is a marble slab bearing the inscription, " Hie de Virgine Maria Jesus Christus natusest" ("Here Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary ")• Here is also the small chapel of the Prmsepium, or " Manger," the manger being represented by a marble trough. Attached to the church are large convents belong- ing to Roman Catholics, the Greek Church, and the Arme- nians. Natural Bridge. 1. A remarkable natural curiosity near the James Elver in Virginia, about 125 miles west of Richmond, It is an arch more than 200 feet in height span- ning Cedar Creek. This scene [the passage of the Potomac through the valley of the Blue Kidge] is worth a journey across the Atlantic: yet here, as In the neighborhood of the Nat- ural Bridge^ are people who have passed their lives within a dozen miles, and have never been to survey these monuments of a war between rivers and mountains, which must have shaiten tiie earth itself to its centre. Ttwmas Jefferson. 2. A curiosity of nature in "Walkgr County, Ala., considered by maliy as remarkable as the celebrated bridge in Virginia. Naval Academy. See United States Naval Academy. Naval Club. See Royal Naval Club. NavioeUa, La. [The boat or barge.] A celebrated mosaic now in the vestibule of St. Peter's Church in Rome, executed by Giotto (1276-13.36), with the help of his pupil Pietro Cavallini, and repre- senting a ship (symbolizing the Church) with the disciples upon an agitated sea, and the Saviour raising Peter from the waves. On the shore opposite is a fisherman. Several figures of Fathers are seen in the sky manifesting sym- pathy with those in the ship. The Winds are represented below on each side in the form of a demon. The picture has under- gone such injuries and repairs as to make any critical estimate difficult. t^^ " 'Christ walking on the Sea* is a familiar and picturesque suhject, not to he mistaken. The most ancient and most celebrated representation is Giotto's mosaic (A. D. 1298) , now placed in the portico of St. Peter's over the arch opposite to the principal door. The sentiment in the composition of this subject is, generally, * Lord, help me; or I perish.' St. Peter is sinking, and Christ is stretching out his hand to save him. It is considered as a type of the Church in danger, assailed by enemies, and saved by the miraculous interposition of the Redeemer; and in this sense must the frequent represen- tations in churchea be understood." Jlrs. Jameson. Navona, Piazza. See Piazza Na- vona. Naworth Castle. The seat of the Earl of Carlisle, near Gilsland, Scotland. Nazionale.ViUa. SeeViLLAREALE. Necessidades. A palace of vast size in Lisbon, Portugal, used for the meetings of the Cortes. .8®^ " Hence we were driven to the huge palace of Necessidades, which is but a wing of a building that no King of Portugal ought ever to be I'ich enough to complete, and which, if per- fect, might outvie the Tower of Babel. The mines of Brazil must have been productive of gold and silver indeed when the founder imagined this enor- mous edifice. . . . Although the palace has not attained any thing like its full growth, yet what exists is quite big enough ^or the monarch of such a little country. . . . The Necessidades are only used for grand galas, recep- tions of ambassadors, and ceremonies of state. ... Of all the undignified objects in the world, a palace out at elbows is surely the meanest." Thackeray. Necklace, The Diamond. See Diamond Necklace. Negroni, Villa. See Villa Massi- mo. Nelson Column. A monument erected in 1843 to the memory of Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square, London, and supporting a statue of that great admiral. NEL 345 NE"W I wish they -would offer the Trafalgar- sguare Ptllar to the Egyptians; and that potu of Uie huge, ugly monsters were lying in the dirt there CEgypt], side by S'do. Thackeray. Nelson's PUlar. A fine Ionic col- umn in Sackville Street, Dublin, Ireland. It is 13i feet in height, and is surmounted by a statue of Lord Nelson, leaning vtpon the capstan of a ship. The pillar commands a fine view of the city. Nepomuek. See St. John Nepo- MCCK and Shbine of St. John Nepomuck. Neptune, Temple of. See Temple OF Neptune. Nero's Golden House. See Gold- en House. Nesle, Tour de. Nesle. See TouB de Neutral Ground. 1. The name given to a space near the north- ern extremity of the isthmus which connects the fortress of Gibraltar with the mainland. It is between the "Spanish lines" and the English "Eock" of Gib- raltar. 2. A name formerly applied to Westchester County, N.Y., which was for five years or more during the Revolutionary "War the scene of constant skirmishing between the Loyalists and Queen's Ran- gers on the one side, and the pa- triot soldiery of New York and New England on the other. Cooper's well-known " Spy " is a "Tale of the Neutral Ground." Nevskoi Prospekt. [The New Prospect.] The principal street and public promenade in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is four miles in length, nearly in a right line, and 150 feet in breadth, with a double carriage-way. The houses facing upon it are mag- nificent, and some of the finest churches in the city are here lo- cated. In winter the display of sledges and costumes which crowd this street affords one of the finest spectacles to be seen in Europe. A walk in Broadwny or Fifth Avenue will show you damsels and dames who will remind you of those you have met In Piccadilly or the Boulevards ... in the Prater or Nemkoi Prospekt. Galaxy. The days came and went; fashionable equipages forsook their summer ground of the Islands and crowded the Nmiskoi Pros- pekt ; the nights were cold and raw, the sun's lessening declination was visible from day to day, and still Winter delayed •to make his appearance. Bayard Taylor. New Abbey. An interesting ru- ined monastery, founded in the thirteenth century, near Dum- fries, Scotland. Its last abbot is said to have been the original of Sir Walter Scott's Abbot of St. Mary's. New Forest. A large tract of woodland, the greater part of which belongs to the Crown, in the neighborhood of South- ampton, England, about 50 miles in circumference, originally set apart by William the Conquer- or, and of much historical in- terest. This is the place where William's kingly power Did from their poor and peaceful homes expel, Unfriended, desolate, and shelterless. The inhabitants of all the fertile tract Far as these wilds extend. Robert Southey. I have read somewhere that the lineal descendants of the man who carted off the body of William Rufus, with Walter Tyrrel's arrow sticking in it, have driven a cart (not absolutely the same one, I suppose) in the iVew Forest, from that day to this. Holmes. New Grange. A remarkable Dru- idical tumulus on the banks of the Boyne, between Drogheda and Slane, Ireland. One or two oth- ers of a similar character are in the neighborhood. The interior was first explored in 1699. A long gallery opens into a wonder- ful cave or sacrificial chamber, where more than 2,000 years ago the Druids held their solemn meetings. ^6®= " Of their Druidical character no one can entertain the remotest doubt; they would carry conviction to the most sceptical, even if ample corroborative testimony did not exist." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. New Hall. An historical mansion near Chelmsford, England, once NEW 346 NEW belonging to the Duke of Buck- ingham, and the scene of many interesting incidents. Only a part of the building now re- mains. New Harmony. A celebrated so- cialist community established in 1825, in a place bearing this name in Indiana, purchased by Robert Owen (1771-1858) lor the purpose of testing his theory of society. The experiment proved entirely unsuccessful. Hew Inn. A law seminary in London, one of the inns of Chan- cery. New Ironsides. A noted vessel in the United States navy in the Civil War of irGl-65. She was the flag-ship of Admiral Dupont's flotilla in the attack upon the de- fences of Charleston, S.C. New Palace. [Ger. der Konigs- hau.'] A splendid palace in Mu- nich, Bavaria, imitated in part from the Palazzo Pitti in Flor- ence, Italy, built in 1835. .6®^ " The New Residenee is not only one of the wonders of Munich, but of the world." Bayard Taylor. New Palace (at Westminster). See Westminstek Palace. New Place. The name of the house which Shakespeare pur- chased at Stratford-on-Avon, af- ter his return to his native town, and in which he died. The foundations of the house are all that now remain. The site, pur- chased by public subscription, havS been converted into a pleasure- ground. J8®^"It cost Shakespeare sixty pounds sterling (equal to about $1,500) ; a small outlay for the dwelling of a man of its new possessor's naeans and capacity of enjoyment. No represen- tation of the house as it was in Shake- speare's time is known to exist, it hav- ing been altered after his death ; yet its size was not enlarged, and an exist- ing representation of it in its last con- dition shows that it was a goodly man- sion." Richard Grant White. XI®* " After that we were taken to see New Place. * .And what is New Place,' you say, ^' the house where Shakespeare lived? ' Not exactly, but a house built where his house was. . . . We went out into Shakespeare's gar- den, where we were shown his mul- berry, — not the one that he planted, though, but a veritable mulberry plant- ed on the same spot." 3Ira. n. £. Stowe. New York University. See Uni- versity OP THE City of New YOKK. Newark Castle. This Scottish castle on the river Yarrow was formerly a royal residence. The Duchess of Buccleuch is supposed to have been here, listening to the " Lay of the Last Minstrel," who " Passed where Newark's stately tower Looks out from Yarrow's birkeu bower." Eisini; from those lofty groves. Behold a ruin hoary. The shattered front of A^ewark's tower, Kenown'd in liorder story. Wordsworth. Newbattle Abbey. The seat of the Marquis of Midlothian, near Dalhousie, Scotland. Newcastle House. A famous man- sion in London, the residence of the Duke of Newcastle. It is no longer standing, its site being occupied by Newcastle Place. Newgate. A celebrated prison in London, and the oldest in the city, formerly used for felons and debtors, now as a jail for the con- finement of prisoners before and after trial at the Old Bailey. Jlany distinguished persons have been imprisoned within the walls of Newgate, and many famous criminals have here been execut- ed. It was rebuilt in 1770-80. Among those who have been imprisoned here are, Sackville the poet, George Wither, Penn, De Foe, Jack Sheppard, Dr. Dodd, Lord George Gordon. Newgate prison had its origin in the gate-house of New-Gate, which was one of the principal gates of the City. The execu- tions which formerly were car- ried out at Tyburn now take place here. NEW 347 NIC 41^ " It has a most imposing exte- rior, which is perhaps its greatest use as a deterrer from crime, and the worst possible interior." Capt. Williams. *ffl- " There, at the very core of London, in the heart of its business and animation, in the midst of a whirl of noise and motion : stemming, as it were, the giant currents of life that flow ceaselessly on from different quar- ters, and meet beneath its walls, stands Newgate." Dickens. *Eg" ' ' Newgate, though only a prison, and pretending to be nothing else, is Btill one of the best public buildings in the metropolis. . . . Tliere is nothing in it but two great windowless blocks, each 90 feet square, and between them a very commonplace gaoler's resi- dence." Fergusson. Newgate he builded faire For prisoners te©= ** Church's Niagara was imme- diately recognized as the first satisfac- tory delineation by art of one of the greatest natural wonders of the Western world, and this is in itself extraordinary praise." Tuckerman, S^ *' Mr. Ruskin, when looking at Church's 'Niagara,' pointed out an effect of light upon water, which he declared he had often seen in nature, especially among the Swiss waterfalls, but never before on canvas." Tuckerman. Niagara, The. 1. A ship of Com- modore Perry's squadron, which did great service in the naval battle with the British on Lake Erie in 1813. 2. An American man-of-war employed, in connection with the English steamer Agamemnon, in laying the first Atlantic cable in 1857 and 1858. Niblo's Garden. A theatre on Broadway, New York, chiefly used for spectacular plays. Nickajack Cave. A natural curi- osity in Alabama on the borders of Georgia. The name is a cor- ruption or improvement upon "Nigger Jack," the leader of a band of negroes who frequented this cave. Nicolas des Champs, Nicolas des Champs. See St. NIC 348 Niisr IJ'icolas du Chardonnet. A church iu Paris, rebuilt in 1C56-1709 in the Italian style of that time. Hiddrie Castle. A ruined feudal stronghold in Scotland not far from Linlithgow. Here Mary Qaeen of Scots tarried for a time after her escape from Lochleven. Ifiederwald. The name given to a series of heights and also to a forest near Bingen on the Ehiue. Night, The. One of four colossal figures executed by Michael An- gelo Buouarotti (1475-1564). In the church of S. Lorenzo, Flor- ence, Italy. .KsF " The famous statue of the I^Tight, La Notte di Michelagnolo, that work known by name to all who have heard of Miehael Angelo. Of none can it be asserted with so much justice that he alone could have produced it." Grimm, Trans. Michel's ^Vjg/ii and Day And Dawn and Twilight wait in marble scorn. Mrs. Browninff. Uight, The. A celebrated bas- relief by Albert Bertel Thor- waldsen (1770-1844), the Danish sculptor. It is well known by engravings. Wight. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1S73), the cele- brated English painter. H'ight-'Wateh, The. A celebrated picture by Eembraudt van Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter, the largest he ever painted, and re- garded as his chief work, It is in the Amsterdam Gallery. Wile, The. A colossal marble sta^ tue discovered during the pontifi- cate of Leo X., and now in the Vatican, Eome. .Cf^ "A grand reclining statue called ' The Nile,' a copy of which is in the Tullcrics. Nothing could he more graceful, more fluid, than these infantile diminutive creatures playing around this large body ; nothing could bettor express the fulness, the repose, the in- definable, the almost divine life of a river." Taine, Trans. Nilometer. [Arab. iI/c7tI'ceos.] This celebrated structure, situated on the island of Koda, near Cairo, Egypt, serves, as its name indi- cates, to measure the height of the water in the Nile. It con- sists of a square well or chamber, within which is a pillar graduated into cubits (each 21 7-16 inches long), those in the upper part of the pillar being subdivided into 24 digits each. Every day dur- ing the period of the inundar tion criers proclaim through the streets of Cairo the height to which the water has risen, as in- dicated by the Nilometer; and when it has reached a certain height the canals are opened, and the water flows over the land. The usual height to which the water rises (during the inunda- tion) at Cairo is from 24 to 26 feet. The date of construction of the Nilometer at Koda is assigned to the ninth century. H^ Among other Nilometers was one at Memphis in the time of the Pharaohs, one at Ilithyia in the time of the Ptolemies, and one at Elephantine during the reigns of the early Roman emperors. f^^ " We crossed by a ferry-boat to the island of Roda, to see the Nilo- meter, which I was surprised to find a very pretty place ; a damp, dim cham- ber, tufted with water-weeds, steep stairs down into it, and a green pool and mud at the bottom ; in the centre, a graduated pillar; in the four sides of the chamber, four pointed arches,^ one filled in with an elegant grating; round the cornice, and over the arches, Cufic inscriptions ; and in two of the niches, within the arches, similar in- scriptions. The crypt-like aspect of the chamber, with its aquatic adorn- ments of weeds and mosses, — so per- fectly in accordance with its purpose, — was charming." Miss Martinemi. Wimes Arena. See Akena. Wina, The. One of the three ves- sels with which Columbus set sail for America from Pales, Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. The Nina was commanded by Vincente Yanez Pinzon. Wine Ladies. The name given to a so-called Druidical circle at Stanton Moor, England. It is formed of a circular mound of earth, about 3S feet in diameter, on which the upright stones are NIO 349 NON placed at irregular distances. In the centre are the remains of a sepulchral mound. Wiobe. A celebrated group of an- cient sculpture, now in the gal- lery of the Uifizi Palace in Flor- ence, Italy, representing Niobe mourning the death of her chil- dren slain by Apollo and Diana. It was found at Rome in 1583. JQtg* " I saw nothing here so grand as the group of Niobe; if statues ■which are now disjointed and placed equi-distantly round a room may be so called. Nlobe herself, clasped by the arm of her terrified child, is certainly a group, and, whether the head be original or not, the contrast of passion, of beauty, and even of dress, is admir- able." Forsyth. " Thei\^io6e of nations ! there she stands, Childless and crownless in lier voiceless woe." Byron {on Rome). -OS^ " Niobe ... is true tragedy. She is bending over her youngest child, who clings to her knees ; and while in an agony of maternal love she en- circles with her arm the most helpless of her devoted progeny, conscious de- spairing inability to save is expressed in every lineament of the living marble. The powerful pathos, and the deep- seated expression of agonizing grief, which speaks in her countenance and gesture, find their way at once to the heart." Eaton. ij^ " I seemed to be in the presence of a touching domestic tragedy, told in marble. The artist appeared to be swallowed up in his work. . . . The majesty of the subject seemed to brood over the chisel and guide its edge. . . . The grief of ISTiobe is feminine, deep, overwhelming, and hopeless, but not fierce or struggling. This exquisite group is not very happily placed : the figures are arranged in the form of an oval, the Niobe making the central point of interest, — a disposition which seems formal and unnatural." ■ Eillard. .6®=* " No wonder the strength of that woe depicted on her countenance should change her into stone. One of her sons — a beautiful, boyish form — is lying on his back, just expiring, with the chill languor of death creeping over his limbs. "We seem to hear the quick whistling of the arrows, ' and look involuntarily into the air to see the hovering figure of the avenging god." Bayard Taylor. Nivernais Ploughing. See Ploughing in Nivernais. Noli me tangere. [Touch me not.] These words of Christ, spoken in the garden to Mary Magdalene (John XX. 17), make the subject of many pictures by the great painters of the Middle Ages. Of these compositions it will be sufficient to name as among the more celebrated, the following. Noli me tanc/ere. A great altar- piece by Federigo Baroccio (1528- 1612), once very celebrated and well-known from the fine engrav- ing by Raphael Morghen. Now in England. Noli me tanc/ere. A picture by Titian (1477-1576), representing the Magdalene as kneeling, and bending forward with one hand extended to touch the Saviour, who, " drawing his linen garment round him, shrinks back from her touch — yet with the softest e.'c- pression of pity." Formerly in the collection of Epgers, the poet. Now in the National Gallery, London. Noli me tanqere. A picture by Rembrandt (1607-1669). In the Queen's Gallery, London. Noli me tcmcjere. A small pic- ture by Mariotto Albertinelli (1474-1515), the Italian painter, and long attributed to Perugino. It is in the Louvre, Paris. Nonautum Hill. An eminence — so called in colonial times — near Newton Corner, Mass. Here the Apostle EUot preached to the In- dians. Uonnenwerth. An old Benedict- ine nunnery on, an island of the same name in the Rhine. i Ifonsuch House. A curious build- ing that once stood upon London Bridge. According to Timbs, it was " so called because it was constructed in Holland entirely of wood, and, being brought over in pieces, was erected in this place with wooden pegs only, not a single nail being used in the whole structure. Its situa- tion is even yet pointed out by the seventh and eighth arches of the bridge being still called the Draw Lock and the Nonsuch Lock." Noisr 350 NOT Nonsuch Palace. A royal mansion erected by Henry VIII. in a lit- tle place called Codintone. The palace was so named in conse- quence of its then unequalled beauty. It was taken down in the seventeenth century. ITorfolk House. . A nobld house in St. James's Square, London, so called from the seventh Duke of Korfolk, who died here in 1701. George HI. was born here in 173S. Norfolk Street. A London street associated with Sir Roger de Cov- erley , and in which William Penn formerly lived. Norman's 'Woe. A mass of rocks near the entrance of the harbor of Gloucester, Mass., familiar to many through Longfellow's bal- lad of " The Wreck of the Hes- perus," It Tvas tho scliooncr TTe<'perus That sailed the wintry sea. And fast through the midnif ht dark and drear, Througli Ihe -whistling sleet and snow, Liiie a sheeted ghost the vessel swept Towards the reef of jV'orTnan's ]Voe. Londfetlow. North Star. An Arctic exploring sliiji employed in the expedition of Capt. Saunders in 1819, and in that of Capt. PuUen in 1852-5i. Northumberland House. The city residence of the Duke of Northumberland, Strand, Lon- don. It was built by Henry Howard, the Earl of Northamp- ton, who left it in 1G14 to his nephew, Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk, when it received the name of ,Si(ffo!k House. It was afterwards bought by Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland, from whom it received its present name. This mansion, called the finest great historical house in London, " commenced by a How- ard, continued by a Percy, and completed by a Seymour," has been recently destroyed. JS^ " One only of the great Strand palaces has snn-ivcd entire to our own time. "\Vc h.avc all of us seen and mourned over Kortlaumberlund House, one of the noblest Jacobean buildings in England, and the most picturesque feature of London. . . . Of all the bar- barous and ridiculous injuries by which London has been wantonly mutilated within the last fuw years, the destruc- tion of Northumberland House has been the greatest." Hare, Notch, The. [Known also as the Crawford Notch in distinction from the Pinkham and Franconia Notches.] A grand and impres- sive valley between '\^"illey Moun- tain and Jlount "Webster in the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire. It contains the famous "\\"illey House. Bayard Taylor, speaking of the view looking down upon the tremendous gulf of the Notch from the top of Mount Willard (at the head of the Notch), says, "As a simple mountain pass, seen from above, it cannot be surpassed in Switzer- land. Something like it I have seen in the Taurus, otherwise I can recall no view with which to comj)are it." See Willet House. .QSr '* I tnow nothing on^ the Rhine equal to the view from Mount Willard down the mountain pass called the Notch." Anthony TroUope. He hears the echoes of a horn in a hill country, in the J\'otch mountains, fur e.K- aniple, which converts the mountains into an iEnhan harp, and this supernatu- ral liralira restores to him ihe Dorian mythology. Apollo, Diana, and all divine hunters and huntresses. R. W.Emerson. Notre Dame. [Our Lady.] A name commonly aiiplicd in France to churches dedicated to the Virgin Mary. When the name is used in literature, unaccompanied by any designation of place, refer- ence is usually intended to the metropolitan cathedral of Paris. See infra. Notre Dame. [Our Lady.] The most celebrated church in Paris. It was begun by Pope Alexander the Third, but was not completed for nearly 300 vears (not until 1420). It is built in the form of a Latin cross. The e.xterior is more imposing than the interior. The principal entrance is orna- mented by bas-reliefs illustrative of the resurrection, and the seven NOT 351 NOT cardinal virtues with their oppo- site vices. The interior is richly adorned with bas-reliefs, paint- ings, and sculptures, and magnifi- cent rose-windows of stained glass, illustrating sacred history. The church is surrounded by 24 chapels. In one of the towers is a famous bell, weighing o2,000 pounds, which is rung only on very great occasions. This church has been often referred to of late years in connection with P^re Hy- acinths, the distinguished monk and preacher, whose eloquence drew crowds within its walls un- til his independence and freedom of speech brought upon him the interdict of his superiors. The church has suffered from various alterations, and, in the time of the Revolution, from wanton des- ecration. It has, however, since 1845, been restored as nearly as possible in accordance with the old design. iS®*" " We had been much disap- pointed at fir&t by the appaiently nar- row limits of theinterior of this famous church j but now, as we made our way round the choir, gazing into chapel after chapel, each with its painted win- dow, its cruciJix, its pictures, its con- fessional, and afterwards came hack into the nave, where arcli rises above arch to the lofty roof, we came to the conclusion that it was very sump- tuous." Hawthorne. /K^ "The cathedral of Paris waa designed at a time when the architects had not obtained that confidence in their own skill which made them after wards complete masters of the con 6tructive difliculties of the design. . . The cathedral has not internally the same grandeur as the other three [those at Amiens, Chartres, and Rheims], though externally there is a very noble Bimplicity of outline and appearance of solidity in the whole design." Fergusson. On Chnstmaa dav I went to see Ihe Cathedrallof jVo(rei>a7rae. . . This is the prime ehiircli of France for dignity, hav- ing Arclidcaeons, Vicnrs, Canons, Priests, and Chaplai 'cs in good store to tlie num- ber of 127. It is also the palace of the Archbishop. Theyoung king (Louis XIV.) ■vVlIs there with a great jind martial guard, who entered the Nave of the Church with drums and fifes, at the ceasing of which I was entertained with the church muslq. John Evelyn, Diary. In these far climes it was my lot To mi-ettlie wondrous Alicliael 8cott; A wizard of such dreaded fame Thatwlien.in Salamanca's cave. Him listed his m.itilc wand to wave, The bells would ring in Notre Dame ! Scott. Next ypar as T, poor soul, by chance, Through Parit. strolled one day, I saw him go to Notre Dame, With all his court so gav. Beranger, Trans. .And when the morning sun was bright, When wind and wave were calm. And flamed in thousand-tinted light The rose of Notre Dame. Holmes. The very youth of the schools gave up their pipes and billiartU for some time and flocked in crowds to Notre Dame. Thackeray. Notre Dame [d'Amiens]. A mag- nificent Gothic church in Amiens, France, one of tlie finest church edifices in Europe. It was found- ed in 12liO. It is larger than any cathedral in Europe except St. Peter's and Cologne. Its length is 469 feet, and the height of its spire 422 feet. It is dedicated to the Virgin. /^r " The interior is one of the most magnificent spectacles that architectur- al skill can ever have produced. The mind is filled and elevated by its enor- mous height, its lofty and many-col- ored clerestory, its grand proportions, its noble simplicity. . . . Such terms will not be considered extravagant when it is recollected that the vault is half as high again as Westminster Abbey." Whewell. Notre Dame [de Kouen]. A fine Gothic church of the thirteenth century, in Rouen, France, dedi- cated to the Virgin. It abounds in profuse and elaborate orna- mentation. Notre Dame. An immense church in Montreal, Can,, the largest in America. It was built in 1824. It is 255 feet long and 145 feet wide, with a seating capacity of 10,000. It has two towers, in one of which hangs the largest bell on the continent. See Gbos Bour- don. Notre Dame de Lorette. A gor- geously decorated modern church in Paris, begun in 1823, and built in imitation of the smaller Ro- man basilicas. NOT 352 NYM Notre Dame du Spasme [or du Pamoison]. See Spasimo, Lo. Notre Dame des Vletolres. [or Church of Petits Peres.] A church ol the Austin friars in Paris, com- pleted in 1739. Notre Dame, Parvis. See Pakvis NOTKE Dame. Notte, La. [The Night.] A cele- brated picture of the Nativity Ijy Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- reggio (14U4-1534), remarkable for the striking effect produced by the light proceeding from the in- fant Saviour. This picture is in the Dresden Gallery. j(J@= " Correggio has been much ad- mired for representlDg in bis famous Nativity the whole picture as lighted by the glory which proceeds from the divine Infant, as if the idea had been new and original. It occurs frequently before and since his time, and is found- ed upon the legendary story . . . which describes the cave or stable filled with dazzling and supernatural light." Mrs. Jameson. i3®^ "All the powers of art are here united to make a perfect work. Here the simplicity of the drawing of the Virgin and Child is shown in con- trast with the foreshortening of the group of angels. The emitting the light from the body of the child, though a supernatural illusion, is eminently successful. The matchless beauty of the Virgin and Child, the group of angels overhead, the daybreak in the sky, and the whole arrangement of light and shade, give it a right to be considered, in conception at least, the greatest of his [Correggio's] works. ... I consider it one of the first worjss the art of painting has to boast of." Wilkie. Nozze Aldobrandini. See Aldo- BKANDINI MAKKIAGE. Nozze di Cana. See Marriage AT CaKA. Nuova Gerusalemme. See Monte Sacko. Nuremberg Eggs. The name by which are known two curious old watches in the Green Vault (Griine Gewolbe) in Dresden. They are so called from their form' and from the place in which they were made, in 1500. Nursery, The. A building in Golding Lane, London, erected during the reign of Charles II. as a school for the training of children for the stage. It was standing till the present century. Xear these a Nursery erects its head. Where queens arc formed, and future he- roes bred, Where unfledged actors learn to laugh and cry, Where infaiit punks their tender voices try. And little Maximins the gods defy. Dryden. NTrmphenburg. A royal palace in the immediate neighborhood of Munich, Bavaria. OAK 353 OBE o. Oak Hill. A beautiful cemetery in Georgeto-wn, D.C. It contains the tombs of many eminent men. Oak of Guernica. A venerable tree of Guernica, Spain, cut down by the French in 1S08. Accoi-(l- ing to Laborde, it was a very an- cient natural monument. Under this oak Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1476, swore to maintain the municipal laws (fuefos) of the Biscayans. Oak of Guernica ! Tree of holier power Than that w hicli in Dodona did enshrine (So faith too fondly deemed) a voice di-, vine, Heard from the depths of its aerial bower, How canst tliou flourish at tliis blighting hour ? Wordsworth. Oak of Reformation. A tree in Norfolk County, England, associ- ated with an insurrection in 1549, called Kett's Rebellion. Kett held a court, and assemblies of his adherents, around this tree; and after the rebellion was finally subdued, many of the insurgents were hung upon its branches. Oatlands. An ancient royal resi- dence near Hampton Court, in England. It was built by Henry VIII., but is no longer standing. Obelisk of Axum. A remarkable monument at Axum in Nubia, Africa. It is the only one now standing of a group said to have consisted of 55. 41®^ ** The most exceptional monu- ments in the world, — the obelisks at Axum. ... Its heiifht [that of the one now standinf;] is 60 feet, its "width at base nearly 10, and it is of one stone. The idea is evidently Egj'ptian, but the details are Indian. It is, in fact, an Indian nine-storied pagoda, translated in Egyptian in the first century of the Christian era ! '* Fergusson. Obelisk of Heliopolis. This obe- lisk — the oldest in Egypt — which with some mounds is about all that remains of Heliopolis (that great seat of learning where Plato andEudoxus lived and studied), is between BO and 70f eet in height. Tradition speaks of another simi- lar obelisk which stood opposite this, according to the Egyptian custom of placing them in pairs at the entrances of their temples. ;e®" " A class of monuments almost exclusively Egyptian, are the obehsks, "which form such striking objects in front of almost all the old temples of the country. . . . The two finest known to exist are, that now in the piazza of the Lateran, originally set up by Thot- mes III., 105 feet in height, and that still existing at Karnac, erected by Thotmes I., 93 feet. Those of Luxor, erected by Rhamses the Great, one of "which is now in Paris, are above 77 feet in height; and there are two others in Rome, each above 80 feet. Rome, in- deed, has 12 of these monuments within her walls, — a greater number than exist, erect at least, in the country whence they came. Their use seems to have been wholly that of monument- al pillars recording the style and title of the king "who erected them, his piety, and the proof he gave of it in dedicat- ing these monoliths to the deity whom he especially "wished to honor. AVith scarcely an exception all the pyramids are on the west side of the Nile, all the obehsks on the east. With regard to the former, this probably arose from a law of their existence, the western side of the Nile being in all ages preferred for sepulture; but with regard to the latter it seems to be accidental." Fergusson. Obelisk of Luxor. A magnificent monolith of red Egyptian granite in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. It was one of two obe- lisks of the same shape and size, erected in 1350 B.C., by Bameses the Great, at the entrance of the temple of Thebes (now Luxor). It was a gift to the French Gov- ernment from Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt ; was removetl with much difficulty, at a great cost; and was raised in its present position in 1836, by a very skilful OBB 354 OCT (eat of engineering, in the pres- ence of Louis Philippe and 150,000 persons. The removal of this obelisk, which is 74 feet high and weighs 500,000 pounds, employed 800 men, and cost. Including its elevation, £80,000. It was brought to France in a vessel especially "built for the purpose. Obelisk of Oraotasen. One of the earliest and finest of the Egyptian obelisks, still standing at Heliopolis. It is inscribed witli the name of Orsotasen, one of the greatest rulers of the twelfth dynasty. 5^^ "It is 67 feet 4 inches in height, "without the pyr.imidion which crowns it, and is :i splendid block of granite, weighing 217 tons. It must have re- quired immense skill to quarry it, to transport it from Syene, and finally, after iinishing it, to erect it where it now stands and has stood for 4,500 years." Fei'gussoiu Obelisk of St. Peter's, or of the Vatican. A celebrated Egyptian column of red granite, brought from Heliopolis to Rome by the Emperor Caligula, and now stand- ing in front of St. Peter's Chiircli. It is l.'l'J feet in height, and its weight is IWO tons. Pliny says that the ship which brought the obelisk from Ileliopoli.s was al- most as long as " the left side of the port of Ostia." It was suc- cessfully set U13 in its present position by Domenico Fontana, and it is about the raising of this obelisk that the following familiar story is told. The ceremony hav- ing been preceded by high mass in St. Peter's, and solemn bene- diction having been pronounced upon Fontana and the workmen, the Pope ordered that no one should spealc, under penalty of death, while the obelisk was be- ing raised. But, owing to the stretching of the ropes, the im- mense mass did not quite reach the required position, and the operation would have failed, had not a man in the crowd broken over the order of the Pope, and called to the workmen to " vret the ropes." This suggestion was immediately acted upon, and the huge column slowly rose to Its destined place. This story is not found in any writer of that period ; and it is, according to Platner, one of those inventions which spring from a wish to disparage the triumphs of genius, and to lower its claims. Obelisk of the Laterau. An Egyptian monument of red gran- ite, nearly 150 feet in height, originally belonging to the Tem- ple of the Sun at Heliopolis, removed thence to Alexandria by Constantine, and subsequent- ly brought to Rome, where it now stands in the centre of the Piazza di San Giovanni. It is the oldest object in Rome,' being referred by antiquaries to the year 1740 B.C., when it was erected to the memo- ry of Thotmes IV. Obelisk of the Monte Cavallo. A famous Egyptian monument of red granite, being a plain shaft without hieroglyphics, which formerly stood in front of the Mausoleum of Augustus, and is now in the Piazza di Monte Cavallo, Rome. It was brought from Bg.ypt by the Em- peror Claudius, A D. 57. Obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo. , An ancient Egyptian column, brought from Heliopolis to Rome by the Emperor Augustus, and set up in the Piazza of the People in 1589. It is of the age of Moses. S^g' '* This red granite obelisk, old- est of things even in Rome, . . . with hardly a trace of decay upon it, is the first thing the traveller sees after enter- ing the Flaminian G-ate." Haiothome. Obelisk of the Vatican. See Obelisk of St. Peter's. Ocean, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched March 19, 1863. Ocean Monarch. An American emigrant ship, burned off Liver- pool, Aug. 24, 1848, with a loss of nearly 200 lives. October Club. A Parliamentary club in London, first formed about 1690, in the reign of Wil- ODE 355 OLD liam III. and Mary. Its meet- ings were first held at the Bell Tavern, and afterwards at .the Crown, in King Street, Westmin- ster. The influence of Swift had much to do with the final break- ing up of the October Club; the more violent Jacobites seceding, and forming the "March Club." A writer in " The National Re- view " thus describes .the Octo- ber Club: " The high-flying Tory country gentleman and country member drank the health of the king, — sometimes over the wa- ter-decanter, — and flustered him- self with bumpers in honor of Dr. Sacheverell and the Church of England, with true-blue spirits of his own kidney, at the October Club, which, like the Beef-Steak Club, was named after the cheer for which it was famed, — Octo- ber ale ; or rather, on account of the quantities of the ale which the members drank. The 150 squires, Tories to the backbone, who, under the above name, met at the Bell Tavern in King Street, Westminster, were of opinion that the party to which they be- longed were too backward in punishing and turning out the Whigs; and they gave infinite trouble to the Tory administra- tion which came into oiifice under the leadership of Harley, St. John, and Harcourt, in 1710. The Administration were for pro- ceeding moderately with their rivals, and for generally repla- cing opponents with partisans. The October Club were for im- mediately impeaching every member of the Whig party, and for turning out, without a day's grace, every placeman who did not wear their colors, and shout their cries." JS^' " We are plagued here with an October Club; that is, a set of above a hundred Parliament men of the coun- try, who drink October beer at home, and meet every evening at a tavern near the Parliament, to consult affairs, .and drive things on to extremes against the Whigs, to call the old ministry to ac- count, and get off five or six beads." Swift (to Stella, February, 1710-11). Odeon, L'. A well-known theatre in Paris, originally intended, as the name indicates, for music only, but used for regular dra- matic performances. It has been several times destroyed by fire. Beaumarchais' " Marriage of Figaro ' ' (Mariage de Figaro) was first produced here in 1784. Odeum. A structure in ancient Athens, Greece, built by Pericles, and designed (as the name im- plies, oiSi]) for musical perform- ances. It was surmounted by a circular roof, constructed with the masts and yards of the Per- sian ships which were captured at Salamis. Nothing remains of the Odeum, but it has given its name to buildings in modern times designed for similar uses. CEil de Bceut. A famous ante- room in the palace at Versailles, the scene of many quarrels, in- trigues, hon niuts. Here waited the courtiers in attendance upon Louis XIV. Versailles, the (Eil de S(eiif, and all men and things, are drowned in a sea of Light; IVIonseipneiir and that high beckoning Head are alone, with each other, in the universe, Carlyle. As experience in the river is indi^ppus- able to the forrvman. so is knowledge of his Parliament" to the Britisli Peel or Chatliam; so was knowledge of the (Eil- de-Bceitf X.'J the French Choiseul. Ibid. CBnone. A life-size statue by Harriet Hosmer (b. 1831). In the Mercantile Library building, St. Louis, Mo. Olave's, St. See St. Olave's. Old Bailey, The. 1. A street in London extending fromLudgate- hill to Newgate Street. It has been the scene of many memora^ hie executions. 2. The Old Bailey Sessions Court, or Central Criminal Court, at the bar of which upwards of 2,000 persons are annually tried, is located here, immediately ad- joining the prison called New- gate. fl^ "But the jail was a vile place, in which most kinds of debauchery and villany were practised, and where dire diseases were bred, that came into court with the prisoners, and some- times rushed straight from the dock at OLD 356 OLD my Lord Chief Justice himself, and pulled him off the beucb. . . . For the rest, the Old Bailey was famous as a kind of deadly inn-yard, from which pale travellers set out continually, in carts and coaches, on a violent passage into the other world ; traversing some two miles and a half of public street and road, and shaming few good citi- zens, if any. ... It was famous, too, for the pillory, a wise old institution, that inflicted a punishment of which no one could foresee the extent; also, for the whipping-post, another dear old institution, very humanizing and softening to behold in action; also, for extensive transactions in blood-money, another fragment of ancestral wisdom, systematically leading to the most frightful mercenary crimes that could be committed under Heaven. . . . For, Seople then paid to see the play at the Id Bailey, just as they paid to see the play in Bedlam — only the former en- tertainment was much the dearer. Therefore, all the Old Bailey doors were well guarded — except, indeed, the social doors by which the criminals got there, and they were always left wide open." Dickens. In short, Jane Rouse was accused of ■witchcraft; and though she made the best defence she could, it was all to no Eurpose: she was taken from her own ar to the bar of the Old Bailey, con- demned and executed accordinyly- These were times, indeed, when even women could not scold in safety. Goldsmith. "When win vou par me ? Say the bells at Old Bailey. Motlier Goose. Old Cumberland Koad. See N.4TI0NAI/ Road. Old Dutch Cliuroli. An ancient church-ediflce in New York City, built in 1723. It served as a prison for Americans during the British occupation of the city in the Revolution, and was used by the British cavalry as a riding- school. Old Elm, The. A venerable tree which stood on the Common in Boston, Mass., until Feb. 15, 1876, when it was overthrown by a high wind. It is believed to have been standing before the settle- ment of the town. It is supposed to have been the oldest tree in New England. It was laid down upon a map engraved in 1722, and a computation of the rings of the branch broken off in 18C0 would carry the age of that limb to 1670. Old Ironsides. See Constiti;- TION. Old Jewry. A street in London so named from the Jews who dwelt in and near it. I am sent for this morning by a friend in the Old Jewry to come to him. Ben Jonson. Old Lady of Threadueedle Street. See Bank of England. Old Man of Hoy. A natural curi- osity in the Orkney Islands, in the shape of a solitary pillar, ris- ing perpendicularly to the height of 300 feet, and bearing the like- ness of the human form. " See Hoy's Old Man whose summit bare Pierces the dark blue fields of air ; Based in the sea, his fearful form Glows like the spirit of the storm." Old Man of Storr. A natural curiosity in the North of Scotland, near the town of Portree. It con- sists of a solitary black pillar of trap rock, 160 feet in height. Old Man of the Mountain. See Profile, The. Old Manse, i An ancient house in Concord, Mass., built before the Revolution, which derives its present name from the celebrity given to it by Hawthorne's tales, the " Mosses from an Old Manse." Here he lived and wrote, and in this house also Emerson was born and lived. Old Protestant Cemetery. See Pkotestant Cemetery. Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1804^1873). .6®= " One of the most perfect po- ems or pictures (I use the words as synonymous) which modern times have seen. The close pressure of the dog's breast against the wood, the con- vulsive clinging of the paws, which has dragged the blanket ofl the trestle, the total powerlessness of the head, laid ■ close and motionless upon its folds, the fixed and tearful fall of the eye in its utter hopelessness; . . . these are all thoughts by which the picture is sepa- rated at once from hundreds of equal merit, so far as mere painting goes, by OLD 357 OLD which it ranks as a work of high art, and stamps its author not as the neat imitator of the texture of a skin, or tlie fold of a drapery, but as the Man of Mind." Ruskin. Old South. Au historic church in Boston, Mass., identified with the early struggles for indepen- dence, and associated with many interesting persons and events. The present edifice was built in 1729 on the site of au older church, in which Benjamin Franklin had been baptized. The famous as- semblage of citizens known as the Boston Tea Party marched from this church to the attack upon the ships in the harbor. During the British occupation of Boston, in 1775, the pews were removed, and the church was turned into a riding-school for the cavalry. In 1876 the church was sold, and passed into the hands of an association which aims to preserve it as an histori- cal relic, and has converted it into a museum of antiquities and curiosities. The society upon leaving their former place of wor- ship built a new and fine church edifice at the corner of Boylston and Dartmouth Streets, costing about $S00,000. So long as Boston shall Boston be, And her bay-tides rise and fall. Shall freedom stand in the Old South Church, And plead for the rights of all. Whittier. On the cross-beam under the Old South bell, The nest of a pigeon is builded well. In summer and wmter that bird is there, Out and in with the morning air. N. P. Willis. And while from mouth to mouth Spread the tidings of dismay, I stood in the Old South, Sayuig humbly, " Let us pray ! " Longfellow. Old State House. An ancient edi- fice in Boston, Mass., originally used for the sessions of the colo- nial legislature. It was built in 1748. In 1770 occurred the affair between the British guard sta- tioned in this building and the citizens, which is known as the "Boston Massacre." The build- ing is now used for business pur- poses. Old Stone Face. See Peofile. Old Stone Mill. A circular stone tower at Newport, E.I., support- ed on round arches and over- grown with ivy. There has been much dispute among antiquarians with regard to the origin and pur- pose of this ancient tower. Some think it was built in the eleventh century by the Norsemen; oth- ers, that it was erected for a wind- mill, in the seventeenth century, by some colonial governor. It is not mentioned by Verrazzani, who, in 1524, spent 15 days in the harbor, and explored the land. It is, on the other hand, different in architecture and construction from other works of the early colonists. Gov. Benedict Arnold (d. 167X) bequeathed the struc- ture in his will, calling it "my stone-built windmill." Cooper has laid the opening scenes of "The Spy" in this vicinity, and Longfellow has connected with it his poem of "The Skeleton in Armor." B®=" " On the ancient structure In Newport there are no ornaments re- maining, which might possibly have served to guide us in assigning the probable dateof its erection. . . . From such characteristics as remain, how- ever, we can scarcely form any other inference than one in which I am per- suaded that all who are familiar with old Northern architecture will concur, — that this building was erected at a pe- riod decidedly notlater than the twelfth century. . . . That this building could not have been erected for a windmill, is what an architect wiU easily discern.'* Profennor Rafn. ^^"Some thirty-five years ago. Professor Rafn, of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries at Copenha- gen, published a book showing that the Northmen, or Scandinavians, un- doubtedly visited the shores of North America about A.D. 1000, and that they probably entered Narragansett Bay. It then occurred to some American antiquaries that this old building at Newport might have been erected by those early voyagers. . . . As for the Old Stone Mill, it is found to he very much like some still stand- ing in that very county of England from which Gov. Arnold came. So it is not at all hkely that any of these memorials could date hack as far as OLD 858 OE the time of the Northmen ; and yet it is altogether probable that the North- men visited America at a very early time." T. W. ULgginson. ,6®* "I will not enter into a dis- eussion of the point. It is sufficiently "well established for the purpose of a ballad ; though doubtless many an honest citizen of Newport, who has passed his days within sight of the Round Tower, will be ready to exclaim with Sancho, ' Grod bless me ! did I not warn you to have a care of what you were doing, for that it was nothing but a windmill; and nobody could mistake it, but one who had the like in his head.' " Longfellow. And who has notseen, 'mid the summer's gay crowd, That old pillared tower of their fortalice proud. How It stands solid proof of the sea chief- tains" reign Ere came with Columbus those galleys of Spain? A. O. Co^ie. Old Swan. An old London tavern, Thames Street, in existence as early as 1.S2-S, burnt in the Great Fire of 166C, and afterwards re- built. Old Swedes' Church. An ancient and quaint church edifice in Wil- mington, Del., founded in 1698, with contributions from 'William Penn, Queen Anne, and others. Old Swedes' Church. An ancient and venerable church edifice in Philadelphia, Penn. It was built in 1700, occupying the site of a still older log church, and was the place of worship of the Swedes prior to the arrival of William Penn. Old TSmgraire. See Fighting Te- MEEAIHE. A Old Wagon. See TJmited States. Old "Witch House. See Witch HonsE. Oliveto, Monte. See Monte Oli- VETO. Oltr' Arno. A quarter in Flor- ence, Italy, on the southern side of the river, the Arno, which di- vides the city. Olympian Jupiter. A famous statue of antiquity, executed by Phidias (500 B.C.?), the Greek sculptor, for the Temple of Jupi- ter at Elis. Olympic, The. 1. A theatre near the Strand, London. 2. A vaudeville and varieties theatre in New York City. Olympieum. A magnificent tem- ple to the Olympian Zeus in Athens, Greece. The Athenians began this temple in the first pe- riod of their greatness, the Greek princes of Asia continued it, Au- gustus left it unfinished, and, 650 years after it was begun, Hadrian completed and dedicated it. Dur- ing the Dark Ages it served as a quarry of building-stone for the Athenians. Fifteen lofty Corinth- ian columns of Pentelic marble, risihg to a height of more than 60 feet, are now standing as the re- mains of this colossal temple. Livy speaks of this temple as the only one in the world undertaken ' ' upon a scale commensurate with the majesty of the god." jB®=- " The charm of this stately group of columns is all their own, for they boast no such fascinating associa- tions as those which cluster around the ruins on the Acropolis. Begim by the tyrant Pisistratus, and finished 700 years afterwards by the Roman Em- peror Hadrian, the Olympieum, though one of the grandest temples in the world, seems hardly apart of the glory of Athens, — breathes not her pecuUar spirit, nor is redolent with the aroma of her soil." T, Chase. Qnoko, Glen. See Glen Onoko. Ontario, Fort. See Fokt Onta- EIO. Ophelia. A picture bj' John Ever- ett Millais (b. 1827), the Enghsh painter. Or San Miohele. A celebrated church in Florence, Italy, erected towards the close of the four- teenth century. The name is derived from the Horreum, or granary of St. Michael, the first building on the site having been used as a storehouse for corn. fl®= " Or San Michele would have been a world's wonder, had it stood alone, and not been companioned with such wondrous rivals that its own ex- OEA 359 OES ceediiig benuty scarce ever receives full justice. Surely tliat square-set strength, as of a fortress towering against the clouds, and catching tile last light al- ways on its fretted parapet, and every- "where embossed and enriched with foliage and tracery and figures of saints, and the shadows of vast arches, and the light of niches gold-starred and filled with divine forms, is a gift so per- fect to the whole world, that, passing it, one should need say a prayer for the great Taddeo's soul." Pascarety Trans. Here and there an unmistakalile anti- quity stands hi its own impressive slladow ; the church ot Or San Michele, for instance, once a market, but which grew to be a church by some inherent fitness and inevi- table consecration. Hawtliome. Oratoire. A French Protestant church in the Rue St. Honore' and Kue de Eivoli, Paris, originally erected in 1630 lor the priests ol the Oratory. Order of Fools. An association founded in 1381 by Adolplius, Count of Cleves. It consisted of gentlemen of the highest rank and character, and their object was the promotion of benevo- lence and charity. Ordinance, The. A picture by Jean Louis' Ernest Meissonier (b. 1811), the French painter. Ordre, Tour d'. See Took d'Ok- SBE. Oread, The. A seminary in Worcester, Mass. The buildings are of stone. Oriel College. A noted college in Oxford, England, founded about 1326, one of the 19 colleges in- cluded in the University. Orient, L'. A French vessel, the blowing-up of which formed a decisive point in the Battle of the Nile. -A-ii incident connected with the destruction of the ves- sel is commemorated by Mrs. Hemans in her well-known poem of " Casabianca," which be- gins:— " Th'e boy stood on the burning deck." Toung Casabianca, a boy 13 years old, son of the commander, remained at his post alter the ship had taken fire and all the guns had been aliandoned, and was blown up with the vessel when the flames reached the magazine. Oriental Club. A London club, established in 1824 by Sir John Malcolm. The Alfred Club joined the Oriental in 1855. Orients, Plaza de. See Plaza de Oeiente. Orleans House. The former resi- dence of Louis Philippe, and afterwards ol his son, the Due d'Aumale, at Twickenham, near London. Orloff Diamond. This great dia- mond ol the sceptre ol Russia is said to weij;h 193 carats. It was once the eye ol an Indian idol. Catherine II. bought it, in 1775, lor £90,000, with the addition of an annuity ol £4,000, and a pat- ent ol nobility. j8®^ " For a time supposed to be the largest in the world. It turns out to be smaller than the Koh-i-nor, though (to my eyes at least) of a purer water." Bayard Taylor. Eye of a pod was this blazing stone, Beyond the snows of the Himaiaya. E. £. Proctor. Orpheus. A statue by Thomas Crawford (1814-1857). In the Mu- seum ol Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Orpheus, The. A British steam corvette which foundered off the coast of New Zealand, Feb. 7, 1863, with a loss ol nearly two hundred lives. Orpheus charming the Animal World. A picture by Paul Pot- , ter (1625-1654), the Dutch painter, and one ol his most admired works. It is now in the Amster- . dam Museum. Orr's Island. A small island in Casco Bay, near Harpswell, Me., made familiar by Mrs. H. B. Stowe's story, "The Pearl of Orr's Island." Orsay, Palais d'. This palace, op- posite the Tuileries Gardens, one of the most imposing in Paris, was begun by Napoleon I., and OES 360 OXP completed by Louis Philippe. It cost more than half a million sterling, and the interior is adorned with beautiful frescos and paintings. The building was designed for exhibiting the works of industry of France, but under the Eepublic it was used for the sittings of the Cours des Comptes and the Conseil d'Etat. Orsotasen. See Obelisk of Okso- TASEN. Orto del Paradise. [Garden of Paradise.] A chapel, so called from its remarkable splendor, in the Church of Santa Prassede in Eome. It contains the famous relic — one of chief objects of pil- grimage in Eome — the column to which the Saviour is said to have been bound. The colnmn, which is of blood jasper, is said to have been obtained from the Saracens by Giovanni Colonna, cardinal of this church. Tlie present name of the chapel (Col- onna Santa) is derived from this relic. Osborne House. The sea-shore residence of Queen Victoria, situ- ated in the Isle of Wight, in the immediate neighborhood of East Cowes. At the corner of the palace is a massive tower which is a conspicuous object for miles around, and affords a magnificent view. Osgoode Hall. A fine structure in Toronto, the capital of Ontario, Can. It contains the superior law courts of the province. JOS- " The Osgoode Hall is to Upper Canada what the Four Courts are to Ireland. The law courts are all held there." Anthony Trollope. Ostiensis, Porta. See Porta Os- TIENSIS. Otsego HaU. The old mansion of the Cooper family in Coopers- town, N.Y. It was destroyed by fire in 1854. Otsgaragee Cavern. Cave. See Howe's Oueu, St. See St. Ouen. Our English Coasts. A picture by William Holman Hunt (b. 1827), and regarded as one of his master-pieces. Painted in 1853. Our Lady of Loreto. See Santa Casa. Our Lady of 'Walsingham. See Shrine of Ouk Lady of Wal- singham. Outer House. The name by which the Parliament House in Edin- burgh, Scotland, is now known. See Parliament House. Overland Route. A name fre- quently applied to the new and shorter route between England and ^ndia via the Suez Canal. A mail-route by the way of the Isth- mus of Suez was established by Lieut. Waghorn, in 1847, effecting a saving in time of 13 days. The term was also formerly applied . to the direct route from the East- ern States to California. Oxford and Cambridge Club. A club in London, for members of these two universities. The club- house in Pall Mall was finished in 1838. There are 500 members from each university. Oxford Arms. A quaint and cel- ebrated old London inn in War- wick Lane. It was destroyed in 1877. These are to notify that Edward Bart- lett . . has removed his Inn in London ... to tlie Oxford ArTns, in Warwick Lane, where he did inn before the Fire. London Gazette, 1672-T3. Oxford Marbles. See Arunde- lian Marbles. Oxford Street. A well-known street in London, a mile and a half in length, and extending westward to Hyde Park corner. .BES^ *' It is the longest, broadest, and in a certain sense the most important thoroughfare in London. ... It is, however, really the continuation of a great street, whicli runs very directly through London from east to west, and which is called successively, beginning at the east. Mile End, AVhitechapel Road, Aldgate High Street, Leaden- hall Street, Cornhill, Cheapside, New- OXF 361 ozi gate Street, Skinner Street, Holbom, Oxford Street." Richard Grant Wliite. .9®=" The various, shifting, motley group that belong to Oxford Street, and to Oxford Street alone! What thor- oughfares equal thee in the variety of human specimens ! in the choice of ob- jects for remarl:, satire, admiration ! Besides, the other streets seem challied out for a sect, narrow-minded and de- voted to a coterie. Thou alone art catholic — all receiving." H. P. Willis. My good people, 1 hardly see you. You no more interest me than a dozen orange- women in Covent Garden, or a shop book- keeper iu Oxford Street. Thackeray. Yet my creature said She saw her stup to speak in Oaford Street To one . . . no matter! Mrs. Browning. Ozinda' s. A coffee-house which was situated in St. James's Street, London. A Whig will no more ^o to the Cocoa- tree or Ozinda'' s than a lory will be seen at the Coffee-house, St. James's. Journey through England, 1714. PAC 362 PAIi P. Pacific, The. A steamer 'belong- , ing to the Collins line, plying be- tween New York and Liverpool. She left the latter port Jan. 23, 1856, with nearly 200 persons on board, and was never heard from afterwards. Paddington. A now populous dis- trict of London. Pitt is to Addington, As London is to Paddington. Canning. Paddock Sims. A row of stately elms which, until recently, stood before the Old Granary Burying- ground in Boston, Mass. They were brought from England and planted by Capt. Adino Paddock, a loyalist, about 1762. During the British occupation of the city they were well cared for and pro- tected, but within a few years have been cut down. We walked under 3Ir. Paddock's row of English elms. The gray squirrels were out looking for their breakfasts; and one of tlieni came tow.ard us in light, soft, intermittent leaps, until he was close to the rail of the burial-ground. Holmes. Psestum, Eoses of. See Eoses of P^STUM. Painted Chamber. A room of his- torical interest in the Old Palace at Westminster, so called from its having been painted by order of Henry III. It was hung with tapestries representing the siege of Troy. In this room Parlia- ment sat for a time. The build- ing was taken down in 1852. Painter in his Studio. An ad- mired picture by Jean Louis Er- nest Meissonier (b. 1811). Painting. See Histgey of Paint- INO. Pair, The. See Memnon. Paix, lie de. See Ile de Paix. Paix, Bue de la. One of the prin- cipal streets of Paris, extending from the Place Vendome to the Boulevart des Capucines. Here are some of the most elegant shops in Paris, over which are fashionable residences and ho- tels. Nay, it was said that his victories were not confined to the left bank of the Seine; reports did occasionally come to us of fabulous adventures by him, accomplished in the far regions of the Rue de la Paix. Thackeray. There is a little. Jewess hanging about the Louvre, who beys with her dark eyes very eloquently ; and in the Ette de la Paix there may be found at all hours a melan- choly, sick-looking. Italian boy, with his hand in his bosom, whose native language and picture-like face are a diurnal pleasure tome. H.P. Willis. Palace of Augustus. See Palace OF THE CjES.illS. Palace of Justice. See Palais de Justice. Palace of the C^sars. A mass of ruins upon the Palatine Hill, in Rome, being all that now remains of the extensive buildings erected by Augustus Ca;sar and succeed- ing emperors for the imperial res- idence. The palace of Augustus, built upon the site of the houses of Hortensius, Cicero, Catiline, and Claudius, was the first Pal- ace of the Caesars. It was en- larged in different directions by Tiberius and by Caligula, and th« Golden House of Nero with its grounds spread over the Esqui- line and Ccelian hills, as well as the Palatine. Vespasian after- ward contracted the limits of the immense edifice, and Titus made use of part of the founda- tions upon the Esquiline in build- ing his Baths. The Palace of the Cicsars was repeatedly altered and rebuilt by the different suc- ceeding emperors, and these va- rious changes have all combined to make a most confused mass of ruins. See Golden House. PAL 363 PAL j8e^"In Rome itself no ancient house — indeed, no trace of a domes- tic edifice — exists, except the Palace of the Caesars on the Palatine Mount; and this, even, is now merely a con- geries of shapeless ruins, so complete- ly destroyed as to have defied even the most imaginative of restorers to make much of it except a vehicle for the dis- play of his own ingenuity. The extent of these ruins, coupled with the de- scriptions that have been preserved, Buflice to convince us that of all the palaces ever built, either in the East or the West, this was probably the most magnificent and the most gorgeously adorned. Never in the world's history does it appear that so much wealth and power were at the command of one man as was the case with the Csesars, and never could the world's wealth have fallen into the hands of men more inclined to lavish it for their own per- sonal gratification than those emperors were. They could, moreover, ransack the whole world for plunder to adorn their dwellings, and could command the best artists of Greece, and of all the subject kingdoms, to assist in ren- dering their golden palaces the most gorgeous that the world had then seen, or is likely soon to see again. The whole area of the palace may roughly be described as a square platform, measuring 1,500 feet east and west, with a mean breadth of 1,300 feetin the opposite direction. Owing, however, to its deeply-indented and irregular outline, it hardly covers more ground than the Baths of Caracalla. . . . Not- withstanding all its splendor, this palace was probably, as an architec- tural object^ inferior to the Therrase. In its glory the Palace of the Caesars must have been the world's wonder; but as a ruin, deprived of its furniture and ephemeral splendor, it loses much that would tend to make it either pleas- ing or instructive." Fergusaon, JS®" " Imagine a hill, upwards of a mile in circuit, and less than 200 feet high, strewn with shapeless ruins and yawning with excavations to such an extent that the original soil is almost displaced by fragments of brick and mortar ; intersperse it with kitchen gardens for the growing of such matter- of-fact vegetables as cauliflower, arti- chokes, and lettuce ; throw in occa- sionally the vine, the laurel, the cypress, and the ivy; overshadow it with here and there a stately oak; crown the whole with a smart modern villa, — and you will have some notion of the Palace of the Caesars." ffillard. Where the Caesars dwelt, And dwell the tuneless birds of night, amidst A grove which springs through levell'd battlements. And twines its roots with the imperial hearths, Ivy usurps the laurel'splace of growth; But the gladiatore' bloody Circus stands, A noble wreck in ruinous perfection ! While Cffisar's chambers, and the Au- gustan halls, Grovel on eartli in indistinct decay. Byron, Palace of the Conservators. See Piazza del Campidoglio. Palace of the Lateran. See Lat- ERAN, Palace of the. Palace of the Luxembourg. See Palais de Luxembourg. Palace of the Senator. See Piaz- za DEL CAMPIDOGLIO. Palace. For names beginning with the word Palace, see the next prominent word of the title. See also supra. Palais Bourbon. See Palais du Corps Legislatif. Palais de Justice. This ancient palace in Paris is very interest- ing from its associations. It was built by one of the Capets, and was the residence of several of the ancient kings. It was origi- nally small, but has been enlarged at various times, and of late has been greatly improved and adorned. The square tower, known as the "Tour de I'Hor- loge," was built in the time of Philippe Augustus. This tower contains a famous clock which was made by a German and pre- sented to Charles V. The tocsin, or alarm-bell, which was rung at the death of a king or the birth of a dauphin, hung in this tower. This bell also, in response to the alarm from the bell of ^t. Ger- main TAuxerrois, sounded the death-signal for the massacre of the Huguenots. The steps ap- proaching the palace are adorned by figures representing Justice, Prudence, and Force. Since the reign of Charles V. the palace has served for the Parliament of Paris, courts of justice, and a prison. A Eoman palace or cas- PAL 364 PAL tie is supposed to have been built upon this site. The Sainte Cha- pelle, the clock-tower, the kitchen ol St. Louis, two circular towers, and some vaults, are all that re- main of the ancient palace, the rest having been destroyed by fire. Here is the famous Con- ciergerie, or ancient prison, where so many victims were confined during the Eeign of Terror. Palais de I'lndustrie. A building of stone and glass in the Cliamps Elysees, Paris, built in 1852 for the exhibition of objects of na- tional industry. Here was held the exhibition of 1855, for the ac- commodation of which extensile additions were made to the per- manent building. Palais de I'lnstitut. A massive classical structure on the south bank of the Seine, opposite the Louvre, Paris. It was begun in IfitU, and since 1795 has been oc- cupied by the Institut and the Bibliotheque Mazarine. See In- stitut and also Bibliotheque Mazarine. Palais de Luxembourg, or du Se- nat. [Palace of Luxembourg, O)' ' of the Senate.] A magnificent palace in Paris, whose architec- ture is particularly admired. It was built by Marie de Medicis, occupied successively by several Dukes of France, and during the Bevolution it was converted into a prison. Bonaparte made it the Palace of the Senate, afterwards the peers of the realm met there, and after the restoration the Sen- ate again held its meetings there. It contains a very valuable libra- ry, and fine works of art, paint- ings, sculptures. Gobelin tapestry, etc. A palace was begun on the same site in the fifteenth century, and completed by the Duke de Luxembourg, hence the name of the present palace. He had Versailles and St. Cloud for his country resorts, and the shady alleys of the Tuileries and the Luxembourg for his town recreation. Irving. Sir, — said he, — I am proud to say, that Nature has so far enriched me, that I can- not own so much as a duck witho'it seeing in it as pretty a swan as ever swam the basin in the garden of the Luxembourg. Holmes. Palais des Tournelles. A former large castle or palace of Paris, enlarged by the recent Duke of Bedford, inhabited by Charles VII. and a number of his success- ors. Nothing is now left of this palace, the destruction of which was begun by Catherine de Medi- cis. Its site is now occujDied by the Place Royale and adjoining streets extending to the Rue St. Antoine. Palais des Beaux Arts. A build- ing in Paris, France, devoted to the Fine Arts. ;8®=- *' A word for the building of tbe Palais des Beaux Arts. It is beau- tiful and as well finished and conven- ient as beautiful. With its light and elegant fabric, its pretty fountain, its archway of the Renaissance and frag- ments of sculpture, you can hardly see, on a fine day, a place more riant and pleasing." Thackeray. Palais des Thermes. Euins near the Hotel de Cluny, Paris, the chief part of which is thought to have iSelonged to the baths built by the Emperor Constantius Chlo- rus (250 7-306). Palais d'Orsay. See Orsay, Pa- lais d'. Palais du Corps LSgislatlf. [Pal- ace of the Legislative Assembly.] A handsome building in Paris, begun in 1622 by the Duchess de Bourbon, completed in 1789 by the Prince of Conde, and called at that time Palais Bourbon. Here the Council of Five Hun- dred held their sittings, after the confiscation of the building in 1792. Part of the palace was afterwards used by Napoleon's Corps Legislatif . The palace was restored to the Prince de Conde at the Restoration, but finally be- came the property ol the state. Here sat tlie Chamber of Depu- ties (1814 to 1848), the Constituent Assembly of 1848, the Corps Le- gislatif of the Second Empire. A fine portico was added to the building in 1807. The halls within PAL 365 PAL are adorned with paintings and statuary. In vain wilt thou gi> to Schtinbrunn, to Downiii.y Street, to tlie Palais Bourbon: thou fliiLlcst nothing there but bi'ick or stone houses, and some bundles of Papers tied with tape. Carlyle. Palais Elys^e. See Elysee, Pa- lais. Palais Royal. This palace, in Paris, "was built by Cardinal Bichelieu. It is associated witli the political intrigues of France from the time of its founder down to the accession of Louis Philippe. Many of the most dramatic scenes of the party of the Fronde oc- curred here. Here many of the extreme measures of the Ked Re- publicans were taken. In a cafe of the gardens belonging to the palace the Dantonists met, and in another the Girondists. It is now used as a royal residence. The gardens are prettily orna- mented, and much frequented by men, women, and children during the warm weather. The Boule- vards have now diminished the attractions of the Palais Royal — once the centre of life, gayety, and splendor in Paris. From that first necessary assertion of Lutlier's, " You, self-styled Papa^ you are no Father in God at all ; you are — a Chi- mera, whom I know not now to name in polite language ! " — from that onwards to the shout which rose round Camille Des- moulins in the Palais - Royals " Aux amies ! '* when the people had hurst up against all manner of Chimeras, — 1 find a natural historical sequence. Carlyle. John to the Palats-Royal came. Its splendor almost struck him dumb. *' t say, whose house is that there here ? " "House! Je V0U3 n'entends pas. Mon- sieur." C Dibdin. Palais Koyal. A small theatre, noted for its light comedy and farces, in the Montpensier Gal- lery of the Palais Eoyal, Paris. It was opened in 1831, and has been called " la Parapluie des diueurs du Palais Eoyal." Twice a week he goes to the theatre: he prefers the Palais Royal ; perhaps twice more he takes upon his arm one of the figurantes of the Theatre Lyrique. Taine, Trans. Palais Boyal, Place du. See Place DU Palais Koyal. Palatine Library. A celebrated collection of ancient books and manuscripts, formerly in Heidel- berg, Germany, afterwards car- ried to Rome and deposited in the Vatican, and during the pres- ent century in part restored to its original place. Palatine Mount 0)- Hill. [Lat. iifojis Palatimis.] One of the original seven hills of Rome, and the seat of the earliest settlement of the city. It is now covered with the ruins of the Palace of the C:e- sars. The history of the Palatine is an epitome of that of Rome. From the time when Romulus encircled it with a furrow, and raised his straw-roofed cottage, it was the site of the mansions of the highest nobility. These structures and palaces became successively more and more splendid and luxurious till they reached their limit of magnifi- cence in the Golden House of Nero. From that time the build- ings of the Palatine have de- generated to their present state of ruin. JS^ "The Palatine formed a tra- pezium of solid rock, two sides of which were about 300 yards in length, and others about 400 ; the area of its summit, to compare it with a familiar object, was nearly equal to the space between Pall-Mall and Piccadilly in London. . . . After the Etruscan fash- ion, he [Romulus] traced round the foot of the hill with a plough drawn by a bull and heifer, the furrow being carefully made to fall inwards, and the heifer yoked to the near side, to signify that strength and courage were required without, obedience and fertility within, the city. . . . The locality thus en- closed was reserved for the temples of the gods, and the residence of the rul- ing class, the class of patricians or burghers, as Niebubr has taught us to entitle them, which predominated over the dependent commons, and only Buffered them to crouch for security under the walls of Eomulus. The Palatine was never occupied by the plehs. In the last age of the republic, long after the removal of this partition, or of the civil distinction between the great classes of the state, here was still the chosen site of the mansions of the highest nohility." Merivale. H^ "Every step we tread here is PAL 366 PAL big with recollections — for it was the scene of early glory, the spot whei'e Rome gr«w into greatneKs and fell into decay. . . . That spot which once com- prised the whole of Rome; which, till the exiinotion of the repubUc, con- tained the dwellings of her senators and the temples of her gods, but which, during the Empire, was found to be too circumscribed for the wants of one individual, —is now heaped with the wide-spreading ruins of that magnifi- cent edifice, which was the abode of her tyrants, and the tomb of her liberties. Over the wide expanse of the Palatine, no human dwelling or habitation is now to be seen, except where one solitarj' convent shelters a few barefooted friars, and where, amid the ruined arches and buried halls of the Palaceof the Caesars, the laborers of the vineyards and cab- bage-gardens that now flourish over them have made their wretched abodes." C. A. Eaton. The Palatine, proud Rome's imperial seat, (An awfiil pile !) stands venerably great; ThitUer the kingdums anii the nations come, In supplicating crowds to learn their doom: To Delphi less th' inquiring worlds repair, Nor does a trrenter ;:od inhabit there; This sure the pompous ma.nsionwas de- sign 'd To please tlie mighty rulers of mankind; Inferior temples rise on either hand. And on the borders ot the palace stand, While o'er the rest her head She proudly real's. And lodged amidst her guardian gods ap- pears. Claudian (Addison'n Translations. Cypress and ivy, weed and wall-flower grown Matted and mass'd together, hillocks heap'd On what Wire chambers, arch crush'd, coUmiiis strewn In fragments, choked-up vaults, and fres- cos sttcp'd In subterrKuean damps, where the owl peep'd. Deemmg it midnight : — Temples, baths, or halls? Tronounce who can; lor all that Learning rea])'d From her research has been that these are wsills. Behold the Imperial Hlount! 'Tla thus the mighty falls. Byron. There the Cnpitol thou seest, Above the rest liftmg his -.tatoly head On the Tarpeian rock, her citadel Impregnable; and there Mount Palatine, The imperial palace, compass huge, and high The structure, skill of noblest architects, Willi gilded liattUuiiMits conspicuous far, Turrets, and terrauc?-. ami gllttfring snires. Milton. Palazzo. For most names begin- ning with Palazzo, see the next prominent word. For example, Palazzo Pitti, see Pitti Palace; Palazzo dePxLI Uffizi, see Uffi- zi, etc. See also infra. Palazzo del Podesta. See Bar- GELLO. Palazzo della Signoria. See Pa- lazzo Vecchio. Palazzo Ducale. See Doge's Pal- ace. Palazzo Rosso. See Brignole Sale Palace. Palazzo Vecchio (della Signoria). [The Old Palace (of the Signory).] The ancient residence of the Gonfaloniere, or superior magis- tracy of Florence, now used for government offices, and contain- ing many works of art. It was erected in 1298. JB^ " The prominent and central ob- ject is the Palazzo Vecchio, a massive and imposintf structure, with enor- mous projecting battlements, and a lofty bell-tower stuck upon the wails in defiance of proportion, partly over- hanging thera, and disturbing the pass- ers-by with a constant sense of inse- curity." Uillard. Palisades, The. A lofty columnar mass of basalt or trap-rock, tiear- ly 500 feet in height and some 18 miles in length, extending along the right or western bank of the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey. Pall Mall. A street in London, named from the -French game of pdille - maiUe, formerly played there. During the last century it contained many taverns, which are now replaced by club-houses. The street, at one time known as Catherine Street, was enclosed about KiOO, and was a fashionable promenade. Palle-malle (from Pallet, a ball, and M<(t}@=-"The world has nothing else like the Pantheon. So grand it is, that the pasteboard statues over the lofty cornice do not disturb the effect, any more than the tin crowns and hearts, the dusty artificial flowers, and all manner of trumpery gewgaws bang- ing at the saintly shrines. The rust and dinginess that have dimmed the precious marbles on the walls ; the pavement, with its great squares and rounds of porphyry and granite, cracked crosswise, and m a hundred directions, showing how roughly the troublesome ages have trampled here ; the gray dome above, with its opening to the sky, as if heaven were looking down into the interior of this place of worship; ... all these things make an impression of solemnity which St. Peter's itself fails to produce.** Haxothome. ^S" " Though plundered of all its brass, except the ring which was ne- cessary to presei've the aperture above ; though exposed to repeated fires; though sometimes flooded by the river, and always open to the rain, no monu- ment of equal antiquity is so well pre- served as this rotunda. It passed with little alteration from the Pagan into the present worship; and so conven- ient were its niches for the Christian altar, that Michael Angelo, ever studi- ous of ancient beauty, introduced their design as a model in the Catholic church." ForsyWs Italy. ^S^ " Our Pantheon [at Paris] com- pared with this seems mean ; and when, after a half-hour's contemplation of it, you abstract its mouldiness and degra- dation, and divorce it from its modem dilapidated surroundings, when the imagination pictures to itself the white glittering edifice with its fresh marble, as it appeared in the time of Agrip- pa, when, after the establishment of universal peace, he dedicated it to all the gods, then do you figure to your- self with admiration the triumph of Augustus which this fete completed, a reconciled, submissive universe, the splendor of a perfected empire." Tame, Tirana. ,-8®" " The preservation and embel- lishment of the Pantheon have seemed to be dear to every mind of genius in every age. Raphael bequeathed a sum of money for its i-epair ; so did Anni- bal Caracci, and many other distin- guished artists ; but it appears to have all gone to the Madonna and the mar- tyrs, to pi'iests and masses." C. A. EaU>n, -6®" " The character of the architec- ture, and the sense of satisfaction which it leaves upon the mind, are proofs of the enduring charm of simplicity. . . . This charm is the result of form and proportion, and cannot be lost except by entire destruction." Millard. Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime — Shrine of all saints and temple of all gods From Jove to Jesus — spared ajid bless*d by time. Looking tranquillity, while falls or nods Arch, empire, eachthiug round thee, and man plods His way through thorns to ashes — glori- ous dome ! Shalt thou not last? Time's scythe and tvrants' rods Shiver' upon thee, — sanctuary and home Of art and -^iGty^ — Pantheon ! pride of Rome! Relic of nobler days, and noblest arts ! Despoil'd yet perfect, with thy circle spreads A holiness appealing to all hearts — To art a model; and to him who treads Rome for the sake of ages. Glory s^eds Her light through thy sole aperture; to those Who worship, here are altars for their beads; And they who feel for genius may repose Their eyes on honor'd forms, whose busts around them close. Byron, PAN 369 PAO "Well speed thy mission, bold Iconoclast! Yet all unworthy of its trust thou art, If. with dry eye, and cold, unloving heart. Thou tread'st the solemn Pantheon of the past, By the great Future's dazzling hope made To all the beauty, power, and truth be- hind. Whittier. No, great Dome of Agrippa, thou art not Chrislian. Canst not, Strip and replaster and daub and do what they will with thee, be so. Cloiigh. 2. A church in Paris now called St. Genevieve. The corner-stone of this building was laid bv Louis XV. in 1764. In 1791 the Assem- bly decreed that it should be used as a place of sepulture for the illustrious dead of France. Mi- rabeau, Voltaire, and Rousseau were interred here, and also many distinguished generals of Napo- leon's army. In 1851 the temple was presented to the Roman Catholic Church. The church is in the form of a Greek cross, and is very imposing from its great size and the magnificence of its dome. It is adorned with stat>- ues and paintings of the great kings and qiteens, military he- roes, and literary men of France. It is situated on the south of the river, upon the highest ground in Paris. It is called the largest and filnest church of the Italian style in the city. It was changed into a pantheon, in 1792, inscribed " Aux Grands Hommes la Patrie reconnaissante," restored to a church in 1822, in 1831 again changed to a pantheon, and in 1853 re-converted into a church. jg®""The object of this ejplendid pile — for it is not a church — is suffi- ciently explained by a series of figures in relief by David, representing, on the triangular pediment of the portico, France, a figure 15 feet high, attended by Liberty and History, surrounded by, and dispensing honor to, Voltaire, Lafayette, F^uelon, Rousseau, Mira- beau, Manuel, Camot, David, and, of course. Napoleon, and the principal he- roes of the republican and imperial armies." Sir Francis B. Head. jg®"" Begun as a church, in the Revolution its destination was altered, and it was to be a temple to the manes of great men; and accordingly Rous- eeau, Voltaire, and many more are buried here. "Well, after the Revolu- tion, the Bourbons said it should not be a temple for great men, it should be a church. The next popular upset tipped it back to the great men, and it stayed under their jurisdiction until Louis Napoleon, who is very pious, restored it to the Church. . . . This Pantheon is, as one might suppose from its history, a hybrid between a church and a theatre, and of course good for neither — purposeless and aimless." C. Beecher. J8®= " The present superb church of St. G-enevifeve was the Pantheon of the Revolution. The painting of the dome, which is in the worst possible taste, represents St. Genevieve in glory, re- ceiving the homage of Clovis, Charle- magne, St. Louis, and Louis SVni. Au resU, the classic magnificence of the whole structure is as little in har- mony with the character of the peasant patroness, as the church of the Made- leine with that of the Syrian penitent and castaway." Mrs. Jameson. je®^'*On arriving at the object of our ambition — the small balustrade surrounding the lantern which forms the summit of the Pantheon — there burst upon us all a magnificent pano- rama it would be utterly impossible to describe. The whole of Paris — every window, every chimney, were distin- guishable." Sir Francis B. Head. The church of St. Genevieve is a place of greate devotion, dedicate to another of their Amazons sayd to have delivered the Cittyfrom the Englisb. for which she is esteemed the tutelary saint of Paris. It stands on a steepe eminence, having a very high spire, and is goverhed by Can- ons Regular. John Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 7, 1644. Alike the better-seeing shade will smile On the rude cavern of the rocky isle, As if his ashes found their latest home In Rome's Pantheon or Gaul's mimic dome. Byron. 3. A well-known huilding in London, at first built for a the- atre and public promenade, and opened in 1772. The Pantheon was burned in 1792, and rebuilt; afterwards taken down and re- constructed in 1812, and in 1334 turned into a bazaar. I saw Hood once as a young man, at a dinner which seems almost as ghostly now as that masquerade at the Pantheon of which we were speaking anon. Thackeray. Paoli, San. See San Paoli fuori LE MURA. Paoline ChapeL See Capella Paolina. PAO 370 PAR Paolo, San. See Porta di San PAoro. Paraclete. This celebrated abbey, founded by Abelard, stood at the village of St. Anbin, on the stream Ardusson, in France. Here was the retreat of Helo'ise, and her final resting-place as well as that of Abelard. Sometimes I grieve for the loss of the house of Paraclete, and wish to see it again. Ah, Philintus, does not the love of Heloise still burn in rav heart ? Abelard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise. To the pray walls of fallen Paraclete, To Juliet's urn. Fair Arno and Sorrento's orange-grove, Where Tasso sang, let young Romance and Love Like brother pilgrirae turn. Whittier. God's love, — unchanging, pure, and true, — The Paraclete white-shining through His peace, — the fall of Hermon's dew ! Whittier. With all my sorrows trembling still. Fate, vainly lenient, bade us meet, Kesistless victims of its will ! And led my steps to Paraclete. L. S. Costello. Paradise, II. A famous picture by Jacopo Robusti, called II Tin- toretto (1512-1594). It is an oil- painting, 8-1 feet long and 34 feet nigh. In the Doge's Palace, at Venice, Italy, Jd^ "In the Paradise of Tintoret, the angel is seen in the distance driv- ing Adam and Eve out of Lbe G-arden. . . . Full spL'ed they fly, the angel and the human creatures ; the angel wrapt in an orb of light floats on, and does not touch the ground; the chastised creatures i-ush before him In abandoned terror. All this might have been in- vented by another, . . . but one cir- cumstance which completes the story could have been thought of by none but Tintoret. The angel caste a shadow before hlra towards Adam and Eve." Buskin iModem Painters). ;GSr " At first this Paradise of Tin- loret is so strange that no wonder the lovely world outside, the beautiful court-yard, the flying birds, and drift- ing Venetians seem more like Heaven to those who are basking in their sweet- ness. But it is well worth while by degrees, with some pain and self-denial, to climb in spirit to that strange crowd- ed place towards which old Tintoret's mignty soul was bent." Miss Thackeray. Paradise, Orto del. See Okto DEL PAKADISO. Parcae. See Three Fates. Parc-aux-Cerfs. [Deer-park.] A park or preserve at Versailles, France. The true conduct and position for a French Sovereign towards French Litera- ture, in that country, might have been, though perhaps of all things the most im- portant, one of the most ditficult to dis- cover and accomplish. What chance was there that a thick-blooded Louis Quinze, from his Pare aux Cer/s, should discover it, should have the famtest inkling of it? Carlyle. Meanwhile Louis the well-beloved has left (forever) his Parc-aux-cerfs, and, amid the scare-suppressed hootings of the world, taken up his last lodging at St. Denis. Carlyle. Parian Clironicle. One of the so- called Arundelian marbles at Ox- ford, England. It is a chrono- logical register or compendium of the history of Greece from ' B.C. 1582 to B.C. 355. It is so called because thought to have been made in the island of Paros. See Arundell^n Mar- Paris Garden. A region in Lon- don, so called from Robert de Paris, who had a house and grounds there in the reign of Bichard II., now built upon and occupied with public works. Paris, Judgment of. See Judg- ment OF Paris. Park Lane. A street of aristo- cratic residences in London, Eng- land. Fifth Avenue is the Belgrave Square, the Park Lane, and the Pall Mall of New York. Anthony TroUope. Park Square. A well-known pub- lic square in London, England. Park-Street Church. A well- known religious edifice in Bos- ton, Mass. It''' ■ --f lofty spire. I tell you what",, '-v of the pro- fessions '^digging a jQ , ^jjnd their close corporations, like tuat Japanese one at Jcddo, which you could put Park-Streef Church on the bottom of and look over the vane from its side, and try to stretch another such spire across it without span- ning the chasm. — that Idea, I say, Is pret- ty nearly worn out. Bolmes, Parliament House. I. A build- ing in Edinburgh, Scotland, of the Italian style of architecture, PAE 371 PAK used for Courts of Justice. The old Parliament House, of which only a portion remains, is used hy lawyers and their clients. 2. An imposing pile of build- ings in Ottawa, Can., containing the halls of Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, and the Department ofifices. It was he- gun in 1860. Parliament Houses. See West- minster Palace. Parliament Oak. An ancient and famous tree in what was once Sherwood Forest. It derived its name from the tradition of a par- liament having been held there by Edward the First. Parnasse, Boulevard du Mont. See Mont Paknasse. Parnassus. A celebrated fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing Apollo and the Muses, under laurel-trees, on the heights of Parnassus. On either side and below are ranged the poets of antiquitj' and of modern Italy. This picture is one of the series of four, entitled respective- ly. Theology, Poetry (or the I^ar- nassus). Philosophy, and Juris- prudence, which' were intended to exhibit the lofty subjects of thought with which the human mind is occupied. They are all in the Camera della Segnatura of the Vatican, Eome. Parnassus. An allegorical picture by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the Italian painter. In the Gal- lery of the Louvre, Paris. Parnassus. A celebrated fresco in the Villa Albani, Eome, by Anton Eafael Mp',. ,'. -28-1779). It has been en' ,, ' y Eaphael Mor- ghen. [Cai. _ ilso Apollo and the Muses.} •■ Parthenon, The. This structure, — the glory of the Acropolis at Athens, Greece, — " the finest ed- ifice on the finest site in the world, hallowed by the noblest recollec- tions that can stimulate the hu- man heart," — was so called from being the temple of Athena Par- thenos ('A«.)i/i nipSexos). The time at which the Parthenon was be- gun is not definitely known; but It was built under the adminis- tration of Pericles, and finished 438 B.C. The architects were Ic- tinus and Callicrates, and the general supervision of the work was intrusted to Phidias. This most perfect product of Grecian architecture was of the Doric or- der, was built of Pentelic marble, and stood upon the highest part of the Acropolis. The Parthenon was beautifully adorned, both without and within, with exqui- site works of sculpture, some of which have been removed and deposited in the British Museum. The Parthenon was sometimes called Hecatompedos or Hecatom- pedon (i.e., the Temple of One Hundred Feet), a name derived from its. breadth. This temple beautifully illustrates the archi- tectural principle known to the ancient Greeks by which they prevented the apparent sagging of horizontal and the bending of perpendicular lines in a structure. By substituting very slight and delicate curves for the ordinary right lines, this common optical illusion was entirely avoided. The perpendicular lines also slightly incline inwards, thus pre- venting any appearance — as for example in the columns, which incline three inches in their height — of leaning outwards. The most celebrated of the sculptures of the Parthenon was a colossal statue of the Virgin Goddess, by Phidias. It was made of ivory for the undraped parts, while solid gold was used for the dress and ornaments, — a kind of work which the Greeks called chrys- elephantine. The Parthenon was turned into a Greek church dedi- cated to the Virgin Mother, prob- ably in the sixth century. It was badly damaged by a shell during the siege of Athens by the Vene- tians in 1687, and also received additional injury during the bombardment of the city in 1827. PAR 372 PAR jei^"Such was the simple etruc- ture of this magnificentbuilding, which, by its united excellences of materials, design, and decorations, was the most perfect ever executed. Its dimensions of 228 feet hy 101, with a height of 66 feet to the top of the pediment, were sufficiently great to give an appearance' of grandeur and sublimity; and this impfession was not disturbed by any obtrusive subdivision of parts, such as is found to diminish the effect of many larger modern buildings, where the same singleness of design is not ap- parent. Id the Parthenon there was nothing to divert the spectator's con- templation from the simplicity and majesty of mass and outline, which forms the iirst and most remarkable object of admiration in a Greek temple." Leake. j8®- " Down to the year 1637, the Parthenon remained entire. The Chris- tians converted it first into a church, and the Turks, jealous of the Chris- tians, afterward converted it into a mosque. Thea came the Venetians in the highly civilized seventeenth cen- tury, and cannonaded the monuments of Pericles. They shot their balls upon the Propylseum and the Temple of Minerva; a bomb sunk into the roof set fire to a number of barrels of gun- powder inside, and demolished in part a building that did less honor to the false gods of Greece than to the genius of man. The town being taken, Mo- rosini, with the design of embellishing Venice with the spoils of Athens, wished to take down the statues of the pediment of the Parthenon, and broke them. Amodern succeeded in achieving (in the interest of the arts) the destruc- tion which the Venetians had begun. Lord Elgin lost the merits of his com- mendable enterprises in ravaging the Parthenon. He wished to take away the hassi-relievi of the frieze ; in order to do so, he employed Turkish workmen, who broke the architrave, threw down the capitals, and smashed the cornice." Chateaubriand^ Trans. fl®=*"The last of the portals is passed : you are on the summit alone with the Parthenon. Over heaps of ruin, over a plain buried under huge fragments of hewn and sculptured marble — drums of pillars, pedestals, capitals, cornices, friezes, triglyphs, and sunken panel- work — a wilderness of mutilated art — it rises between you and the sky, which forms its only back- ground, and against which every scar left by the infidel generations shows its gash. Broken down in the middle, like a ship which has struck and parted, with tne roof, cornices, and friezes most- ly gone, and not a column unmutilated, and yet with the tawny gold of 2,000 years staining its once spotless marble, sparkling with snow-white marks of shot and shell, and with its soaring pillars embedded in the>iark-blue ether (and here the sky seems blue only be- cause they need such a background), you doubt for a moment whether the melancholy of its ruin, or the perfect and majestic loveliness which shines through that ruin, is the most power- ful." Bayard Taylor. j^^**The appearance of the Parthe- non testifies more loudly than history itself to the greatness of this people [the Greeks]. Pericles will never die. what a civilization was that which found a great man to decree, an archi- tect to conceive, a sculptor to adorn, statuaries to execute, workmen to carve, and a people to pay for and maintain, such an edifice ! In the midst of the ruins which once were Athens, and which the cannon of the Greeks and Turks have pulverized and scat- tered throughout the valley, and upon the two hills upon which extends the city of Minerva, a mountain is seen towering up perpendicularly upon all sides. Enormous ramparts surround it; built at their base with fragments of white marble, higher up with the ddbris of friezes and antique columns, they terminate in some parts with Ve- netian battlements. This mountain seems to be a magnificent pedestal cut by the gods themselves whereon to seat their altars." Lamartine, Trans. J8®-"0f all the great temples, the best and most celebrated is the Parthe- non, the only octastyle Doric temple in Greece, and in its own class un- doubtedly the most beautiful building in the world. It is true, it has neither the dimensions nor the wondrous ex- pression of power and eternity inher- , ent in Egyptian temples, nor has it the variety and poetry of the Gothic cathe- dral; but for intellectual beauty, for perfection of proportion, for beauty of detail, and for the exquisite perception of the highest and most recondite prin- ciples of art ever applied to architec- ture, it stands utterly and entirely alone and unrivalled — the glory of Greece and a reproach to the rest of the world." Fergusson. Earth proudly wears the Parthenon, As the best gem upon her zone. £!7n&-son. Parthenon, The. A London club, dissolved in 1862. The Erecthe- um Club was joined with it in 1854. PAK 373 PAT Parvis Notre Dame. This name, a corruption of Paradisus, is ap- plied to tlie open space in front of the cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris. Pas Perdus, Salle des. A large hall, from which open different law-courts, in the Palais de Jus- tice, Paris. Pasquino. A celebrated mutilated statue in'Kome, so called from a witty taiWr of that name who kept a shop near by, and was given to entertaining his custom- ers with the gossip and scandal of the day. Upon the pedestal of this statue were affixed pungent criticisms on passing events, squibs, and sarcasms, from which the term Pasquinade is derived. ^^ " The public opinion of Kome has only one traditional organ. It is that mutilated hlock of marble called Pasquin's statue, on wbich are mys- teriously affixed by unlinown hands the frequent squibs of Roman mother- wit on the events of the day.'* The Times, 1870. Passaic, The. A United States monitor in the war of the Rebel- lion (i861-65). She took part, in connection with the land bat- teries, in the attack upon Fort Sumter, July }1, 1863. On the 24th, Gen. Gilmore wrote to Gen. Halleck, " Fort Sumter is to-day a shapeless mass of ruins." Passion, The. A picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, representing all the scenes of the Passion of Christ in a number of separate groups with figures of small size. It is now in the Koyal Gallery at Tu- rin, Italy. Passion, The Greater and the Lesser. A series of wood-cuts by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver, and considered to be among the best of his works which have de- scended to us. Passion. See Ltvekseueg Pas- sion. Passion Play. See Passiohspiel. Passionapiel. [Passion Play.] A famous dramatic representation of the scenes of the Passion and Death of Christ, exhibited at the village of Ober-Ammergau, in Bavaria. The acting takes place in the day-time, and under the open sky. The play was first performed in 1633, under a re- ligious vow offered by the in- habitants of the village, that they would enact it at regular periods, if delivered from the infliction of the plague. J^=- " The decadal period was chosen for 1680, and the Passion Play has been enacted, with various interruptions, every tenth year since that time. The Passion Play is, however, of much older date than this. It is not probable that simple villagers would make a vow to perform a play totally unknown to them, and, even in its rudest form, de- manding such capacity and preparatory study. The vow speaks of the Passion Tragedy as something already well known ; only the period of performing the play every ten years is positively stated. The oldest known text-book of the play bears the date 1662, and it refers to a still older book. Since the year 1634 the Passion Play has under- gone great change and improvements. Such figures as Lucifer, Prince of Hell, who, with his retinue used to play a great part in the Ammergau perform- ance, have been banished. Up to the year 1830, the play was performed in the village churchyard in the open air. In the first decades of the present cen- tury the text of the play was thorough- ly revised by Father Ottmar Weiss of Jesewang (d. 1843), who removed un- suitable and inharmonious passages, substituting prose for doggerel verse. The improvements then commenced have been carried on up to the present time by the former pastor of the vil- ' lage, the Geistlicher - Rath Daisen- berger, who is still active in promoting the success of the play." J. P. Jackson. Patapsco, The. A United States monitor in the war of the Eebel- lion (1861-65). She took part, in connection with the land bat- teries, in the attack upon Fort Sumter, July 11, 1863, and with- in a few days it was reduced to a shapeless mass of ruins. Paternoster Kow. A street in London said to be so named from PAT 374 PEA the turners of rosaries, or Pater Nosters, who formerly dwelt there. It is noted as the locality of stationers, printers, and book- sellers. j8®" " Paternoster Row -was for many years sacred to publishers. It is a nar- row flagged street, lying under the shadow of St. Paul's; at each end there are posts placed, so as to prevent the passage of carriages, and thus pre- serve a solemn silence for the delibera- tions of the ' fathers of the Eow.' The dull warehouses on each side are mostly occupied at present by wholesale sta- tioners ; if they be publishers' shops, they show no attractive front to the dark and narrow street." Mrs. Gaskell {in 1848). I have been told of a critic who was crucifled at the command of another to the reputation of Homer. That, no doubt, was more than poetical Justice, and I shall be perfectly content if those who criticise me are only clapped in the pillory, kept fifteen days upon bread and water, and obliged to run the gantlope through Pa- iemoster-row. Goldsmith. At the time of Johnson's appearance, there were still two ways, on which an Author might attempt proceeding; these were the Msecenases proper in the West End of London; and the jNIaecenases vir- tual of St. John's Gate and Paternoster How. Carlyle. For him reviews shall smile, for him o'er- flow The patronage of Paternoster-row. Byron. Fraught with invective they ne'er go To folks at Paternoster-row. Goldmiith. Having alittle "Grub-street " business, I made my way to the purlieus of publish- ers, Paternoster Row. N. P. Willis. Patrick's, St. See St. Patrick's. Paul and Barnabas at Xjystra. One of the famous cartoons by Kaphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vati- can at Kome were executed. Paul in the Prison at Philippi. The subject of a tapestry picture in the Vatican, Ropie, after a car- toon by Raphael. This cartoon is no longer in existence. Paul preaching at Athens. One of the famous cartoons by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vati- can, at Rome, were executed. .8®" "In Raphael's cartoon of Paul preaching at AthenSt the figure of the { man in front, who, as Sir Joshua says, ' appears to be thinking all over,' is probably Dionysus." Mrs. Jameson. Paul, St. See St. Paul. See Venxts See Capella Pauline Borghese. ViOTEIX. Pauline Chapel. Paolina. Pauline Fountain. See Fontaija Paolina. Paulovsk. A palace and summer residence of the imperial family of Russia, near St. Petersburg. The park is of great extent, the estimated aggregate length of the walks being 100 miles. It is at all times open to the public, and a favorite pleasure resort of the inhabitants of the capital. Paul's, St. See St. Paul's. Paul's "Walk. See Duke Hdm- phkey's "Walk. Pavilion. A royal palace in Bright- on, England, built in the Orient- al style by George IV. Pays Latin. See Quaktier Latin. Peabody Institute. 1. A marble building in Baltimore, Md., con- taining a library, a gallery of art, a conservatory of music, and a flue lecture-hall. The Institute was founded by George Peabody (1795-1869), the London banker, and is designed for the promotion of education, and the diffusion of useful knowledge among the masses. 2. A building in Peabody, Mass., provided with a library and lecture-room, founded and endowed by the well-known Lon- don banker of the same name. See svpra. Peabody Museum. A large Gothic building connected with Yale College, New Haven, Conn., con- taining large collections in nat- ural history, mineralogy, etc. It was built with proceeds of the endowment made by George Pea- body of London. See supra. Peacock, The. A British war- ship captured in 1813 by the American ship Hornet. PEA 375 PEN Peacock Island. [Ger. Pfauen-In- sel.] A small island in the river Havel, near Potsdam, Germany. It has been at times the favorite resort of the royal family of Prus- sia, and contains a summer-house, menagerie, palm-house, and pleas- ure-grounds. Peak Cavern. A series of subter- ranean chambers near Castleton, England, forming the largest cave in Britain. [Called also the Dev- il's Cave.'\ Pearl, The. A celebrated picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), parts of which are supposed to have been executed by Giulio Eomano (1,492-1546). "this pic- ture has derived a fictitious im- portance from the supposed words of Philip IV. of Spain, who, hav- ing purchased the picture from the gallery of Charles I., is said to have exclaimed on seeing it, ' This is my pearl ! ' " It is now in the Gallery at Madrid, Spain. Pearl Mosque. [Motee Miisjeed.} A famous Mohammedan temple or mosque in the city of Agra, Hindostan. It is a small but very perfect building. It has three domes of white marble with gilded spires. .fl®- " The Motee Muejeed can be compared to no other edilice that I have ever seen. To my eye, it is a perfect type of its class. While its ar- chitecture is the purest Saracenic, which some suppose cannot exist without or- nament, it shows the severe simplicity of Doric art. It has, in fact, nothing which can properly he termed orna- ment. It is a sanctuary so pure and stainless, revealing so exalted a spirit of worship, that I felt humbled as a Christian, to think that our nobler reli- gion has 80 rarely inspired architects to surpass ttiis temple to God and Mo- hammed." Bayard Taylor. Peasant Feast. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610- 1694), the Belgian .9enre-painter. In the Louvre, at Paris. Peasant "Wedding. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610- 1694), the Belgian j/enre-painter. In the Gallery of Munich, Bava- ria. There is another upon the same subject at Vienna, Austria. Peasants Travelling. See Eulen- SPIEGEL. Peele Castle. A venerable and famous fortress on the Isle of Man, familiar to the readers of Scott by having been the place where some of the most interest- ing scenes in " Peveril of the Peak " are laid. It was formerly used as a place of confinement for prisoners of state. I was thy neighbor once, thou rugged pile! Four summer weeks I dwelt in sight of thee: I saw ttiee every day ; and all the while Thy form was sleeping on a glassj' sea. WordsiDorth (Elegiac Stanzas, suggested by a picture of Peele Castle in a storm, painted by Sir George Beaumont)- Pembroke College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, ' England. Established in 1347. Pembroke Family. A grand fam- ily picture, including ten figures, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641), and regarded as one of his prin- cipal works. In Wilton House, England. Pendennis Castle. An ancient fortress at Falmouth, England. Penitent Magdalen. A well- known work of sculpture by Antonio Canova (1757-1828). Penn Cottage. An old and inter- esting house in Philadelphia, Penn., on Letitia Street, occu- pied by William Penn in 1682, and said to be the first brick building erected in the town. Pennsylvania Avenue. The chief thoroughfare of the city of Wash- ington. It extends from the Cap- itol across the level tract where it was intended the city should be built towards Georgetown. On the line of its course are the Treasury building, the Executive Mansion or White House, and the building of the Department of State. Penseroso, II. A statue by Hiram .Powers (1805-1873). In the Lenox Library, New York. Penshurst Place and Oak. A not- ed mansion near Tunbridge, Eng- PEN 376 PER land, in which Sir Philip and Algernon Sidney were born. It is now in possession of Lord de Lisle and Dudley, one of their descendants. Near by is the fa- mous oak which was planted at the birth of Sir Philip Sidney. It is now 22 feet in girth. Thou art not, Penshurst, built to envious show Of touch or marble ; nor canst boast a row Of polish'd pillars or a roofe of gold ; Thou hast no lantheme, whereof tales are told; Or stayre, or courts; butstandst an an- cient pile, And tliese grudged at, art revereuc'd the while, Thou joy'st in better marks, of soile, of ayre. Of wood, of water: therein thou artfaire. Ben Jonson. Genius of Penshurst old ! "Who saw'st the birtli of each immortal oak. Here sacred from the stroke ; Where Sidney his Arcadian landscape drew. Genuine from thy Doric view ! And patriot Algernon unshaken rose Above insulting foes; And Hacharissa nursed her angel charms. Francis Coventry. Penshurst still shines for us, and its Christmas revels, " where logs not burn, but men." Emerson. That tall tree, too, which of a nut was set, At his great birth, where all the Muses met. Ben Jonson. Go, boy, and carve this passion on the bark Of yonder tree, which stands the sacred mark Of noble Sidney's birth. Waller. Pensoso, II. See Loeenzo de' Medici. Pentinger Tables. An ancient itinerary discovered at Spires in 1508. A copy was published by Pentinger in 1591, and since then many editions of the original have appeared. The tablet is a map of the world as known to the an- cients, and is about 20 feet in length by a foot in breadth. Pepysian Library. The valuable collection of manuscripts and early English books belonging to Samuel Pepys {1632-im5), the cel- brated gossip and diarist. It is now in Magdalen College, Cam- bridge, England. Pequot Hill. An elevation near Mystic, Conn., the scene of one of the most desperate and sanguin- ary engagements between the Indian tribe of the Pequots and the New England colonists, in May, 1637. Pfere-la-Chaise. A cemetery near Paris, so called because that on the ground it occupies formerly stood the dwelling of Pere-la- Chaise, the confessor of Louis XIV. it was consecrated in 1804, and now covers more than 200 acres. It is laid out and ornar mented with much taste and ele- gance, and commands a fine view of Paris and the surrounding country. One of the principsil objects of interest is the tomb of Abelard and Heloise, which con- sists of a chapel built of niateri- als brought from the Abbey of the Holy Ghost, which Abelard founded, and of whichHeloise was abbess. Pere-la-Chaise was made a final place of refuge for the in- surgents of the Commune in 1871, and here were two graves, in one of which were thrown 200 bodies of Communists, and in the other more than 700. About 00 burials a day take place here. There are about 16,000 stone monuments, which have cost nearly £5,000,000. The dead of distant lands Are gathered here. In pomp of sculpture sleeps The Russian Demidoif, and Britain's sons Have crossed the foaming sea, to leave their dust In a strange soil. Yea, from my own far land They've wandered here, to die. Mrs. L. H, Sigoumey. I see grand tombs to France'slesser dead: Colossal steeds, white pyramids, still red At base with blood, still torn with shot and shell. To testify that here the Commune fell; And yet I turn once more from all of these. And stand before the tomb of Eloise. Joaquin Miller. When years have clothed the line in moss That tells thy name and days. And withered, on thy simple cross. The wreaths of P^re-ta- Chaise ! Holmes. Perla, La. See Pearl, The. Perseus, The. A well-known bronze statue by Benvenuto Cel- lini (1500-1570), and his ch^ d'oiuvi-e. In the Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence. PEE 37T PET JSffl" " When one recalls the details of its casting, the intrepidity with which the artist, exhausted with fa- tigue, devoured hy fever, leaped from his bed to hasten the Uquidation of the bronze into which he cast all the pew- ter vessels of his bouse, bis fervent and devout prayers, his sudden recovery, and his joyous meal with his family and friends, this statue becomes a sort of action which paints the manners of the time and the character of the extraor- dinary man who executed it." Yalery, Trans. ^ In the Logfjia ? where is set Celhni's god-lilte Perseus, bronze— or gold — (How name the metal, when the statue flings Its soul so in your eyes ?) with brow and sword Sujierbly calm, as all opposing things Slain with the Gorgon, were no more ab- horred Since ended ? Mrs. Browning. Perseus and Andromeda. A pic- ture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1640). In Berlin, Prussia. Perseus with the Head of Me- dusa. A statue by Antonio Ca- nova (1757-1822). In the Vatican, Rome. -6®^ " During the absence of the Apollo [Belviderej in Paris, under the rule of Napoleon, the Perseus was placed on its pedestal; an honor of which it was hardly worthy, as it is rather a fine than a beautiful statue, and is deficient in beauty and expres- sion." Eillard. Persian Sibyl. A noted picture by Guido Reni (1575-1642). In the Museum of the Capitol, Rome. 4®^ "His [G-uercino's] Sibyl Per- sica, under her peculiar head-dress, is already quite modern. She has one of those pensive, complicated, indefinable expressions which pleases us so great- ly, a spirit of infinite delicacy, whose mysterious fascinations will never end." Tainet Trans. There is another picture known by this name, by Guido Eeni (1575-1642). In the TJffizi Gal- lery, Florence, Italy. Perte du Khone. A remarkable spot not far from Geneva, Switz- erland, where the river Rhone plunges into a mass of broken rocks, and disappears completely from sight lor a space of 120 yards. Pesaro Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Pe- I saro."] A fine palace of the sev- enteenth century in Venice, Italy. Peter. See Great Petek and John and Petek. Peter and John at the Beautiful Gate of the Temple. One of the famous cartoons by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which the tapestries in the Vatican at Rome were executed. Peter and Paul in Discussion about the Gentiles. A picture by Guido Reni (1575-1642). In the Brera at Milan, Italy. !&• " A grand picture, full of deep meaning." Tickmor. Peter denying Christ. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694), the Belgian ganre- painter. It is now in the Louvre, in Paris. Peter, St. See St. Peter. Peter the Great teaching the art of Ship-building. A picture by Sir William Allan (1782-1850). In the Winter Palace, St. Peters- burg, Russia. Peterhouse. Tbe most ancient collegiate foundation in the Uni- versity of Cambridge, England. It was founded near the close of the thirteenth century. Peterloo, Field of. See Field of Peterloo. Peter's Chains. See San Pietko IN ViNCOLI. Peter's Chair. See Chair of St. Petek. Peter's College, St. See West- minster School. Peter's, St. See St. Peter's. Petit Chateau. [The Little Cas- tle.] A castle in Chantilly, France, built by the Montmoren- cys, and considered one of the most beautiful monuments of the Renaissance style of architecture in France. The estate, which be- longed to the Orleans family, was confiscated by Napoleon III., and sold in 1853 to the English bank- ers Coutts & Co. PET 378 PEV Petit Trianon. [The Little Tria- non.] A pleasant little residence near the royal palace of Ver- sailles, France, which was occu- pied by the Duchess of Orleans. It is exquisitely fitted up, and embellished by paintings. Petit Trianon was built in 1766 by Louis XV. for Madame Dubarry. Louis XVI. gave it to Marie An- toinette, who laid out the gardens with rock-work, lakes, Swiss cot- tages, etc., and who here with her court played at shepherds and shepherdesses. See Gkand Tri- anon. 4®=* "A walk to the Little Trianon is both pleasing and moral : no doubt the reader has seen the pretty fantasti- cal gardens which environ it ; the groves and temples, the streams and caverns, (whither, as the guide tells you, during the heat of summer, it was the custom of Marie Antoinette to retire with her favorite, Madame de Lamballe) ; the lake and Swiss village are pretty little toys, moreover; and the cicerone of the place does not fail to point out the different cottages which surround the piece of water, and tell the names of the royal masqueraders who inhabited each. . . . Yonder is the pretty little dairy which was under the charge of the fair Marie Antoinette herself." Thackeray, SS^ " The little marble palace, called 'Petit Trianon,' built for Ma- dame Pompadour in the garden grounds, is a beautiful affair, full of what some- body calls ' affectionate-looking rooms.* ... It was in the litttle palace of Tria- non that Napoleon signed his divorce from Josephine." If, P. Willis. Petits P6res. See Notre Dajvie DES ViCTOIRES. Petrarch's House and Tomb. At Arqua, Italy. Both are still pre- served. The latter is of marble. There is a tomb in Arqua; rear'd in air, Pillar'd in their sarcophagus, repose The bones of Laura's lover. Byron. eST " On the little square before the church door, where the peasants con- gregate at mass time, . . . is Petrarch's sepulchre. Fit resting-place of what remains to earth of such a poet's clay. ... A simple rectilinear coffin, of smooth Verona mandorlato, raised on four thick columns, and closed by a heavy clppua-cover. Without emblems, allegories, lamenting genii, this tomb of the great poet, the great awakener of Europe from mental lethargy, en- circled by the hills, beneath the canopy of heaven is impressive beyond the power of words." J. A. Symonds. Petrella. A noted fortress, now in ruins, in the village of the same name in Southern Italy, cele- brated by its connection with the tragic history of the Cenci family. That savage rock, the castle of Petrella, 'Tis safely wall'd, and moated round about: Its dungeons underground and its thick towers Never told tales; though they have heard and seen What might make dumb things speak. Shelley. Petrified Forest, A collection of petrified fragments of trees, scat^ tared about in the sand at a dis- tance of three or four hours* jour- ney from Cairo, Egypt. These fragments of silicitied wood are said not to correspond with 3,ny vegetation now existing in Egypt. Petrified Forest. A natural curi- osity in California, situated about five miles from Calistoga Hot Springs. It was discovered in July, 1870. j8®" " All the trees discovered were prostrate, and most of them after their petrifaction had been broken trans- versely into several sections, . . . All the fossil wood observed was silicified, probably by means of hot alkaline waters containing silica in solution, a natural result of volcanic action, es- pecially when occurring in connection with water, as was evidently the case in the present instance." C. H. Denison. Petroffskoi. A famous palace in the immediate neighborhood of Moscow, Russia, built after a fantastic style, apparently bor- rowed from that of the Kremlin. After the burning of Moscow, Napoleon took up his residence here. The park is always open to the public, and is a great popu- lar resort. PetroniUa, Santa, See Santa Petronilla. Petrus liombardus. Horologe of. See HoKOLOGE of Petrus Lom- BARDUS. Pevensey Castle. A very ancient Koman castle in the town of PFA 379 PHA Pevensey, Sussex, England, fa- mous as having been occupied by "William, Duke of Normandy, when he invaded England. It is now in ruins. Its walls were of great strength, and resisted many attacks. It remained a fortress till the reign of Elizabeth. The castle is now in the posses- sion of the Cavendish family. Pfafferg, Gorge of. See Gokge of Pfaffeks. Pfalz, Die. [The Palatinate.] A castle on an island in the Ehine, opposite the village of Caub, a familiar object to travellers. It dates from the early part of the fourteenth century. Plauen-Insel. See Peacock Isl- and. Phalaris, Bull of. See BuLt of Phalahis. Pharaoh's Bed. A hypaethral temple at Philse, built by the Ptolemigs and Caesars. It seems to have been designed with special reference to its appear- ance from the river, which is fine and impressive. Pharaoh's Palace. One of the.two remaining edifices in Petra, the ruined city of Arabia Petrsea. .6®=" "The only remaining edifice in Petra is that called Pharaoh's Palace, — a rather vulgar building, Roman in its style, and adorned with stucco gar- lands. It is cracked and mouldering, and will not last long." Miss Mariineau. Pharos [ or Pharos of Ptolemy]. This tower or light-house, one of the seven wonders of the world, stood on a rock at the north-east extremity of the island of the same name, opposite Alexandria, in Egypt. It was a square build- ing of white marble and very costly, surmounted by a fire or lantern which was kept burning continually, and which could be seen for many miles at sea, and along the coast. It is supposed to have been built by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and the name Pharos has been applied to light-houses ever since. The structure was several stories In height, each diminishing in size towards the top. No remains of the Pharos can now be found, though according to Arabian rec- ords it was in existence in the thirteenth century. Its site is still occupiexl by the more modern light-house of Alexandria. Sos- trates, the architect of the Pha- ros, according to an anecdote of very doubtful authenticity, im- mortalized his name in the fol- lowing manner. He caused this inscription to be cut in the wall of the tower: " Sostrates of Cni- dos, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods who Protect those who are upon the Sea." Then, thinking it would not do to ignore Ptole- mseus in such a manner, he cov- ered over the inscription with a coating of cement, upon which he carved the name of Ptole- mseus. The cement, with the name upon it, disappeared after some years, leaving only the original inscription, which -gave all the credit to Sostrates. An- other story is that Ptolemseus, out of modesty, perferred to per- petuate the name of the architect rather than his own. Extraordi- nary statements, undoubtedly fic- titious, have been made of the distance at which the light could be seen. Even Josephus, who perhaps makes the most reason- able assertion, states that it could be discerned for 34 English miles, which, it is said, would require a height of about 500 feet. It is not certain whether the light was from a common fire or from some more complete system of illuminating apparatus. ,e®= " This pharos has not its like in the world for skill of construction or for its solidity; since, to say nothing of the fact that it is built of excellent stone of the kind called kedan, the layers of these stones are united by molten lead, and the joints are so ad- herent that the whole is indissoluble, though the waves of the sea from the north incessantly beat against it. From the ground to the middle gallery or stage the measurement is exactly 70 fathoms, and from this gallery to the summit, 26. We ascend to the sum- mit by a staircase constructed in the PHI 3'80 PHI interior, ■which is as hroad as those ordinarily erected in towers. This staircase terminates at about half-way, and thence the building Ijecoraes much narrower. In the interior, and under the staircase, some chambers have been built. Starting from the gallery, the pharos rises to its summit with a con- tinually increasing contraction, until at last it may be folded round by a man's arms. From this same gallery we re- commence our ascent by a flight of steps of much narrower dimensions than the lower staircase : in every part it is pierced with windows to give light to persons making use of it, and to assist them in gaining a proper footing as they ascend. This edifice is singu- larly remarkable, as much on account of its height as of its maseiveness ; it is of exceeding utility, because its fire burns night and day for the guidance of navigators : tiiey are well acquainted with the fire, and steer their course by it, for it is visible at the distance of a day's sail. During the night it shines like a star; by day you may distinguish its smoke." Edrisi {the Arabian geographer^ who lived in the twelfth century). Phi Beta Kappa. [*BK.] A well- known literary society founded in 1776 at the College of William and Mary In Virginia. Chapters were afterwards chartered at Harvard, Yale, and other prominent col- leges. It was originally a secret Iraternity; but ot late its exist- ence as a society has been merely nominal, though meetings &re still held at the various colleges about Commencement time. Elec- tion to the * B K is a mark of scholarshiiJ, the students of high- est rank in each class being elected as a matter of course. The total membership at the present time is thought to be be- tween 6,000 and 7,000. Phidian Jove. See Olympian Ju- piter. Phigalian Marbles. A collection of groups of sculpture found in the ruins of a temple of Apollo near Phigalia, in Arcadia, Greece, and now deposited in the British Museum, London. Philadelphia. An American ship captured by the Algerine pirates, and carried to Tripoli, where she was surprised and burned by Ste- phen Decatur, an officer on Com- modore Preble's ship, who vol- unteered to destroy her that she might not be used by the pirates in the war against the United States. Philee. An island in the Nile, about seven miles from the first cataract. It is the " Holy Island " of the Egyptians, since they be- lieved their god Osiris to be bur- ied there. It contains very in- teresting ruins. The principal building here is the Temple of Isis. See Temple of Isis. Philharmonic Hall. A concert- hall of colossal dimensions in Liverpool, England, one of the finest structures of the kind in the world. Philip IV. A grand bronze eques- trian statue, regarded as one of the finest in the world, now in the Plaza de Oriente, Madrid, Spain. It was formerly in the Buen Retiro gardens, but was moved to its present Ibcation in 1844. It was cast at Florence, Italy, Ih 1640. The statue is 19 feet in height, and weighs 180 cwt. The means by which the equilibrium In the figure of the prancing horse is preserved are said to nave been suggested by Galileo. Philip IV. A picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), pronounced " the fin- est equestrian portrait) in the world." In the Gallery at Ma- drid, Spain. Philip the Apostle. A picture by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter. Presented by the Emperor Ferdinand III. to the Duke of Tuscany. Now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Philippe, St. See St. Philippe. Philipse Manor-House. A stone mansion in Yonkers, N.Y., a part of which was built in 1682, and the remainder in 1745. It is an interesting relic by reason of its wide halls and antique wains- coting, and its associations with PHI 381 PIA Mary Philipse, the first love of George "Washington. Phillips Academy. 1. A well- known school at Exeter, N.H., founded in 1781 by John Phil- lips, and richly endowed. Some of the most distinguished men in the country have received a pre- paratory education here. 2. A school in Andover, Mass., endowed by tlie Phillips family in 1778. Philosophers, The. See Geome- tricians, Two Philosophers, and Four Philosophers. Philosophy. See School of Ath- ens. Phooas, Column of. A column in the Forum, Rome, and the one referred to by Byron as " The nameless column with the buried base." The earth which had accumulat- ed around the pedestal was re- moved in 1813, when the inscrip- tion showed that the column was raised to the Emperor Phooas, in 608, by the Exarch Smaragdus. fl^- " Has not the column lost some- thing of its charm ? Before, there was a beauty and a mystery around it — it was a voice that sounded from a dim and distant past, and therefore all the more impressive. But now the ideal light has vanished, and the column - loses half its grace, since it speaks to us of the wickedness of tyrants and the weakness of slaves." G. S. Millard. Tully was not so eloquent as thou, Thou nameless column with the buried base ! Byron, Phoebus and Aurora. See Au- rora. Phoenix, The. An Arctic explor- ing ship which sailed from Eng- land under the command of Capt. Inglefield, May 19, 1853. Phoenix Park. A fine pleasure- ground and favorite resort in Dublin, Ireland. Phoenix Theatre. See Cockpit. Phoul-a-Phouka. A beautiful and noted waterfall in the county of Wicklow, Ireland. Phthah. See Temple op Phthah. Physicians, College of. See Col- lege OP Physicians. Pianto di Maria. See Spasimo, Lo. Piazetta. [The Small Square.] A public square in Venice, connect- ing with the Piazza di San Marco, and opening out upon the water of the harbor. At the foot of this enclosure are the two columns of '^t. Mark and St. Theodore. The splendid approach to the Piazetta: the transfer to the gondola and its soft motion; the swift and still glide beneath the balconies of palaces — made up alto- gether a moment of high happiness. N. P. Willis. Piazza, The. A name given to a row of lofty houses in Covent Garden, London, built by InigO Jones, from the resemblance it bore to the arcades common in Italian towns. The popularity of this odd name may be inferred from the frequency in the baptis- mal registers of the time of such names as Paul Piazza, Mary Pi- azza, etc. Unfortunately for the fishmongers of London, the Dory only resides in tile Dev- onslilre seas ; for could any of this company only convey one to the 'femple of luxury under the Piazza, where IVIecklin, the high priest, daily serves up his rich offer- ings, great would be the reward of that fishmonger. Fielding. And even in Italv such places are "With prettier name in softer accents spoke, For, bating Covent Garden, I can hit on Ko place that's called " Piazza " in Great Britain. Byron. Piazza, The. A coffee-house, no longer standing, in Covent Gar- den, London. Sheridan often vis- ited the Piazza. .6®= " 'Twas when the cup was sparkling before us, and heaven gave a portion of its blue, boys, blue, that I remember the song of Roland at the Old Piazza Coffee House. And now where is the Old Piazza Coffee House ? Where is Thebes ? Where is Troy ? " \ Thackeray. Piazza Barberini. [Barberini Square.] A well-known public square in Rome, Italy, near the Via Felice. ;8®- " Whoever has been in Rome is well acquainted with the Piazza Ba/r- PIA 382 PIA herini, in the great square, with the beautiful fountain -where the Tritons empty the spouting conch-shell, from which the water springs upwards many feet." E. 0. Andersen^ Trans. ;]®= " The Piazza Barherini, where I lodge, is like a catafalque of stone with a few forgotten tapers burning on it; the feeble little lights seem to be swallowed up in a lugubrious shroud of shadow, and the indistinct murmur of the fountain in the silence is like the rustling of phantoms." Taine^ Trans. Piazza Colonna. A square, facing the Corso, in Eome, and having in its centre the Antonine Col- umn. Piazza del Campidoglio. [Square of the Capitol.] A square upon the Capitoline Hill, Rome, hav- ing upon one side the Palace of the Conservators, upon the other the Museum of the Capitol, at the back the Palace of the Sena- tor, and in the centre the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Au- relius. This square, with the group of buildings upon it, taken collectively, is often referred to as the Capitol. See also Capito- line Hill. A®* "The central building in front is called the Palace of the Senator; for there is still a Roman Senator, a harm- less puppet created by the pope, and resembling one of his namesakes of antiquity as a chattering cicerone re- sembles Cicero. The palace is not his residence, but a place where he some- times comes to amuse himself and the public by holding a court." Hillard. .6®" ** The building on the south side of the square to the right as we face the Palace of the Senator is called the Palace of the Conservatori. . . . The Conservatori were originally ad- ministrative officers, the senator being a judicial magistrate. Their functions have long since become merely nomi- nal." Hillard. j9E^ " Wlio has not silently won- dered on thinking of the Capitol P This mighty word agitates you before- hand, and you arc disappointed on find- ing a moderately grand square flanked by three palaces not at all gr.and. Nev- ertheless, it is imposing ; a grand stone staircase leading up to it gives it a mon- umental entrance. Taine, Trans. Then none have I offended. I have done no more to Cicsar than you shall do to Brutus. The question of his death la enrolled in the Capitol ; his glory not ex- tenuated, wherein he was worthy; nor his offences enforced, for which he suflfered death. Shakespeare. Ages on ages shall your fate admire, ^o future day shall see your names ex pire. While stands the Capitol, immortal dome ! Jlyron. Piazza del Duomo. [The Cathe- dral Square . ] A. well-known pub- lic square in Florence, Italy, in which some of the most interest- ing events in the history of the city have taken place. Piazza del Gran Duoa. See Piaz- za DELLA SlGUORIA. Piazza del Popolo. [Square of the People.] A square, near the Por- ta del Popolo, in Rome, from which three streets radiate into the city — the Babuino, the Corso, and the Ripetta. See Obelisk OF THE Piazza del Popolo. Piazza della Annunziata. [Square of the Annunziata.] A well- known public square in Florence, Italy. It is surrounded by ar- cades and adorned with an eques- trian statue, fountains, and busts of the Medici family. Piazza della Signoria. [Square of the Signory.] The great public square of Florence, Italy, and the scene of all the principal events in its history. It was long called the Piazza di Gran Duca, Square of the Grand Duke [of Tuscany], but now bears again the still more ancient name of the Piazza della Signoria. fl®^ *' One of the first places which a traveller visits in Florence is the Pi- azza del Gran Duca, a place not impos- ing from its size, hut interesting from its historical associations, and the works Qf art which are here assem- bled." Hillard, Piazza di Gran Duca. See Piazza della Signokia. Piazza di Spagna. [Spanish Square.] A square of a triangu- lar form in Rome, so called from the residence (Palazzo di Spagna) of the Spanish ambassador which is situated upon it. The square PIA 383 PIC is terminated at one end by the buildings of the Propaganda, and above it, and connfected by a magnificent flight of steps, is the church of La Trinitk de Monti. JS^~ " This flight of steps leads from the Piazza di Spagna to the promenade on the Pincio, and, crowned as it is with the facade of the church of the Trin- ity, de' Monti, and the Egyptian obelisk in front of the church, it forms one of the noblest architectural combinations to be seen in Rome or anywhere else." Hillard- And, veiling thus my discontent, This missive o'er the main Unto my friend at Rome I sent, In the Bunny " Square of Spain." T. W. Parsons. Fiazza Navona. A large square in Kome, ornamented with three fountains. It has served as a market since 1447. JS^ "The Piazza Navona is an ir- regular area of an oblong shape about 850 feet in length and 180 in breadth. The most conspicuous object in it is an immense fountain in the centre, which is one of the heaviest sins against good taste that was ever laid upon the much- enduring earth. . . . On Saturdays and Sundays in the month of August, the sluices which carry off the waters of the great fountain are stopped, and all the central portions of the Piazza are over- flowed to the depth of one or two feet. The populace then, obeying that im- pulse which draws all living things towards water in hot weather, rush to the temporary lake in eager crowds. Horses, oxen, and donkeys are driven into the cooling water; vehicles of all kinds, from the stately coach of a Ro- man principe to the clumsy wagon of a contadino, roll through them. ... On these occasions the outer margin of the Fiazza not reached by the water, and especially the capacious steps of the church of St. Agnes, are occupied by crowds of idlers. . . . And the whole spectacle is described by those who have witnessed it as one of the most agreeable in Rome." I went (as was my usual costorae) and spent an aftemoone in Piazza Navona^ as well to see what antiquities I could pur- chase among the people who held mercat there, as to heare the montebanks prate and distribute their medicines. This was formerly the Circus or Agonales, dedicated to sports and pastimes, and is now the greatest mercat of the Citty, having three most noble fountaines, and the stately palaces of the Parafllfj, to which add two convents for friars and nuns all Spanish. John Evelyn, 1644. Piazza S. Marco. See St. Mark's Square. Picador. A picture by Jean L^on Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Piccadilly. A leading street in London, consisting of shops and fashionable dwelling-houses, said to be so called from the ruffs, or "pickadils," worn by the gal- lants of James I. and Charles I., the stiffened points of which re- sembled spear-heads or picar- dills, a diminiitive of p^ca,' the Italian and Spanish name for spear. " Piccadille " is however referred to some years before the introduction of these collars, and it is surmised by Jesse that the collar may have been so called from being worn by the fre- quenters of Piccadilla House, which in turn may have taken its name from the Spanish pecca- dillo (a venial fault). Will spear, or sword-stick, thrust at him [the Sieur de Lamotte], (or supposed to be thrust), through window of hackney- coach, in PiccadiUy of the Babylon of Fog, where he jolts disconsolale, not let out the Imprisoned animal existence ? Carlyle. I returned on foot to PiccadiUy; again the London weather begins — the small and constant rain, the dissolving mud, Taine, Trans. Picpus, Bue de. A street near the Barri^re du Trone, Paris. Picts'"WaU. SeeHADRiAN'sWALL. Pictured Rocks. A series of sand- stone bluffs extending for about five miles along the shore of Lake Superior, and rising vertically from the water to aheight of from 50 to nearly 200 feet* Tbeyderive their name from the very curious manner in which large portions of the surface have been colored by hands of brilliant hues. The French voyageurs call these cliffs Les Fortails, from the strange forms into which they have been excavated and worn by the surf which the lake has for centuries dashed against their base. Westward by the Big-Sea-Water, Came unto the rocky headlands, To the Pictured Rocks of sandstone, Looking over lake and landscape. Longfellow. PIE 384 PIE He's whittling by St. Mary's Falls, Upon his loaded wain ; He's measuring o'er the Pictured Rocks, "With eager eyes of gain. Wkittier. Pierre aux Dames. A remarkable stone block with female figures in relief, thought to be of Celtic origin, formerly standing on a little hill near Geneva, Switzer- land, but now transferred to the city. [Called also Pierre aux Fdes.] Pierre de San. See Stone of SAn. Pierre LevSe. A Druidic monu- ment near Poitiers, France, con- sisting of several blocks of sand- stone. It is alluded to by Rab- elais, who ascribes the erection of it to Pantagruel, Pieta, La. [Pity, compassionate sorrow.] A very common sub- ject of representation by the great artists of the Middle Ages, in which the Virgin as the Mourn- ing Mother (Mater Dolorosa) is exhibited holding her dead Son in her arms, or in her lap, or ly- ing at her feet, and lamenting over him. ;8®'" " This incident has no mention in the Gospels ; but Art would have been cold in feeling and barren in in- vention if she had not perceived a va- cant place here, waiting to be filled with one of the most touching scenes that Nature presents. For it was the old as it is the ever-new story, that Lamentation over the Dead. . . . Thus the Pietd, to those who consider some of its finest examples, has a twofold sense, — the sorrow of a mother weep- ing for hereon, and also the last strong cry of our humanity. . . . Tet natural as this subject appears, it was not of early invention. 1 he very word Pietk would have found no place in early art, where Faith and not Pity was the paramount object. It may be doubted whether this subject arose in Italy be- fore the thirteenth century, when .Art and Nature began to recognize what each could do for the other; and it would be difficult to determine whether the pen of the the writer or the pencil ' of the painter took the initiative." Lady Easttake. Of the numerous compositions upon this theme, the following may be named as among the more celebrated and better known. Piefa. A small picture by An- thony van Dyck (1599-1641), and one of his admired works. In the Munich Gallery. There is also a larger picture upon this subject by the same painter in the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. Pieta. A picture by Giovanni Bellini (1426-1516). In the Brera at Milan, Italy. Other examples of this subject by this master are in the Lochis-Carrara Gallery, Bergamo, in the Vatican, at To- ledo, in the Stuttgardt Gallery, and elsewhere. Pieta. A picture ascribed to Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the Italian painter. Now in the Ber- lin Museum. Pieta. A picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534). In the Gallery of Parma, Italy. Pieta. A celebrated marble group by Michael Angelo (1474- 1564) in one of the chapels of St. Peter's, at Rome, representing the Virgin with the dead body of Christ upon her knees. It was one of Michael Angelo's earliest works, executed in his 24th year, and said to be the only one upon ^yhich he has inscribed his name. .0®^" Michael Angelo's principal work, however, — that work by which he suddenly passed from being an es- teemed artist to be the most famous sculptor in Italy, — is at the present day as good as veiled; the mourning Mary with her dead Bon in her lap, — 'la Pieta,' as the Italians call the group. Placed at first in a side chapel in the old Basilica of St. Peter, it re- ceived another place on the rebuilding of the church, and now again stands in a side chapel of St. Peter's, so high, however, and in such a fatal light, that it is for the most part impossible to obtain a sight of it, either near or at a distance." Orimm, Trans. .6®°" In none of his works has he displayed more perfect knowledge of design and anatomy, or more profound truth of expression." Ernest Breton. «®-"His [Michael Angelo's] Vir- gin's head, generally of an unsympa- thetic type, is here appropriate in its grandly abstract and solemn character, a grief locked within, stony as the ma- terial in which it is rendered. . . . The curious flatness of the Saviour's face is PIE 385 PIG supposed to have been owing to a mis- calculation of the size of the marble." Lady EaHlake. Pieta. A picture by Fra Bar- tolommeo (1469-151T). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Pieta. An admired picture by Francesco Francia (1450-1518). Now in the National Gallery, London. Pieta.^ An admired picture by Pietro Perugino (1446-1524). In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. S^ " Perugino'B exquisite picture in the Pitti, a work in which there are more beautiful heads than perhaps in any other in the world." Lady Easilake, Pieta. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), usually styled a Pieti, but properly a " Deposi- tion from the Cross." jB®" " This wonderful drawing (there is no finished picture) was in the col- lection of Count Fries, and then be- longed to Sir T. Lawrence. There is a good engraving." Mrs. Jameson. Pieta. A picture by Andrea ■ Vannucchi, called Andrea del Sarto (1487-1531), the Italian painter, and considered one of his best works. In the Belve- dere Gallery, Vienna, Austria. There is another upon the same subject in the Pitti Palace, Flor- ence, Italy. Pieta. A celebrated picture by GuidoEeni (1575-1642), represent- ing the body of Christ on a bier, with the weeping mother and two angels at the sides, and be- low the patron saints of Bologna. In the Gallery at Bologna, Italy. f^' " This wonderful picture was dedicated as an act of penance and piety, by the magistrates of Bologna, 1616, and placed in their chapel in the church of the * Mendicanti,* otherwise S. Maria-della-Pietk. It hung there for two centuries for the consolation of the afflicted. It is now placed in the Academy of Bologna for the admi- ration of connoisseurs." Mrs. Jameson. Pieta. A small altar-piece by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter. Now in the St. John's Hospital at Bruges, Bel- gium. PiStS, Mont de. See Mont de PlETE. Pietra del Bando. [Stone of Proc- lamation.] A porphyry pillar standing near St. Mark's Church in Venice, Italy, from which, ac- cording to tradition, the ancient laws of the Republic of Venice were proclaimed. Pietro, San. See San Pietko in MoNTOKio and San Pietro in ViNOOLI. Pigna. A gigantic flnial, in imi- tation of a nr-cone, which once crowned the summit of Hadrian's Mausoleum. Now in the garden of the Vatican, Kome. S^ '* This pine cone, of bronze, was set originally upon the summit of the Mausoleum of Hadrian. After this im- perial sepulchre had undergone many evil fates, and as its ornaments were stripped one by one from it, the cone was in the sixth century taken down and carried off to adorn a fountain, which had been constructed for the use of dusty and thirsty pilgrims, in a pillared enclosure, called the Parafiiso, in front of the old basilica of St. Peter. Here it remained for centuries; and when the old church gave way to the new, it was put where it now stands, useless and out of place, in the trim and formal gardens of the Papal Palace. ... At the present day it serves the bronze-workers of Rome as a model for an inkstand, such as is seen in the shop windows every winter, and is sold to travellers, few of whom know the history and poetry belonging to the original." C. E. Norton. JS^ " T have looked daily over the lonely, sunny gardens, where the wide sweeping orange-walks end in some distant view of the sad and distant Campagna; . . . and where the huge bronze pine by which Dante measured his great giant yet stands in the midst of graceful vases and bas-reliefs wrought in former ages, and the more graceful blossoms blown within the very hour." Mrs. Kemhle. His face appeared to me as Ion? and lartre As is at Rome the pine cone of St. Peter's, And in proportion were the other bones, Dante, Inferno, XXXI., Longfellow's Translation. Pigott Diamond. A diamond, weighing 49 carats, and estimat- ed to be worth £40,000, brought to England by Earl Pigott, and sold in 1801. PIL 386 PIN Pilate's House. See Eienzi's House. Pilgrim Hall. An edifice in Plym- outh, Mass., containing many in- teresting relics of the Pilgrim Fathers and of the old colonial days. Among the more noted curiosities here preserved are the chair of Gov. Carver, the sword of Miles Standish, the gun-barrel with which King Philip, the brave chief of the Wampanoags, was killed, and many original documents of the Plymouth colo- ny. Pilgrim Oak. A tree in front of Newstead Park, England, known througliout that region of coun- try as the Pilgrim Oak. j8®= *' It 19 a venerable tree, of great size, overshadowing a wide area of the road. Under its shade the rustics of the nciL,^hborhood have been accus- tomed tp assemble on certain holidays, and celebrate their rural festivals. This custom had been handed down from father to son for several genera- tions, until the oak had acquired a kind of sacred character. The ' old Lord Byron,' however, in "whose eyes nothing was sacred, when he laid his desolating hand on the groves and for- ests of Newstead, doomed likewise this traditional tree to the axe. Fortu- tunately the good people of Notting- ham heard of the danger of their fa- vorite oak, and hastened to ransom it from destruction. They afterwards made a present of it to the poet, when be came to the estate." Irving. Pilgrims. See Emeakkation of THE PiLGuiMS, Landing of the PiLCittMS, and Suppee at Em- MAUS. Pillar of Trajan. See Trajan's Column. Pillars of Hercules. The name given in ancient times to the mountains of Calpe and Abyla, standing opposite to each other, the one on the European, the other on the African, shore of the straits which connect the Mediterranean with the Atlantic. The present names of these mountains are the Kock of Gibraltar and Jebel Zatout. Pillow, Fort. See Fort Pillow. Pilot Butte. A natural curiosity in "Wyoming Territory, being a mound of rock and earth stand- ing on the level plain, one of the more celebrated of the huge mon- umental and often fantastically shaped mountains which are found along the line of the Union Pacific Eailroad in this part of its course. Pimento, Acoademia del. A Flor- entine academy founded in 1657. Pimlioo. A district in London, formerly noted for its public gar- dens, which were often mentioned by the early English dramatists. Gallants, men and women, And of all sorts, tag-ray, been seen to flock here In threaves, these ten weeks, as to a sec- ond Ho^'sden, In days of Fimlico ahd Eye-bripht Ben Jo7i£on. Of course the people came in uncompelled. Lame, blind, and worse, — sick, sorrowful, and worse. The humors of the peccant social wound All pressed out, poured out upon Pimhco. Mrs. Broumxng. Pin, Society of the. See Society OF THE Pin. Pinaootheca. [Gr. Pii-iiitofl^icTj, a col- lection of pictures.] 1. The name given to a gallery of paintings in the Vatican at Rome, which, though not containing more than 50 pictures, includes some of the richest treasures of art, among Avhich are the Transfiguration, the Madonna di Foligno, and the Communion of St. Jerome. The name is also applied to other pic- ture galleries, notably to the fine collection in Munich. See PixA- KOTHEK. 2. A chamber of the Propylffia, at Athens, so called from its walls being covered with paintings. Pinakothek. [Gr. ^nof , a picture, SrjKTi, a collection.] A celebrated picture-gallery in Munich, Bava- ria. It is a magnificent building of yellow sandstone, 530 feet long, containing a very fine collection of pictures. Above the cornice on the southern side of the build- ing stand 25 colossal statues of painters by Schwanthaler. The name Pinacotheca is also some- PIN 387 PIN times applied to other galleries of paintings, in particular to the col- lection in the Vatican, Rome. See supra. iSttf" *' The Pinakotbek, with its ele- vated windows in the voof, has from the spot on which I am standing the appearance of a large hot-house or con- servatory, and such it is. In the Pin- akotbek are all the varieties of glowing plants, and the saloons are equally as gorgeous as the flowers." Hans Christian Andersen. Fincian Hill. [Ital. Monte Pincio, Lat. Collis Hortidoruray the hill of pleasure-grounds.] A celebrated eminence at Rome, and the fav- orite promenade of the modern inhabitants of the city. It is not one of the original seven hills. The Pincian was once covered "with the villas and gardens of Roman citizens. ,6®" "The Monte Pincio itself is a space of only a few acres in extent, planted with trees and shrubbery. . . . The charm of this promenade consists in the splendid prospects which it com- mands on every side. On the north and east it overlooks the varied and undulating grounds of the Villa Bor- ghese, with their fountains, their pic- turesque edifices, and the walks that wind and turn under broad canopies of oaks and pines. Beyond these a su- perb panorama of the Campagna and the Sabine and Alban hills is emhraced at a glance. On the west . . . the view comprises the greater part of the mod- ern city, including the Janiculum, the Vatican, St. Peter's, and the regular outline of Monte Mario, crowned with its dark line of cypresses. . . No- where in the world is seen a greater variety of equipages than on the Pincio 6n a fine winter's afternoon." Hillard. i8®=" " The Pincian Hill is the favor- ite promenade of thp Koman aristocra- cy. At the present day, however, like most other Roman possessions, it he- longs less to the native inhabitants than to the barbarians from Gaul, Great Britain, and beyond the sea, who have established a peaceful usurpation over all that is enjoyable or memorable in the Eternal City." Hawthorne. Pincio. See Pincian Hili.. Pineta, La. [The pine-grove.] A very celebrated pine-forest near the city of Ravenna in Italy. It was a favorite resort of Dante, of Byron, and of many other poets. Covino says, " Here grows a spacious pine forest, which stretches along the sea between Ravenna and Cervia." A softly-breathing air, that no mutation Had in itself, upon ihe foieliead smote me No heavier l be the only part remaining of Solomon's tem- ple wall. To this place the Jews have for centuries come once a ' week, every Friday, to mourn over the desolation of Israel. Men, women, and children may be seen there in every variety of attitude indicative of grief and despondency, bewailing their dis- honored sanctuary. ^®" '* I have said how proud and prosperous looked the Mosque of Omar, with its marble buildiugs, its green lawns, the merry children, and gay in- mates maliing holiday ; all these ready and eager to stone to death on the in- stant any Jew or Christian who should dare to bring his homage to the sacred spot. This is what we saw within the walls. We next went round the out- side, till we came, by a narrow, crooked passage, to a desolate spot, occupied by desolate people. Under a high, mas- sive, very ancient wall, was a dusty, narrow, enclosed space, where we saw the most mournful groups I ever en- countered. This high ancient wall, where weeds are springing from the crevices of the stones, is believed to be a part, and the only part remaining, of Solomon's temple wall; and here the Jews come, every Fridajs to their Place of Wailing as it is called, to mourn over the fall of their Beautiful House, and pray for its restoration. What a contrast did these humbled people present to the proud Mohamme- dans within ! The women were sitting in the dust, — some wailing aloud, some repeating prayers with moving lips, and others reading them from books on their knees. A few children were at play on the ground; and some aged men sat silent, their heads drooped on their breasts. Several j-oungcr men were leaning against the wall, pressing their foreheads against the stones, and resting their books on their clasped hands in the crevices. With some, this wailing is no form ; for I saw tears on their cheeks." Mhs Martineau. Place Eoyale. A square in Paris, built in the beginning of the sev- enteenth century, on part of the site of the Palais des 'Tournelles. Place St. Sulpioe. A place in Paris which has lately been ornaments ed with trees, and in which a flower-market is held. In its cen- tre stands a beautiful fountain PLA 391 PLI erected by Napoleon the First. This fountain is in the form of a pavilion, and is adorned with figures of Fe'nelon, Bossuet, Fle- chier, and Massillon. Place Vendome. This square in Paris was designed hy Louis XIV., who began it to contain guhlic buildings, such as the Lint, Royal Library, etc. This design was, however, abandoned except so far as the formation of a square was concerned. In 180G a grand triumphal column was erected by Napoleon in honor of the victories achieved by the French armies. This column is constructed from the metal of cannon taken from the Austrians and Prussians, and is 140 feet in height. It is surmounted by a statue of Napoleon, and is orna- mented by bas-reliefs of some of the principal scenes in the cam- paign of 1805; also with helmets, cannon, and military implements of various kinds. See Colonne Vendome. The sun unA-eiled himself in beauty bright, The eyes of all beamed gladness and de- light, When, with unruffled visage, thou didst come. Hero of France ! unto the Place Vendome To mark thy column towering from ttie ground, And the four eagles ranged the base around. Victor Hugo^ Trans. Placentia. A place on the Hud- son, near Poughkeepsie, formerly the home of James K. Paulding (1779-1860). Plaoidia. See Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Plaine-des-KecoUets. A fine pub- lic square in Ghent. Belgium. Plains of Abraham. See Aeea- HAM. ' Plains of Chalmette. A level tract about five miles from New Or- leans, La., bordering on the Mis- sissippi River, and surrounded by cypress-swamps. It is the site of the engagement known as the "Battle of New Orleans," Jan. 8, 1815, between the Ameri- can forces under Gen. Jackson and the British under -Paken- ham, in which the latter were defeated. A marble monument has been erected on the spot. Flantes, Jardin des. See Jakdin des Plantes. Playford Hall. An ancient coun- try mansion in England, for many years the residence of Thomas Clarkson (17ti0-184(i), the philanthropist. It is said to be the oldest fortified house of the kind in England, and the only one that has water in the moat by which it is surrounded. «®- " The place [Playford Hall] is a specimen of a sort of thing which docs not exist in America. It is one of those significant landmarks which unite the present with the past, and for which we must return to the country of our origin." Mrs. II- B. Stowe. Plaza de las Cortes. A well- known public square in Madrid, Spain, in front of the Spanish House of Commons. In this en- closure is a statue of Miguel de Cervantes. Plaza de Oriente. A well-known public square in MadrW, Sjiain. It is of an oval form, and is sur- rounded with 44 colossal statues. Plaza Mayor. [The Great Square.] The chief square in Madrid, Spain, on which, in former times, executions, auios-da-fi, and royal bull-fights were celebrated. The elevation of this square above the level of the sea is some 2,450 feet. Pleiad. See Lost Pleiad. Pleissenburg Castle. An ancient citadel of historic interest in Leip- sic, Germany. Plessis les Tours. A famous cas- tle in the commune of La Riche, near Tours, France, once the royal residence of Louis XL Portions only of the original building are now standing. Sir "Walter Scott, in his novel of " Quentin Durward," has given a graphic description of this castle. Pliny's Doves. A mosaic, per- haps the most celebrated in the world, now in the Museum of PLO 392 POE the Capitol, Rome, representing doves drinking from a basin sur- rounded by a border. It derives its name from the supposition that it is a work described by Pliny, in the 35th book of his Natural History, who says that at Pergamos there is a wonderful mosaic, by Sosus, of a dove drink- ing, and casting the shadow of her head upon the water, while others are pluming themselves upon the lip of the vessel. Ploughing in UTivernals. [Labou- racje Nwemais.] A. noted pic- ture by Rosa Bonheur (b. ISffl), and esteemed her masterpiece. In the Gallery of the Luxem- bourg, Paris. iS^ " I hear as I write the cry of the ox-di'ivers — incessant, musical, mo- notonous. I hear it not in imagina- tion, but coming to my open window from the fields ; . . . white oxen of the noble Charolais breed, sleek, powerful beasts, whose moving muscles show under their skins like the muscles of trained athletes. When the gleams of sunshine fall on these changing groups, I see in nature that picture of Rosa Bonheu]»'s, ' Ploughing in the Niver- Doie.' " Hamerton. Plover, The. An Arctic explor- ing ship which sailed from Eng- land in the expedition of Capt. Maguire in 1852. Plummer Hall. A fine building in Salem, Mass., containing sev- eral libraries, and an elegant hall adorned with portraits of distin- guished men of the colonial pe- riod. Plymouth Church. A large plain church edifice in Brooklyn, N.Y., noted as that in which Henry "Ward Beecher preaches. Plymouth Rock. The famous rock or ledge on which the Pil- grims are believed to have land- ed when they first stepped from their boats in the harbor of what is now Plymouth, Mass. The main rock is on Water Street, and is surmounted by a stone canopy. A portion of the rock was removed in 1775 to the vicin- ity of Pilgrim Hall, but has been recently restored to its original place, and ia now under the can- opy- This rock has become an object of ven- eration in the United States. Be Tocqueville. But if he [Davis] bar Kew England out in tile cold, what then? Slie is still there. And, give it only the fulcrum of Plymouth Sock, an idea will upheave the continent. W. Phillips. From the deck of the Mayflower, from the landing at Plyjnouth Rock, to the Sen- ate of the United .States, is a mighty con- trast, covering whole spaces of history — hardly less than from the wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus to that Roman Senaie, which, on curule chairs, swayed Italy and the world. Charles Sumner. An' then they bust out In a kind of a raptur About their own vartoo, an' folks's stone- blindness To the men that 'ould actilly do 'em a kindness, — The American eagle, — the Pilgrims thet landed, — Til] ou ole Plymouth Rock they git flnallv stranded. Lowell, Biglow Papers. For well she keeps her ancient stock, The stubborn strength o( Pilgrim Rock; And stdl maintains, with milder laws, And clearer light, the Good Old Cause I Whittier. Pnyx, The. A place of public as- sembly for the citizens of ancient Athens. It was cut out of a hill about a quarter of a mile from the Acropolis, and was of a semi- circular form like a theatre. Where stands the vane of Theseus, there she dwells. Within the shadow of Minerva's shrine. The cavern dungeon where old Socrates The hemlock drank; the azure-vaulted Pjiyi, Where great Demosthenes the state con- trolled With matchless eloquence, are near the spot Wherem she dwells. .S. a. W. Benjamin. Pocahontas, Baptism of. See Baptism of Pocahontas. Poetry. See Paknassus. Poets' Corner. An angle in the south transept of Westminster Abbey,. London, popularly so called from the fact that it con- tains the tombs of Chaucer, Spen- ser, and other eminent English poets, and memorial tablets, tjust^, statues, or monuments, to many who are buried in other places. Addison says that here POG 393 POM there are " many poets who have no monuments, and many mon- uments which have no poets." The name is first mentioned hy Goldsmith. JS^ " I passed some time in Poets* Comer, which occupies an end of one of the transepts or cross aisles of the abbey. The monuments are generally simple, for the lives of literary men afford no striking themes for the sculp- tor. Shakespeare and Addison have statues erected to their memories ; but the greater part have busts, medallions, and sometimes mere inscriptions. Not- ■withstanding the simplicity of these memorials, I have always obsei-yed that the visitors to the abbey remained longest about them." Irving. While we surveyed the Poets' Comer, 1 said to liim [Goldsmith], "Forsitan et nostrum nomen miscebitur Istis." When we got to Temple Bar, he stopped me, pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly whispered, " Forsitan et nostrum nomen miscebitur istis." Hr. Johnson. And over him the kindred dust was strewed Of Poets' Comer. O misnomer strange ! The poet's confine is Ihe amplitude Of the whole earth's illimitable range O'er which his spirit wings its flight, Shedding an intellectual light, A sun that never sets, a moon that knows no change. Horace Smith. O World, what have your poets while the3' live But sorrow and the finger of tlie scorner ? And, dead, the highesthonor you can give Is burial in a corner. Here in Westminster's sanctuary, where Some two-three kings usurp one-half the Abbey, Whole generations of the poets share This nook so dim and shabby. So when we come to see Westminster's lions. The needy vergers of the Abbey wait us; And while we pay to sve the royal scions. We see the poets gratis. Robert Leighton. Poggia Keale. A favorite prome- nade of the lower classes of Na- ples, Italy, in the neighborhood of that city. A palace with ex- tensive gardens formerly stood on the spot. Pola, Amphitheatre of. A cele- brated Roman ruin in the town of Pola, Austria. Polaris, The. An Arctic explor- ing vessel which sailed for the Northern seas under Commander Hall, in 1870. By travelling on the ice on a sledge, Capt. Hall penetrated as far as to lat. 82° 16' N. Pole, Cardinal. A portrait by Sebastian del Piombo (1485- 1547), pronounced " a magnifi- cent work." It is now in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, Russia. Pollioe Verso. A picture by Jean Le'on Ge'rome (b. 1824), the French painter. Pollux. See Castoe and Pollux. Polyphemus. A picture by Nico- las Poussin (1594-1665), the cele- brated French painter. Poussin's magnificent " Polyphemus " (I only know a print of that marvellous composition) has perhaps suggested the first-named picture [one by Guiiin]. Thackeray, Polytechnlque, Ecole. See Boole POLYTECHNIQUE. Pompeian, Maison. See Maison POMPEIAN. Pompey's Pillar. This pillar, which presents a fine appearance to one approaching Alexandria, in Egypt, from the sea, stands on a lonely eminence about a third of a mile south of the present walls of the city. It is 98 feet 9 inches in height. There is an in- scription upon it purporting that it was erected by Publius in honor of Diocletian. Abdallatif, the ancient scholar and traveller, as- serts that this column was called by the Arabs " the pillar of the colonnades," and that he himself had seen more than 400 similar ones on the seashore. He says also that these pillars had evi- dently supported a roof ; and he believes them to be the remains of the famous Serapeum built by Alexander, and in the stoa or portico of which Aristotle taught. ^8®'- '* Pompey's Pillar is by no means so big as the Charing Cross trophy. This venerable column has not escaped ill treatment either. Number- less ships' companies, travelling cock- neys, etc., have affixed their rude marks upon it. Some daring ruffian even painted the name of ' Warren's blacking ' upon it, effacing other in- scriptions — one, Wilkinson says, 'of the second Psammetichus.' " Thackeray, Comhill to Cairo. POM 394 PON When Victory's Gallic column shall but rise, Like Pompey's Pillar, in a desert's skies, The rocky isle thiit holds or held his dust Shall crown the Atlantic like the hero's bust. Byron. Is Pompey's Pillar really a misnomer V Had Thebes a liundred gates, as sung by Homer? Horace Smith. Pillar of Pompey! gazing o'er the sea, In solemn pride, and mournful majesty! When on thy graceful shaft, and towering head. In quivering crimson, day's last beams are shed, Thou look'st a thing some spell with life supplies, Or a rich flame ascending to the skies. Ifidwlas Michell. Pompey's Statue. [Otherwise called the Spada Pompey.] A colossal figiire of Parian marble, discovered in 1553, and now in the Spada Palace at Rome. It is generally considered to be the identical statue which once stood in the Curia of Pompey, and the one at the base of which " great Caesar fell," although this has been a subject of dispute among antiquaries. This statue nar- rowly escaped destruction during the siege of Rome by the French in 1849, shots from their batteries having penetrated the building where it stands, but it escaped unharmed. jB®^ '*I saw in the Palazzo Spada the statue of Pompey, — the statue at whose base Caesar fell. A stern, tre- mendous figure! I imagined one of greater finish, of the last refinement, full of delicate touches, losing its dis- tinctness in the giddy eyes of one ■whose blood was ebbing before it, and Bettling into some such rigid majesty as this, as Death came creeping over the upturned face." Dickens. fl®" " Every one knows that it was found below the foundation walls of two houses, in a lane near the site of the Curia of Pompey — that the pro- prietors, unable to settle to which of them it belonged, the head being under ono house and the feet under the other, imitated the judgment of Solomon, and resolved to cut it in two, and that a cunning cardinal, hearing of this, per- suaded the Pope to buy it, and to make him a present of it." Eaton. jQ^ "In a more civilized age this statue was exposed to an actual opera- tion ; for the French, who acted the Brutus of Voltaire in the Coliseum, resolved that their Cassar should fall at the base of that Pompey which was supposed to have been sprinkled witli the blood of the original dictator. The nine-foot hero was therefore removed to the arena of the amphitheatre, and, to facilitate its transport, suffered the temporary amputation of its right arm. The republican tragedians had to plead that the arm was a restoration ; hut their accusers do not believe that the integ- rity of the statue would have protected it." Byron. This was the unkindest cut of all ; For when the noble Casar saw him stab. Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquished him; then burst hia mighiy heart; And in his mantle muffling up his face. Even at the base of Fompey's statua, Which all the while ran blood, great Ciesar fell. Shakespeare. And thou, dread statue ! yet existent in The austerest form of naked majesty, Thou who beheldest, 'mid the assassin's dill. At thy bathed base the bloody Ciesar lie. Folding his robe in dying dignity, An offerinu to thine altar frum the queen Of gods and men, great iJemesis! Byrgelo. Pont du Gard. A magnificent aqueduct, a grand relic of Roman times, at Nimes, in Southern France. JS®" "The famous Pont du Gard served the double purpose of a bridge and an aqueduct. It crossed the river Gardon between two mountains some leagues from Nimes. Three ranges of arcades, superposed, decreasing in size from the lowest range, and constructed of hewn stone lain without mortar or cement, constituted this marvellous work. Rain has not been able to pene- trate the seams of this uncemented structure, nor has time been able to dislocate its joints. The Pont du Gard is in the style of the best Roman epoch. It is attributed to Agrippa, who came to Nimes in A.B. 19, and who had the superintendence of the waters atRorae. Ko Roman monument is more ad- mired." Le/evre, Tr. Donald. j8®* ** Such confidence had they [the Romans] in the stability of their em- pire, that they provided for the day when repairs might be necessary for the Pont du Gard! " Merim^e, Trans, flfg* " The sound of my footsteps in these immense vaults made me fancy that I heard the loud voice of those who POK 395 PON" had built them. I felt lost like an in- sect in this immensity." EousseaUt Trans. Rousseau came out of one of his sad self torturing tits, as he east liis eye on the arches of the old Roman aqueduct, the Pont du Gard. Holmes. Here it [the Bridge of Alcantara] ex- ceeds every thing 1 have seen, even the Pont du Gardy which is more remiirltable than the aqueducts about Rome. George Ticknor. As the arches of the Pontdu Oard, sus- pended in their power amidst that soli- tude, produce an overmastering feeling of awe; so the huye fabric of the Lucretian system, hung across the void of Nihilism, inspires a sense of terror, not so much on its own account, as fortlie Roman stern- ness of mind that made it. J. A. Symonds. Pont 'Neuf. [The New Bridge.] This bridge is one of the most important in Paris, as it connects the bank of the Seine with the island of the city, and is fre- quented by crowds of people. It was finished by Henry IV., of whom a statue was erected in the open space between the two bridges in 1818. An older statue of that ruler on tlie same spot was melted to make cannon in 1792; and to form the present statue the statues of Napoleon from the Place Vendome and the column of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and of Desaix from the Place des Vic- toires, were likewise melted down. This, the longest bridge of Paris, was the second built over the Seine. 1643, Dec. 24. Over the S^ine is a state- ly bridpre called Poni Neuf, begun by Henry III. in 1578. finished hy Henry IV., his successor. It is all of hewn free-stone, found under the streets, but more plenti- fully at Mont-Martyre, and consists of 12 arches, in the midst of which ends the no3'nt of an island on which are built handsome artificers houses. There is one large passage for coaches and two for foot passengers titree or lour feet higher and of convenient breadth for eight or ten to go abreast. John Mvelyn, Diary. His CLulIi's] drowsy pieces are played still to the most sprightly audience that can be conceived; and even though Ra- meau, who is at once a musician and a philosopher, has shown, both by precept and example, what improvements French music may still admit of, yet his coun- trymen seem little convinced by his rea- sonings; and the Po7?^«eK/ taste, as it is called, still prevails in their best perform- ances. Goldsmith. When I was in full training as akflaneur, I could stand on the Pont Neuf yf\t\i the other experts in the great science of pass- > Ive cerebration, and look at the river for half an hour with so little mental articu- lation, that when I niovi-d on it seemed as if my thinking-marrow had been asleep and was just waltnig up rellreshed after its nap. Bolmes. Pontack's. A tavern in Abchurch Lane, London, erected after the Great Fire of 1G66. It was re- sorted to by Swift. Ponte alle Grazie. A well-known bridge in Florence, Italy, erected in the middle of the thirteenth century, and taking its name from a neighboring shrine of the Madonna. Ponte del Sospiri. See Bridge of Sighs. Ponte di Kialto. See Kialto. Ponte Molle. A bridge across the Tiber in Rome, built by Pope Pius VII. in 1815. It is the site of the old Roman bridge called the Pons Milvius, after M. Emil- ius Scaurus by whom it was built. The golden candlestick from the Temple of Jerusalem is believed to have been thrown into the river from this bridge. I have stood upon the Ponte Molle to enjoy the sublime spectacle of the clnse of day. The summits of the .Sabine Hills appeared of lapis lazuli and gold, while their bases ana sides were bathed in va- pors of violet or purple. This rich deco- ration does not vanish soquickly asin our climate. Chateaubriand, Trans. I should like to live long enough to see the course of the Tiber turned, and the bottom of the river thoroughly dredged. I wonder if they would And the seven- branclied golden candlestick, brouglit from Jerusalem by 'J'itus, arid said to have been dropped from the Milvian bridge. Holmes. "We crossed the Ponte Molle, looking back often to the dome of St. Peter's, and the castle of St. Aiigelo, as we caught glimpses of them between the villas aird over the hills. George Ticknor. Ponte Rotto. [The Broken Bridge.], A bridge over the Tiber at Rome, built upon the site of the ancient Pons ^milius. The modern bridge has been several times rebuilt. Two of its arches were carried awayjn 1598, their place being since supplied by a suspen- sion span. The derivation of the modern name from the condi- tion of the stone structure is ob- vious. PON 396 POO a^ " In constructing a euepension bridge tbe piles of the Ponte Botto were used as a foundation, wbich last structure was erected in tbe Middle Ages upon tbe foundations of tbe Pons Palatinue, fiiusbed under the censor- ship of Scipio Afrieanus. Scipio Afri- canus and a suspension bridge, sucb are tbe contrasts which can be found nowhere but iu Rome." Ampere, Trans. Ponte Sau Angelo. See Bridge OF St. Angelo. Ponte SS. Trinita. A well-known bridge in Florence, Italy, con- structed in the fourteenth cen- tury, but more than once re- stored. Ponte Veeohio. [The Old Bridge,] A celebrated bridge across the Arno in Florence, Italy, built in the fourteenth century, and, like the Eialto in Venice, a street of shops, appropriated to jewellers, goldsmiths, and other workers in metal. .(J®^ " The space of one bouse, in tbe centre, being left open, tbe view be- yond is shown as in a frame; and that precious glimpse of sky, and water, and rich buildings, shining so quietly among the huddled roofs and gables on tbe bridge, is exquisite. Above it, the Gallery of tbe Grand Duke crosses the river. It was built to connect the two great palaces by a secret passage ; and it takes its jealous course among tbe streets and houses, with true des- potism : going where it lists, and spurn- ing every obstacle away, before it." Dickens. fl®^ •' I returned homeward over the Ponte Veccbio, which is a continuous street of ancient houses, except over tbe central arch, so that a stranger might easily cross tbe river without knowing it." Sawihome. Taddeo Gaddi built me. I am old — Five centuries old. I plant my foot of stone Upon the Arno, as St. Michael's own Was planted on the dragon. I can remember when the Medict Were driven from Florence; longer still ago The final wars of Ghlbelllne and Guelf. Florence adorns me with her jewelry; And when I think that Blichacl Anceio Hath leaned on me, I glory In myself. LongfeUow. Pontine Marshes. This is a name fiven to a marshy plain in the 'apal States, about 24 miles long by 10 broad, infected with mias- mata, which for ages have given rise to malarial fevers. Many attempts have been made to dram these marshes. The tract is sup- posed to have been at one time a guU of the sea; and within the historical period it was a fertile neighborhood, containing towns and a considerable population. Pool, The. A name given to a part of the river Thames, just below London Bridge, where the stream is divided into two channels by the rows of vessels anchored in it. Pool of Bethesda. A fountain in Jerusalem alluded to in the Bible (John V. 2-7). Its situation is not established beyond question, but it is by Dr. Robinson and others identified with the inter- mittent spring called the Foun- tain of the Virgin. See Fountain OF THE VlEGLN. .8fS°'"l could not but wish that it might have been Bethesda ; but it can- not be reasonably supposed so." Miss Martineau. Pool of SUoam. This celebrated pool is near the Valley of Jehosh- aphat at Jerusalem. It is a rect- angular reservoir of stone, which is now crumbling, and overrun by a weedy growth, which adds beauty and grace to the scene. It is fed from a fountain high up in the rock. Its waters, once sa- cred to the Temple, are now used to irrigate the neighboring val- leys. It is only three times re- ferred to in the Scriptures. The waters of Siloah that flow softlv. Isa. vill. 6. The wall of the pool of Siloah bv tbe king's garden. 2ieh. lii. 15. Go wash In the pool of Stloam. ... He wont his way, therefore, and washed and came seeing. John ix. 17. or if Slon hill Delight thee more, and Siloa^s brook that flowed I Fast by the oracle of God, I thenee Invoke thy aid to my advent'rous sond- Milton. By cool Siloam's shady rill How sweet the lily grows ! Heber. Pools of Solomon. Three reser- voirs in Palestine, receiving their POP 397 POK supply from a subterranean foun- tain which furnished water for the Holy City, tlie " Pools of Sol- omon " serving to render the sup- ply of water constant. Pope's Head. A noted tavern in London, in existence as early as 1464, and still standing in 1756. Popolo. See Piazza del Popolo and Porta del Popolo. Porcelain Tower. A celebrated tower in the city of Kanking, China. It was built the ninth century before Christ by King A-yon, was rebuilt in the fourth century of the Christian era, and, having been again destroyed, was rebuilt for the last time in 1413 by Hoang-li-Tai. The edi- fice, which was the most splen- did of its kind in China, was octagonal in shape and 261 feet high. It was made of -white brick, and the cost of the edifice is said to have been between $35- 000,000 and $40,000,000. This su- perb tower was destroyed during the Tae Ping occupation of the city in 1853. jg®* " When the introduction of Buddhism into the country necessitated the use of high towers, the Chinese achieved raarvela in this kind of struc- ture. The Great Porcelain Tower at Nankin attains a height of 350 feet. Originally eigljt chains of iron, falling from the summit at each of the eight angles, sustained 72 brass bells. Eighty other hells hung from the roofs of the Dine stories, which were ornamented also with 128 lamps. From the sum- mit rose a great mast, surrounded with a spiral cage in open-work, and crowned with a globe of an extraordinary size. This Poi'celain Tower is so named be- cause of the brilliant porcelain orna- ments with which its walls and roofs are decked." Lefevre, Tr. Donald. The Tower of Porcelain, strange and old, "Uplifting to the astonished skies Its ninefold painted balconies. With balustrades of twininp leaves, And roofs of tile, beneath whose eaves Hang porcelain bells thatall the time Ring with a soft, melodious chime; While the whole fabric Is ablaze With varied tints, all fused in one Great mass of color, like a maze Of flowers illumined by the sun. Lojigfellow. Porch, The. See Stoa. Porchester Castle. An ancient fortress in the harbor of Ports- mouth, England. Its origin is referred by some to the time of the Roman occupation. Port Coon Cave. A natural curi- osity in the county of Antrim, Ireland. It is an extraordinary excavation in the basaltic rocks into which boats may row a long distance. Port Royal des Champs. A fa- mous abbey, now in ruins, about eight miles from Versailles in France, the headquarters of the Jansenists. It was destroyed in 1709 through the influence of the Jesuits. In the seventeenth cen- tury a society of learned men gathered here for purposes of study,and published many works. From their place of residence they are known in history as the Port Royalists. iC®~ " France has many a lovelier prospect, though this is not without its beauty, and many a field of more heart- stirring interest, though this, too, has been ennobled by heroic daring; hut through the length and breadth of that land of chivalry and song, the traveller will in vain seek a spot so sacred to genius, to piety, and to virtue. The round tower of the dove-cote and the bases of the piers of the abbey chapel are all that remain of the once crowded monastery of Port Royal. In those woods Eaeine first learned the language of poetry. Under the roof of that hum- ble farm-house, Pascal) Arnauld, Ni- cole, De Sacy, and Tillcraont meditated those works which as long as civiliza- tion and Christianity survive will retain their hold on the gratitude and rever- ence of mankind. ... To this seclu- sion retired the heroine of the Fronde, Ann Genevieve, Duchess of Longue- ville, to seek the peace the world could not give. Madame de Sevigne discov- ered here a place 'tout propre h, in- spirer le d^sir de faire son salut.' From Versailles there came hitherto worship God many a courtier and many a beau- ty, heart-broken or jaded with the very vanity of vanities — the idolatry of their fellow-mortals. Survey French society in the seventeenth century from what aspect you may, at Port Royal will be found the most illustrious examples of whatever imparted to that motley as- semblage any real dignity or permanent regard." Stephen, POE 398 POE Porta Aurea. See Arch of Tra- jan. Porta del Popolo. [Gate of the People.] A gate of Eome, upon the north, and not far from the site of the ancient PortaFlaminia, which was the entrance of the old Flarainian Way. The Porta del Popolo was built in 1561 from designs by Michael Angelo. JB^' '* The first entrance of Rome is prodigiously striking. It is by a noble gate designed by Michael Angelo and adorned with statues ; this brings you into a large square, in the midst of ■which is a large obelisk of granite, and in the front you have at one view two churches of a handsome architecture, and so much alike that they are called the twins, with three streets, the mid- dlemost of which is one of the largest in Rome." Addison. Hence turning on the right out of the Porto del Popolo we came to Justinian's gardens ncere tile Muro torto, so promi- nently built as threatening every moment to fall, yet standing so lor these thousand yeares. John Evelyn, lti44. Porta di San Giovanni. [Gate of St. John.] A modern gate of Kome, built by Gregory XIII. in the sixteenth century. It is near the ancient Porta Asinaria, which is now walled U]i, but which is the best preserved of those of the Aurelian wall, and is the one through which Belisarius first en- tered the city, and through which the treachery of the Isaurians al- I lowed Totila to pass. Porta di San Paolo. [Gate of St. Paul.] A celebrated ancient gate in Eome, and one of the most picturesque entrances to the city. It was rebuilt by Belisarius, and a portion of it is thought to be older than his time. Porta di San Sebastiano. [Gate of St. Sebastian.] One of the ancient gateways of Eome. Porta Plaminia. [The Flaminian Gate.] One of the ancient gates of Eome, the place of which is now supplied by the Porta del Popolo. See Porta del Popolo Porta Maggiore. [The Greater Gate.] The finest of the city gates of Eome, and a noble mon- ument of ancient architecture. It was originally an arch of the aqueduct of Claudius. Porta Nigra. [The Black Gate.] A noted ruin and relic of Eoman times at Treves, in Ehenish Prussia. It was a provincial gate of justice. Sl^ "It is the only example of its class which we possess in any thing like its original state. Notwithstand- ing its defects of detail, there is a vari- ety in the outline of this building and a boldness of profile that render it an ex- tremely pleasing example of the style adopted, and, though exhibiting many of the faults incidental to the design of the Colosseum, it possesses all that repetition of parts and Gothic feeling of design which gives value to such di- mensions." Fergmson. Porta Ostiensis. [The Ostian Gate.] One of the old Eomau gates, leading to tlie seaport Os- tia. Its place is now occupied by the Porta San Paolo. See Porta di San Paolo. Porta Santa. [The Holy Gate.] A door adjoining the main en- trance to St. Peter's in Rome, Vi'hich is walled up and marked by a cross in the middle. It is pulled down hy the pope in per- son on the Christmas-eve of the Jubilee which has taken place at the expiration of every period of 25 years (except 1850) since the time of Sixtus IV. The pope himself begins the destruction of the door by striking it with a sil- ver hammer. The dates of the two preceding jubilees are after- wards placed over the entrance. There are three other basilicas in Eome, besides St. Peter's, viz.: St. John Lateran, Sta. Maria Mag-, giore, and St. Paolo /no?-/ k Mvra, which enjoy the dignity of a Porta Santa. 41®='* These holy years and doors ■were originally invented by Boniface VIII., at the termination of the thir- teenth century, who proclaimed ajubi- lee throughoiit the Christian world, ■with plenary indulgence and remission of sins to all who in the course of that year should visit the shrines of the apostles and martyrs of Christianity at Rome; and commanded this festival to he held for evermore at the expiration POE POS of every century. . , . But it was found so lucrative to the Holy See from the heaps uf gold the piety of wealthy pilgrims poured on the altars, that in- stead of one the number was gradually multiplied to four jubilees or holy years in every age. Thus after the holy doors have been walled up, and the brazen cross upon them devoutly pressed by the lips and rubbed by the foreheads and chins of the pious for five and twenty .years, they are thrown open, and the Pope, followed by ev- ery good Christian, walks into the four churciies through them, but al- ways Svalks out by some door not holy." Eaton. 4®" " After preliminary prayers from Scripture, singularly apt, the pope goes down from his throne, and, armed with a silver hammer, strikes the wall in the doorway, which, hav- ing been cut round from its jambs and lintel, falls at once inwards, and is cleared away in a moment by the San Fietrini. The pope then, bareheaded and torch in hand, first enters the door, and is followed by his cardinals and other attendants to the high altar, where the first vespers of Christmas Day are chanted as usual. The other dooi-s of the church are then flung open, and the great queen of churches is iilled." Cardinal Wiseman, Porta 'Westphalioa. [The West- phalian Gate.] A pass in the ■ mountain range called the Wie- hengebirge near Minden, Ger- many. Portage Bridge. A famous wooden bridge at Portage, N.Y., 800 feet long, and 234 feet high. It is said to have been the largest wooden structure of the kind in the world. It is now replaced by an iron structure. Portamento della Croce. [Bear- ing of the Cross.] A fine picture by Gaudenzio Ferrari (1484^1550). Porte St. Denis. A triumphal arch, 76 feet in height, in Paris, built in 1073 in honor of the vic- tories of Louis XIV. The walls of Paris at that time ran where the Boulevards now are, and this arch was one of the gates of the city. The tops of this arch and of the Porte St. Martin were occu- pied and held by the insurgents in 1830. U^ " It commemorates some of the wonderful feats of arms of Ludovicus Magnus, and abounds in ponderous allegories — nymphs and river-gods, and pyramids crowned with fleurs-de- lis; Louis passing over the Rhine in triumph, and the Butch lion giving up the ghost, in the year of our Lord 1672." Thackeray. He [Voltaire] is properly their god,— such god as ihe.v are fit for. Accordingly all per-sonstfroni tuc t^ueen Antoinette to tlie Douanier at the Porte St. Xtenisy do they not worship him ? Cartyle. Porte St. Martin. A triumphal arch in Paris, 57 feet high and 57 feet wide, erected in 1G75 in honor of the victories of Louis XIV. See Porte St. Denis. Portland Vase. This beautiful work of art was found in a sar- cophagus in a sepulchre near Eome about the year 1560. It was formerly the principal orna- ment of the Barberini palace in Eome, but afterwards became the property of the Duchess of Port- laud, and after her death was de- posited in the British Museum. It is composed of glas.s and enamel, out of which figures are cut in the manner of a cameo. There are different opinions as to the designs of these figures, but all agree as to the value and beauty of the work. Copies of it were execut- ed by Wedgwood, one of which may be seen in the British Mu- seum. The original vase was broken in 1845, but the pieces were so skilfully put together that scarcely a blemish can be detected. It is kept in the medal- room of the museum. Portman Square. A well-known jjublic square in London. Portsmouth, The. A vessel of the United States navy, with which, aided by the Levant, Ad- miral Foote attacked and took the four Barrier-forts in Canton, China, in 185C. Portugal Street. A street in Lon- don which has acquired consider- able notoriety from the court for the relief of insolvent debtors being held there. PosiUpo, Grotta di. See Gkotta BI PoSIIjIPO. POT 400 PBA Potiphar's'Wife accusing Joseph. A picture by Rembrandt van Kyn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter. It is now in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, Russia. Potomac, The. A noted frigate of the United States navy, in service in the "war of 1812. She was built at Washington. Potter's Field. An ancient burial place for strangers at Jerusalem. It is on a hill overlooking the Valley of Hinnom. Poulterer's Shop. A picture by Gerard Dow (1613-1680), the Dutch r/e?i7'e-painter. In the Na- tional Gallery, London. Poultry. A well-known street in London anciently occupied by poulterers, whence the name. Poverty. A picture by Hans Hol- bein the Younger (1498?-1543), well known by engravings. The original perished at Whitehall in 1698. Powderham Castle. A noble mansion, the seat of the Earl of Devon, near Kenton, England. Pozzi. See Wells, The. Pra9a do Oommercio. A lar^e and handsome public square m Lisbon, Portugal. Prado, El. [The Meadow,] The grand boulevard of Madrid, Spain, converted by Charles III. from a meadow, as the name indicates, into a delightful promenade. *gr " The interior of the city of Madrid, taken as a whole, is far from handsome. It should not, however, be forgotten that no city in Europe can boast within its walls so fine a walk as the Prado." George Ticknor. ;j®- "To me the Prado is an inex- haustible source of amusement. In the first place, it is in itself the finest public walk I have ever seen within the walls of any city. . . . Anciently it was an uneven meadow of little beauty, but famous for being the scene of tbe plots, murders, duels, and in- tfigues of the city and court. It was not, however, until the middle of the last century that Charles III. levelled it, and made it the beautiful walk it now is. . . . During the forenoon, and nearly all the afternoon, no part of the city in summer is so silent and deserted as this. At five o'clock the whole Prado is watered, to prevent the dust which would otherwise be intolerable. Just before sundown the carriages and crowd begin to appear, and about half an hour the exhibition is in its greatest splendor. On your left hand are two rows of carriages slowly moving up and down on each side, while the king and the infantas dash up and down in the middle with all tbe privileges of royalty, and compel everybody on foot to take off his hat as he passes, and everybody in a carriage to stop and stand up. Every time 1 see this singu- larly picturesque crowd mingled with the great number of the officers of the guard that are always there in splendid uniforms, and contrasted with the still greater number of priests and monks in their dark, severe costumes, I feel persuaded anew that it is the most striking moving panorama the world can afibrd." George Ticknor* Prairie Avenue. A well-known and prominent street in Chicago, 111. Prarie de Xjacken. A landscape picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), now in Buckingham Palace, London. Prater, The. A celebrated prom- enade in Vienna, Austria, con- sisting of avenues nearly four miles in length, and greatly fre- quented. >6®" *' In the afternoon we drove out to the Prater — the famous Prater. It is a great public garden .and drive, in- tersected with many pleasant walks and roads, ornamented with fine old trees, and parts of it enlivened^with large numbers of deer, while other parts are rendered still more lively with coflec-houees, puppet-shows, and shows of animals. But we enjoyed very much tbe drive into the more pic- turesque parts, where the deer were browsing undisturbed, and oaks a thou- sand years old cast their shade upon us, as they had perchance in their youth upon the court of Charlemagne." George Ticknor. Prato della Valle. A well-known public square in Padua, Italy, containing a large number of colossal statues. Pratt Street. A street in Balti- more, Md. It was while passing PRA 401 PEI along this street on the 19th of April, 1861, that the 6th Massa- chusetts regiment was attacked, having three of their number killed, and eighteen wounded. Praxiteles, Faun of. See Fauh. Praying Boy. See Boy Praying. Pr^ aux Clercs. A district near St. Germain des Pres, Paris, now occupied by houses, but once, owing to the disputed ownership of the land, a place for lawless- ness and debauchery, rioting and duels. PrS Catelan. A prettily-laid-out garden in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris. The Pre Catelan is pat- ronized by the upper classes, and concerts are given here sev- eral times a week. Prebisohthor. A remarkable nat- ural arch, 90 feet high, in the re- gion known as the Saxon Switz- erland. Preble, Fort. See Pokt Pkeele. Presentation of the Virgin. [Ital. La Pj'esentazione.] A favorite subject of representation by the great painters of the Middle Ages, based upon a legendary in- 'cident, in which the Virgin, as a child, is consecrated to the ser- vice of the Temple. Among the more noted compositions which treat of this subject the follow- ing may be mentioned: — Presentation of the Virgin. A picture by Gh'irlandaio (1449- 1498), " a composition full of life and character, . . . with luxury of accessories and accompani- ments." In the church of S. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. Presentation in the Temple. A picture by Eembrandt van Kyn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. In the Gallery of the Hague, Hol- land. Presentation of the Virffin. A picture by Guido Eeni (1574?- 1642). In the Louvre, Paris. Presentation of the Virt/in. A picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Accademia delle Belle Arti, Venice, Italy. Presentation in the Temple. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the church of S. Maria del Orto, Ven- ice, Italy. Presentation in the Temple. A picture by Fra Bartolgmmeo (1469-1517), the Italian painter. Now at Venice, Italy. Presentation in the Temple. A picture by Stephan Lochner, called Meister Stephan (d. 1451), a German painter of rare merit. It is now in the Museum at Darm- stadt, Germany. Presentation of the Virgin. A large altar-picture by Titian (1477- 1576). It is now in the Accademia delle Belle Arti, in Venice, Italy. j6®= "This famous picture is so well known through the numerous en- gravings that I have not thought it necessary to reproduce it here. In the general arrangement Titian seems to have been indebted to Carpaccio, hut all that is simple and poetical In the latter becomes in Titian's version sumptuous and dramatic. The number of portrait-heads adds to the value and interest of the picture." Mrs. Jameson. Presentation of the Virgin. A picture by Taddeo Gadd'i (1300- 1352 ?). In the church of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy. Presepio, II. [The Manger.] A chapel in the church of .Xra-Coeli at Eome, which contains the fa- mous image of the Bambino. See Bambino. President, The. 1. A war-vessel of the old United States navy. She was built in 1794 at New York, and carried 44 guns. So off he goes and tells his crew ; The sails were quiclily bent, sir; A better ship you never knew, She's called the Fresi-dent, sir. Old Song. 2. An American steamer which left New York for Liverpool in April, 1841. She was never heard from afterwards. There is another pasaengpr very much wrapped up, who has been frowned dow n by the rest, and morally trampled upon and crushed, for presuming to inquire with a timid interest how long it is since the poor President went down. Dickens. Primrose Hill. An elevation near PEI 402 PEO Regent's Park, London, wMch has been converted into a public garden, and commands an exten- sive view. It is so called from the primroses which once grew upon it in great abundance. As I was goinK up Primrose Mill, — Primrose Hill was dirty, — There I met a pretty miss, And slie dropped me a courtesy. Little miss, jirQtty Pliss, Blessings light upon you ! If I had half-a-crown a day, I'd spend it ali upon you. Mother Goose. I shall not omit to speak of one genius, in drab breeches and gaiters, and an Arca- dian hat, who had a violent propensity to the pastoral, but whose rural wanderings had been confined to the classic haunts of Primrose I/ill and tire solitudes of the Regent's Parle. Irving. Prince Adolphus. See Samson THKEATENING HIS FATHER. Prince Albert. 1. An Arctic ex- ploring ship which sailed from England under Commander Ken- nedy, in 1851, Lady Franklin having equipped the expedition. 2. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched May 23, 1864. Prince Consort. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched June 20, 18li2. Prince Eugfeue, Boulevart de. See Voltaire, Boulevakt de. Prince of Orange landing at Tor- bay. A picture by Joseph Mal- lord William Turner (1775-1851). In the National Gallery, London. Prince of Wales's Theatre. A well-known place of entertain- ment in London, formerly known as the Queen's Theatre. Princes Street. A noted street in tlie New Town of Edinburgh, Scotland, regarded as almost un- rivalled for the magnificent view It commands of the Old Town (the street being only built upon on the north side), and constitut- ing one of the finest promenades to be found in any city. Princess's Theatre. A theatre in Oxford Street, London, celebrat- ed for the reproduction, under the management of Mr. Charles Kean, of Shakespeare's historic plays. It was opened to the pub- lic Sept. 30, 1841. Princeton, The. A United States frigate. By the bursting of a gun during an experimental firing, while a distinguished party of visitors were on board, the Sec- retary of State, A. P. Upshur," and others, were killed, in Feb- ruary, 1844. Printing House Square. 1. A re- tired court in London. It derives its name from the office of the King's Printer, which stood here till nearly the close of the last century, and was marked by the royal arms over the doorway. I went one day with a good friend to the " Times " office, which was entered through a pretty garden-yard, in Printing- Bouse Square. Emerson. 2. A noted square in the city of New York, the centre of the great news-purveying industry of the United States, where are as- sembled the ofBces of the chief metropolitan journals, the Tiib- wfie, the Herald, the Times, the World, the Sun, and others, some of which occupy costly and im- posing buildings. Prison of Socrates. This name is applied to one of three chambers hewn in the rock at the base of the hill Museum, at Athens, Greece. The dome of the inner chamber is funnel-shaped, with an aperture to let in the light from the top. These excavations are sometimes called ancient baths. Prisoner of Chillon. A picture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Dela- croix (1799-1863), the celebrated French historical painter. Procuratie Nuove. The new. or modern palace of the Procurators. In Venice, Italy, fronting on the Piazza of St. Mark. Procuratie Vecohie. The ancient palace of the Procurators. In Venice, Italy, fronting upon the Square of St. Mark. Prodigal Son. A noted picture by PRO 403 PRO Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1G18- 1682). Now in the Gallery of Stafford House, London. Prodigal Son. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1894 ?), the Belgian f/oice-painter. It is now in the Louvre, in Paris. Profile, The. A huge and very in- teresting rock-conformation upon the side of Profile Mountain in the Franeonia range (White Moun- tains), New Hampshire. From a certain point of view at a distance, it bears a wonderful resemblance to" the outline of a human face. This remarkably complete and distinct profile is nearly 1,500 feet above the little lake below it, and is from CO to 80 feet in length. It is also popularly known as the Old Man of the Mountain. Hawthorne refers to it in " The Great Stone Face." Beyond them, like a sun-rimmed cloud. The great Notch mountains shone, WatchL'd over by tlie solemn-browed And awful lace of stone ! WliiUier 'Tis the musical Pemigewassct, That sings to the hemlock-trees Of the pines on ihe Profile ^Mountain, Of the stony Face that sees. Far down in the v.ast rock-hollows The waterfall of the Flume. Lucy Larcom. Propaganda. [Ital. Collecjio di Propaganda Fede.] A religious establishment at Kome, founded by Gregory XV. in 1622, to edu- cate young foreigners from heret- ical countries, in order that they might afterward return as mis- sionaries and spread the Catholic faith among the people of their different nations. The annual examination of the pupils takes place in January. At the time of the French Revolution, the name Propaganda was given to the se- cret societies which aimed to dis- seminate democratic ideas, and it is often used at the present day to denote any institution or or- ganization wifiich seeks to pro- mote special schemes either in politics or religion. ;^- " The oi-igin of the Propaganda is properly to be sought in an edict of Gregory XHI., by which the direction of Eastern missions was confided to a certain number of cardinals, who were commanded to promote the printing of catechisms in the less-known tongues. ... It was at the suggestion of the great preacher Girolamo da Narni that the idea was lirst conceived of extend- ing the above-named institution. At his suggestion a congregation was es- tablished in all due form, and by this body regular meetings were to be held for the guidance and conduct of mis- sions in every part of the world." Ranks. fl®=" ""We may with equal justice call Propaganda an universal academy, or a Noah's Ark, just as we feel dis- posed. Young men from all parts of the world are educated here for mis- sionaries. Here are children from Cali- fornia to China, from Ireland to the Cape of Good Hope : every one of thein repeats a poem by rote in his native tongue. But a man must be a Mezzo- fanti to profit by this Babel-like an- thology. . . . The less the audience [at the Feast of Languages in the Propa- ganda] understand of these poems, the more they applaud : it was so at least on this occasion, when I heard them cheer loudest an Ethiopian and two Chinese, their languages sounding most like gibberish and av^faking the loudest laughter." Hans Christian Andersen. Propylsea. This structure, at Ath- ens, Greece, the Vestibule of the citadel, built of Pentelic marble, was begun in the year 437 B.C., and was completed by the archi- tect Mnesicles five years later, or about the time of the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. It covered the whole of the western end of the Acropolis. The Greeks admired the Propylsea more than any other of their buildings. Some walls and a few columns are still standing, and the en- trance has been recently cleared. ij®= " The grand flight of the Propy- laenm is on the right. A high rampart serves as the basement for tfce little temple of the Wingless Victory, de- molished in 1687 by the Turks, and afterward built up again, stone by stone, by two German architects. Ath- ens dedicated it to her divine protect- ress Athena. The friezes represented the combats in which this goddess as- sured, victory to her people, and upon the balustrade, the "victories, her winged messengers, seemed to await her orders." Le/evre, Trans. /I®- "The Pnpylaa still form a portal which divides two worlds. You leave modern and medissval associa- PRO 404 PSY tions behind you, and are alone with the Past." Bayard Taylor. Proserpine. A well-known ideal bust by Hiram Powers (b. 1805), the American sculptor. g^ *' The popularity of this work has caused its incessant reproduction ; few modern works of the chisel are more exquisitely and gracefully orna- mental to houdoir, salon, or library." Tuckemian. Proserpine, Bape of. See Rape OP Pkoseepine. Prospect Park. A fine pleasure- ground in Brooklyn, N.Y., cov- ering nearly 600 acres, including hills, meadows, and groves, and a beautiful lake. The park was begun in 186B, and is said to have cost, together with two boule- vards connected with it, nearly $12,000,000. Protestant Cemetery. [At Rome.] The Protestant Burial-ground in Rome, near the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, containing the graves of many English and American travellers and other foreign resi- dents at Rome. The Old Protes- tant Cemetery, now closed, con- tains the grave of Keats, and in the New Burial-ground is a mon- ument to Shelley. .eST " rt would almost make one in love with death to he buried in so sweet a place." Percy Bysshe Shelley. Protomoteoa. The name given to a suite of seven rooms in the Cap- itol of Rome, presented to the Arcadian Academy by Leo XII. They contain many busts of Illus- trious men, including some which were formerly in the Pantheon. Province House. A noted man- sion of colonial times, which for- merly stood on Washington Street, Boston, Mass. It had a fine lawn in front. The building was of brick, three stories in height, with stone steps. It was erected in 1679. In 1715 it was purchased by the Province as a residence for the governors, who from a portico in front were in the habit of addressing the citi- zens. In the early part of the present century it becamfe pri- vate property, and a block of stores wa^s erected in front of it, the old building degenerating into a hall for negro concerts. It was destroyed by fire in 186i, but the walls remain, and have been used as the exterior of a new building. Nathaniel Hawthorne has given a description of the Province House in his "Twice- Told Tales." O my God! — for that free spirit, which of old in Boston town Smote the Province Mouse with terror, struck the crest of Andres down ! JTAittter. Prytaneum. [Gr. wpvTavelov, the President's Hall, or Town Hall] A public building in ancient Greek cities. In Athens, the hall in which the magistrates had their meals, and where they entertained at the public cost for- eign ambassadors. Citizens also of high public merit, and the children of those who fell in bat- tle, were often rewarded by a seat at this public table. Socrates, on his trial, when asked to name his punishment, adjudged him- self entitled to be supported in the Prytaneum. What, then, is suitable to a poor man, a benefactor, and who has need of leisure in order to give you good advice ? There Is nothing so suitable, O Athenians, as that such a man should be maiiitained in the Prytaneum. . . . If, therefore, T must award sentence according' to my just de- serts, I award this, maintenance in the Prytaneum. Plato, Apology o/ Socrates. Psyche. A beautiful relic of an- cient sculpture, now in the mu- seum at Naples, Italy, well known by the numerous repro- ductions of it in marble and plas- ter. It apparently represents her listening to a Cupid who may be supposed to stand on her right. This figure was found in the am- phitheatre at Capua. «®- " The charming Naples Psycke. This refined youthful torso, with its delicate cUstingue head, is likewise not of the great epoch of sculpture." Taine, Trans. Psyche and the Butterfly. See Cupid catching a BuTTSKFiiY. PTA 405 PUT Ptarmigan Hill. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Puoelle, Place de la. See Place DE LA PUCELLE. Puck. 1. An admired picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). 2. A work of sculpture by Har- riet G. Hosmer (b. 1830). Pudding Xiane. A narrow street or lane in London. It was here that the Great Fire of ICGB began. Puente de Alcantara. [The Bridge of Alcantara.] An Interesting and impressive Roman ruin in the town of Alcantara, Spain. The bridge, built of immense stones, which here spans the Ta^ gus, was built for the Emperor Trajan, A.D. 105. It consists of six arches, the central span being 110 feet. The bridge is about 670 feet in length, and 210 in height, and is constructed of granite without cement. .6®" "One of the most remarkable of these [bridges] is that which Trajan erected at Alcantara in Spain. The roadway is perfectly level, as is gener- ally the case in Roman bridges, though the mode by which this ie attained, of springing the arches from different levels, is perhaps not the most pleas- ing. To us, at least, it is unfamiliar, and has never, I think, been adopted in ■ modern times." Fergusson. Puente del Diablo. [The Devil's Bridge.] A famous old Roman aqueduct — called by the Span- iards el Puente, the bridge — at Segovia in Spain. jg®" " The first thing we went to see was the cathedral; . . . the next, the KomanAqueduct, called by the people * Puente del Diabolo,' for they have no idea such a stupendous work could be achieved by a personage of less author- ity and power. ... It begins outside of the city, and traverses the valley on 159 arches in the upper row, but not quite so many below. It is built of square-hewn stones, without cement or cLimps, and is nevertheless so perfect- ly preserved, that it still serves the purpose for which it was built as well as when it was new. ... It is cer- tainly one of the most solid and mag- nificent monuments that have come down to us from antiquity." George Ticknor. Puerta de Aloala. [Gate of Al- cala.] A grand triumphal gate affording an entrance to the city of Madrid, Spain, on the east. It consists of five arches, and was erected by Charles III. to com- memorate his entrance to Madrid. .6®* " It should not be forgotten that no city in Europe can boast within its walls so fine a walk as the Prado, that Rome alone, so far as I know, has an entrance equal to that by the Gate o} ALcala" George Ticknor. Puerta del Sol. [Gate of the Sun.] A celebrated public square in Madrid, Spain. It is now in the middle of the capital, although it was once the east gate on which the rising sun shone. It is the centre of the busy life of the city, and at all times a crowded ren- dezvous of idlers. Pullins, The. A natural curiosity in the county of Donegal, Ireland. It is an extraordinary ravine, pre- senting in succession a series of cascades, caves, wild cliffs, with ■ a foaming river and a natural bridge. j8®" " A description can but faintly convey the extraordinary character of these lovely scenes." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. Pulpit [of Nicholas of Pisa]. In the cathedral of Siena, Italy. A celebrated and very elaborate work Of sculpture. Another by the same artist, very similar, in the Duomo at Pisa. S^" " I have no words to express the originality and richness of invention displayed in this pulpit. It is as pe- culiar as it is beautiful. , . . On the panels a labyrinth of crowded figures — a long octagonal procession, the Na- tivity, the Passion, the Last Judgment — envelops the marble with a marble covering." Taine, Trans. Purgatory, St. Patrick's. See St. Patrick's Cave and Purgatory. Puritans going to Church. A picture by George H. Boughton, a painter of landscapes and genre. Puttina, La. [The Girl.] An ad- PYL 406 PYK mired portrait by Titian (1477- 1576). In the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, Italy. Pylades and Orestes. A picture by Benjamin West (1738-1820). In the National Gallery, London. P3rramids, The. A general name for the sepulchral monuments of ancient Egypt, in all about 60, but specially applied to the Pyra^ mids of Gheezeh, about 12 miles from Cairo, consisting of two large and several smaller pyra- mids. flSS= ** Let U8 now turn to the Pyra- mids — the oldest, largest, and most mysterious of all the monuments of man's art now existing. All those in Egypt are situated on the left bank of the Nile, just beyond the cultivated ground, and on the edge of the desert, and all the principal examples within what may fairly be called the Necrop- olis of Memphis. Sixty or seventy of these have been discovered and ex- plored, all of which appear to be royal sepulchres. This alone, if true, would suffice to justify us in assigning a dura- tion of 1,000 years at least to the dynas- ties of the pyramid builders. . . . The three great pyramids of Gizeh are the best known and the most remarkable of all those in Egypt. Of these the first, erected by Cheops, or as he is now more correctly named, Suphis, is the largest; but the next by Chepheren, his successor, is scarcely inferior in dimensions; the third, that of Myceri- nus, is very much smaller. . . . All the pyramids (with one exception) face exactly north, and have their entrance on that side. . . . The small residuum we get from all these pyramid discus- sions is, that they were built by the kings of the early dynasties of the old kingdom of Egypt as their tombs. The leading idea that governed their forms was that of durability. By concealment of the entrance, the diffi- culties of the passages, and the com- plicated but most ingenious arrange- ment of portcullises, these ancient kings hoped to be allowed to rest in undisturbed security for at least 3,000 years. Perhaps they were successful, though their tombs have been since BO shamefully profaned." J^ergusson. jO®- " Nothing can express the vari- ety of sensations which they provoke. TJfie height of their summit, the steep- ness of their elope, the vastness of their surface, their tremendous wdght, the memory of the times they have out- lived, and above all the reflection that these mountains of masonry have been reared by petty and insignificant man who creeps at their feet — all impreBS the beholder, and fill at once the heart and the mind with astonishment, terror, humiliation, admiration, and respect." Volney. The Pyramids themselves, doting with ape, have forgotten the names of their founders. Thomas Fuller. And Morning opes with haste her lids. To gaze upon the Pyramids. Hmerson. Pyramid of Abooroash. A ruined pyramid about live miles distant from the Pyramids of Gheezeh in Egypt. Pyramids of Abooseer. A group of four pyramids, a few miles dis- tant from the Pyramids of Ghee- zeh, in Kgypt. Pyramid of Caius Cestius. A sepulchral pyramid — the only one in Rome — situated near the Porta di San Paolo, and immedi- ately adjoining the Protestant Burial-ground. It was erected to Caius Cestius, a tribune of the people. The pyramid is over 100 feet in height, and contains in the centre a small sepulchral chamber. j^^ "This pyramid, of more than 100 feet in height, is entirely built of marble, but time has changed its color and defaced its polish. The gray lichen has crept over it, and wild- ever- greens hang from its crevices. Bat what it has lost in splendor, it has gained in picturesque beauty ; and there are few remains of antiquity within the bounds of the Eternal City, that the eye resls upon with such unwearying admiration, as this gray pyramid." Eaton. jg^ " It is the most imperishable of the antiquities, a beautiful pyramid, 113 feet high, built into the ancient wall of Rome, as perfect after 1,800 years as if it were built but yesterday." 2^. P. mau, j8®- " From one part of the city, looking out beyond the walls, a squat and stunted pyramid (the burial-place of Caius Cestius) makes an opaque tri- angle in the moonlight. But, to an Enghsh traveller, it serves to mark the grave of Shelley too, whose ashes lie beneath a little garden near it. Nearer still, almost within its shadow, lie the bones of Keats, * whose name is -writ in water,' that shines brightly in Iho landscape of a calm Italian night." PYR 407 PYB J8S* *' When I am inclined to he eeri- ous I love to wander up and down be- fore the tomb of Caius Ceetius. The Protestant burial-ground is there. . . . It is a quiet and sheltered nook, . . . and the pyramid that overshadows it gives it a classic and singularly solemn air." Rogers. Eastward hence. Nigh where the Cestian pyramid divides The mouldering wall, uehold yon fabric huge. John Dyer. Within the shadow of the Pyramid 0/ Cains Cestius was the Daisy tbund, White as the soul of Keats in Paradise. T. B. Aldrich. Pyramid of Cheops. See Great Pyramid. Pyramid of Cholula. A celebrated ruined pyramid constructed of clay and brick, at Cholula, an Indian town, near Pueblo, in Mexico. It was built by the an- cient inhabitants of Mexico. It is over 1,400 feet square at the base, and 177 feet in height, and is ascended by a flight of steps, 120 in number. On the summit is a chapel erected by the Spaniards. The fact teaches him how Belus was worshipped, and how the Tyramids were built, better than the discovery by Chara- pollion of the names of all the workmen and the cost of every tile. He finds Assy- ria and the Mounds of Cholula at his door, and himself has laid the courses. Emerson. QUA 408 QUE Q. Quadrant, The. See Regent St. You "will observe a town dandy getting fldgetty after hie second turn in tiie Qtiad- ranU wliile you will meet the same Frenchman there from noon till dusk, bounding his walk by those columns, as if they were the bars of a cage. N P. Willis. Quarr Abbey. A famous monastic establishment upon the Isle of "Wight, erected in the twelfth century, of which the ruins only now remain. Quarters of the "World. See Fo0k Quarters of the "World. Quartier Latin. [Latin Quarter.] A large district in Paris, on the south of the Seine. Here the Erincipal colleges and schools ave been situated for many cen- turies, and here the numerous students have lived ; whence this quarter derives its name. jKff- " Though the colleges are now converted into private houses or into public schools, the Pays Latin is still inhabited by many thousand students in letters, science, law, and medicine, leading a life of gayety and freedom from restraint which is hardly to be understood by an Englishman. They and their associates, male and female, form the staple of a large portion of the well-known novels of Paul de Kock." Murray's Handbook. fi^ " The life of the young artist here is the easiest, merriest, dirtiest existence possible. He comes to Paris, probably at sixteen, from his province; his parents settle forty pounds a year on him, and pay his master; he estab- lishes himself in the Pays Latin; . . . he arrives at his atelier at a tolerably early hour, and labors among a score of companions as merry and as poor as himself." Thackeray. Quatre Pils Aymon. A ruined castle near Spa in Belgium, asso- ciated with historic and romantic traditions. Quebec Citadel. A vast fortress, from its lofty commanding situa^ tion one of the strongest in the world, is the principal defence of the city of Quebec, Can. It cov- ers 40 acres. Queen Anne's Farthing. The belief generally obtains in Eng- land that a Queen Anne's far- thing is a very rare possession: indeed, it is supposed that there are but three, of which two are in the public keeping, and that one which is missing would bring a fabulous price ; but the fact is, that it is no more rare than any other coinage of the mint of equal antiquity, and that the poor coun- try people who occasionally take long journeys to London to dis- pose of so great a curiosity which has fallen into their hands, find that the numismatist to whom they apply is already the posses- sor of several. Queen Elizabeth. See Death of Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth's Pocket Pistol. The popular name of an ancient piece of brass ordnance, 24 feet in length, cast in 1514, and pre- sented by the States General of Holland to Queen Elizabeth. It is preserved in Dover Castle. Queen of Sheba. See Embarka- tion OF THE Queen of Sheba. Queen of the "West. A powerful United States " ram," in the War of the Kebellion. She was sent down the Mississippi, and, run- ning the batteries at "Vicksburg, destroyed several transport ves- sels on the Lower Mississippi and on the Red River, but was finally lost on the latter river through the treachery of a pilot. Queen's Arms. A tavern in St. Paul's Churchyard, London. Queen's Bench. See King's Bench AND Queen's Bench. QUE 409 QUO Queen's College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Bstablishijd in 1448. Queen's Head. A noted hostelry in the olden time in Islington, Loudon. The Queen^s Head and Crown in Islington town Bore, for its brewing, tlie higliest renown. Queen's Prison. See King's Bench and Queen's Bench. Queen's State Coach. See Coro- nation Coach. Queen's Theatre. See Prince of "Wales's Theatre. Queensberry House. The seat of the Duke of Buccleuch, near Richmond, England. Quinze VinRts. A hospital for the blind, in the Faubourg St. An- toine, Paris. Quirinal Hill. [Lat. Mons Quiri- nus.J One of the original seven hills of Rome, now covered with palaces and churches, among which the most noticeable is the Palace of the Pope on the Monte Cavallo, the summit of the hill. The modern name, Monte Cavallo, is derived from the marble groups of Castor and Pollux with their horses, discovered in the Baths of Constantine, which now stand before the obelisk in Jhe Piazza di Monte Cavallo. Hence we went to Monie Cavallo, liere- tofore called Mons Quirinalis, where we saw those two rare horses, the worke of the rivals Phidias and PraxI tiles, as they were sent as a present to Nero out of Armenia, They were placed on pedestals of white marble by Sixlua Y., b\- whom I suppose their injuries are repair'd. They are gov- em'd by 4 naked slaves like those at tlie foot of the Capitol. John Evelyn, 1644. Quirinal Palace. The papal pal- ace on Monte Cavallo, Quirinal Hill, Rome. The present struc- ture was begun by Gregory XIII. in 1574, and continued and en- larged by succeeding popes. The meeting of the conclave for the election of the popes takes place in the Quirinal Palace, and from the balcony opening upon the Piazza di Monte Cavallo the name of the new pope is proclaimed to the people. B^ " That palace-building, ruin- destroying Pope, Paul HI., began to erect the enormous palace on the Quiri- nal Hill, and the prolongation of his labors by a long series of successive pontiffs has maae it one of the largest and ugliest buildings extant." C. A. Xaton. What is most charming here is what you encounter on the wiiy unexpectedly ; now the Quirinal Palace on the summit of a hill entirely detached in the gra.v atmos- phere, and, in front, its horses end colossi of marble. Taine, Tram. IT or heed those blood stains on the wall, Not Tiber's flood can wash away. Where, in thy stately Quirinal, Thy mangled victims lay 1 Whittier, I have climbed Trajan's column, and saw thence The Quirinal here, and there the Vatican. Thiodare Aubanel, Trans. Quoit-Thrower, The. See Disco- EOIiUS. KAB 410 BAI R. Rabenstein. [Ravenstone.] An ancient feudal castle, ol late par- tially restored, near Streitberg, in Franconia, Germany. Eaboteur, Le. [The Planer.] A picture by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609), representing Joseph " planing a board, while Jesus, a lovely boy about six or seven years old, stands by watching the progress of the work. Mary is seated on one side plying her nee- dle." This picture is in the col- lection of the Earl of Suffolk at Charlton, England. JJ®^ " The great fault of this picture is the subordinate and commonplace character given to the Virgin Mary; otherwise it is a very suggestive and dramatic subject, and one which might be usefully engraved in a cheap form for distribution." Mrs. Jameson, Kaby Castle. One of the finest and best-preserved of the ancient northern castles of England, the seat of the Duke of Cleveland. King Canute presented it with other offerings at the shrine of St. Cuthbert, but it passed out of the hands of the monks in 1131. Portions of the older building are so skilfully incorporated with the new that it seems a perfect speci- men of a castle of the fourteenth century. The castle is of great size and strength, and the walls surrounding it occupy about two acres of ground. The pleasure- grounds and park are of a magnifi- cence commensurate with that of the castle itself, and command lovely prospects. Eachel. See Jacob and Rachel. Kachel's Tomb. A small struc- ture near Bethlehem is known as the "sepulchre of Rachel." Jews, Moslems, and Christians unite in affirming the authenti- city of this sepulchre, although the building is modern. They journeyed fVom Bethel, and there was but a little way to come to Kphrath. . . . And Kachel died, and was burled on the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. Gen. XXXV. 16-19. Badcliffe Library. An imposing library building connected with the University of Oxford, found- ed by Dr. John Radclifte (d. 1714). Badical Road. The name given to a promenade under the cliff called Salisbury Crags in Edin- burgh, Scotland. The name is derived from the circumstance that the road was built in 1819 by, disaffected people who were out of employment. Rainbow, The. According to Au- brey, the Rainbow, in Fleet Street, the second coffee-house established in London, was opened about 1666. It is now a tavern, and the old coffee-room has been destroyed. The coflfee-house was the Londoner's house; and those who wished to find a gentleman commonly asked, not wheth- er he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery Lane, bnt whether he fi-equentfd "the Grecian " or " the Rainbow. Maeaulay. Rainbow Falls. A beautiful cas- cade in the Adirondack region of New York, near the foot of the Ausable Ponds. Rainbow Ijandscape. The name fiven to a celebrated picture by eter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the Bethnal Green Mu- seum, London. Rainy Season in the Tropics. A noted picture by Frederic Edwin Church (b. 1826), the American landscape-painter. Raising of Lazarus. A picture by Sebastian del Piombo (1485-1547), and considered one of the most important works of the sixteenth century, executed for Giulio de' Medici, afterward Pope Leo X. EAI 411 RAN It is now in tlie National Gallery, London. J8®^*' This is in many respects one of the noblest piutures existing, — a dramatic combination and pictorial completeness which few would now hesitate to prefer to the Transfigura- tion by Raphael." Eastlake, Handbook of Painting. Saising of Lazarus. An admired painting by Benjamin "West (1738-1820), serving as an altar- piece in "Winchester Cathedral, England. Kaising of Liazarus. A picture by Benjamin Kobert Haydon (1786- 1846). In the National Gallery, London. Baising the Body of St. Hubert of Xii^ge. An altar-piece, as- cribed to Gerard van Meire, the Flemish painter, but which has also been ascribed to Dierick Bouts and to other painters. It is in the National G allery of Lon- don. Rake's Progress. A famous dra- matic and satirical picture by "William Hogarth (1697-1764). .6®* " It would be suppressing the merits of his heart to consider him only a promoter of laughter. . . . Mirth colored his pictures, but benevolence designed them. He smiled, like Socra- tes, that men might not be offended at his lectures, and might learn to laugh at their own follies." Lord (h'ford. Bakos, Field of. [Bakos Mezo.] See Field of Kakos. Baleigh's House. See Myktle Gkove. Bamaseum [or Memnoniuml. An ancient Egyptian palace and tem- ple at Thebes, the residence ofj Bhamses the Great. It is now a wreck, but the ruins indicate that it was of immense size. "Within the palace are the re- mains of the statue of Rhamses, the largest found in Egypt. The walls are covered with wonderful sculptures, illustrating the adven- tures and victories of the great king, and his offerings to the gods. ["Written also Rhairmssloii.'^ JSS" " The Rhamession was built wholly by the great Rhamses, in the fifteenth century B.C. ; . . . and it may be considered as a typical example of what an Egyptian temple of this age was intended to have been. Its facade is formed by two great pylons, or pyr- amidal masses of masonry, which, like the two western towers of a Gothic cathedral, are the most imposing part of the structure externally. . . . They [the palace-temples] do not seem to have been appropriated to the worship of any particular god, but rather for the great ceremonials of royalty, of kingly sacrifice to the gods for the peo- ple, and of worship of the king him- self by the people." Fergusson. And thou hast walked about — how stranpe a story ! In Thebes's streets, three thousand years ago; When the Memnonium was in all its glory, And time had not began to overthrow Those temples, palaces, and piles stupen- dous. Of which the very ruins are tremendous. Horace Smith. Eambla. A beautiful promenade in Barcelona, Spain. The name is derived from the Arabic, and signifies a river-bed, wliich in Spain, being often dry in summer, is used as a road. It is the cen- tre of fashion and amusement. Bamble, The. A lovely region in Central Park, in the city of New York, with laljyrinthinef oot-paths winding through acres of woody hills, bordered by a lake. BambouiUet. See Hotel de Eam- BOUILLET. Bameses III.,Tomb of. SeeHAKP- ERs' Tomb. Banelagh Gardens. A place of amusement in London, no longer in existence, but very popular from its opening in 1742 till the beginning of the present century. Banelagh, spoken of by Smollett as being like the " enchanted pal- ace of genii," was a sort of rival to Vauxhall. jg®* " The prince, princess, duke, much nobility, and much mob besides, were there." Walpole {iit 1742). ii®* " Ranelagh has totally beat Vauxhall. Nobody goes anywhere else — everybody goes there." Walpole C!nl7«). 4^ " Ranelagh was a very pleasing EAP 412 EAT place of amusement. There persons of inferior ranlc mingled with me high- est nobility of Britain." Samuel Rogers. Accordingly, ]Mr. Stryver inaugurated the Long Vacation with a formal proposal to take Miss Manette to Vauxhall Gar- dens; that failing, to Ranelagh; that un- accountably failing too, it behooved him to E resent himself in Soho, and there declare is noble mind, IHc^ens. Vauxhall and Ranelagh 1 I then had heard Of your green groves, and wilderness of lamps Dimming tbestars, and fireworks magical. And gorgeous ladies, imder splendid domes, Floating in dance, or warbling high in air The song of spirits. Wordsioorth. Kape of Europa. A picture by Paul Veronese (1530?-1588). In the Doge's Palace, Venice. Rape of Ganymede. 1. The mas- terpiece of the Athenian sculptor Leocliares (fl. 372-338 B.C.) Cop- ies in marble of the bronze origi- nal abound. One, and perhaps the best existing, is in the Museo Pio-Clementino, of the Vatican, Eome. There is another copy in the Library of St. Mark's, Ven- ice. 2. A well-known picture by Eembrandt van Ryn (1606-16K9), the Dutch painter. Now in the Dresden Gallery. Bape of Proserpine. A picture by Francesco Primaticcio (1490-1570), the pupil of Raphael. Now in the Stafford House Gallery. Bape of Proserpine. A picture, " with a rich, fantastically lighted landscape," by Niccolo dell' Ab- bate, called also Niccolo da Mo- dena (1512-1571). In the gallery of Stafford House. Bape of Proserpine. A picture by Peter Paul Rnbens (157771640). Now at Blenheim, England. Bape of the Sabines. A celebrated group in marble by Giovanni da Bologna (1524-1608), and regard- ed as his masterpiece. In the Loggia de' Lanzi, Florence, Italy. 11^^ " John of Bologna, after he had finished a group of a young man, holding up a young woman in his arms, with an old man at his feet, called his friends together to tell him what name he should give it, and it was agreed to call it the Rape of the Sabines." Sir Joshua Reynolds. Baphael and his Fencing Master. A picture in the Louvre, Paris, by some attributed to Pontormo. Baphael and Michael Angelo. A noted picture by Horace Vernet (1789-1863), the French painter. .d®^ " As clever a picture as can he, — clever is juet the word, — the groups and drawing excellent, the coloring pleasantly bright and gaudy; and the French students study it incessantly : there are a dozen who copy it for one who copies Delacroix." Thackeray. Baphael Sanzio. A celebrated portrait of himself by the painl^ er. In the collection of auto- graph portraits in the Uffizi Gal- lery, Florence, Italy. There is another in the Louvre, Paris. Baphael, Stanza of. See Stanze OF Eaphael. Baphael's Cartoons. See Cah- TOONS OF EAPH.iEL. Baphael's Loggia. See Loggia of Eaphaei,. Baphael's House. [Ital. Casa da SaffaeUo.] A well-known house in Florence, Italy, in which Ear phael was born and lived. Bas-et-Teen, Palace of. This pal- ace, built by Mohammed Ali, is situated at the western end of the peninsula of the same name, near Alexandria, Egypt. Batcliffe Highway. A famous London thoroughfare, now called St. George's Street, noted from its association in former times with murders and robberies. H^^ " Many can remember the ter- ror which was on every face, the care- ful barriilg of doors, the providing of blunderbusses and watchmen's rattles." Jfacaulay. j8®=" " Look at a marine-store deal- er's, in that reservoir of dirt, drunken- ness, and drabs : thieves, oysters, baked potatoes, and pickled salmon, — Rat- cliff Highway." IHckens. Battler, The. The first naval ves- sel propelled hj a screw. She was built by the English Admi- EAV 413 EEG ralty, and launclied at Sheerness in 1843. Eavensoraig Castle. A ruined fortress near Kirkcaldy, in Scot- land. Moor, moor the biirge, ye gallant crew, And, gentle lady, deign to stay ! Rest thee in Castle Havenslieugli, ^or tempt the stormy Firth to-day. Old Ballad of Rosabelk. Ton's Ravmscraig, wi' riven ha', A thousand winters shook its wa' — Tired Time let scythe an' aan '-glass fa', To breathe awhile at Ugie. Waiiam Thorn. See Magda- Keadlng Magdalen. LEN. Eeale, Villa. See Villa Eeale. Eebecca. A picture by Horace Vernet (1789-1863), the French painter. S^ " His [Vernet's] ' Rebecca ' is most pleasing; and not the less so for a little pretty aflfeetation of attitude and needless singularity of costume." Thackeray. Eed Bull. An old London theatre referred to by Knight as being in 1583 one of the chief London the- atres. ,6®=* *' I have seen the Ked Bull play- house, which was a large one, so full, that as many went back for want of room as bad entered;^ and, as meanly as you now think of these drolls, they were then acted by the best comedi- ans." KirkmaUi 1672. Eed Convent. An ancient monas- tery of Coptic Christians in Upper Egypt. Eed Deer of ChiUingham. A pic- ture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803- 1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. Eed Horse. See Vale op the Ked Horse. Eedentore, II. [The Kedeemer.] A grand and noted church of the sixteenth century in Venice, Italy. Eedwood Library. A Doric build- ing in Newport, E.I., erected in 1750, containing a small but choice collection of books, with some works of art. Some of the volumes in this library were pre- sented by the King of England, and others by Bishop Berkeley. Eeform Club. 1. A fine building in Pall Mall, London, is owned and occupied by the Reform Club, which was founded by Liberal members of the British Parlia- ment, about the time the Reform Bill was passed, 18.30-32. The club is composed of 1,000 mem- bers, not including those belong- ing to Parliament. J8®" ** Let all strangers who come to London for business, or pleasure, or curiosity, or for whatever cause, not fail to visit the Reform Club. In an age of utilitarianism, and of the search for the comfortable, like ours, there is more to be learned here than in the ruins of the Coliseum, of the Parthe- non, or of Memphis." Yi8counUss de Malleville. No Carlton Clubs, Reform Clubs, nor any sort of clubs or creatures or of ac- credited opinions or practices, can make a He Truth, can make Bribery a Propriety. Carlyle. 2. A marble club-house in Philadelphia, Penn. Eeformation, The. A well-known picture by Wilhelm Kaulbach (1805-1874), the eminent German painter. [Called also the Epoch of the Reformation.'] Eeformation, Oak of. See Oak op Refokmation. Kegalia. A general term, usually applied to a valuable collection of jewels and plate kept in the Tower, London. That portion of the Tower where the regalia is now kept is called the "Wakefield ■Tower. A desperate but unsuc- cessful attempt was made in the reign of Charles II., by the ruf- fian Blood, to carry off the crown jewels. Blood, though captured, contrived by his great audacity to secure his own , release, and even frightened the king into granting him a pension of £500 a year. Begent Diamond. See Pitt Dia- mond. Eegent Street. A street in Lon- don, nearly a mile in length, de- signed by John Nash in 1813, and EEG 414 EEP named from his patron the Prince Kegent. The street trends north- west by a Quadrant, giving a very ornamental appearance by its elegant shop-fronts. ;8^ " Regent Street has appeared to me the greatest and most oppressive solitude in the world. . . . Here, it is ■wealth beyond competition, exclusive- ness and indifference perfectly unap- proachable." J^- P- Willia. The pay old boys are paunchy old men in the disguise of younR ones, who fre- (juent tne Quadrant and Regent Street in the daytime. Dtckens. KinR Arthur's self Was commonplace to Lady Guenever; And Camelot to miiistrel.-j seemed as flat, As Segent Street to poets. Mrs. Browning. Begents, The. A picture by Fer- dinand Bol (Ifill-1H80), the Dutch painter, and considered his best vFork. It is in the " Leprosen- huys" at Amsterdam, Holland. Regent's Park. An extensive common or pleasure-ground in London, comprising 472 acres. It contains within its boundaries several handsome private resi- dences. 4ar " RegenVa Park is larger than the Jardin des Plantes and the Luxem- bourg put together." Taine, Trans. He only left Bombay vesterday morn- ing, was seen in the Red Sea on Tuesday, isenpH^ed 10 dinner this afternoon in the Regent's Park, and (as it is about two minutes since I saw linn in the court-yard) I make no doubt lie is by this time at Al- exandria or -Malta. Thackeray. Kegioides' Cave. A cavern in a rock near New Haven, Conn., where the " regicides " Edward Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges who had con- demned Charles I. to death, and afterwards on the restoration of the Stuarts had escaped from England, were secreted and lived for some time. Reiohenberg Castle. An inter- esting ruined castle overlooking the Rhine, near Goarshausen. It was built in 1284. Relohsveste. An ancient imperial castle at Nuremberg, Germany. Relay House. The name formerly given to what is now called Washington Junction, a station on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, nine miles from Baltimore, Md. It was noted in the Civil A\'ar as the spot seized by Gen. Butler, and from wliich he pushed on with the Massachusetts and New York troops to the occupa- tion of Baltimore on the night of May 13, 1861. Religion and Philosophy. A not- ed picture bv Taddeo Gaddi (1300-1352?). In the church of Sta. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. Reliquary of St. Ursula. A cele- brated shrine in the chapel of St. John's Hospital at Bruges, about four feet in length, the whole ex- terior of which is covered with miniature designs in oil bv Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, representing scenes in the life of St. Ursula. These lit- tle pictures are described as among the best jiroductions of the Flemish school. Reliques, Grandes. See Geandes Eeliques. Rendezvous de Chasse. A pic- ture by Adrian van de Velde (1639-1672), the Dutch painter. In the possession of Mr. Baring, London. Repentance Tower. A monu- ment near Ecclefechan, Scotland, which has a singular history. Ac- cording to the account in the " Minstrelsy of the Scottish Bor- der," it was built by a certain Lord Herries as an act of pen- ance for having on a voyage from England thrown overboard a number of prisoners. It bears the inscription "Repentance" over the door, with a serpent on one side and a dove on the other. Repentant Eve. A work of sculp- ture by Edward S. Bartholomew (b. 182i2). In possession of Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia. Reply to Hayne. See Wbbsteb's Reply to Hayne. Repose in Egypt. A very com- mon and most pleasing subject of EEP 415 EES representation by the mediseval painters, exliibiting the Holy Family as resting on their jour- ney, or at the close o£ their jour- ney, and seated in a landscape. Of numerous compositions upon this subject, greatly varying in details, the following may be named as among the more impor- tant and better known. Eepose in Egypt. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. Repose in Eciypt. A beautiful picture by Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641), often copied and en- graved. Now in the Grosvenor Gallery. Repose in Egypt. A well-known picture by Correggio. See Ma- donna BELLA SCODELLA. Repose in Egypt. A picture by Domenico Zampieri, called Do- inenichiuo (1581-1641). In the Louvre, Paris. Repose in Egypt. A picture by Kaphael Sanzio (1483-1520), rep- resenting the Virgin " kneeling and holding the Child in her arms; St. John also kneels, and presents fruits; Joseph leading an ass by the bridle is in the act of raising St. John." This picture is now in the Imperial Gallery in Vienna, Austria. Repose in Egypt. A picture-by Antonio AUegri, surnamed Cor- reggio (1494-15134). In the gallery at Parma, Italy. Called also La Zingarella (the Gypsy), q.v. Repose in Eqypt. A picture by Lucas Cranach (1472-1553), a Ger- man painter. It is now in the Sciarra Colonna palace at Kome. JS^ " In a singular and charming Ri- poso by Lucas Cranach, the Virgin and Child are seated under a tree; to the left of the group is a fountain, where a number of little angels appear to be ■washing linen ; to the right Joseph ap- proaches, leading the ass, and in the act of reverently removing his cap." Mrs. Jameson. Kepresentation of Human Life. A noted picture by Jan Steen (1636-1689), the Dutch .^eurc-paint- er. In the Museum of the Hague. Eescue, The. A group of statua- ry by Horatio Greenough (1805- 1852), " intended to illustrate the struggle between the Anglo-Sax- on races and the aborigines." At the Capitol, Washington. Rescue, The. An American ex- ploring ship in the expedition of De Haven and Kane to the Arc- tic regions in 1850-51. Eeaearch, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Aug. 15, 1863. Besignation of 'Washington at Annapolis. A large picture by John Trumbull (1756-1843), exe- cuted under commission from Congress, for the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. It is well known by engravings. Resistance, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy. She was launched April 11, 1861. Resolute, The. An Arctic explor- ing ship which sailed from Eng- land, April 15, 1852, in Sir Ed- ward Belcher's expedition. On the 25th of August in the same year she was abandoned in the ice. On the 10th of September, 1855, she was found drifting on the high seas by Capt. Budding- ton of the American whaling ship George Henry. All claim to the Resolute having been relin- quished by the British govern- ment, the vessel was purchased by Congress for the sum of $40,- 000, and sent to Queen Victoria, fis a present, and was formally presented to her by Capt. Hart- stein of the United States navy, Dec. 16, 1856. Resurrection, The. A noted fres- co by Giotto di Bondone (1276- 1336)'. In the Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy. Resurrection, The. A fresco painting by Luca Signorelli (da Cortona) (1439-1521). In the Ca- thedral of Orvieto, Italy. Resurrection, The. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-1660). In the S. Maria de Galeria, Bologna, Italy. EET 416 EIC Retable de Poissy. An altar-piece, now in the Louvre, Paris, which represents in the centre scenes in the Passion of the Saviour, and on the sides events which took place in the lives of St. John the Evangelist and St. John the Bap- tist. Jean de France, Due de Berry, brother of Charles VI., and his wife, gave it to the church of Poissy. Keturn from the Plight into Egypt. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now at Blen- heim, England. Revelation, Book of. See Book OF Revelation. Rex Tibioen. A picture by Jean Le'on Gerome (b. 1824), the French painter. Rheinfels. [The Rock of the Rhine.] This fortress is consid- ered one of the most beautiful ruins on the banks of the Rhine. It was founded in 1245, and be- longed alternately to the Hessians and the French, until in 1794 it fell into the hands of the French revolutionary army, and three years later it was blown up. It now belongs to the Emperor of Germany. It is the most exten- sive ruin on the Rhine, and was originally built partly as a strong- hold where toll could be collected upon merchandise passing on the Rhine. An increase in the duties levied led to an unsuccessful siege of the castle for 15 months by the neighboring burghers. From this and other circumstances origi- nated the union of 60 German andRhenish cities, which resulted in the breaking-up of this and many other robber strongholds upon the Rhine. Rheinstein. [The Stone of the Rhine.] A conspicuous castle on the Rhine. The original castle was of great antiquity. It was re- built by Frederic of Prussia in 1825-29, and a chapel has since been added. Rhodian Colossus. See Colossus OF Rhodes. Rhymer's Glen. A locality near Abbotsford in Scotland, so named because of legendary traditions connected with Thomas of Ercil- doune (Thomas the Rhymer). Rlalto, The. [Ital. Ponte di Rial- to.'] A famous bridge over the Grand Canal in Venice, deriving its name from the quarter of the city in which it is situated. This section — so called from Rivo-cdto — is one of the islands upon which Venice is built, and gave its name first to the Exchange which was built upon it, and later to the bridge by which it was reached. The Rialto was long the centre of trade and commer- cial life in the city. The bridge, which has shops upon it, was he- gun in 1588. US' " The Venice of modem flction and drama is a thing of yesterday, a mere efflorescence of decay, a stage- drama, "which the first ray of daylight must dissipate into dust. No great merchant of Venice ever saw that Ri- alto under -which the traveller now pauses with breathless interest." Ruskin. Shy. Signior Antonio, many a time and oft, In the Rialto, you have rated me About my moneys, and my usances : Still have I borne it with a patient shrug; For suffrance is the badge of all our tribe. Shakespeare. [This allusion is probably to the Ex- change, though it might be taken to refer to the island, but hardly to the bridge.] Ours Is a trophy which will not decay Witb the R%aUo ; Sbylock and the Moor, And Pierre, cannot be swept or worn away. Byron. Soprano, basso, even the contra-alto Wished him five fathom under the Rialto. Byron. Sbylock still darkens the Rialto with his frown ; the lordly form of Othello yet stalks across the piazza of St. Mark's, and every veil that flutters in the breeze shrouds the roguish black eyes of Jes.*ica. Hillard. The soul's Rialto hath Its merchandise; I barter curl for curl upon that mart. Mrs. Browning. Pisa's patron saint hath hallowed to him- self the joyful day. Never on the thronged Rialto showed tlie Carnival more gay. T. W. Parsons. Riooardi Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Riccardi.] A celebrated palace in Florence, erected in the ilf- EIC 417 EIP teenth century. The cliapel con- tains some fine frescos. 4J®" *' The Riccardi Palace is at the corner of tbe Via Larga. It was built by the first Cosmo di Medici, the old banker, more than four centuries ago. ... It looks fit to be still the home of a princely race, being nowise dilapi- dated nor decayed externally, nor like- ly to be BO. . . . This mansion gives the visitor a stately notion of tbe life of a commercial man in the days when merchants were princes. ... It must bave been, in some sense, a great man who thought of founding a homestead like this, and was capable of filling it with his personality, as the band fills a glove." Raiothome. Richelieu, Rue. A well-known street in Paris. In this street is the house where Moliere died. Those two splendidly dressed ladies are milliners from the Rue Richelieu, who have just brought over, and disposed of, their cargo of summer fashions. Thackeray. Riches. A picture by Hans Hol- heinthe Younger (14'.)8 7-154.3), well known by engravings. The origi- nal perished at Whitehall in 16H8. There is a drawing of this picture in the British Museum. SeeTKi- UMPH OF Riches. Richmond, The. A noted vessel of the United States navy, one of the vessels of Commodore Far- ragut's flotilla, which ran the gauntlet of the forts of Mississip- pi on the 24th April, 1862, and led to the taking of New Orleans. Richmond, Fort. See Fokt Kich- MOND. Richmond Palace. An ancient and celebrated royal residence at Richmond, on the Thames, ten miles from London. The palace, of which only the ruins are now standing, was also called Skene (shining), from its beautiful situa- tion. Richmond Park. An ancient and famous park or pleasure-ground of the royal manor of Richmond, about nine miles from London, overlooking the Thames, and comprising fine forest scenery. It is eight miles in circumference, and is the most beautiful of the ■royal parks in the vicinity of the metropolis. It is a favorite re- sort of Londoners. Rideau Hall. The official resi- dence of the Governor-General of Canada, in New Edinburgh, On- tario. Riegersburg. A remarkable me- diseval stronghold, now fallen into ruin, on an eminence near Feldbach, in Southern Austria. Rienzi's House. A noted build- ing in Rome, built of brick, and thought to have been the house in which " The Last of the Tri- bunes" may have lived. It has been called also, without appar- ent reason, the House of Pilate. 4J®° " By what inexplicable absurd- ity it has obtained the name of the House of Pilate, it is impossible to con- ceive, unless, from the cruel and iniqui- tous judgments that disgraced the con- clusion of Rienzi's reign, he may himself have acquired that nickname among the people of Rome." O. A. Xaton. Riesenburg. A remarkable nat- ural curiosity, — a sort of cave with the top taken off, — near Streitberg, in the region known as the Pranconian Switzerland. Rigi, Spectre of the. See Spec- tee OF THE RiGI. Rimini. See Fkanoesca da Ri- mini. Ring of Brogarth. A remarkable monument of antiquity at Sten- niss, in the Orkneys, consisting of a great circle of erect and prostrate stones, of unknown origin and use. Allusion is made to one of them in Scott's novel of "The Pirate." Riuuoolni Palace. [Palazzo Ri- nuccini.] A palace in Florenre, Italy, built in the sixteenth cen- tury by Luigi Cardi Cigoli. It contains some fine pictures. Ripetta, Via. See Via Ripetta. Riposo, II. [The Repose (in Egypt).] See Repose IN Egypt. tS" " The subject generally styled a Jiiposo is one of the most graceful and most attractive in the whole range of Christian art." Mrs. Jameson. EIP 418 EOC But for the occasion and the appella- tion, it would be quite impossible to dis- tinguish the Loves that sport round Venus and Adonis, from the Cherubim, so called, that hover above a Nativity or a Riposo ; and the little angels, in his [Aibano's] Crucifixion, cry so like naughty little boys, that one longs to put them in a corner. Mrs, Jameson. Kipresa dei Barberi. The end of the Corso, Rome, and the place where, in the races of the carni- val, the horses are stopped by a piece of cloth suspended across the street. It derives its name from the Barbary horses which were the original racers. Kising. See Castle Rising. Rittenhouse Square. A public park in Philadelphia, Penn., sur- rovmded by handsome mansions. Riva dei Scliiavoni. A street or promenade in Venice, Italy, fa- cing the harbor. 'Twas so When I came here. The galley floats within A bow-shot of the " Riva di Schiavonu" Byron. Riviera. [Bank or shore.] A name of general application, but fre- quently given in particular to the Mediterranean coast in the neigh- borhood of Genoa, Italy. Riviera di Chiaia. See Chiaja. Rivoli, Rue de. One of the finest streets in Paris. Napoleon I. be- gan the Rue de Rivoli. This ostentatious architecture, which arrived in Judca by cargoes, these hun- dreds of columns all of the .same diameter, the ornament of some insipid Rue de Ri- t;o7i,such Is what he called " the kingdoms of the world and all their glory.'' Renan. In our black, orderless, zigzag streets, wo can show nothing to compare with the magnificent array of the Rue de Ri- voli. Thackeray. Roaring Meg. A celebrated piece of ordnance preserved in London- derry, Ireland. It was presented to the city by the Fishmongers' Company of London. .1^" ** In the yard of the court-house is the far-famed * Roaring Meg,' so called from the loudness of her voice, which is said hourly to have cheered the hearts of the besieged, and ap- palled those of the besiegers." Mr. and Jfrs. Bait. Rob Roy's Cave. A cavern in a rock near Inversnaid, Scotland, sometimes called also Bruce's cave, because Bruce lay hid there for a night. Robin Hood Society. A debat- ing club which met, in the time of George II., in Essex Street, Strand, London . Here was heard some of Burke's earliest elo- quence. Goldsmith was an occa- sional visitor. Bobuate, La. An ancient piece of ordnance captured at San Juan d'Ulloa, now preserved as a tro- phy in the United States Navy- yard, Brooklyn, N.Y. Roeco, San. See San Rocco. Rooh, St. See St. Roch. Roche. See Castle Roche. Roobe Guyon, La. A large and imposing chateau on the banks of the Seine, in France, near Bon- nieres. It dates from the twelftti century, and is the property of the Rochefoucauld family. Rooher Pero6, Le. [The pierced rock.] A natural curiosity near Gaspe, in the Province of Que- bec, Canada. It is a remarkable promontory, rising 280 feet above the water, with an opening or archway through which fishing- smacks can pass. Rochester Castle. The venerable fortress in the Medway, at Roch- ester, England, one of the most interesting remains of feudal ar- chitecture in the kingdom. Rooio, The. A fine public square in Lisbon, Portugal. Rock of Abooseer. An almost perpendicular crag, 200 feet high, on the shore of the Nile, com- manding a fine view of the sec- ond cataract, and of the desert and Arabian hills. 18®* " I doubt whether a more strik- ing scene than this, to English eyes, can be anywhere found. It is thor- oughly African, thoroughly tropical, very beautiful, — most majestic, and most desolate." Misa Martineau. EOC 419 EOC 4®- " This is the ultima Thule of Egyptian travellers." Murray's Handbook. Eook of Cashel. A famous hill in Tipperary County, Ireland, surmounted by the most interest- ing and impressive ruins in the island. ^g- " The rock, rising above the adjacent country, is seen from a very long distance and from every direction by which it is approached ; its summit crowned by the venerable remains thai have excited the wonder and ad- miration of ages, and will continue to do for ages yet to come." Jfr. and Mrs. Hall. .8®=*' That noble ruin, an emblem as well as a memorial of Ireland, — at once a temple and a fortress, the seat of religion and nationality; where councils were held; where princes as- sembled; the scene of courts and of synods; and on which it is impossible to look without feeling the heart at once elev.ated and touched by the no- blest as well as the most solemn recol- lections." li. L. Shiel. Royal and saintly Cashel ! T would gaze Upon the wreck of tliy departed powers, Xot in the dewy light of matin hours. Nor the meridian pomp of summer's, blaze, But at the close of dim autumnal days. At such a time, metlunks There breathes from thy lone courts and voiceless aisles A melancholy moml; such as sinks On the lone traveller's heart, amid the piles Of vast Persepolis on her mountain stand. Or Thebes half-burled jii the desert sand. Sir Aubrey de Vers. Bock of Dunamase. One of the most striking and interesting objects in Ireland, situated in Queen's County. It is a solitary rock in the midst of a fertile plain, covered from base to top with the ruins of an ancient and powerful fortress. 4®=-" Although from its great natu- ral strength the ciistlc would seem im- pregnable, it was several times taken and retaken by the * ferocious Irish,' and the English invaders." Mr. and Mrs. Hall. Bock (and Fortress) of Gibral- tar. A fortification of immense strength, at the .southern extrem- ity of Spain, in Andalusia. It belongs to England, and is re- garded, as an impregnable strong- hold. Vast sums of money have been spent in adding to the nat- ural defences of the situation. Numerous caverns and galleries several miles in length have been cut in the solid rock. The chief defences are upon the western side. .8®" " The vast Kock rises on one side -with its interminable works of de- fence ; and Gibraltar Bay is shining on the other, out on which from the ter- races immense cannon are perpetually looking, surrounded by plantations of cannon-balls and beds of bomb-shells, sufficient, one would think, to blow away the whole Peninsula. ... So we took leave of this famous Rock, — this great blunderbuss, — which we seized out of the hands of the natural owners 140 years ago, and which we have kept ever since tremendously loaded and cleaned and ready for use." Thackeray. Bock of Horeb. A large granite block in the neighborhood of Mount Sinai,, in Arabia Petrffia, pointed out as the rock which Moses smote with his rod, and: from which water poured forth. There are several seams in the rock, which by the faithful are believed to be the impressions of the rod. Eooket, The. A locomotive en- gine produced by the two Ste- phensons, and the first which proved a practical success. In October, 1829, the Eocket gained the prize offered by the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Eailroad, and settled the ques- tion as to the superiority of the locomotive steam-engine as a motive-power. Bocks of Fontainebleau. A pic- ture by Rosa Bonheur (b. 1822), the celebrated French painter of animals. Booky Mountains. A picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 182B), and considered one of his best works. In possession of Mr. James Mc- Henry. j(JEg^ " No more genuine and grand American work has been produced than Bierstadt's Rocky Mountains." Tuckennan, i6S- " Bierstadt's great picture of the Rocky Mountains represents a vast EOD 420 EOS plain, over which groups of Indians in their primitive condition, and their ■wigwams, are scattered; huge cotton- wood trees, oalis and pines, occupy a portion of the foreground ; beyond flows a river, on the opposite shore of which rise heetling cliffs, and lofty snow-crowned mountains, — the high- est peak Mount Lander. The picture made a great impression.'* Sarah Tytler. Eodensteiu. A ruined fortress of the Middle Ages, near Erbach in Germany, famous as being the seat of the legend of the Wild Huntsman. Koderberg. An eminence over- looking the Rhine near Mehlem. It is an extinct volcano, with a crater 100 feet in depth. Roger de Coverley. See Sir eoger db covekley coinq to Church. Eokeby. A place on the Hudson, near Rhinebeck, belonging to the Astor family. Eoland. A famous tocsin-bell in the ^ncient Belfry - tower of Ghent, Belgium. Its tolling called the citizens together to arms or for debate. It bears the following inscription in Dutch: " Mynen naem is Eoelant, als ick clippe dan ist brandt; als ick luyde, dan ist Storm im Vlaen- derlandt." Toll! Roland, to\\\ Bell never yet was hung. Between whose lips there swung So grand a tongue ! T. Tilton. Koland's Breach. See Br^che de Roland. Kolandseck Castle. A well- known ruined castle on the Rhine, near Oberwinter. It is associated with a legendary story which Schiller has made the subject of his ballad of "The Knight of Toggenburg." Bella Chapel. A chapel in Lon- don, first erected in the time of Henry III., and rebuilt in 1617 by luigo Jones. Bishops Atterbury, Butler, and Burnet were preach- ers here. The chapel contains a noble and beautiful tomb by Tor- rcgiano. Eoman Forum. See Forum Eo- MAN0M. Koman Wall. See Hadrian's Wall. Eomans of the Decadence. A well-known picture by Thomas Couture (b. 1815). In the Lux- embourg, Paris. Eome. See Siege of Rome under POKSENNA. Eomeo and Juliet. A picture by Wilhelm Kaulbach (1805-1874), the eminent German painter. Eomer. An ancient and cele- brated building in Frankfort-on- the-Main, Germany. It is the guild-hall, or town-house, of the city, and contains the room in which the electors met to choose a new emperor, and that in which he gave his first banquet. The building is thought to have de- rived its name from the Italians, commonly called Eomer (Eo- mans), who at the great fairs of the town lodged their goods in it. Ebmerberg, The. A celebrated public square in.Frankfort-on-the Main, where formerly the em- perors were crowned. In this square is situated the ancient structure called the Eomer or town-house. Eondinini Faun. A relic of Greek sculpture formerly in the Eon- dinini Palace at Rome. Now in the British Museum, London. See B.uiBEKiNi Faun, Faun, etc. Eondinini Medusa. A celebrated work of ancient sculpture, so named after its former possessors, and now in the Glyptothek at Munich, Bavaria. Eosamund'a Tower ipr Bower). In the park of Blenheim, Eng- land, near the place where the ancient palace of Woodstock was built. It was a concealed laby- rinth built by Henry H. as a resi- dence forRosamund, adaughterof Walter de Clifford, that she might escape the observation of his wife Queen Eleanor. It consisted of subterranean vaults of brick and BOS 421 EOS stone. According to Holinshed, "the Queene found Mr [Eosa^ mond] out by a silken thridde whicli the King had drawne after him out of hir chamber with his foots, and dealt with her in such sharpe and cruell wise that she lived not long after." *S" " Rosamond's Labyrinth, whose ruins, together with her Well, being paved with square stones in the bot- tom, and also her Bower, from which the Labyrinth did run, are yet remain- ing, being vaults arched and walled with stone and brick, almost inextrici- bly wound within one another, by which, if at any time her lodging were laid about by the Queen, she might eas- ily avoid peril imminent, and, if need be, by secret issues, take the air abroad, many furlongs about Woodstock, in Oxfordshire." Michael Drayton. Tea Rosamonde, fair Rosamonde, Her name was called so, To whom our queene, dame Ellinor, Was known a deadlye foe. The king therefore, for her defence Against the furious queene. At Woodstocfce builded such a bower, The like was never scene. Most curiously that bower was built Of stone and timber strong, An hunderod and fifty doors Did to this bower belong: And they so cunninglye contriv'd With turnings round about. That none but with a clue of thread. Could enter in or out. Percy's Reliques. Boscommon Castle. An ancient fortress in Ireland, and one of the finest in the kingdom. Eose, The. A celebrated cask, filled with fine hock, some of it a century and a half old, in the cellars underneath the Eathhaus in Bremen, Germany. A com- panion cask is called the Twelve Apostles. This is the Rose of roses : The older she grows, the sweeter she blos- soms. And her heavenly perfume has made me happy. It has inspired me, — has made me tipsy : And were I not held by the shoulder fast By the Town-Cellar Master of Bremen, I had gone rolling over ! Henrich Beinet Trans. Bose, The. A famous tavern in Covent Garden, London, fre- quented, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by persons from various classes of society. It was near the Drury Lane The- atre, and was resorted to by dramatists, poets, courtiers, and persons of doubtful character. Some sing Molly Mogg of the Rose, And call her the Oaliingham pelle; Whilst others does farces compose, On peautiful MoUe Lepelle. Welsh ballad. Eose, The. An old tavern which was situated inMaryleboue, Lon- don, and was formerly much fre- quented. There was a Eose tav- ern in Tower Street before the Great Fire. Eose, The. A place of amuse- ment referred to by Knight as being, in 1853, one of the chief London theatres. Scenery, dresses, and decorations such as would now be thought mean and ab- surd, but such as would have been thought incredibly magnificent by those who, early in tlie seventeenth century, sat on the filthy benches of the Hope, or under the thatched roof of the Rose, daz- zled the eyes of the multitude. Macaulay. Rose, Golden. See Golden Eose. Eosemary Lane. A street in Lon- don. You must understand that I have been these sixteen years Merry Andrew to a puppet show: last Bartholomew Fair my master and I quarrelled, beat each other and parted; he to sell his puppets to tlie pincushion-makers in Rosemary Lane, and I tostarve in St. James's Park. Goldsmith. Eosenborg. [Castle of the Eoses.] A royal palace in Copenhagen, Denmark. Here are lij^pt the re- galia of the Danish kings. Eoseneath. A beautiful peninsula stretching out into the Clyde, Scotland. The Duke of Argyle has an elegant Italian mansion upon it, also called Eoseneath. Roaes. See Feast of Eoses and Miracle of Eoses of St. Fkan- ois. Eoses of Paestum. The roses of PiEstum (an ancient city in Southern Italy, now in ruins) were much celebrated by the Latin poets Virgil, Propertius, Ausonius, and others, for their beauty and fragrance. These roses have disappeared, though it is said a few may be found KOS 422 EOS flowering in May near the ruins of the temples. The violets of Psestum, lauded by Martial, were nearly as celebrated as its roses. /ES= *' I suppose no one who has read his "Virgil at school crosses the plain between Salerno and Psestum without those words of the Georgics ringing in his ears : biferique rosaria PcBsil. . . . The poets of Rome seem to have felt the magic of this phrase; for Ovid has imitated the line in his Meta- morphoses; Martial sings of Pastane rosea Even Ausonlus, at the very *end of Latin literature, draws from the rosaries of Psestum a pretty picture of beauty doomed to a premature decline. ' Vidi PffiStano guadere rosaria ciiltu ' Exoriente nova roscida Lucifero.' ( ' I have watched the rose-beds that lux- uriate on I'lestum's well-tilled soil, all dewy in the young light of the rising da\vn-star.') " What a place this was, indeed, for a rose-garden, spreading far and wide along the fertile plain, with its deep loam reclaimed from swamps, and irri- gated by the passing of perpetual streams! But where are the roses now? As well ask, OM sont lea neiges d'antan f " John A. Symonds, Kosetta Gate. The eastern en- trance to a large circuit, near the modern town of Alexandria, Egypt, the walls oi which en- close an area about 10,000 feet in length, and from 1,600 to 3,200 feet in breadth. This space, till recently uninhabited, is now be- ing settled, and may be regarded as again a part of Alexandria. Kosetta ^tone. A piece of black basalt, the most valuable exist- ing relic of Egyptian history, in- scribed in hieroglyphics and in Greek. It was found by Bous- sard, a French officer, near Ro- setta, in Egypt, in 1799. It is now In the British Museum, Lon- don. The stone is a trilingual slab or tablet, bearing an inscrip- tion in honor of one of the Ptole- mies, written in Greek, hiero- glyphic, and demotic characters. A comparison of the Greek let- ters with the other characters upon the stone enabled Dr. Young and ChampoUion to read the whole inscription, thus giv- ing the clew to the deciphering of the ancient sacred writings of the Egyptians. The Kosetta Stone is fragmentary. Rosewell. A fine old mansion, now deserted, near the York Riv- er, above Yorktown, Va., once the country-seat of Gov. Page, said to be the largest private house in the Old Dominion. Its materials were imported from England, and the cost of its erec- tion ruined the owner. Roslin Castle. An ancient ruined castle near Edinburgh, Scotland. It has under it a set of curious excavations, similar to those at Hawthornden. It was the seat of the St. Clair family, Lords of Koslin. O'er RosHn, all that dreaiy night A wondrous blaze was seen to gleam: 'Tvvas broader than the watchfire's light, And redder than the bright moonbeam. It glared on Roslin's castled rock, It ruddied all the copsewood glen; 'Twas seen from Deyden's groves of oak. And seen from cavemed Hawthornden. Scolt. Boslln Chapel. A beautiful ruin near Edinburgh, Scotland. The chapel was built by "William St. Clair in 14iG, and was the burial- place of the Barons of Eoslin, who were all laid here in their armor, as described by Sir "Walter Scott in his poem. It is noted for the profuseness of its decora- tions. XluT " This little gem of florid archi- tecture is scarcely a ruin, so perfect are its arches and pillars, its fretted cornices and its painted windows." 2f. P. Willh. .0®° " It is the rival of Melrose, but more elaborate : in fact, it is a perfect cataract of architectural vivacity and ingenuity, as defiant of any rules of criticism and art as the leaf-embowered arcades and arches of our American forest cathedrals." Mrs. JI. B. Stowe. Aueust and hoarv, o'er the sloping dale The Gothic abbey rears its sculptured towers ; DliU through the roofs resounds the whist- ling gale ; Dark solitude among the pillars lowerg. Uicilt. KospigUosi Aurora. See Ackoba. KospigUoai Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Rospk/liosi.} A palace in Eome, built ' in 1603, chiefly remarkable EOS 423 EOTT as possessing the celebrated fres- co of Aurora by Guido. Boss Castle. An interesting ruin in the county of Kerry, Ireland, situated on a peninsula in the Lower Lake of Killarney. It is a tall, square embattled building, with machicolated defences, and is a very conspicuous object in the landscape. It is celebrated for its exquisite views. Eossmarkt, The. A public square in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- many. It contains a monument to Gutteuberg, the inventor of printing. Eosso Palace. See Bkignole Sale Palace. Eostellan. The seat of the Mar- quis of Thomond, near Cloyne, Ireland. Eota, The. A political club in London, founded in 1659, and so called from a project for annually changing by rotation a certain number of members of Parlia- ment. The Eota (or Coffee Club) was a sort of debating club for the spread of republican ideas. Aubrey, who became a member in 1659, says that here Milton and Marvell, Cyriac Skinner, Har- rington (the author of " Oce- ana"), Nevill, and their friends, discussed abstract political ques- tions, and that they had "a bal- loting box, and balloted how things Should be carried, by way of Tentamens. The room was every evening as full as it could be crammed." The Eota broke up after the Eestoration. But Sidvophel, as full of tricks As Bata-men of politics. Butler. Botello del Fico. A famous pic- ture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 1519), representing a horrid mon- ster, said to have been composed by him after having collected ser- pents, lizards, and other obnox- ious animals, with a view to pro- ducing the most horrid image possible. Eotherhithe. A district in Lon- don, the headquarters of sailors. Botten Kow. A road in Hyde Park, London, used only by equestrians, and greatly fre- quented by them during the Lon- don season. Its name is said by some to be derived from roiteran, to muster; but others pronounce it a corruption of Route de Roi, King's Drive. But yesterday a naked sod. The dandies sneered fi'om Rotten Row^ And sauntered o'er it to and iro. And see 'tis done ! Thackeray. Rotten Row, this half-mile to which the fashion of London confines itself as if the remainder of the bright green Park were forbidden ground, is now fuller tlian ever. N.P. Willis. I hope Im fond of much that's good, .\s well as much that's gay: I'd like the country if I could, I like the Park in May; And when I ride in Rotten Row^ 1 wonder why they called it so. Frederick Locker. Eotto, Ponte. See Ponte Eotto. Eotonda, La. See Pantheon. Eotunda, The. A circular hall in the centre of the Capitol at Wash- ington. It is 96 feet in diameter, and 180 feet high, and is over- arched by the great dome. The rotunda contains eight large his- torical paintings. Eotunda, The. A public enclos- ure and favorite resort in Dub- lin, Ireland. Eotzberg Castle. An old fortress in Switzerland, on the shore of the Alpnach lake. It is the sub- ject of legendary song. Eouen. Cathedral. See Notee Dame [de Eouen]. Eound HiU School. A famous but short-lived classical school on a beautiful hill near North- ampton, Mass., established in 1823 by George Bancroft and J. G. Cogswell. tS" " They aimed to found a pri- vate school with the character of a great public school, without any public foundation, and to supply its wants from its annual receipts. It was a ro- mantic enterprise, and earned on in a quixotic or poetical spirit; and it is even remarkable that the school sur- vived its first lustre. There never was before, and probably never will be again, such a school in Amenca, or EOU 424 EOU perhaps in the world. It was composed, as to pLipile, almost exclusively of the sous of rich men ; and they came from the cities of the North and the South, many being children of men well known in public life, or of historical families. . . . Probably no American college had at the time so large, varied, well-paid, and gifted a faculty as the Round Hill School. It outnumbered Harvard and Yale in the corps of its teachers, and put a complete circle about them in the comprehensiveness of its scheme of education. The first gymnasium in the country was set up in its play- ground, undeV Dr. Follen, who after- wards planted a similar one in the Delta at Cambridge. The school had a regu- lar professor of manners, a Cuaios rio- rum, who spent his time with the boys in their play-hours, with special pur- pose to correct ill-speech or violence or ungentlemanliness." H, W. Bellows. About the first of August we went to Hound Hill and Hanover, but that is all. GeoTge Ticknor. Round Robin. This name is giv- en to a written petition or pro- test, signed by a number of per- sons, in a circular form, so that it may not appear who signed it first. Sometimes the names are ■written around a ring or circle enclosing the memorial or re- monstrance, and sometimes they are appended to it, arranged within a circle of their own, from the centre of which they radiate as the spokes of a wheel do from the nave. It has been said that the officers of the French govern- ment first used the Round Robin as a means of making known their grievances; but this is doubtless a mistake, as the same device seems to have been in use among the ancient Romans, and also among the Greeks, with whom it perhaps originated. The most celebrated Round Robin ever written was addressed to Dr. Johnson by several friends of Oliver Goldsmith, for whose monument in ^Vestminster Ab- bey Johnson had written a Latin inscription. The following is a copy of this famous paper: — "We, the circurasuhscribers, having read with great pleasure an intended epitaph for the monument of Dr. Gold- smith, which, considered abstractedly, appears to be, for elegant composition and masterly style, in every respect worthy of the pen of its learned author, are yet of opinion that the character of the deceased as a writer, particularly as a poet, is, perhaps, not delineated with all the exactness which Dr. John- son is capable of giving it. We, there- fore, with deference to his superior judgment, humbly request that he would at least take the trouble of re- vibing it, and of making such additions and alterations as he shall think proper on a further perusal. But, if we might venture to express our wishes, they would lead us to request that he would write the epitaph in English rather than in Latin; as we think the mem- ory of so eminent an English writer ought to he perpetuated in the language to which his works are likely to be so lasting an ornament, which we also known to have been the opinion of the late doctor himself. Jos. M''akton. J. Reynolds. Edm. Bdrke. W. Forbes. Thos. Franklin, T. Barnard. Ant. Chanvier. R. B. Sheridan. Geo. Colman. P. Metcalfe. "Wm, Vachell. E. Gibbon. [These names were signed around a circle enclosing the pe- tition.] jfi®" The term Round Robin is of uncertain derivation. Some say it comes from the French words ronrf, round, and ruban, a ribbon; but this is mere assertion, and lacks even plausi- bility to support it. In some parts of England a pancake is called a Round Robin; and it may, fairly enough, be conjectured that the circular form of petition, which is also so called, was named from its resemblance to a pan- cake. But the question then arises, Why was the pancake so called? This is not easily answered. It may even have happened that the pancake was named from its resemblance to the peti- tion. Robin is an old and familiar form oi Robert (Robin Redbreast, by the by, means Robert Redbreast) ; and it would not be strange if some forgotten person of that name, who proposed to his asso- ciatfs this ingenious method of declar- ing their wishes or sentiments, was the occasion of the designation. Or he may have been the happy inventor of the Eancake, and have left no memorial of imself except that useful article of food and its provincial name. There is, however, another conjecture, which, as it has greater probability, deserves to be mentioned. The small pieces of spun-yarn or marline which are used to confine the upper edge of a sail to the yard or gaff, are called roj>e-bands, — corrupted by sailors to robands, or robbins. Now, a robbin of this sort EOU 425 EOY encircling a yai-d bears an easily rec- ognizable, tbougb rather fanciful, re- semblance to a ring enclosing a petition or other writing. As Round Kobins are frequently made nee of by British sailors, it is quite possible that this is the true origin of the name. No round robin signed by the whole main-deck of the Academy or the Porch. I)eQaincey, Kound Table [of King Arthur]. An ancient painted oaken table of a circular form, in the County Hall of "Winchester, England. The tradition is, that this table is the same around which King Arthur and his knights used to assemble. This table was ex- hibited in 1522 to the Emperor Charles V. of Germany. It is described as "a circle divided into 25 green and white compart- ments radiating from the centre, which is a large double rose. . . . Resting upon the rose, is a cano- pied niche, in which is painted a royal figure, bearing the orb and sword, and wearing the royal crown." " For his own part," he said, " and in the land where he was bred, men would as soon take for their mark King Arthur's Round Tablet which held sixty knights around it." Scott. Where Venta's Norman castle still up- Its raftered hall,— High hung remains, the pride of warlike years, Old Arthur's board; — on the capacious round Some British pen has sketched the names renowned, In marks obscure, of his immortal peers. Though joined by magic skill with many a rhyme The Druid frame, unhonored, falls a prey To the slow vengeance of the wizard 'firae. And fade the British characters away ; Yet Spenser's page, that chants in verse sublime Those chiefs, shall live, unconscious of de- cay. Tfiomas Warton. Full fifteen .vears and more were sped, Each brought new wreaths to Arthur's head. And wide were through the world re- nown'd The glories of his Table Hound. Scott. Bound ^Table. See Kins Ar- thur's EoUND Table. Bound Top. See Little 'Round Top. Bound Tower. See Old Stone Mill. Kousseau's House. On the Grand Rue, Geneva, Switzerland. In this house Jean Jacques wasborn, and spent his early life. Bowallau Castle. A feudal man- sion of great antiquity near Kil- marnock, Scotland. Roxburgh Castle. An ancient fortress, made a royal palace by David I. in 1124, near Teviot Bridge, over the Tweed, in Scot- land. It is now in ruins. In a churchyard adjoining is the grave of Edie Ochiltree, a character in Scott's novel of " The Anti- quary." His real name was An- drew Gemmel. In the same neighborhood is a monument to the memory of the poet Thom- son, the author of " The Seasons," who was born here. Roxburgh I how fallen, since first in Gothic pride. Thy frowning battlements the war defied. Zeyden. Roxburghe Club. This club in London derives its foundation from the sale, in 1812, of the li- brary of John, third Duke of Rox- burghe (died 1«04), after whom it is named. It was avowedly in- stituted for the reprinting of rare and old specimens of ancient literature; each member to "re- print a scarce piece of ancient lore, to be given to tlie members, one copy being on vellum for the chairman, and only as many copies as members." The Rox- burghe Club gave elaborate din- ners. It is still in existence. Royal Academy. A Society of Artists in London, organized in 1768, of which Sir Joshua Rey- nolds was the first president. The Academy occupied rooms for a time in Somerset House, but in 1838 removed to the National Gallery. Eoyal Academy of Music. An academy in London, for teaching all branches of music, founded in 1822 by the late Earl of "Westmore- land. Royal Adelaide. A British steam- er wrecked off Margate, March 30, 1850, with a loss of 200 lives. EOY ' 426 EOY Eoyal Alfred. An armor-plated ship o£ the British navy, launched Oct. 15, 18(54. Eoyal Charter. A British steam- er, bound from Australia to Liv- erpool, wrecked on the English coast, Oct. 25, 1859, with a loss of 459 lives and ' nearly $4,000,000 worth of gold. A good part of the latter was recovered. Koyal Exchange. A building erected for the use of merchants and bankers in London, opened by Queen Victoria in 1844. The hour of 'Change — the busy pe- riod — is from 3| to 4^ p.m. Tues- day and Friday are the principal days on 'Change. Lloyd's is sit- uated in the Royal Exchange. Sir Thomas Gresham (sixteenth century) built the first Eoyal Ex- change, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. It was rebuilt, and again burnt in 1838. Proclaim through every bigh street of the city, This place be no longer called a Burse; But since the building's stately, fair, and strange. Be it forever called — the Royal Exchange. Eeywood. Observe the humors of th* Exchange, That universal marc. Tom Brown. Boyal George. One of the finest ships in the British navy, com- manded by Admiral Kempen- feldt. Eequiring repairs near the keel, she was careened at Ports- mouth; but, being turned over too much, she filled and went down with all on board. Nearly 900 lives were lost. «®-"The Royal George, of 108 guns, whilst undergoing a partial ca- reening in Portsmouth Harbor, was overset about 10, a.m. Aug. 29, 1782. The total loss was believed to be near 1,000 souls." Palgrave. Toll for the brave ! the brave that are no more ! All sunk beneath the wave, fast by their native shore I Eight hundred of the brave, whose cour- age well was tried. Had made the vessel heel, and laid her on her side. A land-breeze shook the shrouds, and she was overset; Down went the Royal George^ with all her crew complete ! Weigh the vessel up, once dreaded by our foes. And mingle with our cup the tear that England owes I Her timbers yet are sound, and she may float again. Full charged with England's thander.and plough the distant main. But Kempenfeldt is gone, his victories are o'er; And he and his eight hundred shall plough the waves no more. Cowper. Royal Institution of Great Brit- ain. A society formed in Lon- don in 1799 for the pursuit of nat- ural science. It has been called " the workshop of the Royal So- ciety." In the laboratory of the Institution Sir Humphry Davy and Professor Faraday madesome of their most brilliant discoveries. Eoyal Naval Club. This club in London, formed in 1765, num- bered among its members Bos- cawen, Eodney, Sir Philip Dur- ham, and was a favorite resort of William IV. when Duke of Clar- ence. The precursor of this club was the Naval Club, founded about 1674. The Eoyal Naval Club was confined to members of the naval service. The club dined at the Thatched House, on the anniversaries of the battle of the Nile. Koyal Oak. A famous pollard oak on the borders of Worcestershire, England, in which, according to tradition. King Charles II. secret- ed himself from his pursuers, who passed around and under the tree without discovering him. On account of the king's escape, it became a custom to wear oak on the anniversary of the king's birthday. At the Restoration the oak was destroyed, through the eagerness to obtain relics of the king's hiding-place; but an- other tree, which grew from one of its acorns, is still standing. It is said that the king planted two acorns from the old tree in Hyde Park, and that the tree wliich sprang from one of them is now flourishing. There is no need that the personages on the scene bo a King ami Clown; that the scene he the Forest of the Royal Oak, " on the borders of StatTordshire: " need only that the scene lie on this old firm Earth of EOY 427 EXJF ours, where we also have so surprisingly arrived ; that the personages be men, and seen with the eyes of a man. Carlyle. And I "will work in prose and rhyme, And praise thee more in both Than bard has honored beech or lime. Or that Thessalian growth In which the swartliy ringdove sat. And mystic sentence spoke ; And more than England honors that, Thy famous brotlier-oak, Wherein the younger Charles abode Till all the paths were dim, And far below the Kouniihead rode, And hummed a surly hymn. Koyal Oak. An armor-plated ship ol the British navy, launched Sept. 10, 1862. Koyal Society. A society estab- lished in London for the study of natural science, about the year 1645, and said to be the oldest so- ciety of its kind in Europe, with the exception of the Lincean Academy in Rome, of which Gal- ileo was a member. Sir Isaac Newton was one of the presidents of the society. The greater part of its collections have been trans- ferred to the British Museum. Koyal Society Club. This club in London is said to have been founded about 1743 as the Club of Royal Philosophers, which name it bore until 1786. It was established " for the convenience of certain members [of the Royal Society] who lived in various parts, that they might assemble and dine together on the days when the Society held its even- ing meetings." Many distin- guished persons have been guests of the club. Ward, in 1709, hu- morously refers to the " Virtuo- so's Club " as first established by some of the principal members of the Royal Society, and says its chief design " was to propagate new whims, advance mechanical exercises, and to promote useless as well as useful experiments." The Royal Society Club has changed its place for dining sev- eral times: in 1857 they removed to the Thatched House, where they remained until that tavern was taken down. Royal Sovereign. An armor-plat- ed ship of the British navy, launched March 8, 1864. Rubens, The Two Sons of. A picture of his two sons by Peter Paul Kubens (1577-1640), and con- sidered one of his masterpieces. It is in the collection of Prince Lichtenstein at Vienna. Kubicon, The. The ancient name of a little stream which divided Italy from Cisalpine Gaul. It is at the present time identified with the Uso. Julius Ciesar's passage of this stream in the year 49 is famous as being the initiative act of civil war; and from this cir- cumstance to ' ' pass the Rubicon ' ' became a proverb, signifying the entrance upon any undertaking from which there can be no re- treat. Now near the banks of Rubicon he stood ; When lo 1 as he surveyed the narrow flood. Amidst the dusky horrors of the night, A wondrous vision stood contest to sight. Her awful head Rome's reverend image reared, Trembling and sad the matron form ap- peared ; A tow'ry crown her hoary temples bound. And her torn tresses rudely hung around. Lucan, Trans. .6®= " Caesar paused upon the brink of the Rubicon. What was the Rubi- con? The boundary of Caesar's prov- ince. From what did it separate his province? From bis country. Was that country a desert ? No : it was cultivated and fertile; rich and popu- lous ! . . . What was Caesar, that stood upon the brink of that stream? A traitor, bringing war and pestilence into the heart of that country! No wonder that he paused! No wonder if, in his imagination, wrought upon by his conscience, he had beheld blood in- stead of water, and heard groans in- stead of murmurs. No wonder if some G-orgon horror had turned him into stone upon the spot. But, no ! he cried, 'The die is cast!' He plunged! he crossed! and Rome was free no more." J, S. Knmolea. Alas ! why pass'd he, too, the Rubicon, — The Rubicon of man's awaken'd rights, , To herd with, vulgar kings and parasites ? ' Byron. Rue [Street]. For names begin- ning with Rub, see the next prominent word. 1 Rufus's Oak. See Edtus's Stone. ETJF 428 KYK Eufus's Stone {and Oak). A trian- gular stone erected in the New Forest, near Soutliampton, Eng- land, on the spot where formerly stood the famous oak, on which, according to the inscription, "an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrel at a stag, glanced and struck Kin^ William II., named Rufus, in the breast, of which he in- stantly died, on the 2d of August, A.D. 1100." The spot is visited by great numbers of people every year. O'er the New Forest's heath-hills hare, Down steep ravine, by shaggy wood, A pilgrim wandered, questing where The relic-tree of Buius stood. Some monament he found, which spoke What erst had happened on the spot; But for that old avenging oak, Decayed long since, he found it not. John Kenyon. Rugby. A famous school in the town of the same name in the county of Warwick, England. It is noted as the scene of Dr. Ar- nold's life and labors. The school ■was founded in the reign of Eliz- abeth, .and has fine cloistered buildings. IRuhmeshaUe, Die Baierische. See Hall of Fame. K-ump Steak, or Liberty Club. This political club, in opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, was in existence in 1733^. See Beef- Steak SociETr [Club]. Russell Square. A well-known public square in London, upon the site of the old palace of the Dukes of Bedford. Rutgers College. A collegiate es- tablishment in New Brunswick, N.J. It was founded in 1770. Ruth, and ICaomi. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795-1858). Ruthwell Cross. A remarkable Runic monument in the parish of Ruthwell, near Dumfries, Scot- land. It is a stone cross, bearing an inscription in Runic and in Latin characters. This stone is said to have been broken iu two in the last century by direction of the General Assembly, as be- ing an object of superstitious ven- eration, and to have been after- wards put together. Rutland House. A noble mansion which formerly stood in Charter- house Square, Loudon. Rydal Mount. The picturesque and celebrated residence of the poet Wordsworth, standing on the projection of a hill near the little village of Rydal, near Ambleside, in the "Lake District" of Eng- land. Wordsworth's dwelling commanded a fine view, embra- cing the lake of Rydal and a part of Windermere. The poet is sometimes called the " Bard of Rydal Mount." &^ " A lovely cottage-like huildiDg, almost hidden by a profusion of roses and ivy." Mrs. Hemans. This day without its record may not pass, In which I first have seen the lowly roof That shelters W-ordsworth's age. Fittmg place I found Blest with rare beauty, set in deepest calm ; Looking upon still waters, whose expanse Might tranquillize all thought, and bor- dered round By mountains. Benry AJford. Of him whose whitened locks on Rydal Mount Are lifted yet by morning breezes blowing From the green hills, immortal in his lays. Whither, Rye House. A frequent resort of anglers from London, and the scene, according to some author- ities, of the celebrated alleged conspiracy of 1683, known as the Eye House Plot. It is situated between London and Newmar- ket. By cither authorities the scene of the plot is referred to an ancient mansion, called the Rye House, in the parish of Stanstead, Hertfordshire. Ryknield St. See Fosse, The. SAB 429 SAO S. Sabines, Bape of the. See Rape OF THE SABOTES. Saoer, Mens. See MoNs Sacee. Sachem's Plain. A locality near Norwich, Conn., noted as the scene ol a battle between the Narragansetts and Mohegans in 1642. A granite monument to the memory of Miantonomoh, the Narragansett chief who fell in the action, was erected on this battlefield in 1841. Saokville Street. A noble street in Dublin, Ireland, the principal thoroughfare of the city, midway in which is Nelson's Pillar. ;^~ "The Btreet is exceedingly broad and handsome. Evea in this, the great street of the town, there is scarcely any one ; and it is as vacant and listless as Pall Mall in October." Thackeray. Sacra Conversazione. [Holy Con- versation.] The name given by the Italians to pictures of the Holy Family in which the sacred persons are represented as a de- votional group, in distinction from a merely domestic or historical goup. For examples see under OLT Family. Sacra FamigUa. See Holy Fam- ily. Sacra, Via. See Via Sacka. Sacrament. See Dispute or the Sacrament. Sacraments. See Seven Sacra- ments. Sacred and Profane Love. A well-known picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Palazzo Bor- ghese, Rome. 4®" ** Out of Venice, there is nothing of Titian's to compare to his Sacred and Profane Love. Description can give no idea of the consummate beauty of this composition." Eaton. eS' " The Sacred and Profane Love by Titian is still another masterpiece of the same spirit. A beautiful wo- man dressed appears by the side of another naked. By their side is a sculp- tured fountain, and behind them a broad landscape of a blue tone with warm patches of earth intersected by the darks of sombre forests, and in the distance the sea ; two cavaliers are vis- ible in the background, also a spire and a town. . . . The eye passes from the simple tones of that ample and healthy flesh to the rich subdued tints of the landscape, as the ear passes from a melody to its accompaniment." Tainey Trans. Sacred CoUege. A name given to the body of cardinals or princes of the Koman Catholic Church. It is the Sacred College assem- bling in conclave, which elects a new pope whenever a vacancy occurs in the holy see. Sacred Mount. See MoNS Sacer and Monte Sacko. Sacred Way. See Via Sacka. Sacrament, St. See St. . Sacre- MEMT. Sacrifice of Isaac. 1. A fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), in the Stanza of the Heliodorus, in the Vatican, Rome. 2. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694 ?), the Bel- gian jferM'e-painter. Sacro {or Santo) Eremo. A col- lection of 24 hermitages, estab- lished by Saint Romualdo near the convent of Camaldoli in Italy. The rules an^l observances of the hermitage are strict and severe. *®- " Here [at Camaldoli] we passed the night, and next morning rode up by the steep traverses to the Santo Eremo, where Saint Romualdo lived and estab- lished de' tacenti cenoblti 11 core, L'arcane penltenze, ed i dlgluni Al Camaldoli sue. The Eremo is a city of hermits, SAC 430 SAI walled round, and divided into streets of low detached cells. Each cell consists of two or three naked rooms, built exactly on the plan of the Saipt's own tenement, which remains just as Romualdo left it 800 years ago, now too sacred and too damp for a mortal tenant. The unfeeling Saint lias here established a rule which an- ticipates the pains of Purgatory. _ No stranger can behold without emotion a number of noble, interesting young men bound to stand erect chanting at choir for eight hours a day ; their faces pale, their heads shaven, their beards shaggy, their baclis raw, their legs swollen, and their feet bare. . . . The sickly novice is cut off in one or two winters, the rest are subject to dropsy, and few arrive at old age." Forsyth. At Casentino's foot A river crosses named Archiano, born Above tlie Hermitage in Apcnnine. Dante, Purgatono, Longfellow's Trans. Saoro, Monte. See Monte Sacro and MoNS Sacer. Sadler's "Wells. A place of amusement for the populace, on the banks of the New Kiver near Islington, England. It contains a medicinal spring, of much re- pute in old times. The public- house on the place is represented in the background of Hogarth's print of " Evening." The site is now occupied by a theatre. See Sadler's Wells Theatre. Sadler's 'Wells Theatre. One of the oldest theatres in London, named from a mineral spring in the neighborhood. The present house was erected in ]7t)4, and rebuilt in 1876-77. See Sadler's Wells. Her tMad^moiselle Clairon's) hands are not alternately stretched out, and then drawn in auain. as with the singhiK wo- nienat Sa knowing that lie has a flexor longus and a flexor orevis ? Carlyle. Sages, The Chaldean. See Chal- dean Sages. Saidniya. A convent of great an- tiiiuity in Northern Palestine, in the neighborhood of Damascus, containing a shrine of the Virgin which is a favorite resort of pil- grims belonging to the Greek Oliurch. St. Agnes. A well-known picture by Andrea del Sarto (1488-1530). In the cathedral at Pisa, Italy.- See also Eve of St. Agnes and Martyrdosi of St. Agnes. St. Aignan, Hotel. See H6tel St. AlGKAN. St. Alban's Abbey. An ancient monastic establishment in the vicinity of St. Albans, in Hert- fordshire, England. It was once the wealthiest and most brilliant of all the religious houses of Great Britain. It is now restored, and is one of the finest cathedral- churches in England. ;OEg=- " The surviving ruins convey a more imposing sense of the ancient magnificence than Melrose, or Foun- tains, or Glastonbury." Froude, St. Angelo. The celebrated for- tress of Papal Rome, anciently the mausoleum of Hadrian, erect- ed by him as his family tomb, the last imperial niche in the mauso- leum of Augustus having been occupied by the ashes of Nerva. It derives its present name from the Church tradition, that while Gregory the Great was leading a procession to St. Peter's with the object of offering up a solemn service to avert the plague which followed the inundation of 589, there appeared to him a vision of the Archangel Michael standing on the summit of the mausoleum in the act of sheathing his bloody sword, to indicate that the pesti- lence was stayed. The pope, in memory of this vision, built a chapel on the summit; but this was afterwards replaced by a statue of the archangel. The his- tory of this fortress during the Middle Ages is almost the history of the city itself during that pe- riod. It has suffered much from siege and mutilations, and is now but the skeleton of the ancient mausoleum of the emperors. The tomb of Hadrian is thought to have been first turned into a for- tress about A.D. 423,— in the time SAI 431 SAI of Honorius. Merivale speaks of the effort of imagination required to transform the present scarred and shapeless hulk into the " graceful pile which rose col- umn upon column, surmounted liy a gilded dome of span almost unrivalled; " and Procopius says of the original mausoleum, in the sixth century, that it was built of Parian marble, the square blocks fitting closely without cement; that it had four equal sides, each a stone's throw in length, and rising above the walls of the city, while on the summit were statues of men and horses, of admirable workman- ship. The castle of St. Angelo has often served as a prison, and part of it is now so used. Ben- venuto Cellini was confined here, and the pretended cell of Beatrice Cenci is shown by the custode. For an account of the celebrated display of fireworks formerly ex- hibited from the castle at Easter, see GiKANDOLA. See Bridge of St. Angelo. 4®^ " No building in the world has probably lived through a more eventful existence, and none, if there were tongues in stones, could tell a tale of more varied interest." George S. Millard, JS^ " This proud fabric is an In- stance how completely vanity defeats its own ends. It was destined by Ha- drian to hold his remains forever. Had he chosen a more humble monument, his imperial dust might probably still have remained undisturbed. As it is, his ashes are long since scattered, his very name has passed away, and the place which was destined to be sacred to the greatest of the dead now serves for the punishment of the vilest of the living." C. A, Eaton. Turn to the mole which Hadrian rear'd on high, Imperial mimic of old Egypt's piles, Colossal copyist of deformity, Whose traveird phantasy from the far Nile's Enormous model, doom'd the artist's toils To build for giants, and for his vain earth, His shrunken ashes, raise this dome 1 How smiles The gazer's eye with philosophic mirth, To view the huge design which sprung from such a birth 1 Byron. Think also whether thou hast known no Public Quacks, on far higher scale than tils, whom a Castle qf St. Jngelo could I never get hold of; and how, as Enlnerors Chancellors (having found much fitter machinery), they could run their Quack- career; and make whole kingdoms, whole continents, into one huge KgypUaii Lodge and squeeze supplies, of money or blood' from it at discretion ? Carlyle. The cannon of St. Angelo, And chanting priest and clanging belL And beat of drum and bugle blow, ShaU greet thy coming well! WMltier. St. Angelo, Bridge of. See Bkidge OF St. Angelo. St. Anna. A picture by Bartholo- mew Zeitblom (b. 1410-1450), a German painter. It is now in the museum at Berlin, Prussia. St. Anna (and the Virgin). A well- known picture by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), in the Louvre, at Paris. It is thought by some to have been only executed from a cartoon by Leonardo. St. Anne's. Of several churches of this name in London, one of the oldest and most noted is that in Soho, finished in 1686. Ketlles and pans. Say the bells at St. Ann's. Mother Ooose. St. Anthony. See Temptation OF St. Anthont. St. Antoine, Kue. A street in Paris which has been closely con- nected with every revolution. This wide and irregular street leads from the Hotel de Ville, forms a continuation of the Rue de Eivoli to the Place de la Bas- tille, where the Bastille formerly stood, beyond which it continues as the Rue du Faubourg St. An- toine. St. Antoine. See Faubourg St. Antoine. St. Antony. An ancient Coptic .monastery in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, and the principal one in the country. St. Augustine and his Mother. A picture by Ary Scheffer (1795- 1858). St. Barbara. A grand altar-piece by Jacopo Palma, called Palma Vec- chio •(14807-1548?), in the church SAI 432 SAI of Santa Maria Formosa at Ven- ice, Italy. J^S^ " She is no saint, but a bloom- ing young girl, the most attractive and lovable that one can imagine." Taine, Trans. St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The first institution of the kind in London. It is in Smithfield, and was originally part of the Priory of St. Bartholomew, founded in 1102 by Eahere. The hospital es- caped the Great Fire in 1666, and since that time has been much enlarged. St. Bartholomew's en- joys an excellent reputation as a medical school. St. Basil. A famous church in Moscow, Russia, built during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It consists of an agglomeration of towers each enclosing a chapel, so that as many as a dozen or fifteen saints have their shrines under one roof. ;B®* " What is it? A church, a pa- vilion, or an immense toy? Ail the colors of the rainbow, all the forms and combinations which straight and curved lines can produce, are here compounded. It seems to be the prod- uct of some architectural kaleidoscope, in which the most incongruous things assume a certain order and system, for surely such another bewildering pile does not exist. It is not beautiful ; for beauty requires at least a suggestion of symmetry, and here the idea of pro- Sortion or adaptation is wholly lost, ^either is it otfensive; because the maze of colors, in which red, green, and gold predominate, attracts and ca- joles the eye. ... I cannot better de- scribe this singular structure than by calling it the Apotheosis of Chimneys." Bayard Taylor. St. Bavon. A cathedral in Ghent, Belgium, one of the finest Gothic churches, containing celebrated works of art ; in particular, the "Adoration of the Lamb," by Hubert and John Van Eyck. Toll! Roland, toll I In old St. Savon's tower, At midnight hour, The great bell Koland spoke ! Toll I Roland, toll ! Not now in old St. Savon's tower — Not now at midnipht hour — Not now from Ri vev Scheldt to Zuyder Zee, But here, — this side the sea ! T. Tilton. St. Bernard. See Hospice of St. Beknakd and Vision of St. Bek- NAKD. St. Botolph's." A well-known church in Aldersgate, London. At Saint Botutphe. and Saint Anne of Buckstone; Praying to them to pra^ for me Unto the blessed Trinitie. Beywood. St. Bride's. A church at the foot of Fleet Street, London. It was rebuilt by "W^ren, after the Great Fire of 1666. Dwellers in London are fond of the bells of St. Bride's. The old church contained the grares of "Wynkin de Worde, Sackville the poet, Lovelace, Sir Eichard Baker. John Milton lodged in the churchyard of St. Bride, and here wrote several of his treatises, and in defence of the house in which he lived com- posed his sonnet beginning, — " Captain, or colonel, or knight in arms." Eichardson the novelist was bur- ied in the present church. St. Calixtus, Catacomb of. See C.A.TACOJIB OT St. Calixtus. St. Catherine. A Greek convent situated on the slope of one of the peaks of Mount Sinai in Arabia. It is said to have been founded by the Emperor Justinian, and contains interesting MS. and oth- er relics. .0®- " Though the interior presents a scene of the most hopeless confusion when looked down upon from the guest-chambers, there is not wanting a certain quaint picturesqueness and charm, which is heightened in spring by the bright green of the trellised vines. Two tiers of loopholes are still visible in the west wall ; and some few* of the vaults and arches within remain intact, but they are for the most part broken down, and filled with all man- ner of filth. Over, above, and within them are the buildings of after ages, mosques, chapels, bakeries, distiller- ies, and stables, some themselves gone to ruin, and serving as foundations for still later erections of mud and sun- dried bricks, which are daily adding their mite to the general confusion. The quadrangle is now completely filled with buildings ; and through then), turning and twisting in every directioni SAI 433 SAI now ascending, now descending, ex- posed to the full force of the sun, or passing tlirough darli tunnels, is a per- fect labyrinth of narrow passages." C. W. Wilson. J8®='"M. Seetzen has fallen into a mistake in calling the convent by the name of St. Catherine. It is dedicated to the Transfiguration, or, as the (jrreeks call it, the Metamorphosis, and not to St. Catherine, whose relics are only preserved here." BurckliardU JBST " Before we went, we called this the Convent of St. Catherine, as everybody does. We had read of it under that name, and seen that name Tinder every print of the place that had come before our eyes. Our surprise was therefore great when a monk, who had taken the vows twenty years before, declared that he did not know it by that name. Being asked whether the convent had nothing to do with St. Catherine, he replied, only by the bones of a hermitees named Catherine, having been found on the mountain above the , convent which bears her name. Perplexed by this, I was yet more surprised when I observed a little Catherine-wheel rudely carved over one of the posterns ; and a picture of the saint, leaning on her wheel, in the libraiy, with her name at length. In the chapel also her relics lie in state, — those bones which were found on the mountain-top, and were brought hither by the monks a few years after the establishment of the convent. The monk, however, stuck to his declara- tion that the convent had no connec- tion with St. Catherine." Miss Martineau. St. Catherine. 1. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the National Gallery, London. See also Makttedom of St. Catheeiii-e and Markiage of St. Catherine. 2. A picture by Heinrich Karl Anton Miicke (b. ISOfi), which has become popular through engrav- ings. It represents the saint borne by four angels over sea and land to Mount Smai. S^^ " The floating onward move- ment of the group is very beautifully expressed." Mrs. Jameson, St. Catherine's House. A house Btill standing in Sienna, Italy, and distinguished as the resi- dence of St. Catherine of Sienna (1347-1380), remarkable for her fervent charity and devotion. Over the doorway is inscribed in . gold, " Sposje Cliristi Katbarinse domus " (the house of Catherine the bride of Christ). Hk^ " Her fame was universal throughout Italy before her death; and the house from which she went forth to preach, and heal the sick, and comfort plague-stricken wretches whom kith and kin had left alone to die, was known and well-beloved by all her citizens. From the moment of her death, it became, and has continued to be, the object of superstitious vener- ation to thousands." Symonds. And the house midway hflnging see That saw Saint Catherine bodily. Felt on its floors her sweet feet move. And the live light of fiery love Burn from her beautitul, strange face. Swinburne. St. Cecilia. A picture by Dome- nico Zampieri, called Domeuichi- no (1581-1641). In the Louvre, Paris. Another upon the same subject by this painter, formerly in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome, is now in Lansdowne House, London. St. Cecilia. A picture by Carlo Dolce (1616-1686). In the Dres- den Gallery. There are several repetitions of this picture in oth- er places- St. Cecilia. .^ celebrated altar- picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), representing St. Cecilia, as patroness of music, standing in the centre, with two saints on each side,. instruments of secular music, the pipe, the flute, etc., lying broken and scattered at her feet, she herself raising her eyes to the angels in the clouds above, and apparently listening to the heavenly song. This pic- ture was originally painted for the church of San Giovanni-in- Monte, near Bologna, Italy, and is now in the gallery of that city Raphael's original drawing for this picture, engraved by Marc Antonio, is highly admired. ;e®= '• The most eelfebrated of the modern representations of St. Cecilia, as patroness of music, is the picture by Raphael, painted by him for the altar- piece of her chapel in the church of San Giovanni-in-Monte, near Bologna. She stands in the centre, habited in a SAI 434 SAI rich robe of golden tint, and her hair confined by a band of jewels. la her hand she bears a small organ, — but Beeras about to drop it as she looks up, listening with ecstatic expression to a group of angels, who are singing above. Scattered and broken at her feet, lie the instruments of secular music, the pipe, flute, tabor, etc. To the right of Bt. Cecilia Btands St. Paul, leaning on his sword; behind him is St. John the Evangelist, "with the eagle at his feet; to the left, in front, the Magdalene, as already described; and behind her St. Augustine. . . . Sir Joshua Reynolds has given us a parody of this famous picture, in hia portrait of Mrs. Billing- ton ; but, instead of the organ, he has placed a music-book in her hands, a change which showed both his taste and his judgment, and lent to the bor- rowed figure an original significance. It gave occasion also to the happy com- pliment paid to the singer by Haydn. ' What have you done? ' said he to Sir Joshua : * you have made her listening to the angels : you should have repre- sented the angels listening to her I ' " Mrs. Jameson. There arc five saints there, side by side, who in no wise concern us. but whose ex- istence is so perfect that we w ish the pic- ture could coutinue forever Goethe, Trans. St. Cecilia. A picture by Van Eyck (1366-1426). lu the museum at Berlin, Prussia. St. Christopher. A large altar- piece by Hans Memlinj^ (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, executed for AVillem Moreel, and bearing date 1484. It is in the collection of the Academy at Bruges, Belgium. St. Christopher. A picture by Hans Meraling (<1. 1495), the Flemish painter. Erroneously called Al- bert Diirer. It is now at the Duke of Devonshire's seat, Hol- ker Hall, Lancashire. St. Christopher. A gigantesque fresco painting by Mateo Perez de Alesio (d. IGOO). '* The figure of the saint is 33 feet high, and his leg is three feet across the calf." In the cathedral of Seville, Spain. St. Chrysostom. An altar-picture by Sebastian del Piombo (1485- 1547). In the church of S. Gio- vanni Crisostomo, at Venice, Italy. St. Clement-Danes- A church in London, built under the super- vision of Sir Christopher Wren (163^2-1723). Strypc derives the name of St. Clement Danes from the account that when the Danish people were expelled by Alfred in 886, those who had married English women were allowed to remain here. Stow, however, tells how the body of Harold, the illegitimate son of King Canute, was exhumed from Westminster by the legitimate Hardicanute, and cast into the Thames, and how it was afterwards recovered by a fisherman, and buried upon this spot. 4J®* '* We pass from the open Place ■where St. Clement-Danes stands, — one of the most Dutch-like spots in London, to which idea the quaint and rather ele- gant tower lends itself. To hear its ^chimes, not at midnight, hut on some December evening, when the steeple is projected on a cold blue background, while you can see the shadows of the ringers in the bell-tower, is a pictur- esque feeling. They fling out their jnnglings more wildly than any peal in London: they are nearer the ground, and the hurly-burly is melodious enough. Those tones the Doctor often heardin Gough Square and Bolt Court; and inside he had his favorite seat, to this day reverently niarked by a plate and inscription. Vet St. Clement's is in a precarious condition, and when the Law Courts are completed its fate will be decided." Fitzgerald. ^B" " The church of St. ClemenU in the Strand, is dedicated to this saint [St. Clement]. The device of the par- ish is an anchor, which the beadles and other officials wear on their buttons, etc., and which also surmounts the weathercock on the steeple. To choose the anchor — the symbol of stability— . for a weathercock, appears strangely absurd till wo know the reason. Tberfe are in England 47 churches dedicated to St. Clement." Mrs. Jameson. That Church of St. Clement Danes, •where Johnson s^Vii worshipped \n the era of Voltaire, is to me a venerable place. Carlyle. How Samuel Johnsf'n in the era of Vol- taire, can purify and fortify his soul, and hold real comrhunion with the Higliest. "in the Church of St. Clevyent Dana:" this too stands nil unfolded in his Biogra- phy, and is among the most touching ana memorable tilings there. """ " ' SAI 435 SAI ^Vhere the fair columns of St Clement stand. Whose straitened bounds encroach npon the Strand. Gay Oranses and lemons. Say the bells of St. Clement's. Mother Goose. St. Clement's "WeU. This holy well in the Strand, London, was much resorted to by the youth of the city in the reign of Henry li. A pump now stands on the spot. St. Cloud. A magnificent royal residence in France, on the south- ern slope of a hill overlooking the Seine. The chateau contains several suites of rooms, which are highly ornamented with Gob- elin tapestry, paintings, statues, and mosaics. Its history is close- ly connected with that of the French monarchs. It derives its name from Cleodald, a grandson of Cldvis, who escaped assassin- ation by concealing himself in a hermitage in the woods on the summit of the hill. The palace commands a most lovely pros- pect, and the adjoining park is celebrated for its beauty. St. Cloud was the favorite residence of Napoleon I. In October, 1870, the French destroyed it by shells from Mont Valerien, that it might not serve to shelter the Prussians. They resembled those loathsome slan- ders which Goldsmith, and other aljject libellers of the same class, were in the habit of publishing about Bonaparte, how he hired a grenadier to shoot Dessaix at Marengo, how he flllcii St. Cloud with all the pollutions of Capreas. Macaulay. Soft spread the southern summer night Her veil of darksome blue ; Ten thousand stars combined to light The terrace of St. Cloud. The evening breezes gently sighed. Like breath of lover true. Bewailing the deserted pride And wreck of sweet St. Cloud, Scott. St. Cuthbert's Beads. These beads are portions of the fossil- ized remains of animals, called crenoids. They consist of a series of flat plates with a hole in the centre of each piece, through which they may he strung like a rosary. They are found on the shore of the island of Lindisfarne; and the legend is, that in violent storms, ondark nights, St. Cuth- bert used to sit on a rock in the spray and mist, and with another rock forge these beads; and after the storm the shore was fpund to be strewn with them. On a rock, by Lindisfarne, St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame The sea-born beads that bear his name: Such tales had Whitby's fishers told And said they mlrbt Ills shape behold. And hear his anvil sound ; A deadened clang, — a huge dim form. Seen but, and heanl, when gatherJn storm ■ And night were closing round. Scott's Marmion, St. Cuthbert's Shrine. Seo Shrijte of St. Cuthbert. St. Denis, Abbey Church of. A religious edifice in St. Denis, France, rich in historical associa^ tions, and celebrated as the burial- place of the monarchs of Franca from the earliest times. It has suffered much from the revolu- tions and wars which have swept over France, but the restorations, which it has recently undergone entitle it to rank among the most splendid Gothic edifices in the world. The present church dates from the twelfth century. Ac- cording to tradition here was the burial-place of St. Denis, and here in very early times a Bene- dictine abbey was founded. St. Denis du Marais. See St. Sackement. St. Denis, Porte. See Pokte St. Denis. St. Denis, Eue. One of the ancient streets of Paris. According to tradition, St. Denis frequently passed over the old chausse'e, and the street is supposed to have been so named in his memory. .6®- "Thence we turned into the Rue St. Denis, which is one of the old- est streets in Paris, and is said to have been first marked out by the track of the saint's footsteps, where, after his martyrdom, he walked along it, with his bead under his arm, in quest of a burial-place. This legend may account for any crookedness of the street; for it could not reasonably be asked of a headless man that he should walk straight." Hawthorne. SAI 436 SAI *S5» ' ' The street -whicli we enter, that of the Faubourg St. Denis, presents a strange contrast to the dark uniformity of a London street, -where every thing, in the dingy and sraoliy atmosphere, looks as though it Tvere painted in India-ink. Here, on the contrary, is a thousand times more life and color. Before you, shining in the sun, is a long glistening line of gutter^ — not a very pleasing object in a city, but in a picture invaluable. On each side ai-e houses of all dimensions and hues ; some but of one story, some as high as the Tower of Babel. From these the haberdashers (and this is their favorite street) flaunt long strips of gaudy call-' coes, which give a strange air of rude gayety to the street. Gay wine-shops, painted red, and smartly decorated with vines and gilded railings, are filled with workmen taking their morn- ing's draught. That gloomy-looking prison on your right is a prison for women." Thacheray. St. Dolough. A famous ■wonder- working ■well and pilgrim-resort in the county of "Waterford, Ire- land. St. Dunstan's. T^wo churches in London of this name, one known as St. Dunstau's-in-the-East, the other as St. Dunstan's-in-the- West. Both the existing churches are of modern construction. The clock of the old church of St. Dunstau's-in-the-West ■was one of the sights of London. Above the dial were two ■wooden figures of savages as large as life, and each striking with a club the quarter-hours upon a bell, at the same time moving his head. When labor and when dulness, club in hand, Like the two figures at St. Dunstan's stand. Cowper. St. Slisius. A picture by the Flemish painter, Petrus Cristus, painted (1440) for the Goldsmiths' Guildhall, Antwerp, Belgium. Now in the Oppenheim Collec- tion at Cologne, Germany. St. Elizabeth of Hungary. A piece of sculpture by Benjamin Akers, called also Paul Alcers, the American sculptor (1825-1862), which has been admired and often repeated. St. Elmo. A well-known hill in Naples, Italy, on the summit of which is the celebrated Castel Sant' Elmo. St. Elmo. [Ital. Castel Sant' Elmo.] The great fortress of Naples, Italy, built, in its present form, in the sixteenth century, by Pe- dro de Toledo. It was in former times a fortification of great strength, but is incapable of re- sisting the weapons of alrtack used in modern warfare. The morrow after our arrival, in the afternoone, ■we hired a coach to carry us about the town. First we went to the Castle of St. Elmo, built on a very high rock, whence we had an intlre prospect of the whole Citty. which lyes in the shape of a theatre upon the sea brinke, ■with all the circumjacent islands. This Fort is the bridle of the whole Citty, and was well stored and garrisoned ^vith na- tive Spanyards. John Evelyn, 1644. Naples, thou white sun-lit city! The swarms of beings T\ith song and shout flow like streaming lava through thy streets; we hear the sounds; town after town winds like a serpent about the bay; Naples is this serpent's head, and St. Elmo the crown it bears. Hans Christian Andersen. St. Erasmius. See Maettedom of St. Ekasmus. St. Etienne. A monastic church in Caen, France, founded by "William the Conqueror, and dedicated by him m 1077. It contains the grave of the king, which has been several times despoiled. [Called also Abbays aux Hommes^ St. Etienne du Mont. [St. Ste- phen of the Mount.] A noted church in Paris, France, situated in the square of the name, near the Pantheon. The present build- ing was begun in 1517, and com- pleted in 1626. The style is a union of Gothic and Eenaissance. This church is celebrated for its choir, pulpit, and the grave of St. Genoveva. I wandered through the haunts of men. From Boulev.ird to Quai, Till frowning o'er St. Etienne, The Pantheon's shadow lay. Holmes. I used very often, ■when coming home from my morning's work at one of tlio public institutions of Taris, to step in at the dear old church of ;S(. Etienne dii Mont. Bolmes. SAI 437 SAI St. Sustache. A noted church in Paris, France, in the Kue Trainee. It is second only in size to Notre Dame, and belongs to one of the richest parishes in the city. The "building was begun in 1532, and finished in 1641. The style is Gothic in the general arrange- ment, but Eenaissance in the de- tails. A fafade was added on the western side in 1752. St. Francis. A large altar-picture painted about 1514 for the Fran- ciscan convent at Carpi by Anto- nio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), representing the Ma- donna enthroned with St. Fran- cis and St. Anthony of Padua on the left, and on the right St. John the Baptist and St. Cath- erine. In the Dresden Gallery. St. Francis. See Communion of St. Feancis, Death of St. Fkancis, Ecstasy of St. Fran- cis, Miracle of Eoses of St. Francis. St. Francis receiving the Stig- mata. A small picture by Jan van Eyck (1370-1441). Now in the possession of Lord Heytes- bury. St. Francis wedded to Poverty. A fresco painting by Giotto di Bondone (1276-1336), the early Italian painter. In the lower church of S. Francesco, Assisi, Italy. St. Felioitas. See Martyrdom op Santa FelicitA. St. Genevifeve. See Pantheon (2). St. George. 1. A picture by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520), repre- senting the saint attacking the dragon with his sword, having already pierced him with a lance. This picture has suffered some- what from injuries. It is now in the Louvre, Paris. ' flSp "As for St. George and the Dragon— from the St. George of the Louvre,— Raphaere, — who sits his horse with the elegant tranquillity of one assured of celestial aid, down to him who • swings on a sign-post at mine hostess's door' — he is our familiar ac- quaintance." ^n, Jameson, 2. There is another St. George by Raphael , in which the dragon is killed by the spear alone. It was executed for the Duke of Urbino, and intended l)y him as a present for Henry VII. of Eng- land. It is considered one of the most finished works of Raphael. Now in the Hermitage at St. Pe- tersburg. St. George. A picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494^1534), representing the Ma^ donna enthroned, with St. George and other saints at the sides. This picture is noteworthy, like the St. Jerome (q. v.), on account of the bright daylight diffused through it. In the Dresden Gal- lery. St. George's. A London church, situated in Hanover Square, fa- mous for the number of aristo- cratic weddings which have taken place in it. It is stated that up- wards of a thousand marriages have been solemnized here within a single year. St. George's Fields. A district be- tween Lambeth and Southwark in London, formerly occupied for political meetings and low amuse- ments. St. George's Hall. A noted build- ing in Liverpool, England, of the Corinthian order, and including a large concert-room. St. George's Hospital. At Hyde Park Corner, London. It was originated in 1733, and was re- built in 1831. This hospital, built on the site of Lanesborough House, is supported by voluntary contributions as a hospital for sick and lame persons. St. Germain des Pr6s. One of the oldest churches in Paris. King Childebert, A.D. 550, founded the abbey to which this chnrch was joined. St. Germanus is said to have advised Childebert to found this abbey in the meadows (pres) along the left bank of the Seine, whence the name. Only the church and part of the abbot's house remain of this celebrated SAI 438 SAI establishment, the church being the only building of size in the Romanesque style now standing in Paris. Only a few fragments remain of the original editice of Childehert, in fact, no thing earlier than the first of the twelfth cen- tury. Externally the church is plain and simple, but it has been decorated in a stj^Ie not in sym- pathy with the original architec- ture. ^^^ "Most of the Merovingian raon- archs of France in the sixth and sev- enth centuries were buried in the church of St. Germain; but their tombs "were rifled at the Revolution, and a few only of their monuments are now pre- served in the church of St. Denis." Murray's Handbook. St. Germain rAuxerrois. This church, situated in the place of the same name, opposite the east- ern facade of the Louvre, in Paris, was commenced in the fourteenth century. It is re- markable for the beauty of its architecture, its richly painted windows, and the magnificence of its decorations. It was the bell of this church that tolled the signal for the commencement of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572. Members of the roj'al family were generally bap- tized in this church. It has un- dergone numerous additions and restorations. St. Gervais. A fine Gothic church in Paris, finished in 1820. A clas- sical facade was added to the original structure in lOlfi, In the windows of this church is what is still the finest glass in Paris, by Cousin and Pinaigrier. Scarron, the husband of Madame de Main- tenon, Crebillon, and other celeb- rities of the seventeenth century, "were buried here. St. Giles's. A celebrated locality in London, once the resort of the most degraded and abandoned l^ortion of the populace. It has undergone great changes within a few years; churches, schools, and reformatory institutions of every class having been erected. fl®=- " St. Giles has been especially venerated in England and Scotland. In 1117, Matilda, wife of Henry I., fonnded an hospital for lepers outside the city of London, which she dedicated to St. Giles, and which has since given its name to an extensive parish." Mrs. Jameson. S^' " It is noteworthy that places dedicated to this saint, ' abbot and mar- tyr,' were almost always outside some great town. This was because St. Giles (St. Egidius) was the patron saint of lepers, and where a place was called by his name a lazar-house al- ways existed." Uare. j^' " The Puritans made stout ef- forts to reform its morals ; and, as the parish books attest, ' oppressed tip- plers * were fined for drinking on the Lord's day, and vintners for permitting them; fines were levied for swearing oaths, travelling and brewing on a fast- day, etc. Again, St. Giles's was a ref- uge for the persecuted tipplers and ragamuffins of London and Westmin- ster in those days; and its blackguard- ism was increased by harsh treatment. It next became the abode of knots of disaffected foreigners, chiefly French- men, of whom a club was held in Seven Dials. Smollett speaks, in 1740, of ' two tatterdemalions from the purlieus of St. Giles's, and between them both there was but one shirt and a pair of breeches.' Hogarth painted his mo- ralities from St. Giles's. . . . Here were often scenes of bloody fray, riot, and chance-medley ; for in this wretched district were grouped herds of men but little removed from savagery." Timbs. A friend of mine who was sitting un- moved at one of the sentimental pieces was asked how he could be so indifferent " Why, truly," says he, " as the hero is but a tradesman, it is indifferent to me whether he be turned out of his counting- house on Fisli-street hill, since he will still have enough left to open shop in St. Giles's.'* Goldsmith. Be all the bruisers cuUd from all St. Giles', That art and nature may compare their styles ; "While brawny brutes In stupid wonder stare, And marvel at his lordship's *' stone shop" there. Byron^ St. Giles's. 1. One of the oldest and most venerable churches iu London (Cripplegate). Here Mil- ton was buried, and Oliver Crom- well was married. The nhurcli was built in 1545. Its bells are celebrated. Brickbats and tiles. Say the bells of *S/. Giles', Mother Goose, SAI 439 SAI 2. A noted church in the High Street of the Old Town of Edin- burgh, Scotland, memorable from its associations witli some of the most important eA'ents in the re- ligious history of Scotland. «®-"Tlie pariah ciureh of Edin- burgh existed under the invocation of St. G-ilea, as early as 1359." Mrs. Jameson. fl@==" There are 146 churches in England dedicated to St. Giles. They are frequently near the outsliirts of a city or town ; iSt. Giles, Cripplegate, St. Qiles-in-the-Fields, St. Giles, Cam- herweli, were all on the outside of Lon- don as it existed when these churches were erected, and there are other ex- amples at Oxford, Cambridge, etc." Mrs. Jameson. St. Giles's Hospital. A hospital for lepers, St. Giles's, London, built about 1118, and dissolved at the Reformation. The church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields commemo- rates the hospital and vicinity. St. Giles in the Fields. A church in London, built in 1730-34. An- drew Marvel was buried here ; here is a tomb to George Chap- man ; and in the churchyard are buried Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Shirley the dramatist, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and others. St. Gotbard. See Dogs of St. GoTHAKD and Hospice of St. GOTHARD. St. Helen's. An old and noted church in Bishopsgate, London, restored in 1866. ToU'Owe me tpn shillings. Say the bells at St. Helm's. Mother Goose. St. HippoUtus. See Makttedom OF St. Hippolitus. St. Honors, Kue. One of the -principal streets of Paris. This long and irregular street reaches from the Marche des Innocens to the Eue Koyal, beyond which it further continues as the Rue du Faubourg St. Honore'. ,6®" ""We issued forth at about eleven, and went down the Rue St. Honore, which is narrow, and has bouses of five or six stories on either Bide, between which run the sireeta like a gully in a rock. . . . As we went down the Rue St. Honore, it grew more and more thronged, and with a meaner class of people. The houses still were high, and without the shab- biness of exterior that distinguishes the old part of London, being of light-col- ored stone; but I never saw any thing that so much came up to my idea of a swarming city as this narrow, crowd- ed, and rambling street." Bawthome. .6®* " This Rue St. Honor6 is one of the old streets in Paris, and is that in which Henry IV. was assassinated." Hawthorne. If the banker in Lombard Street emer- ges from tiie twilight of Ins counting-house to make a morning call, lie steps into a Piccadilly omnibus, in a clarct-polored frock of the last fashion at Crockford's, a fresh liat, and (if ho is young) a pair of cherished boots from the Rue St. Ilonori. N. P. Willis. St. Hubert of Lifege. -See Rais- ing THE Body op St. Hubert OP LiiGE. St. Ildefonso. See Granja, La. St. Isaac's. See Izak Chuech. St. Jacques. A noted church in Antwerp, Belgium. The altar- piece is a Holy Family by Ru- bens. St. Jacques la Bouoherie. A Gothic bell-tower in Paris, 187 leet in height, begun in 1508 and completed in 1522. The church to which it belonged was pulled down in 1797. The region around the tower has been cleared : the tower itself has been restored, and now forms one of the most picturesque and beautiful monu- ments of Paris. St. James [of Compostella]. See Shrine of St. James. St. James Baptizing. A picture by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1606). In the Eremitani Chapel, Padua, Italy. St. James's. This was once a part of the parish of St. Martins-in-the Fields, London. The phrase, " The Court of St. James's," is said to date from the burning of "Whitehall in the reign of William III., when St. James's became the royal residence. " In the SAI 440 SAI reign of Queen Anne it had ac- quired the distinction of the Court quarter." The inhabitants of St. James's, notwith- standing they live under the same laws and spuak the same langua^^e, are adis- tiuct people from those ot Cheapside, who are likewise removed from those of the Temple on one side, and those of Sniith- flcld on the other, by several climates and degrees in their way of thinkinf.' and con- versing toyether. Addison, Sptctator j8^ Bt. James's Street and St. James's Place are familiar localities near the Palace of St. James, and have been the residence of many eminent men in past times. Half St. Giles in frieze Was bidden to meet St- James in cloih of gold, And, after contract at the altar, pass To eat a marriage-feast on Hampstoad Hejith. Mrs. Browning. St. James's Coffee - house. A "Whig coffee-house in St. James's Street, London, famous from the reign of Queen Anne till the early part of the present century. It was closed, according to Mr. Cunningham, about 1806. It was frequented by Swift, Goldsmith, Garrick, and many others. Jftr^ "That I might begin as near the fountain-head as possible, I first of all called in at St. James's, where I found the whole outward room in a buzz of politics ; the speculations were but very indifferent towards the door, but grew finer as you advanced to the upper end of the room, and were so much improved by a knot of tht'orists, who sat in thg inner room, within the steams of the coffee-pot, that I there heard the whole Spanish monarchy dis- posed of, and all the line of Bourbons provided for in less than a quarter of an hour." Addison^ Spectator. If it be fine weather, we take a turn in- to the Park till two, when we m^o to dinner: and if it be dirty, you nre entertained at piquet or basset at White's, or yon mny talk politics at the Smyrna or St. James's. Journey through England, 1714. Tic [Thomas Wharton] was quite as dexterous a canvasser among the em- broidered cnats at the St. James's Coffee- house, as amonc the leathern apron-t at Wycombe and Aylesbury. Macaalay. St. James's Court. SeeSx. James's. St. James's Hall. A modern build- ing in London, fronting upon Pic- cjidill^'- and Regent Street, con- taining a large hall and two smaller halls, used for concerts and lectures. St. James's Palace. A royal pal- ace in London, formerly the resi- dence of the sovereigns, very interesting from its historical as- sociations. It was built upon the site of a hospital dedicated to St. James. After the burning of "Whitehall in 1697, the palace was used for state ceremonies, whence dates the Court of ht. James. Since the accession of Queen Vic- toria, the palace has only been used for levees, drawing-rooms, and state-balls. Thus this palace [of the Caesars] was, as it were, the St. James's of Rome. Bare. St. James's Park. An ancient common or pleasure-ground in London, contiguous to St. James's Palace. It comprises 91 acres. Since the time of Charles II. the park has been open to the public. &^ " St. James's is far the prettiest of the London parks, and the most fre- quented by the lower orders. On Sun- days they come by thousands to Bit upon the seats, . . . and they bring bread to feed the water-fowl, which are the direct descendants of those in- troduced and fed by Charles II. . . . Till the present century, the Mall con- tinued to be the most fat-hionable promenade of London ; but the trees were then ancient and picturesquely grouped, and the company did not ap- pear as they do now by Rotten Row, lor the ladies were in full drees, and the gentlemen carried their hats under their arms." ffare. jC®" " St. Jameson Park is a genuine piece of country, and of English coun- try." TainBi Trans- T remember to have read in some philos- opher— I believe in Tom Brown's works — that let a man's character, sentimcntSt or complexion be what they will, he can find company in London to match them. If he be splenetic, he may every day meet companions on the scats in St, James's Park, with whose groans he niay mix his own, and pathetically talk of the weather. Goldsmith. I fancy it was a merrier Enpland, that of our ancestors, than that which we inhabit. . . . They played all sons of pamea, which, with the exception of cricket and tennis, have quite gone out of our manners now In the old prints of St. Jaynes's Park you still see the marks SAI 441 SAI along the walk to note tho balls when the Court played at mall. Tltackeray. A nymph of quality admires our knight; He marries, bows at court, and grows po- lite; Leaves the dull cits, and joins (to please the fair) The well-bred cuckolds in JSt. James's air. Pope. St. James's Street. A well-known street in London, noted for its club-houses. In this street lived Waller the poet, Pope, Lord By- ron; and here Gibbon died. The Campus Martius of St. James' s-street, "Where the beaux cavalry pace to and fro. Before they take the field in Rotten Row. a. B. Sheridan. If our Government is to be a No-Gov- ernraent, what is the matter Avho adminis- ters it? Fling an orange-skin into St. James's Street; let the man it hits be your man. Carhjle, Come, and once more together let us greet The long-lost pleasures of St. James's- street. Tickell. St. James's Street, of classic fame ! The finest people throng it ! St. James's Slr-eet ? I know the name ! 1 think rve passed along it! Why, that's where Sacharissa sighed When Waller read liis ditty ; Where Byron lived, and Gibbon died, And Alvanley was witty. Frederick Locker St. James's. A small theatre in King Street, St. James's, London, well patronized in the height of the London season. St. Januarius, Blood of. See Blood of St. Januarius. St. Jerome. A noted picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Brera, at Milan, Italy. Vandyke is said to have derived some of his high- est inspirations from the study of this picture. St. Jerome. A picture by George Pencz (1500 ?-155i ?), a German painter. In the chapel of St. Maurice at Nuremberg, Germany. St. Jerome. A well-known pic- ture by Antonio AUegri, sur- named Correggio {1494-1534), rep- resenting the Virgin and Child together with St. Jerome and Mary Magdalen. Sometimes called "The Day" (II Giorno), in contrast with La Notte, or the "Adoration of the Shepherds," at Dresden. This picture is in the gallery of Parma, Italy. J9®=-"The pure light of day is dif- fused over the picture; the figures seem surrounded, as it were, by a ra- diant atmosphere. The Magdalen is equally the perfection of female beau- ty and of Correggio's art; other por- tions, however, are not quite free from afl'ectation." Eastlake, Handbook of Painting. -KS* " In the celebrated St. Jerome of (Jorreggio, she [the Magdalen] is on the left of the Madonna, bending down with an expression of t^ie deepest ado- ration to kies the fpet of the infant Christ, while an angel behind holds up the vaae of ointment." Mrs. Jameson. St, Jerome. See Communion of St, Jerome, St. Jerome in his Study. A cele- brated and well-known print by Albert Durer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter and engraver. It is familiar through photographic and heliotype reproductions. ,6^" A perfect contrast to the Mel- ancholy [see Melencolia] is to be found in its contemporary print of St. Jerome in his Study. There, too, we see the figure of a man sunk in deep thought, and a chamber filled with various appa- ratus. The whole is arrangeel with the most ingenious fancy, but pervaded by a serenity and grace which keep aloof all the dreams and visionary forms cre- ated by the imagination, and bring be- fore us the simple reality of homely life in its most pleasing form. Gerard Dow, the most feeling of the Dutch genre-painters, has produced nothing so pleasing and touching as this print, which even in the most trifling acces- sories bears the impress of a lofty and gentle nature." Kugler, Handbook of Painting. ,6®=*" Very celebrated is an engrav- ing of this subject [St. Jerome] by Al- bert Diirer. The scene is the interior of a cell at Bethlehem : two windows on the left pour across the picture a stream of sunshine. St.' Jerome is seen in the background, seated at a desk, most intently writing his translation of the Scriptures. In front the lion is crouching, and a fox is seen asleep. The execution of this print is a miracle of art, and it is very rare.*' Mrs. Jameson. St. Joachim. See St. Joseph and St. Joachim. St. John, Grotto of. See Gkotto or St. John. SAI 442 SAI St. John Lateran. [Ital. i"?. Gio- vanni in Laterano.'] A celebrated basilica in Bome, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and long re- garded as the iirst of Christian churches. It derives its name of Lateran from a rich patrician family. The present building is the fourth which has been erect- ed, and has itself undergone many alterations. The first ba- silica was built in 324 by Constan- tine; the present one by Urban V. (1362-70). The west front bears the inscription, " Sacro- sancta Lateranensis ecclesia, om- nium urbis et orbis Ecclesiarum Mater et Caput." The Chapter of the Lateran takes precedence even over that of St. Peter's, and the coronation of each newly- elected pope takes place here. This basilica owes its chief celeb- rity to the five General Councils held in it, known as the Lateran Councils, the last of which oc- curred May 3, 1512. St. John Lateran is one of the four basili- cas which enjoy the distinction of having a " Porta Santa," jS®^" The basilica of St. John Lat- eral! is held in peculiar reverence from its venerable antiquity and from its having long been regarded as the moth- er church of Christendom. ... As there bas never been a total demolition and destruction, the chain of associa- tion remains unbroken ; and the rever- end form of the first Christian Empe- ror, "whoso statue stands in the vesti- bule, is still the presiding genius of the place. The interior is rich and impos- ing, though not in the purest taste." Ifiliard. The next day there was much ceremo- ny at St. Joint de Lateran, so as the whole week was spent in running from church to church, all the town in basic devi>tion, greate silence, and uuimayinable super- stition. John Evelyn, 1644. St. John Nepomuok. A famous bronze statue upon the Carls- brucke, a bridge over the Mol- dau in Prague, Austria. St, John Nepomitck is the patron saint of bridges. fl®= " He was a priest many centu- ries ago, whom one of tlie kings threw from the bridge into the Moldau, be- cause he refused to reveal to him what the queen confessed. The legend says the body swam for some time on the river with five stars around its head." Bayard Taylor. The story of the saint hav- ing been thrown from the bridge is now proved to be an inven- tion. St. John Nepomuck, Shrine of. See Shrine of St. John Nepo- MUCK. St. John the Baptist. A small but delicately executed picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter. Formerly in possession of Cardinal Bembo, but now in the Pinakothek at Munich, Bavaria. St. John the Baptist. A picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Academy at Venice, Italy. St. John the Baptist. A picture by Salvator Kosa (1615-1673). In Florence, Italy. St. John the Baptist. See Be- heading OF St. John. St. John the Divine, Monastery of. This celebrated monastery, on the island of Patmos, off the west coast of Asia Minor, was built in the twelfth century hy the Byzantine emperors. The building has the appearance of a Middle Age fortress. Not far distant is the famous cavern or grotto where the Apocalypse is said to have been written by St. John. St. John the Hvangelist. A pic- ture attributed to Raphael San- zio (1483-1520), representing him mounted on the back of an eagle and soaring heavenward, holding in one hand a tablet, in the other a pen. In the Museum at Mar- seilles, France. St. John the Evangelist. A pic- ture by Antonio AUegri, sur- named Correggio (14m-1534). One of the series of the Evangel- ists in the Cathedral at Parma, Italy. St. John the Evangelist. A hall- length portrait by Donienico Zam- pieri, surnamed Domenichino (1581-1641), well-known by MSI- SAI 443 sAi ler's engraving of it. In the col- lection of Prince Narischlcin, at St. Petersburg. There is a repe- tition of the same at Castle How- ard, England. St. John the Evangelist. A pic- ture by Carlo Dolce (1616-1686), and one of his best works. In the Museum at Berhn, Prussia. St. John in the Wilderness. A noted picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. .8®= " Hia glorious form in the fair proportions of ripening boyhood, the grace of hie attitude, with the arm lifted eloquently on high, the divine in- spiration which illumines his young features, chain the step irresistibly be- fore it. It is one of those triumphs of the pencil which few but Raphael have accomplished, — the painting of spirit in its loftiest and purest form." Bayard Taylor. St. John's. A church in Clerken- well, London. It was in the crypt of this church that the in- vestigation was made in regard to the so-called Cook-Lane Ghost. See Cock Lane. Pokers and tongs. Say the bells at 3L John^s. Mother Ooose. St. John's. An interesting church edifice in Richmond, Va., built before the Revolution, and con- nected with many historical events. In 1775 the Virginia Convention held its sessions here, during which Patrick Henry made his famous address. The Convention for ratifying the Fed- eral Constitution also assembled in this church. St. John's Gate. A relic of the old and splendid monastery of the Knights of St. John of Jeru- salem, in London. In 1845 it underwent repairs and restora- tions. The first number of the "Gentleman's Magazine" was printed in an office established here, the magazine still bearing the (Jate as a vignette. How he [Johnson] sits there, in his rough-hewn, amorphous hulk, in that upper room at St. John's Gate, and trun- dles off sheet after sheet of those Senate- ofLilliput Debates, to the clamorous Printer's Devils waiting for them, with msatiable throat, down stairs; himself perhaps impransus all the while. ... If to Johnson liimsell, then much more to us, may that St. John's Gate be a place we can " never pass without veneration." Carlyle. At the time of Johnson's appearance, there were still two ways on which an author might attempt proceeding: tliere were the Wieoenases proper in the West i-nd of London; and tlie MaBCenases vir- tual of St. John's Gate aud Paternoster Kow. Carlyle. St. John's "Wood. A district in London, situated to the west of Regent's Park. St. Joseph and St. Joachim. A picture by Albert Diirer (1471- 1528), the German painter and engraver. In the Gallery of Mu- nich, Bavaria. St. Julian. A picture by Cristo- foro Allori (1577-1619). In the Pitti, Florence, Italy. St. Just. See Ydste. St. Justina and the Duke of Ferrara. A noted picture by Alessandro Bonvicino, called ll Moretto di Brescia (1514-1564). In the Belvedere, Vienna, Aus- tria. fl®= " Every one who has been at Vienna will probably remember the St. Justina of the Belvedere, so long attributed to Pordenone, but now known to be the production of a much ■ greater man, Bonvicino of Brescia (II Moretto)." Mrs. Jameson. St. Katherine Docks. Well- known docks in London, opened for use in 1828. It is said that over 1,200 houses were pulled down, and more than 11,000 in- habitants were removed, to clear the ground for this great under- taking. The cost was £1,700,000. These docks were united in 1863 with the London Dooks{5.«.), under one management. This London City, with all its houses, Ealaces, steam-engines, cathedrals, and uge immeasurable traffic and tumult, what is it but a Thought, but millions of Thoughts made into One, —a huge im- measurable Spirit of a 7'hought, embodied in brick, in iron, smoke, dust. Palaces, Parliaments, Hacknev Coaches, Katherine Bods, and the rest of it ! Carlyle. St. Kevin's Kitchen. A noted ruin in the county of Wicklow, SAI .444 SAI Ireland, tieing an ancient church invested with much legendary lore. St. Key-ne's Well. A celebrated well in Cornwall, England, which is described in the following rhymes: — In name, in shape, in quality. This well is very quaint ; The name to lot of Keyne befell, No over-holy saint. The shape — four trees of divers kind, Withy, oak, elm, and ash, Make with their roots an arched roof. Whose flwor the spring doth wash. The qualily— that man and wife. Whose chance or choice attains, First of this sacred stream to drink, Therebj' the mastery gains. Carew. You drank of the well, I warrant, betimes ? He to the Corni^hman said; But the Cornishman smiled as the stran- ger spake. And sheepishly shook his head. I hastened as soon as the wedding was done. And left my wife in the porch ; But i' faith she had been wiser tlian me. For she took a bottle to church ! Southey. St. Kleran's Chair. A very an- cient and venerated stone chair in Kilkenny, Ireland, reputed to he the seat o£ the saint who preceded St. Patrick in his mission by thirty years, and who was the first to preach Christianity in Ireland. St. Iiazare. A house of detention and correction for disorderly women in the Faubourg St. Denis, Paris. Here was formerly a cele- brated convent. Well, let us take a look at this guin- guettc [at the bal Perron at the Barriere du Tr6ne]; a hundred low grisettes, and fifty women of the town whose acquaint- ance with St. Lazare and tlie Prefecture of Police you recognize at once. Taine, Trans. St. Leonard's Craga. The popular name of a cottage in Edinburgh, Scotland, once the home of Eifie Deans, the heroine of Scott's tale of "The Heart of Mid-Lothian." St. Louis. A noted frigate of the United States navy, in service in the war of 1812. She was built at Washington. St. Luke. [Ital. Accademia di San Luca.] An academy of fine arts in Rome, founded in the last part of the sixteenth century, and composed of painters, sculptors, and architects. It occupies part of the site of the Forum of Julius Caesar, and contains, besides nu- merous designs and models, a collection of pictures by various artists. Among these works is St. Luke painting the portrait of the Virgin and Child, ascribed to Raphael, of which Mrs. Jameson says that it is the most famous of all pictures upon this favorite sub- ject. The skull of Raphael was for a long time thought to he among the treasures of the Acade- my, until the discovery of the genuine one in the Pantheon. St. Luke. A statue by Giovanni da Bologna, called II Fiammingo (1524-1608). In the church of Or S. Michele, Florence, Italy. St. Luke. 1. A famous picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing St. Luke as kneeling on a footstool before an easel, and painting the Virgin and C!hild, who appear to him in the clouds of heaven. Behind St. Luke, Ra^ phael stands looking on. In the Academy of St. Luke at Rome. 2. There is another picture, usually ascribed to Raphael, upon the same subject,in the Grosvenor Gallery, London. St. Luke. A picture by Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flem- ish painter. It was originally placed on the altar of the Guild of St Luke at Brussels, Belgium, but is now in the Gallery of Mu- nich, Bavaria. St. Madem's 'WeU. A holy well in Cornwall, England. It was in Catholic times a favorite resort for invalids, who attempted to propi- tiate the saint by offerings of pins and pebbles. Since the sev- enteenth century it has been little ^^sited. St. Margaret. A famous picture of this saint bv Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), painted for Francis t. in compliment to his sister Margaret of Navarre. Now in the Louvre at Paris. St. Margaret (and the Dragon). SAI 445 SAI An altar-picture attributed to Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520), but prob- ably by his pupil Giulio Romano, (1492-1546), representing the saint "issuing from a cave, with the monster crouching around her, while she raises the crucifix against him." This picture is in the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. St. Margaret's. An old and cele- brated church in the parish of "Westminster, London. It was repaired at the expense of Par- liament in 1735. Bull's eyes aod targets, Say the beils of St Marg'ret's. Mother Goose. St. Marguerite. A church in the Rue St. Bernard, Faubourg St. Antoine, Paris. It is built in the Italian style, St. Mark. A celebrated colossal figure of the apostle by Fra Bar- tolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian painter. In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. j8®^ "Among the devotional pic- tures of St. Mark, one of the most fa- mous is that of Fra Bartolommeo, in the Palazzo Pitti. He is represented as a man in the prime of life, with bushy hair, and a short reddish beard, throned in a niche, and holding in one hand the Gospel, in the other a pen." Mrs. Jameson. St. Mark. See JMikacle of St. Makk. St. Mark preaching in Alexan- dria. A picture by Gentile Bel- lini (1421-1501). in the Brera, Milan, Italy. St. Mark's. The cathedral church of Venice, Italy, and one of the most celebrated and interesting buildings in the world. The ori- ginal church edifice was destroyed by fire in 976. The present build- ing was dedicated to St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice, in 1085. 4®" " The church is lost in a dim twilight, to which the eye must be ac- customed for some moments before the formof the building can be traced; and then there opens before us a vast cave, hewn out into the form of a cross, and divided into shadowy aisles by many pillars. Kound the domes of its roof the light enters only through narrow apertures like large stars ; and here and there a ray or two from some far-away casement wanders into the darkness, and casts a narrow phosphoiic stream upon the waves of marble that heave and fall in a thousand colors along the the floor." Ruskin, J3^ "It is impossible to find fault with plain surfaces when they are cov- ered with such exquisite gold mosaics as those of St. Mark's, or with the want of accentuation in the lines of the roof, when every part of it is more richly adorned in this manner than any other church of the Western world. Then, too, the rood-screen, the pulpit, the pala d'oro, the whole furniture of the choir, are so rich, so venerable, and on the whole so beautiful, and seen in 60 exquisitely subdued a light, that it is impossible to deny that it is perhaps the most impressive interior in Western Europe." FergusHon. ig®- "This singular edifice can neither be described nor forgotten. It is a strange jumble of architectural styles; partly Christian and partly Sar- acenic, in form a Greek cross, crowned with the domes and minarets of a mosque. . . . And yet in spite of ar- chitectural defects, this church is one of the most interesting buildings in the world. It is a vast museum, filled with curious objects collected with religious zeal, and preserved with religious care. It is the open lap of Venice into which the spoils of the East have been , poured." Eillard, a^ " The church, which the mighty bell-tower and the lofty height of the palace-lines make to look low, is in no wise humbled by the contrast, but is like a queen enthroned amid upright reverence. The religious sentiment is deeply appealed to, I think, in the in- terior of St. Mark's ; but if its interior is heaven's, its exterior, like a good man's daily life, is earth's ; and it is this winning loveliness of earth that first attracts you to it, and when you emerge from its portals, you enter upon spaces of such sunny length and breadth, set round with such exquisite architecture, that it makes you glad to be living in this world." W. D. Howells. JS^ " St. Mark's of Venice is a St. Sophia in miniature, a reduction on the ' scale of an inch to the foot of the im- mense structure of Justinian. Its ar- chitects had the advantage of seeing St. Sophia in all its integrity and splen- dor before it had been profaned by Ma- homet n. in the year 1453." TMophiU GautUn SAI 446 SAI Before -S';. Mark still glow his steeds of brass, Their gilded collars glittering in the sun ; But is not Doria'B menace come to pas3 'i Are they not bridled ? Myron. Fair as the palace builded for Aladdin, Yonder St. Mark uplifts ita sculptured splendor, — Intricate fretwork, Byzantine mosaic. Color on color, column on column, Barbaric, wonderful, a thing to kneel to ! T. B. Aldrich. St. Mark's. See Fort St. Mark's. St. Mark's Campanile. The great belfry lower of the Cathedral of Venice. It was begun in 888, but not completed till the beginning of the sixteenth century. It is a very conspicuous object in any "view of the city; and from its summit, which is ascended by an easy incline, without steps, a niagni:^cent prospect is obtained. Between those pillars [at the entrance of the Piazza of St. Mark], there opens a great light; and in the midst of it, as we advance slowly, the vast tower of S. Mark seems to lift itself visibly forth from the level field of chequered stones. Ruskin. At the corner of the new Procuratie, a little distant from the church, stands the steeple of St. Mark. This is a quadrangu- lar tower, about 300 feet in height. 1 am told that it is not uncommon in Italy for the church and steeple to be in this state of disunion. This shocked a clergyman of my acquaintance very much. . . , The gentleman was clearly of the opinion that church and steeple ought to be as insepa- ble as man and wife, that every church ought to consider its steeple as mortar of its mortar, and stone of its stone. An old captain of a ship, who was present, de- clared himself of the same way of think- ing, and swore that a church, divorced from its steeple, appeared to him as ridicu- lous as a ship without a mast. Dr. John Moore. St. Mark's Column. A famous granite pillar in Venice, Italy, on the summit of which rests the Lion of St. Mark. It was brought from the Holy Land in the twelfth century. St. Mark's Square or Place. [Ital. Piazza S. Marco.'] The famous piazza, or square, in Venice, near or around which are grouped all the more celebrated edifices, — the Doge's Palace, the Church of St. Mark with its Campanile or bell-tower, the Horologe of Pe- trus Lombardus, and the other structures which have given to the city its great renown. j^~ " St. Mark's Place is the heart of Venice. The life which has fled ftom the extremities still beats strong- ly here. Apart from all associations, it is one of tne most imposing architec- tural objects in Europe." , EUlard. ^S' " Of all the open spaces in the city, that before the Church of St. Mark alone bears the name of Piazza, and the rest are merely called Campi, or fields. But if the company of the noblest architecture can give honor, the Piazza San Marco merits its dis- tinction, not in Venice only, hut in the whole world ; for I fancy that no other place in the world is set in such goodly bounds." W. D. Mowells. St. Mark yet sees his lion v here he stood Stand, but in mockery of his wither'd power, Over the proud Place where an emperor sued. And monarchs gazed and envied in the hour When Venice was a queen with an un- equaird dower. Byron. Were Genoa's galleys riding in the port, Were civil fury raging in St. Mark's, You are not to be wrought on, but would fall. As you havG risen, with an unalter'd brow. Not a stone In the broad pavement, but to him who has An eye, an ear, for the inanimate world, Tells of past ages. Samuel Sogers^ Hushed Is the music, hushed the hum of voices; Gone is the crowd of dusky promenaders, Slender-waisted, almond-eyed Vcnelians, Princes and paupers, iiot a single foot- fall Sounds in the arches of the Procuratie. One after one, like sparks in cindered Faded the lights out in the goldsmiths' windows. Drenched with the moonlight lies the stiU Piazza. T. B. Aldnch. St. Martin. 1. A picture by An- thony van Dyck (15H&-1(>41), in the church of Savelthem near Brussels, Belgium, representing the saint as dividing his mantle with a beggar. 2. Also a picture upon the same subject, by the same paint- er, now at "SVindsor Castle. St. Martin, Boulevard. A fine ave- nue in Paris, France. St. Martin de Tours. A famous abbey church in Tours, France, of which at present only two tow- ers remain, the rest of the build- ing having been destroyed in the SAI 447 SAI Revolution of 1790. The existing portions are of the twelfth cen- tury. This celebrated shrine was a place of great resort for ages. It possessed immense treasures in gold and silver, which were plundered by the Huguenots in 1562. St. Martin, Porte. See Porte St. Martin. St. Martin, Hue. A long narrow ■ street in Paris, running from the river to the boulevards, and con- tinuing under the name of Kue du Faubourg St. Martin, to the Barriere de la Villette on the north of the city. The Boule- vart de Sebastopol has deprived it of ranch of its importance as a thoroughfare. St. Martin's in the Fields. A church on the east side of Trafal- gar Square, London, built in 1721-26, and having for its best feature a Greek portico. There was a church upon this spot as early as 1222. St. Martin's Ludgate. An old and noted church in Ludgate. Street, London, rebuilt after the Great Fire by Sir Christopher Wren. An epitaph in the old church, bearing date 1590, has be- come very celebrated. Earth goes to Earth treads on Earth as to Earth shall to Earth upon Earth goes ' Earth thou; Earth shall JfAs mold to mold Parth J Glittering in sold iiarth< jjturn here should VGoe ere he would f Consider may 1 -\ rcc Shon p"""! Is stout and s , from J LPs stout and gay .Passe poor away. Half-pence and farthings. Say the bells of St. Martin's. Mother Goose. St. Martin's le Grand. A well- known street in London. The general post-office is situated on this street. St. Mary -le- Bow. See Bow Chcikch. St. Mary-le-Strand. An interest- ing old church in the Strand, London. St. Mary's College. A celebrated institution in Winchester, Eng- land, founded by William of Wykeham. The building, which is architecturally fine, was begun in 1387 and finished in 1393. St. Maurice. A noted abbey, said to be the most ancient monastic establishment among the Alps, in the town of the same name in Switzerland. St. Maurice. See Conveksion op St. Maukioe by Erasmus. St. M6dard. A church in Paris, the nave and choir of which date from the end of the sixteenth century, though the latter was altered in the latter part of the eighteenth century. St. Merri. A large church in Paris, begun in 1520 and completed in 1612. It has suffered some inju- dicious alterations. It is in the Flamboyant style. St. Michael. A picture by Giovan- ni da Fiesole, called Fra Angeli- co (1387-1455). In the Uffizi Pal- ace, Florence, Italy. St. Michael. A celebrated picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the archangel tread- ing on the neck of the dragon, and attacking him with a sword. It is in the Louvre at Paris. >e^ *' St. Michael — not standing, but hoverinsr on his poised wings, and grasping his lance in both hands — sets one foot lightly on the shoulder of the demon, who, prostrate, writhes up, as it were, and tries to lift his head and turn it on his conqueror with one last gaze of malignant rage and despair. The archangel looks down upon him with a brow calm and serious : in his beautiful face is neither vengeance nor disdain, in his attitude no effort. . : . The form of the demon is human, but vulgar in its proportions; but, from the attitude into which he is thrown, the monstrous form is so fore-shortened that it does not disgust, and the ma- jestic figure of the archangel fills up nearly the whole space, — fills the eye — fills the soul — with its victorious beauty." Mrs. Jameson. St. Michael. A picture by Guido Eeni (1574?-1642). In the church of the Cappucini, Rome. 4®= " It seems agreed that as a work SAI 448 SAI of art there is only the St. Bfichael of G-uido which can be compared witli that of Raphael." Mvh. Jameson. iO®^ "Like the Belvedere god, the archangel breathes that dignitied ven- geance which animates without dis- torting, while the very devil derives importance from his august adversary, and escapee the laugh which his figure usually provokes." Forsyth. St. Michael's. 1. A famous church on the hill of the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia. It contains the sarcophagi of the early Tzars from Ivan I. to Alexis, father of Peter the Great, and a splendid silver cofiSn, enclosing the body of a boy, believed to be that of the last prince of the house of Euric. This body is worshipped as a holy relic. 2. The finest old church now remaining in Scotland, in point of size and architecture. It was a royal chapel at Linlithgow, founded by David I. St. Michael's Chair. The vulgar designation of a stone lantern on a tower at St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall, England, just large enough to admit of one person being seated in it. The attempt to sit in it is attended with danger on account of its exposed position , and the popular superstition is that, of a married couple, which- ever party first succeeds in occu- pying it, thereby acquires marital sovereignty. Rebecca bis wife bad often wished To sit in Si. Michael's Chair; For she should be the mistress then, If she bad once sat there. Southey. St. Michael's Mount. A cele- brated rocky eminence near Pen- zance in Cornwall, England. It is surmounted by a chapel, found- ed in the fifth century, and is associated with much romantic legend. It is asserted that the archangel Michael appeared to some hermits upon one of its crags, to which tradition has given the name of St. Michael's Chau'. At high tide the rock is surrounded by the sea. Or whether thou to our moist vows deny'd, Sleep'st by the fible of BelliTus old, Where the great visiou of Ibe guarded Mount Looks towards Namahcos and Bayona's bold, Look homeward, angel, now, and melt with ruth. And, O ye dolphins, waft the hapless youth. Milton. If we bad the Spaniards established at Land's End, with impregnable Spanish furtiflcations on St. Michael's Mount, we should perhaps come to tue same conclu- sion. Thackeray. St. Ificolas des Champs. A florid Gothic church of the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries, in the Rue St. Martin, Paris. Here were buried Gassendi and Mdlle. de Scude'ry. St. Olave's. An old and interest- ing church in Hart Street, Lon- don. St. Ouen. [Fr. Erjlise de St. Ouen.] A fine Gothic church in Rouen, France, and one of the few an- cient ecclesiastical monuments of the Continent Which are com- pleted. It is named after the Archbishop of Rouen, who died in 678. St. Pancras. One of the parishes of London, and the most popu- lous. St. Pancras -in -the -Fields. An old and noted church in London, said to have been the last church in England whose bell tolled for mass, and in which the Roman Catholic rites were celebrated before the Reformation. This church was restored and enlarged in 1858. Tn passing and returning by St. Pancras church, be [Dr. Johnson] fell into prayer, and mentioned, upon Dr. Brocklesby in- quiring why the Cfatholics chose that spot for their burial-place, that some Catholics in Queen Elizabeth's time bad been burnt there. Windham's Diary. St. Patrick's. A cathedral in Dublhi, Ireland. It is in the minds of many associated with Jonathan Swift, the English sat- irist, who was appointed to the deanery in 1713, and retained it till his death, being known as the Dean of St. Patrick's. SAI 449 SAI St. Patrick's. The Roman Catho- lic cathedral in the city of New York. It is an imposing edifice of white marble, of the decorated Gothic order, with two marble spires each over 325 feet in height. It was begun in 1858, and is situ- ated upon the highest point of Fifth Avenue. St. Patrick's Cave [and Purga- tory]. A locality in Ireland, upon a small island in Lough Derg, famous througliout Europe in the Middle Ages by reason of the legendary associations con- nected with the saint, who is here supposed to have opened a descent into purgatory for living sinners who wished to undergo expiation for their misdeeds. je®=- " St. Patrick's Purgatory has been famous from a very early period. The lake upon which it is situated is about Bis miles in length by four in breadth. The 'holy islands' it con- tains are little more than bare rocks. The one to which tlie pilgrims resort, * Station Island,' is about half a mile from the shore, and rises very little above the surface of the lake ; a ferry- boat carries them across, and of course a considerable income is derived from this source. The station commences on the 1st of June, and continues till the 15th of August; and we learn that the whole number of pilgrims visiting the Lough would amount during the season to above 19,000, the great ma- jority being women ; and many of them will have travelled a distance of 200 miles to arrive at the scene of their de- votions, this too at a season of the year when labor is particularly needful and profitable. There are few intelligent persons of any creed who will not re- joice that * St. Patrick's Purgatory * has fallen from its high estate, and that the gross superstitions connected with it are becoming every year more and more a mere record of by-gone degra- dations." Mr- and Mrs. Hall. jB®" " Who has not heard of Si. Patrick^s Purgatory t of Us mysterious wonders, and of the crowds of devotees who have for ages been attracted by its reptited sanctity? There it stands, with its chapels and its toll-houses; and thither repair yearly crowds of pioua pilgrims, who would wash away at once, by a visit to these holy shores, the accumulated sins of their lives." Wright. Patrick. This cave, Egerlo, which you see, concealeth Many mysteries of life and death, , Jlot for him whose hardened bosom feeleth ISouaht of true repentance or true faith. But he who treely enters, who rcvealeth All his sins with penitential breath. Shall endure his purgatory then, And return forgiven hack again. Calderon, Trans. St. Paul. See Beheading of St. Paul, Conveesioh of St. Paul, and Paul and Baknabas. St. Paul and St. Anthony. A striking picture by Guide Eeni (1574?-1642). In the Museum at Berlin. St. Paul preaching at Athena. See Paul pbeaching at Athens. St. Paul visiting St. Peter in Prison. A picture by Filippino Lippi (1460-1505). In the church of S. M. del Carmine, Florence, Italy. St. Paul's. 1. The metropolitan church of London, and the third cathedral dedicated to that saint, built upon very nearly the same site as its predecessors. The first church was founded, according to Bede, about A.D. BIO, by Eth- elbert, King of Kent, but de- stroyed by fire in 1087. The sec- ond church, "Old St. Paul's," was destroyed in the Great Fire, 1666. The corner-stone of the present building was laid June 21, 1675. It was finished in 35, years under one architect, Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723). It is in the form of a Latin cross. "Wren was buried in the crypt of St. Paul's, where is a tablet to his ipemory, bearing the inscrip- tion, " Si monumentum requiris, circumspice." J3^^*' Other edifices may crowd close to its foundation, and people may tramp as they like about it; but still the great cathedral is as quiet and serene as if it stood in the middle of Salisbury Plain. There cannot be any thing else in its way so good in the world as just this effect of St. Paul's in the very heart and densest tumult of London." Hawthorne. JSS- " The whole cost, £747,964 2«. 9d., was paid by a tax on every chal- dron of coal brought into the port of SAI 450 SAI London, on "which account it is said. Oaat the cathedral has a special claim of ite own to its smoky exterior." Hare. jB@=-"The roof from which the dome springs is itself as high as the spires of most other churches; black- ened for two hundred years with the coal eraoUe of London, it stands like a relic of the giant architecture of the early world." Bayard Taylor. He sette not his benefice to huyre, And kfte his sclieep encombred in the my re, And ran to Londone, unto seynte Poules, To Eoeken him a chaunterie for souK's. Chaucer, Prologue. We're all in the dumps. For diamonds are trumps. The kittens are gone to St. PauVs ! The babies are bit, Tlie moon's in a tit, And the houses are built without walls. Mother Goose. As I was walking o'er little Moorfields, I saw St. Paul's a-running on wheels, W'ltli a fee, fo, fum. Then for furihor frolics I'll ro to France, While Jack shall sing and his wife shall dunce. WiLhafee, fo, fum. Mother Goose. Right down by smoky PauVs tbcy bore. Till, wiiere the street grows straitcr, One fixed forever at the door, And one became head-waiter. Tennyson. St. Paul's high dome amidst the vassal bands Of neighboring spires, a regal chipftain stands. Joanna Baillie. 2. An interestiBg and impor- tant chnrch, though architectur- ally plain, situated in Covent Garden, London, built by Inigo Jones, and the first Protestant church of consequence erected in England. The interior was most- ly destroyed by fire in 1795. St. Paul's. See San Paolo. St. Paul's Churchyard. An irreg- ular circle of houses enclosing St. Paul's Church and burial-ground, in London. No place so sacred from such fops is barr'd, Nor is Tnul's churcli more safe than Paul's churchyard. Pope. St. Paul's Cross. A canopied cross, rising from stone steps, in the graveyard of St. Paul's, Lon- don. Before the time of the Com- monwealth, sermons were deliv- ered here on Sunday afternoons. It was destroyed by order of Par- liament in 1643. j^-" Paul's Cross was the pulpit not only of the cathedral : it might al- most be said, as preaching became more popular, and began more and more to rule the public mind, to have become that of the Church of England. . . . Paul's Cross was not only the great scene for the display of eloquence by distinguished preachers: it was that of many public acts, some relating to ecclesiastical affairs, some of min- gled cast, some simply political. Here Papal Bulls were promulgated; here excommunications were thundered out; here sinners of high position did penance; here heretics knelt, and read their recantations, or, if obstinate, were marched off to Smithfield." Dean Milman. St. Paul's, Great Bell of. See Great Bell of St. Paul's. St. Paul's School. An establish- ment near St. PauVs Cathedral, London, founded in 1514 by Dean Colet. It was designed for 153 poor children, the number corre- sponding to that of the fishes taken by St. Peter. John Milton went to school here between the ages of 11 and 16. S^ " In 1877 the Mercers' Company purchased 16 acres of ground in Ham- mersmith, whither it is intended to re- move the Bcbool." Hare. See Hotel St. St. Paul, Hotel. Paul. St. Peter. A well-known bronze statue of St. Peter in the basilica of St. Peter's, Rome, having one foot extended, the toe of which is reverently kissed by devout Catholics. By some antiquaries it is thought to liave been cast by St. Leo from tlie bronze statue of Jupiter Capitolinus; others main- tain that it is the identical statue of Jupiter, transformed into that of the Apostle. It is probable, however, that it is not a work of classical times, but belongs to the early ages of Christianity. fl®~ " Long since would that toe have been kissed away, had it not been guarded by a sort of brass slipper; for no good Roman Catholic, from the pope to the beggar, ever enters the church without fervently pressing his lipB to SAI 451 SAI it, and then applying his forehead and ciiin to its consecrated tip." C. A. Eaton. St. Peter. See Crucifixion of St. Pbtek and Delivekance of St. Peter. St. Peter and St. John curing the Iiame Man at the Beautiful Gate of the Temple. See Peter AND John at the Beautiful Gate. St. Peter and St. Paul. An im- posing Roman Catliolic church edifice, built of red sandstone. In Philadeljiljia, Penn. It has a dome over 200 feet in height. St. Peter delivered from Prison. A picture by Filippino Lippi (1460-1505). In the church of Sta. Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy. St. Peter liberated by an Angel. A picture by "Washington AUston (1779-1843). Now in the church of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England. St. Peter Martyr. A noted pic- ture by Titian (1477-1570), in which his greatest qualities as a figure and landscape painter were displayed. It was formerly in the church of SS. Giovanni e Pa- olo, in Venice, but was destroyed by fire in 1860. St. Peter's. 1. [Ital. 5^. Pietro in Vaiicano.} The chief metropoli- tan church of Kome, and the most magnificent of Christian temples. As early as AD. 90, an oratory was built on the site of the present building to mark the spot where, according to tra- dition, the Apostle Peter was in- terred, and where many of the early Christian martyrs had suf- ferred. In 300 Constantine the Great built a basilica on the same spot. The present edifice was dedicated by Urban VIII. in 1626. St. Peter's is one of the seven basilicas in Rome, of which four are within the walls, and three without. They derive their name from the BasiUcce or Courts of Justice of the later period of the empire, upon the plan of which, and often upon the sites of which, the first Christian churches were built. The space covered by the buildings of St. Peter's is said to he 240,000 square feet, or about 5^ English acres. Its facade is 357 feet in length, and 144 feet in height. A line upon the pave- ment marks the size of the other great Christian churches, accord- ing to which the length of St. Peter's is (>1% feet; St. Paul's, London, 520i feet; Milan Cathe- dral, 443 feet. It is only by de- grees that one receives the im- pression of its vast size. The dome, which is double, was be- gun by Michael Angelo, and was completed when he died in 1563. .6®" "A work 80 vast and various must be approached in the spirit of knowledge and docility. Most build- ings have an unity of plan ; and their diflerent parts, and the successive changes in structure and detail, are like variations upon one musical theme. Not so with St. Peter's. It awakens no ideas of unity or simplicity.- It is a groat representative structure, which gathers within itself the convergent rays of innumerable lights. It is a temple, a museum, a gallery of art, and a mausoleum. If a fanciful compari- son may he pardoned, otlier churches are gardens, but St. Peter's is a land- scape. Its growth and history em- brace nearly three hundred and fifty yeflrs. ... Its foundation was nearly coeval with the invention of printing; before the sacristy was completed, the splendid researches of Watt had been crowned with success; and in the in- terval had occurred the discovery of America, and the Keform-ation. Reli- gion, politics, literature, art, and man- ners had gone through whole cycles of mutation, and the web of society had been unravelled and re-woven. All these consider.ations should be borne in mind by him who would form a true judgment of this unique building. It should be examined in that historical spirit in which we study the Roman law or the English constitution." milard. «®- "The building of St. Peter's surpasses all powers of description. It appears to me like some great work of nature, a forest, a mass of rocks, or something similar, for I never can real- ize the idea that it is the work of man." Mendelssohn, Trans. US' " No architecture ever surpassed in effect the interior of this pile when illuminated at Easter by a single cross SAI 452 SAI of lamps. The immediate focus of glory — all the gradations of light and darkness — the sombre of the deep perspectives — the multitude kneeling round the Pope — the groups in the distant aisles — what a world of pic- tures for men of art to copy or com- bine ! What fancy was ever so dull or BO disciplined or so worn as to resist the enthusiasm of such a scene ? " Forsyth. XS^ " St. Peter's surpasses all other churches not more in magnitude than in magnificence. . . . The treasures and the taste of the world seem to have been exhausted in its embellishment." C. A. Eaton. JSSj* " I have been twice to St. Pe- ter's, and was impressed more than at any former visit by a sense of breadth and loftiness, and, as it were, a vision- ary splendor and magnificence." Ifawthome. But tliou, of temple? old, or altars new, Standcst alone, with nothing like to thee, Worthiest of God, the holy and the true. Since Zion's desolation, when that lie Forsook his former city, what could be Of earthly structures, in hishonor piled, Of a sublimer aspect ? M njesty. Power, glory, strength, and beauty, all arc aisled In this eternal ark of worship undeflled. Enter : its prandeur overwhelms thee not ; And why? It is not lessened; but thy mind. Expanded by the genius of the spot, Has grown colossal. Byron. And while stilt stands The austere Pantheon, into heaven phall soar A dome iSt. Peter's'], its image, while the base expands Into a fane surpassing all before, Such as all flesh shall flock to kneel in. Byron. The hand that rounded Peter^s dome. And groined the aisles of Christian Rome, Wrought in a sad sincerity. Himself from God he could not free : lie builded better than he knew; The conscious stone to beauty grew. Emerson. A spiritual empire there embodied stood; The Roman Church there met me face to face; Ages, sealed up, of evil and of good, Slept in that circling colonnade's embrace. Aubrey de Vere. And mark! our church hath its own at- mosphere. That varies not with seasons of the year, But ever keeps its even, temperate air, And soft, large light without offensive glare. W. W. Story. 2. A number of churchea of this name in London. That in Cornhill, rebuilt by Sir Christo- pher Wren (1632-1723) after the Great Fire, is one of the oldest and best known. Pancakes and fritters. Say the bells of St. Peter's. Mother Goose. St. Peter's Chains. See San Pie- TRO IN VlNCOLI. St. Peter's Chair, See Chair of St. Petek. St. Peter's College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1257. [Called also Peterhouse.] St. Peter's College. See West- minster School. St. Peter's, Obelisk of. See Obe- lisk OF St. Peter's, St. Petronia. A picture by Fran- cesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). In the Museum of the Capitol, Kome. See also Martyrdom of S. Petronilla. fl®=° *' The body is being taken out of the ground while the soul is received into Paradise. This is a composite work; the artist, according to the prac- tice of schools not primitive, having assembled together three or four kinds of effect. . , The entire subject — death, cold and lugubrious, contrasted with a happy triumphant resurrection — serves to arrest the attention of the multitude, and excite its emotion. Painting thus regarded leaves its natu- ral limits, and approaches literature." Taine, Trans. St. Petronilla. See Santa Petro- nilla. St. Philippe. The parish church of the Faubourg St. Honor^, Paris, built in 1784. St. Eoch. A large and fashion- able church in Paris, in the Rue St. Honore. Here were buried Corneille, Descartes, and the Abbe .de I'Epe'e. The chapels contain numerous paintings and sculptures of the last century, and the church shows the change from the style of architecture of the time of Louis XIV. to that of Louis XV. Then and there Napoleon ascended his throne ; and the next day, fVom the step3 of *S/. Roche, thundered forth the cannon which taught the mob of Paris, for the SAI 453 SAI first time, that it had a master. That was the commencement of the Empire. So the Anti-siavery movement commenced unheeded in that " obscure hoie " which Mayor Otis couid not find, occupied by a printer and a blacic boy. W. Phillips. St. Boch distributing Alms. A picture by Anuibale Caraoci (1560-1609), and regarded as one ol! his chief works. In the Gallery at Dresden, Germany. St. SaerSment. A modern Italian church in Paris, also known as St. Denis du Marais. St. Saviour (Southwark). A church in London, near London Bridge, a remnant ol the priory of St. Mary Overy, but known as St. Sav- iour's before 1510. The choir and Lady Chapel remain excel- lent specimens of early English church architecture. In the for- mer are the graves of Philip Massinger, John Fletcher, and Edward Dyer the poet; and here is the tomb ol John Gower (Moral Gower). St. Sebaldus. See Shmne of St. Sebaldus. St. Sebastian. 1. A celebrated picture in the church of S. Maria degli Angeli, at Rome. 2. A picture by Domenico Zam- pieri, surnamed Doraenicliino (1581-1641). In the Stadel Insti- tut, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- many. XKg=" " Visitors to picture and sculp- ture galleries are haunted by the forms of two handsome young men, — Sebas- tian and Antinous. Both were saints : the one of decadent Paganism, the other of mythologizing Chnstianity. According to the popular beliefs to which they owed their canonization, both suffered death in the bloom of earliest manhood for the faith that burned in them. There is, however, this difference between the two ; that, whereas Sebastian is a shadowy crea- ture of the pious fancy, Antinous pre- serves a marked and unmistaliable per- sonality. . . . The pictures of Sebastian vary according to the ideal of adoles- cent beauty conceived by each succes- sive artist. In the frescos of Perugino and Luini he shines with the pale pure light of saintlinesB. On the canvas of Sodoma he reproduces the voluptuous charm of youthful Bacchus, with so much of anguish in his martyi'ed fea. tures as may serve to heighten his dae- monic fascination. . . . Under Guide's hand be is a model of mere carnal comeliness. And so forth through the whole range of the Italian painters." (/. A. Symonds. St. Sebastian. A series of pictures representing the history of the saint, by Paul Veronese (1530?- 1588). In the sacristy of the church of S. Sebastiano, Venice, Italy. 4JSg" " Paul Veronese's • Si. Sebas- tian ' . . . appeared to me when last I saw it one of the ilnest dramatic pic- tures I had ever beheld. It struck me as a magnificent scene played before me with such a glow of light and life and movement and color, . . . that I felt as if in a theatre, . . . and inclined to clap my hands and cry ' Bravo ! ' " Mrs. Jameson. St. Sebastian. A picture by Guide Reni (1574 ?-1642). In the Capitol, Rome. St. Sebastian. A celebrated votive picture by Antonio AUegri, sur- named Correggio (1494-1534), rep- resenting the V irgin and Child " enthroned on clouds and sur- rounded by a circle of infant an- gels ; below are St. Sebastian, St. Geminianus, and St. Roch." ■rhis picture is in the Gallery at Dresden, Germany. US'" The figure of St. Sehastian is one of the most beautiful by Correggio, and the picture is thought to represent the most perfect period of the master." Eastlake, Handbook of Painting. St. Sebastian. A noted and ad- mired picture by Giovanni Anto- nio Cavaliere Razzi, called II Sodoma (1479 ?-1550 ?). In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. St. Sebastian. See also Cata- comb OF St. Sebastian and Makttkdom of St. Sebastian. St. Sepulchre's. A well-known church in London, near Newgate, containing one of the oldest and largest organs in the city. By a legacy left to this church in 1605, a person was employed to toll a hand-bell before the cells of those prisoners at Newgate who were condemned to death, on the night SAT 454 SAI "before their execution, reciting these lines : — All you that in the condemned hole do lie. Prepare you, for to-morrow you shall die ; And ^vhcn St. Sepulchre's bell to-morrow lulls. The Lord have mercy on your souls ! Unreasonable people are as hard to rec- oncile as the vanes of St- Sepulchre's tower, which never looked all four upon one point in the heavens. Mowell. St. Sernin. An ancient church of the Komanesque order in Tou- louse, France. It waa dedicated in lOyO by Pope Urban II. St. S^verin. A fine Gothic church in Paris, in the form of a central nave and two aisles, and rows of chapels on either side. This church, on the site of an older structure of the eleventh century, was begun as early as 1489. St. Simeon the Prophet. [5. Sim- eone Frofeta.'] A noted statue by Marco Romano. In the church of S. Simeone Grande, Venice, Italy. St. Simon's Pillar. The famous column upon the summit of which St. Simon Stylites (b. 388), the Eastern hermit, lived for 37 years. After his death, his admirers built a church upon the spot, enclosing the pillar on which he had so long lived. The pedes- tal upon whicn this column stood is still remaining among the ruins of Kul'at Sim'an, between Antioch and Aleppo, in Syria. St. Sophia. A mosque in Con- stantinople, Turkey, and the principal place of Mohammedan worship in the world. It is a very fine example of Byzantine architecture. The mosque was originally a Christian church built by the Emperor Justinian in 531, and was converted into a Moslem temple by Mohammed II. in 1453. The building is in the form of a Greek cross, and is surmounted by a lofty dome with several lesser domes and mina- rets. The building is of brick, but is lined in the interior with costly marblea, Many of the tem- ples of Greece and Egypt were pillaged to enrich this mosque. itt^"When Justinian exclaimed, ' I have Burpassed thee, O Solomon,* he took an exaggerated view of the work of his predecessor, and did not realize the extent to -which his build- ing excelled the Jewish temple. The latter was only equal to a small church, ■with a wooden roof, supported by ■wooden posts, and covering some 7,200 square feet. Sta. Sophia covers ten times that area, ia built of durable ma- terials throughout, and far more artis- tically ornamented than the temple of the Jews ever could have been. But Justinian did more than accomplish this easy victory. Neither the Panthe- on nor any of the vaulted halls at Rome equal the nave of Sta. Sophia in extent, or in cleverness of construction, or in beauty of design. Nor was there any thing erected during the ten centuries which elapsed from the transference of the capital to Byzantium till the build- ing of the great mediaeval cathedrals, which can be compared with it. In- deed, it remains even now an open question whether a Christian church exists anywhere, of any age, whose in- torior is so beautiful as that of this marvellous creation of old Byzantine art." Fergutiaon. 4J®""It is certain that no domical building of modern times can at all ap- proach Sta. Sophia^s, either for appro- priateness or beauty. If we regard it with a view to the purposes of Protes- tant worship, it affords an infinitely better model for imitation than any thing our o>vn mediaeval architects ever produced." FergiLSSon. J^' " Its immense dome is said to be more wonderful than St. Peter's; but its dirt is much more wonderful than its dome, though they never men- tion it." Mark Twain. I have beheld SopTiia^s bright rooft swell Their glittering mass i' the sun, and have surveyed Its sanctuary the while the usurping ^to"- lem prayed. Byron. Poor child ! I would have mended it with fold, Tntil it gleamed like St. Sophia's dome When all the faithful troop to nioniiiig prayer. Mrs. Brouanng. O, Stamboull once the empress of their reign 'i Though turbans now pollute Sophia's shrine, And Greece her very altars eyes in vain. Byron. St. Stephen. The name by which the great bell in Westminster SAI 455 SAI Palace, London, is known. The weight olthis bell is 11^ tons. St. Stephen. See Martyrdom of St. Stephen. St. Stephen's. 1. The cathedral of Vienna, Austria. One of the most imposing specimens of Gothic architecture in the world. It was begun in 1359 and finished in IISO. .KS- " St. Stephen's Cathedral in the centre of the old city is one of the iin- est specimens of Gothic architecture in Germany. Its unrivalled tower, which rises to the height of 428 feet, is visible from every part of Vienna. It is en- tirely of stone, most elaborately orna- mented, and is supposed to be the strongest in Europe. The inside is solemn and grand, but the eiject is in- jured by the number of small chapels and shrines." Bayard Taylor. tS^ *' Wo one with a trace of poetry in his composition can stand under the great cavernous western porch [of St. Stephen's], and not feel that he has before him one of the most beautiful and impressive buildings in Europe. A good deal of this may be owing to the color. The time-stain in the nave is untouched, the painted glass perfect, and the whole has a venerable look, now too rare. The choir is being smartened up, and its poetry is gone. Meanwhile no building can stand in more absolute contrast with the cathe- dral at Cologne, than this one at Vien- na. The former- fails, because it is so coldly perfect : this impresses, though offending agfiinst all rules, because it •was designed by a poet." Fergusson. 2. An admired church, in the rear of the Mansion House, Lon- don, the work of Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723). j^=" ** If the material had been as lasting, and the size as great, as St. Paul's, this church would have been a greater monument to Wren than the cathedral." Fergusson. St. Stephen's Chapel. In the Old Palace at Westminster, London. See St. Stephen's Hall. j8®" " St. Stephen's Chapel was a beautiful specimen of rich Decorated Gothic, its inner walls being covered with ancient frescos relating to the Old and New Testament history : it was used as the House of Commons from 1547 till 1834; and its walls resounded to the eloquence of Chatham, Pitt, Fox, Burke, Grattan, and Canning." Bare, St. Stephen's Court. The English Exchequer. That cupboard, where the mice disport, I hken to St. Stephen's Court. Matt. Prior (Erie SoteH's Mice). St. Stephen's HaU. A room in the New Palace at Westminster, London, leading from Westmin- ster Hall. It derives its name from occupying the same space as St. Stephen's Chapel of the old palace, and is lined by twelve statues of eminent parliamentary statesmen and orators. See St. Stephen's Chapel. What is the good of men collected, with effort, to debate on the benches of St. Stephen's, now when there is a Times Newspaper? Not the discussion of ques- tions; only the ultimate voting of them (a very brief process, I should thinlt !) re- Qiures to go on, or can veritably go on, in St. Stephen's now. Carlyle. St. Sulpice. This church, on the Place St. Sulpice in Paris, was commenced by Anne of Austria in 1646, but was not completed until 1745. It is in the form of a Latin cross. The exterior is very fine, and within, the high altar surrounded by statues of the Twelve Apostles is very impos- ing. St. Sulpice. See Place St. Sul- pice. St. Theodore's Column. A well- known pillar of granite in Ven- ice, Italy, on the summit of which is a statue of St. Theodore resting upon a crocodile. It was brought from the Holy Land in the early part of the twelfth century. St. Theodore was the first patron of Venice; but he was deposed, and St. Mark adopted, wljen the bones of the latter were brought from Alexandria. St. Theresa delivering St. Bernar- dino deMendoza from Purgatory. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). It is in the Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. St. Theresa. A statue by Giovan- ni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). In the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, in Borne. .8®- *' She is adorable. In a swoon of ecstatic happiness lies the saint, SAl 456 SAI with pendant bands, naked feet, and half-closed eyes, fallen in transports of blissful love. Her features are emaci- ated, but how noble I Words cannot render the sentiment of this aflfecting rapturous attitude." Taine, Trans. St. Thomas. See Inckedulitt of St. Thomas. St. Thomas d'Aquin. A fashion- able church in the most aristo- cratic quarter of the Faubourg St. Germain, Paris. It formerly belonged to a Dominican convent. Here, among other modern pic- tures, is one by Ary Scheffer, of St. Thomas calming the waves in a tempest. St. Thomas's Hospital. A hospital in London, originally founded in 1213 as an almshouse. Queen Victoria laid the first stone of the present building in 1868. St. Ursula. A well-known church in Cologne, Germany, containing the famous relics of the saint and of the 11,000 virgins. iS^ *' The whole church is full of virgins. The altar-piece is a vast pic- ture of the slaughter, not badly painted. Through various glass openings you perceive that the walls are full of the bones and skulls. Did the worship of Egypt ever sink lower in horrible and loathsome idolatry? *' diaries Beecher. St. Ursula. A picture by the dis- tinguished Flemish painter Jan van Eyck (1370-1441), represent- ing St. Ursula seated before a rich Gothic tower — her attribute. The picture bears the date 1437, and 13 in the Museum at Ant- werp, Belgium. St. Ursula. See EELiQUAKr of St. Ursula. St. Veronica. A picture by Roger van der AVeyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter, and one of his later works. It represents the saint with the Sudarium on which the countenance of Christ is im- pressed. The picture is now in the Stildel Institut at Frankfort- on-the-Main, Germany. St. Winifred's "Well. This was once the most celebrated holy well in Great Britain. It was situated in Holywell in the coun- ty of Flint, England. In the Middle Ages it was regarded with great veneration. It is said to derive its name from the follow- ing legend: "Winifred, a noble British maiden of the seventh century, was beloved by a certain Prince Cradocus. She repulsed his suit, and he in revenge cut oil her head. The prince was immediately struck dead, and the earth opening swallowed him up. Winifred's head rolled down the hill, and from the spot where it rested a spring gushed forth. St. Bueno picked up the head, and re-united it to the body, so that Winifred lived for many years a life of great sanctity; and the spring to which her name was given became famous for its cura- tive powers." The Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VH., built a court-house over this cele- brated well. In the seventeenth century it was visited by thou- sands, but has since fallen into comparative neglect. St. Zaccaria. An admired church in Venice, Italy, built in the mid- dle of the fifteenth century. Its facade is regarded by Fergusson as one of the finest in Italy. St. Zenobius, Burial of. A picture by Ridolfo Ghirlandajo (1482- 1560), the Italian painter, and con- sidered one of his chefs-d'ieuvre. lu the Louvre, Paris. St. Zenobius raising a dead child. A picture by Ridolfo Ghirlandajo (1482-1560), the Italian painter, and considered his masterpiece. It is in the Louvre in Paris. Sainte Chapelle. [Holy Chapel.] A small but beautiful religious edifice in the courtyard of the Palais de Justice in Patis, former- ly the royal chapel. It was begun in 1244, and finished in 1248. It is in two stories, to correspond with the floors of the ancient palace. The upper chapel was for the royal family, and the lower for the servants. This chap- el is attractive from its historical associations as well as from the SAI 457 SAL delicacy and beauty of its archi- tecture, whicli is Gothic, and one of the most exquisite specimens existing of that style. It -svas built by St. Louis for the recep- tion of reliques of the Saviour, — the crown of thorns, a piece of the true cross, and the spear- head which pierced our Saviour's side. The stained-glass windows of the chapel are very splendid ; four of them are illustrative of the principal events in the life of St. Louis and his two crusades. St. Chapelle is said to now pre- sent " the completest, perhaps the finest, example of the reli- gious architecture of the middle of the thirteenth century." 4®* '* It only "wants increased di- mensions to merit the title of a sub- lime specimen of Gothic art." Fergusson. Mabille at the present day is so well lEiiown, both in France and in other coun- tries, it is so frequented by people of fash- ion, by princes even, who in their pas- sage through the city visit it with as much interest as Notre Dame and the Sainie Chapelle, and give it renown, that to call the Chateau des Fieurs its brother is to confer upon it the liighest eulogy. Larousse, Trans. Sainte Clotilda. The chief mod- ern GrOthic church in Paris. It was begun in 1846, and is said to have cost £320,000. The style is that of ' the fourteenth century. It has two conspicuous spires, and is richly ornamented. Sainte G-udule. A cathedral church in Brussels, Belgium. It was built in 1273, and is famous for its painted windows, statues, and pulpit. Sainte Trinity. An ancient mo- nastic establishment in Caen, France, founded and consecrated by Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, 1066. [Also called Abbaye aux Dames.] SakkSrah, Tablet of. See Tablet OF SakkXrah. Sala a Crooe Greoa. [Hall of the Greek Cross.] A noble apart- ment in the Vatican, Rome. j8®- " Whoever would seek for the Inxury of architecture in its highest perfection will find it in the Hall of the Greek Cross. The finest materials are used to embellish the noblest propor- tions. . . . Every thing is rich, airy, and exhilarating." Eillard. Sala del Camblo. [Exchange Hall.] A building in Perugia, Italy, once an exchange, but now no longer used for that purpose. It is noted for its fine frescos by Perugino (1446-1524). This is still more apparent in the Cam- bio, akind of exchange or guildhall of the merchants. Perugino was intrusted with its decoration in the year 1500 Taine, Trans. Sala degli Animali. [Hall of Ani- mals.] An apartment in the Vati- can, at Rome, containing repre- sentations of animals in marble and alabaster. ;e®=- " The Hall of Animals is a fresh revelation of the resources of Greek sculpture. Here is a motionless me- nagerie in marble, — horses, dogs, cen- taurs, crocodiles, "wild boars, lions, bulls, and serpents. In some cases the colors of life are attempted, . . . the general effect of each type is given with nice discrimination." Hillard. Sala della Biga. [Hall of the Biga. ] A well-known apartment in the Vatican, Rome. fS- " The Hall of the Biga is a cir- cular chamber in which is preserved a representation in white marble of an ancient Biga, or chariot, with two wheels. Very little of the original work remains; but it has been restored with great taste and skill, and forms a curious and interesting object." mUard. Sala di Constantino. [Hall of Con- stantine.] A hall in the Vatican Palace, Rome, adorned with fres- cos by the pupils of Raphael, after designs by that master. Sala Ducale. [Ducal Hall.] A room in the Vatican Palace, in Rome, in which the popes for- merly gave audience to foreign princes. SalaEegia. [Royal Hall.] A room in the Palace of the Vatican, Rome, used as a hall of audience for ambassadors. Salisbury Cathedral. A famous church, the most. elegant of its kind in England, at Salisbury, SAL 458 SAL the capital of "Wiltshire. It was erected in the thirteenth century. The spire, which is greatly ad- mired for its beauty, is more than 400 feet in height. Salisbury Court Theatre. See Duke's Theatre. Salisbury Crags. The foremost, but not the highest, of a precipi- tous range of hills on the eastern side of Edinburgh, and south of Holyrood Palace. They are said to derive their name from the Earl of Salisbury, who was with Edward III. in his expedition to the north. The rocks, with the buildings upon them, give to the city its imposing appearance. See Akthub's Seat and Calton Hill. .e£^ "These Salisbury Crags "which overlook Edinburgh have a very pe- culiar outline : they resemble an im- mense elephant crouching down." Mrs. II. B. StovK. Salisbury Plain. A bare, barren tract, affording pasturage for sheep, about eight miles north of Salisbury, "^A'iltshire, England. It contains the druidical remains of Stonehenge, and is associated also with the hero of Hannah More's popular story of the " Sheiiherd of Salisbury Plain." i6®" "After dinner, we walked to Salisbury Plain. On the broad downs, under the griiy sky, not a house was visible, nothing but Stonehenge, which looked like a group of brown dwarfs in the wide expanse. Far and wide a few shepherds with their flocks sprinkled the plain." R. W. Emerson. Other edifices may crowd close to its foundation, and people may tramp as they like about it; but still the great cathedral [St. Paul's] is as quiet and serene as if it stood in the middle of Salisbury Plain. Hawthorne. Sallust's House and Gardens. [Lat. HoTti Pretiosissimi.] Cele- brated palace and pleasure- grounds in ancient Eome, once belonging to the historian Sallust (86-34 B.C.), and after his death purchased for the emperors. They were the favorite retreat of Vespasian, Nerva, and Aurelian. Many fine buildings once stood here, which were destroyed when Eome was taken by Alaric, A.D. 410, and only a few ruins now re- main. Salon, El. See SALOOif, The. Salon Carrfi. In the Louvre, Paris. Here are the finest paint- ings of the Italian, Flemish, Spanish, and French schools. Saloon, The. [Span. El Salon.'] A well-known promenade in the Prado, at Madrid, Spain. It is 1,450 feet in length, and 250 feet broad. .6®° "As you enter it [the Prado], you lind yourself in a superb wide opening called the Saloon ; on your right hand a double walk, and on your left first the place where carriages pa- rade, and afterwards another double walk, the whole ornamented with foun- tains and trees and statues." George Ticknor. Salt Pond. A natural curiosity in Giles County, Va. It is described as a lake of " fresh water sunk in the mountain [Salt Pond Moun- tain] at an elevation of 4,500 feet above the level of the sea, and is fed by no visible stream. . . . The lake is said to have been fradually enlarging instead of iminishing since 1804, when it was first discovered. It is with- out fish; and, though some were placed in it, they have disap- peared. Among its mysterious attractions is the singular fact that its depth is unfathomable, — a line 300 feet in depth touched no bottom. . . . The origin of this singular lake is undiscov- ered." Saltero's, Don. See Don Salte- KO'S. Salpltri&re. A house of refuge and hospital for poor, insane, aged, and incurable women, Bou- levard de r Hopital, Paris. It was founded under Louis XIV. jB®^ " This magnificent hospital, commonly called 'La Salpetriere,' — from its standing on ground formerly occupied as a saltpetre manufactory, — and which in the year 1662 contained nearly 10,000 poor, is 120 yards more than a quarter of a mile in length, by 36 yards more than the fifth of a mile in breadth." Sir Francis B. Read, SAL 459 SAN My neighbor said to a vulgar creature who was dancing : " Has the Salpltriere come down to the bal dii Tr6ne tu-day f " — "No, but iMazas has emptied itself to- day into the bal du TrSne." A distinc- tioa is made between them. Taine, Trans. Saltram Gallery. An interesting collection of paintings formed chiefly ty Sir Joshua Eeynolds, in the possession of the tearl of Morley at his country seat, Sal- tram, in Devonshire, England. Saltram House. The seat of the Earl of Morley, near Lyneham, England. Salutation, The. A picture by Ma- riotto Albertinelli (1475?-1520?), and considered his chef d'auvre. In the UlBzi Gallery,' Florence, Italy. Salutation. A tavern of this name, Vfell known in the eighteenth century, was situated in Tavi- stock Street, Covent Garden, London. The name Salutation was not confined to this tavern. See Salutation and Cat. There liath been great sale and utterance of Wine, Besides Beere, and Ale, and Ipocras fine, In every country, region, and nation. But chiefly in Billingsgate, at the Salu- tation. NewesfroTn BarOiolomew Fayre. Salutation and Cat. A tavern in Newgate Street, London, resorted to in the last century. Lamb and Coleridge met here. See Salu- tation. For me, I'm much concerned I cannot meet ** At Salutation Tavern, Newgate-street," Your notice, like your verse, so sweet and short ! If longer, I'd sincerely thank you for it. Samuel Richardson. Salvation. See Fount or Salva- tion. Salvator Mundi. [The Saviour of the World.] A picture bearing this name, by Fra Bartolommeo (1469-1517), the Italian painter. In the Pitti Palace at Florence, Italy. Salvator Mundi. A head of Christ, represented as the Saviour of the world, by Jan van Eyok (1370- 1441), the Flemish painter. It bears date 1438, and is in the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Samaritan. See Good Samaritan. Samaritan Synagogue. This little chapel, in which the few remain- ing Samaritans meet to worship, is on Mount Gerizim, not far from Jerusalem. The priests exhibit, but do not allow the visitor to touch, a very valuable copy of the Pentateuch which they believe to be 3,500 years old. Samian Sibyl. A picture by Fran- cesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1590-1666). In the Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. i8®=*'Iti8 a glorious work. "With her hands clasped over her volume, she is looking up with a face full of deep and expressive sadness. A pic- turesque turban is twined around her head, and hands of pearls gleam amidst her rich dark brown tresses. Her face bears the softness of dawning womanhood." Bayard Taylor, Samson and Delilah. 1. A pic- ture by Anthony van Dyok (1599- 1641), and considered by some one of his finest works. It is in the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. 2. A picture by Lucas Cra- nach (147i!-1553), a German paint- er. It is now in the Royal Gal- lery at Augsburg, Bavaria. Samson blinded by the Philis- tines. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryu (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. In the collection of Count Schonborn at Vienna, Austria. Samson threatening his Father- in-law. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter. In the Museum at Ber- lin, Prussia. [Sometimes called Prince Adolplms of Gueldres threat- ening his imprisoned father,} San Agostino. [St. Augustine.] A well-known church at Rome in the piazza of the same name. S^ '* It [San Agostino] is a transi- tional specimen between the pillared styles, which were then struggling for the mastery. It may either be regarded as the last of the old race, SAN 460 SAN or the first of the new style which was so soon destined to revolutionize the architectural world." Fergusson. San Carlo. [St. Charles.] A fa^ mous opera-house in. Naples, and one ol the largest in Europe. It was first opened in 1737. Hav- ing been burned down in the year 1816, it was rebuilt in the original form. Some ol the chief master- pieces ol music were first brought out on this stage. -6® ■ " There are six rows of boxes in this theatre : the house is magnifi- cent, the light is not strong, not daz- zling. The science of humoring the eye, and indeed all the senses, is well Tinderstood here. They do not heap the audience together, as at the * Grand Opera,' or at the ' ItaUens ' in Paris." Taine, Trans. San Francesco. 1. A beautiful and remarkable building ol Assi- si, Italy, so called from St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), the founder of one of the four orders of men- dicant monks, called Francis- cans. This interesting convent is now suppressed. Worn with travel, tired and lame. To Assisi's walls t Ciime: Sad, and full of homesick fancies, ' 1 addressed me to St. Francis. T. W. Parsons. 2. The hermitage of San Fran- cesco, situated in a picturesque gorge near the convent of San Francesco at Assisi, Italy, and remarkable as the solitary re- treat of St. Francis. San Giorgio. An important and noted church of the sixteenth century in Venice, Italy. San Griorgio-in-Velabro. A church in Rome, founded in the fourth century after Christ, and which has been several times rebuilt. For the origin of the name see Velabrum. .6Eg" " St. George and the dragon, and his martyrdom, are the usual sub- jects in the many churches dedicated to this saint. His church at Rome, at the foot of the Palatine, called from its situation San Giorgio-in-Velabro, was built by Leo 11. in 682. In a casket under the altar is preserved, as a pre- cious relic, a fragment of his banner; and on the vault of the apsis is an an- cient painting, the copy of a more an- cient mosaic, which once existed there. In the centre stands the Redeemer be- tween the Virgin and St. Peter; on one side, St. George on horseback with his palm as martyr, and his standard as the 'Red-cross Knight;' on the other side, St. Sebastian standing, bearded, and with one long arrow." JHrs. Jameson. San Giovanni, Baptistery of. See Baptisieky of San Giovanni. San Giovanni e San Paolo. A noted church in Venice, erected in the thirteenth century. .6®" " Their famous church at Ven- ice, the SS. Giovanni e Paolo, can never be forgotten by those who have lin- gered around its wondrous and pre- cious moniunents." Mrs. Jameson, San Giovanni, Porta. See Porta San Giovanni. San Gregorio. A church in Rome, founded in the seventh century, and so named from Gregory the Great, who was for many years a monk in the adjoining monastery. The church contains in one of its chapels the two celebrated rival frescos by Guido and Domeni- chino, of which Annibal Caracci said that the work of Guido was that of the master, but the pic- ture of Domenichino the work of the scholar who knew more than the master. San Ildefonao. See Granja, La. San Jacinto. A frigate of the United States navy, noted as be- ing the vessel into which Mason and Slidell, the Confederate emis- saries, were forcibly taken by her commander, Capt. Wilkes, from the British mail steamer Trent, on the 8th of November, 1861. San Juan d'UUoa. A famous for- tress now more than 250 years old, commanding the harbor of Vera Cruz, Mexico. San Lorenzo. A famous church in Florence, Italy, consecrated by St. Ambrose in 373, rebuilt by Brunelleschi and Antonio Ma- netti. This church contains the famous monuments of the Medi- SAN 461 SAN cis, executed by Michael An- gelo. es- " No church can he freer from had taste than thia one; and there is no false construction, nor any thing to offend the most fastidious." yergusson. San Lorenzo. See Maktykdom OP San Lorenzo. San Lorenzo fuori le Mur§,. [St. Laurence without the "Walls.] One of the seven basilicas of Eome, situated a short distance from the city, on the way to Ti- voli. The basilica is now almost swallowed up in the burial- ground of San Lorenzo, the great modern public cemetery of Kome. San Lorenzo in Lucina. A well- known church, situated on the Corso, Eome. San Luca, Accademia di. See St. Luke. San Marco. A well-known 'mo- nastic establishment in Florence, Italy, now used as a museum, and containing some fine fres- cos. San Marco, Piazza. See St. Mask's Square. San Michele. A famous monas- tery crowning an eminence in the neighborhood of Turin, Italy. See also Or San Michele. San Miniato al Monte. A cele- brated and -beautiful church near Florence, Italy, so named after the Florentine St. Miniato (or S. Minias), who, according to the legend, served in the Roman army under Decius, and suffered martyrdom in the year 254. The place now serves as a burial- ground — a Florentine Campo Santo. J^'" A mass of huildings conspicu- ous from their position and castellated appearance. The church, parts of which belong to the eleventh century, is an imposing structure, and is, to a considerahle extent, huilt of the frag- ments of ancient Roman edifices, which, when we compare their original desti- nation with their present position, re- 1 mmd us of a palimpsest manuscript, from which a hymn to Apollo has been expunged, and a holy legend written m Its place." milard. Who, that remembers Florence, does iiot remember well the San Miniato-in- Monte towering on its lofty eminence above the city, and visible alung the Lung Arno from the Pome alle Graiie to the Fonte alia Carraja ? Mrs. Jameson. Fired with the patriots' zeal, where San Miniato's glow „,„ _ Smiled down upon the foe, Tin Treason won the giites that mocSed the invader's steel. c. P. Cranch. San Pancrazio. [St. Pancras.J An ancient church in Rome, Italy. It adjoins the grounds of the Villa Pamphili. Tlie church was founded in the sixth century, and restored in the seventeenth, and has been the scene of many in- teresting events. In the siege of Rome in 1849 by the French, the building was taken by storm. As they passed The gate or San Pancrazio. human blood Flowed ankle-high about them, and dead men Choked the long street with gashed and gory piles. Wliittier. San Paolo fuori le Mura. [St. Paul's without the Walls.] One of the great churches of Rome. The original temple, which was one of the most interesting mon- uments of the early Church, hav- ing been founded by the Empe- ror Theodosius in 386 to com- memorate the martyrdom of St. Paul, and in which Christian worship had been performed un- interruptedly for 1,500 years, was destroyed by fire, July 16, 1824. A splendid edifice, though far in- ferior to its predecessor, has since been built upon the same site, which is pointed out as the burial- place of St. Paul. It was opened by Pius IX., in 1864. iS^ " The very abandonment of this huge pile standing in solitary grandeur on the banks of the Tiber was one source of its value. ... It remained genuine, though bare, as 8. Apollinare in Classe, at Ravenna, the city emi- nently of unspoiled basilicas." Cardinal Wiseman. /W " The church of San Paolo fuori le Murk was almost an exact counter- part of St. Peter's, both in design and dimensions. The only important vari- SAN 462 SAN ationB were, that the transept was made of the same width as the central nave, and that the pillars separating the nave from the side aisles were joined by arches instead of by a horizontal archi- trave. Both these were undoubted im- provements; the iirst giving space and dignity, the latter not only adding height, but giving it, together with lightness, that apparent strength requi- site to support the high wall placed over the pillars." " San Paolo, Porta di. See Pokta Di San Paolo. San Pietro in Montorio. A well- known and interesting church in Kome founded by Constantine the Great, and rebuilt by the Span- ish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella. The name Montorio (Monte d' Oro) is thought to be derived from the yellowish sand of the hill on which it stands. San Pietro in Vineoli. [St. Peter in Chains.] A celebrated church in Eome, on the Esquiline Hill, near the Baths of Titus; origi- nally founded, according to the legend, by Theodora, sister of Hermes, prefect of Rome, A.D. 109; but probably built by the Empress Eiidoxia, wife oi Val- entinian III., who jilaced in it one of the famous chains with ■which St. Peter is saiti to have been bound, and wliich now gives to this church its great at- traction to Catholic pilgrims. The chains are in fragments, many links having been broken off and sent as presents to differ- erent monarchs. The longest is some Ave feet. They are not publicly exhibited except on the occasion of the festival of St. Pe- ter, on the 1st of August and the following eight days. The church contains Michael Angelo's cele- brated statue of Moses. fl®-" San Pietro in Vineoli is one of the noblest cliurches in Rome, com- prising ft nave separated from two aisles by fluted marble columns of the Dpric order." Uillard. San Plaoido. See Martyrdom of San Plaoido and Santa Plavia. Sau Koooo, Souola di. A building in Venice, erected in the six- teenth century, containing some of the best works of Tintoretto and other Venetian painters. .6®=- " Among other buildings of this date \VnQ sixteenth century], the pala- tial traternity-houses — the so-called schools — take foremost rank; as for example the superb Scuola di San Rocco, extravagantly adorned with colored marble wainscoating and a wealth of plastic ornament." Lubke. Sau Sebastiano. [St. Sebastian.] A Roman basilica, or metropoli- tan church, situated about two miles beyond the gate of the same name, on the Via Appia. See DoMiiTE Quo Vadis and Cata- combs. San Sebastiano, Porta di. See Porta di San Seb.astiano. Ska, Stone of. See Stone op SiN. San Vitale. A celebrated Byzan- tine church in Ravenna, Ital.y, containing some fine mosaics. It was erected in the sixth century, but has undergone great restora- tions. Saneho Panza and the Duchess. A picture by Charles Robert Les- lie (ITaUSS!)). In the National Gallery, London. Sanota Sauotorum. [Holy of Ho- lies.] A celebrated Gothic chap- el in the basilica of St. John Lateran, in Rome, containing a, famous portrait of the Saviour, of Greek workmanship, attributed by the faithful to St. Luke, and said to be an exact likeness of Christ at the age of 12. This chapel is regarded as so extreme- ly sacred that no one but the pope can officiate in it; and it is only open even to the clergy on the day before Palm Sunday. See Holy or Holies. Sanctuary, The. A picture by Sir Edwin Landseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. This picture was painted in 1842, and is now the propert.y of Queen Victoria. Its motto was taken from the poem of Loch Maree : — SAK 463 SAK "Poor hunted hart! the painful struggle o'er, How blest the shelter of that island shore! There wliile he subs, his panting heart to rest, Nor hound nor hunter shall his lair molest." Sandringham Hall. The seat of the Prince of Wales, not far from Lynn, England. Sans Souci. A famous palace in the vicinity of Potsdam, near Ber- lin, Prussia. It was built by Frederick the Great (1712-1786), and was his favorite residence. Voltaire lived liere for a time. The name Philosopher of Sans Souci was givQn to Frederick the Great. He was a disciple of Voltaire, and the author of sev- eral political and philosophical treatises. On the whole, "we must pity Frederic, environed with thjit cluster of I'hiioso- phers: doubtless he meant rather well; yet the Kreucli at liosbach, with guns in their hands, were but a small matter, compared with these French in Sans Souci. Carlyle. Nay, what is better, T have not the trouble of entertaining tliem. My estate is a perfect Sans Souciy where every one does as lie pleases, and no one troubles the owner. Irving. Potsdam, ibou cradle of a line of kings, Quiet in thy srentness, a historic crown Kests well upon Lhee and on Sanssoucit The home of him whom sternly gained re- nown Calls "Great" forever. Arthur von Rapp. Santa Annunziata. A noted church in Florence, Italy. It was built in the thirteenth cen- tury, but has undergone restora- tions. It contains, among other chapels, one of the Annunciation built by Pietro de Medici. j^= " It [the chapel] is a very beau- tiful piece of architecture — a sort of canopy of marble, supported on pillars; and its magnificence within, in marble and silver, and all manner of holy dec- oration, is quite indescribable." Hawthorne. J8®=" " In the inner part of this chap- el is preserved a miraculous picture of the * SantisHma Annunziata* painted by angels, and held in such holy repute that $40,01)0 have lately been expended in providing a new crown for the aa- cred personage represented." Hawthorne* After dinner we went to the church of Annunciata, where tlio Duke and his Court were at their devotions; for here ia a shrhie that dos create miracles [proved] by innumerable votive tablets, Ac, cov. ering almost the walles of the whole church. This is the image of Gabriel who saluted the lil. Virgin, and which thp artist performed so well he was in de- spair of iliiishing the Virgin's face, where- UDon it was miraculouslv don for him whilst he slept; but others say it was painted by St. Luke himself. Whoever it was, infinite is tlie devotion of both sexes to it. John Evelyn^ 1644. Sant' Apollinare in Classe. A famous Byzantine church on the site of the old Roman town of Classis, in the neighborhood of Kavenna, Italy, dating from the sixth century. 41®=" " A vast lonely structure, bear- ing its huge long back against the low horizon, like some monster antedilu- vian saurian, the fit denizen of this marsh world. It is the venerable Ba- Bihca of S. Apollinare in Classe." Trollope. jBSP" •' On the spot where he [St. Apoliinaris of Ravenna] suffered, about 534 years afterwards, was built and dedicated to his honor the magnificent basilica of St. Apollinaris-in-Classe. It is still seen standing in the midst of a solitary marshy plain near Ravenna, surrounded with rice-grounds, and on the verge of that vast melancholy pine- forest made famous in the works of Boccaccio, Dante, and Byron." Mrs. Jameson. Santa Casa. [The Holy House.] A celebrated religious sanctuary in the church of the same name in the city of Loreto, Italy. For five centuries it has been a centre of pilgrimage, its fame and sanc- tity drawing crowds of votaries from all parts of the Christian world. It is a small brick house, enclosed in a marble casing, and contains the statue of the Virgin [Our Lady of Loretto], said to nave been sculptured by St. Luke from the cedar-wood of Lebanon. According to the Komish legend, the Casa Santa was the birthplace of the Virgin, the scene of the Annunciation and Incarnation, and the place where the Holy . Family found shelter after the flight out of Egypt. It is said to have been miraculously trans- ported from Nazareth by angels, SAN- 464 SAN and finally deposited, in 1295, on the spot it now occupies. J^^ " Every one knows the story of the House of Loreto. The devotion of one-half the world, and the ridicule of the other half, has made us familiar with the strange story, written in all the languages of Europe round the walls of that remarkahle sanctuary. But the ' wondrous flitting' of the Holy House is not the feature in its history which is most present to the pilgrims who frequent it. It is re- garded by them simply as an actual fragment of the Holy Land, sacred as the very spot on which the mystery of the Incarnation was announced and begun. In proportion to the sincerity and extent of this belief is ,the venera- tion which attaches to what is un- doubtedly the most frequented sanctu- ary in Christendom." Dean Stanley. a^ " Nazareth was taken by Sultan Khalil in 1291, when he stormed the last refuge of the Crusaders in the neighboring city of Acre. From that time, not Nazareth only, but ^he whole of Palestine, was closed to the devo- tions of Europe. The Crusaders were expelled from Asia, and in Europe the spirit of the crusades was extinct. But the natural longing to see the scenes of the events of the Sacred History — the superstitious craving to win for prayer the favor of consecrated localities — did not expire with the crusades. Can we wonder, that, under such circumstances, there should have arisen the feeling, the desire, the belief, that, if Mahomet could not go to the mountain, the mountain must come to Mahomet? The house of Loretto is the petrifaction, so to speak, of the Mast sigh of the cru- sades.' " I)ean Stanley. It is worthy of notice also, in the his- tory of this extraordinary chair [Shake- speare's], that it partakes something of the volatile nature of the Santa Casa of Lo- retto, or the flying chair of the Arabian enchanter; for, though sold some few years since to a northern princess, yet, strange to tell, it has found its way back again to the old chimney-corner. Irving. Thou seo'st my father's house, so German, there, As if In airy flight such angel-pair, As bore Loretto's house of charity. Right from the Ithine had brought thee o'er the sea. Graf von Auersperg, Trans. Forms, features, worshipped while we breathe or move. Be, by some spirit of your dreaming hour, Borne, hko Loretto's chapel, through the air To the green land I sing, then wake : you'll find them there. Fitz- Greene lialleck. I scanned That house walled round with sculptured forms divine, Labor Illustrious of a Tuscan hand. Of song-raised temples we have heard' ere now: Lo, here a visible hymn in marble graven ! Aubrey de Vere. Santa Conversazione. [The Holy Conversation.] A name given to a style of representations of the Madonna, or the Holy Family, in which numerous figures are grouped around the virgin and Child, usually amid retired and heautiful country landscapes. Palma Vecchio (1475-1528) seems to have invented the larger form of this composition, of which fre- quent examples are found among his works. Santa Croce. [Holy Cross.] A famous church of the Black Friars in Florence, Italy. As a favorite place of interment of the Floren- tines, it has often been styled the "Westminster Abbey" of the city. ij®" "In Santa Croce, as at West- minster Abbey, the present destination of the building [as a place of interment] was no part of the original design. . . . Thus it came to pass, as if by accident, that in the vault of the Buonarotti was laid Michael Augelo ; in the vault of the Viviani, the preceptor of one of their house, Galileo. From these two burials the church gradually became the recognized shrine of Italian ge- nius." I>€an Stanley. J3®= "This morning ... to the church of Santa Croce, the great monu- mental deposit of Florentine woi'thies. . . . I threw my eyes about the church, and came to the' conclusion, that, in spite of its antiquity, its size, its archi- tecture, its painted windows, its tombs of great men and all the reverence and interest that broods over them, it is not an impressive edifice. Any little Nor- man church in England would impress me as much or more." JSawihome. J8®" "This church of Santa Croce contains perhaps the most brilliant as- semblage of the dead in Europe." Mme. de Siael. In Santa Croce's holy precincts lie Ashes which make it holier, dust which is Even in Itself an immortality. Though there were uotliing save the past, and this The particle of those sublimities "Which have relapsed to chaos : — here re- pose SAN 465 SAK Angelo's, Alfieri's bones, nnd his. The starry Galileo, with his woes; Here Maehiavelli's earth, returned to whence It rose. Byron. Henceforward, Dante] now my soul is sure That thine is better comforted of scorn, And looks down from the stars in fuller cure. Than when, in Santa Croce church, for- lorn Of any corpse, the architect and hewer Did pile the empty marbles as thy tomb ! Mrs. Browning. There's a verse he set In Santa Croce to her memory. Mrs. Browning. Santa Croce and the dome of St. Peter's are lame copies after a divine model. £!merson. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. [Holy Cross in Jerusalem.] One of the great Roman basilicas. It derives its name from the Title of the True Cross (Titulus Crucis), — a plank of wood bearing the in- scription in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, Jesus Nazarene King, — deposited liere by the Empress Helena, and from the earth from Jerusalem which was brought and mixed with the foundations of tlie church. JS^ *' The Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme stands on th^ lonely ex- panse of the Esquiline Hill, close hy the walls of Rome, . . . built by St. Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. Unspeakable are the obligations the Roman Catholic world lies under to this exemplary saint and empress, not only for bringing into the world the first Christian emperor, but for going all the way to Jerusalem on purpose to make the discovery of the True Cross (which nobody on the spot had been able to find for 300 years), and bringing it to this church, where every true believer may see it." C. A. Baton. Santa CuUa. [The Holy Cradle.] A relic preserved in a costly reli- quary in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, and be- lieved by the devout to be the identical cradle in which the Sav- iour was carried into Egypt. It is publicly exhibited on Christ- mas Day. Sant' Elmo. See St. Elmo. Santa Pelicitk. See Martyrdom OF Santa FelicitX. Santa Flavia. See Maetykdom I OF San Placido and Santa Fla- VI A. Santa Liparata. See Santa Ma- ria DEL FlORE. Santa Maria. One of the three vessels with which Columbus set sail for America. The tianta Ma- ria was commanded by Columbus in person. These little ships set sail from Palos, Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. ' J3^ "The departure from Palos, where, a few days before, he had begged a morsel of bread and a cup of water for bis wayworn child,— his final fare- well to the Old "World at the Canaries, — his entrance upon the trade-winds, which then, for the first time, filled a European sail, — the portentous varia- tion of the needle, never before ob- served, — the fearful course westward and westward, day after day, and night after night, over the unknown ocean,— the mutinous and ill-appeased crew; — at length, when hope had turned to de- spair in every heart but one, the tokens of land, — the cloud-banks on the west- ern horizon, — the logs of drift-wood, — the fresh shrub, floating with its leaves and berries, — the flocks of land- birds, — the shoals offish that inhabit shallow water,— the indescribable smell of the shore, — the mysterious presenti- ment that seems ever to go before a great event, — and finally, on that ever- memorable night of the 12th of October, 1492, the moving light seen by the sleepless eye of the great discoverer himself, from the deck of fhe Santa Maria, and in the morning the real, un- doubted land, swelling up from the bosom of the deep, with its plains, and hills, and forests, and rocks, and streams, and strange new ra^es of men ; — these are incidents in which the au- thentic history of the discovery of our Continent excels the specious wonders of romance, as much as gold excels tin- eel, or the sun in the heavens out- shines the flickering taper." £:. Everett. Santa Maria ad Martyres. See Pantheon. Santa Maria degU Angeli. [Holy Mary of the Angels.] A Koman church built hy Michael Angelo out of a portion of the ruins of the Baths of Diocletian. iftaT " One of the largest and hand- somest churches in Rome. It is Dio- cletian's bathing-room. Immense col- umns, each a single block of granite, SAN 466 BAN still stand proudly and unchanged from his time. In this church there is some- thing very pleasant and refreshing, as if one were in the open air under the shade of the pine-trees, and at the same time all is so wolitary, solemn, really Catholic! The walls display some of the finest paintings.' Here is Domeni- chino's ' St. Sebastian,' and Carlo Ma- ratti's ' Baptism of Christ.' " /Ia7t8 Christian Andersen. Santa Maria dei Gesuiti. [St. Mary of the Jesuits.] A church in Venice, Italy. It contains an *' Assumption " by Tintoretto, and a "Martyrdom of St. Law- rence " by Titian. [Called also S.^laria Assunta.] -6®" "In order to see this taste in full display, it is necessary to visit the Gesu, . . . the central monument of the society [the Jesuits], built by Vign- olles and Jacques dclla Porta in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. The grand pagan renaissance perpetu- ates itself here, but with modihcations. . . . With the solidity of its founda- tion and the soundness of its forms, ■with the pompous majesty of its pilas- ters crowned with' gilded capitals, its painted domes eddying with grand fig- ures, its paintings framed in with bor- dcrings of sculptured gold, . . . this church resembles a magnificent ban- queting hall, some regal hotel de vilie decked out with all its silver and glass ... to receive a monarch and do hira the honors of a city." Taine, Tj'ans. Santa Maria del Fiore. [Holy Mary of the Flower.] The cathe- dral or Duoino of Florence, Italy, be;::jun in 1294, and finished by Brunelleschi in 144ti. It is so called Lu allusion to the lily in the city arms of Florence, which perpetuates the tradition of its having hoen founded in a flowery field. The cupola is one of the largest domes in the world, and can be compared only to that of St. Peter's. Many eminent ar- chitects were engaged in the con- struction of this church, among whom in particular Giotto may be mentioned, by whom the fa^ mous campanile, or bell-tower, was designed. "When Michael Angelo was asked to make the dome of St. Peter's excel that of the Cathedral of Florence, be said that he would make "its sister, greater, but not more beautiful." .eSP" " Ab patroness of Florence in her own right, the Virgin bears the title of Saiiia 3Iaria del Fiore, and in this character she holds a flower, gener- ally a rose, or is in the act of presenting it to the Child." Mrs. Jameson. fl®"" Florence extended her walls for the thu'd time. Arnolfo de Lapo, the famous architect, began to build the churches which yet stand there as the greatest and finest, and among them, most distinguished of all, Santa Maria del Fiore. He built it in a new style, —the Gothic, or as the Italians called it, the German, the free upward- rising proportions of which took the place of the more heavy and wide- spreading dimensions in which they had been built hitherto." GWmm, Trans. >eS^" Around the Duomo, there is strife and bustle at all times : crowds come and go; men buy and sellj boys laugh and quarrel; but, in the midst of this, there is the Duomo unharmed and unpolluted, at the same time a prayer and poem." Fascarel, Trans. J^- " The charm of the pastin Flor- ence is like the beauty of the majestic Duomo." Fascarel, Trans. -C®= " Among the greatest and most complete examples of Italian Gothic is the church of Sta. Maria dei Fiori, the cathedral of Florence, one of the largest and finest churches produced in the Middle Ages, — as far as mere grandeur of conception goes, perhaps the very best, though considerably marred in execution from defects of style which are too apparent in every part." Fergusson. Santa Maria del Popolo. A church in Rome, near the Porta del Popolo, said to have been found- ed in 1099. ,6®" " A church of the fifteenth cen- tury, modernized by Bernini, but etill impressive. AVide arcades in rows separate the great nave from the lesser ones, and the effect of these bold curves is grave and grand." JI. Taine, Trans. Santa Maria dcU* Ara Coeli. See Ara Cceh. Santa Maria della Salute. [Our Lady of Salvation.] A noble and conspicuous church in Ven- ice, Italy, built in the early part of the seventeenth century, and fronting on the Grand Canal. It is a votive church, having been built as an offering to the Virgin SAN 467 SAN for having stayed a pestilence wliicli T/as devastating the city, from wliicli circumstance the cliurcli talces its name. AVlicn at last lliat boat darted forth upon the breadth of silver sea, across which the front of llio Ducal rnlace, flushed with i:s sanguine veins, looks to the snowy dome of Our Lad]/ of JSalvaCion, it was no marvel that the mind should be so deeply entranced by the visionary charm cf a scene so beautiful and so strange, a^ to fortjct the darker trutlis < f Its history and its being. Raskin. Santa Maria di Kotonda. See Pantheon. Santa , Maria Gloriosa dei Frari See Fbaki, etc. Santa Maria in Trastevere. A church in Rome, said to liave been the first in the city conse- crated to the Virgin. It was founded by St. Calixtus in 224, and was in early times Icnown as Fons Olei, from a spring of oil which is said to have appeared there at the time of the Saviour's birth. Tlie church was after- wards rebuilt, and has since been largely altered. Santa Maria Maggiore. [St. Mary the Greater.] One of the princi- pal Roman churches, and thethird in rank. It was founded A.D. 352, by Pope Liberius, — hence often styled the Liberian Basilica, — and was originally called S. Maria ad Nives, from a legend that it was founded in fulfihnent of a vision representing a fall of snow which covered the precise space to be occu]iied. This legend is the sub- ject of two fine pictures byMurillo in the Gallery at Madrid. The basilica afterwards took its pres- ent name from being the principal of all the churches of Rome dedi- cated to tlie Virgin. This basili- ca is one of those which possesses a Porta Santa. XHT" The basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore has little to be commended externally; but the interior, through all the changes which it has undergone, still retains Ihe features of the basilica essentially unimpaired, and a single glance at its noble and harmonious pro- portions vindicates the taste and judg- ment of those who adapted th.at form to the purposes of Christian worship." Millard. /J£S^ " This basilica, standing upon a large eminence, surmounted with its domes, -rises nobly upwards, at once simple and complete; and when you enter it, it atFords still greater pleas- ure. It belongs to ^the lifth century : on being rebuilt at a later period, the general plan, its antique idea, was pre- served. An ample portico with a hori- zontal roof is sustained by two rows of white Ionic columns. You are re- joiced to see so fine an etiect produced by such simple means." Taine, Trans. Santa Maria Uovella. [The New Church of the Holy Virgin.] A fine Gothic church in Florence, Italy, containing some fine paint- ings. The square in front of this church is the scene of many of the public festivities of the city. Michael Angelo thought this church very beautiful, and called it " the bride " (la Sposa). /Kg^**The interior of Santa Maria Novella is spacious and in the Gothic style, though differing from English churches of that order of architecture. Its old walls are yet stalwart enough to outlast another set of frescos, and to see the beginning and the end of a new school of iiainting as long-lived as Ci- mabue's. I should be sorry to have the church go to decay, because it was here that Boccaccio's dames and cava- liers encountered one another." UuiothQm&. And, past the quays, Maria Novella's Place, In which the mystic obelisks stand up Triangular, pyramidal, each based On a sinple trme of brazen tortoises. To guard that fair church, Buonarotti's liride. That stares out from her large blind dial- eyes. Her quadrant and armillary dials, black "With rhythms of many suns and moons, in vain Inquiry for so rich a soul as his. Mis. Browning. Or enter, in.ynur Florence wanderings, Santa Maria Novella church. Mrs. Browning. Santa Maria sopra Minerva. [The Holy Virgin upon Minerva.] The principal Gothic church in Rome, so called because it was built upon the ruins of a temple of Minerva. It contains many in- teresting relics of art and history. Santa PetroniUa. A famous pic- ture by Giovanni Francesco Bar- bieri, called Guercino (1590-1666), SAN" SAN representing the saint as "being raised from her tomb to be shown to Flaccua, her betrothed." In the Capitol at Rome. Santa, Porta. See Pokta Santa. Santa Eeparata. See Santa Ma- KIA DEL PlOKE. Santa Saba. This ancient convent is on a mountainous height over- looking tlie Dead Sea. It is about three hours ride from Jerusalem. The situation is wild and dreary in the extreme. It was founded by St. Saba in the fifth century, and tradition says that 14,000 an- chorites followed him hither. Cyril, John Damascenus, and Euphemius lived here. It is said that this convent contains many inestimable manuscripts, but only Turks are allowed to see them. The building occupies a situation of wild grandeur, the irregular groups of towers, walls, and chapels being lodged upon narrow terraces in the rock, and clinging to the faces of precipices. Women are not allowed to enter the convent under any circum- stances, the monks being, as Miss Martineau says, too holy to be hospitable. Santa Soala. [The Holy Staircase.] A famous staircase consisting of 28 marble steps, on the north side of the Basilica of St. John Laterau at Rome. According to the church tradition, they belonged to the house of Pilate, and are the very steps descended by the Saviour when he left the judg- ment-seat. Penitents can ascend only upon their knees, and the multitude of the faithful who visit them is so great that it has been found necessary to protect the steps by planks of wood. For 1500 years this staircase has been regarded with special veneration by the Roman Church. In a chapel of a church on the sum- mit of the Kreuzberg, near Bonn, on the Rhine, is a marble stair- case built by the Elector Clement Augustus, in 1725, in imitation of the Scala Santa, which, like the latter, is believed by the faithful to he the identical staircase which led to Pilate's Judgment Hall, and which no one is allowed to ascend except on his knees. eS- " These holy steps that pious knees have worn till they are almost ■worn away, have now been cased in wood. ... Go when you will, except on a grand fesia — you cannot fail to see various sinners creeping up it on their knees, repeating on every step a Paternoster and an Ave Maria. ... I am told the ascenders of this Holy Staircase gain three thousand years' indulgence every time of mounting; "but what temptation is that in a church where indulgences for thirty-nine thou- sand years may be bought on the festa of the patron saint? " C. A. Eaton, J^' " It is covered with wood, and the devout ascend it on their knees. I have just seen these people staggering and climbing up : it takes half an hour thus to hoist themselves to the top, clinging to its steps and walls with their bands the better to become im- fregnated with the sanctity of the place, t is worth while to see their earnest- ness, their large fixed eyes. . . . One would imagine himself in a Buddhist country : there is gilding for the better and relics for the poorer classes — such is the comprehension of worship in Italy for the last two hundred years." Taine, Trans. S£^ " I never, in my life, saw any thing at once so ridiculous, and so un- pleasant, as this sight, — ridiculous in the absurd incidents inseparable from it ; and unpleasant in its senseless and unmeaning degradation. There are two steps to begin with, and then a rather broad landing. The more rigid climbers went along this landing on their knees, as well as up the stairs; and the figures they cut, in their shuf- fling progress over the level surface, no description can paint. Then, to see them watch their opportunity from the porch, and cut in where there was a place next the wall ! And to see one man with an umbrella (hrought on pur- pose, for it was a fine day) hoisting himself, unlawfully, from stair to stair! And to observe a demure lady of fifty- five or so, looking back, every now and then, to assure herself that her legs were properly disposed ! There were such odd dift'erences in the speed of different people too. Some got on as if they were doing a match against time; others stopped to say a prayer on every step. This man touched every stair with his forehead, and kissed it; that man scratched his head all the way. . . . But most of the Pern- SAN 469 SAP tents came down very Bprightly and ■ fresh, as having done a real good sub- stantial deed, which It would take a good deal of sin to counterbalance." Dickens. The pious monk [Luther] climbing the Santa Scala painfully on his knees among the retinue of pilgrims. Chr. Examiner. Brother Martin Luther went to aecdm- plish the ascent of the Santa Scala, which once, they say, formed part of Pilate's house. Schonberg-Cotta Chronicles. Santissimo Bambino. See Bam- bino. Santo Chiodo. [The Holy Nail.] See Iron Ceowx. Santo Eremo. See Sacro Eeemo. Santo Spirito. A well-known and interesting church of the four- teenth century, in Florence, It- aly. Santo Volto. [Holy Face.] A crucifix preserved in the cathe- dral of Lucca, Italy, and held in the utmost veneration by the people. The tradition is, that it is the "work of Nicodemus, who sculptured it from memory. There are references to be found also to another Santo Volto in the church of Santa Croce at Florence. The other sank, and rose again face down- ward ; But the demons, undercover of the bridge. Cried: "Here the *San(oP^;/ohasnoplace.' Here si\nms one otherwise than in the Ser- chio; ' Therefore, if for our gaffs thou wishest not, Do not uplift thyself above the pitch," Dante, Inferno, Trans, of Long/ellow. Sappho's Leap. The name given to a white cliif or promontory an- ciently called Leucadia,now Cape Ducato, at the southern extrem- ity of Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands. It was so called because Sappho, the poetess, is reported to have thrown herself from this height into the sea. A criminal, with birds attached to him to break his fall, was thrown from this cliff at the annual festi- val of Apollo; and, if he reached the water unhurt, he was picked up by boats placed there for the purpose. This is the rock from which, according to the story, lovers threw themselves in order to be free from the pangs of love. JS£^ " I shall in this paper discharge myself of the promise I have made to the puhlic by obliging them with a translation of the little Greek manu- script, which is said to have been pre- served in the Temple of Apollo upon the promontory of Leucate.' It is a short history of the ' Lover's Leap.* [Here follows a humorous account of various persons who threw themselves from the precipice.] . . . Sappho the Lesbian arrived at the Temple of Apol- lo, habited like a bride. After having sung a hymn to Apollo, she hung up her garland on one side of his altar and her harp on the other. She then tucked up her vestments like a Spartan virgin, and amidst thousands of specta- tors who were anxious for her safety, marched directly forward to the utmost s'ummit of the promontory, where, after having repeated a stanza of her own verses, which we could not hear, she threw herself off the rock with such an intrepidity as was never before ob- served in any one who had attempted that dangerous leap. . . . Alcasus, the famous lyric poet, who had been some time passionately in love with Sappho, arrived at the promontory of Leucate that very evening in order to take the leap upon her account ; but hearing that Sappho had been there before him, and that her body could be nowhere fouud — he very generously lamented her fall, and is said to have written his hundred and twenty-fifth ode upon that occa- sion." Addison, Spectator. '* Sappho's Leap of course was the great point of interest. It is a precipice about two hundred feet in height, near the southern extremity of the island, and, I should judge, well adapted for the old lady's purpose." Bayard Taylor, There stands a rock, from whose impend- ing steep Apollo's fane surveys the rolling deep ; There injured lovers, leaping from above, Their flames extinguish and forget to love. Deucalion once with hopeless fury burned, In vain he loved — relentless Pyrrha .«!Comed : But when from hence he plunged into the main, Deucalion scorned, and Pyrrha loved in vain Haste. Sappho, haste, from high Leucadia throw Thy wretched weight, nor dread the deeps below ! Ovid, Tr. Pope. 'Twas on a Grecian autumn's gentle eve Childe Harold hailed Leucadia*s cape afar. SAE 470 SCA See Dante's But when he saw the evening sfar above Leucadia's far-projecting cape of woe, And hailed the last resort of fruitless love. He felt, or deemed he felt, no common glow. Byron, Saratoga. A mansion near Berry- ville, Va., once the residence of Gen. Daniel Morgan (1736-1802), who is said to have built the house with the help of Hessians taken prisoners at Saratoga. Saratoga, The. A noted vessel, the flag-ship of the American fleet under Commodore Macdon- ough, in the naval battle on Lake Champlain in September, 1«14. The Saratoga took the Confi- ance, the flag-ship of the British fleet. Sardanapalus. A picture by Fer- dinand Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799-1863), the celebrated French historical painter. Sarto, Andrea del. See Akdkea DEL Saeto. Sasso di Daute. Stone. Saturday Club. An old club in London. Swift writes to Stella in 1711 that there were Lord Keeper, Lord Rivers, Mr. Secre- tary, Mr. Harley, and himself; and again, in 1713, " I was of the original Club, when only poor Lord Rivers, Lord Keeper, and Lord Bolingbroke came; but now Ormond, Anglesey, Lord Stewart, , Dartmouth, and other rabble in- trude, and I scold at it; but now they pretend as good a title as I; and, indeed, many Saturdays I am not there. The company being too many, I don't love it." Saturn, Temple of. See Temple OF Satukn. Saturnian Hill. See Capitoline Hill. Saul and the 'Wltoh of Endor. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843). Forraely in posses- sion of Col. T. H. Perkins, Bos- ton. Savin Kock. A bluff on Long Is- land Sound, near New Haven, Conn., and a favorite place of re- sort for the inhabitants. Saviour, St. See St. Savioue. Savoir Vivre Club. See Boodle's Club. Savonarola. A portrait by Fra Bartolommeo {Delia Porta) (146&- 1517). In the Museum of St Mark, Florence, Italy. Savoy, The. A noted palace which once stood in London, all remains of which were removed upon the building of Waterloo Bridge. The Savoy was built on ground granted to Peter, Earl of Savoy, and magnificently rebuilt by Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, it having been purchased by Queen Eleanor. There lived the captive King John of France, who died there in 1364. The poet Chaucer was married in theSa^ voy to Philippa de Ruet. The palace was destroyed by the reb- els under Wat Tyler in 1381, but was rebuilt as a hospital by Hen- ry VII. Part of the Savoy was used as a prison. JB^ " Still aiming at the lawyers, the people attacked the Temple and burned it, "with the records which it contained. They proceeded next to destroy the Savoy Palace belonging to the Duke of Lancaster, the most beau- tiful house in England, and afterwards the Hospital of the Knights of Rhodes, the bloody axe beating lime to their march, and every supposed enemy of popular rights that was unable to es- cape being dragged to the block." F7-oude. The comons brent the .Sawoj/eaplacefayre For eviU wyll the hand unto Duke John: Wherefore he fled northwarde in great dis- payre Into ScoUande. Bardyng^s Chronicle. Cade. So, sirs. — :Sow go some and pull down the Savoy. King Henry VI., Part U. Not content with the easy victories which he [Dr. William Sherlock] gained over such feeble antagonists as those who were quartered at Clerkenwell and the Savoy, he had the courage to measure his stren{:th with no less a champion thnn Bossuet, and came out of the contiict without discredit. Macaulay. Scala, La. A celebrated theatre in Milan, Italy, of great size, sur- passed only by that of San Carlo at Naples. SCA 471 SCH He carried me immediately to his box in the groiit theatre Delia Scala; for here everybody gees every evening to tlie plav, and what sjociety there is ... is at tliis great exchange and lounge. George 2'icknor {in 1817). I fancy that to find good Italian opera you must seek it somewhere out of Italy, — thougli possil)Iy it miglit be chanced upon at La Scala in Milan, or San Carlo in Naples. W. JJ. Mowells. Seala dei G-iganti. See Giaut's Staircase. Scala d'Oro. See Golden Staik- CASE. Scala Eegla. [Royal Staircase.] A staircase in the palace of the Vatican in Rome, a magnificent ■work of Bernini, leading to the Sala Regia. Scaligers, Tombs of the. See Tombs of the Scaligeks. Seeleratus, Vic us. See Vious SCELEKATUS. Sohaffhausen. See Fall of SCHAFFHAUSEN. Schiava di T i z i a n o. [Titian's Slave.] A picture in the Bar- herini Palace, Rome. It is now attributed to Jacopo Raima, called Raima Vecchio (1480?- 1548). Schiavi, Torre di. See Tokre di SCHIAVI. Schleissheim. A deserted palace in the vicinity of Munich, which once contained a celebrated gal- lery of pictures. It still contains the Crucifixion, by Tintoretto, one of the largest pictures in the world. Sohbnberg. A ruined castle on the Rhine, near Oberwesel, asso- ciated with romantic legends. Schbnberg Cotta House. The famous house in Eisenach, Ger- many, in which Martin Luther once lived. "The house has an antique, tumble-down appear- ance, owing to its top-heavy style, but was evidently rather a fine house in its day, though the in- terior arrangements must always , have been inferior. The rooms are very small, with tiny win- dows. The bedroom is like a prison-cell, and the sitting-room is only a trifle larger." Mrs. E. R. Charles wrote " Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family." Sohbnbrunn. The summer palace of the Emperor of Austria, about two miles from Vienna. It de- rives its name from a beautiful fountain (Schone Brunnen) at the end of one of the alleys in the garden. The palace was built by the Empress Maria Theresa, and was occupied by Napoleon in 1809, when Vienna was in the hands of the French. Shall Belgium feel, and gallant France, By Vendome's pile and SchombrurCs wall. And Poland, gasping on her lance. The impulse of our cheering call ? WhilHer. Sohbne Brunnen. [Beautiful Fountains.] A fine work of mon- umental art in the market-place at Nuremberg, Germany. &^'** One of the most unexception- able pieces of German design in exist- ence. It much reserables the contem- porary crosses erected by our Edward!, to the memory of his beloved queen Eleanor; but it is larger and taller, ttie sculpture better, and better disposed, and the whole design perhaps unri- valled among monuments of its class." Fergusson. Sohbuforst. A ruined castle near Aix-la-Chapelle in Rhenish Prus- sia. School of Athens. The popular title of a celebrated fresco by Ra- phael Sanzio (1483-1520) in the Camera delta Sec/nahira of the Vatican Palace in Rome. Its proper subject is Philosophy, and it is one of four paintings which the chamber contains, — the other three illustrating respec- tively Theology, Poetry, and Jurisprudence, and which were intended to exhibit the lofty sub- jects of thought with which the human mind is occupied. .8®= *' The general arrangement of this subject [the School of Athens] is masterly. The style is grand and free ; a picturesque unity of effect seems to liave been the artist's aim throughout, and tliis aim he has attained most per- SCH 472 SCO fectly. . . . The group of youths in particular aBserabled around Archime- des, is among the most interesting and natural of Raphael's creations." Eastlake. S^ " In the composition and exe- cution of the ' School of Athens,' Ra- phael had recovered, so to speak, the long-lost thread of the manner and taste of antiquity, and had at length connected "with the eternal models of the true and beautiful the chain of mod- ern inventions." Quatrem'ere de Quinct/. Schoolmaster. See TrriAs's SCHOOLMASTEK. Schuyler, Fort. See Fort Schtjx- LEB. Schwedenstein. [Stone of the Swede.] A monument erected on the battle-field of Liitzen, Germany, to mark the spot vi^here Gustavus Adolphus fell Nov. 6, 1632. Sciarra Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Sci- arra.J A palace on the Corso, Eome, built in 1603 by Labacco, and containing a small gallery of pictures in which are some fine works of art. Sciences, AcadSmie des. One of the five academies embraced in the Institut, the most important learned society of France. It is devoted to purely scientific, mor- al, and political objects. It was founded in 1795, suppressed by Napoleon in 1803, and re-estab- lished by the government of Louis Philippe in 1832. See In- stitut. Soimia, Torre della. See Torre BELLA SCIMIA. Scipios, Tombs of the. See Tombs OF THE SCLPIOS. Scollop Shell Cave. A natural curiosity in the island of Staffa, in Scotland. It derives its name from the peculiar shape of the basaltic columns, which are bent in such a way as to give them the appearance of a ship's timbers, or of a scollop shell. Scone Palace. The parish of Scone with its castle was formerly one of the most important places in Scotland. The Scottish kings were crowned in the abbey which stood here, and of which only a part of an aisle and a cross re- main. On the ancient site near Perth stands a modern mansion, called Scone Palace, the seat of Lord Mansfield. See Stone of Scone. This castle hath a pleasant seal: the air Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself Unto oar gentle senses. Shakespeare. Scone, Stone of. See Stone op Scone. Scorpion, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched July 4, 1863. Scotland Yard. A place in Lon- don said to derive its name from the fact of its being the site of a palace in which the kings of Scotland were received when they came to England, and now widely known as the headquar- ters of the metropolitan police. Scotland Yard is near the Ban- queting House, "Whitehall. It remained in the possession of the kings of Scbtland from 959 (the time of King Edgar) till the re- bellion of William of Scotland (reign of Henry II.). Milton, Inigo Jones, Sir John Denham, Sir Christopher Wren, lived in Scotland Yard. No one .could be arrested for debt within the lim- its of Scotland Y'ard. Much of this had occurred before the intelligence of Scotland lard had been set to work by Judge Bramher. AiUlwny TroUope. Scott Monument. A memorial structure 200 feet in height, in Edinburgh, Scotland, erected in 1844 in honor of Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), and designed to imi- tate Melrose Abbey. It consists of a pile of aiches diminishing in size towards the top, with 56 niches for statues of some of the chief characters in the stories of the great novelist. Beneath the main arches is a statue of Scott himself and his dog, by Steele. S^ " Most conspicuous and beauti- ful of all objects, rises 200 feet an elab- orate browu-Btone Gothic spire in the SCO 473 SEA shape of a mediseval cross, and noblest example of that style ever reared, — in- deed, one of the noblest open-air mon- uments on earth, the just and honor- able memorial of Scotland to Sir "SVal- ter Scott." J. F. Uunnewell. Scottish Kaid. A picture by Eosa Bonheur (b. 1822), the celebrated French painter of animals. Scriblerus Club. This famous as- sociation in London, formed in 1714 by Dean Swift in place of the Brothers Club, was of a lit- erary rather than political char- acter. Arbuthnot, Pope, Gay, Oxford, and St. John were mem- bers. The chief object of the club was to satirize the abuse of human learning; but violent dis- agreements between Oxford and Bolingbroke, which Swift tried in vain to settle, led to the final dissolution of the society. Scott says that the violence of political faction " dispersed this little band of literary brethren, and prevent- ed the accomplishment of a task for which talents so various, so extended, and so brilliant, can never again be united." The "Memoirs of P. P., Clerk of the Parish," and the famous "Gulli- Ter's Travels," preserve the memory of the Scriblerus Club. Dyce says, " In the MisceUanies of Pope and Swift, was printed, for the first time, Martinus Scri- blerus HEPI BA0OY2, or the Art of Sinking in Poetry, of which the greater part, if not the whole, was composed by Pope. It was intended to form a portion of that larger work, which the members of the Scriblerus Club, particu- larly Pope, Swift, Arbuthnot, and Lord Oxford, had projected many years before." JJ®-" Polite letters never lost more than by the defeat of this scheme, in which each of this illustrious trium- virate [Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot] would have found exercise for his own pecuhar talent, besides constant em- ployment for that they all held in com- mon. For Arbuthnot was skilled in every thing which related to science; Pope was a master in the fine arts ; and Swift excelled in a knowledge of the world. Wit they had all in equal measure ; and this so large, that no age perhaps ever produced three men to whom nature had more bountifully be- stowed it, or art had brought it to higher perfection." WarJnirton. .6Sr " The name originated as fol- lows : Oxford used playfully to call . Swift Martin, and from this sprung Martinus Scriblerus. Swift, as is well known, is the name of one species of swallow (the largest and most pow- erful flyer of the tribe), and Martin is the name of another species, the wall- swallow, which constructs its nest in buildings." Timbs. Souola di Sau Kooco. See Sajj Eocco. ScyUa. Now called Sciglio. A celebrated promontory of Italy on the Strait of Messina. It is opposite to Charybdis, where are numerous rocks and shoals with strong currents, making the passage between the headlands and the whirlpool somewhat diffi- cult, and giving rise to the pro- verbial expression, to "avoid ScyUa and fall on Charybdis." According 'to ancient fable, a ter- rible monster named Scylla in- habited a cave in the promontory called after him, and devoured the rash voyagers who ap- proached too near. .6®" " ScyUa and Charybdis are far- famed names. . . . Where is Scylla? ' Yes, she still lives.' They pointed to a little jutting rock, with a dark ruin- ous tower, on the wild coast of Cala- bria. There was a heavy surf here, though the sea was tolerably calm. Blackish gray rocks jutted forth, against which the waves dashed with angry roar. It was Scylla's howling dog we saw. I think they may be able to hear it in a storm from the sandy isthmus of Messina." Hans Christian Andersen. Thus when I shun ScJ/Zta, your father, I fall into Charjbdis, your mother. Shakespeare- Seal, The Great. See Great Seal. Sealed Knot. An old Eoyalist club of London. Just before the E&storation it had arranged for a general uprising in favor of the king; buttlie leaders, having been informed against, were arrested and imprisoned. Seasons. See FouB Seasons. SEB 474 SEN Sebald. See St. Seeald's Tome. Sebaldus. See Shkine of St. Se- BALDUS. Sebastian, St. See St. Sebastian and Catacombs of St. Sebas- tian. Sebastiano, San. See San Sebas- tiano and Poeta di San Sebas- TIANO. Sfibastopol, Boulevart de. Awide, magnificent street in Paris, one of the new boulevards, lined with trees, and reaching from the Strasbourg Railway "terminus to the Seine, the part between the railway-station and the B. St. Denis being known as the Boule- vart de Strasbourg. See Boule- VAKDS. j8®" "Any one who has traced on an old map of Paris the labyrinth of dark and narrow streets through which the Rue de Rivoli has boldly cut, or who can remember the former aspect of those quarters now intersected by the Boulevart Sebastopol and other thoroughfares, will bear witness to the almost magical effect of a transforma- tion which the social economist or the sanitary commissioner indeed may view ■with satisfaction, but which the artist and antiquarian cannot but deplore." C. L. Eastlake. Seochia Rapita. [The Stolen Bucket.] A famous relic, and the subject of Tassoni's celebrated poem of the sauie name, now pre- served in the Ghirlandina, or bell- tower, of Modena, Italy. If thou shouldst ever come by choice or chance To Modena, where still religiously Among her ancient trophies is preserved Bologna's bucket (in its chain it hangs Within that reverend tower, the Guirlan- diue). Rogers. Sefton Park. A fine pleasure- ground in Liverpool, England, covering 200 acres and elaborate- ly laid out. Segnatura, Stanza della. See Stanze of Raphael. Segovia, Bridge of. See Puente BEL Diablo. Seine, Kue de. A well-known street in Paris, France. 1644, March 1. I went to see the Count de Liancourt's palace in the Rue de Seine, which is well built. John Evelyn, Diary, They have no Rue de la Ilarpe or Rue St. Denis here [Ostia]: I was reminded of nothing at Paris but the Hae de Seine, or the Quai des Augustms. Montaigne, Trans. Passing from thence up the picturesque Hue de Seine, let us walk to the Lux- tmbourg, where bonnes, students, gri- settes, and old gentlemen with pigtails, love to wander in tUe melancholy, quaint old gardens. Thackeray. Ah, Cleraence I when I saw thee last Trip (juwn the Roe de Seine, And turning, when thy form had passed, X said, " We meet again." Holmes. Selsker Abbey. A beautiful mo- nastic ruin of the twelfth century in Wexford county, Ireland. The name is a corruption of St. Sep- ulchre. Selva de' Filosofi. ['Wood of the Philosophers.] A picture by Salvator Rosa (1615-1673). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, It- aly. Seminary Kldge. An eminence in the western part of the town of Gettysburg, Penn., famous in connection with the great battle . of July 3, 1863. The hill was occupied by the troops of Gen. Lee, and from this point three columns advanced into the val- ley and charged the Federal lines. Senator, Palace of the. See Pi- azza DEL CAMPmOGHO. Sennacherib's Palace. The great metropolitan palace of Nineveh, built by Sennacherib, the Assy- rian king. It stands upon a mound about a mile and a half in circumference. Ji:^ " Judging even from what has as yet been uncovei'ed, it is, of all the buildings of antiquity, alone surpassed in mairnitude by the great palace-tem- ple at Karnak; and when we consider the vastness of the mound on which it was raised, and the richness of the or- naments with which it was adorned, a doubt arises whether it was not as great or at least as expensive a work as the great palace-temples of Thebes. The latter, however, were built with far higher motives, and designed to last through ages, while the palace at Nin- eveh was built only to gratify the bar- SEP 475 SER bade prido of a wealthy and sensual monarch, and perished with the ephem- eral dynasty to which he belonged." Fergusaon. Septimius Severus, Arch of. See Arch of Septimius Severus. Sepulchre's, St. See St. Sepul- chre's. Seraglio, The. The former palace of the Sultan of Turkey in Con- stantinople. It is beautifully situ- ated on a point of land extending into the sea, and contains, within the area of nine miles which are embraced by its walls, several mosques, gardens, and buildings, capable of accommodating 15,000 or 20,000 persons. JQ®=- " The palace of the Seraglio, the cloister with marble pillars, the hall of the ambassadors, the impenetrable gate guarded by eunuchs and ichoglaus, have a romantic look in print; but not eo in reality. Most of the marble is wood, almost all the gilding is faded, the guards are shabby, the foolish per- Bpectives painted on the walls are half cracked off. The place looks like Vaux- hali in the daytime." Thackeray. XJ®^ '* The old Seraglio is a dark-red, noble-looking pile, but somewhat heavy in comparison with the rest of the en- virons. The new Seraglio looks hand- some and invites the eye. Round about stand splendid kiosks, where rich mar- ble columns support the glittering spiral roofs." Hans Christian Andersen. Serap6um {or Serapion), The. This ancient edifice of Alexan- dria, Egypt, was founded by Ptolemy Soter, in honor of Sera^ pis, a foreign deity, to whom he erected a statue. It was the last stronghold of the Pagans in Al- exandria, and was besieged by the Christians and zealously de- fended by the Pagans, A.I?. 389, when Theodosius put an end to the conflict by an imperial order that the idols of Alexandria should be destroyed. According to some ancient writers Pompey's Pillar is a relique of this magnifi- cent building. Three hundred thousand volumes, of the 700,000 of which the Alexandrian Li- brary consisted, were in the Sera- peum. J8®=" *' Gibbon says that the temple of Serapis, which " rivalled the pride and magnificence of the Capitol, was erected on the spacious summit of an artificial mount, raised 100 steps above the level of the adjacent parts of the city ; and the interior cavity was strongly supported by arches, and distributed into vaults and subterrane- ous apartments. The consecrated buildings were surrounded by a quad- rangular portico: the stately halls, the exquisite statues, displayed the tri- umph of the arts; and the treasures of ancient learning were preserved in the famous Alexandrian Library, which had arisen with new splendor from its ashes.'* He adds with reference to the conflict of the Christians and Pagans and the final destruction of the Serape- um ; "The votaries of Senipis, whose strength and numbers were much in- ferior to those of their antagonists, rose in arms, at the instigation of the philosopher Olympius, who exhorted them to die in defence of the altars of the gods. These Pagan fanatics for- tified themselves in the temple, or rather fortress of Serapis, repelled the besiegers by daring sallies and a reso- lute defence. ; . . The efforts of the prudent magistrate were usefully ex- erted for the establishment of a truce, till the answer of Theodosius should determine the fate of Serapis. The two parties assembled without arms in the principal square; and the imperial rescript was publicly read. But when a sentence of destruction against the idols of Alexandria was pronounced, the Christians set up a shout of joy and exultation, whilst the unfortunate Pagans, whose fury had given way to consternation, retired with hasty and silent steps, and eluded by their flight or obscurity the resentment of their enemies. Theophilus proceeded to demolish the temple of Serapis, without any other difficulties than those which he found in the weight and solidity of the materials ; but these obstacles proved so insuperable, that he was obliged to leave the foundations, and to content himself with reducing the edifice itself to a heap of rubbish. . . . The colossal statue of Serapis was involved in the ruin of this temple and religion. . . . The huge idol was over- thrown and broken to pieces; and the parts of Serapis were ignominiously dragged through the streets of Alexan- dria." j8®- " The Serapeum was the Palla- dium of the Egyptian religion and of the Greek philosophy. At the time of its destruction it represented the alli- ance which these two had completed SEE 476 SET against their enemy, the Christian re- ligion." J/. Amperet Trans. Rome herself had received with rapture the strange rites of Nilotic and of Syrian superstition. ... In his villa at Tivoli, he [Hadrian) built a Serapeum, J. A. Synumds. Serapeum. See Apis Mausoleum. Serapiou. See Seeapeum. Serapis, The. A British frigate captured off Scarborough, Eng- land, in 1779, by John Paul Jones, commander of the Bon Homme Richard. Serbonlan Bog. A swamp of great extent in ancient times near Damietta in Egypt. A gulf profound, as that Serbonian bog Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old. Where armies whole have sunk. Milton. Much of this barrenness is, I am per- suaded, to be charged to the philosophy of Kant, wliich for nearly 20 years ruled un- questioned, and absorbed and perverted all the talents of the land. It was a vast " Serbonian bog. where armies whole have sunk," and from which even the proud and original genius of Schiller hardly escaped. George Ticknor. Sermon on the Mount. A fresco painting by Cosimo Eosselli (1439- 150&). In the Sistine Chapel, Rome. Serpentine, The. A pool of water covering 50 acres in Hyde Park, London, formed by order of Car- oline, queen of George II., and so called in distinction from the previous straight canals. Here 200,000 persons are said to bathe annually. In the winter it is used as a skating-field. Serra Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Serra,} A noted palace in Genoa, Italy. Serrant. A chateau in France, near Angers, the country-seat of Count Walsh. Servant Maid. See Idle Servant Maid. Servius Tullius. See Aggek of Sekvius Tullius. Sethi I., Tomb of. See Belzoki's Tomb. Seven Churches [of Asia]. A col- lective name given to the Chris- tian churches established at Eph- esus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thya- tira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, all in Asia Minor. They are spoken of in the Book of Revelation i. 4. Seven Dials. A celebrated locali- ty in St. Giles's, London, for- merly notorious for its degraded condition, but now much im- proved. It was so named from a pillar, removed in 1773, bearing a seven-faced dial, and standing at the point of divergence of seven streets. See St. Giles's. "Where famed St. Giles's ancient limits spread. An in-raii'd column rears its lofty head ; Here to seven streets seven dials count their day. And from each other catch the circling ray. Gay. I went to see the building near St, Giles's, where seven streets made a star, from a Doric pillar placed in the centre of a circular area, said to be built ... in imitation of those at Venice. Evelyn. There are many by-streets [in New York] almost as neutral in clean colors, and positive in dirty ones, as by-streets in London; and there is one quarter, com- monly called the i-'ive Points, which, in respect of filth and wretchedness, may be safely backed against Seven Dials, or any other part of famed St. Giles's. Dickens. Seven HUls [of Eome]. The heights or eminences upon which the ancient city of Eome was built, though not all of them ob- vious at a glance, can be recog- nized without much difficulty, and are usually enumerated as follows: the Capitoline, the Pal- atine, the Aventine, the Coelian, the Esquiline, the Quirinal, and the Viminal. See these hills un- der their respective names. But I will sing above all monuments. Seven Roman hills — the world's seven wonderments. Jove' fearing, least if she should greater growe. The Giants old should once againe uprise. Her whelm'd with hills, these Seven Hlls which be nowe Tombes of her greatnes which did threate the skies: Upon her head he heapt Mount Satumal, Upon herbeliie th' antique Palatine, Upon her stomacke laid Mount Quirinal, On her left hand the noysome Esquiline, And Coelian on the right: but both her feete Mount Viminal and Aventine doo meete. Spenser, Tlie Jiuins of Rome. SEV 477 SHA Seven Joys of Mary. [Ger. Die sieben Freuden Maria.] A noted picture by Hans Memling (d. 1499? ). In the Gallery at Munich, Bavaria. Seven Pines. A locality a few miles from Richmond, Va., on the ■Williamsburg road, so called from seven large pines. At this spot, on the 31st of May, 1862, a severe but indecisive battle was fought between the Union and the Con- federate armies, under the com- mand of Gen. McClellau and Gen. Johnston respectively. Seven Sacraments. A picture by Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter. It was exe- cuted for Jean Chevrot, Bishop of Tournai, and is now in the ITiiseum o£ Antwerp, Belgium. Seven Sacraments. A series of pictures by Nicholas Poussin (]594^1663), the French painter, and among his most important works. Now in England. Seven Towers. A state prison in Constantinople, Turkey, near the former palace of the Sultan, the Seraglio. But then they never came to the Seven Towers. Syron. Seven 'Wonders of the "World The seven wonders of the ancient world have been differently enumerated, but the following list is that generally received: the Pyramids of Egypt, the Pha- ros of Alexandria, the walls and hanging gardens of Babylon, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, the statue of Jupiter by Phidias at Olympia, the Mausoleum built by Artemisia at Halicarnassus, and the Colossus of Rhodes. Seven "Works of Mercy. A pic- ture by David Teniers the Young- er (1610-1694?), the Belgian .genre- painter. Now in the Louvre, at Paris. Seven "Zears of Famine. A fres- co painting illustrating the his- tory of Joseph, by Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869). In the villa of the consul-general Bartholdy, in Rome. Sevendroog Castle. A tower erected by Sir "W. James on Shooter's Hill near London, to commemorate his capture of a fort of the same name in In- dia. 1789, Club of. See FEUiLLAifT Club. SSverin, St. See St. Severin. Severus (Septimius), Arch of. See Aboh of Septimius Sevekus. Severus' "WaU. See Hadkian's "Wall. Shadow of Death. A noted pic- ture by William Holman Hunt (b. 1827), representing Christ in the carpenter's shop. It was sold for £10,000. ShadweU Street. A street in London, and one of the poorest and most wretched districts. it^ " ShadweU ... is close at hand; hy the vastnees of its distress and by its extent, it is in keeping -with the hugeness and wealth of London. I have seen the had quarters of Mar- seilles, of Antwerp, of Paris : they do not come near to it." Taine^ Trans. Shaftesbury House. A noble mansion, formerly the residence of the Earl of Shaftesbury, still standing in Aldersgate Street, London. Shakespeare and his Contempo- raries. A picture by Thomas Paed (b. 1826), well known by- numerous repetitions. The ori- ginal is in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington. Shakespeare Tavern. A well- known theatrical tavern which was situated in Covent Garden, London. It is said to have been the first tavern in Covent Garden, and the first in the metropolis that had rooms. There was , another of the same name oppo- site Drury-lane Theatre. Shakespeare's Cliff. A bold cliff of chalk at Dover, England, so called from the description in SHA 478 SHA " King Lear," which it is thought to have suggested. There is a cliff whose high and bending head Looks fearfully hi the confined de^p. Shakespeare. Shakespeare's House. 1. The famous house in which the poet was born, situated in Henley Street, Stratford-on-Avon, Eng- land. Tt has recently been pur- chased by subscription, with a view to the careful preservation of it and of its contents for the inspection of future genera- tions. jC^* " It is a small, mean-looking edifice of wood and plaster, a true n'estling-place of genius, wliicli seems to delight in hatching its offspring in by-corners. The walls of its squalid chambers are covered with names and inscriptions in every language, by pil- grims of all nations, ranks, and condi- tions, from the prince to the peasant; and present a simple hut striking in- stance of the spontaneous and univer- sal homage of mankind to the great poet of nature." Irving. iGSr " The part of the house which is shown consists of a lower room which is floored with flat stones very much broken. It has a wide, old-fash- ioned chimney on one side, and opens into a smaller room biick of it. From thence you go up a rude flight of stairs to a low-studded room, with rough- plastei'ed walls, where the poet was born. . . . Though scrupulously neat and clean, the air of it is ancient and rude. Tlie rnnghly-plastered walls are so covered with names that it seemed impossible to add another. The name of almost every modern genius, names of kings, priiices, dukes, are shown here; and it is really curious to see by what devices some, very insignificant personages have endeavored to make their own names conspicuous in the crowd." Mrs. II. £. Stoioe. Sfn" " Neglect, subdivision, and base uses had reduced this house at the be- ginning of the present century to a very forlorn and unsightly condition. But as late as 1769 it preserved enough of its original lurm to show that Wil- liam Shakespeare was bnrn and passed his childhood nnd his adolescent years in a home which was not only pretty and picturesque, but very comfortable and unusually commodious for a man in bis father's station in the middle of the sixteenth century. ... In 1847 the Shakespeare house passed into the hands of an association, under whose caritithas been renovated; but unfor- tunately, like some of the Shakespeare l)oetry, not restored to a close resem- blance to its first condition ; though that was perhaps impossible." Richard Grant White. Coleridge was singularly destitute of sympathy witli local associations, which he regarded as interfering with the pure and simple impression of great deeds or thoughts, denied a special Interest to the pass of ThermopyJre ; and, instead of suhscribing to pun-base " Shakespeare's House." would scarcely tiave admitted the peculiar sanctity of the spot which enshrines his asues. 3'. iV. TaJfoard, 2. An old house still standing in Aldersgate, London, to which Shakespeare's name has been affixed without any apparent warrant. It was formerly, under the name of the Half Moon Tavern, a great resort of literary men. Shakespeare's Monument. On the north wall of the church in Stratford-on-Avon , just above the grave of the poet, a monu- ment was erected to his memory, the precise date of which is un- known. From references to it in the first folio edition of Shake- speare's plays, it is certain that tlie monument was erected prior to 1623. It exhibits a bust of the poet in the act of writing. Be- neath is a tablet with the follow- ing inscription : — IVDICIO PYLIVM, GENIO S0CR4TZM, ABTE Maronkm TEKRA teg it, P0PVLV3 M^RET, OLTMPVS HABET. Stay Passent:er, why goest thov by so fast? Read if thov canst, whom enviovs Death hath plasi. With in this monvment, Shakspearo with whnme Qvick njitvre dide, whose name doth deck y Tom be Far more ihen cost: Sich all y* He hath writ it, Leaves living art, but page, to serve his Witt. OIiiitanon6. 1616 ^tatis, 5i, Die2a AD. fl®^"The lost line of this inscrip- tion, and a tradition unheard of until Oldys wrote his notes in Langbaine, have raised Ihe question whether Sbakespeari' died on the same day of the month on which he is supposed to have been born. , . . Dugdale tells us that SHA 479 SHE his monument was the work of Gerard Johnson, an eminent sculptor of the period ; others have attributed it to Thomas Stanton, and experts have sup- posed that the face was modelled from a cast taken after death. I3e that as it may, the bust must be accepted as the most authentic likeness that we have of Shakespeare. It was originally colored after life. The eyes were light hazel, the hair and beard auburn, the com- ' plexionfair; the doublet was scarlet; the tabard, or loose gown without sleeves thrown over the doublet, l:)iack; the neck and wristbands white; the upper side of the cushion green, the under, crimson ; its cord and tassels, gilt. The colors were renewed in 1749; but in 1793 Malone, tastelessly and ignorantly classic, had the whole figure painted white by a house paint- er." lilchard G^'ant White. Shakespeare's Tomb. In the church at Stratford - on - Avon. The grave, which is just in front o£ the chancel rail, is covered by a flat stone, bearing the inscrip- tion: — Good frend for Jesvs sake forbeare, to digy the dvst encloased heare : Bleste be ye man yt spares thes stones, antl cvrstbe lie y' moves my bones. Shane's Castle. A ruined castle in the county of Antrim, Ireland, the seat of the O'Neils, which " for centuries has been the cho- sen realm of the Banshee." The Ilanshee mournful wails In the midst of the fileiu, lonely nitiht: Plamtive she sings the song of death. Shanklln Chine. A curious and celebrated ravine on the Isle of AViglit, not far from Ventnor, much visited by tourists. Shannon, The. A British war- ship which engaged in a duel with the American ship Chesa- peake, off the coast of Marble- head, Mass., in June, 1813, and capture Irving. A monarch bade thee from that wild arise, Where Sherwood's outlaws once were wont to prowl; And Superstition's crimes, of various dyes, Sought shelter in the priest's protecting cowl. Byron. Or Marmlon's acts of darkness, fitter food For Sherwood's outlaw tales of Kobin Hood ? Byron. Ship Tavern. A former noted place of entertainment near Tem- ple Bar, London. Shipbuilder and his "Wife. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. In Buckingham Palace, London. Shipwreck of .ffineas. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). Now in the collection of H. T. Hope, Esq., London. Shipwreck of the Medusa. A noted picture by Jean Louis The- odore Andre Gericault (1790-1824), and regarded as his masterpiece. In theXouvre, Paris. X\^ *' Gericault died, they say, for want of fame. He was a man who pos- sessed a considerable fortune of his own, but pined because no one in his day would purchase his pictures, and so acknowledge his talent. At present a scrawl from his pencil brings an enor- mous price. All his works have a grand cachet : he never did any thing mean. When he painted the ' Raft of the Me- dusa,' it is said he lived for a long time among the corpses which he painted, and that his studio was a sec- ond morgue. If you have not seen the picture you are familiar probably with Kcynolds's admirable engraving of it. A huge black sea; a raft beating upon it ; a horrid company of men dead, half- dead, writhing, and frantic with hide- ous hunger or hideous hope; and far away, black against a stormy sunset, a sail. The story is powerfully told, and has a legitimate tragic interest." Thackeray. ^^ " His [Gr^ricault's] picture has come to be regarded as ' one of the principal attractions ' of the French portion of the gallery. The results of the terrible shipwreck, with its living and dead victims, are only too signally eflfective, and seem made to shake, ii not to overthro w, traditional art. They are like the rough expression of the living present, beside the most scholar- ly fruit of the dead past. Gericault was not thirty when he painted tbe Eaft of the Medusa," Sarah Tytler. Shobeck. An ancient stronghold in Arabia Petrfea, near the city of Petra. It is in a very fair state of preservation, and affords a ref- * uge for several hundred Arabs. It was an important castle in the time of the Crusades. Shockhoe Hill. An eminence in Richmond, Va., surmounted by the State Capitol and other build- ings. Also a cemetery. Shoreditch. A disti'ict of immoral reputation in London. The name is traditionally derived from Jane Shore, as shown by tbe ancient ballad entitled " Jane Shore's La- ment; " but Pennant says that it was originally Soersditch, from its lord. Sir John Soerditch, a learned lawyer trusted by Ed- SHR 481 SHR ward III. Here were situated two. theatres of Shakespeare's time, — " the Theatre," and " the Curtain." Cromwell, Blake, Marlborough, Chat- ham, Nelson, and Wellington are not to he trlfted with, and the brutal'strength which lies at the bottom of society, the animal ferocity of the quays and cock- pits, the bullies of the costermongers of Slioreditch, Seven Dials, and Spitalflelds, they know how to wake up. Emerson. When I grow rich. Say the bells at Shoredilch. Mother Goose. Shrine of Our Lady of Walsing- ham. The chapel and image of the Virgin iu the priory of wal- singham, England, of great re- nown throughout Europe in the Middle Ages, and a favorite resort of pilgrims. It was even more frequented than the shrine of St. Thomas h, Becket at Canterbury. See Walsinghaji Priory. Shrine of St. Cuthbert. This shrine at the Cathedral of Dur- ham, in England, was visited by multitudes for more than 500 years, in consequence of the be- lief that the incorruptible body of the patron saint was miracu- lously preserved during all this time. The shrine was splendidly adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones. The body being disinterred in 1827, it was discov- ered that a fraud had been prac- tised, as it was plain that the wrap- pings had been wound around a skeleton. He kneel'd before Saint CutJiberfs shrine, With patience unwonted at rites divine ; He abjured the gods of heathen race. And he bent his head at the font of grace. Scott. Shrine of St. James [at Compos- tella]. This shrine at Santiago de Compostella, Spain, was a favorite resort of pilgrims in the Middle Ages, on account of the legend that the body of St. James ' was discovered there in the ninth century, and placed in a chapel under the altar of the cathedral. St. James is held in the highest veneration by the Spaniards, since they believe that in the battle of Clavijo, in the year 841, he ap- peared in the field armed with a sword, and mounted on a white horse, whose housings were adorned with scallop shells, and that he slew 60,000 of the Moor- ish infidels, thus gaining the day for Christianity. It is said that over 2,000 persons left England for Santiago in one year iu the fifteenth century. A stupendous metamorphosis was per- formed in the ninth century, when from a peacelul fisherman of the Lake of Geiine- sareth, the apostle James was transformed into a valorous knight, who charged at the head of Spanish chivalry in battles against the Moors. The gravest historians have celebrated his exploits, the miraculous shrine of Compostella displayed his power; and the sword of a military order, assisted by the terrors of the inquisition, was suffi- cient to remove every objection of pro- fane criticism Gibbon. Shrine of St. John Nepomuck. A gorgeous silver shrine enclos- ing the body of the saint, in the cathedral of Prague, Austria. J3^^ " On each side hang four mass- ive lamps of silver constantly burning. The pyramid of statues, of the same precious metal, has at each corner a richly carved urn, three feet high, with a crimson lamp burning at the top. Above, four silver angels, the size of life, are suspended in the air, holding up a splendid drapery of crimson and gold." Bayard Taylor. Shrine of St. Sebaldus. A far mous work of monumental sculp- ture in the church of St. Sebald at Nuremberg, Germany, exe- cuted by Peter Vischer (1460?- 1540), the old German sculptor. Regarded as his clw.f d'ikuvre, and a,s one of the finest works of the plastic art of that period. 4®= " Never has a work of German sculpture combined the beauty of the South with the deep feeling of the North more richly, more thoughtfully, and more harmoniously." Liibke, Trans. Shrine of St. Thomas a Becket. Formerly a famous shrine in the chapel of the Holy Trinity in the cathedral of Canterbury, Eng- land. The pavement of the chapel is deeply worn by the knees of the countless pilgrims who have resorted to this shrine. >6®^ " It was a national as well as a religious feeling that drew great multi- tudes to the shrine of Becket, the first Englishman, who, since the Conquest, had been terrible to foreign tyrants." Macaulay. SHB 482 SIE When that Aprille, with his schowres swdote. The druuyht of Marche hath percedto the route. Thanne longen follt to go on pilgrimages. And palmers for to seeken straunge struiides; And ppi-ciatly, from every schires ende Of Engelond. to Canterbury they "wende, The holy blisful martir for to seeke, That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke. Chaucer. Shrine of the Black Virgin of Altotting. A famous resort of pilgrims, at Altotting, in Bavaria, one of the most ancient and cele- brated shrines in Kurope. The image of the Madonna, which is thouglit to have come from the Efeist, has stood almost uninter- ruptedly for 1,200 years in its present situation. Shrine of the Black Virgin. A famous resort of pilgrimage in the monastery of Czenstochau, Poland. The convent contains a dark-colored picture of the Vir- gin, probably of Byzantine ori- gin, alleged to have been painted by St. Luke, and v^hich is held in great veneration. Shrine of the Three Kings of Cologne. A famous reliquary in the cathedral of Cologne, Ger- many, which formerly contained treasures of extraordinary mag- nificence. During the French revolution some of these were disposed of, and their place sup- plied by cheap imitations. The bones of the three kings, or Magi, are publicly exhibited on Sundays and holidays. Si Quis Door. The name popular- ly given to a door in the north aisle of St. Paul's Church, Lon- don, from the circumstance that posters beginning " Si quis inve- nerit" (i.e., "It any one has found ") were affixed to it. Saw'Bt thou ever Si quis patched on ruul's church door? Bishop Hall. Sibyl, The. [Lat. Sibylla, a proph- etess.] The ancient sibyls, or women entiowed with the gift of prophecy, of whom there are commonly reckoned ten, residing in diilerent parts of Per.sia, Greece, and Italy, were made a very common subject of represen- tation by the painters of the Mid- dle Ages. For Sibylla Eryth- ema, Sibylla Cvmma, Sibylla Delphica, etc., see Ery-the.«an Sibyl, Cum.ean Sibyl, Delphic Siby£, etc. «®- " The Sibyls were much the fashion in the classic times of the six- teenth century ; Michael Angelo and Raphael have leftus consumniate exam- ples. ... In general, if there be only two, they are the Tiburtina, who showed the vision to Augustus, and the Cumaean Sibyl, who foretold the birth of our Saviour." Mrs. Jameson. Sibyl, Temple of the. See Tem- ple OF THE Sibyl. Sibyls. See Fouk Sibyls. Sibyl's Cave. [Ital. Grotta della Sibilla.] A celebrated tunnel leading from the Lake Avernus, near the Bay of Bai«, Italy. It is cut through a hill of volcanic tufa, and is interesting from its connection with the poetical le- gends of Virgil's jEneid. [Also called Grotta Giulia.'] There is also another cave of the Sibyl at Cumfe. Siddons, Mrs., as the Tragic Muse. A noted allegorical pic- ture by Sir Joshua Eeynolds (1723-1792), the most celebrated English portrait-painter. Sidney Sussex College. A foun- dation of the University of Cam- bridge, England. Established in 1598. Sidney's Oak. See Penshcbst. Siege of Namur. A picture by Joon van Huchtenberg (1646- 1733), and his masterpiece. In the Gallery of Vienna, Austria. Siege of Rome under Forsenna. A picture by Martin Fesele, a German painter. In the GaUery of Munich, Bavaria. Siena Cathedral. A famous church in the city of Siena, Italy, and one of the most glorious structures in the world. fl®="*' This church is the most purely Gothic of all Italian cathedrals designed by national ai-ohitects. Together SIG 483 SIO ■with that of Orvieto, it stands alone to show "what the unassisted genius of the Italians could produce wlien influenced hy mediasval ideas. It is built wholly of marble, and overlaid inside and out ■with florid oruaments of exquisite beauty." Symonds. jj^ " The architecture has a variety ■which does not produce the effect of eccentricity, an exuberant imagination flo^wering out in stone. . . . How much pride, luve, and reverence in the lapse of ages must have clung to the sharp points of all this sculpture. The cathedral is a religion in itself — some- thing ■worth dying for to those who have an hereditary interest in it." Hawthorne. .C®""The impression is incompar- able. That of St. Peter's does not ap- proach it: a surprising richness and sincerity of invention, the most admi- rable of Gothic ilowers." Taine, Trans. Sighs, Bridge of. See Bbidge of Sighs. Signoria, Palazzo della. See Pa- lazzo Vecchio. Signoria, Piazza della. See Pi- azza DELLA Signoria. Sik, The. The principal street of Petra in Arabia. It is t^vvo miles long, arid is the chief entrance to the city. On each side are preci- pices from 100 to 700 feet in height. Its width is from 10 to 30 feet. It is dimly lighted, as the sky is in places almost entirely hidden by the rocks, which nearly meet. The pavement and rocks are novir covered by various vegetable growth, vines, flowers, lerns, and bushes. ;9®» " How strange must have been the strong echoes of city noises in this gorge ! — the cry of the camel-drivers, ■ the rattle of chariots, the common talk and laugh of citizens, and the play of children ! And what different people must have been met there from the few we saw to-day ! Instead of Eastern merchants and Roman soldiers, and a Greek traveller or two, I saw to-day a group of goats and their herdsmen, en- tering into the deepest shadow from a reach of sunshine; and a child stand- ing with two kids on a point of rock above my head ; and a wild troop of shaggy Arabs, clattering their arms as " I passed ; and here and there a solitery figure, with his matchlocii, brown tunic, and white teeth, perched on a pinnacle, or striding over a distant slope." Uarriet Martineau, ;8®" " Nothing could surpass the awful grandeur of this ravine; and one cannot repress a shudder on look- ing up from its gloomy depths, through the gradually narrowing hssure, to the irregular streak of blue sky far over- head. Constantly winding, too, one seems at every new turn to be shut in on all sides, and hopelessly imprisoned in the very bowels of the earth. Yet here, in this cleft, from whence the light of day is well-nigh excluded, into the depths of which no solitary ray of sunlight can penetrate, traces of art and industry are everywhere visible, tlemains of ancient pavement cover the bottom, once the highway to a proud^ city; along the sides are niches hewn in the smooth cliff to receive statues ; and tablets, too, are there, once in- scribed with some records ; on the left is an aqueduct tunnelled in the rock, and high up on the right is a conduit of earthen pipes let into the precipice. These, the works of man, are now all ruinous and time-worn; statue and in- scription, form, name, and story, are alike gone." Murray's Handbook. Silence de la Vierge. See Silen- TiUM and Vierge au Voile. SUentium. [Silence.] The name given to representations of the Virgin and Child, in which the latter is represented as sleeping. For an example, among others, see Vierge A la Diademe. Silenus. A mythological picture by Giuseppe Ribera, called Lo Spagnoletto (1588-165fi). In the Public Gallery at Naples, Italy. Silenzio, II. [Silence.] See Silen- TIUM. Siloam, Pool of. See Pool of Si- lo am. Simeon and Lazarus. A picture by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the German painter and engraver. In the Gallery of Munich, Bava- ria. Simeon, St. See St. Simeon. Sion College. A hall, library, and almshouse in London, founded in the time of Charles I. for the use of the clergy. Fuller here wrote his " Church History." SIO 484 SIX Sion House. The seat of the Duke of Northumberland, near Twick- enham, England. It is a very- large and imposing structure, said to contain 365 windows to equal the number of days in the year. The grounds are laid out with great taste. The inte- rior is very splendid, with many fine treasures of art. Sir Eoger de Coverley going to Church. A picture by Charles Robert Leslie (1794-1859), and one of his principal works. There is a repetition in the collection of the Marquis of Lansdowne, Errg- land. Slstine Chapel, or Sixtine Chap- el. [Its.].. Oapella Sistina.] A cele- brated room in the Vatican Pal- ace, Kome, built from designs of Bacio Pintelli in 1473, for Pope Sixtus IV., whence its name. The lower part of the walls was formerly intended to be hung on festival days with the tapestries executed from the cartoons of Eaphael. The ceiling is covered with frescos by Michael Angelo, and the upper part of the walls by the works of eminent masters of the fifteenth century. The end of the chapel is occupied by Michael Angelo's vast fresco en- titled " The Last Judgment." The chapel was designed for the religious services performed dur- ing Passion Week, for which pur- pose it is still used. The i/isciwe is chanted in this chapel with great solemnity in the presence of the pope, on the afternoon of "Wednesday preceding Easter Sunday. ;KS^ " At the present day the ceiling of the Slstine Chapel is partly injured as regards the brightness of its color- ing, by the rising smoke and dust, and has partly faded from length of time. Cracks have appeared in the dome, and water has trickled down through thera. Three centuries and a half tbe paintings have stood there, and it is not possible by any means to oppose the slow decay to which they must be subject. Still a happy fate has been theirs in that they are thoroughly in- accessible to human hands; they would have to be shot at, or the roof broken through from above, to be injured in- tentionally." Grimm, Trans, j^r' " The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel contains the most perfect works done by Michael Angelo in his long and active life." Kugler. .8®* " The religious character of this chapel, in the view of Protestants at least, is quite lost in the admiration for that immortal artist who has left here such wonderful monuments of his genius. It seems really dedicated to Michael Angelo, and he is the presid- ing divinity of the place." Uillard, Whether he [Michael Angelo] drew, or sung. Or wrought in stone, or hung The Pantheon in the air; Whether he gave to Rome Her Sistine walls or dome. Or laid the ponderous beams, or lightly wound the stair. C. F. Cranch. Sistine Madonna. See Madonna Di San Sisto. Sitt Miriam. [El Moalldka.] An interesting church situated at a considerable height from the ground in one of the towers of the Roman Gateway of Babylon, in Egypt. The title El Moalldka (the suspended) is given to it on account of its elevation. This church contains many remark- able and interesting objects, — sculptures, paintings, carvings, mosaics, etc. Six Hundred, The. A name often popularly applied to the British light cavalry brigade (670 in num- ber), which at the battle of Bal- aclava, in the Crimea, Oct. 25, 1854, charged the Russian in- fantry and cavalry in position, owing to a misunderstanding of orders. It was a feat almost unparalleled in military history. The charge occupied less than half an hour, during which two- thirds of the assailing party were killed or wounded. Haifa league, half a league, Half a league onward. All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. " Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns ! " he said: Into the valley of Death Bode the six hundred. I Tennyson, Sixtine Chapel. Chapel. See SisTDtB SKE 485 SLE Skerryvore Lighthouse. An im- portant lighthouse on the west coast of Scotland, begun in 1838, and finished in 1843. This struc- ture, containg four and one-half times as much masonry as the Eddystoue lighthouse and twice as much as the Bell Rock tower, was built under the charge of Mr. Alan Stevenson, and is an example of great engineering skill. Slaughter's. 1. A celebrated coffee-house in St. Martin's Lane, London, so called after its first landlord, Thomas Slaughter, 1692. During the last century it was noted as a rendezvous of painters and sculptors. It was frequented by Hogarth, Benjamin West, Eovibiliac, Wilkie, and others. After the opening of another " Slaughter's " in the same street, the original coffee-house was known as "Old Slaughter's " till its destruction in the first half of the present century. 2. A coffee-house opposite Northumberland House in the Strand. I remember to have read in some philos- opher, — 1 believe in Tom Brown's works, — that, let a man's character, sentiments, or complexion be what they will, he can find compiiny in London to match them. ... If he be passionate, he may vent his rage among the old orators at Slaughter's coffee-house, and damn the nation because it keeps liim from starving. Goldsmith, Slave. A statue by Michael An- gelo (1474-1564). In the Louvre, Paris. [Called also The Captive.} See Greek Slave. Slave Ship. A well-known pic- ture by Joseph Mallord "William Turner (1775-1851). It is now in the possession of Miss Alice Hoop- er, Boston. ;8®=" " I believe, if I were reduced to rest Turner's immortality upon any single work, T should choose the Slave Ship. Its daring conception, ideal in the highest sense of the word, is hased on the purest truth, and wrought out with the concentrated knowledge of a life," Ruskin. fl®- " Thackeray, when speaking of ' The Slave Ship ' by the same amazing artist, says with delightful naiveti, ' I don't know whether it is sublime or ridiculous.'" Dr. Srown's Spare Hours. /JQT "The following opinion, ex- pressed by an intelligent and accom- plished American artist,Mr. George In- ness, is interesting for its frankness: ' Turner's ' Slave Ship ' is the most in- fernal piece of clap-trap ever painted. There is nothing in it. It has as much to do with human affections and thought as a ghost. It is not even a fine bouquet of color. The color is harsh, disagreeable, and discordant.' This is severe, and I think its severity is partly due to re-aetion against Mr. Ruskin's eloquent praises." P. G. ffamerton. Slavino di San Marco. A singu- lar mass of rocks and Mbris in the valley of the Adige, near Trent, Italy, supposed to have been occasioned by an avalanche. ^®=" ** The traveller cannot fail to notice a vast tract called the Slavini di MarcOt covered with fragments of rock torn from the sides of the neighboring mountains by an earthquake, or per- haps by their own unsupported weight, and hurled down into the plains below. They spread over the whole valley, and in some places contract the road to a very narrow space." Eustace. Such as that ruin is which in the flank Smote, on this side of Trent, the Adige, Either by earthquake or by failing stay. Dante. Injemo, Longfellow's Ti'ans. Sleeping Ariadne. See Akiadne. Sleeping Faun. 1. An admired statue found in 1756 at Hercula- neum, and now in the Museum at Naples. See Faun, Baree- EiNi Faun, Dancing Faun. 2. A work of sculpture by Harriet G. Hosmer (b. 1830). Sleepy HoUow. A quiet valley near Tarrytown, on the Hudson, New York, immortalized by Washington Irving in his " Le- gend of Sleepy Hollow " (in " The Sketch Book"). There is a hamlet of the same name. ^SS= "If ever I should wish for a retreat, whither I might steal from the world and its distractions, and dream quietly away the remnant of a troubled life, I know of none more promising than this little valley. From the list- Icss'repose of the place, and the pecu- liar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch SLO 486 SMI settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of Sleepy Hollow, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very at- mosphere. Some say that the place "waa bewitched by a High German doc- tor during the early days of the settle- ment; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of bis tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. Certain it is, the place etill continues under the sway of some ■witching power, that holds a spell over the minds of the good people, causing them to walk in a continual revery. They are given to all kinds of marvel- lous beliefs, are subject to trances and visions, and frequently see strange sights, and hear music and voices in the air. The whole neighborhood abounds with local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions." Jibing. Sloane Museum. A collection of curiosities belonging to Sir Hans Sloane, and offered by him to the English Parliament for £20,000. The offer w^as accepted, and the collection was used as the nucleus of the present British Museum. SmailhoLm Tower. A lofty tower now in ruins, and commanding an extensive view of a part of Scotland with which many very interesting associations are con- nected. It is not far from Mel- rose and Dry burgh Abbeys, and is the scene of Scott's ballad of " The Eve*of St. John." Then rose those crags, that raountaiu tower, Which charmed my fancy's wakening hour. And still I thought that shattered tower The mightiest work of human power. Marmion. Smith College. A well-endowed institution in Northampton, Mass., designed for the higher education of women. Smithiield. The ancient market of London. The name signifies smooth plain, from the Saxon smeih, smooth. It was the largest live-market in the world, and its characteristic features are well described by Dickens in " Oliver Twist." In 1852 it was con- demned by law to be removed to Islington. Smithfield is famous for its tournaments, executions, and burnings. Here too, from Sept. 3 to 6, was held the cele- brated Bartholomew Fair, noted not only for its sales of cloth, but as a scene of license and revelry. See Bartholomew Fair. JS^' "It was market morning. The ground was covered nearly ankle-deep with filth and mire ; and a thick steam perpetually rising fi'ora the reeking bodies of the cattle, and mingling with the fog, which seemed to rest upon the chimney-tops, hung heavily above. All the pens in the centre of the large area, and as many temporary ones as could be crowded into the vacant space, were filled with sheep; and tied up to posts by the gutter-side were long lines of beasts and oxen three or four deep. Countrymen, butchers, drovers, hawk- ers, boys, thieves, idlers, and vaga- bonds of every low grade, were mingled together in a dense mass ; the whistling of drovers, the barking of dogs, the bellowing and plunging of beasts, the bleating of sheep, and grunting and squeaking of pigs ; the cries of hawk- ers, the shouts, oaths, and quarrelling on all sides, the ringing of bells, and the roar of voices that issued from ev- ery public-house; the crowding, push- ing, driving, beating, whooping, and yelling : the hideous and discordant din that resounded from every corner of the market; and the unwashed, un- shaven, squalid, and dirty figures con- stantly running to and fro, and bursting in and out of the throng, rendered it a stunning and bewildering scene which quite confused the senses." Dickens. So I came into Smithiield; and the shameful place, being all asmear with fllth, and fat, and blood, and foam, seemed to stick to me. Pip {Dickens, Great Ea^ectations). Falstaff. Where's Kardolph ? Page. He's pone into SmUhfieJd to buy your worship a horse. Shakespeare. For, in the earlier part of the seven- teenth century, a speculator who had dared to affirm that the human soul is by its nature mortal, and does; in the ^eat majority of cases, actually die with the body, would have been burned alive in Smithjield. Macaulay, The midnipht of Bartholomew,— the stake Of Smithjield. Whittier. Smith's Cave. See "Waylakd Smith's Cave. Smithsonian Institution. A no- ble bnilding of red sandstone and of Gothic architecture, in Wash- SMO 487 SOH ington. The main hall, which is 200 feet In length by 50 feet in width, and 25 feet high, contains the National Musenni of curiosi- ties, with natural history and ethnological collections. The in- stitution was founded by James Smithson, a native of England, born in the last century, who, al- though he had never visited this country, and was totally unac- quainted with any one in Ameri- ca, for reasons unknown left the whole of his property, amounting to over half a million of dollars, " to the United States of Ameri- ca, to found at Washington, un- der the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Smolnoi Church. A noted white- marble church in St. Petersburg, Eussia. It is surmounted with five blue domes. And SmolnoVs wealth of spangled blue Beams all the dusky distance through : E. D. Proctor. Smoo, Cave of. A cavern in the North of Scotland, in the neigh- borhood of Durness. It is de- scribed by Sir Walter Scott. Smyrna, The. A former coffee- house in Pall-Mali, London, fa- mous in the reign of Queen Anne. The "Tatler" suggested "to all ingenious gentlemen in and about the cities of London and West- minster who have a mind to be instructed in tlie noble sciences of music, poetry, and politics, that they repair to the Smyrna Coffee-house, in Pali-Mall, be- twixt the hours of eight and ten at night, where they may be in- structed gratis." If it be fine weather, we take a turn into the Park till two. when we po to din- ner; and if it be dirty, you are enter- tained at piquet or basset at White's, or you may talk politics at the Smyrna or St. James. Journey through England, 1714. You then, O ye beggars of my acquaint- ance, whether m rags or lace ; whether in Kent-street or in the Mall: whether at Smyrna or .St. Giles's; might I advise you as a friend, never seem in want of the favor you solicit. Goldsmith, Snow Hill. A well-known locality in London. Snow Hill was for- merly remarkable for its steep- ness of ascent, a difficulty now obviated by the Holborn Viaduct. Who has not heard the Scourer's mid- night fame ? Who has not trembled at the Mohocks' name "i* I pass then- desperate deeds and mischief, done Where from Snow Hill black stcepy tor- rents run, How matrons, hooped within the hogs- head's womb, Were tumbled furious thence. Gay. Soaue Museum. An interesting and valuable art-collection in London, founded by Sir John Soane. Yes, to see England well needs a hun- dred years; for, what they told me was the merit of Sir John Soane's Museum, in Loudon, — that it was well packed and well saved, —is the merit of England. Eynerson, Society of the Pin. An associa- tion consisting chiefly of foreign- ers, formed in London in the four- teenth century. It is supposed to have derived its name from the city of Le Puy, in Auvergne, where was a famous statue of the Virgin, much visited by pilgrims. The object of the association seems to have been to promote good-will and good-fellowship. 'They held a great festival on the first Sunday after Trinity. Socrates, Prison of. See Pkison OF Socrates. Soho. A district in London, in which many French have settled at various times. See Soho Square. It is natural to me to go where I please, to do what I please. ... 1 dii:ress into Soho, to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector. There is nothing strange nor new in it. Charles Lamb. Fancy the three [Fielding and his com- panions] in a great wainscoted room, in Covent Garden or Soho, liphted by two or three candles in silver sconces, and a bottle of Florence wine on the table. Thackeray. Soho Square. A square in Lon- don, built in the reign of Charles II. It was formerly sometimes called King's Square from its surveyor and architect, Gregory SOH SOM King. It was a very fashionable quarter of London until within the last century. Here Sir Roger de Coverley is made to reside; and here Evelyn went in 1690 to pass the winter " in Soho, in the great square." fl®=* " Soho Square . . . was to our ancestors a eubject of pride with which their posterity wih hardly sympa- thize." Macauluy. But it [the answer to Bentley's "Dis- sertation on the Epistles of Phalaris "] llad it^ day of noisy popularity, it was to be tound not only in the studies of men of letters, but un the tables of the most bril- liant drawiny-rooms of Soho Square and Coveiit Garuen. Macaulay. Soho Theatre. A theatre in Lon- don, opened in 1840, now called the New Royalty. Sol, Puerta del. See Puebta del Sol. Soldiers' Home. An asylum for disabled soldiers of the regular army, situated in the euAarons of Washington. It was established in 1851. The buildings are of marble, enclosed in a large and beautiful park. The cost of the establishment was defrayed by a 'forced levy on the inhabitants of the city of Mexico, during the oc- cupation of the place by Gen. Scott. Some of the Presidents have made the Soldiers' Home their summer residence. Soldiers Bathing in the Arno. A celebrated cartoon by Michael Angel o ( 1475-15(i4). It represents a body of soldiers suddenly called to arms while bathing. The work never went beyond this cartoon, which was begun in 1504 and ex- hibited in 1506. Solferino, Tour de. See Tour de SOLFEKINO. Solomon. See Judgment op Sol- omon and Pools of Solomon. Solomon's Temple. The faraou.s temple at Jerusalem built bv King Solomon (B.C. 1015), after the model of the Tabernacle, the plan of which the Jews consid- ered to have been divinely re- vealed to them through Moses, in the desert of Sinai, and from which they never departed in any of their subsequent erections. 01 this celebrated temple not one stone now remains upon another. It is now agreed by all topogram phe^-s that the site of the Tem- ple at Jerusalem is within the limits of the area which is now called the Haram, but its precise extent is a matter of uncertainty. It was of rectangular shape, measuring, according to Jose- phus, a stadium, or 600 Greek feet, on each side. .8®^ " There is perhaps no building of the ancient world which has ex- cited 80 much attention since the time of its destruction as the Temple which Solomon built at Jerusalem, and its successor as rebuilt by Herod. Its spoils were considered worthy of form- ing the principal illustration of one of the most beautiful of Roman triumphal arches, and Justinian's highest archi- tectural ambition was that he might surpass it. Throughout the Middle Ages it influenced to a considerable degree the forms of Christian churches, and its peculiarities were the watch- words and rallying points of all associ- ations of builders. Since the revival of learning in the sixteenth century its arrangements have employed the pens of numberless learned antiquarians, and architects of every country have wasted their science in trying to repro- duce its forms. But it is not only to Christians that the "Temple of Solomon is so interesting: the whole Moham- medan world look to it as the founda- tion of all architectural knowledge; and the Jews still recall its glories and sigh over their loss with a constant tenacity, unmatched by that of any other people to any other building of the ancient world. The Temple was a verj' insignificant building in size;- the truth being, that, like the temples of the Semitic nations, it was more in the character of a shrine or treasury in- tended to contain certain precious works in metal. The principal orna- ments of its facade were two brazen pillars, Jachin and Boaz, which seem to have been wonders of metal-work, and regarding which more has been written, and, it may be added, more nonsense, than regarding almost any other known architectural objects." Ffrgusson, Somerset, The. A British line-of- battle ship stationed in Boston harbor in 1775. SOM 489 sou Where swingins wide at her moorings lay The Somersety British man-of-war; A phantom ship, with each mast and spar Across the moon hlte a prison bar, And a huge blacli hulli that was magni- iled By it8 own reflection in the tide. Longfellow. Somerset, The. A club occupy- ing a fine mansion on Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Somerset House. A public build- ing in London occupying the site of the old palace of the same name. It is used for government offices, and' contained the rooms of the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries, and other literary and scientific institutions. The old Somerset House, interesting from its historic connection with royal personages, was built in 1549. fl®^"If you would see something quite dreadful, go to the enormous pal- ace in the Strand, called Somerset House. Massive, heavy architecture, of which the recesses seem dipped in ink, the porticos smeared with soot. . . . What can men do in such a cata- comb ? " Taine, Trans. Dan Stuart once told us that he did not remember that he ever deliberately walked into the exhibition at Somer- set House in his life. Charles Lamb. For the science, he CCarlyle] had, if possible, even less tolerance, and com- gared the savans of Somerset House to the oy wlio asked Confucius " how many stars in the sky?" Confucius replied, " he minded things near him." Then said the boy, "how many hairs are there in your eyebrows?" Confucius said, "'he didn't know and didn't care." Em.erson. Sommeil de JSsus. See Silen- TIUM and ViERGE A LA DiADiME. Souneek. A ruined mediasval stronghold of the thirteenth cen- tury, on the Ehine, near Lorch. Sophia, The. An Arctic explor- ing-ship %vhich sailed from Eng- land under the command of Capt. Stewart, April 13, 1850. Sophia, St. See St. Sophia. Sorbonne, The. A university in Paris, named for its founder, Robert de Sorbonne, confessor to St. Louis. It was established in the thirteenth century. The old building having fallen into de- ' cay, it was restored by Cardinal Kichelieu, in 1629. The chapel of the institution contains the tomb of the cardinal, a superior work of art. TLe disjputations and decisions of the Sorbonne in theological matters acquired great fame and power. It is now the seat of three of the five Faculties of the Academy of Paris, — theol- ogy, sciences, and letters. The building contains large lecture, rooms, collections, etc. Thence to the Sorbonne, an ancient fabric built by one Robert de Sorbtinne, whose name it retains, but the restau- ration which the late Cardinal de Rich- lieu has made to it renders it one of the most excellent moderne buildings. Jokn Evelyn, Diary l(j44, 4 Jan. So, too, in matters spiritual, what avails it that a man be Doctor of the Sor- bonne, Doctor of Ijaws, of Both Laws, and can cover half a square foot in pica-type with the list of his fellowships, arranged as equilateral lrianf,']o, at the vertex an "(fcc.^' over and above, and with the parchment of his diplomas could thatch the whole street he lives in: what avails it ? Carlyle. I compared them [the professors' liouses at Oxford] to those of our scholars, re- sembling cages, to the third floor in a great city, to the dismal lodgings of the Sorbonne. Taine, Trans. Voltaire, in the days of Lewis the Four- teenth, would probably have been, like most of the literary men of the time, a zealous Jansenist, eminent among the defenders of etflcacious grace, a bitter as- sailant of the lax morality of the Jesuits and the unreasonable decisions of the Sorbonne. James Parton. Sortie from Gibraltar. A paint- ingbyJohnTrumbuU(1756-1853), and considered his masterpiece. Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. Sospiri, Ponte dei. See Beidgb OF Sighs. South Kensington Museum. A national collection of art and manufactures in London. It con- tains many valuable paintings and other works of art, including the Vernon and Sheepshanks Col- lection, belonging to the National Gallery. tW " However much opinions may differ as to the system of instruction in design adopted in that Department, there can be no doubt that the truly magnificent collection of objects assem- bled there, and the facility afforded stu- dents who may desire to inspect and SOTJ 490 SPA study them, reflect the highest credit upon the authorities intrusted with its care. By such means, the art- workman, his employer, and the public, whose encouragement and patronage are ne- cessary to both, may learn that which alone can rescue English manufacture from its recent degradation, viz., the formation of a sound taste." C. L. Easilake. South Sea House. The office of the famous South Sea Company, which was organized in 1711. The original building stood in Old Broad Street, London; and the new building, which is now let for chambers, stands in Threadneedle Street. 4^" "Reader, in tby passage from the Bank — where thou hast been re- ceiving thy half-yearly dividends (sup- posing thou art a lean annuitant like myself) — to the Flower Pot, to secure a place for Ualston, or Shacklewell, or some other thy suburban retreat north- erly, — didst thou never observe a mel- ancholy-looking, handsome, brick and stone edifice, to the left — where Threadneedle Street abuts upon Bish- opsgate? I dare say thou hast often admired its magnificent portals ever gaping wide, and disclosing to view a grave court, with cloisters, and pillars, with few or no traces of goers-in or comers-out, — a desolation something like Balclutha's. This was once a house of trade, — a centre of busy interests. The throng of merchants was here — the quick pulse of gain — and here some forms of business are still kept up, though the soul be long since fled. Here are still to be seen stately porti- cos, imposing staircases, oflices roomy as the state apartments in palaces, — deseHed, or thinly peopled with a few straggling clerks ; the still more sa- cred interiors of court and committee- rooms, with venerable faces of beadles, door-keepers — directors seated in form on solemn days (to proclaim a dead dividend), at long worm-eaten tables, that have been mahogany, with tar- nished gilt-leather coverings, support- ing massy silver inkstands long since dry; huge charts, which subsequent discoveries have antiquated ; dusty maps of Mexico, dim as dreams — and soundings of the Bay of Panama ! The long passages hung with buckets, ap- pended, in idle row, to walls whose substance might defy any, short of the last, conflagration : — with vast ranges of cellarage under all, where dollars and pieces-of-eight once lay, an ' un- sunned heap,' for Mammon to have sol- aced his solitary heart withal, — long since dissipated, or scattered into air at the blast of the breaking of that fa- mous Bubble." CharLea Lamb, Southampton House. A former mansion of London. The last ves- tiges of it were destroyed in 1876. The site is marked by Southamp- ton Buildings. The Earl of South- ampton, father of Lady Rachel Russell, died here. Southwark. The district, "called by the Saxons Southverke, or the South Work," on the south side of the Thames, London. It is interesting for its old inns, as the " AVhite Hart" and "Tabard." Here was the Marshalsea Prison. Southwark Bridge. One of the great bridges across the Thames, at London, connecting the City with the borough of Southwark, first opened to the public, April 1819. It was built by John Ken- nie. Sovereign of the Seas. The first three-decker in the English navy, launched in IGoT. Spa Fields. A locality in London, England, formerly a place of pop- ular gatherings. It was not oc- cupied by houses until the pres- ent century, Spada Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Spa- da.] A Roman palace, near the Palazzo Farnese, built in 1564, and chiefly remarkable for the celebrated statue which goes un- der the name of the Spada Pom- pey. See Pompet's Statue. T saw in the Palazzo Spada the statue of Pompey ; the statue at whoscbapc Cae- sar fell. Dickens. RetiirninR home I saw the palace of Cardinal Spada, where is a most magnifi- cent hall painted by Daniele da Volterra and Giulio Piocentino. who made the fret in the little court, but the rare .perspec- tives are of Bolognesi. John Evelyn, 1644. Spada Pompey. See Pompet's Statue. Spagna, Piazza di. See Piazza Di Spagna. Spalatro. A picture by AVashing- ton Allston (1779-184;^). In the possession of John Taylor John- ston, New York. This picture is SPA 491 SPE said to have been pronounced by the painter his best work. Spanish Armada. See Akmada, The Spanish. Spanish Dwarf. A great pearl in the Green Gallery (Das griine Gewolbe) in Dresden. It is near- ly as large as a pullet's egg. Spanish Square. See Piazza di Spagna. Spanish Steps. A magnificent, flight of steps leading from the Piazza di Spagua, or Spanish Square, in Rome, to the church of Trinita de' Monti on the Pin- cian Hill. fl®' "Behind the fountain [in the Piazza di Spagna] rises a flight of stone stairs. They are as broad as a street, and as high as the neighboring houses. It is tbe so-called Spanish Stairs, which lead to the Fl'encb cloister for nuns, to theFrencb Academy, as well as to the finest and most frequented promenades. These st-airs once bore a disreputable name on account of tbe midnight as- saults that took place there. During the day, this place swarms with beg- gars with withered limbs; some hop like frogs, using their hands to spring on; others lie down at full lengtb and show their decrepit limbs." Mans Christian Andersen. Spasimo, Lo. [The spasm, or con- vulsion.] A not unfrequent sub- ject of representation by the mediaeval painters, in which is exhibited the aflflictiou of Mary as she witnessed the sorrowful procession to Calvary, and her divine Son sinking under the weight of the cross. The most celebrated of these compositions is the well-known picture entitled Lo Spasimo di Sicilia. [See in- fra.] Spasimo di Sicilia. A celebrated altar-picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing the afflic- tion {spasimo, spasm, or convul- sion] of Mary at the moment when Christ is sinking under the weight of the cross. This picture derives its name from the circumstance that it was originally painted for the altar of the convent-church of Santa Maria dello Spasimo, at Palermo, Sicily. The composi- tion of this picture is believed to have been imitated from Albert Diirer. It is now in the gallery of Madrid, Spain. as- " The veneration at all times entertained for this picture was proba- bly enhanced by a remarkable fact in its history. Raphael painted it towards the close of the year 1617 ; and when finished, it was embarked at the port of Ostia, to be consigned to Palermo. A storm came on, the vessel foundered at sea, and all was lost except the case containing this picture, which was floated by the currents into the Bay of Genoa, and on being landed the won- drous masterpiece of art was taken out unhurt. The Genoese at first refused to give it up, insisting that it had been preserved and floated to their shores by the miraculous interposition of the Blessed Virgin herself; and it required a positive mandate from the Pope be- fore they would restore it to tbe Olive- tan fathers." I^assavanfs Rafael, referred to by Mrs. Jameson. Spectre of the Brocken. A sin- gular optical phenomenon which is occasionally seen at sunrise or sunset from the summit of the Brocken (or Blocksberg, Mons Briictenis), the highest of the Harz Mountains, in Prussian Sax- ony. It consists of a gigantic projection of the observer, or ob- servers, upon misty clouds which rise out of the valley on the side of the mountain opposite to the sun. The apparition, which is commonly seen eight or nine times during the year, was for- merly looked upon with supersti- tious awe. jgr " Among tbe various legends current in that wild country, there is a ^ favorite one, which supposes the Hartz to be haunted with a kind of tutelar demon, in the shape of a wild man, of huge stature, bis head wreathed with oak-leaves, and his middle cinctured with the same, bearing in his hand a pine torn up by the roots. It is certain that many profess to have seen such a form, traversing with huge strides, in a line parallel to their own course, the opposite ridge of a mountain, when di- vided from it by a narrow glen; and, indeed, the fact of the apparition is so generally admitted, that modern scep- ticism has only found refuge by ascrib- ing it to optical deception." Sir Walter Scott. SPE 492 SPH /I®= " The cause is very simple. It is always seen at suorise, when the eastern side of the Brocken is free from clouds, and at the same time the mist rises from the valley on the opposite side. The shadow of every thing on the Brocken ie then thrown in grand proportions upon the mist, and is seen surrounded with a luminous halo. It is somewhat singular that such a spectacle can be seen upon the Brocken alone, but this is probably accounted for by the formation .of the mountain, which collects the mist at just such a distance from the summit as to render the shad- ow visible." Bayari, Taylor. Ji3- " If the fog is very dry, you see not only yourself hut your neighbor; if very damp, onlyyourself, surrounded by a rainbow-colored glory, which be- I comes more lustrous and beautiful the damper and thicker the fog is, and the nearer it approaches." Howitt. Spectre of the Kigi. An atmos- pheric phenomenon observed on the summit ol the Bigi in Switz- " erland, and similar to the spectre of the Brocken in the Harz Moun- tains. It is simply a magnified shadow of objects projected upon a wall of mist. Speedwell, The. One of the two vessels in which the Pilgrims em- barked at Southampton lor Amer- ica In 1620. Soon after leaving port, the Speedwell was declared unseaworthy, and the two vessels put back into the port of Plym- outh. Here the company was divided; and those regarded as most desirable for colonists went on board the Mayflower, which proceeded on the voj'age alone. Before the Speedwell's anchor swung, Ere yet the .Mayflower's sail was spread. While round liis leet the Pilgrims clung. The pastor spake, and thus he said : — Holmes, Speyer Cathedral. A noble church structure in Speyer, or Spires, Germany. It contains the tombs of many German emperors. .6®= " Although the cathedral of Spires caimot boast of the elegance and finish of that of Worms, it is perhaps, taken as a whole,' the finest specimen in Europe of a bold and simple build- ing conceived, if the expression may he used, in atruly Doric spirit. . . . There is a simple grandeur about this build- ing whicn gives a value to the dimen- sions unknown in later times, and it may be questioned if there is any other mediaeval church which impresses the spectator more by its appearance of size than this." JFerguastm. Sphinx, The. This ancient and unique monument near Cairo, in Egypt, was supposed to have been cut out from the solid rock in the reign of Thothmes III. or IV. ; but the researches of M. Mariette have shown that the Sphinx is anterior to Cheops — of even greater antiquity than the Pyra- mids. According to Pliny it was 143 feet in length, and the circum- ference of its head round the forehead was 102 feet, and the paws extended 50 feet. Tablets and an altar were found between the paws; and other evidences show that processions passed up to this altar and oiiered sacrifices, from which it is evident that the Sphinx (which was an imaginary animal often found as the emblem of royalty in the Pharaonic re- mains) was deified by the Egyp- tians, and worshipped as the Sun. Only the head, shoulders, and back can now be seen, the rest being buried in the sand. It has been called, with its half-human, half-animal form, " the best wel- come, and the best farewell, to the history and religion of Egypt." We can only wonder what it must have been " when," says Dean Stanley, "on its head there was the royal helmet of Egypt; on its chin the royal beard ; when the stone pavement by which men approached the Pyramids ran up between its paws; when immediately under its heart an altar stood, from which the. smoke went up into the gigantic nostrils of that nose, now vanished from the face, never to be conceived again ! " *»* The Sphinx (S^iyf) of Greek and Eo- mau mj'thology was a famous monster described as having the head of a woman, the body of a lion or of a dog, the paws of a lion, and sometimes as having also the wings of a bird. The Sphinx proposed this riddle to travellers; " 'What animal walks on four legs in the morning, on two at noon, and on three at Sf»H 493 SPI night? " As those who could not solve this question were torn in pieces, the Sphinx became a very- uncomfortable monster; and King Creou offered his crown and his daughter Jocasta to any one who should solve the riddle. CEdipus accomplished the feat by explain- ing that it was man, who creeps on all fours when an infant, walks on two feet when a man, and uses a stick {for a third foot) when old. The Sphinx then destroyed her- self. ^^ " One of our party Baid, on our arrival [at the Pyramids], 'When we were passing the Sphinx' — * Oh, the Sphinx ! ' cried I, * you don't mean that you have seen the Sphinx ! ' To be sure they had; and they insisted on it that I hud too, — that I must have seen it, — could not have missed it. I was utterly bewildered. It was strange enough to have forgotten it; but not to have seen it was inexplicable. How- ever, on visiting it later in the day I found I had seen it. Being intent on the Pyramid before me, I had taken the Sphinx for a capriciously-formed rock, like 60 many that we had passed — for- getting that I should not meet with limestone at G-eezeh. I rather doubt whether any traveller would take the Sphinx for any thing but a rock unless he was looking for it, or had his eye caught by some casual light. . . . Now I was half afraid of it. The fall, se- rene gaze of its round face, rendered ugly by the loss of the nose, which was a very handsome feature of the old Egyptian face, — this full gaze, and the stony calm of its attitude, almost turn one to stone. So life-like, — so huge, Bo monstrous, — it is really a fearful spectacle. I saw a man sitting in a fold of the neck, — as a fly might settle on a horse's mane. In that crease he re- posed, while far over his head extended the vast pent-house of the jaw; and above that the dressed hair on either side the face, — each bunch a mass of stone which might crush a dwelling- house. . . . Fancy the long, well- opened eyes, in such proportion as this, — eyes which have gazed linwinking into vacancy, while mighty Pharaohs, and Hebrew law-givers, and Persian princes, and Greek philosophers, and Antony with Cleopatra by his side, and Christian anchorites, and Arab wdrriors, and European men of sci- ence, have been brought hither in suc- cession by the unpausing ages to look up into those eyes, — so full of mean- ing, though so fixed! " Miss Martineau, J3c5f"*'The face is (supposing the nose restored) much like the Berber countenance. The long mild eye, the thick but not protuberant lips, and the projecting jaw; with the intelligent, gentle expression of the whole face, are very Uke what one sees in Nubia at every village." JUiss Martineau. JS^ " Comely the creature is, but the comelinpss is not of this world: the once worshipped beast is a deform- ity and a monster to this generation, and yet you can see that those lips so thick and heavy were fashioned ac- cording to some ancient mould of beauty." A. W. Kinglake. Everywhere greatness and littleness seemed so inexplicably blended: Na- ture, like the Sphinx, her emblem, with her fair womairs face and neck, showed also the claws of a Lioness. Carlyle, This human mind wrote history, and this m ust read it. The Sphinx must solve her own riddle. Emerson, The Sphinx is drowsy, Her wings are furled; Her ear is heavy, She broods on the world. " Who'll tell mc my secret, The ages liave kept? — I awaited the seer. While they slumbered and slept." Emerson. And she — Colossal Woman, couchant in the sands, Who has a lion's body, paws for hands, (If she was winged, like the Thcban one» The wide-spread wings are gone:) Nations have fallen round her, but she stands; ' Dynasties came and went, but she went not; She saw the Pharaohs and the Shepherd Kings, Chariots and horsemen in their dread ar- ray,— Cambyses, Alexander, Antony, The hosts of standards, and the eagle wjngs, Whom, to her ' ruinous sorrow, Egypt drew: She saw, and she forgot. E. H. Stoddard. Bell old! The Sphinx Is Africa. The bond Of silence is upon her. Joaqmn Miller. Spielberg. A famous castle, for- merly the citadel of Briinn, the capital of Moravia, but now a prison. It is noted as the prison of Silvio Pellico (1789-1854), who was arrested in October, 1820, as a member of the Carbonari, and in 1822 was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment {carceve duro), and was confined here until Au- gust, 1830. His well-known nar- SPI 494 STA rative " Mie Prigioui " (My Pris- ons) tells the story of his impris- onments. And, sucU proved possible, tliy throne to me Shall seem as holy a place as Pellico's Venetian dungeon ; or as Spielberg's ^rate, Where the fair Lombard woman hung the rose Of her sweet soul, by its own dewy weiyht, (Because her sun shone inside to the close!) And pining so, died early, yet too late For what she suffered ! Mrs. Browning. Safe now is .Spielberg's dungeon cell, Safe drear SiLicrid's iruzen liell: With Slavery's flug o'er both unrolled. What of the Kew World lears the Old ? Whittier. No prisoner in Spielberg was ever more cautiously deprived of writing materials. Lowell- Spitalfields. A district in Lon- don, formerly belonging to the Priory of St. Mary Spital, now thickly settled by weavers. ^^ " Spittlofields and the parts ad- joining became a great liavbor for poor Protestant strangers, AValloons and French, who, as in former days, so of late, have been found to become exiles from their own country for their reli- gion, and for the avoiding cruel perse- cution. Here they found quiet and security, and settled themselves in their several trades and occupations, weavers especially." Stow. Cromwell, Blake, Maiiborough, Chat- ham, Nelson, and WcllmKton are not to be trifled with; and the brutal strength which lie-, iit the bottom of society, the animal ferocity of the quays and cockpits, the bullies (ii tlie costermonsers of Sliore- dltch, Seven Dials, and Spital/ields, they know how to ^^ ake u]). Emerson. 'Twas August; and the fierce sun over- head Smote on the squalid streets of Bethnal Green, And the pale weaver, through his win- dows seen In Spitalfields, looked thrice dl'spirited. Matthew Arnold. Sposalizio, Lo. [The Marriage.] A familiar subject of representa- tion by the great painters of the Middle Ages, in connection with both the Virgin and Joseph, and with St. Catherine and the Sav- iour. See MAKRiAr^E of the Vir- gin and Mauiua«k of St. Cath- erine, also Marriage at Cana. Spring Garden. A region in St. James's Park, LondoHj formerly noted for its sights and amuse- ments. The name was also ap- plied to other public gardens. Vavxhall was once called by this name. In the company of that charming guide [the "Spectator" and "'latler ] . . . we can take boat at Temple Stairs, and accompany Sir Roger de Cnverley and Mr. Spectator to Spring Garden. Thackeray. Spring Grove. A well-known and beautiful cemetery three miles from Cincinnati, O., approached by a fine avenue. The cemetery comprises about 45U acres. It was established in 1845. Springfield Arsenal. A large building in Springfield, Mass., belonging to the United States, in which some 175,000 stand of arms are stored. This is the Arsenal. From floor to ceil- Like a huge organ rise the burnished arms; But from their silent pipes no anthem pealing Startles the villages with stranee alarms. Longfellow. Squire's. A coifee-house in Lon- don, near Gray's Inn, which was so named from one Squire, by whom it was kept, and who died in 1717. Sir Roger de Cover- ley and the "Spectator" visited Squire's. Staalhof. See Trustees of the Staalhof. Staffa Madonna. A Holy Family by Raphael (1483-1520), and one of his earliest paintings. In the Palazzo Connestabile in Perugia, Italy. Stafford Gallery. See Bridge- water House. Stafford House, The city resi- dence of the Duke of Sutherland, in St. James's Park, London, called the finest private mansion in the city. It contains a fine collection of pictures known aa the Sutherland Gallery. Whv is it that the virtue of Exeter Hall and S'tafford House can tolerate this feet [the contempt of thr niti vo population by the British in Indin]. without a blush, yet condemn with phaiisaic zeal the social hiequahty of the negro and the white races iu America ? Bayard Taylor. STA 495 STA Stag Hunt. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-l«i0), In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. See also Hunted Stag. Stalileck. An ancient feudal fort- ress now in ruins near Bacharach on the Ehine. It was formerly the residence of the Electors Palatine. Staircase, Holy. See Santa ScAiA. Stampede, The. A well-known picture by Rosa Bonheur(b. 1822), the French painter of aniraals. It has been reproduced. Standard, Battle of the. &ee Battle of the Standard. Standing Stones of Stennis. An ancient and curious monument in the Orkneys, consisting of two circles of erect stones, with a few lying prostrate. fl®- " Tliey are thought to be of pre- Scandinavian or of Celtic origin. They were erected over 900 years ago, and, as Pagan relics, are second, in G-reat Britain, only to the celebrated Stone- henge, near Salisbury." J. F. JTunnewell. Stannaries. Tbe name given to the districts Statue. For statues, etc., see the proper name following; e.g., Statue of Makcus Aukelius, see Marcus Aukelius. Staubbaoh. [Stream of Dust.] A famous waterfall at Lauterbrun- nen, Switzerland, one of the lof- tiest in Europe. flS»"It[the Staubbach] is neither mist nor water, but a something be- tween both; its immense height gives it a wave or curve, — a spreading here or condcnsion there, — wondei'ful and indescribable. The torrent is in shape lite the tail of a white horse streaming in the wind, — such as it might he con- ceived would he that of the ' pale horse ' on which Death is mounted in the Apocalypse." Lord Byron. Staunton Harold. The seat of Earl Ferrers, in the county of Leicester, England. ■ Stein. An ancient Austrian castle and stronghold, now in ruins, near Baden, Switzerland. Stermia, Standing Stones of. See Standing Stones of S^ennis. Stephen. See St. Stephen, Mar- TYRDOM OF ST. STEPHEN, and 'Stoning of St. Stephen. Stephen's, St. See St. Stephen's. Sternberg. One of two ruined castles on the Rhine, near Bop- part, both crowning the top of a high rock. The other castle is called the Liebenstein, and the two together are known as the Brothers. Stirling Castle. This castle in Stirling, Scotland, on the summit of a hill overlooking the river Forth, commands a charming view. The fortress has been identified with the fortunes of Scotland, having repeatedly fall- en into the hands of the English and been rescued by Scottish her- oism. It has also been a royal residence. Its date and origin are unknown. fl®^ " This fortress is one of the four to be kept always in repair, and garri- soned according to the terms of the * union ' of England and Scotland. . . . So that, although antiquated, and in- deed almost useless as a stronghold now, Stirling Castle will continue to present a military aspect." J. F. Eunnewell, S^ "One could not but think of the old days Scott has described. ' The castle gates were open flung, The quivering drawbridge rocked and rung, And echoed loud the flinty street. Beneath the coursers' clattering feet, As slowly down the steep descent Fair Scotland's king and nobles went. While all along the crowded way, 'VV'as jubilee and loud huzza.' " The place has been long deserted as a palace ; but it is one of the four fort- resses which, by the articles of union between Scotland and England, are al- ways to be kept in repair." Mrs. E. B. Stowe. I have been sinuous as the Links of Torth seen from Stirling Castle, or as that other river which threads Ihe Berk- shire valley, and runs, a perennial stream, through my memory. liolines. From Stirling Castle we had seen The mazy Forth unravelled ; Had trod the banks of Clyde and Tay, And with the Tweed had travelled, WorcLiworth. Stoa. A celebrated porch, or roofed colonnade, in ancient Athens, in which the philosopher Zeno and his successors taught. From this place the disciples of Zeno derived their name of Stoics. [Also called the Porch.'] But, above all, the mysticism of Fichtc might astonish us. The cold, colossal, ada- mantine spirit, standing erect and clear, like a Cato Major among degenerate men : fit to have been the teacher of the Stoa, ana to have discoursed of Beauty and Virtue in the groves of Academe 1 tarty te. Stoke Park. The seat of Lord Taunton, about 17 miles from London. STO 498 STO 41®=* "Tbe bowse is large, but not very good-looking outside. Inside, bowever, it is line and filled with fine works of art, ancient and recent, among tbera the last four bas-reliefs by Thor- waldsen. . . . Of courpc I was taken to see the Old Manor-house, the scene of Gray's ' Long Story,' that begins, ' In Briton's Isle and Arthur's days.' It in well cared for, and is an excellent speci- men of the Elizabethan style. The church, too, and above all the church- yard, which gave the world«the undying Elegy. Tiieyare most poetical places; the architecture, the position, and the plantations being just what you would like to have them, and treated with the respect they deserve." George Ticknor. Stolzenfels. This is a royal cas- tle on the banks of the Rhine, three miles above Coblenz, the higliest point of which is 410 feet above the river. It was in the Middle Ages a residence of the archbishops; but in 1688 it fell into the hands of the French, and was nearly destroyed. Dur- ing this century it has been en- tirely restored. The view from the castle is exquisitely lovely, and scarcely surpassed by any on the Rhine. Stone of Destiny. See Stone of SCOME. Stone of San. A famous trilingual stone, discovered at San (Tanis), and now preserved in the Muse- um of Egyptian Antiquities at Cairo, Egypt. It is known to English students of Egyptian an- tiquities as the Decree of Cano- pus. The French call it La Pi'ei-i'e de ti(in. It bears the inscription in throe characters, Greek, hiero- glyphic, and demotic, of a de- cree issued by the Egyptian priests at Canopus in the ninth year of Ptolemy Euergetes (25-1 B.C.). There is a plaster cast of this monument in the British Museum, London. Stone of Scone. On this stone, of legendary fame, which is now enclosed within the older of the two Coronation Chairs in "West- minster Abbey, the Scottish kings had for ages been crowned. The "Fatal" or "Prophetic" Stone of Scone, so called from the Scottish belief that the power of the nation would decline if the stone were lost, was brought from the Abbey of Scone by Ed- ward I., and by him placed in "Westminster Abbey and enclosed in a wooden chair. At an earlier date it had been transferred from Ireland to the Abbey of Scone. It was also called Jacob's Pillow, from the legend that it was the pillow upon which the patriarch slept when he beheld tlie vision of the ladder reaching to heaven. See CoKONAiiox Chaik. j^- " The legends of the old his- torians inform us that this is the very stone on which the patriarch Jacob laid his bead in the plain of Luz; that it was brought from Egypt into Spain by Gathelus, the supposed founder of the Scottish nation; that it was thence transported into Ireland." Taylor. ls\ fallit fatixm, Scntiquncunquelocatum Invenient lapidem, regiiare tenentur ibidem. In the Slinster of Scone, witbia Scotlid gron.l. Sittyug upon the regal stnne fall sound. As all the Kynges there used had afore. On Sainct Andrewes day, with al joye therefore. Stonehenge. A famous monu- ment of antiquity, being probably the remains of a Druid temple, though antiquaries are not fully agreed as to its origin or object. It is situated in a plain near Amesbnr.y, and about eight miles from Salisbury, England. It consists of a number of immense stones arranged in two circles, with flat pieces partly connecting them at the top. fl^ " It is evident that Stonehenge was at one time a spot of great sanctity. A glance at the oi'dnance map will show that the tumuli cluster in great numbers round and within sight of it; within a radius of three miles, there are about three hundred burial-mounds, while the rest of the country is com- paratively free from them. If, then, we could determine the date of these tu- muli, we should be .justified, I think, in referring the Great 'reniple itself to the same period. . . . Stonehenge, theni maj', 1 think, be regarded as a monu- ment of the Bronze age, though appar- ently it was not all erected at one time, the inner circle of small unwrought STO 499 STO blue stones being probably older than the rest." Sir Jo/m Lubbock. ,e®=- *' On the broad downs, under the gray sky, not a house was visible, nothing but Stonebenffe, which looked hke a group of brown dwarfs in the wide expanse,— Stonehenge and the barrows — which rose like green bosses about the plain, and a few hayricks. On the top of a mountain the old tem- ple would not be more impressive. Far and wide a few shepherds with their flocks sprinkled the plain, and a bagman drove along the road. It looked as if the wide margin given in this crowded isle to this primeval temple were accorded by the venera- tion of the British race to the old egg out of which all their ecclesiastical structures and history had proceeded. Stonehenge is a circular colonnade, with a diameter of a hundred feet, and enclosing a second and third colonnade within. We walked around the stones and clambered over them, to wont our- selves with their strange aspect and groupings, and found a nook sheltered from the wind among them where C. [Carlyk'] lighted his cigar. It was pleasant to see that just^his simplest of all simple structures — two upright stones and a lintel laid across — had long outstood all later churches, and were like what is most permanent on the face of the planet: these, and the barrows — mere mounds (of which there are a hundred and sixty within a circle of three miles about Stonehengc) like the same mound upon the plain of Troy, which still makes good to the passing mariner on Hellespont, the vaunt of Homer and the fame of Achil- les. . . . We counted and measured by paces the biggest stones, and soon knew as much as any man can suddenly know of the inscrutable temple. There are ninety-four stones, and there were probably once one hundred and sixty. The temple is circular and uncovered, and the situation fixed astronomically — the grand entrances here, and at Abury, being placed exactly north-east, as all the gates of the old cavern temples are. . . . The chief mystery is that any mystery should have been allowed to settle on so remarkable a monument in a country on which all the Muses have kept their eyes now for eighteen hun- dred years. We are not yet to learn much more than is known of this struc- ture." li. W. Emer'aoti. Stone is laid on the top of stone, just as it conies to liand: a trowel or two of bio- graphic murtar, if perfectly convenient, beinfc perhaps spread in here and there, byway of cement; and so the stran;,'est pile suddenly arises; amorphous, pointing every way but to the zenith,— here a hlockofgrnnite,there a mass of pine-clay; till the whole finishes, when the materials are finished, — and you leave it standing to posterity, like some miniature Stone- nenge, a perfect architectural enigma. Carhjle. I have, in the abstract, no disrespect for Jews. They are a pii-ce of stubborn an- tiquity, compared wjth which Stonehenge is ill its nonage. They date beyond the py ramids. Charles Lamb. Uocks scattered about. — StoneJienge- like monoliths. Holmes. Stones of Clava. An interesting sepulchral monument of antiqui- ty, and one of the most extensive remains of the kind in Britain, near Culloden, Scotland. It con- sists of a circle of stones sur- rounding a line of cairns^ Stones of Stennis. See Standing Stones of Stennis. Stoning of Stephen. A cartoon by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), from which one of the tapestries in the Vatican at Kome was exe- cuted. Stonyhurst. An ancient and cele- brated baronial residence in Lan- cashire, England. It is now the chief Jesuit College in the king- dom. Storm in the Rocky Mountains, A well-known picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). iO®^ "No picture that we have ever seen has more entirely conveyed a sense of natural sublimity, and there is so much to study that the spectator is de- tained before it for a long time." Saturday Review, Storm King. An eminence on the Hudson River near West Point. It was formerly called the Boter- berg, by the Dutch skippers, but received its present name from N. P. Willis. It commands a beautiful view. Stowe. The magnificent seat of the Duke of Buckingham, in the parish of the same name near jSuckingham, England. It is one of the finest residences in thQ kingdom. It puzzles much the sages' brainSi Where Eden stood of vore: Some place it in Arabia s plains. Some say it is no more. STK 500 STE But Cobljam can these tales confute, As all the curious know ; For he has proved beyond dispute That Paradise is Stowe. Nathaniel Cotton, Strada Balbi. [Strada, street.] One of the two finest streets in Genoa, Italy. It is adorned with pal- aces of superb architecture. When sliall I forget the Streets of Pal- aces: the Strada Kuova and the Strada Balbi ! Dickens. Strada di Costanza. A name sometimes given to the territory between Perugia and Foligno in Italy, after St. Constantius, bisli- op of Perugia in the third or fourth century. Strada di Boma. See Toledo. Strada Kuova. [New Street.] A famous street in Genoa, Italy, sometimes called the street of palaces on account of the noble old palaces that front upon it. When shall I forpet the Streets of Pal- aces : the Strada Nuova and the Strada Balbi ! or how the former looked one sum- mer day, when I first saw it underneath the brightest and most intensely blue of summer skies: with its narrow perspec- tive of immense mansions, reduced to a tapering and most precious strip of bright- ness, looking down upon the lieavy shade below ! Dickeiis. Straight Street. An ancient street in Damascus, Syria, begin- ning at one of the gates of the city and extending about a mile, formerly in a straight direction, but at present with many wind- ings. It was originally without question a broad promenade, but is now in places hardly more than a narrow lane. Of its identity with the street mentioned in the New Testament there can be no doubt; and many localities con- nected with the history of Paul are pointed out, such as the house in which he lodged, and the spot where he escaped from the city in a basket. Thev led him TPaul] by the hand, and brought him to Damascus. . . . And the Lord said unto him [Ananias], Arise and go Into the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus; for, behold, he prayeth. Acts ix. 8, 11. Strand, The. 1. A great thor- oughfare in the city of London, extending from Temple Bar to Charing Cross, and skirting the margin of the river Thames, of which it was formerly the strand, or shore. The Strand was for three centuries a street of palaces, but these palaces are now gone. j^* •' You would think London Strand the main artery of the world. I suppose there is no thoroughfare on the lace of the eai-th where the stream of human life runs with a tide so over- whelming. In any other street in the world you catch the eye of the passer- hy. In the Strand no man sees another except as a solid body whose contact is to be avoided. You are safe nowhere on the pavement without the vigilance of your senses.'* J^. P. Willis. The Strand, that goodly thorow-fare be- tweene The Court and City; and where I have scene Well-nigh a million passing in one day, ' George Wither. For who would leave, unbrihed, Hibernians land. Or change the rocks of Scotland for the Strand t Samuel Johnson. I often shed tears in the motley Strand from fulness of joy at so much life. Lamb to Wordsworth. After an hour's walk in the Strand . . . one has the spleen, one meditates suicide. Taine, Trans. Cheapside, the Strand, Fleet Street, and Ludgate Hill, Each name a very story In itself. Hobert Leighton. 2. A favorite promenade in Calcutta, India. Strasbourg, Boulevart de. See Sebastopol, Boulevakt de. Strasburg Cathedral. This ca- thedral, which is one of the grand- est Gothic structures in the world, was founded in 510, and destroyed by lightning in 1007. Its restoration was commenced in the eleventh century. The sculptures above the portal are said to belong to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The upper part of the spire was erect- ed by Johann Hultz, of Cologne, at the commencement of the fif- teenth century. Its height is 468 feet, which is greater than that of any building in Europe. The design of this cathedral is ascribed to Erwin of Stein- bach, whose plans are still pre- STR 501 STR served. This church suffered some damage during the bom- bardment of Strasburg in the Franco-Prussian war, but the in- juries have been repaired. JS^ " Next in rank to Cologne among German cathedrals is that at Strasburg. It is, however, so much smaller as hardly to admit of a fair comparison. The whole of the eastern part of this church belongs to an older basilica built in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and is by no means remarkable for its beauty or its size, besides being so overpowered by the nave which has been added to it, as to render its appearance somewhat insig- nificant. The nave and the western front are the glory and the boast of Alsace, and possess in a remarkable degree all the beauties and -the defects of the German style. It is not known when the nave was commenced, but it seems to have been finished about the year 1275, a date which, if authentic, is quite suflScient to settle the controversy as to whether any part of Cologne is of an earlier age, every thing we see in Strasburg being of an older style than any thing in that church. . . . Alto- gether the facade of the cathedral at Strasburg is imposing from its mass, and fascinating from its richness; but there is no building in France or Eng- land where such great advantages have been thrown away in so reckless a man- ner and by such an unintelligent hand." ^ergusson. JSGS* " We climbed the spire, we gained the roof. . . . Here I saw the names of Goethe and Herder. . . . But the inside ! — a forest-like firma- ment, glorious in holiness; windows many-hued as the Hebrew psalms; a gloom solemn and pathetic as man's mysterious existence, a richness gor- geous and manifold as his wonderful nature. In this Gothic architecture we see earnest Northern races whose nature was a composite of influences from pine forest, mountain and storm, expressing in vast proportions and gigantic masonry, those ideas of infinite duration and existence which Chris- tianity opened before thera. A bar- baric wildness mingles itself with fan- ciful, ornate abundance; it is the blos- soming of northern forests." jg®* " I once ascended the spire of Strasburg Cathedral, which is the highest, I think, in Europe. It is a shaft of stone filagree-work, frightfully open, so that the guide puts his arras behind you to keep you from falling. To climb it is a noonday nightmare, and to think of having climbed it crisps all the fifty-six joints of one's twenty digits. While I was on it, * pinnacled dim in the intense inane,' a strong wind was blowing, and I felt sure that the spire was rocking. It swayed back and forward like a stalk of rye or a cat-o'- nine-tails (bulrush) with a bobolink on it." Ilolmea. Santa Croce and the Dome of St. Pe- ter's are lame conies atter a divine model. Strasburg Cathedral is a material coun- terpart of the soul of Erwin of Stein- bach. Emerson. A great master of his craft, Erwin von Steinbach ; but not he alone. For many generations labored with him. Children that came to see these Saints in stone. As day by day out of the blocks they ro^e. Grew old and died, and still the work went on, And on, and on, and is not yet completed. Longfellow. Up the stone lace-work chiselled by the wise Erwin of Steinbach, dizzily up to where In the noon-brightness the great minster's tower, Jewelled with sunbeams on its mural crown, Kose like a visible prayer. Whittier. Strasburg Clock. A famous clock, — a wonder of art, — in the ca- thedral of Strasburg, Germany. The original, which was made centuries ago, having fallen into decay, a German artist of the present century has reproduced the complete mechanism of the old clock. At the stroke of noon, the Twelve Apostles issue from the side door of a chapel, and move in procession before the Saviour, who bows his head in blessing as they pass, the cock crows and flaps his wings, Satan watches Judas, while the bells chime and the organ is played. Upon the dial of this clock are marked the minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, the phases of the moon, and the constellations. # Three of us stood in the Strasburg streets. In the wide and open square. Where, quaint and old, and touched with the gold Of a summer mom. at stroke of noon The tongue of the great cathedral tolled, And into the church with the crowd we strolled To see their wonder, the famous Clock. Anonymous. Strathfieldsaye. The seat of the Duke of Wellington near Silches- ter, England. STE 502 STY Straw Hat. See ChApeau de Faille. Straw Street. [Fr. Hue du Fov- avre.^ A famous old street in Faris, originally called Rue de I'Ecole, the University having been founded there. Fouarre is the old French for foin, and it was formerly a hay and straw market. Eabelais speaks of it as the i^lace where Pantagruel first disputed with the learned doc- tors, and Petrarch frequently re- fers to it in his Latin writings, and always with a sneer. It is the lifilit eternal of Sigier, Who, reading lectures in the Street of Straw, Did syllogize invidious verities. Dante, Paradiso. .6®^ "A common idealist would have been rather alarmed at the thoui^ht of introducing the name of a street in Paris — Straw Street (Rue du Fouarre) — into the midst of a descrip- tion of the highest heavens. . . . What did it matter to Dante, up in heaven there, whether the mob below thought him vulgar or not? Sigier had read in Straw Street. That was the fact, and he had to say so, and there is an end." Ruskin. Strawberry Girl. A picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). It is familiar through reproduc- tions. J8®^ " A sweet and innocent little maiden creeping timidly along, and looking about with great black eyes. Sir Joshua always held that this was one of the half-dozen original things which he had done." Strawberry HiU. The name of the celebrated residence of Hor- ace Walpole, situated near Twick- enham, Surrey, England. It con- tained many fine specimens of vertu collected by him, which were sold at auction in 1842. A private printing-press was also established here, from which sev- eral rare and valuable works is- sued under his immediate direc- tion. It is now the residence of Countess Waldegrave. They [the English) delight in a freak as the proof of their sovereign freedom. . . . Strawberry Hill of Horace Walpole, Font- hill .\bbey of Mr. Beckford, were freaks; and Newstead Abbey became one in the hands of Lord Byron, Emerson. Street Scene in Cairo. A picture by Jean Leon Gerome (b. 1824). 41®" *' It is a precious example of delicate and elaborate workmanship; its careful drawing will be enjoyed by all lovers of form, who will also like its profoundly-studied modeUing, and the faithfulness which is everywhere observed in the rendering of textures of light and shade." Aihenaum, Strozzi Chapel. A chapel in the church of Santa Maria Novella, in Florence, Italy. I met with this legend again in the famous Strozzi Chapel in the S. Maria Novella at Florence. The great frescos of the Last Judgment, so often pointed out as worthy of especial attention, gen- erally engross the mind of the spectator to the exclusion of minor objects; few, therefore, have examined the curious and beautiful old altar-piece, also by Orcagna (.4.D. 1349). Mrs. Jameson. Strozzi Maddalena. A well- known portrait by Raphael San- 2io (1483-1520). In the UlEzi Gal- lery, Florence, Italy. Strozzi Palace. [Ital. Palatm Strozzi.] A splendid palace in Florence, Italy, erected towards the close of the fifteenth century after designs by Cronaca (1454- 1509). jB®" "Taking into account the age when it was built, and the necessity of security combined with purposes of state to which it was to be applied, it will be difficult to find a more faultless design in any city of modern Europe." Fergusson. Stuarts, Tombs of the. See Tombs of the StujVbts. Studley Eoyal. The seat of Earl de Grey, near Ripon, England. Styx, The. A torrent in the Aro- anian mountains, in the north- east part of Arcadia, Greece, and emptying into the Crathis. The waterfall of the Styx, well de- scribed by Homer and Hesiod, is by far the highest in Greece. From the wildness and gloom of the spot the Styx was early re- garded with superstitious rever- ence and terror. The Greek and Roman poets transferred the Styx to the nether world, of which it is the principal river. According to Herodotus, the Styx STY 503 STJN has its source near to the Arcadi- an town o£ Nonacris. Styx, The. A well-known sub- terranean river in the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky ; named after the river o£ hell in ancient Greek and Roman mythology. Subeibeh. See Banias. Sublime Porte. [The High Gate.] The gate of the imperial palace at Constantinople, at which jus- tice was admiuistered. Hence applied as a designation of the Turkish government, or the court of the sultan. Suburra, The. A quarter in an- cient Kome, upon the Esquiline Hill, largely occupied by the poorer classes. Hence we walked to the Suturra. where yet remain some ruines and inscriptions. John Evelyn, 1644. Sudarium. [Ital. H Svdario ; Fr. Le Saint Stiaire.J The napkin, or, as some say, the veil, which, according to the ancient legend, was used to wipe away the drops of sweat from the brow of the Saviour while bearing his cross on his way to Calvary, and upon which his features were miracu- lously impressed. See Veronica. Durinjr the interval between the clos- ing of the ancient and the opening of the modem aee, the faith of Christians had attached itself to symbols and material objects little better than fetishes. . . To such concrete actualities the worshippers referred their sense of the invisible di- vinity. The earth of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulchre, the House of Loreto, the Su- dariam o/St. Veronica, aroused their deep- est sentmients of awefui adoration. /. A, Symonds. Suffolk House. See Nokthumber- I.AND House. Sukhrah. See Mosque of Omar. Suleimaine Mosque. A superb Mohammedan temple in Con- stantinople, Turkey. It was erected by Solyman the Magnifi- cent, between 1550 and 1555. «®- " Externally the mosque suffers, like all the buildings of the capital, from the badness of the materials with ■which it was consti'ucted. Its walls are covered with stucco, its dome with lead ; and all the sloping abutments of I the dome have to be protected by a metal covering. This, no doubt, de- ti-ncts from the effect; but still the whole is so massive — every window, every dome, every projection, Is so truthful, and tells so exactly the pur- pose for which It Tvas placed' where we find it, that the general result is most satisfactory." Ferguason. Suli Castle. A castle standing on an isolated rock 1,000 feet below the summit of the Suliot ridge, in Greece. Sulpice, St. See St. Sulpicb and Place St. Sulpice. Sumter, The. A noted Confeder- ate privateer, in the AVar of the Kebellion, under a commission from Jeiierson Davis, in the spring of 1861. Her career was brief but very destructive. She ran the blockade at the mouth of the Mississippi, cruised among the West Indies, captured many mer- chant vessels, and was the ter- ror of the American mercantile marine, being everywhere wel- comed in British ports, but was finally driven into the port of Gibraltar, where, in 1862, she was sold. Sumter, Port. See Fort Sumter. Sundwich Hohle. [Sundwich Cave.]. A cavern in "Westphalia, near Hemar, interesting in a geo- logical regard on account of the fossil remains discovered in it. Sunium. See Temple of Sxjnium. Sunrise in a Mist. A well-known picture by Joseph Mallord Wil- liam Turner (1775-1851), the Eng- lish landscape-painter, and re- garded one of his best works. Now in the National Gallery, London. Sunny Side. An ancient mansion on the Hudson Eiver, near Ir- vington, N.Y., the former home of Washington Irving. The front of the building is covered with ivy from a slip brought from Abbotsford by Irving, who re- ceived it from Sir Walter Scott. This old mansion, which was erected in the seventeenth cen- tury, was formerly known as suo 504 S"WA Wolfert's Roost. Irving says that Wolfert inscribed over the door his favorite Dutch motto, "Lust in Rust" (pleasure in quiet), and that the mansion was " thence called Wolfert's Rust (Wolfert's Rest), but by the uneducated, who did not understand Dutch, Wolfert's Roost." Reader ! the Roost still exists. Time, which chftngea all things, is slow in its operations on a Dutchman's dwelling. The stout Jacob Van Tassel, it is true, sleeps with his fathers; and his great goose-gun with him; yet his stronghold still bears the impress of its Dutch origin. Irving. Suonatore, II. See Violqt Plat- er. Superga, La. A well-known ahd celebrated church, situated on an eminence near Turin, Italy. It has been the place of interment for the royal family of Sardinia. Supper at Smmaus. A famous picture by Titian (1477-1576), ori- ginally painted for the Sala de' Pregadi, in the Ducal Palace, Venice. Now in the Gallery of the Louvre, Paris. AST " The disciple on the right of the Saviour, raising his hand with no more vehemence of surprise than might become the greatest monarch of his time, is supposed to he the portrait of the Emperor Charles V. ; the disciple on the left . . . with round shaven face and a pilgrim's hat, that of Cardinal Ximenes; while the page, with plumed cap, is meant for the Infant, afterwards Philip II." Lady EasUake. Supper at Smmaus. A well- known and interesting picture by Paul Veronese (1530 ?-1588), in which " the painter has intro- duced a large family, supposed to be his own, with an exquisite group of two girls in the centre, caressing a large dog." This pic- ture is in the Louvre, Paris. Supper, The Last. See Last Sup- per. Surgeons, CoUege of. See Col- lege OP Surgeons. Surrender of Breda. A" painting by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), and re- garded one of the first historical pictures in the world. In the Gallery at Madrid, Spain. Surrender of Burgoyne. A large picture by John Trumbull (1756- 1843), executed under commission from Congress for the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. It is well known by engravings. , Surrender of Cornwallia. A large picture by John Trumbull (1756- 1843), executed under commission from Congress for the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. It is well known by engravings. Surrey Chapel. A noted place of worship in London, opened as a free and independent church by the Rev. Rowland Hill in 1783. Since you departed, we have been pass- ing with a kind of comprehensive skip and jump over remaining engagements. And first, the evening after you left, came oflF the presentation of the inkstaud by the ladies of Surrey Chapel. Mrs. H. B. Stout. Surrey Theatre. . A theatre in Blackfriars Road, London, built in 1806 on the site of a former edifice burnt, and again built in 1866. Susannah, History of. A picture by Albert Altdorfer (d. 1538), a German painter. It bears date 1526, and is now in the gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Suspense. A picture by Sir Ed- win Landseer (1803-1873), the celebrated English painter of ani- mals. It is in the National Gal- lery, London. Sutherland Gallery. See Stap- PORD House. Sutro Tunnel. A famous tunnel driven through Mount Davidson in Nevada, for the purpose of in- tercepting the Great Comstock Lode, at a depth of 2,000 feet. The tunnel is almost four miles long, and is said to have cost $5,000,000. It was named after its projector, Mr. Sutro. See Comstock Lode. Swamp Angel. A huge piece of ordnance used in the attack by the Union forces upon Fort Wag- ner, one of the defences of Charleston, S.C, in the War of the Rebellion. It was so named SWA 505 SYN from the fact that it was mounted upon a rampart which had heen erected upon piles driven into the deep mud of the swampy land surrounding the fortifica- tion. Swan Theatre. One of the chief London theatres in the age of Shakespeare. Swede s' Church. See Old Swedes' Choboh. Sweetheart Abbey. See Kew Abbey. Sweno's Stone. A curious monu- ment of antiquity near Forres, in Scotland, supposed to have heen erected by Malcolm II. or Mac- beth, in memory of the expulsion of the Danes. It is a pillar of . sandstone, 23 feet high, covered with figures. Xi®* " These figures are arranged closely in five divisions, forming, as it were, so many passages of tlie story." Muir. Sjnnonds Inn. Formerly one of the inns of Chancery iu London. it®= " A little, pale, wall-eyed, woe- begone inn like a large dust-bin of two compartments and a sifter." Dickens. Synodalni Dom. See Holy Sy- KOD, House of the. TAB 506 TAB Tabard, The. An ancient inn formerly situated in Soutliwark, London, the traditional "hostelry where Chaucer and the other pil- grims met, and, with their host, accorded about the manner of their journey to Canterbury." The buildings of Chaucer's time have disappeared, but were stand- ing in 1602 ; the oldest now remain- ing is of the age of Elizabeth, and the most interesting portion is a stone-colored wooden gallery, in front of which is a picture of the Canterbury pilgrimage, said to have been painted by Blake. In- stead of the ancient sign of the Tabard, the ignorant landlord (says Aubrey) put up about the year 1676, the sign of Talbot, which it now bears. Befell that in that season, on a day At Southwark at the Tabard as I lay, Keadie to wander on my pilgrimage To Canterbury with devout courage. At night was come into that hostelrie Well nine and twenty in a companie Of snndrie folke. by adventure yfall In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all. That toward Canterbury woulden ride. Chaucer. The name of Chaucer is not more iden- tiiicd with tlie Tabard Inn at Southwark. nor Scott's with the Trosachs and Locll Katrine, . . . than that of Byron with the Ducal Palace. Hillard. Tabernacle, The. A frequent designation for the chapels or places of worship of some of the religious sects. The original building which has given its name to succeeding structures of the kind was built in Moorflelds, London, in 1752, and was so called in allusion to the taber- nacle of the Israelites in the Wil- derness. Whitefield and Wesley both preached in this building. •The building known as the Met- ropolitan Tabernacle, in London, was built for Mr. Spurgeon in 1861, and is capable of seating 6,500 persons. Tabernacle, The. An immense wooden building in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the chief religious edifice or temple of Mor- mon worship. Though built of wood it has 46 sandstone pillars upon which rests its huge dome- shaped roof. The building is oval in form, and will accommo- date nearly or quite 10,000 per- sons. It is said to be the largest building in America with a " self- supporting roof." Table Kock. A mass of rock at Niagara Falls, from which the finest front view of the entire falls is obtained. Formerly this rock overhung the water to a large extent, but in 1850 a huge piece of the ledge, some 200 feet in length and 100 feet in thick- ness broke off and fell into the chasm, carrying with it an omni- bus which happened to be stand- ing upon it. At present but little of the rock projects over the water. ^^ "Tou may Btand by the water just where it falls off, and if your head , does not s"wim you may proceed to the brink of Table Rock, and look down into the gulf beneath. This is all froth and foam and spray ; as you stand here it looks as if all the water of the globe was collected around this circle, and pouring down here into the centre of the earth. . . . There the graud spec- tacle baa stood for centuries, from the beginning of the creation, as far as we know, without change. From the be- ginning it has shaken as it now does the earth and the air, and its unvarying thunder existed before thei-e were hu- man ears to hear it." Daniel Webster. JSES^ "It was not until I came on Table Rock and looked — Great Heaven — on what a fall of bright green water, that it came upon me in its might and majesty. Then when I felt how near to my Creator 1 was standing, the first effect and the enduring one — instant and lasting — of the tremendous spec- tacle was Peace. Niagara was at once stamped upon my heart, an Image of Beauty to remain there changeless and TAB 507 TAK indelible until its pulses cease to beat forever." Dickens. Close to the cataract, exactly at the spot from whence in former days the Table RockwsQ^ to project from the land over the boiling caldron below, there is now a shaft down which you will descend to the level of the river. Anthony TroUope. Tablet of Abydos. 1. An histor- ical monument giving a gene- alogy of the early Egyptian langs. It was discovered at Abydos, in Upper Egypt, in 1818. Now in the British Musenm, London. 2. A monument of historical importance discovered in 1865 in the Temple of Sethi I., at Abydus, Egypt, is conjectured by M. Mai- rette to be the original of the one now in the British Museum. It contains a list of 76 kings from Menes to Sethi I. Tablet of Sakkarah. A famous monument found at Sakkarah, now preserved in the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Cairo, Egypt. This tablet, which has been of much use in the solution of the problem of the dynasties of Egypt, has inscribed upon it the names of 58 kings which cor- respond with those in the list of Manetho. Tabularium. An ancient ruin in Home, of which only a few re- mains are now standing, once the public Record Office, where the tabular, or engraved decrees, of the Koman Senate were pre- served. S^ " After his lecture was over this morning, Mr. Bunsen took us into the Tabulariuin, and explained it to us in a very interesting manner. It has been fuliy explored, only within a few years, and is now one of the grandest monu- ments of ancient Kome." George Ticknor. Taj Mahal. A renowned monu- ment — justly considered one of the wonders of the world — at Agra in Hindostan. Its cost is estimated at^^ 16, 000, 000. .6®= " The distant view of this matchless edifice satisfied me that its fame is well deserved. So pure, so gloriously perfect, did it appear, that I almost feared to approach it lest the charm should be brokeri. It is a work Inspired by love and consecrated to Beauty. Shah Jehan— the ' Scllm' of Moore's poem — erected it as a mauso- leum over his queen Noor Jehan. . . . Few persons of the thousands who eigh over the pages of Lalla Rookh are aware that the ' Light of the Harem ' was a real personage, and that her tomb is one of the wonders of the world. ... A building which has no counterpart in Europe, or even in the East. . . . The remains of Moorish art in Spain approach nearest to its spirit, but are only the scattered limbs, the torso, of wbich the Taj is the perfect type. If there were nothing else ^ India, this alone would repay the jour> ney. ... It is an octagonal building of the purest white marble, little in- ferior to that of Carrara. Every part — even the basement, the dome, and the upper galleries of the minarets — is inlaid with ornamental designs in marble of different colors, principally a pale brown and a bluish-violet vari- ety. The building is perfect in every part. . . . The dome of the Taj con- tains an echo more sweet, pure, and prolonged than that in the Baptistery of Pisa, which is the finest in Europe. The Taj is, as I have said, a poem. Did you ever build a castle in the air? Here is one brought down to earth and fixed for the wonder of ages ; yet so light it seems, so airy, and when seen from a distance, so like a fabric of mist and sunbeams, with its great dome soaring up, a silvery bubble about to burst in the sun, that even after you have touched it, and climbed to its summit, you almost doubt its reality." Bayard Taylor. Tak Kesra. A well-known and important ruin on the site of the ancient Ctesiphon in Mesopotar mi a. J8®* "It was apparently originally erected as a hunting-box on the edge of the desert for the use of the Persian king, and preserves ail the features we are familiar with in Sassanian pal- aces. It is wholly of brick, and con- tains in the centre a tri-apsal hall, once surmounted by a dome." Fergusson. TancarvlUe. A mediaeval strong- hold on the banks of the Seine below Rouen. It was pillaged at the time of the Revolution, but has now reverted to the descend- ants of its original owners, the Montmorencys. Tantallon Castle. An ancient and ruined baronial fortress, of un- known age, occupying a high TAP 508 TAB rock which projects into the Ger- man Ocean, near Berwick In Scotland. But scant three miles the band had rode, When o'er a height they passed ; And, sudden, close before tnem showed His towers, Tantallon vast. The train from out the castle drew ; But Warmion stopped to bid adieu: — " Though sometliiug I might plain," he said. *' Of cold respect to stranger guest. Sent hitlier by your king's behest, While ill TantaUon's towers 1 staid, — Part we in friendship from your land." Sir Walter Scott. Tapestries [of the Vatican]. A series of ornamental hangings, after designs by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1620), wrought at Arras in Flanders, first hung in the Sistine Chapel on St. Stephen's day, 26th of December, 1519. They were afterwards carried off to France, but subsequently restored, and are now, it is supposed, hanging in a dilapidated condition, in the upper rooms of the Vatican. One of them, at least, has long been lost. Besides the series of tap- estries in the Sistine, another se- ries, twelve in number, of which the cartoons are lost, are still preserved in the Vatican. They are known as "Arazzi della Scuola Nuova," the others being called " Arazzi della Scuola Vec- chia." .8®* " The tapestries are the only work of Raphael which does not aeem insigniiicant after seeing Michael An- gelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel." Goethe^ Trans. Tapestry Weavers, The. [Hilan- deras.] A noted picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), of which Mengs said that it seemed to be painted rather by the mind than the hand. In the Gallery at Madrid, Spain. Tappan Zee. An expansion of the Hudson River beginning at Dobbs's Ferry. It is about ten miles long and from two to five miles in breadth. He was never seen afterwards, but may be heard plying his oars, as above men- tioned, being the Flying Dutchman of the Tappan Sea. doomed to ply between Ka- kiat and Spiting Devil until the day of judgment Washington Irving. Tara HiU. An eminence in the parish of Tara, in Leinster, Ire- land, formerly the seat of the Irish kings, and from which the famous coronation stone was brought to Scotland. See Stone OF Scone. j^- According to Cambrensis, there is "in Mietb, an hill, called the Hill of Taragh, wherein is a plaine twelve score long, which was named the Kempe his ball; where the countrie had their meetings and folkmotes, ae a place that was accounted the high pal- ace of the monarch. The Irislj histo- rians hammer manie tales in this forge, of Fin Mac Coile and his champions. But doubtlesse seemeth to beare the shew of an ancient and famous monu- ment." The harp that once through Tara's halls. Moore. Tarpeian Rook. [Lat. Tarpeius mons, Ital. Monte Tarpeia.] A rocky eminence or cliff on the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, from which crimi- nals sentenced to death were fre- quently thrown. It was so named to commemorate the treachery of Tarpeia, who, during the war with the Sabines, in the early period of Roman history, longing for the golden bracelets of the enemy and allured by the promise of receiv- ing that which they wore upon their arms, opened the fortress to the Sabines, and was rewarded by being crushed by their shields which they threw upon her in passing. 5®=" " The Tarpeian rock is on the southern side of the Capitoline Hill. The soil has gathered round the base in considerable quantities, so that the formidable impressions conveyed by Roman writers are not confirmed by the sight. But a very respectable pre- cipice may still be seen, and a traitor ■who should now leap from the top would probably be as harmless ever after as Clodius or Catiline." Billard. The tribune with unwilling steps with- drew. While impious hands the rude assault re- new; The brazen gates with thundering strokes resound. And the jTarpeian mountain rings around. Lucan, Trans, Then on to the Tarpeian rock he leads The way, and' to the Capitol, now decked AVith gold, then rough with hushes wild. Virgil, Trans, of Cranch. TAS 509 TEL AniJ when upon their hinges were turned round the swivels of that consecrated gate, Which are of metal, massive and sonorous. Roared not so loud, nor so discordant seemed Tarpeia, when was ta'eu from it the good Metellus, wherefore meagre It remained. J)anle, Purgatorio, Lmgfellow's Trans. On the Tarpeian rock, the citadel Of great and glorious Rome, queen of the earth, So far renown'd, and with the spoils en- riched Of nations. Milton. Thou hast the whole Universe against thee. No more success: mere sham-suc- cess, for a day and days ; rising ever high- er, — towards its Tarpeian Rock. Carlyle. On the 23d May, 1618, the delegates of the Protestants of Bohemia cast Itom the windows of the royal castle of Prague two Catholic members of the Council of Re- gency. They pretended it was an old custom of the country, and that like the Romans they precipitated traitors from the top of this Tarpeian Rock. Henri Martin. — where the steep Tarpeian f fittest goal of Treason's race, Ihe promontory whence the Traitor's Leap Cured all ambition. Byron. See Secchia Tasaoni's Bucket. Eapita. I liked the town CJVIodena] as T drove in ; and, after sleeping an hour or two, I went out in search of" TassonVs Bucket." N. P. Willis. Tasso's Prison. A cell in the Hospital of S. Anna in Perrara, Italy, pointed out as the prison in which the poet Tasso was con- fined by the Duke of Ferrara. And Tasso is their glory and their shame. Hark to his strain ! and then survey his cell! And see how dearly earned Torquato's fame. And where Alfonso bade his poet dwell. Byron. Tattersall's. A celebrated sport- ing rendezvous and auction-mart for horses in London, established by Richard Tattersall in 1766. The betting throughout the coun- try is governed by the betting at Tattersall's. On the Proposal for a Cast-'metal King ; gradually a light kindled in our Profess- or's eyes and face, a beaming, mantling, loveliest light; through those murky fea- tures, a radiant, ever-young Apollo looked; and he burst forth like the neighing of all Tattersall's, — tears streaming down his cheeks, pipe heldaioft, foot clutched into tile air, — loud, long-continuing, uncon- trollable. Carlyle. And they look at one another with the seriousness of men prepared to die in their opinion, — tlie authentic seriousness of men betting at Tattersall's, or about to re- ceive judgment in Chancery. Carlyle. '^tF°\°:^*'^ Castle. The seat of the Marquis of Breadalbane near Kenmore, Scotland. TazzaParnese. [The Farnese Cup.] A celebrated onyx cup, a relic of ancient art, highly ornamented with figures in relief. Now in the Museum at Naples, Italy. Te, Palazzo del. A noble palace in Mantua, Italy. .fl®=- " Giulio Romano's masterpiece." J. A, Symonds. Tebaldeo. A portrait by Sebas- tian del Piombo (1485-1547). In the Scarpa collection at La Motta, Italy. Teoumseh, The. A noted iron- clad vessel of the United States navy in the Civil War in 1861-65. She was one of Admiral Farra- gut's fleet in- the attack upon the defences of Mobile, Ala., Aug. 5, 1864. She was suddenly destroyed by the explosion of a torpedo. J8@=- " The Tecumseh was about 300 yards ahead of the Brooklyn when she was suddenly uplifted, and almost as suddenly disappeared beneath the wa- ters, carrying down with her Capt. Craven and nearly all his otHcers and crew. Only 17 of 130 were saved. 'The Tecumseh had struck a percussion- torpedo, which exploded directly under her turret, making a fearful chasm, into which the water rushed in such volume that she sunk in a few seconds." Telegraph Hill. An eminence at the northern extremity of San Francisco, Cal., commanding a fine view. Tell's Chapel. 1. A building sit- uated on a ledge of rock on the slope of the Axenfluh, washed by the waters of the Lake of Uri, Switzerland. It is a small chapel built in memory of William Tell (b. thirteenth century), and on the very spot where he sprang out of Gessler's boat, as he was being carried away a prisoner. The chapel was rebuilt in 1879, in TEM 510 TEM strict adherence to the original design. 2. A chapel in a village near Altorf, Switzerland, built in 15jl2 on the spot where tlie house stood which was occupied by William Tell. TSm^raire. See Fighting Teme- BAIKE. Tempe. A narrow rocky gorge in Greece, about five miles in length, between Mount Olympus on the north and Mount Ossa on the south, through which flows the river Peneus. On the right side of the vale is the inscription cut in the rocli; : " Lucius Cassius Longinus, tlie Proconsul, made the road through Tempe." Ac- cording to the legends of the Greek mytliology, this fissure ■was cut through by Nejitune with a stroke of his trident, thus open- ing a passage for the waters im- prisoned in Thessaly, the defile receiving from^tliis circumstance the name of Tempe (from Gr. T«n>"j), or The Cuts. From Tempe's vale next ancient Peneus came, That fertile vale immortalized in fame ! Catullus, Trans. Lapped in Tliessalia's forest-mantled hills Lies the fair vule of Tempe. Ovid. Trans. Passing from Italy to Greece, the tales Which poets of an elder time have feigned To giorlty their Tempe. bred in me Desire of vihiting that Paradise. To Thessiily 1 came, and, living private, I. day hy dav, frequented silent groves And solitary wailts. Ford. (Lover's Melancholy.) The smootli Peneus from liis glassy flood Reflects pur,)ureal Tempe's pleasant scene. Fair Tempe .' haunt beloved of sylvan powers, Of nymiitis and fauns; wliere in the gold- en age They played in secret on the shady brink With ancient Pan. Akettside. Yet in famed Vtticasuch lovely dales Are rarely '■eeu ; nor can fair Tempe boast A charm they know not. Byron. Temperaments. See Four Tem- peraments. Temple, The. A liberty or dis- trict of London, lying between Fleet Street and the Thames, so called from the Knights Tem- plars. See Inner Temple and Inns of Court. .e®-" There are still worse places than the Temple on a sultry da;y, for basking in the sun or resting idly^in the shade." Dickens. This privileged spot [Whitefriars or " Alsatla "] stood in the same relation to the Temple as Alsace did to France and the central powers of Europe. In the Temple, students were studying to observe the law; and in Alsatia, adjoining, debt- ors to avoid and violate it. " . . Temple, The. Nothing is now left of this old fortress and prison in Paris, though much of it was standing a century ago. There were two Commanderies of the Knights Templars at Paris in the thirteenth century, of which this strong and important feudal fort- ress was one. It was granted to the Knights of St. John (subse- quently the Knights of Malta) after the suppression of the order of Templars in 1312. Louis XVI., with Marie Antoinette his queen, his son the Dauphin, his daugh- ter and his sister, were confined in the prison in the t«wer of the Temple in 1792. The tower was subsequently used as a prison, but was pulled down in the early Eart of the present century. Sir idney Smith, Toussaint I'Ou- verture, and Pichegru were im- prisoned in the tower. Temple. See Presentation nr the Temple. Temple Bar. A noted historic boundary in London, between the east end of the Strand and the west end of Fleet Street, di- viding the City of London from the liberty of Westminster. The original division was by posts and rails, a chain and a bar placed across the street and named from its immediate vicin- ity to the Temple. The Bm\ or house of stone, which until lately stood on this site, was erected by Sir Christopher Wren. It had a large flattened arch in the centre for the carriage-way, and a small- er arch on each side for foot pas- sengers. Above the centre, on iron spikes, were formerly placed the heads and limbs of persona executed for treason. The last of these spikes was not removed till the present century. Mr. Rogers, the poet, who died in TEM 511 TEM 1855, remembered *' one of the heads of the rebels upon a pole at Temple Bar." The gates were originally shut at night and guarded by watchmen, and have occasionally been in recent times closed in cases of apprehended tumult. It was formerly the case upon the visit of the sovereign to the city, to keep the gates closed until admission was formally de- manded, when the gates were opened, and the lord-mayor sur- rendered the city sword to the sovereign, who re-delivered it to his lordship. This noted struc- ture is now taken down and re- moved. j8®^" With the removal of Temple Bar an immensity of the associations of the past willbe swept away. Ahnost all the well-known authors of the last two centuries have somehow had occa- sion to mention it. Fleet Street, just ■within its bounds, is still the centre for the offices of nearly all the leading newspapers and magazines." Hare. '• It is ray pi^tice, when I am in want of amusement, to place myself for an hour at Temple Bar, and examine one by one the looks of the passengers; and I have commonly found that be- , tween the hours of eleven and four every sixth man is an author." Dr. Johnson. Whil,e we surveyed the Poets* Corner, I said to him [Goldsmith], " Forsltan et nostrum nomen miscebitur istis." When we got to Temple Bar he stopped me, pointed to the heads upon it, and slyly whispered, " Forsitan et nostrum nomon miscebitur istis." Dr. Johnson. How they exult in the idea that the King himself dare not enter the city, with- out first knocking at the gate of Temple Bar, and asking permission of the Lord Mayor; for if he did, heaven and earth ! there is no knowing what might be the consequence. Irving. Thei^raw afternoon is rawest, and the dense fog is densest, and the muddy streets are muddiest, near that Leaden- headed old obstruction, appropriate orna- ment for the thresliold nf a leaden-headed old corporation: Temple Bar. Dickens. Each man an Ascapart, of strength to toss For quoits both Temple-bar aud Charing- cross. Pope. The earth is rich in man and maid ; With fair horizons bound ; This whole wide earth of light ana shade Comes nut, a perfect round. High over roaring Temple Bar, And, set in Heaven's third story, I loolt at all things as they are, Bujt through a kind of glory. Once more I greet thee, Temple Bar, That hast so often from afar Risen iiniid my dreams; When avalanches." round me roared, Or where the Tagus, sunlit, poured Its stately golden streams. Walter Thombury. Temple Church. A church situ- ated in the rear of Fleet Street, London, one of the four circular churches huilt in England after the Templars' return from the Crusades, containing many efli- §ies of feudal warriors. John elden was huried in this church. In the Temple " Round," as the church was called, lawyers con- ferred with their clients. Retain all sorts of witnesses, That |)ly i' the Temple under trees; Or walk the Round with Knights o' the Posts, About the cross-legg'd knights, their hosts. Butler. Tenaple Emanuel. The principal Jewish synagogue in the city of New York, an imposing building, in the Saracenic style, with a magnificent interior. It is con- sidered the finest specimen of ar- chitecture of its kind in America. Temple Gardens. An open space belonging to the Inns of Court, London, fronting the Thames. Here Shakespeare represents the choice of the York and Lancas- trian roses as emblems by the partisans of the two houses. Suffolk. Within the Temple Hall we were too loud; The garden here is more convenient. . . . Plantagenet. Let him that is a true- born gentleman, And stands upon the honour of his birth. If he suppose that 1 have pleaded truth, From off this briar pluck a white rose with me. Somerset. L^t him that is no coward, nor no flatterer. But dare mHintain the partv of the truth, Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me. . . . Planlagenet. Hath not thy rose a can- ker, Somerset ? Somerset. Haih not thy rose a thorn, Plantagenet? . . . Warwick. This brawl to-day, Grown to this faction in the Temple Gar- dens. Shall send, between the red rose and the white, A thousand souls to death and deadly Shakespeare. First Part of Henry^ VI. Stand in Temple Gardens, and behold London herself on her proud stream afloat. Shakespeare. TEM 512 TEM Temple ol Aboo-Simbel. This and a smaller temple near it are among the most interesting ob- jects in Egypt. Tliey were hewn out of the solid rock. The great temple is remarkable for its mag- nificent colossi, the most beauti- ful in Egypt. They are 66 feet in height, and represent Rameses the Great. The fa9ade of the temple is about 100 feet high. Within are eight Osirides pre- cisely alike, all carrying the cro- zier and flagellum. There are eight rooms opening into the large hall, the walls of which are covered with sculptures rep- resenting the offerings to the gods. In the adytum are figures of four gods. The warlike deeds of Rameses are represented on the walls as offerings to the gods. See Lady of Aboshek. .6®^ " Nothing more intereeting than these temples is to be found beyond the limits of Thebes. . . . The faces of Rameses outside (precisely alike) are placid, and cheerful, — full of moral grace; hut the eight Osirides within (precisely alike, too) are more. They are full of soul." Misd Martineau. This is the shrine of Silence, sunk and hewn Deep in the solid rock : its pillars rise From floor to roof, like giants, witli fixed eyes, And palms crossed on their breasts ; e'en at mid-noon A dim light falls around, as though the moon Were peering at the temple from the skies. J. B. Norton. The mighty shapes that guard the solemn pile, Unburled, after ages, from the tomb Heaped on them by the blast of the si- moom. Sit at the portal, gazing, night and day. O'er the lone desert, stretching far away, And on the eternal flood of Father Nile. J. B. Norton. Temple of Antoninus and Faus- tina. A temple erected by the Senate to the memory of Anto- ninus Pius and his wife Faustina, in the Forum at Rome. It is now in ruins. Temple of Apollo [at Delphi]. The site of this structure is now re- garded as definitely determined, from the discovery of what are thought to be, in all probability, the foundations of the temple. The temple of Apollo was reck- oned one of the largest and most beautiful in Greece; having been burnt in 548 B.C, it was rebuilt by the Alcmseonidte. The "Ion" of Euripides contains an interest- ing record of the ornaments with which it was decorated. Here was the oracular chasm with the issuing vapor, which moved the destiny of empires; here, too, was the elliptical stone looked upon as the centre of the earth. Temple of Apollo. A striking and picturesque ruin at Tivoli, in the neighborhood of Rome. Temple of Apollo Epicuriua. One of the finest and best-preserved temples in Greece, built, in a place which was called BassEe, in the time of the Peloponnesian War, by Ictinus, who was also one of the architects of the Par- thenon. It was dedicated to Apollo JEpiairivs (the Helper) in gratitude for the relief afforded by Apollo during a plague. Pau- sanias speaks of the harmony of construction, and beauty of the stone, of this temple as surpassing all works of the same kind in the Peloponnesus. i^" '* Such is the seclusion in which the Temple of Bassse stands, that for many ages its very existence was either unknown or forgotten. Like the tem- ples at Paestum in this respect, it was not till after the middle of the eigh- teenth century that this, the most beau- tiful and most perfect of all the remains of Greek architecture in the Pelopon- nesus, was discovered in nearly the same state as when visited more than a thousand years before by Pausanias." 0. Wordsworth, Temple of Belus. See Bms Nm- KOOD. Temple of Bubastls. This m£^- nificent temple at the town of the same name in Egypt is not now standing. It was built of the finest red granite. The name Bu- bastis is derived from the goddess Pashf, to whom this temple was dedicated. Herodotus describes the temple as forming a peninsula, surrounded by water (two canals from the Nile) on all sides except TEM 513 TEM the one by which you enter, and as being situated in a low space in the centre of the town, from which you could look down upon it; the town having been raised, while the temple retained its ori- ginal level. J8®=" " Othertemples maybe grander, and may have cost more in the building, but there is none so pleasant to the eye as this of Bubastis.*' Herodotus. Temple of Castor and Pollux. An ancient temple in Rome, of which three columns only are now standing. This ruin has also been designated by various other names. Temple of Denderah. This tem- ple of the Nile, though not of the remotest antiquity, is interesting and imposing. It was built by the C?esars, and bears the names of Tiberius (in whose reign the inscription was made), Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. It also bears .upon its walls portraits of Cleo- patra and her son Neo-Csesar, It is in better preservation than most of the Egyptian ruins. j8®- "The building of the temple of Denderah was begun in the reign of the eleventh Ptolemy, and completed in that of the Emperor Tiberius ; but the sculptures and decorations were not finished till the time of Nero." Murray^s Handbook. fl®* " Of the temple of Dendara I will say nothing. The oldest names it bears are those of Cleopatra and her son CsBsarion; and it has not therefore the interest of antiquity; while its beauty is of the same kind as that of the Isna temple. At Dendara, as at Isna, the Pasha has caused the building to be cleaned out ; for which the world is obliged to him: and it would have been more so, if he had not run a mud- brick wall directly up against the mid- die of the front; so that no complete view of the portico can be had from any point." Misa Martineau. "What yonder rises? 'Tls Tentyra*s fane,^ That stands like some dark giant, on the plain; Rival of Karnak, Edfou, stem and lone, It looks to Heaven, Its founder, date, un- known. Nicholas Michell. Or, lodged by an Arab guide, ventured to render a General view of the ruins at Denderah. Lowell. Tem.ple of Diana. An interest- ing Roman temple at Nimes, France. «®" " Throughout this building the details of the architecture are unsur- passed for variety and elegance by any thing found in the metropolis, and are here applied with a freedom and ele- gance bespeaking the presence of a G-recian mind, even in this remote cor- ner of the empire." Fergusson. Temple of Ephesua. A famous temple of Artemis, or Diana, in ancient Ephesus, Asia Minor. The original temple, erected in the sixth century B.C., was in- tentionally burned by Herostra- tus, with a view to gaining noto- riety, on the same day on which Alexander the Great was born, B.C. 356. The new temple, which occupied more than two centu- ries in building, was one of the largest and most gorgeous of all those erected by the Greeks, and was regarded one of the wonders of the world. Scanty remains of it still exist. ij®= "According to Pindarus, the first temple of Ephesus was built by the Amazons at the time when they made war upon Theseus. Strabo attributes it to the architect Ctesiphon. After Eros- tratus burnt it in 356 B.C., says Strabo, the gifts brought from all parts, the donations of pious women , the presents of the colonies, and the valuable arti- cles deposited by the kings in the an- cient sanctuary, enabled the people to rebuild the temple on a still more mag- nificent scale. All Asia joined in the undertaking, and the structure took no less than 220 years to raise. It was placed on a marshy soil to insure it against earthquakes, and in order to obtain sufficiently strong foundations for such a considerable mass, a bed bf ground carbon was laid down , and a bed of wool above that. The entire temple was 425 feet long and 220 feet wide. ... In the thirteenth century A.B., the Persians first, and afterwards the Scythians, pillaged and burnt the tem- ple of Ephesus. What of destruction was left unaccomplished by .these was completed by the Goths and Mahomet the (i-reat." Lefevre^ Tr. Donald. S^ "Strange to say, till very re- cently even its situation was unknown; and even now that it has been revealed by the energy and intelligence of Mr. wood, scarcely enough remains to ena- ble him to restore the plan with any TEM 514 TEM thing like certainty. This is the more remarkable, as it was found buried under seventeen or twenty feet of mud, ■which must have been the accumula- tion of centuries, and might, one would have thought, have preserved consider- able portions of it from the spoiler." Fergusson. Temple of Portuna Virilis. A very ancient building in Rome, supposed to date back to the times of the Republic, which has undergone many restorations, and is now a Christian church. Temple of Glory. A celebrated picture by Anton Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). In Madrid, Spain, Temple of Greenan. A singular pile of ruined buildings of very great antiquity, near Derry, Ire- land. By some it is thought to have been a temple for sun- worship, by others a royal resi- dence. i8®* "To the casual ohserver, the first appearance of the edifice is that of a truncated cairn of extraordinary di- mensions; but on inspection it will be found to be a building constructed with every attention to masonic regularity. In the centre are the remains of the altar, or place of sacrifice. The stones of which the building is formed are of the coiumon gray schistus, hut evident- ly selected with care, and, considering their exposure to the Atlantic storms for so many centuries, the decomposi- tion is wonderfully small." Dublin Penny JoumaL Temple of Herod. See Herod's Temple. Temple of Isis [at Philae]. This is the principal temple at Philfe, and of great interest. It was built by the Ptolemies, though many of the sculptures are of the time of the Roman Emperors. It contains among its many ob- jects of interest ten colossal col- umns, completely covered with sculptures in a variety of brilliant and beautiful colors, all of which are not merely ornamental, but also emblematic. fl®-"No Gothic architect in his wildest moments ever played so freely with his lines and dimensions, and none, it must be added, ever produced any thing so beautifully picturesque as this. It contains all the play of Hght and shade, all the variety of Gothic art, with the massiveness and grandeur of the Egyptian style; and as it is still tolerably entire, and retains roudi of its color, there is no building out of Thebes that gives so favorable an im- pression of Egyptian art as this. ^ It is true, it is far less sublime than many, but hardly one can be quoted as more beautiful." Fergusaon. Temple of Isna. A vast and cele- brated temple at Isna, on the left bank of the Nile, in Upper Egypt, not far from Thebes. 4i®* " I think I had better say little of Isna, whose temple is so universally praised that every one knows all about it. Those have heard of it who are ignorant of almost every thing else about Egypt. If it were ancient, I could not refrain from giving my im- pressions of it; but the only relic of the old edifice supposed to exist is a small red door -jamb bearing date in the time of Thothmes I., mentioned by Champollion. The portico hears the* names of the Caesars; and, however greatly the world is obliged to them for erecting a very majestic and elegant temple, we are not aided by it in our researches into the aflFairs of the old Egyptians. ... If I were to enlarge on any thing in regard to this temple, it would be the amount of inscriptions. But it is indescribable, — unrememlrer- able, — incredible anywhere but on the spot. I have already said all that language can say on this point; and I will leave it.'* Miss Mariineau. Temple of Janus. A temple in ancient Rome dedicated to Janus, one of the early Roman deities, which was opened at the com- mencement of every war, and continued open while the war lasted. The tradition is that it was only closed three times in a period of 700 years, one of those times being at the birth of Christ in the reign of Augustus Caesar. Temple of Jupiter Latialis. A temple of Jupiter, the remains of which are still in existence, on the summit of Mount Albano, or Monte Cavo, near Rome, Italy. Temple of Jupiter Stator. Three weli-known beautiful columns near the base of the Palatine Hill, Rome, are usually supposed to be TEM 615 TEM the remains of this temple; but they have been the subject of much antiquarian dispute. Temple of Kalabsheh. This tem- ple was the largest in Nubia, and is a magnificent ruin. It was built by the Caesars, of stones which had belonged to an older edifice. Its interest lies mainly in its vastness, and the remark- able preservation of its coloring. Temple of Karnak. One of the most imposing and best-preserved temples in Egypt. It stands on the east bank of the, Nile, amid the ruius of Thebes. It occupies' an area of nine acres, which is covered with gigantic columns, courts, and avenues of sphinxes. j8®^ "The palace temple at Karnak — perhaps the noblest effort of archi- tectural magnificence ever produced by the hand of man. Its principal di- mensions are 1,200 feet in length by about 360 in width ; and it covers, there- fore, about 430,000 square feet, or near- ly twice the area of St. Peter's at Rome, and more than four times that of any mediaeval cathedral existing. This, however, is not a fair way of estimating its dimensions; for our churches are buildings entirely under one roof, but atKaruak a considerable portion of the area was uncovered by any buildings, so that no such comparison is just. The great hypostyle hall, however, is in- ternally 340 feet by 170, and with its two pilous, it covers more than 88,000 square feet, a greater area than the cathedral of Cologne, the largest of all our Northern cathedrals ; and when we consider that this is only a part of the great whole, we miiy fairly assert that the entire structure is among the lar- gest, as it undoubtedly is one of the most beautiful, buildings in the world." Fergusson. JS^ " The earliest name found on any of the buildings of the Great Tem. pie IS that of Osirtasen I., and the latest that of Alexander II." Murray's Handbook. Who would not feel and satisfy this want, Watching, as I, iu Kamak^s roofless hall-. SubnuvQlar lights of evening sharply slan t Throufih pillared masses and on wasted walls ? lard Houghton. Here let me sit in Kamak's gorgeous halt. Tirm as w hen reared each massy pictured wajl. Nicholas Michell, Temple of Luxor. A palace-tern- , pie m Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile, built by Amunoph III. and Rameses II., forming a part of the ruins of Thebes. Though inferior in size to Karnak, it is reckoned superior in point of architecture. Two monolithic obelisks of granite formerly stood in front of Luxor, one of which is now in the Place de la Concorde, in Paris. Those unexampled temples sempitern — Luxor and Karnak, twain, yet linked in one , By avenue of sphinxes, multiplied, lo endless view. j. Ellis. Temple of Mars Ultor. [Mars the Kevenger.] An ancient Roman temple, of which only a few beau- tiful pillars now remain. Temple of Minerva [at ^gina.] One of tbe oldest temples in Greece, formerly thought to have been a temple of Zeus Panhelle- nius, probably built in the sixth century B.C. It is now in ruins. Some of the sculptures of the Sediment are now preserved at [unich, Bavaria. Of these there are casts in the British Museum. Temple of Minerva Medica, An interesting ruin in Rome. It is now thought to be misnamed. S^^ " It [this temple] commonly goes by the name of the Temple of Minerva Medica, though this is cer- tainly p, misnomer- Recently it has become the fashion to assume that this was the ball of some bath; no building of that class, however, was known to exist in that neighborhood. . . . It cer- tainly belongs to the last days of the Roman empire, if, indeed, it be not a Christian building, which I am very much inclined to believe it is. . . . Taking it altogether, the building is certainly, both as concerns construc- tion and proportion, by far the most scientific of all those in ancient Rome, and in these respects as far superior to the Pantheon, as it is inferior to that temple in size. Indeed, there are few inventions of the Middle Ages that are not attempted here ; so much so, in- deed, that I cannot help believing it is much more modern than is generally supposed." Fergussoh. Temple of Neptune. A famous ruined temple at Psestum in Southern Italy, regarded as the TEM 516 TEM finest specimen of Greek archi- tecture outside of Athens. JS^ '* Of the three temples of Paes- tum, the best preserved ranks among the most beautiful works of antiquity, and is situated between the two others, Neptune was the god to whom it was dedicated. Its fluted columns, of which there are six on the fa9ade and four- teen on the sides, rest upon three broad steps of most harmonious pro- portions. Between the columns the space is little more than the diameter of the pillars. This makes the play of light and shade amon^them very strik- ing." Ze/ewe, TV. Donald. JSST " Study of these buildings, so sublime in their massiveness, so noble in the parsimony of their decoration, so dignified in their employment of the simplest means for the attainment of an indestructible effect of harmony, heightens our admiration for the Attic genius which found in this grand man- ner of the elder Doric architects re- sources as j'et undeveloped." J. A. Symonds. Yet there, a lovely dream, There Grecian temples gleam, Whose form and mellowed tone Rival the Parihenon. Temple of Phthah. A famous temple at Garf Hoseyn, a large village in Nubia, on the banks of the Mle, j8Sr " It may be remembered that this was the deity [Phthah] to whom, according to tradition, the lirst temple was raised in Egypt; when Menes, having redeemed the site of Memphis from the waters, began the city there, and built the great temple of Phthah, renowned for so many years after- wards. Memphis and this Garf Ho- seyn formerly bore the same name, derived from their deity, viz., Phthahei or Thyphthah. His temple has been found by some travellers as impos- ing as any on the Nile. It has been compared even with Aboo-Simbil. . . . We saw nothing ruder than this tem- ple, which yet is grand in its way." Miss Martineau. Temple of Saturn. An old Ro- man temple, of which a few frag- ments, in the shape of eight Ionic columns, still remain in the Fo- rum at Rome. Temple of Sunium, A ruined temple, dedicated to the tutelary- goddess of Attica, at Sunium, now Cape Colonna, the most soutliern point of Attica, is mag- nificently situated at the extrem- ity of the promontory, 269 feet above the ^gean Sea, and com- mands an extensive view. It was built of white marble. Six- teen columns are now standing. ,^= " The marble columns of the ruins of Sunium's temple on Cape Co- lonna stood forth with a shining white- ness in the warm sunshine. Sea-birds fluttered around on the gray desert coast." M. C. Andersen. JS^ "In all Attica, if we except Athens itself and Marathon, there is no scene more interesting than Cape Colonna. To the antiquary and artist, sixteen columns are an inexhaustible source of observation and design; to the philosopher, the supposed scene of some of Plato's conversations will not be unwelcome; and the traveller will be struck with the beauty of the pros- pect over ' li-les that crown the ^gean deep : ' but, for an Englishman, Co- lonna has yet an additional interest, as the actual spot of Falconer's Shipwreck. Pallas and Plato are forgotten, in the recollection of Falconer and Campbell: ' Here in the dead of night by Lonna's steep. The seaman's cry was heard along the deep.' This temple of Minerva may be seen at sea from a great distance." Byron. Save where Tritonia's airy shrine adorhs Colonna's cliff.and gleams along the wave. Byron. Temple of the Latter Day Saints. See Mormon Temple. Temple of the Sibyl. A famous temple, of the Corinthian Order, at Tivoli, near Rome, " which has probably sat for its likeness more often than any building on earth." It is now a ruin crown- ing a cliff, with ten of its original eighteen columns still standing. ^S" "The building, when perfect, placed anywhere would have been an elegant structure, and its remains have formed a most satisfactory ruin; but no fabric of man ever owed more to its situation. . . . The relation between the temple and the rock is like that be- tween the capital and the shaft: each seems to require the other as its com- plement. Nature and art never worked together more harmoniously, and to call the combination merely pictur- esque is to do it injustice. It is a pic- ture 'tvhich requires nothing to be added to or taken from it to make it perfect." mUard. TEM 517 TEJSr Temple of the Sun. A ruined temple at Ba'albek, in Sj'ria, and the most perfect of tlie existing remains in that country. It was considerably larger than the Par- thenon at Athens. The most in- teresting portion of the building at present remaining is the Great Gateway, 42 feet in height by 20 feet in width. What was left of this temple was much injured by the earthquake of 1759, which threw down many of the col- umns. [Also called the Temple of JnpUer and Temple of Apollo.^ Temple of the Sun. A ruined temple in Palmyra, Northern Pal- estine, and one of the finest ruins in Syria. About 100 columns are still standing. Temple of the 'Wingless Victory. A small but very beautiful tem- ple at Athens, Greece, " only 27 feet long, 18 feet broad, and, from the lowest step to the top of the pediment, not more than 23 feet high." This temple of Nikij airrepos had entirely disappeared a cen- tury ago, but in 1835 its frag- ments were discovered and skil- fully restored to their original places. It is not mentioned among the works of Pericles, and is thought to have been built by Cimon. eS" "The little temple [of Nike Apteros, or Winglesa Victory] is a jewel of a structure, not half so large as that of Vesta at Rome, and consists only of a cella with four Ionic col- umns at each end. Nevertheless it lightens wonderfully the heavy masses of masonry against which it stands." Bayard Taylor. Temple of Vespasian. An old Roman temple, of which a few fragments, in the shape of three beautiful columns, are still stand- ing in the Forum. This ruin was formerly called the Temple of Jupiter Tonans. Temple of Vesta. A celebrated Roman temple, of acircularform, standing on the banks of the Tiber, near where the Cloaca Maxima empties into the river. By some antiquaries this temple is thought to be misnamed. It is surrounded by a row of marble columns nineteen in number. In Elaoe of the entablature, which as fallen, a roof of red tiles is laid directly upon the capitals of the columns. ij®" '* It is a pretty toy of a huild- ing; too small — to borrow an expres- sion of Horace Walpole's — to live in, and too large tp hang at one's watch- chain. Its form and features are mul- tiplied in an immense progeny of bronze niodels and inkstands to which it baa given birth." IlUlard. .6ES^ " The picture of this perfect temple and the beautiful purpose of its consecration have always been promi- nent in my imaginary Rome. It is worthy of its association — an exqui- site round temple, with its simple circle of columns from the base to the roof, a faultless thing in proportion, and as light and floating to the eye as if the wind might lift it. It needed not the heavenly moonlight that broke across its columns to make it a very shrine of fancy." M. P. Willis. Temptation of Christ. A picture by Ary Scheflfer (1795-1858). Temptation of St. Anthony. 1. A picture by Joachim Patenier (d. 15i8?), the Flemish painter, ■ and one of his masterpieces. It is now at Madrid, and there is also a copy of it in the Museum of Berlin, Prussia. 2. A picture by David Teniers the Younger (1610-1694). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Ten Thousand Saints. See Mar- TYKDOM OF THE TeN THOUSAND Saints. Tenebrario. A famous and beau- tiful candlestick of bronze, mod- elled after Solomon's Temple, in the cathedral of Seville, Spain. It was executed by Bartolom^ Morel, who lived in the reign of Philip II. Tennessee, The. A noted Con- federate iron-clad ram, taken in the harbor of Mobile, Ala., Aug. 5, 1864, by Admiral Farragut's fleet. US- " Admiral Farragut believed the fierce combat was ended; for, as darkness closed in, the forts were si- lent. He was mistaken. Just before nine o'clock the Tennessee came down under a full head of steam, and made TEX 518 THA directly for the Hartford. All the na- tional vessels were immediately sig- nalled to close in upon and destroy the monster. It was not an easy task, for it appeared absolutely invulnerable for several hours. The Monongahela first struck it a blow square in the side, and fired an eleven-inch shot upon it with very little effect. The Lancaster, run- ning at full speed, struck the ' ram,' and crushed in her own stem. Now the Hartford tried her powers upon the sea-giant. She gave the Tennessee a, glancing blow and a broadside of ten- inch sheila at a few feet distance. . . . Thus beset and badly crippled, the Tennessee struck her colors, and he- camo Farragut*8 prisoner after fighting all night and until ■ ten o'clock in the morning. Her commander was badly wounded, and six of her crew were killed." Lossing. Tenterden Steeple. A church in Tenterden, Kent, England, which has acquired notoriety from a supposed connection between it and the formation of the danger- ous shoal known as the Goodwin Sands; the tradition being that the money which should have been used to maintain the sea- wall was diverted to the building of the church. j8^° "Mr. Moore was once sent in commission into Kent, to help to try out (if it might be) what was the cause of Goodwin Sands, and the shelf that stopped up Sandwich haven. Thither coraeth Mr. Moore, and calleth the country afore him ; such as were thought to be men of experience, and men that could, of likelihood, best cer- tify him o( that matter, conceraing the stopping of Sandwich haven. Among others, came in before him an old man, with a white head; and one that was thought to be little less than an hundred years old. When Mr. Moore saw this aged man, he thought it expedient to hear him say his mind in this matter; for, being bo old a man, it was likely that he knew most of any man in that presence and company. So Mr. Moore called this old man unto him, and said, * Father,' said he, 'tell me, if you can, what is the cause of this arising of the sands and shelves here about this ha- ven ; the which stop it up that no ships can arrive here ; ye arc the eldest man that I can espy in all this company; 80 that if any man can tell any cause of it, ye of likelihood can say most in it; or, at leastwise, more than any other man assembled.' — ' Yea, forsooth, good master,' quoth this old man, < for I am well nigh an hundred years old; and no man here in this company any thing near unto mine age.' — ' Well, then,' quoth Mr. Moore, * how say you in this matter? what think ye to be the cause of these shelves and fiats that stop up Sandwich haven ?' — • Forsooth, say ye,' quoth he, * I am an old man ; I think tiiat Tenterden Steeple is the cause of Goodwin Sands; fori am an old man,* quoth he; 'and I may remember the building of Tenterden Steeple, and I may remember when there was no stee- ple at all there ; and before that Tenter- den Steeple was in building, there was no manner of speaking of any flats or sands that stopped the haven; and, therefore, I think that Tenterden Stee- ple is the cause of the destroying and decay of Sandwich haven.' And even BO to my purpose is preaching of God's word the cause of rebellion, as Tenter- den Steeple was the cause that Sand- wich haven is decayed.'* Bishop Latimer, Sermons. Thus, however, it was that Tenterden Steeple brought an intiux of Ibe Atlantic on us, and so Godwin Sands. Carlyle. Terrace, The. An imposing pile of architecture in Central Park, New York, comprising corridors and stairways, and broad avenues adorned with statuary. Terrapin Tower. An observatory which formerly stood on a little isle at Niagara, and afforded a fine view of the falls. It was de- ,stroyedin 1873. JS^* " I do not quite approve of that tower, seeing that it has about it a gin- gerbread air. Nevertheless the tower is worth mounting. Here the mystery is lost, but the whole fall is seen," Anthony Trolhpe. Terror, The. An Arctic exploring vessel which sailed from Eng- land in company with the Ere- bus, under Sir John Franklin, in May, 1845, and never returned. See Erebus. Testaccio, Monte. See Monte Testaccio, Thames Embankments. A series of great improvements effected in London since 1850, consisting of stone embankments on both the north and the south side of the Thames, by which many acres that were formerly mud-banks have been reclaimed , roads a hundred feet wide constructed, THA 519 THE with landing-stages from the riv- er-steamers, the interior beinglaid out in ornamental gardens form- ing a pleasant promenade. The Victoria embankment, on the north side of the river, was opened in 1870. The Albert, on the opposite side, was opened in 1869. Thames Street. A well-known street in London, extending from Blackfriars to the Tower. Thames Tunnel. A brick arched double roadway under the river Thames at "London, executed by Brunei at a cost of £614,000. It was opened to the public March 25, 1843. Since 1865 it has been ' used for a railway-tunnel by the East London Railway Company. Thatched House. This celebrated tavern in St. James's Street, Lon- don, is no longer standing. For about two centuries it was noted for its club meetings and its din- ners. As late as 1860 more than 25 societies and clubs were enter- tained at the Thatched House. Part of its site is now occupied by the house of the Civil Service Club. Was it never thy hard fortune, good reader, to attend any meeting convened for piiljlic purposes: any Bible Society, Reform, Conservative, Thatched-Tavem, Hogg-Dinner, or ottier such meeting ? Carlyle. Thavies Inn. Formerly an inn of court in London, and one of the oldest. It was destroyed by Are towards the close of the last century. According to Mr. Guppy in Diclcens's novel of " Bleak House,'* it was "round the corner" from Lincoln's Inn. "We just twist up Chancery Lane, an' cut along Holborn, and there wc are in four minutes' time as near as a toucher." Th€4tre T'ran9ais. A theatre in Paris, Rue Richelieu, on the south-west side of the Palais Royal. Here are acted the regu- lar French dramas, the modern as well as the more classic pro- ductions of Moliere, Racine, Cor- neille, and others. Richelieu built the The'atre du Palais Roy- al, upon the site of which the present house was erected in 1787. Moliere was manager from 1658 till his death in 1673. ThSatre Lyrique. A recent thea- tre in Paris, on the Place du Cha- telet, devoted to the lyric drama and operas. Twice a week he goes to the theatre; he prefers the Palais-Royal : perhaps twice more he takes upon his arm one of the figurantes of the 3'Mdtre Lyrigue. Taine, lYans. Theatre of Marcellus. An inter- esting ruin in Rome, of which only a few arches now remain. The building is supposed to have been capable of holding 20,000 spectators. It was a fortress in the Middle Ages, and subsequent- ly passed into the possession of the Orsini family. Theobalds. A palace in the parish of Chishurst, near London, for- merly the residence of Sir Wil- liam Cecil (Lord Burleigh). It passed into possession of the Stu- art kings, who oftpn resided here. The building is described as one of great magnificence, but has now entirely disappeared. Theodore's, St., Column. See St. Theodoke's Column. Theodorio's Palace. 1. A cele- brated ruin in Ravenna, Italy, the old residence of the Gothic king. This palace was despoiled of many of its treasures by Char- lemagne. 2. Well-known and picturesque ruins at Terracina, on the route between Rome and Naples, Italy. Theodorio's Tomb. An interest- ing and celebrated sepulchral monument, of a circular form, built by the Gothic king Theodo- ric, and standing in the midst of a plain near Ravenna, Italy. Theology. See Dispute of the Sacrament. Theresa, St. See St. Theresa. Thermae. See Baths. Thermes, Palais des. See Palais DES ThEEMES. Theseum. A monumental temple in Athens, Greece, finished about 465 B.C., and built to receive the THE 520 THE bones of Theseus. The Theseum is thought to have furnished the model for the Parthenon. fl®^' "It is a memorial at the same time of the hero's friend Heracles, and of the alliance between the cities which the two represent, Athens and Argos. . . . Very apjjropriately this temple is now occupied as a museum of relics of ancient Greek art." T. Chase. iB®* *' The oldest temple of this class ^the Doric temples built in the forty or hfty years which succeeded the defeat of thfe Persians at Salamis] is that best known aa the Theseium or Temple of Theseus, at Athens, though it is nearly certain that it ought more properly to be considered the temple of the god Mare. It constitutes a link between the archaic and the perfect age of Grecian art; more perfect than the temple at jEgina or any that preceded it, but fall- ing short -of the perfection of the Par- thenon, its near neighbor both in lo- cality an'd in date." Fergusson. Jj^' " This edifice, the best preserved of all ancient temples, stands on a mound at the foot of the Areopagus, on its western side, overlooking a part of the modern city. Its outer colon- nade of Doric pillars, tinted with a rich golden stain, is entire; the cella is for the most part so, and little but the roof is wanting. It is small, but very beautiful, and with such a background ! — the olive-groves of the Academy, Co- lonos, and Parnes." Bayard Taylor. Theseus. An ancient Greek statue. Now in the British Museum, Lon- don. id®" *' The Apollo Belvedere as com- pared with the Theseus In the British Museum — perhaps the best work now left to us of the best period of Grecian art — is like Dryden'e Alexander's Feast as compared with Milton's Ode on the Nativity. The latter is the production of the greater genius, but nine readers out of ten will prefer the former." Hillard. Thetis bearing the Armor of Achilles. A noted picture by Francois Ge'rard (1770-1837), the eminent French painter. Thiergarten. An extensive public park adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Prussia. Thomas 5. Becket. See Conskcka- TiON OF Thomas a Becket and Shrine of Thomas X Becket. Thomas d'Aquin, St. See St. Thomas d'Aquin. Thomas. See Incredulity of St, Thomas. Thomas's Hospital, St. See St. Thomas's Hospital. Thornbury Castle. An ancient castellated mansion of historical interest, begun by the Duke of Buckingham in the reign of Henry VIII. It is in the town of the same name in Gloucestershire, England. Threadneedle Street. [Or Three- needle Street.] A street in Lon- don said to derive its name from three needles, the sign on the shield of the Needle-makers' Company's arms. The Bank of England is situated in this street, and is sometimes referred to as the " Old Lady of Threadneedle Street." Contrive to talk well, you will get to heaven, the modem heaven of the Eng- lish Do not talk well, only work well, and heroically hold your peace, you have no chance whatever to pet thither: with your utmost industry ynu may get to Threadneedle Street, and accumulate more gold than a dray-horse can draw. Carlyle. Nay. if M'Croudy oflfcred liis own life for sale in Threadneedle Street, would any- body buy jtV Not 1, for one. Carlyle. Even so, ye indiKent millionnaires, and miserable bankrupt populations rolling in gold, — whose notc-ot-hand will go to any length in Threadneedle Street, and to whom in heaven's bank the stern answer is, "No effects! " Bankrupt. 1 say; and Califoniias and Eldorados will not save us. Crabbe. Threave Castle, The ancient seat of the Douglas family, situated on an island of the Dee, in Scot- land, and inaccessible by land except in a very dry season. It is now a ruin. Three Ages. A noted picture by Titian (1477-1576). " A youth and a maiden — she playing the lute — sit in the foreground; chil- dren, undisturbed by a cupid, sleep in the middle distance ; and, further from the eye, an old man contemplates two skulls on the ground." In the Bridgewater Gallery. fl®=- *' One of the most beautiful idyllic groups of modern creation." Xuglevt handbook of Painting* THK 521 TIG Three Brothers of Antwerp. The name given to three celebrated rubies. They are alluded to in Sir Walter Scott's " Anne of Geierstein." Three Cranes in the Viutry. A famous old tavern in London. It figures in Scott's novel of " Ken- ilworth," and was one of the tav- erns of Ben Jonson's time. There hyh been great sale and utterance ofWnic, Besides Bccre, and Ale, and Ipocras flne, In every country, region, and nation But cliicfly in Billingsgate, at the Saluta- tion; And the Bor-s Head . . Three Cranes in the vmlnj. Newesfrom Bartholomew Fayre. Three Fates. A remarkable pic- ture usually ascribed to Michael Angelo, but the correctness of this ascription is doubted. In the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. «®- " In the Pittl Palace, a picture of the Three Fates is ascribed to Mi- chael Angelo. It was executed, how- ever, by Kosso Fiorentino." Kugler. S^^ " Miphael Angelo's Fates are three very grim and pitiless old women, who respectively spin, hold, and cut the thread of human destiny, all in a mood of sombre gloom, but with no more sympathy than if they had noth- ing to do with us. I remember seeing an etching of this when I was a child, and being struck even then with the terrible, stern, passionless severity, neither loving nor hating us, that char- acterizes these ugly old women. . . . They are a great work, containing and representing the very idea that makes a belief in fate such a cold torture to the human soul." Hawthorne. Three Graces. A mythological picture by Eaphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), and one of his earlier com- positions. It is in the Dudley Gallery, London. Three Graces. A group in one of the frescos in the Farnesina, Rome, executed wholly or in part by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). Three Graces. A well-known pic- ture by Giacomo Palma, called IlTecchio(1480?-1548?). This pic- ture is .said to represent the paint- er's daughters. It is in the Gal- lery at Dresden, Germany, Three Kings of Cologne, Shrine of. bee Shkine. Three Marys. A well-known pic- ture by Annibale Caracci (1560- 1609), " of singular grandeur and pathos." It is now at Castle Howard, England. Three Moors. See Deei Mohken. Three Sisters. Romantic islets at Niagara Falls, from which is ob- tained the best view of the rapids at their widest and most disturbed part. "The Three Sisters are mere fragments of wilderness, clumps of vine-tangled woods, planted upon masses of rock; but they are parts of the fascination of Niagara which no one resists." Three Trees. A celebrated pic- ture by Paul Rembrandt van Ryn (1C06-1669). It is known through reproductions. And ye Three Trees of Eembrandt, black in shadow against tire blaze of sunlight : and thou Rosy Cottager of Sir Joshua,— thy roses hinted by the peppery burin of Bartolozzi ; ye, too, of lower grades in na- ture, yet not unlovely nor unrenowned, YoungBuHofPaulusl'otter, and Sleeping Cat of Cornelius Visscher: welcome once more to my eyes ! Holmes, Thule. See Ultima Thdle. Thunder, Castle. See Castle Thunder. Thunderbolt. A beautiful pleas- ure-ground on the ^\'arsaw River, near Savannah, Ga. Thuron. A picturesque ivy-clad ruined castle on the Moselle, in Rhenish Prussia. The fortress was built in 1209. Ticonderoga, Fort. See Fort Ti- CONDEKOGA. Tiffagnes. A ruined castle in France, between Nantes and Poi- tiers. It is said to have been one of the haunts of the famous Gilles de Eetz, the " Blue Beard of the Loire." Tigellum Sororls. [The Sister's Beam .] A name given to a struc- ture, in the form of a yoke, in an- cient Rome, erected to commem- orate the legend of the last of the Horatii, who, being sentenced to death for the murder of his sister, TIH 522 TOD had his punishment commuted, at the intercession of liis father, to passing under a yoke. It is said that this structure was still standing in Rome as late as the fifth century of our era. Tih, Tomb of. See Tome of Tih. Tinker, The. A well-known pic- ture by Franz van Mieris (1635- 1681), the Dutch geni-e-painter, and considered one of his mas- terpieces. It is in the Gallery of Dresden, Saxony. Tlntagel. A famous ruined castle, near the town of Camelford in England, .reputed to have been the birthplace of King Arthur, and the residence of Queen Isolde. [Also written Tintadc/d.] Four of the train combined to rear The terrors of TintadgeVs spear. Scott. Tintern Abbey. 1. A famous and picturesque ruin, four miles from Chepstow, England. The monas- tery was founded in 1131. The existing remains are the property of the Duke of Beaufort. They are associated with one of "Words- worth's most admired poems. The men who called their passion iiiety, And wrecked this noble argotv of faith, — They little thought how beauteous could be death, How fair the face of time's aye-deepening sea ! Lord Houghton. 2. A ruined abbey in Wexford county, Ireland. Tiryns, Eulns of. Tiryns, one of the oldest cities of Greece, was situated a short distance south- east of Argos, and 12 stadia from Nauphlia. According to the, fa- ble, Tiryns was built for Prcetus by the Cyclopes, about 1379 B.C. The walls are well preserved. Titania, The. An English iron yacht belonging to Mr. R. Ste- phenson, which was beaten in the ocean race of Aug. 28, 1851, by the United States yacht the America. Titian. A portrait of himself by the painter. In the collection of autograph portraits in the Dffizi, Florence, Italy. Titian and his Mistress. A pic- ture, bearing this name, by Titian (1477 - 1576), representing " a beautiful woman, with a male figure holding a mirror behind her." This picture, of which there are many repetitions, is in the Louvre, Paris. Titian's Beauty. See Bella di 'TlZIANO. Titian's Daughter. See Daugh- ter OF Titian. Titian's House. At Tai. Cadore, Italy. Titian's Slave. See Schiava di Tiziano. Titian's Schoolmaster. A picture called by this title, but misnaujed, in the Duke of Sutherland's gal- lery, in Stafford House, England. It was painted by Giovanni Bat- tista Moroni (1510-1578). Titus, Arch of. See Arch of Ti- tus. Titus, Baths of. See Baths of Titus. Tivoli Gardens. 1. A beautiful place of public resort in the city of Mexico, situated on San Cosme Avenue. The trees and foun- tains and singing birds and trop- ical luxuriance of these gardens make them a spot of rare attrac- tiveness. 2. A place of amusement in Paris. On my return liome, I found all Paris in motion in the upper p.irt of the city, chiefly with a fete at the Gardens of Ti- voli, George Ihcknor, Tobit. 1. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter, representing the family of Tobit adoring the departing angel. It bears date 1637, and is now in the Louvre, Paris. 2. A picture by Gerard Dow (1613-1674?), theDutchf/enre-paint> er, representing the blind Tobit going to meet his son. In War- dour Castle, England. Todtenleuohter. [Lantern of the Dead.] An ancient and curious monumental structure near Vi- enna, Austria. It is 30 feet in height, and the date inscribed upon it is 1381. "There is a TOI 523 TOM small door at a height of about five feet from the ground, and near the summit a chamber with six glazed windows in which the light was exhibited." Toilet of Venus. A picture by Francesco Albani (1578-16G0), and one of his best works. In the Louvre, Paris. Tolbooth. A building which for- merly stood on the Castle Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland, and which served the various purposes of a House of Parliament, a Court of Justice, and a jail for common criminals, and for insolvent debt- ors. After degenerating into a mere prison, it was taken down in 1817. This prison is poetically known as the " Heart of Mid- Lothian . " The word Tolbooth is a general name for a jail. .flS^^A maesive, turreted, five-sto- ried stone structure of various ages. ... At a later period the structure served for a prison, once under the name of the old Tolbooth, but since, and probably for coming time, distin- guished as the ' Heart of Mid-Lothian.' . . . The entrance door and the huge padlock and key were removed to Ab- botsford, where they now appear among the many curiosities collected by Scott." J. jF. Sunnewell. His [Scott's] house itself is a kind of collection of fragments of history ; archi- tectural ornaments, — copies from Mel- rose in one part, the old identical gate of the Tolbooth, or rather the stone part of it, through wliich the Porteous mob forced its way, in another. George Ticknor, But whar's the pude Tolbooth gane now ? Whar's the auld Claught, wi' red and blue ? Scott. The Tolbooth felt, — for marble sometimes can. On sueh occasions, feel as much as man, — The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms. If Jeffrey died, except within her arms. Byron. Arthur's steep .«ummit nodded to its base, The surly Tolbooth scarcely kept her place. Byron. Toledo, The. A celebrated street in Naples, Italy, and the chief business avenue of the city, about a mile and a half in length. It was built in 1540 by Don Pedro de Toledo, and separates the an- cient from the modern city. 'It swarms with people, and has been pronounced the noisiest street in Europe. It is now called the Strada di Roma. You remember J , and what a dandy he was, the faultlessness of his boots aftd cravats, the brilliancy of his waistcoats and kid-gloves : we have seen bis splen- dor in Regent Street; in the Tuileries. or on the Toledo. Thackeray. Tom, Great. See Great Tom. Tomb of Aarou. See Aaron's Tomb. Tomb of Abelard and Eloise. This tomb is in Pfere-la^Chaise, the celebrated cemetery in Paris. Abelard died in 1142, and Heloise in 1163. Come to yon stately dome. With arch and turret, every shapely stone Breathing the ICBtmls of the I'araolete, Where slumber Abelard and Heloise, 'Neath such a world of wreaths, that scarce ye see Their marble forms recumbent, side by side. Mrs. L. H. Sigoumey. Fair saint of passion, placidly reclining. Thy glowing breast contained in marble death. While Love's soft planet on thy brow is shining, A sister heart to thine would lend its breath. *Tis with a thrill of jny I see beside thee The form that might not pass the con- vent grate, And gather that the happiness denied thee On earth makes blessed thine immortal state. Julia WardlJotee. An avenue of tombs ! I stand before The tomb of Abelard and Eloise. A long, a dark bent lino ot cypress-trees Leads past and on to otlier shrines; but o'er This tomb the boughs hang darkest and most dense. Like leaning mourners clad in black. Joaquin Mller. Tomb of Alexander. See Alex- ander's Tomb. Tomb of Atreus. A subterranean dome, constructed under the slope of the hill at Mykenie, Greece. Here was stored the wealth of the early kings, cars and armor, with treassures of deco- ration in embroidery, purple, and gold. Tomb of Cecilia MeteUa. A cir- cular tower, 70 feet in diameter, resting upon a quadrangular base, situated upon the Appian "Way, two or three miles from Rome. It was built to the memory of Cecilia Metella, the daughter of Quintus Metellus (called Creti- TOM 524 TOM cus) and wife of Crassus, and is one of the best-preserved of the ancient monuments near Rome. H^ff^ " This tomb of a woman has be- come the dungeon keep of a castle, and all the care that Cecilia Metella's hus- band could bestow to secure endless peace, for her beloved relics, only suf- ticed to make that handful of precious ashee the nucleus of battles, long ages after her death." Rawthorne. There is a stern round tower of other days, Firm as a fortress, with its fence of stone. Such as an army's baffled strength delays, Standnif^ with half its battlements alone. And with two thousand years of ivy grown. The garland of eternity, where wave The green leaves over all by time o'er- thrown; — What was this tower of strength ? With- in its cave What treasure lay so locked ? so hid ? — A woman's grave. Byron. Tomb of Daute. See Daute's Tomb. Tomb of Barneses III. See Harp- EKs' Tomb. , Tomb of St. Sebald. See St. Se- eald's Tomb. Tomb of Sethi I. See Belzoni's Tomb. Tomb of the "Volumnii. A noted ancient sepulchre, containing cin- erary urns, in the immediate neighborhood of Perugia, Italy. Tomb of Theodoric. See Theo- DORic's Tomb. Tomb of Tib. An interesting and (so far as it remains) excellently preserved specimen of an Old Empire tomb in Egypt. The sculptures and representations on the walls are in wonderfully food condition, having kept their elicacy of outline and their color. They are considered in some respects superior to those at Beni Hassan. Tomb of Virgil. See Vikgil's Tomb. Tomb of "Washington. See Wash- ington's Tomb. Tombs, The. A massive stone building of Egyptian architecture in New York, serving as a city prison. Tombs of Beni Hassan. See Beni Hassaji. Tombs of the Judges. A group of sepulchral monuments near Jeru- salem. jS£^ " These are ornamented by a tympanum of a G-reek or lioman tem- ple hlled with scroll-work of a rich but debased pattern." Fergusson. Tombs of the Kings. A group of sepulchral monuments near Jeru- salem. j8®=- ** They still retain traces of the original design, sufficient to lix their date within or subsequently to the Herodian period, without much possi- bility of douht." Fergusson. Tombs of the Brophets. The name given to a series of tombs excavated in the side of Olivet near Jerusalem. The origin and history of these caves are involved in obscurity. They probably de- rive their name from the " tombs of the prophets " alluded to by Christ in Matt, xxiii. 29. Tombs of the Scaligers. A group of admired sepulchral monuments in Verona, Italy, erected to the memory of the Scaligeri, the fam- ily who ruled over the city in the thirteenth and fourteenth centu- ries. j8®* " The tombs of the Scaligers stand in the centre of the town, with a highly ornamental railing about them, and are a perfect mockery of death with their splendor. If the poets and scholars whom these petty princes drew to their court had been buried in these airy tombs beside them, one would look at them with some interest. Now one asks, * Who were the Scaligers, that their bodies should be lifted high in air in the midst of a city, and kept for ages, in marble and precious stones?*" N. P. Wittis. Tombs of the Stuarts. In St. Peter's Church, Rome, with a monument by Canova (1757-1822) to the memory of James the Third, Charles the Third, and Henry the Ninth, Kings of England. JS^ '* To those who speak the Eng- lish tongue, the most interesting of the monumentsin St. Peter's is that erected by Canova to the last three of the Stu- art family. ... It is a marble struc- , ture, in form resembling a truncated obelisk. . . . Its interest is independent of its merit as a work of art." IfiUard. Tombs of the Soipios. [Bal. Se- pola'i deyli Scipioni.] These an- TOM 525 TOR cient tomts which are situated on the Appian "Way, not far from the Porta S. Sehastiano, Rome, were discovered towards the close of the last century, and are among the most interesting historical monuments that have been brought to light. The inscrip- tions which were found in them have been removed to the Vati- can. Thef Scipios' tombs contain no ashes now : The very sepulchres lie tenantiess Of their heroic dwellers. Byron. Tompkins Square. A public park in New York, noted as a place of parade for the soldiery, and of gatherings of workingmen. Tom's. A noted coffee-house in London, so called after the origi- nal proprietor, one Thomas "West. It was situated in Russell Street, Covent Garden, and was taken down in 1865. In the same street were the two other celebrated cof- fee-houses. Will's, and Button's. In the reign of Queen Anne, Tom's was frequented by many persons of rank; and the balcony is said to have been seen " crowd- ed with noblemen in their stars and -garters, drinking their tea and coffee exposed to the people." It is described as being at that time a favorite resort for the best company, after the play, where they could enjoy "playing at pi- quet and the best conversation till midnight. Here you will see blue and green ribbons, with stars, sitting familiarly and talk- ing with the same freedom as if they had left their quality and degrees of distance at home." A club, comprising nearly 700 per- sons, seems to have been estab- lished here in 1764, and was pat- ronized by the nobility, gentry, and men of genius of the period. The list of members includes many noted names. Johnson and his biographer Boswell first met here. There was another Tom's in Cornhill, resorted to by Garrick. TonquSdec. A large and well-pre- served feudal castle in Brittany, France, near Lannion. It was built in the thirteenth century, and was used as a royal fortress. .8®* " To tbe antiquary, precious ae a specimen of the military architec- ture of the thirteenth century. For the sketcher they combine the requisites to form a lovely landscape." TroUope. Tooley Street. A street in South- wark, London. The " Three Tailors of Tooley Street" are characters said by Canning to have addressed a petition about popular grievances to the House of Commons, and to have headed the petition, "We, the people of England." The honorable gentleman whom you interrupt here, he. m his official capacitv, is not an individual now, but Ihe embodi- ment of a Kation; he is the "People of England " engaged- in the work of Secre- taryship, this one; and cannot forever afford to let the three Tailors of Tooley Street break in upon him at all hours ! Carlyle. Tooloon. See Mosque of Ahmed EBN Tooloon. Tor de' Speochi. An aristocratic conventual establishment at Rome, Italy. The young Countess Bolopnetti, one of the famous Cenci family, took the veil at the Torde' Specchi, the fashionable rich convent of the nobility here. Ticknor. Tor di Babele. A well-known mediaeval tower of the Colonna family in Rome. Torlonia Palace. [Ital. Palazzo Torlonia.'] A palace in Rome, built about 1650 by Fontana for the Bolognetti family, and bought early in this century by the Bo- man banker Torlonia, from whom it takes its present name. , Toro Farnese. See Farttese Bull. Torre degli Asinelli. A well- known leaning tower in Bologna, Italy, erected in the twelfth cen- tury, and so called from its build- er, Gherardo degli Asinelli. See Garisenda. JJ®^ " The leaning towers of brick, one of which furnished to Dante a most characteristic and picturesque il- lustration, impressed me. We read so much of the leaning tower of Pisa, that we feel something like a sense of injury at finding it does not incline more. These towers in Bologna are very ugly; and one half suspects them to have bent over on purpose to attract that attention which in their normal state they could not secure." Hiltard. TOE 526 TOK In the devotional pictures he CSt. Petro- niuB] holds in his nantl the city of bo- logna., dibtinguished by the lali central tower, the Torre Asineilt, and the leaning tower Dear it, Mrs. Jameson, Torre dei Gonti. An immense brick tx)wer in Rome, erected by Innocent III. (1198-1216), one of the Conti family, from whom it gets its name. It was resorted to as a place of safety in the Middle Ages. Torre del Gallo. See Galileo's Tower. Torre del Grillo. A well-known mediaeval tower in Rome. Torre del Orologio. See Horo- loge OF Petrus Lombardus. Torre della Fame. [The Tower of Famine.] A famous tower which once stood in Pisa, Italy, but of which now no vestiges re- main. It was the scene of the sufferings of Count Ugolino della Gherardescha, immortalized by Dante. Ugolino, as head of the Guelphs, had doubtless sought to enslave his country, and had com- mitted various tyrannical acts. He was overcome in 1288 by the Archbishop Ruggiero Rubaldino, chief of the Ghibellines, and was afterwards imjirisoned, with his two sons and two grandsons in this tower, where they starved to death. 41^*' The Pisans, who had impris- oned Count Ugolino and hie two sons and two grandsons, children of Count Guelfo, .18 we liave before mentioned, in a tower on the Piazza degli Anziani, ordered the door of the tower to be locked, and the keys to be thrown into the Arno, and forbade any food should be given to tljo prisoners, who in a few days died of hunger. And the five dead bodies, being taken together out of the tower, were ignorainiously bur- ied; and from that day forth the tower was called the Tower of Famine, and shall be forevermore." Villani. Of the erl Hupilln of Pise the langour Tber may no tonsrc telle for plte. Eutlltol'out of Pise stant a tour. In whiche tonr in (irisonn put was he: And A\ 1th him Ijecn his litel children thro, Thcldest sKarslv fyf ycr was of age; Alias 1 fiirfniie! It waspret cruelte Suclie brlddes to put in such a cage. Dampnyd he was to deye in that prisoun, For Roger, which that bisschop was of Pise, Had on him maad a fals suggestioun; Thurgh which the peple gan on him arise, And piitte hlra in prisoun in such wise As ye have herd. Who so wil it hiere in lenger wise, Rede the gret poet of Itaile That highte Daunt, lor he can it devise. Fro poynt to poynt nought oon word wil he fayle. Chaucer., The Monkes Tale. Thou hast to know I was Count Ugolino, And this one was Knggieri the Arch- bishop; Now I will tell thee why I am such a neighbor. That, by effect of hii malicious thoughts, Trusting in him I was made prisoner. And after put to death, I need not say; But ne'crtheless what thou canst not have heard. That is to say, how cruel wasmv death. Hear shalt thou, and shalt know if he has wronged me. A narrow perforation in the mew, ■Which bears because of me the title ,of Famine, And in which others still must be locked up. Had shown me through its opening many moons Already, when I dreamed the evil tlream Which of the future rent for me the veiL Dante, jTi/ej-no, Jj^ngfellow's Trans. A human Mother and Father had said to themselves, Whatsliall we do to escape star\'ation? We nrc deep sunk, here, in our dark cellar; and help is far. Yes, in the Ugolino Htenger'tower stem things happen ; best-loved liitle Gaddo fallen dead on his Father's knees ! Carlyle. There stands the Tower of Famine. It is built Upon some prison-homes, whose dwellers- rave For bread, and gold, and blood. Shelleg, But those, the human savaRes, explore All patlis oft rture, and insatiate yet. With Ugolino hunger prowl for more. Byron. Torre della Scimia. [Tower of the Ape.] A mediseval tower in Rome, the subject of a curious legend. It relates how a baby, snatched by an ape and borne to the top of the battlements, was re- stored in safety to its parents in answer to a vow which they made that they would cause a lamp to burn nightly fore^'er before an image of the Virgin upon the summit. The building is also known as Hilda's Tower from the part which it plays in Haw- thorne's romance of the " Marble Faun." TOR 527 TOT ;6®" " Connected with this old tower audits lofty sbrine, there la a legend; aad for centuries a lamp has been burning before the Virgin's image, at noon, at niiduigbt, at all hours of the twenty-four, and must be kept burning forever, as long as the tower shall stand, or else the tower itself, the palace, and whatever estate belongs to it, shall pass from its hei'editary possessor, in ac- coMance with an ancient vow, and be- come the property of the church." Hawtliorne, T/ie Marble Faun. They brouplit at once to mind the flocks that niida watches from her tower window, in Hawthorne's Roman romance. Hicliard Grant Wiite. Torre delleMilizie. A well-known tower in the city of Eome, Italy. JS^ " On the slope of the Quirinal Hill . . . stands a square brick tower, «even stories high. It is a conspicuous object in any general view of Rome ; for there are few others so tall, and there is not a single spire or steeple in the city. It is the Torre delle Milizie. It was begun by Pope G-regory the Ninth, and finished near the end of the thirteenth century by his vigorous and warlike successor, Boniface the Eighth. Many such towers were built for the purposes of private warfare, in those times when the streets of Rome were the fighting-places of its noble fami- lies ; but this is perhaps the only one that now remans undiminished in height and unaltered in appearance. It was a new building when Dante visited Rome; and it is one of the very few edifices that still 'preserve the ae-> pect they then presented." C. E. Norton. Torre di Sohlavi. An elevation about three miles from the Porta Maggiore, Rome, upon which are some ruins of a villa of the Em- peror Gordian. Torre Guelfa. A noted tower in Pisa, Italy, at the extremity of the Lung' Arno. Torre, Palazzo delle. An ancient Roman building in Turin, Italy. ^8®" " In this building, to which no more precise date can be assigned than that of the age between Justinian and Charlemagne, is probably seen the last expiring effort of Romanesque archi- tecture in a Gothic country, though the paucity of contemporary examples renders it extremely difdcult to trace the exact history of the style at this age." Fergiisson. Torrigiani Palace. [Palazzo Tor- rigiani.'] A well-known palace in Florence, Italy, containing some art treasures. Torso Belvidere. A celebrated fragment of Greek sculpture found in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, and now in the Museo Pio- Clementino of the Vatican. It is generally supposed to be a figure of Hercules, wrought, according to the inscription on its base, by ApoUonius, son of Nestor of Ath- ens. Michael Angelo declared he owed his power of represent- ing the human form to this statue ; and when old and blind, he was sometimes led up to it that he might place his hands upon it. >e®=" " Here are the masterpieces; and first the Torso, so lauded by Mi- chael Angelo : indeed, in its life, in its grandeur of style, in the vigorous set- ting of the thighs, in its spirited action, and in the mingling of human passion with ideal nobleness, it is in conform- ity with his nlanner." Taine, Trans. And dost thou still, thou mass of breath- ing stone (Thy giant limbs to night and chaos ^ hurled), Still sit as on the fragment of a world, Surviving all, majestic and alone? Rogers. It is like the new virtue shown in some unprized old property, as when a boy finds that his pocket-knife will attract steel filings and take up a needle ; or ■ when the old horse-block in the yard is found to be a Torso Hercules of the Phld- ian age. Emerson. Torso Farnese. See Bacchus. Torso of Hercules. See Torso Belvidbke. Torto, Muro. See Mhro Toeto. Tothill Fields. A region in Lon- don between Pimlico and the Thames, formerly a place of rec- reation. The name is thought to be derived from the French tout le champ. Tottenham Court Boad. An im- portant avenue in London. It was the old road from St. Giles s to the Manor of Totham or Tot- ten Hall. And Hogsdone, Islington, and Tothnam For cakes and creame, had thernio small resort. Wither. TOU 528 TOW As for the smaller fry, who swarm in shoals From silly HaAz up to simple Bowles, Why should we call them from their dark abode, In broad at. Giles's or in Tottenham-road? Byron, At seven we started for New York on board a great North-River steamboat, which was so crowded with passengers that the upper deck was like the box- lobby of a theatre between the pieces, and the lower one like Tottenham Court Jioad on a Saturday night. Jjickens. Tour de Cordouan. A celebrated and important l)ght-hou,?e begun at the mouth of the Garonne in 1584, but not completed lor a num- ber of years afterwards. But little is known of the two or more predecessors of the present structure. The first light-house is traditionally said to have been built by Louis the Debonnair, but some think that it was erected here not till the thir- teenth century at the request of the merchants of Cordova, and the foreign traders with whom they dealt. The second tower was built here by order of the Black Prince in the fourteenth century. The cock upon the village church Looks northward from his airy perch, As ii' beyond the ken of man 'I'o see the ships come sailingon, And pass the Isle ot Ol^ron, And pass the 2'ower of Cordouan. Longfellow. Tour de Montgomery. A circular tower of the Palais de Justice, Paris. Tour de Wesle. The site of this former tower, or castle, in Paris is now occupied by the Palais de rinstitut. It formed the end of the city wall on the south side of the river. It was often inhabited by royal personages, and a num- ber of crimes are said to have been committed here. Tour de Solferino. A modern tower, on the hill of Montmartre, Paris, which commands a view over the city. Tour d' Ordre. A celebrated light- house, or pharos, at Boulogne, of which little or nothing now re- mains. Suetonius tells us that It was originally erected as a triumphal tower, or monument of his achievements, by the Em- Eeror Caligula. It is thought to ave been used as a light-house as early as 191 A.D., and served for that purpose as late as the seventeenth century, when it finally fell, together with part of the cliff on which it was built. It is said to have been octagonal in shape, and 192 feet in circum- ference, growing smaller and smaller towards the top. The height is variously given from 124 feet to 200 feet. It was built of stone and brick. Tour d' Ordre has been popularly, but doubtless wrongly, regarded as a corrup- tion of Turns ardent. Tour de Peyberland. A fine me- dijeval belfry tower in Bordeaux, France, 300 feet in height, in- cluding the spire. It was built in 1430. Tour Magne. [Great Tower.] A celebrated monument, and relic of Roman times, atNimes, France. .es^ "It coneists of an octagonal tower 50 feet in diameter, and now about 120 feet high. . . . Within the basement is a great chamber, covered by a dome of rubble masonry, to ■which no access could have been ob- tained from without, but the interior may hove been reached through tlie eye of the dome. From the terrace an important flight of steps led upward to — what? It is almost impossible to refrain from answering, to a cella, like those which crowned the tomb-temples of Assyria. That the main object of the building was sepulchral seems hardly doubtful, but we have no other instance in Europe of a tomb with such a staircase leading to a chamber above it." Fergusson. Tournament, A. A picture by Peter Paul Kubens (1577-1640). In the Louvre Gallery in Paris. Tournelles, Palais des. See Pa- lais DES TOURNKLLES. Touro Park. A park in Newport, R.I., given by Judah Touro, a Jew, and containing within its enclosure the celebrated Old Stone Mill, or Hound Tower. See Old Stoke Mill. Tower. For names begiiming with TOW 529 TO"w Tower, see the next prominent word. See also infra. Tower, The. The ancient and far- mous citadel of London. It stands on the north bank of the Thames, about a mile below London Bridge, and in the oldest part of the metropolis. Its foundation has been ascribed to Julius Cae- sar; but the tradition is unsup- ported by evidence, though it is probable that the Romans had a fortification here. The oldest portion of the present fortress is the keep, or White Tower, so named from its having been originally whitewashed. It was built about 1078 for William the Conqueror. The Tower is mem- orable for the distinguished per- sons who have been confined within its walls as prisoners of state. It has been from early times the depository of the nar- tional arms; and since the restor- ation of Charles II. the regalia, or crown jewels, have been kept here on exhibition. i8®=* " This Tower is a citadel to defend or command the City; a royal palace; a prison of state for the most dangerous offenders ; the armory for warlike provisions; the treasury of the ornaments and jewels of the Crown ; and general conser\'er of most of the records of the King's courts of justice at Westminster." Stow. JS^=' "Here [in the White Tower] we were shown the Council Chamber of the ancient kings of England, hardly altered at all ; the very room in which Kichard ni. bared his arm, and accused Hastings of witchcraft in ahrivelhng it. We went to the very window where he stood, when he witnessed the instant execution of hie victim, and saw the very spot, at the corner of the old chapel, where the block was laid for it." Ticknor. Prince. Where shall we sojourn till our coronation? Qloster. Where it seems best unto your royal self. If I may counsel you, some day or two Tour highness will repose you at the Tower. Prince. I do not iike the Tower, of any jjlac'e. — Did Julius Csesar build that place, my lord? Buck. He did, my gracious lord, begm that place, Which since succeeding ages have re-edi- fled. Prince. Is it upon record, or^ else re- ported Successively from age to age, he built it ? Buck. Upon record, my gracious lord. '' Shakespeare. Methought that I had broken from the Tower, And was embarked to cross to Burgundy. Shakespeare. How pleasing Atterbury's softer hour, How shone his soul unconquered in the Tower. Pope. Ye towers of Julius, London's lasting shame, With mauy a foul and midnight murder fed. Oray. From all the batteries of the Tower Pealed loud the voice of fear. And all the thousand masts of Thames Sent back a louder cheer. Macaulay. Merry Margaret, as Midsomer flowre, Gentyil as taucon andhawkeof the Towre. Skelton. Where London's towres theire turrets show So stately by the Thames's side, Faire Arabella, cliilde of woe ! For many a day bad sat and sighed. Old Ballad. And have they fixed the where and when 7 And shall Trelawny die ? Here's twenty thousand Cornish men Will know the reason why! Out spake their captain brave and bold, A meriy wight was he : " If London Tower were Michael's hold, We'll set Trelawny free ! " Robert S. Hawker. Tower HiU. . The high ground ad- joining the Tower of London, on the north-west. Here formerly stood a large scaffold and gallows for the execution of traitors and other criminals. 12 May, 1641. I beheld on Tower Hill the fatal stroke which severed the wisest head in England ft-om the shoulders of the Earl of Strafford, whose crime coming un- der the cognizance of no human law, a new one was made, not to be a precedent, but his destruction, to such exorbitance were things arrived. John Evelyn, Diary. Mr. and Mrs. Quilp resided on Tower Hill; and in her bower on Tower Hill, Mrs. Quilp was left to pine the absence of her lord, Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop. It would be a noble feat to bring their necks to the block. Above all, it would he delightful to see Nottingham's long sol- emn face on Tower HiU. Macaulay. Tower of Babel. A structure be- lieved to have been built in the most primitive times in the plain of Shinar, according to the ac- count given in Gen. xi. 1-10, and TOW 530 TEA to have been abandoned through the confusion ol tongues then oc- casioned by the Divine displeas- ure. Tliis tower has been thought to be identified with the ruin known as Birs Nimrood. See Bibs Nimkood. His Sfcilian-Ilalian, and Laquais-de- Place French, garnished with elirods from all European dialects, was wholU- intelli- gible to no mortal ; a Tower-of-Babel jar- gon, which made many tiiink him [Count Cagliostro] a kind of Jew. Carlyle. The press, that giant machine, poura forth incessantly new materials for its work — the entire human race is upon the scaftbiding, every spirit is mason, every day a new course is raised, . . . there is also a confusion of languages, incessant acting, — a refujie secured to intelligence against a new deluge; it is tiie second Tower of Babel of tile human race. Victor Hugo. Tower of Babel. A well-linown painting by Wilhelm von Kaul- bach (1805-1874). In the Museum at Berlin, Prussia. Tower of David. This name is generally applied to a massive tower of the citadel of Jerusalem. A " Castle of David " is referred to here in the thirteenth century, and the historians of the cru- sades mention a " Tower of Da- vid " built of immense hewn stones. The structure now known as the Tower of David is thought to be identical with the ancient "Tower of Hippicus," frequently referred to by Jose- phus. US' " The BO-called Tower of David appears to be the oldest portion of the citadel : it has a sloping escarp of ma- sonry. . . . Above which the tower rises in a solid mass to the height of 29 feet. . . . The whole, when perfect, must have presented a smooth surface difficult to escalade, and, from the solid- ity of the mass, unassailable by the battering-ram." Capt. Wilson. Tower of Drusus. See Dkus0s, Tower of. Tower of Famine. See Tokke DELLA Fame. Tower of Hollows. A Border tower, 70 feet in height, in Scot- land, near Canobie. Tower of the Ape. See Tobke BELLA SCLMLA. Tower of the Conti. See Tokbe DEI COMTI. Tower of the MTinds. An octag- onal tower of marble — the Horo- loge of Andronicus Cyrrhestes — built at Athens, Greece, about 100 years before our era. Its sides face the eight principal points of the compass, and are marked by tigures of the winds from each of those points. It was surmounted by a Triton for a weathercock, and contained a clepsydra in the interior. It served as a town-clock, and was a double measure of time with its sun-dials on the outside, and its clepsydra within. The Horo- logium is called by Delambre " the most curious existing monu- ment of the practical gnomonics of antiquity." S^ " At the end of the broad street, there is an extensive place, uneven from its torn-down clay huts and ruined walls. The Tower of the Winds rises, half dug out of the earth and grass, where the dervishes lived in the time of the Turks. Two tall cypresses point mournfully towards heaven." JI. C. Andersen, Townley Collection [or Townley Marbles]. A large collection of remains of Greek and Roman art, gathered by Mr. Charles Townley, at Rome, between 1765 and 1772, and afterwards pur- chased by the British Museum, where they are now deposited. Townley Venus. A beautiful Greek statue, now in the British Museum. One of the so-called Townley Marbles, q.v. Trafalgar Square. A place in London so named from the last victory of Nelson, to whom a column is erected in the square. See Nelson Column. US' " ' The finest site in Europe,' as Trafalgar Square has been called by some obstinate British optimist, is dis- figured by trophies, fountains, col- umns, and statues, so puerile, disorder- ly, and hideous, that a lover of the arts must hang the head of shame as he passes, to see our dear old queen city arraying lierself so absurdly." Thackeray. TRA 531 TRA Traitors' Gate. A gate in the Tower of London, through which state prisoners were introduced. Old London Bridce was soon passed, and old Billingsgate Market, with its oys- ter-boats and Dutchmen, and the White Tower, and Traitor^s Oate, and we were in among the tiers of shipping. Dickens. On through that gate through which be- fore Went Sidney, Kussell, Raleigh, Cranmer, More. Rogers^ Trajan, Arch of. See Abch of Tkajan. Trajan's Column. [Ital. La Colon- na Trajatia.] An interesting relic of ancient Rome, and the most beautiful historical column in the world. It was dedicated to the Emperor Trajan, as the inscrip- tion says, by the Senate and Ro- man people, A.D. 114. On the summit formerly stood a lofty statue of Trajan holding in his hand a gilded globe. This globe is now in the Museum of the Capitol. Towards the end of the sixteenth century Pope Sixtus V. erected a statue of St. Peter upon the column in place of that of Trajan, which had fallen to the ground. The ashes of the em- peror rest under this column. Whose arch or pillar meets me in the face, Tilns.or Trajiin'sf No — 'tisthatof 'I'tmc: Triumph, arch, pillar, all he doth displace Scoffing; and apostolic statues climb To cruhh tlie imperial urn, whose ashes slept sublime. Buried in air, the deep blue sky of Rome. And looking to the stars. Byron. Historic figures round the shaft embost A«cend, «ith lineaments in air not lost: Still as he turns, the channed spectator sees Group winding after group, with dream- like ease. Memorial pillar! 'mid the wrecks of time, Preserve thy cliarge with confidence sub- lime.— The exultations, pomps, and cares of Kome, Whence lialf the breathing world received its doom. Wordsworth. Trajan's Forum. See Fobum of Trajan. Tramontiina. [Across the moun- tains.] A name given in Italy to a prevailing north wind, which sweeps over the Alps. A chilling tramonlana . . . was blow- ing; and the barren, rocky, desolate shore suggested Norway rather than Greece. *° Bayard Taylor. Transfiguration, The. 1. A paint- ing by Raphael Sanzio( 1483-1520), in the gallery of the Vatican in Borne, executed for the cathedral of Narbonne in France. It is considered the first picture in the world. Raphael was engaged in paintiiig this picture when he was seized with his last illness, and after his death it was sus- pended over his body as he lay in state. The lower part, which he left unfinished, was completed by his pupil Giulio Romano. It was carried to Paris in 1797, but afterwards restored to the Vati- can. The picture is divided into two parts ; the upper part repre- senting the three disciples lying prostrate upon Mount Tabor, while above them is the figure of Christ in glory with Moses and ' Elijah on each side. The lower part represents a crowd of people bearing along a boy possessed with an evil spirit. The two parts of the picture are united by the uplifted look and appeal- ing gesture of some of the figures in the crowd below, who seem to point for help to the Saviour on the Mount. This picture is well known through the engraving by Raphael Morghen (1758-1833). a®=* " All great actions have been simple, and all great pictures are. The Tran/>jlguratiov t by Raphael, is an eminent example of this peculiar merit. A calm, benignant beauty shines over all this picture, and goes directly to the beart. It seems almost to call you byname. The sweet and sublime face of Jesus is beyond praise, yet bow it disappoints all florid expectations! . This familiar, simple, home-speaking countenance is as if one should meet a friend." Emerson. Glances we do seem to find of that ethereal glory, which looks on us in its full brightness from the Transfgitration of Rafaelle, from the Tempest of Shake- speare. Carlyle. The real value of the Iliad, or the Trans- figuration, is as si(ins of power; billows or ripples thev are of Ihe stream of tendency; tokens of l be everlasting efTort to produce, which even in its worst estate the soul betrays. Emerson. 2. A picture by Hans Holbein the Elder (d. 1524). In the Gal- lery of Augsburg, Germany. Trappe, La. A famous monastery TEA 532 TEE near Mortagne in Normandy, France. It owes it3 celebrity to the rigid asceticism practised by its inmates in obedience to the rules of the order. The abbey was suppressed in 1790 by the National Assembly, but the monks were afterwards allowed to return. Endowments, faculties, enough we have: it is tier [Nature's] wise will too ttiat no faculty Imparted to us shall rust from disuse; the miraculous faculty of Speech, once given, becomes not more a gift than a necessity; the Tongue, with or without much meaning, will keep in motion, and only in some La Trajpjpe. by unspealtable self-restraint, forbear wag- ging. Carlyle. Trastevere. [Lat. Regio Transti- berina, the region on the other side of the Tiber.] The largest of the Riord, or quarters, into which modern Eome is divided. It extends along the foot of Mount Janiculum, and is inhab- ited by a peculiar and in many respects a distinct race, said to be the direct descendants of the ancient Romans. e^ " In Trastevere there are no re- mains of antiquity, but abundance of monuments of superstitions, — churches full of the shrines of saints, and con- vents full of imprisoned sinners, — plenty of houses, but few inhabitants. These inhabitants, however, boast of being descended from the ancient Ro- mans, and look on the upstart race on the other side of the river with sove- reign contempt." Eaton, Traunstein Profile. A remark- able freak of nature on the hill called the Traunstein, near Lam- bach in Austria. j^^ " The rough back of the moun., tain forms the exact profile of the hu- man countenance, as if regularly hewn out of the rock. What is still more singular, it is said to be a correct por- trait of the unfortunate Louis XVI. The landlord said it was immediately recognized by all Frenchmen." Bayard Taylor. Travellers' Club. A celebrated club in London, founded in 1815. According to one of the rules no person can be considered eligible to the Travellers' Club ' ' who shall not have travelled out of the British Islands to a distance of at least 500 miles from London in a direct line." The present club- house, adjoining the Athenaeum in Pall Mall, was built in 1832 from designs by Barry. .6®" *' Close at hand is another place, — the Travellers' Olub, — how well they know how to organize comfort! " Taine^ Trans, Not a cab stands yet at the Travellers^ whose members, noble or fashionable, are probably at this hour in their dressing- gowns of brocade, or shawl of the Orient, smoking a hookah over Balzac's last ro- mance. N. P. Willis. Not to know Brown was, at the West End, simply to be unknown. Brookes was proud of him, and without him the Travellers would not have been such a Travellers as it is. Anthony Trollope. To call a hill aristocratic seems affected or absurd ; but the difference between these hills and the others is the ditference between Newgate Prison and the " Travel- lers' Club." tOT instance: both are build- ings ; but the one stern, dark, and coarse; the other rich, elegant, and festive. Thacieray. Tre Fontane. [The Three Foun- tains.] Alocality anciently called Aqua Salvias, about two miles from Rome, outside the Ostian Gate, where, according to the Church tradition, St. Paul was beheaded by the sword. j8S^ " In all the melancholy vicinity of Rome, there is not a more melan- choly spot than the Tre Fontane. A splendid monastery, rich with the offer- ings of all Christendom, once existed there. The ravages of the malaria have rendered it a desert; yet there is a sort of dead beauty about the place, something hallowed, as well aa sad, which seizes on the fancy." Mrs. Jameson. Treaty Elm. The famous tree in the environs of Philadelphia, Penn., under which William Penn negotiated the treaty with the Indian chiefs, of which it has been said that it is " the only one ever made without an oath, and the only one never broken." The tree is no longer standing, but a monument marks its place. Treaty Stone. An object of curi- osity in Limerick (the ' ' city of the violated treaty "), Ireland. It is the stone upon which the cele- brated treaty-document of the 3d of October, 1691, was signed, whereby Limerick and other fort- resses in the hands of the Irish TEE 533 TEl were surrendered, with the pro- viso that the garrisons should be allowed to march out with the honors of war, and conveyed to France, or elsewhere, at the cost of the British Government, and pranting certain privileges and immunities to Roman Catholics. «6f- " That both the letter and the spirit of this solemn compact were broken, no unprejudiced mind can en- tertain a doubt; and it is the merest sophistry to contend that the Ising had no power to ratify the bargain he had made by his agents, and subsequently conBrmed under the great seal of Eng- land." Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall. Tremout Street. A well-known street in Boston, Mass. It is called after the original name of Boston, Tremont, which was giv- en to the city on account of the three hills on which it is built. Tremont Temple. A well-known building on Tremont Street, Bos- ton, Mass., used as a place of wor- ship on Sundays, and at other times for lectures, public meet- ings, and various gatherings. Treno-le-mer. The flag-ship of Richard I., Coeur-de-Lion (1157- 1199). Ah, never braver bark and crew. Nor bolder flag, a foe to dare, Had left a wake on ocean blue Since Lion-Heart sailed Trenc-le-mer ! H. H. BrowneU. Trent, The. A vessel, under com- mand of Franklin, sent, in com- pany with the Dorothea, under Buchau, on an expedition to the Arctic regions in 1818. Trent, The. A British mail-steam- er, noted as being thfe vessel from which the Confederate emissa- ries, Mason and Slidell, were forcibly taken, Nov. 8, 1861, by Capt. "Wilkes of the U.S. frigate San Jacinto. Treves. See Blectobs op Tkevis, Castle of the. Treyl, Fountain of. See Fohtana Di Tkevi. Trianon. See Gkand Tbianon and Petit Tbianon. Trianon de Porcelaine. See Gband Tbianon. Tribune, The. A name given to an apartment in the Uffizi Palace in Florence, Italy, , appropriated to works of art, and containing some of the most celebrated spe- cimens of sculpture and painting, such as the Venus de' Medici, the Dancing Faun, the Fornarina, and others. See Uffizi. They then led us into a large square room, in the middle of which stood a Cab- inet of an octangular form, so adorned and furnish'd ivith chrystals, sculptures, and so forth, as exceeds any description. This cabinet is called the Tribima, and in It Is a pearle as big as a hazel nut. John Evelyn. 1644. 4^" " "With feelings of high-wrought expectation, we entered tlie presence- chamber ; a crimson, octagonal hall of the gallery called the Tribune, where, bright in eternal youth and matchless beauty, ' stands the statue that enchants the world.* " Eaton. JS^ '* The Tribune, that noble room unsurpassed by any in the world for the number and value of the gems it contains." Bayard Taylor. Tribute Money. A picture by Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi)(1402?- 1M3?). In the church of S. M. del Carmine, Florence, Italy. Tribute Money. See Christ with THE Tbieute Money. Trient, Gorges du. See Gokges DU Tbient. Trifels. A castle and ruined med- iaeval ' fortress in the neighbor- hood of Heidelberg, Germany, famous as the place where Rich- ard C(Bur de Lion was imprisoned by the Duke of Austria, and be- neath the walls of which the minstrel Blondel, by his song and the response it awakened, dis- covered his royal master. Trimurti. See Blephanta, Cave- temples OF. Triuita de' Monti. A church in Rome, well known from its con- spicuous position above the Piazza di Spagna. It contains the cele- brated painting of the Descent from the Cross by Volterra. 1644, 22, Feb. I went to Triniia del Monte, a monastery of French, a noble Church, built by Lewis XL and Charles VIII. ; the Chapells well painted, espe- cially that by Zucoari, Volterra, and the TEI 634 TEI cloj-ster with the miracles of their St. Francis dl Paulo and , the heads of the French kings . . This convent, so emi- nently situated on Mons Pincius, has tiic intire prospect of Campus Martins, and has a falre t'arden. John Evelyn jfi®- '* This church, formerly belong- ing to the Franciscan monks, suffered severely from the desti'uctive propen- sities of the French soldiers who were quartered in the adjoining convent dur- ing the French occupation of Rome in the first revolution. Many of the pic- tures were destroyed or irreparably in- jured, and the building Itself was aban- doned and closed from 1798 to 1816, when it was restored by Louie XVIII., after the designs of a French architect. The old pictures which had disappeared were replaced by new ones, painted by students of the French Academy in Rome; a compensation which will re- mind the classical reader of the old joke of Lucius Mummius." Hiliard. j8®* *' From the height of Trinita de' Monti, the bell-towers and the dis- tant edifices appear like the effaced sketches of a painter, or like the ine- ?ualitie8 of a seacoast dimly discerned rora the deck of an anchored vessel. Kome is asleep in the midst of these ruins." Chateaubriand, Trans. JQES^ *' Ascending the Spanish Stairs, we behold the church Trinitk del Mon- ti ; a crowd of strangers flock here every Sunday morning to hear the sing- ing and music of the boly sisters. It seems to be the weeping of angels dis- solved in harmony." Hans Christian Andersen. A convent like the Trinith del Monte with the air of a closed fortress, a foun- tain like that of Trevi, a palace massive and monumental like those of the Corso and of the great square of Venice, denote beings and tastes not of the ordinary stamp Taine, Trans. Trinita, Poute SS. See Ponte SS. Tkinita. Trinity, La. This church in Paris is a flue example of the modern Eenai.ssance style. It is iu the Hue St. Lazare. Trinity, The. A large altar-piece representing the Trinity between the Virgin aud the Baptist, by Jean Bellegarabe, the Flemish painter. It Was originally placed (1511-1519) on the high altar of the abbey church of Auchin, but is now in the sacristy of Notre Dame at Douai, France. Trinity, The. A wood-cut by Al- bert Durer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter and engraver. "A well-known and grand composi- tion." Trinity, The. A picture by Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter, and one of his later works. It is now in the Stadel Institute at Frankfort-on- the-Main, Germany. Trinity, Adoration of the. See AUOEATION OF THE TbINITT. Trinity Church. A noted ecclesi- astical edifice in New York, of Gothic architecture, with a stee- ple 284 feet in height. It is re- puted to be the wealthiest church in America (the society is said to be worth over 810,000,(X)0) ; its revenues accruing from a large tract of land on Manhattan is- land, given to it by Queeu Anne in 1705. Trinity Church is situ- ated on Broadway, a short dis- tance above the Battery. Its lofty spire, 284 feet high, is a pop- ular place of ascent for the sake of the magnificent view over the city and surroundings. The first church on the present site was built in 1696. In the graveyard are buried a number of noted men, among others Alexander Hamilton. Trinity Church. A fine modern church in Boston, Mass. Trinity College. A foundation of the University of Cambridge, England. Established in 1546. Also well-known institutions at Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1591, and at Hartford, Conn., founded in 1823. Trinity House. A public building on the north side of Tower Hill, in London, erected in 1793 for the ancient guild or fraternity of mar- iners, established for the encour- agement of the science of navi- gation, etc. The office of Master of the Corporation has been at various times held by princes and statesmen. The Corporation has in charge the light-houses, licens- ing of pilots, etc. Its arms are a cross between four ships under sail. It was founded by charter of Henry VIII., the document TEI 535 TETJ opening -with the statement that " Out of the sincere and complete love and devotion which we have for the very glorious and indivisi- ble Trinity, and also for Saint Clement the Confessor, His Maj- esty grants and gives license for the establishment of a corpora- tion, or perpetual brotherhood, to certain of his subjects and their associates." The general over- sight of the merchant marine (and of the royal fleet, under cer- tain conditions) was given to them by charters which they re- ceived from Elizabeth, James I., Charles II., and James II. Triomphe, Arc de. See Akc de Ii'ETOII,E. Triumph of Death. A celebrated fresco in the Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy, usually ascribed to Andrea di Clone, called Orcagna (d. 1389); though recently some have claimed the authorship of it for the Sienese brothers Giovanni and Pietro Loreuzetti. Triumph of Galatea. See Gala- tea. Triumph of Religion in the Arts. See Influence of Cheistianity IK THE AkTS. Triumph of Riches. A large pic- ture in distemper by Hans Hol- bein the Younger (1498-1543), the German painter, executed at the request of the company of Ger- man merchants in London. There was also a companion pic- ture, the " Triumph of Poverty," both of which were greatly ad- mired, and by some placed on a level with the works of Raphael. Their subsequent history cannot be traced later than the year 1616, and it is thought that they may have perished in the fire at Whitehall in 1697. Triumph of the Church. See Fount of Salvation. Triumph of Trajan. A celebrated picture by Anton Rafael Mengs (1728-1779). In Madrid, Spain. Triumphal March of Alexander. A work of sculpture executed by Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770- 1844) for the Emperor Napoleon. Triumphs of Julius Cffisar. A series of nine colored designs by Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), the Italian painter, representing the diiferent parts of a Roman tri- umphal procession. They were executed as decorations for the theatre at Mantua, Italy. They are now at Hampton Court, Eng- land. Trooad^ro. This elevation, oppo- site the Champ de Mars, Paris, is a popular resort of the bour- c/eoisie on Sundays. From its top a .fine view of the city is ob- ■ tained. It was so called from a French victory in Spain. Trois FrSres Provencaux. [The Three Brothers of Provence.] A celebrated restaurant in Paris, France. — Oboys—thatwere— actual papas and possible grandpapas— some of you with crowns like billiard-balls — some in locks of sable silvered , and some of silver sabled — do you remember, as you doze over this, tbose after-dinners at the Trois Freres, when the Scotch-plaided snufi-box went round, and the dry Lundy-Foot tickled its way along into our happy sensoria ? Holmes. Here we are. however, at the Trois Frkres; and there goes my unconscious model deliberately up stairs. We'll follow him, and double his orders; and, tf we dine not well, there is no eating in Frjince. N. P. Willis. One does not dine at the Trois Frires without contracting a tende^nc^8 for the very name of Burgundy. N.F. Willis. Trone, Barrifere du. See Bak- Bii:RE DU TeOke. Tr&ne, Place du. See Place du Tkone. Trophonius.' Cave. See Cave of Teophonius. Trou de Han. [The Hole of Han.] A singular cavern in the region of the Ardennes, in Belgium. Troy House. A seat of the Duke of Beaufort, near Monmouth, England. True Cross. See Cross, The True. Trumbull, Fort. See Fort Trum- bull. TETJ 536 TUK Trustees of the Staalhof. A well-known picture by Rem- brandt van Eyn (1G06-Itie9). In the Gallery at Amsterdam, Hol- land. Tuckerman's Eavine. A tre- mendous gulf in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. It is in the southerly side of Mount Washington, and receives its name from Edward Tuckerman, an enthusiastic explorer of the White Hills. It contains nearly every year a beautiful " Snow Arch," or cave of snow, which does not disappear until the last of August. Tufts College. This institution at Medford, Mass., under the care of the Universalist Church, was founded in 1852. Tuileries, The. A royal palace of France, now destroyed. It was commenced in 1564, as a resi- dence for Catherine de' Medicis, and was completed by Henry IV". After the restoration it was habitually the residence of the royal family. It was situated on the hanks of the river Seine ; and on the spot where it stood were formerly tile-fields, whence the name is derived, the word Tuile- rie signifying a tile-kiln. These fields were converted into gardens in 1665, containing about 67 acres, beautifully laid out, ornamented with flowers, trees, and statuary, open to the public, and much resorted to by the people. This palace was sacked by the Revolu- tionary mob of 1792, and was again attacked and taken in the insurrection of 1830, and in that of 1848. It was partially burned by the leaders of the Commune, prior to the entrance into the city of the German army in May, 1871, and has never been rebuilt. Truly, this same world may be seen in Mossgipl and Tarbolton, If we look well, as clearly as it ever came to Uyht in Criick- ford's, or the Tuileries itself. Carlyle. In the Chateau of the Tuileries, for in- stance, I perceive the sanie jumble of con- trarieties that marks the French character; the same whimsical mixture of the preat and the little, the splendid and the paltry, the sublime and the grotesque. Irving. A splttln' tobacker ez proud ez you please On Victory's bes' carpels, or loanii' at ease In the fooVries front-parlor, discussin* affairs With our heels on the backs o' Napoleon's new chairs. Lowell, Biglow Papers. An' tumin* quite faint in the midst of his fooleries. Sneaks down stairs to bolt the front-door 0' the Tooleries. Lowell, Biglow Papers. The Henriade, as,we see it completed. Is a polished, square-built Tuileries; Ham- let Is a mysterious, star-paved Valhalla, and dwelling of the gods. Carlyle. — Ah, the old Tuileries Is pullinp its high cap down oti its eyes, Confounded, conscience - stricken, and amazed Hy the apparition of a new fair face In those devouring mirrors. Mrs. Browning. No house, tbough It were the Tuileries or the Escurial, Is good for any thing with- out a master. Emerson. To me, the Prado is an Inexhaustible source of amusement. In the lirst place. It Is in Itself the finest public walk I have ever seen within the walls of any city, not excepting either the I'uileries or the Chl- aja, George Ticknor. I flnisbed this day witb a walk in the great garden of the Thuillenes, which is rarely contrived for privacy, shade, or company, by groves, plantations of tall trees, especially that In the middle being of elmes, another of mulberys. . . . From a terrace In this place we saw so many Coaches as one would hardly think could be maintained In the whole CItty, going, late as It was In the year, towards the Course, which is a place adjnyning, of near an English mUe long, planted with 4 rows of trees. John Evelyn, Diary, 1644, Feb. 4. Tullamore Park. The seat of the Earl of Roden, near Newcastle, in the county of Down, Ireland. Tullian Prison. ' See Mamertine Pkisons. Tullius. See Aggee of Sebvius TuLLins. Tulp, Nicholas, and his pupils. See Anatomical Lectuke; Tun of Heidelberg. This huge reservoir is in a cellar of the Cas- tle of Heidelberg, which, " next to the Alhambra of Granada," says Longfellow, "is the most magnificent ruin of the Middle Ages." The original tun was be- gun in the year 1589, and finished in 1591; it held 528 hogsheads of wine. The present tun was made in 1751. It is of copper, bound TtIN 537 TWd with iron hoops, and is 36 feet long by 24 in height. Its capa- city is 49,000 gallons, or 283,000 bottles. For nearly 20 years it was kept full of the best Rhenish wine, and its annual replenish- ment at the time of vintage was celebrated by dances on the plat- form that covered the top. Not- withstanding its large ' propor- tions, it is much smaller than some of the beer-vats of the Brit- ish brewers, one of which, in the establishment of the Messrs. Bar- clay and Perkins of London, holds 108,000 gallons, or more than twice as much as the Tun of Hei- delberg. J8®=* " It is as high as a common two- story house ; on the top is a platform tipon which people used to dance after it was filled, to which one ascends hy two flights of steps. I forget exactly how many casks it holds, hut I believe 800. It has been empty for 50 years." Bayard Taylor. The kitchen was crowded with goocl cheer; the cellars had yielded up whole oceans o[ Ilhein-weinfinA Feme-wein; and even the great Heidelberg tun had been laid under contribution. Irving. Tunnel, The. See ThIames Tun- nel. Tuolumne Grove. A noted group of mammoth trees in the Yosem- ite Valley, California, 24 in num- ber, the largest being 36 feet in diameter. See Calavekas and also Mariposa. Turk's Head. Several coffee- houses in London have borne this name. One situated in i Change Alley was opened about 1662. Another house of the same name in tlie Strand was frequent- ed by Dr. Johnson and Boswell. In Soho was a Turk's Head, at which the Literary Club was founded. The Rota Club met at another house of this name in Westminster. *®- " We concluded the day at the Turk's Head Coffee-house [Strand] very socially." Boswell. fl®-" AtthistimeofyeartheSociety of the Turk's Head [Soho] can no longer be addressed as a corporate body, and most of the individual members are probably dispersed: Adam Smith, In Scotland ; Burke in the shades of Bea- consfield; Fox, the Lord or the devil knows where." Gibbon, August, 1777. i(KS^"Ahl I would have liked a night at the Turk's Head, even though bad news had arrived from the colo- nies, and Doctor Johnson was growl- ing against the rebels, to have sat with him and Goldy; and to have heard Burke — the finest talker in the world, and to have had G-arrick flashing in with a story from his theatre ! " Thackeray. Turk's Head Club. A club found- ed by Edmund Burke, in connec- tion with Johnson and Reynolds in 1763, at the "Turk's Head" in Gerard Street, London. The chief men of the day belonged to it. Also called the Literary Club. Q^ " * I believe Mr. Fox will allow rae to say,* remarked the Bishop of St. Asaph, ' that the honor of being elect- ed into the Turk's Head Club is not in- ferior to that of being the representa- tive of Westminster or Surrey.' " Forster. Turner's Gap. A pass in the South Mountain about Ave miles from Harper's Ferry, Va. It was the scene of a great battle be- tween the National and Confed- erate troops on the 14th of Sep- tember, 1862. Tuscaloosa, The. A Confederate privateer in the "War of the Re- bellion. She was originally a United States trading vessel, named the Conrad, which had been captured by Capt. Raphael Semmes in the Alabama. Tushielaw Castle. An old mediae- val mansion, on the bank of the river Ettrick, in Scotland, once the finest castle in that region. Tussaud, Mme., Wax "Works of. See Madame Tussaud's Exhibi- tion. Twa Brigs [of Ayr]. Two bridges across the river Ayr in Scotland, connecting the town of Ayr with its suburbs, and immortalized by Burns in his famous metrical dia^ logue, the " Twa Brigs of Ayr." Twelve Apostles. Figures exe- cuted in chiaroscuro, after de- T"WE 538 TYB signs by Raphael, In an apart- ment of the Vatican, Kome. Some ol tliem were destroyed by alter- ations in the apartment, and oth- ers have been repainted. Twelve Apostles. See Rose, The. Two Ambassadors, The. Apicture by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), the German painter, and considered one of his most important works. It is in the collection of Lord Radnor at Longford Castle, England. Two Boxers. A well-known statue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In the Vatican, Rome. j6®*** The Two Boxers are carefully executed in anatomical details, tiut they are wanting in refinement. . . . A trreek sculptor in executing a statue of an athlete would have made him first a man, and secondly an athlete. But in Canova's Boxers we see only an accurate transciipt of brute animal force." Hillard. 290. See Alabama, The. Two Misers. A celebrated picture by Quentiu Massys (1466-1530), the Flemish painter. It is now in "Windsor Castle, England. Two Philosophers. A picture so called, by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Tyburn. An ancient place of exe- cution for felons in London, used for this purpose as early as the reign of Henry IV. It derived its name from a brook called Tyburn, which flowed into the Thames. The bodies of Crom- well, Ireton, and Bradshaw, were exposed at Tyburn, Jan. 30, 1661. The last execution here took place Nov. 7, 1783. Tyburn road is the modern Oxford Street. The criminals were carried , ' ' thief and parson in a Tyburn cart," from Newgate. The famous tri- angle on three legs, where the executions took place, was known as the " Tyburn Tree," and some- times as the "Three-Legged Mare." See Tybubnia. .6®" " The manor of Tyburn was formerly hold by Kiohard Jaquett, where felons were for a long time exe- cuted; from whence we have Jack Ketch." A writerin " Notes and Queries,** quot- ing from ' HoyWs MS. Collections in the British. Museum. If, in calculating the numbers of the people, ive tafcc iti tlie multitudes that emigrate to the plnntations, I'rom whence they never return, those that die at sea and make their exit at Tyburn, together with the consumption of tlie present war by sea and land, ni the Atlantic, Mediter- ranean, ... we may fairly state the loss of men during the war at 100.000. Goldsmilh (1762). Cloaks and fiir-pelisses avail little against the January-cold; "time and hours" are, once more, the only hope: bat lo, at the tenth mile, this Tyburn- coach breaks down ! Cartyie. The history of those gods and saints which the world has written, and then worsliipped, are documents of character. The ages have exulted in the manners of a youth who owed nothing lo fortune, and who was hanged at the Tyburn of his na- tion, Emerson. Tyburn-Tree. The name given to the famous gibbet erected in Tyburn, from which so many memorable executions have tak- en place. See Tveukn and Tr- bukmia. Tyburnia. The Latinized name given to a district of London, once occupied by the Tyburn, or place of execution for criminals. It is now one of the most reputa- ble quarters of the city. It has been built up between 1839 and 1850. See Tybukn. flS^ "How the times have changed! On the spot where Tom Idle made his exit from this wicked world, and where you see the hangman smoking his pipe as he reclines on the gibbet, and views the hills of Harrow or Hampstead be- yond, — a splendid marble arch, a vast and modern city, — the abodes of wealth and comfort, the elegant, the, prosper- ous, the polite Tyburnia rises, the most respectable district in the habitable globe ! " Thackeray. That is a source of prospective pleasure in which the inhabitants of Belgravia and l^bumia cannot indulge. Eastlake. Tyropoeon. A valley in Jerusalem, mentioned by Josephus, but not alluded to in the Bible. It is generally understood as being the region which extended around TZA 539 TZA two sides of Mount Zipn, sepa- rating it from Akra on tlie nortli, and Moriah and Ophel on the east. Tzar Kolokol. See Emperok of Bells. Tzarsko Selo. A celebrated sum- mer palace and park of the Em- peror of Kussia, at a town of the same name near St. Petersburg. The grounds are said to be 18 milea in circumference, and are at all times open to the public, and a favorite pleasure-resort for the inhabitants of the capital. The palace was founded by Peter the Great in 1710, was destroyed by fire in 1822, but has been rebuilt with great splendor. UPP 540 TTLY u. TJfflzi. [Tlie Offices.'] A public edi- fice in Florence, Italy, erected by- Cosmo de' Medici (1389-1464), and containing one of the richest and most celebrated collections of art in the world. It is connected by a covered passage with the Pitti Palace on the other aide of the Arno. See Tribune. tS^ " Perhaps it is the picturesque variety of the UflBzi — the combination of painting, sculpture, gems, and bronzes — that raal;es the charm. The Tribune, too, is the richest room in all the world, a heart that draws all hearts to it." Hawthorne. jQ®" " I paid another visit to the Uf- fizi Gallery this morning, and found that the Venus is one of the things the charm of which does not diminish on better acquaintance." Hawttiome. The Transfiguration, the Last Judg- ment, the Communion of St. Jerome, and what are as transcendent as these, are on the walls of the Vatican, the Ujffizi, or the Louvre, wbeie every footman may see them. Emerson. TJgbrooke House. A noble man- sion, the seat of Lord Clifford, near Chudleigh, England. Ugollno's Tower, See Tokbb del- la Fame. Ulm Minster. At Ulm in Wiir- temberg. One of the finest Gothic cathedrals in Germany, begun in 1377. Its tower is over 300 feet in height. XTltima Thule. [The most remote Thule.] A name applied by the Latin poets, on account of its dis- tance from Rome, to the island of Thule, the situation and exist- ence of which are involved in the greatest obscurity. The first mention of such a northern island is by a traveller from Massilia (Marseilles) in the fourth century 13. C, who claimed to have ar- rived at a spot, some six days' journey from Britain, where na- ture had put a bar to all further progress, since there was no long- er either water or land or air, but a mixture of all the elements, through which no passage could be made. According to Strabo and Pliny, this island reached to the Polar Circle, within a day's journey of an ever-frozen sea. Many articles have been written upon the subject of this semi-fab- ulous island. The south-west coast of Norway has been fixed upon by some as its probable location. Maltebrun thinks that Jutland was meant. Others, and the majority, give the preference to the Shetland Isles. The phrase ultima Tlmle is now commonly and poetically applied to the ex- treme limit of any journey, un- dertaking, or pursuit. A little volume by Longfellow has recent- ly appeared under the title of "Ultima Thule." This Cthe Kock of Abooseer] is the VIU- ma Thule of Egyptian travellers. Mitrraij's Handbook. Ulysses and Nausicaa. A picture by Peter Paul Bubens (1577-1640). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. Ulysses deriding Polyphemus. A picture by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), the English landscape-painter, and regarded one of his best works. In the National Gallery, London. S£^ " Ulysses is on the poop [of a gilded galley] with hands uplifted, shouting derisively to the blinded giant, while his companions, thickly clus- tered on mast and yard, unfurl in haste the vast sails, and one by one the red oars are thrust forth from the vessel's burnished sides, ready to sweep away from the inhospitable shore, and out of the reach of the missiles the monster may hurl after them." Redgrave. Ulysses, Eeturn of. A picture by Francesco Primaticcio (1490-1570), the pupil of Raphael. Now at Castle Howard, England. TJKD 541 TTNI TJnderoliff. A romantic spot and natural curiosity on the Isle of Wight, near Ventuor. .6®" •' A strip of land some six miles long by a half mile wide, whicb ap- pears to have slipped down toward the sea, exhibiting a jumble of rocks, overturned and broken mounds of earth, deep hollows, and numerous springs, forming falls of water, collect- ing into pools, and hurrying toward , the sea." M. Simond. The moonbeam sleeps on Underchff, The sea is lulled and calm, The honey-bee has left the rose, The lily lies in balm. Allan- Cunningham. Uudine. An admired pjsture by Thomas Buchanan -H^ad (1822- 1872). Union Club. A club in London composed chiefly of politicians, merchants, professional men, and, according to James Smith, of " gentlemen at large." The club-house, Trafalgar Square, was built in 1824. The Union Club has always been noted for its cuisine. Also an association in Boston, Mass., having a house on Park Street. TJnion College (University). An old and well-endowed institution at Schenectady, N. Y. It was founded in 1795 by a union of several religious denominations, from which circumstance it de- rives its name. Union Xteag^e House. A noble building, with a fine interior, on Broad Street, Philadelphia, Penn., occupied by the Union League, an organization formed in 1862 for patriotic purposes. It has a large number of members. Union Square. A well -known public park in the city of New York, surrounded with fine ho- tels and shops, with statues of "Washington and of Lincoln. United Service Club. This club in London was formed in 1816, and is one of the oldest of the modern clubs. It was a favorite resort of the Duke of "Wellington. The present building, in Pall Mall, was built in 1826. The United Service Club is for officers of rank not lower than major In the army and commander in the navy; and the club-house is con- sidered one of the best-managed and most commodious in Lon- don. See Junior United' Sek- viCE Club. Let no man despair of Governments who looks on these two sentries at the Horse -Guards and our United - Service Clubs J Carlyle. United Service Museum. The museum of the United Service Institution, London, founded in 1830, containing models of ships and weapons, and specimens of naval and military uniforms. United States. A frigate of the United States navy, launched at Philadelphia in 1797. Before the war of 1812 she went by the nick- name of the Old "Wagon, on ac- count of her poor sailing quali- ties ; but these were subsequently so much improved that she was able to chase, overtake, and cap- ture the British frigate Macedo- nian, which she brought into port as a prize in 1812. United States Bank. An impos- ing marble structure on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, built in 1824 at a cost of half a million of dollars. It is no-^ used as a cus- tom-house. XI®=" " Looking out of my chamber window, before going to bed, I saw, on the opposite side of the way, a hand- ■ some building, of white marble, which had a mournful, ghost-like aspect, dreary to behold. I attributed this to the sombre influence of the night, and on rising in the morning looked out again, expecting to see its steps and portico thronged with groups of peo- ple passing in and out. The door was still tight shut, however ; the same cold, cheerless air prevailed; and the building looked as if the marble statue of Don Guzman could alone have any business to transact within its gloomy walls. I hastened to inquire its name and purpose, and then my surprise vanished. It was the tomb of many fortunes ; the Great Catacomb of investment ; the memorable United States Bank. The stoppage of this bank, with all its ruinous consequences, had cast (as I was told on every side) a gloom on Philadelphia, under the depressing effect of which it yet la- bored." Dickens (^American Notes). "UNI 542 TJES United States Military Academy. A national institution for the ed- ucation ol young men in academic and military studies, at West Point on the Hudson, N. Y. It opened in 1812. The buildings are fine structures ol stone. A library, observatory, and mu- seum are connected with the academy. Each congressional district is entitled to send annu- ally one young man to this school. [Familiarly known as West Point.] tTnited States Naval Academy. A national school for the train- ing of midshipmen, founded in 1845, situated in Annapolis, Md. During the war of tlie Rebellion, the school was transferred to Newport, R.I. University Club. A London club, Suftollc Street, Pall Mall Bast, founded in 1824, chiefly composed of members of Parliament who have been educated at some uni- versity, several judges, and a number of clergymen. University College. A proprie- tary institution in London, for the " general advancement of lit- erature and science," built in 1827-28. It contains the Flax- man Museum, in which are mod- els of the chief works of John Flaxman. University of London. See LoN- DOK University. University of the City of New York. A fine building of marble in New York, the seat of the uni- versity, founded in 1831. It has numerous professors and stu- dents. University ot Vermont. An in- stitution of learning in Burling- ton, Vt., founded in 1791. Unspunnen Castle. A ruined feu- dal mansion in Switzerland, near Interlaken, where Byron's Man- fred is reputed to have lived. Unter den Linden. [Under the Lindens.] A noted street in Ber- lin, Prussia, extending from the royal palace to the Brandenburg gate. It is adorned with four TOWS of lime-trees, an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, and many fine buildings. Urbino Palace. A grand and stately palace in Urbino, Italy, once the residence of the Dukes of Urbino, now unused and fallen into neglect, but still containing many interesting remains of art. Urdos. An extraordinary fortifi- cation in southern France, not far from Pau. It is excavated in a rock, rising in successive stages to a height of 500 feet. It was 10 years in constructing, and is ca- pable of holding 3,000 men. Uriel in the Sun. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843), the American painter. Now in possession of the Duke of Suth- erland. 4®=- " I have never seen Uriel repre- sented by name, or aione, in any sacred edifice. In the picture of Uriel painted by Allston, he is the ' Regent of the Bun,' described by Milton ; oot a sacred or scriptural personage." Mrs. Jameson, Urquhart Castle. A ruined castle in Scotland, near Inverness. It is the property of the clan Grant. Urr, Moot of. See Moot of Ubr. Ursula, St. See St. Ursula and Embahkation of St. Ursula. VAL 543 VAi V. Val d'Amo. [Vale of the Arno.] In Tuscany, Italy. It is renowned for its beauty and its poetic asso- ciations. A dream alone to me is Amo's vale, And the Alhainbra's balls are but a trav- eller's tale. Whitlier. Val de Grace. 1. An extensive military hospital in Paris. Here was formerly a convent of Bene- dictine nuns. 2. A church in Paris, bviilt in the Italian style. It was begun in 1645 for Anne of Austria. The dome forms a conspicuous object in views over Paris. Val d'Emo. See Cebtosa or the Val d'Emo. Val Tremola. [Ger. TrUmmeln r/iai, Trembling Valley.] Agully on the St. Gotliarcl Pass in Switz- erland, so called from the fears formerly excited by the terrors of the passage. Vale of the Red Horse. A locali- ty in Warwick county, England, near Edgehill, the scene of the battle between Charles I. and the Parliamentary forces. It is so called from the colossal figure of a horse cut on the side of the hill. Valentino, II. A fine old palace in Turin, Italy. VaMrien, Mont. See Mont Vale- BIEN. Valhalla. A celebrated Grecian temple or Hall of Fame, over- looking the Danube, near Regens- burg, Bavaria, and deriving its name from the mythological pal- ace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. It was built by the king of Ba- varia as a monument to the great men of Germany, and contains many statues of her heroes, states- men, and poets, from the earliest times to the present. It is a magnificent structure of marble, and was completed in 1842 at a cost of over $3,000,000. Chivalry this, if not as they do chiv- alry in Drury Lane or West-End draw- inR-rooins, yet as they do it in Valhalla and the General Assembly of the Gods, Carlyle. Crowned donbly by man's blessing and GoJ's grace, Thy future is secure : Who frees a people makes his statue's place In Time's Valhalla sure. Whtttier. Valiant, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Oct. 14, 1863. Valine du Sang. [Valley of Blood.] A valley reputed to have, in ancient times, separated France from Bretagne. When tbe Vale of Blood she neared. All that ghastly band with speed Following in pursuit appeared Close beliind her coal-black steed. Anon, Tr. L. S. Costello. Valley-farm, The. A picture by John Constable (1776-1837). In the National Gallery, London. Valley of Jehoshaphat. This val- ley of Jerusalem which is beneath the hill Mount Moriah, on which the ancient Jewish temple stood (now occupied by the Mosque of Omar), is about half a mile long, extending from the village of Si- loam to the Garden of Gethsem- ane. Its sides are full of tombs, and the brook Kedron runs through it. The Jews believe that the Last Judgment will take place in this valley, according to the prediction found in Joel iii. 12, " Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Je- hoshaphat: for there will I sit, to judge all the heathen round about." • Vallombrosa. [The Shady Valley.] A famous convent and sanctuary near Florence, Italy. Its original YAL 544 YAT name ^was Acqua Bella. The conventual buildings were erect- ed iu 1637, and with the surround- ing forest are now chiefly inter- esting from the allusions to them in literature. Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks In Vallombrosa, where the Etrurian shades, High over-arch'd embower. Milton. Swelling the outcry dull, that long re- sounds Portentous through her old woods' track- less bounds, Vallombre, mid her falling fanes, deplores, Forever broke, the Sabbath of her bowers. Wordsworth. He [Milton] nevermore was thirsty when God's will Had shattered to his sense the last chain- link By which he had drawn from Ifature's visible The fresh well-water. Satisfied by this. He sang of Adam's paradise, and smiled, Remembering Vallombrosa. Therefore is The place divine to Englishman and child. And pilgrims leave their soul here in a kiss. £!. B. Brotoning. Not a grand nature. Not my chestnut- woods Of ValloTnbrosa, cleaving hy the spurs . To the precipices. Mrs. Browning. Valle Crucis Abbey. A beautiful and picturesque ruined monas- tery, founded in 1200, near Llan- gollen, in Wales. Vanity and Modesty. See Mod- esty AND Vanity. Varuna, The. An iron-clad Tessel of the United States navy, sunk April 24, 1862, after destroying five of the enemy's fleet in the battle on the Mississippi, below Kew Orleans. Who has not heard of the dauntless Varu- na t Who has not heard of the deeds she has done? Who shall not hear, while the hrown Mississippi Rushes along from the snow to the sun? Crippled and leaking she entered the hat- tie, Sinking and burning she fought through the fray ; Crushed were her sides, and the waves ran across her. Ere, like a death-wounded lion at bay. Sternly she closed in the last fatal grapple, Then in her triumph moved grandly away. 0. H, Boker. Vase, Hall of the. See Hall of THE Vase. Vassar College. A noted women's college situated in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. It was founded and en- dowed by Matthew Vassar, from whom it takes its name. It "vraa organized in 1865. Vatican, The. The ancient palace of the popes, and the most mag- nificent in the world, built upon one of the hills of Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber. It is rather a collection of separate buildings, constructed at various times, than one regular structure. Its extent is enormous. It has 8 grand staircases, 200 smaller staircases, 20 courts, and, it is said, 11,000 apartments of differ- ent sizes. Its riches in marbles, bronzes, and frescos, in ancient statues and gems, and in paint- ings, are unequalled in the world. It also possesses a library with a large and choice collection of manuscripts. j8®=° "The palace of the Vatican bears the same relation to other palaces that St. Peter's does to other churches. It is, Indeed, not a palace, but a con- gress of palaces. One of the stories with which every traveller at Rome is amused is, that the Vatican with its gardens and St. Peter's occupy as much space as the city of Turin; and, as it has never been contradicted, it is probably true. The Vatican com- prises a papal palace, a library, and a museum. As a museum of art, it is the first in the world. In sculpture it not only surpasses any other collection, but all other collections put together. The whole of Europe could furnish nothing to rival the Vatican. It also comprises the highest triumphs of Sainting, in the frescos of Raphael and [icbael Angelo, He who has seen the Vatican has seen the utnxost point reached by the human mind and nand in these two arts. The world is no more likely to witness any thing be- yond what is here visible than to have a nobler epic than the Iliad, or a greater dramatist than Shakespeare." Eillard* The Vatican is great; yet poor to Chim- borazo or the Peake of Tenerlfle: its dome is but a foolish Blg-endinn or Little-endian chip of an egg-shell, compared with that star-ftetted Dome where Arcturus and Orion glance for ever. Carlyle* That Leicester shoe-shop, had men known It, was a holler place than any Vatican or Loretto-ebriue. Carlyle* VAT 545 vEi On that sad mountain slope whoso chostly dead, Unmindful of the gray exorcist's ban, Walk, unappeased, the chambered Vati- can, And draw the curtains of Napoleon's bed ! Wtittier. Vatican Library. This library, in the Vatican Palace, Rome, has , been called the largest in the worl(i, not because it has the most books, but because it occu- pies the largest space. It is really a small collection, though ex- ceedingly rich in ancient and rare manuscripts, the number of which is saiid to be over 30,000. Among the precious treasures here preserved are a famous copy of Virgil of the age of Constan- tine, and early manuscripts of the Scriptures. The books in this library are invisible, being shut up in wooden presses. Vatican, Obelisk of the. See Obe- lisk OF St. Petek's. Vaucluse, Fountain of. See FotjN- TAiN OF Vaucluse. Vauxhall. The region on the bank of the Thames above Lambeth, London. See Vauxhall Gak- dens. How, in a -word, . . . shall it, at length, be made manifest, and Isept continually manifest to the hearts of men, that the Good is not properly the highest, but the Beautiful ; that the true Beautiful (differ- ing from the false, as Heaven does from Vauxhall) comprehends in it the Good ? Carlyle. Vauxhall Bridge. An iron bridge across the Thames at London. Vauxhall Gardens. A place of public amusement in London for nearly two centuries. It was so named from its site in the manor of "La Sale Faukes." The gar- dens were first laid out about 1661. They were finally closed July 25, 1859, and the property sold. Buildings have since been erected, and roads laid out upon their site. We are told in Eo- gers's " Table Talk " that the proprietors of Vauxhall and Kanelagh used to send fashion- ably dressed persons to walk among the ladies and gentlemen in the Mall, and to exclaim every now and then, " What charming weather for Ranelaghl " or " for Vauxhall ! " See Eanelagh Gar- dens. The lights everywhere glimmering throngh scarcely moving trees; the full-bodied concert bursting on the still- ness of night; the natural concert of the birds in the move retired part of the grove, vying with that which was formod hy art; the company gayly dressed, looking satisfied; and the ta- bles spread with various delicacies,— all conspired to fill my imagination with the visionary happiness of the Arabian lawgiver, and lifted me into an ecstasy of admiration." Goldsmith, Citizen of the World. Vatixhall and Kanelagh ! I then had heard Of your green groves, and wilderness of lamps Dimming the stars, and fireworks magical. And gorgeous ladies, under splendid domes. Floating in dance, or warbling high in air The songs of spirits ! Wordsworth. The narrow lanes [in Genoa] have great villas opening into them, whose walls (out- side walls, I mean) are profusely painted with all sorts of subjects, grim and holy. But time and the sea-air have nearly ob- literated them ; and they look like the en- trance to Vauxhall Gardens on a sunny day. Dickens. It was a curious phenomenon, in the withered, unbelieving, second-hand Eigh- teenth Century, that of a Hero starting up, among the artificial pasteboard fig- ures and productions, in the guise of a Robert Bums. Like a little well in the rocky desert places, —like a sudden splen- dor of Heaven in the artificial Vauxhall ! Carlyle. Vecchio, Palazzo. Vecchio. Vecchio, Ponte. OHIO. See Palazzo See PoNTE Vec- A noted restaurant in VSfour's. Paris. We are not prepared to say what sums were expended upon the painting of Vary's, V^our's. or of other places of pub- lic resort in the capital. Thackeray. Veiled Image [at Sais]. A con- cealed or draped image said to have stood in the temple of Mi- nerva at Sais, the ancient metrop- olis of Lower Egypt, and held m great veneration. It has been made the subject of many poeti- cal allusions. Schiller has a poem entitled Das verschleierte BUd zu Sais. VEL 546 VEJT He spoke and raised the veil ! And ask ye what Unto the gaze was there within revealed ? 1 iinow not. Fale and senseless, at ttie foot Of the dread statue of Egyptian Isis. The priests beheld him at the dawn of day ; But wliat he saw, orwhatdid there befall. Ills lips disclosed not. Ever from his heart Was fled the sweet serenity of life. And the deep anguish dug the early grave : "Woe, woe to him," — such were his warning words. Answering some curious and impetuous brain, — ""Woe— for she never sliall delight him more! Woe, — woo to him who treads through guilt to Truth." SchtUer, Trans, An awful statue, by a veil half hid. At Sais stands. R. C. Trenc?i. Velabrum. In ancient Rome, a marsh , or fen, occupying tlie inter- val between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, caused by the over- flow ol the Tiber. Varro derives the name from vehere, to carry, from the ferry which was used to carry travellers across. See San Gioegio-ix-Velabko. Vendome. See Colonne Vend6me and Place Vendome. Venetia. A well-known portrait of Venetia, wife" of Sir Kenelm Digby, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Louvre, Paris. Vengeance, La. A noted French frigate, attacked and put to flight by the United States man-of- war the Constellation, Commodore Truxtuu, Feb. 1, 1800. JStS' " The combatants fought des- perately at pistol-shot distance, until one o'clock in the morning. Suddenly the French frigate disappeared in the gloom. Truxtun, after small repairs, bore away to Jamaica, and it was some time before he knew that he had fought the vessel he was searching for. La Vengeance, 54 guns, with 400 men. The frigate, dreadfully crippled, had run away in the darkness, and escaped to Cura^oa. This victory made the navy immensely popular. Congress gave Truxtun the thanks of the nation, and voted him a gold medal." Lossing. Venice. A picture by Joseph Mal- lord William Turner (1775-1851), the celebrated English painter. Venice, Approach to. See Ap- PKOACH TO Venice. Venice paying Homage to Cath- erine Cornaro. See Cathekinb COKNAKO. Venice, Queen of the Sea. A picture by Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-1594). In the Doge's Palace, Venice, Italy. Venus. A renowned statue by the Greek sculptor Alcamenes (fl. 444-400 B.C.), in which Phidias is supposed to have assisted. Venus. A statue by Giovanni da Bologna, called tl Fiammingo (1524-1608). At the Villa of Pe- trarca, Florence, Italy. Venus. A well-known statue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. .C^ "Although undouhtedly a fig- ure of great beauty, it by no means struck me as possessing that exquisite and classic perfection which has been ascribed to it." Bayard Taylor, Venus. A well-known statue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822). In the gallery of Stafford House, London. Venus a la Coquille. [Venus of the Shell.] A mythological pic- ture by Titian (1477-1576). *'A single figure rising from the sea, and drying her hair, a shell floating'near her." In the Or- leans Gallery. VenuS Anadyomene. [Gr. 'x^foSiTii iifa.Svoii.ivr), Venus rising from the sea.] A celebrated statue of Ve- nus in the Vatican Palace, Rome. The name Anadyomene is ap- plied to several other statues of Venus, one or two o! which are In the Museum at Naples, Italy. There was in ancient times a cele- brated picture bearing this natne, by the Greek painter Apelles. It is said to have been executed for the temple of Asclepius at Cos, and to have been taken to Rome by the Emperor Augus- tus, and placed in the temple of Ciesar. Venus and Adonis. A statue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822), and regarded as one of the most beau- tiful of his works. Now in Nar pies, Italy. Venus and Cupid. A mythologi- VEN 647 VEN cal fresco in the Vatican, Eome, designed by Kaphael (1483-1520), but executed by his pupils. Venus and Cupid. A picture by George Peucz (1500-1550), a Ger- man painter. In the Gallery at Munich, Bavaria. "Venus and Mercury teaching .Cupid his Letters. A picture by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Cor- reggio (1494-1534). In the Na- tional Gallery, London. Venus at Cytherea. See Landing OF Venus at Cytherea. Venus, Birth of. See Bikth of Venus. Venus Callipyge. An admired statue found at Rome among the ruins of Nero's Golden House, and which has been attributed to Praxiteles. It is now in the Mu- seum at Naples. J8S- " The Venus Callipygie, appar. ently a boudoir ornament, remiuding one of the pretty license of our eigh- teenth century." Taine^ Trana. Venus, The Cnidian. See Cni- BiAN Venus. Venus coming from the Bath. A well-known statue by Antonio Canova (1757-1822), of which there are several repetitions. One is in the Palazzo Pitti, Florence, an- other in the possession of Lord Lansdowne. Venus coming from the Bath. An admired statue by Giovanni da Bologna (1524-1608), " remark- able for delicacy and grace " [Flaxman]. Venus de' Medici. A famous statue, and one of the most per- fect remains of ancient art. Now in the Tribune of the XJflSzi Pal- ace in Florence, and is supposed to be the work of the Greek sculptor Cleomenes (fi. 363? B.C.). It is a figure of the goddess, of small bnt beautiful proportions, regarded as an example of per- fect art in its class. It was dis- covered in the villa of Hadrian, near Tivoli, about the year 1680. ;(l®-"Her modest attitude is partly what unmakes her as the heathen god- dess, and softens her into woman. On account of the skill with which the statue has been restored, she it* just as whole as when she left the hands of the sculptor. One cannot think of her as a senseless image, but as a being that lives to gladden the world, incapa- ble of decay or death ; as young and fair as she was three thousand years ago, and still to be young and fair as long as abeautiful thought shall require physical embodiment." Hawthorne. J9!S^"The Venus stands somewhat aside from the centre of the room, and is surrounded by an iron railing, a pace or two from her pedestal in front and less behind. 1 think she might safely be left to the reverence her wo- manhood would win, without any other protection. She is very beautiful, very satisfactory, and has a fresh and new charm about her unreached by any cast or copy." Hawthorne, There, too. the Goddess loves in stone, and Alls The air around with beauty; we inhale The ambrosial aspect, which, beheld, in- stils Part of its immortality; the veil Of heaven is half undrawn; within the pale "We stand, and in that form and face be- hold What mind can make, when Nature's self would tail ; And to the fond itlolatei-s of old Envy the nmate flash which such a soul could mould ; We gaze and turn away, and know not where. Dazzled and drunk with beauty, till the heart Keels with its fulness; there— forever there, — Chain'd to the chariot of triumphal Art, We stand as captives, and would not de- part. Byron. Whv is yonder simpering Venmd£ Me- dicis to be otir BtnMd:ii-d of beauty, or the ^ Greek tragedies to bound our notion of the sublime '! Thackeray. Venus del Pardo. A picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Louvre, Paris. Venus del Vasto. A picture by Titian (1477-1576). In the Gallery at Vienna, Austria. Venus di Milo. See Venus of MiLO. Venus lamenting over Adonis. A mythological picture by Giu- seppe Eibera, called Lo Spaguo- letto (1588-1656). In the Palazzo Corsini, Kome. TEN 548 VEE Venus of Quinipily. A singular granite statue in the garden of a ruined chateau near Baud in the Department of Morbihan, France. Its origin is wrapped in obscu- rity. It is thought by some to be a statue of Isis. The name Venus is given to it from an in- scription on the pedestal in 1689. It was worshipped as late as the seventeenth century, and is an object of superstitious veneration by the peasantry. Venus of the Capitol. A celebrat- ed statue of the goddess, of Pen- telio marble, found in the Siihun-a of Rome, and now preserved in the Museum of the Capitol. Venus, Toilet of. See Toilet of Venus. Venus, Townley. See Townlet Venus. Venus of Milo [oj- of Melos]. A celebrated statue, found in 1820 in the island of Milo. It is in the Louvre, Paris. j8^ " This is a statue which is so called from having heen dug up piece- meal in the Island of Miloe. There was quite a struggle for her between a French naval officer, the English, and the Turks. The French officer car- ried her off like another Helen, and she was given to Paris, old Louis Philippe being bridegl-oom by proxy." Seecher. JS^ " If we heard it said of a mod- ern artist that he had even equalled the works of the Greek masters, the Venus of Milo would rise before us in her divine smiling beauty, in derision of all other statues we might try and place beside her." Grimm, Trans. Yon bare-footed girl Ulling her pitcher at the fountain would have been a Venus of Milo in a higher social sphere. Bayard Taylor. Venus triumphant ! so serene and tender, In thy calm alYer-bloom of life and love. More fair than when of old thy sea-born splendor Surprised the senses of Olympian Jove. S. H. Whitman. O Goddess of that Grecian isle Whose shore the blue ^gean laves, Whose cliffs repeat with answering smile Theirfeatures in its sun-kissed waves, — An exile from thv native place, We view thee in a northern clime, Yet mark on thy majestic face A glory still undimmed by time. J. X. Stoddard. Venus Bising from the Sea. See Venus -Ajjadyomenb. Venus Victrix. [Venus Victori- ous.] An admired statue by An- tonio Canova (1757-1822). In the Villa Borghese, Rome. It repre- sents the Princess Pauline Bor- ghese, sister of Napoleon I. Vergine, Colonna deUa. See Co- LONNA BELLA VERGINE. Verhelst Pamily. A picture by Gonzales Coques (1618-1684), and his masterpiece. In the Queen's collection, Buckingham Palace, London. Verlorenes Loch. [The Lost Gulf.] A celebrated gallery or tunnel in the so-called Via Mala, among the Swiss Alps. See Via Mala. Vermont, The. An old line-of- battle ship, now used as a receiv- ing ship, moored off shore at the United States Navy Yard in Brooklyn, N.Y. Vermont, University of. See Uni- versity OF Vermont. Vernia, La. A celebrated Fran- ciscan convent, near Bibieno, Italy, established by St. Francis of Assist in the early part of the thirteenth century, and held in veneration on account of his resi- dence in it. iQ®=- *' This singular convent, which stands on the cliffs of a lofty Apennine, was built by St. Francis himself, and is celebrated for the miracle which the motto records. Here reigns all the ter- rible of nature, — a rocky mountain, a ruin of the elements, broken, sawn, and piled in sublime confusion, — pre- cipices crowned with old, gloomy, vis- ionary woods, — black chasms in the rock, where curiosity shudders to look down, — haunted caverns, sanctilied by miraculous crosses, — long excavated stairs that restore you to daylight." Forsyth. On the rude rock 'twixt Tiber and the Arno From Christ did he receive the final seal. Which during two whole years his members bore. Dante, Paradiso, Longfeltow^s Trans, Vernon Gallery. A collection of paintings of the English school, VER 549 YER consisting of 162 pictures pre- sented to the nation by Mr. Rob- ert Vernon (d. 1849), and now de- Sosited in the South Kensington [useum, London. Vernon, Mount. See Mount Ver- non. Verona Amphitheatre. See Are- na. Veronica, The. [The True Image.] A famous Catholic relic preserved in St. Peter's Church, Rome, said to be the impress of the counte- nance of the Saviour upon the handkerchief of Santa Veronica, with which he wiped his brow on the way to Calvary. [Sometimes called also Volto Santo, or Sanio Volto (Holy Face).] JS®* "Properly speaking, the Vero- nica {vera icon) is the true likeness of Our Lord; and the same name has been given to the holy woman who obtained it, because the name of this holy woman was uncertain. According to some, she was a pious Jewess, called Seraphia; according to others, she was Berenice, niece of Herod. It is impossible to decide between the different traditions, some of which make her a virgin, and others the wife of Zaccheus. . . . When she saw Our Lord pass, bearing his cross, covered with blood, spittle, Bweat, and dust, she ran to meet him, and, presenting her kerchief, tried to wipe his adorable face. Our Lord, leaving for an instant the burden of the cross to Simon the Cyrenian, took the kerchief, applied it to his face, and gave it back to the pious woman, marked with the exact imprint of his august countenance." — Collin de Plancy. Longfellow, from whose notes on Dante this extract is taken, says: *' Of the Veronica there are four copies in existence, each claiming to be the origi- nal; one at Rome, another at Paris, a third at Laon, and a fourth at Xaen in Andalusia." >8®" " There is nothing regarded with 80 much reverence as this : the people progtrate themselves on the earth before it, most of them with tears rolling down their cheeks, and all utter- ing cries of commiseration.*' Montaigne^ Trans. S^ " In St. Peter's at Rome, one of the chapels under the dome is dedicated to St. Veronica. An ancient image of our Saviour, painted on linen, and styled the Vera Icon (whence it is sup- posed that the name of Veronica is de- rived) , is regarded by the people as the veritable napkin of St. Veronica, and is exhibited among the relics of the Church." . Mrs. Jameson. -8®=" '* To-day we gazed on the Ve- ronica, — the holy impression left by our Saviour's face on the cloth Sta. Veronica presented to, him to wipe his brow, bowed under tlie weight of the cross. We had looked forward to this sight for days, for seven thousand years of indulgence from penance are attached to it. But when the moment came we could see nothing but a black board hung with a cloth, before which an- other white cloth was held. In a few minutes this was withdrawn, and the great moment was over, the glimpse of the sacred thing on which hung the fate of seven thousand years." S. R. CharleSt ^chdnberg- Gotta Chronicles. jg®=- *' The strangest thing about the incident that has made her name so famous is, that, when she wiped the perspiration away, the print of the Sav- iour's face remained upon the hand- kerchief, a perfect portrait, and so re- mains unto this day. We knew this, because we saw this handkerchief in a cathedral in Paris, in another in Spain, and in two others in Italy. In the Milan cathedral it costs five francs to see it, and at St, Peter's at Rome it is almost impossible to see it at any price. No tradition is so amply verified as this of St. Veronica and her handkerchief." Mark Twain. As he who peradventure from Croatia Cometh to gaze at our Veronica, Who through its ancient fame is never sated, But says in thought, the while it is dis- played, ' My Lon Hy Lord, Christ Jesus, God of very God Now was your semblance made like unto this? " Dante, Paradiso, Trans, of Longfellow. 1644, II April. St. Veronica's handker- chief [with the impression of our Saviour's tace] was exposed, and the next day the speare with a world of ceremonie. John Evelyn. Veronica, St. See St. Veronica. Verplanck House. An old colo- nial mansion nearFishkill,!N'.y., for a time the headquarters of Baron Steuben, in the Revohi- tionary War. Here in 1783 the Society of the Cincinnati was in- stituted. Versailles. A magnificent palace in the city of the same name, 10 miles from Paris. It was built by Louis XIV. in 1661. It became a royal residence in 1681. It was VER 550 YER attacked by the mob at the out- break of the Revolution in 1789. The palace is now used as an his- torical museum, and its immense galleries are adorned with paint- ings and statues arranged in chro- nological order. A grand park is connected with the palace. JS®= " Before us lies the palace dedi- cated to all the glories of France. Hon- ored pile! Time was when tall mus- keteers and gilded body-guards allowed none to pass the gate. Fifty years ago, ten thousand drunken women from Paris broke through the charm; and now a tattered commissioner will con- duct you through it for a penny, and lead you up to the sacred entrance of the palace. Let them disguise the place, however, as they will, and plas- ter the walls with bad pictures as they please, it will he hard to think of any family but one, as one traverses this vast, gloomy edifice. It has not been humbled to the ground, as a certain palace of Babel was of yore; but it is a monument of fallen pride, not less awful, and would afford matter for a whole library of sermons. The cheap defence of nations expended a thousand millions in the erection of this mag- nificent dwelling-place. Armies were employed, in the intervals of their war- like labors, to level hills or pile them up; to turn rivers, and to build aque- ducts, and transplant woods, and con- struct smooth terraces and long canals. A vast garden grew up in a wilderness, and a stupendous palace in the garden, and a stately city round the palace ; the city was peopled with parasites who daily came to do worship before the creator of these wonders, — the Great King. ' Dieu seul eat grand,' said courtly Maasillon; but next to him, as the prelate thought, was certainly Louis, his vice-gerent here upon earth, — God's lieutenant, governor of the world, before whom courtiers used to fall upon their knees, and shade their eyes, as if the light of his countenance, like the sun, which shone supreme in heaven, the type of bim, was too daz- zling to bear." Thackeray. P£^ '* Versailles is the most com- plete type of the classic style. That palace was the seat and tomb of the old dynasty of French monarchs, and baa held a great place in the history of France. Louis XIII. built at Versailles a sort of feudal chUteau, flanked by four large paviUons at the angles, en- circled by ditches with drawbridges. Louis XIV. continued his father's la- bors, but in his additions the feudal character is no longer seen. The mod- est hunting rendezvous of Louis Xm. presents towards the town a fa5ade in stone and brick, the arrangement of which forms an agreeable perspective. The buildings were commenced a little after the death of Mazarin, in 1661, under the direction of Levan, and were continued by Mansart from 1670 to 1684. They were severely criticised by court retainers. Saint-Simon declared that the place chosen was 'unpleasant, sad, without view, without wood, without water, without land, because the ground was sandy and marshy.' To this com- plaint the finished structures arc a vic- torious answer, opening as they do upon beautiful gardens, with athousand fine views and vistas, and numberless sheets of water. It is only fair to say that the architects themselves experi- enced a hundred difliculties in carrying out this undertaking. The chiet diffi- culty was to obtain funds. 90,000,000 of francs (which at the present day would be worth 400,000,000) were sunk at Versailles under Louis XIV., and Mirabeau valued the total expense at 1,200,000,000. There is no doubt that these enormous expenses affected the economy of the public finances, and largely contributed to the embarrass- ments which resulted in the fall of the monarchy. The facade overlookingthe garden was a repetition of the arrange- ments common to all the great build- ings of the reigns of Louies XIV. and Louis XV. Seen at sunset from near the Swiss lake, the profile of the fa- cade produces a grand impression of nobleness and simplicity. The interior arrangement is imperfect; the vesti- bules are ill-placed; and the stairs do not correspond with the richness and grandeur of the apartments. But these defects are more than compensated for by the splendid pictures of Lebrun, Audran, Coypel, Jouvenet, Lafosse, and Lemoyne. Ancient statues, the rarest marbles, fine specimens of the goldsmith's art, jewels, and curiosities of every description, were formerly lavished on these empty saloons. We may etill judge of the former splendor of Versailles by the famous Mirror Gallery. It is 228 feet long by 33. Its 17 great crosses correspond with the mirrors, which reflect the gardens and the lakes." Lefevre^ Trans. Donald* He [Admiral Torrinffton] had long been in tlie habit of exacting the most abject homage from those who were under his command. His flagship was a little Ver- sailles. Macaulay. Versailles! Up the chestnut alleys, All in flower, so white and pure, Strut the red and yellow lacqueys Of this Madame Pompadour. Walter Thorv^ury. VEE 651 I do not think that on this earth, Mid Its moat notable plantations, Has been a spot more praised, more famed, More choice, more citied, oiXener named Than thy most tedious parli, Versailles! Alfred de Mussel, Tram. John saw Versailles from MarWs height. And cried, astonished at the siyht, " Whose line estate is that there here V " " State i Je vous n'entends pas. Mon- sieur-" C. Dibdin. Vary's. A noted restaurant in Paris. I had eaten for a week at Very's before I discovered that since Pelham'sday that gentleman's reputation has gone down, lie is a subject lor history at present. N.P. Willis. "We are not prepared to say what sums were expended upon the painting of Very's ... or of other places of public resort in the capital. Thackeray. Vespasian, Temple of. See Tem- ple OF Vespasian. Vesta, Temple of. See Temple OP Vesta. Via Appia. [Appian Way.] One of the great avenues leading from ancient Rome, and the principal line of communication with Southern Italy, Greece, and the East. It was begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, the Censor, B.C. 312, from whom it derived its name. Under Pope Pius IX. this ancient road was laid open in the most interesting part of its ex- tent. The Appian Way is about II Roman miles in length, and is remarkable lor the number and magnificence of the tombs which lined it, and for the solid and durable construction of its pave- ment, which is now exposed for parts of its extent. JB^ " The Via Appia is a magnifi- cent promenade amongst ruinous tombs, the massive remains of which extend for many miles over the Koman Cam- pagna. The powerful families of an- cient Rome loved to build monuments to their dead by the side of the public road, probably to exhibit at once their affection for their relatione and their own power and afiiuence." Frederika Bremer. eSF" " The best known of the Roman roads, the Appian Way, . . . forms the most travelled route between Rome and Naples. . . . Such roads could not have been constructed unless the very workmen who wrought upon them had VIA been impressed with the idea of the eternal duration of Rome." Hillard. fl®" " Even the Pyramids form hard- ly a stranger spectacle, or a more alien from human sympathies, than the tombs of the Appian Way, with their gigantic height, breadth, and solidity, defying time and the elements, and far too mighty to he demohshed by ordinary earthquakes." Hawthorne. Then you must build up or uncover the massive tombs, now broken or choked with sand, so as to restoie the aspect of vast streets of tombs like those on the Appian nay, out of which the Great Pyr- amid would rise like a cathedral above smaller churches. A. P. Stanley. "Is there time," I asked, " In these last days of railroads, to stop short Like Caisar's chariot (weighing half a ton) On the Appian road for morals ? " JUrs. Browning. Awe-struck I gazed upon that rock-paved way, The Apman Road; marmorean witness Of Rome's resistless stride and fateful will. Which mocked at limits, opening out for aye Divergent paths to one imperial sway. Aubrey de Vere. Via Babuino. One of three streets diverging from the Piazza del Popolo in Rome. It extends to the Piazza di Spagna. Via Balbi. The principal street in Genoa, Italy, containing many fine palaces. Via de' Eardi. An ancient and historic street in Florence, Italy, which has ol late in great part disappeared as a consequence of city improvements. The color of these objects was chiefly pale or sombre; the vellum bindings, with their deep-rldged backs, gave little relief to the marble livid with long burial, the dark bronzes wanted sunlight upon them to bring out their tinges of green, and the sun was rot yet high enough to send gleams of brightness through the narrow windows that looked on the Via de' Bardi. George Eliot. Via Dolorosa. A narrow street about a mile in length, which pur- sues a winding or zigzag course through the city of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives to Gol- gotha, and which has borne its present name for the last few centuries. On this .street the credulous may find the scenes ol all the historical and legend- YIA 652 VIO ary events connected with the Crucifixion, Here are situated the birthplace of the Virgin Mary, the house of St. Veronica, iipon whose handkerchief or veil, used to wipe away his blood and sweat, the face of Jesus was mi- raculously impressed, and the church said to have been erect- ed upon the spot where Mary swooned and fell at the time when her Son sank under the weight of the cross. je®"*'One cannot help wondering how the good old monks could mani- fest such childish simplicity in their inventions. A schoolboy in England would naturally aslt how the present lane, with its sharp turns and numer- ous windings, happens so exactly to correspond with the ancient one; or how arches, and walls, and staircases, and particular stones, and whole houses could remain intact, and be identified, after the total destruction of the city by the Romans, and the lapse of so many centuries. And yet so it is. Not a word is heard of the Via Dolorosa, and its eight stations, from monk or priest, traveller or pilgrim, previous to the fourteenth century. . . . There is something deeply interesting in it also to the artist and the historian; for here are the originals, if we may so call them, of some of the most celebrat- ed works of European art, and here is the fountain-head of some of the most famous of European superstitions.'* Murray^s Handbook. JJ®= '* The Procession to Calvary (72 Portamento del Croce) followed- a path leading from the gate of Jerusa- lem to Mount Calvary, which has been kept in remembrance and sanctified as the Via Dolorosa.^* Mrs. Jameson. je®=-" Yonder steep, tortuous lane before us, flanked by ruined walls on either side, has borne, time out of mind, the title of Via Dolorosa ; and tradition has fixed the spots where the Saviour rested, bearing his cross to Calvary." Thackeray. Via Felice. A well-known street in Rome, Italy, near the Piazza Barberini. Thence to Via Felix, a straite and no- ble streetc but very precipitous, till we came to the Fountains of Lepidus, built at the abuttraents of four stately wayes. John Evelyn, 1644. 'Twas in the Via Felice My friend his (iwelllng made, The Roman Via Felice, Half sunshine, half in shade. Julia Ward Howe. Via Flaminia. [Flaminian "Way.l Formerly the chief northern road of Italy, so called from Gains Fla- minius, by whom it was begun during his censorship in the third century B.C. It entered the city near the present Porta del Po- polo. Via Mala. A celebrated Alpine gorge in the canton of the Gri- sons, Switzerland, in which the opposite walls of limestone rock rise in towering precipices on both sides, sometimes to the height of 1,500 feet. The road crosses the river Rhine three times, and the scenery is grand in the extreme. Via Mala Bergamesca. Aremark- able gorge among the Italian Alps near Lovere. Via nSTuova. [The New Street.] A well-known street in Genoa, It- aly. Via Ripetta. One of three streets which diverge from the Piazza del Popolo in Rome. It leads somewhat in the direction of the Castle of St. Angelo and St. Pe- ter's. Via Sacra. [Sacred "Way.] A street in ancient Rome, and one over which triumphal processions passed, extending from the Arch of Fabius to that of Titus. It was a favorite promenade of the poet Horace. Ibam forte Vtd ^acriS, sicut meus est mos, Nescio quid meditaus nugarum, et totua in illis. Sat. lib. i. ix. Along the Sacred Way Hither the triumph came, and, winding round With acclamation, and the martial clang Of instruments, and cars laden with spoil. Stopped at the sacred stair that then ap- peared. Samuel Rogers. Who would have thought that the sau- cy question, "Does your mother know rou're out?*' was the very same that Hoi-ace addressed to the boro who at- tacked him in the Via Sacra ? Interpellandilocus hie erat: Est tibl ma- ter? Cognati, quels te salvo est opus? JJolmes* Victoires, Place des. See Place DEs Victoires. Victoria Bell. A large bell at Leeds, England, hung in the VIC 553 VIE town-hall. It weighs i tons 1 cwt., and its diameter at the mouth is () (t. 2 in. Victoria Bridge. A celebrated bridge across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, Canada. It was erect- ed in 1854r-59, and is 9,18i feet in length, with 2i spans of 242 ft. each, and a centre span of 330 ft., at a height of 60 ft. above' the river. The cost of the bridge was nearly $7,000,000. Victoria Docks. The docks bear- ing this name, which occupy 200 acres on the left bank of the Thames, London, were opened in 1856. Victoria Embankment. See Thames Embankments. Victoria Hall. A building in Edin- burgh, Scotland, used for the meetings of the General Assem- bly of the Church of Scotland. Victoria Park. An extensive pleasure-ground in London, ori- ginated by act of Parliament in the fourth and fifth years of the reign of Queen Victoria. Victoria Theatre. A theatre in Waterloo Bridge Road, Lambeth, London, originally called The Coburg. Victoria Square. A public ground in Montreal, Can. Victoria Tower. See "Westmik- STEB Palace. Victory. A statue by Giovanni da Bologna, called II Fiammingo (1530?-1608). In the Palazzo Vec- chio, Florence, Italy. Victory, The. A famous vessel of the British navy. She was the flagship of Admiral Nelsou (1758- 1805) at Trafalgar, and on her deck he received a fatal wound. The ship is anchored at Portsmouth, England, and is kept on exhibi- tion. Victory, The. An Arctic explor- ing-ship which sailed from Eng- land in 1829 under the command of Sir John Boss (1777-1856). The Victory was abandoned in the ice in 1832. Victory of Alexander the Great over Darius. A celebrated pic- ture by Albert Altdorter (d. 1538), a German painter, and considered his masterpiece. It was painted in 1529 for Duke ■WiUiam of Ba- varia, and is now in the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. .eS" " It is in truth a little world on a few square feet of canvas ; the hosts of combatants who advance on all sides against each other are innumerable, and the view into the background ap- pears interminable. In the distance is the ocean, with high rocks and a rag- ged island between them ; ships of war appear in the ofHng, and a whole fleet of vessels. On the left the moon is set- ting — on the right the sun is rising; both shining through the opening clouds — a clear and striking image of the events represented. . . . The character and execution of the figures is most masterly and profound." Frederic Schlegel, Trans. Victory of Constantino. A fresco by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). In the Vatican, Rome. Vious Judeeorum. See Ghetto. Vicus Soeleratus. [The Accursed Street.] A street in ancient Rome, reputed to be the one in which the daughter of Servius Tullius drove over the corpse of her father, alter he had been murdered by the emissaries of Tarquiu, her husband. Vierge h la DiadSme. [The Vir- gin with the Diadem.] " The Madonna, kneeling, is lifting the veil from the sleeping Child, in order to show it to the little St. John, who kneels in joyful adora- tion. In the background a rich landscape." This picture, which has been considerably injured, is now in the Louvre, Paris. [Called also Vierge au Linge.] i9W"The subject of the Sleeping Christ is beautifully varied by the in- troduction of St. John, as where Mary lifts the veil, and shows her Child to the httle St. John kneeling with folded hands. Raphael's well-known ' Vierge a la Diademe ' is an instance replete with grace and expression." Mrs. Jameson. Vierge a la Victoire. See Ma- DOMlf A DELLA VlTTOBIA. VIE 654 VIE Vierge a I'Oreiller verd. [Virgin of the Green Pillow.] A beau- tiful-picture of the Madonna and Child hy Andrea Solario, the early Italian painter. The pic- ture derives its name from the color of the pillow on which the Child is lying. In the Louvre, Paris. Vierge au bas-relief. A picture of the Madonna and Child by Leonardo da Vinci (1453-1520), the Italian painter. It is so called from the small sculptured stone in the corner, and is supposed to have been executed about 1490. " This is probably one of the ear- liest specimens of that arrange- ment of the Holy Family which Raphael afterwards consecrat- ed." It is now in the possession of Lord Monson at Gatton Park. A very similar picture to this by Leonardo is in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg. Vierge au Donataire. See Ma- donna Dl FOLIGNO. Vierge au Xiapin. [Virgin with the Rabbit.] A beautiful picture of the Madonna and Child by Ti- tian (1477-1576). In the Gallery of the Louvre, Paris. J^' " This Arcadian sentiment is carried as far as could well be allowed in a picture by Titian known as tbe Vierge au Laptn. The Virgin holds a white rabbit, towards which the infant Christ, in the arms of St. Catherine, eagerly stretches hia hand." Mrs. Jameson. Vierge au Linge. See Vierge X LA DiADiME. Vierge au Palmier. See Holt Family of the Palm-tree. Vierge au Panier. [The Virgin with the Work-basket.] A well- known picture of the Madonna, by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), in which the Virgin is represented dressing her Child, with a work-basket standing beside her. This pic- ture is now in the National Gal- lery, London. IS^ " Mary holds the Child upon her knee, looking down upon him fondly. ... A nnished example of that soirt yet joyful maternal feeling for which Correggio was remarkable." Mrs. Jameson, S^ " This picture shows that Cor- reggio was the greatest master of aerial perspective of his time." Menga. Vierge au VoUe. See Vierge X LA DiADiME. Vierge aux CandSlabres. See Madonna della Candelabra. Vierge aux Cerises. [Virgin with Cherries.] A well-known picture of the Madonna and Child by Annibale Caracci (1560-1609), in which Joseph is seen presenting cherries. Now in the Louvre, Paris. US' " It is related, that before the birth of our Sa%'iour, the Virgin Mary wished to taste of some cherries which hung upon a tree high above her head ; she requested Joseph to procure them for her, and, he reaching to pluck them, the branch bowed down to his band." Mrs. Jameson. Vierge' aux Bochers. [Madonna of the Rocks.] A picture of the Madonna and Child, by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1520), the Italian painter. It derives its name from the dismal dark cavern with stalactite forms in which the fig- ures are placed. It is thought that others beside Leonardo had a hand in this composition. There are similar pictures in the Louvre, the Naples Museum, and else- where, which are undoubtedly the work of pupils, and probably taken from Leonardo's cartoon of tlie subject. This picture was formerly at Milan, but is now in possession of the Earl of Suffolk at Charlton Park. Vierge au SUenoe. [The Silent Virgin.] The name given to pictures of the " Madonna and Cliild, in which the latter is rep- resented as sleeping. For an ex- ample, among others, see Vierge A LA I)iADi;ME. See also Silen- TIUM. Vierge aux Anges [with Angels]. A picture by Peter Paul Bubens (1577-1640), representing the Vir- gin and Child surrounded by a via 555 viL host of children. In the Gallery of the Louvre, Paris. JO®^ "Rubens has more than once committed the same fault against eccle- siastical canons and decorum (i.e., in- troducing into a glory round the Vir- gin, female angels), for instance in his Madonna aux Anges in the Louvre." Mrs. Jameson. Vigilant, The. A French frigate captured by the British frigate Massachusetts at the taking of Louisbourg in 1745. Villa Adriana, See Hadrian's Villa. Villa Albani. A Roman villa built in 1760 by Cardinal Albani, and now owned by Prince Tor- Ionia. It contains a collection of sculptures and paintings, once of great merit, but now of reduced value in consequence of the loss of 294 of its best specimens which were taken to Paris by Napoleon, and there sold. Among the treas- ures of art in the villa, are the bronze Apollo Sauroctonos, q. v., and a beautiful rilievo of Anti- nous, q.v. Villa Aldobrandini, A celebrated villa in Frascati, near Rome. It was erected towards the close of the sixteenth century by Cardinal Aldobrandini, nephew of Pope Clement VIII. It is famous for its water-works, the water being made to flow in every fantastic form. 1644, 5 May. We tooke coach and went 15 miles out of the Cittie to Frascati, foi'- merly Tusculaniim, a villa of CardinaM?- dobrandini, built for a country house, but ■surpassing, in my opinion, the most de- licious places I ever beheld for its situa- tion, elegance, plentifuU water, groves, ascents and prospects. Just behind the palace (which is of excellent architec- ture) in the centre of the enclosure rises an high hill or mountalne all overclad with tall wood, and so formed by nature as if it had been cat out by art, from the sum'it whereof falls a cascade, seeming rather a great river than a streame pre- cipitating into a large theater of water. Under this is made an artiUcial grott, wherein are curious rocks, hydraulic en- gines and all sorts of singing-birds moving and chirping by force of the water, with severall uther pageants and surprising in- ventions. John Evelyn. JS^ " This is the Italian rural pal- ace constructed for a noble of classic tastes, one who relished nature accord- ing to the landscapes of Poussin and Claude Lorraine. In the interior the walls are decorated with ' Apollo and the Nine Muses,* ' The Cyclops and Vul- can at his Forge,' . . . 'David and GroHath,' and a 'Judith,' simple and beautiful, by Domenichino." Tai7ie, Trans. ViUa Borghese. A villa or country house just outside the Porta del Popolo, Rome, belonging to the Borghese family. It contains a collection of sculptures. The grounds connected with this vil- la are very beautiful. Jd^" " The scenery is such as arrays itself to the imagination when we read the beautiful old myths, and fancy a brighter slty, a softer turf, a more pic- turesque arrangement of venerable trees, than we find in the rude aud untrained landscapes of the Western world. . . . A seclusion, but seldom a solitude; for priest, noble, and popu- lace, stranger and native, all who breathe the Roman air, find free ad- mission, and come hither to taste the languid enjoyment of the day-dream which they call life." Hawthorne, j(I®= ** The Villa Borghese is a vast park four miles in circumference, with buildings of all kinds scattered over it. . . . Here is a little temple, there a peristyle, further on a ruined colon- nade, aportico, balustrades, large round vases, and a sort of amphitheatre. The undulating surface rises and falls in beautiful meadows, red with the deli- cate trembling anemone. Fountains murmur at eveiy turn of the avenues, and in small valleys grand old oaks send up their valiant, heroic, antique forms." Tai7ie, Trans. I walked to the ViUa Borghesi. a house . and ample garden on Mons Pincius, yet somewhat without the Citty walls, cir- cumscribed by another wall full of small turrets and banqueting-houses, which makes it appeare at a distance like a little towne. Witnin it is an elysium of delight, having in the centre a noble Palace, but the entrance of the garden presents us with a very glorious fabrick or rather dove-case adorned with excellent marble statues. This garden abounded with all sort of delicious fruit and exotiq simples, fountains, groves, and xivulets. John Evelyn. j^' " I was never weary of seeing from the Villa Borghese the sun go down behind the cypresses of Monte Mario, and the pines of the Villa Pam- phili planted by Le Notre." Chateaubriand, Trans* Villa Farnesina. See Faknesina. VIL 556 VIL Villa Gherardesoa. A villa at San Domenica di Fiesole, in the en- virons of Florence, known as the residence of Walter Savage Landor, and since called by his name. ;C®=* " I found him [Landor] noble and courteous, living in a cloud of jjic- tures at his Villa Gherardesca, a fine house commanding a beautiful land- scape." - Emerson. Villa Landore. See Villa Ghe- EARDESCA. Villa Ludovisi. A beautiful villa in Rome, built early in the eigh- teenth century by Cardinal Lu- dovisi, nephew of Gregory XV., now owned by the Duke and Duchess Sora. It contains a fine collection of sculptures, among which the most celebrated is the Ludovisi Juno, a colossal head, greatly admired by Goethe. SH^ " The Villa Ludovisi, though its grounds are a mile in circumference, is within the walls of Home. The principal building, inhabited by the prince, is not shown. A smaller struc- ture, or casino, is appropriated to sculpture;* and it contains one of the finest private collections in Rome." NUla7'd. US' "1644, Nov. 10. "We went to see Prince Ludovifiio's villa, where was formerly the Viridarium of the poet Sallust. The house is very magnifi- cent, and the extent of the ground is exceeding Large, considering it is a Citty; in every quarter of the garden are antiqu statues, and walkes planted with cypresse." John Evelyn. /Jfg= " The villa is charming. This kind of landscape is unique : you find the vegetation of all climates mingled and grouped together. And a still more peculiar sight is the old walls of Rome, a veritable natural ruin, that serves as an enclosure. Hot-houses are supported against red arcades ; lemon- trees in pale rows hug the disjointed bricks, and in the vicinity fresh green grass is growing abundantly." Taine, Trans. Villa Madama. A deserted villa near Eome, containing some in- teresting frescos. One event in nature, on the contrary, like a sunset from the Villa Madama. one work of art like the much-revered Juno, make a deep and Inspiring impression. Qoetfie, Trans. Villa Mediei. A villa upon a beau- tiful situation in Eome, built in 1540, afterwards passing into the possession of the Medici family, and now the seat of the French Academy. It contains a valua- ble collection of casts. 41®* " The grounds of the Villa Me- dici are laid out in the old fashion of straight paths, with borders of box. There are green alleys with long vistas overshadowed by ilex-trees, . . . and in their season a profusion of roses from which the genial sun of Italy dis- tils a fragrance, to be scattered abroad by the no less genial breeze." Mawtkome. ViUa Massimo. A villa in Rome near the Church of S. Maria Mag- giore, and formerly one of the most beautiful in the city . [Called also Villa Negroni and Villa Mas- simo Negroni.] ViUa Mozzi. A noted villa in the vicinity of Florence, Italy, once the residence of Lorenzo de' Me- dici. ViUa l!fazionale. See Villa Eeale. Villa Negroni. See Villa Mas- simo. VUla Pamfili-Doria. A beautiful villa in Eome, called by the Ital- ians Belrespiro. It contains some statues and pictures. Villa Eeale. [Now called Villa Nazionale.] The Public Garden of Naples, in the street called the Chiaja, and the favorite prome- nade of the inhabitants. It is nearly a mile in length, and 200 feet in breadth, bordering upon the sea, from which it fs sepa- rated by a wall and parapet. It is planted with orange-trees, myr- tles, acacias, and evergreen oaks, and is laid out partly in the Italian and partly in the 'English style of gardening. Jd^S^ " The brightest and gayest as- pect in Europe. . . . Here is every thing that can restore the weary, or amuse the idle, — a prospect of inde- scribable beauty ; the breezes and voices of the sea ; the rich foliage of the south, gay faces of men and women, and chil- dren sporticg round the fountains." SiUard. VIL 557 ViUe, Hotel de. See HStel de ViLLE. Viminal HUl. [Lat. Mons Vimi- nahs.i One of the seven hills of ancient Rome, scarcely distin- guishable at the present time. It is supposed to derive its name from the osiers (vimina) which grew upon it. *®- " The Viminal Hill is to me ter- ra incognita. It is, or was, situated between the Eequiline and the Quirinal ■ and, I suppose, ' if it be not gone, it must he there still.' But I have al- ready confessed my incapacity to dis- cover it; and though I have frequently since mo?t diligently renewed my scru- tiny, I have been able to descry noth- ing that, by any latitude of interpreta- tion, can be construed into the least resemblance to a hill. The truth is, that it has sustained, between its two puissant neighbors (the Esquiline and the Quirinal) that extinction which a small state sometimes suifers between two large ones." C. A. Baton. Vineermes, BarriSre de. See Bak- Ki±KE Du TrOne. Vinoi. See Leonardo da Vinci. Vintage of Noah. A fresco paint- ing by Bennozo Gozzoli (1408- 1478). In the Campo Santo, Pisa, Italy. Violets of Psestum. OF P^STUM. See EosEs Violin Player. \Il Suonatore.} A well-known picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing a young man holding in his hand the bow of a violin and a wreath of laurel. It is supposed to be the portrait of one Antonio Ma- rone, a Brescian improwisatore, and is regarded as one of Ra- phael's best portraits. This pic- ture is now in the Sciarra Palace in Rome. S^ ** Two precious pictures here [in the Sciarra Palace] are under glass, the first and most beautiful being the Violin-player by Raphael. This repre- sents a young man in a black cap and green mantle, with a fur collar, and thick brown hair descending over it. The young man slowly turns his head, fixing his eye on the spectator. The nobleness and calmness of the head are incomparable, also its gentleness VIR and intelligence : you cannot imagine a more beautiful, a more delicate spirit." Taine, Trans. One of these peasants, with long black hair and pale mgnifled face, resembles the Suonatore of Raphael. H. Taine, Ti-am. Viper, The. A noted frigate of the United States navy, in ser- vice in the war of 1812. She was built at Washington. Virgen de la Serviletta. [Virgin of the Napkin.] A picture by Bartolome' Estevan Murillo (1618- 1682), so called in allusion to the dmner-uapkin on which it was painted. Virg:il's Tomb. That which is known as the tomb of Virgil (70- 19 B.C.) is on the promontory of Pausilippo, overlooking the Bay of Naples. It bears the inscrip- tion; " Mantua me genuit; Cala- bri rapuere : tenet nunc Parthe- nope: cecini pascua, rura, duces." See Grotta di Posilippo. *®*" Virgil's Tomb is so called, I believe, on the single authority of Do- natus. . . .And who is this Donatus ? — an obscure grammarian, or rather his counterfeit. The structure itself resembles a ruined pigeon-bouse, where the numerous columbaria would indicate a family-sepulchre : but who should repose in the tomb of Virgil, but Virgil alone ? Visitors of every na- tion, kings and princes, have scratched their names on the stucco of this apoc- ryphal ruin, but the poet's awful name seems to have deterred them from ver- sifying here." Forsyth. JSE^" The epitaph, which, though not genuine, is yet ancient, was inscribed by order of the Duke of Peseolanglano, then proprietor of the place, on a mar- ble slab placed in the side of the rock opposite the entrance of the tomb, where it still remains." JSustace. "Why dost thou still mistrust?'' my Comforter Began to say to me turned wholly round ; " Dost thou not think me with thee, and that I guide thee ? 'Tis evening there alreadj' -n here is buried The body within which I cast a shad- ow; 'Tis from Brundusium ta'en, and Na- ples has it." Dante, Purgatorio, Longfellow's Trans. Virgin. See Madonna. Also see Coronation of the Virgin ; Death of the Virgin ; Mar- VIE 558 VIE RIAGE OF THE VlKGIN; PRESEN- TATION OF THE Virgin, etc. See Grotto df, la Vieuge. Virgin and Angel Annunciate. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484-1523), the Flemish painter. Now in the collection of the Prince of Hohenzollern at Sig- maringen. Virgin and Child. A small altar- piece by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, and consid- ered one of his finest works. By Horace Walpole this picture was ascribed to Jan van Eyck. It is now in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick, Eng- land. Virgin and Child. A picture by Albert Diirer (1471-1528), the Ger- man painter and engraver, and regarded as one of his finest works. " In the centre of the landscape is the Virgin, seated, with the Child, and crowned by two angels ; on her right is a Pope with priests kneeling, on the left the Emperor Maximil- ian with kniglifs ... all being crowned with garlands of roses by the Virgin, the Child, St'. Dominick, — who stands behind the Virgin, — and by angels." This picture is now in the mon- astery of Strahow at Prague. There is also a copy in the Mu- seum at Lyons, France. Virgin and Child. A votive pic- ture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter. Now in possession of Count Duchatel, of Paris. Virgin and Child with Mary Magdalen. A picture by Luc Jacobsz, commonly called Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533), a Flem- ish painter. It is a beautiful and finely-executed work. Now in the Gallery of Munich, Bavaria. Virgin and Child with Saints. A picture by Gheerardt David (1484- 1523), a Flemish painter. It is now in the Museum of Eoueu, France. Virgin and Saints. A picture by the Flemish painter, Petms Crig»' tus. Now in the Stadel MuseUm at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- many. Virgin and Child -with the little St. John. A picture by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Mu- nich Gallery. Virgin, Assumption of the. See Assumption, The. Virgin between S. Anthony and S. Sebastian. A large altar- piece by Alessandro Bonvicino, called II Moretto di Brescia (1514-1564). In the Stadel Insti- tute, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- many. Virgin in a Bower of Boses. A picture by Martin Schongauer, commonly called Martin Schon (b. 1420?), a German painter, and considered to be his most impor- tant work. It is in St. Martin's church at Colmar, Germany. Virgin in the Meadow. A well- known picture by Eaphael San- zio (1483-1520), in which the Ma- donna is " represented in a beau- tiful landscape with both hands' supporting the infant Christ, who stands before her; her head inclined toward the little St. John, who, kneeling at the side, offers a reed cross to his compan- ion." This picture is now in the Belvedere Gallery at Vienna, Austria. Virgin, Iron. See Iron Vesgin. Virgin, Joys and Sorrows of the. A beautiful picture by Hans Memling (d. 1495), the Flemish painter, described as represent- ing " the principal events of the life of Christ and the Virgin (the seven joys of the Virgin); not in separate compartments, but as one great whole, united in a land- scape with an endless number of subordinate events, — a whole world of life and joy and sor- row, all executed with wonderful grace and beauty." It was paint- ed for Pierre Baltynck, a currier of Bruges, and was formerly in the Boissere'e Collection, but is now at Munich, Bavaria. VIE 559 VIS Virgin, Life of the. A series" of wood-cuts by Albert DUrer (1471- 152S), the German painter and engraver, and considered to be among the best ol his works which have descended to us. Virgin nursing the Child. A pic- ture by Roger van der Weyden (d. 1464), the Flemish painter, and one of his later works. It is now in the Stadel In'Sti- tute; Frankfort-on-the-Main, Ger- many. Virgin of the Burgomaster Mey- er. See Madonna of the Buk- gojMasteb Meyer. Virgin Staying the Plague at Brescia. A picture by Alessan- dro Bonvicino, called tl Moretto (1514-1564). In the Gallery of Dresden, Germany. Virgin with the Goldflnoh. See Madonna del Cardellino. Virgin with the Seven Sorrows. A picture by Joachim Patenier (d. 1545?), a Flemish painter. It is now in the Museum at Brus- sels, Belgium. Virginia, The. An old line-of- battle ship in one of the ship- houses of the United States Navy Yard at Charlestown, Mass. She has been on the stocks for half a century, Virginia "Water. A beautiful arti- ficial lake seven miles from Wind- sor, near London. Virginias, The. A vessel sailing under the American flag from New York for the West Indies, on the 4th of October, 1869. On the 31st of October she was cap- tured by a Spanish ship and taken to Havana. Being accused of hostile designs against Spain, the American commander, Capt. Fry, with 36 of his crew, and 18 others, • were shot without trial. After much diplomacy, the Virginius was formally surrendered to the United States navy on the 16th of December, 1873, but, on the way to New York, sank off Cape Fear. Virgin's Chapel and Tomb. A ■ venerable and picturesque build- ing in Jerusalem, believed by the faithful to be the place where the Virgin Mary was laid. Near the chapel is the spot where her Assiimption is supposed to have occurred, together with a rook that bears the marks of the girdle ■ she let fall to convince the in, credulous Thomas. Virgin's Tree. A name applied to an old sycamore-tree, near the village of Matareeah, Egypt, un- der which the Holy Family are said to have rested after the flight into Egypt. Vision of a Knight. A small alle- gorical picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), representing a young knight sleeping upon his shield, with a female figure on each side. " One in a plain purple robe is offering him a book and a sword; the other, richly dressed, is pre^ senting flowers as symbols of the pleasures of life. . . . The origi- nal pen-and-ink drawing by the master, with punctured outlines from which the picture was traced, hangs by its side." There is an engraving of it by L. Gruner. This picture was formerly in the Borghese Gallery in Rome, but is now in the National Gallery, Lon- don. Vision of Ezekiel. A picture by Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520). It is in the Pitti Palace, Florence, Italy. A copy of this picture, which was for a time regarded as the original, and which was for- merly in the Orleans Gallery, is now at Stratton, in England. ^^ "All direct imitation of nature "was by the best painters carefully avoided. In this respect how fine is Raphael's * Vision of Ezekiel * 1 How sublime and true in feeling and concep- tion ! where the MeesLib comes floating along, upborne by the Four Creatures, . . . animals in form, but in all else un- eai-thly, and the winged ox not less di- vine than tbe winged angel." Mrs. Jameson. Vision of Jacob., A celebrated picture by Bemtirandt van Eyn (1606-1669). In the Dulwich Gal- lery. YIS 560 VOL JSES' " In a print by Rembrandt, be has emulated, in picturesque and poet- ical treatment, his famous Vision of Jacob in the Dulwicb Gallery.'* Mrs. Jameson. "Vision of St. Bernard; A picture by Filippino Lippi (1460?-1505), and his chief work. In the Ba- dia at Florence, Italy. Vision of St. Bernard. A noted and admired picture by Parmigi- ano (1503-1540). In the National Gallery, London. Vision of the Holy Cross. A fres- co in the Sala di Costantino, in the Vatican, Rome, executed by Giulio Romano (1492?-1546), after a design by Raphael. Visitation, The. A favorite sub- ject of representation by the painters of the Middle Ages, ex- hibiting the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elisabeth, according to the account in Luke i. 39, et seq. Of the numerous compositions which treat of this subject, may be mentioned as among the more noted the following. Visitation, The. A picture de- signed by Raphael Sanzio (1483- 1520), the execution probably by Francesco Peuni (1488-1528). iSTow in the Gallery of Madrid, Spain. It represents the visit of Mary to Elisabeth. jC^ "In tbe composition by Ra- phael [The. Visitation] there are tlie two figures only [Mary and JUiisaheth] ; and I should object to this otherwise perfect picture, the bashful conscious look of the Virgin Mary." Mrs. Jameson, Visitation, The. A picture by MariottoAlbertinelli(1475?-1520?), the Italian jiainter, and regarded as his masterpiece. It is now in the Gallery of the Uffizi, Flor- ence, Italy. 4IE^ " The simple, majestic compQsi- tion of Albertinelli. . . . The woi-k in its large and solemn beauty and reli- gious signifieance, is -worthy of being placed over an altar, on which we might offer up the work of Rembrandt [see in/ra], as men offer incense, gems, and gold." Mrs. Jameson. Visitation, Tlie. A richly col- ored group by Sebastian del Pi- ombo (1485-1547). This picture is now in the Louvre, Paris. Visitation, The. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. Now in the Grosvenor Gallery. Q^ " — tbe small but exquisitely finished composition by Rembrandt. . . . Nothing can be more poetical than the treatment, more intensely true and noble than tbe expression ot the dimin- utive figures, more masterly and fin- ished than tbe execution, more magical and lustrous than tbe effect of the whole." Mrs. Jameson. Visitation, The. A picture in the Museum of Berlin, ascribed to Gerard van Meire, the Flem- ish painter. There is another well-preserved and interesting picture of the same name, as- cribed to the same artist, in the collection of Baron Speek von Sternburg, at Liitschena, near Leipzig, Germany. Vitale, San. See Sa^ Vitale. Vittoria, The. One of the ships with which Fernando Magellan (1470?-1521) made his famous voy- age of discovery in 1520. The Vittoria, after the death of Ma- gellan, under the command of Sebastian del Cano returned to Spain, and was the first vessel that circumnavigated the globe. Vittorio Smanuele. See Gal- LERiA Vittorio E:iiaxuele. Volks Denkmal. [The People's Monument.] A Gothic cross of iron, 160 feet in height, erected upon an eminence near Berlin, Prussia, to commemorate the de- liverance of Prussia from the French, and the recovery of na- tional independence. The monu- ment bears an inscription, to- gether with statues of Prussian warriors, executed by Eauch and Tieck. Voltaire, Boulevart de. A mag- nificent street in Paris, one of the new boulevards, and formerly known as the Boulevart de Prince Engine. See Boulevakds. Voltaire, Q,uai de. This quay, on the river Seine in Paris, derives its name from the fact that the VOL 561 VYV pliUosoplier Voltaire died in the hoiTse at the corner of the quay and the Rue de Beaume. Volto Santo. See Sauto Volto. Volumnii. See Tomb op the Vo- LUMUII. Voyage of Life. An allegorical picture by Thomas Cole (1801- 1848). In the collection of John Taylor Johnston, New York. Vulcan's Forge. See Fokge of Vulcan. Vulture, The. A British sloop-of- war, in which Major Andre went up the Hudson, when arranging terms of surrender with Benedict Arnold. Vyverberg. A fine square and pleasure-ground in the Hague, Holland. WAB 562 "WAXj w. Wabash, The. The flag-ship of Admiral Dupont, in the attack upon the Sea Islands of South Carolina in 1861. Wabash Avenue. A noted street in Chicago, 111. It is lined with stately edifices, and adorned with trees. Wachusetts, The. A noted vessel of the United States navy in the War of the Eebellion. She cap- tured the celebrated Confederate privateer, the Florida, in the Brazilian port of Bahia, or San Salvador. This capture was in violation of neutrality, and pro- duced considerable excitement. The prize was soon after brought into Hampton Eoads. Wadsworth Athenseum. A build- ing in Hartford, Conn., contain- taining a library and gallery of sculpture and paintings. Wafers, The Miraculous. See MiEACULOus "Wafers. Wagner, Fort. See Fokt "Wag- ner. Wailing-place of the Jews. See Place of "Wailing. "Wakefield Tower. See Eegalia, The. "Waldburg. An ancient castle near Eavensburg, Germany, fa- mous for its magnificent views. "Walden Pond. A beautiful sheet of water near Concord, Mass., now a favorite pleasure-resort, and celebrated for its associa- tions with H. D. Thoreau (1817- 1862), the scholar and naturalist, who, in 1845, built on the shore of this pond a small house in which he lived two years as a hermit in studious retirement, afterwards publishing an account of this portion of his life, under the title of " "Walden." "Wall, London. See London "Wall. "Wall of Antozunus. A wall, or rampart, erected during the Eo- man occupation of Britain, with the design of preventing the in- cursion of the northern tribes into the lowlands. It extended from the Forth to the Clyde, a distance of 27 miles, and was guarded by 10 forts. There is a stone in Glas- gow College which preserves the name of the builder, LoUius Ur- bicus. [Often known as Graham's Byke.] J3^ " The wall of Antoninus, or Graham's or Grime's Dyke, crossed from the Forth to the Clyde, on the line on -which previously Agricola had erected a series of forts. It consisted of a new line of forts connected to- gether by an immense continuous ram- part of earth and turf, raised by the Proprffitor Lollius Urbicus in the reign of Antoninus, and named after that em- peror. Inscribed stones have been from time to time found along its course, ex- pressive of the work done by different troops and cohorts of the Koman army." L. Jewitl. If we carefully trace the distance from the Wall vf Antoninus ^oT^omt,&i\dL from thence to Jerusalem, it will be found that the great chain of communication from the north-west to the south-east point of the empire was drawn out to the length of four thousand and eighty Roman miles Gibbon. "Wall of China. See Gkeat "Wall OF China. "WaU Street. This street in New York City, running east from Broadway, opposite Trinity Church, is the centre for bank- ers and brokers in New York, and is in fact the centre of the financial interests of the whole country. The Stock Exchange in "Wall Street presents an excit- ing scene during business hours. Free Institutions, general education, and the ascendancy of dollar^, are the words written on every paving-stone along Fifih Avenue, down Broadway, and up Wall Slreet. AnOwnij Trollope. T7AL 563 "WAP Thug a king or a general does not need a fine coat, and a commanding person mav save liimseif all solicitude on that point. There are always slovens in State Street or Wall Street, who are not less considered.- If a man have manners and talent, he may dress roughly and care- lessly. Bma-son. Just where the Treasury's marhle front Looks over Wall Street's mmgled na- tions; Where Jews and Gentiles most are wont To throng for trade and last quotations; Where, hour by hour, the rates of gold Outrival, in the ears of people. The quarter-chimes, serenely tolled From Trinity's undaunted steeple. E. C. Stedman. ■Wallace Tower. A monument 133 feet, high in the town of Ayr, Scotland, erected in 1832 upon the site of an ancient tower in which, according to tradition. Sir William Wallace (1270-1305), the celebrated Scotch hero and pa- triot, was imprisoned, and from which, by the aid of his friends, he contrived to escape. Wallack's. A theatre in the city of New York, devoted chiefly to the legitimate comedy. ■Wallenstein. A picture errone- ously supposed to be the portrait of Wallenstein, by Anthony van Dyok (1599-1641). It is in the gallery of Prince Lichtenstein at Vienna, Austria. ■WaUeustein Palace. A famous palace in Prague, Bohemia, built by the great general Albert, duke of Friedland (1583-1634). The building, which was one of sur- prising magnificence, ha,s under- gone extensi\'e restorations. It is said that 100 houses were pulled down to make room for its erec- tion, and that even the stables were profusely ornamented with marble. Walmer Castle. A sea^side fort- ress near Deal, England, erected by Henry VIII. It was the offi- cial residence of the Duke of Wellington until his death in 1852. The castle is supposed to stand on the very spot where Julius CiEsar landed at the time of his invasion of Britain. Walsingham Priory. Walsing- ham is a little spot in Norfolk, England, much resorted to for- merly by pilgrims. It was the rival of Our Lady of Loretto and St. James of Compostella. The chapel was founded in 1061, and was a perfect copy of the Santa Casa, or home of the Virgin Mary, at Nazareth. The splendid priory built soon after was granted to the Order of St. Augustine, and in 1420 ^ fine church was built at the side of the shrine. Erasmus says of the church: " The church is splendid and beautiful," and of the shrine: "If you look in, you will say it is the seat of the Gods, so bright and shining as it is all over with jewels, gold, and silver." It was despoiled of its treasures by Henry VIII., and there remain now only a few ruins of the priory church. ■Wanderer, The. A ship engaged in the African slave-trade which came to tlys country in 1859, and on her voyage experienced an unexampled mortalitv as the con- sequence of her frightfully crowd- ed condition. ■Wapping. A long street in Lon- don, extending from Lower East Smithfleld on the north bank of the Thames to New Crane. It is noted for its nautical signs, its ship and boat builders, rope-mak- ers, ship-chandlers, and sail-mak- ers. Its name "VVapping was probably derived from the ship's rope called a loapp. Pirates and sea-rovers were hung at Execution Bock in Wapping. iCEg^" Wapping is a neigbborhood of which many persona know the name, but nothing more. . . . Wap- ping, too, may be remembered as hav- ing afforded a principal link in the chain of evidence against the notorious impostor who claimed the Ticbborne estate. Immediately on his arrival at London, he went to Wapping (which Roger Ticbborne would never have done), and there he was recognized as a former resident of the place. Wap- ping is a narrow strip of old London, whicti lies below the Tower and be- tween London docks and the river. It is, as might be expected, wholly occu- pied by mariners, or those who supply their wants. It is very damp and very dingy, and everybody in it seems to smell of oakum." Bichatd Grant White. WAR 564 WAR Your Molly has never been false, she declares, Since last time we parted at Wapping Old Stairs, When I swore that I still would continue the same, And gave you the 'baccobox marked with my name. Wapping Old Stairs. [The "Stairs" were steps by which people formerly descended to the river.j But if this be a defect, what must be the entire perversion of scenical decorum, ■when, for instance, we see an actress that might act the Woppin? landlady without a bolster, pining m the character of Jane Shore, and, while unwieldy with fat. en- deavoring to convince the audience that she is dying with hunger? Goldsmith. No longer a poor Jack Tar. frolicking in the low taverns of Wapping, he might roll through London in his coach, and perchance arrive, like Whittington, at the dignity of Lord Mayon Irving. The same insular limitation pinches his [the Englishman's] foreign politics. He sticks to his traditions and usages, and, so help him God! he will force his island by-laws down the throat of great countries, like India, Cliina, AustraHa, and not only so, but impose Wapping on the Congress of Vienna, and trample down all nationalities with his taxed boot-*. Emerson, Yon might be as well impressed with Wapping as with your first step on Egyp- tian soil. Tliackeray. You forget that the town [Gibraltar] is at all like Wapping, and deliver your^feif up entirely to romance. Thackeray. The new spirit at once showed itself in Dickens, whose broad, bright, kindly, ag- gressive democracy, making the hero uf his story a friendless workhouse hoy in- stead ol a kniuht at arms, and its scene a city lane or Wapping instead of a stately castle or a historic land, was the repre- sentative of the changed feeling and the new day. Harper's Magazine. "Wardour Castle. A ruined feudal fortress near Salisbury, in Wilt- shire, England. If rich designs of sumptuous art may please. Or nature's loftier views august and old. Stranger ! behold this spreading scene. W. L. Bowles. "Ware, Great Bed of. See Great Bed of Wake, "Warren. See Death of Warren. "Warren, Fort. See A'ort War- "Warrior, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy, launched Dec. 29, 1860. And then through the familiar examples till we come to such ships as the ' Wel- lington ' and 'Marlborough' of yesterday, and the 'Warrior'* or 'Minotaur* of to- day. Fergusson. "Wartburg. A famous castle near Eisenacli, Germany, in which Luther was imprisoned as a friendly act of protection against his enemies. Safe in this Wartburg tower I stand. Where God hath lea me by the hand, And look down with a heart at ease, Over the pleasant neighborhoods. Over the vast Thuringian woods. Longfellow. J^f "The castle on the "Wartburg is historically the most important edi- fice of its class in Germany, and its size and state of preservation render it remarkable in an artistic point of view. It was in one of its balls that the cele- brated contest was held between the six most eminent poets of Germany in the year 1206, which, though it nearly ended fatally to one of them at least, shows how much importance was at- tached to the profession of literature at even that early period. Here the sainted Elizabeth of Hungary lived ■with her cruel brother-in-law, here she practised those virtues and endured those misfortunes that render her name so dear and so familiar to all the races of Germany; and it was in, this castle that Luther found shelter, and where he resided under the name of Ritter George. ... It resembles the older palaces at Venice more than any other buildings of the class It has been re- cently restored, apparently with con- siderable judgment; and it well de- serves the pains bestowed' upon it as one of the best illustrations of its style still existing in Europe.'* fergusson. Methinks I see him sitting, the heroic student, in his chamber in the Warteburg, with his midnight lamp before him, seen by the late traveller in the distant plain or Bischofstoda, as a star on the moun- tain ! Colertdge. "Warwick Castle. The magnificent mansion of the Earl of Warwick, and one of the finest of the resi- dences of the English nobility. Its architecture is greatly ad- mired. Its two towers are called the most beautiful in the world. Its situation, on a rock washed by the Avon, is very picturesque, overlooking the river and sur- rounded by beautiful grounds. The ancient castle of which we first hear in the reign of Henry ir. was destroyed in the reign of Henry III. The present castle was begun in the time of Edward WAR 665 WAS ni. Additions and improve^ menta have since been made at intervals. The most ancient part of the bnilding, Caesar's tower, is 147 leet high. Guy's tower, erect- ed in 13'J4, is 128 feet high. A fire occurred at Warwick Castle in 1871, which did much damage. O" " The piincipal features are the battlement.^, towers, and turrets of the old feudal castle, encompassed by grounds on which has been expended all that princely art of landscape-gar- dening for which England is famous,— leafy thickets, magnificent trees, open- ings and vistas of verdure, and wide sweeps of grass, short, thick, and vivid- ly green as the velvet moss we some- times see growing on rocks in New England. The pains that are taken in sowing, tending, cutting, clipping, rolling, and otherwise nursing and coaxing the grass, being seconded by the misty bi-eath and often-falling tears of the climate, produce results which must be seen to be appreciated." J/rs. U. B. Stowe. Then Warwick Castle wide its gate dis- pliiyed. And peace and pleasure this their dwell- ing made. George Crabbe. I look with respect at houses six, seven, eight liundrcd, or, like Warwick Castle, nine hundred years old. Emerson. ■Warwick Vase. A celebrated and very beautiful antique vase, found at 'Tivoli, Italy, and capable of holding 1G8 gallons. It is pre- served in the greenhouse con- ■ nected with "Warwick Castle, in England. e^^ " On a pedestal, surrounded by all manner of flowering shrubs, stands this celebrated antique. . . . They say that it holds 136 gallons ; constructed, I suppose, in the roistering old drinking times of the Roman emperors, when men seem to h.ave discovered that the grand object for which they were sent into existence was to perform the func- tions of wine-skins. It is beautifully sculptured with grape-leaves, and the skin and claws of the panther — these latter certainly not an inappropriate emblem of the god of wine, beautiful but dangerous." Mrs. H. B. StoiQe. ■Washington. A well-known stat- ue of the first President of the United States, executed by Jean Antoine Houdon (1741-1828), a French sculptor. It is now at the Capitol, Eichmond, Va. urethinks I see his venerable form now before me, as presented in the gloripus I statue by Houdon, now in the capital of Virgmia. He is dignified and grave; but Ills concern and anxiety scorn to soften the lineaments of his counteiianci-. Daniel Webster. "Washington. A portrait by Kem- brandt Peale (1778-1860), con- sidered the best ever taken of Washington, and of which there are many copies. ■Washington. A statue by Hora- tio Greenough (1805-1852). At the Capitol, "Washington. 4S- "I regard Greenough's Wash- ington as one of the greatest works of sculpture of modern times." Edward JSverett. "Washington. A statue by Thom- as Crawford (1814-1857), cast in bronze at Munich. "Washington. A fine equestrian statue on Commonwealth Ave- nue, Boston, by Thomas Ball (b. 1819). "Washington. See Apotheosis of "Washia'-gtoij- and Eesignatiox OF "Washingtom". "Washington Avenue. A wide and fine avenue in St. Louis, Bio. It leads directly to the great bridge over the Mississippi. "Washington crossing the Dela- ware. A picture by Thomas Sully (1783-1872), which is very familiar in America. Now in the Boston Museum. "Washington crossing the Dela- ware. A well-known picture by Emmanuel Leutze (1S1(J-180S). "Washington Sim. A "well-known tree in Cambridge, Mass., sup- posed to be nearly or quite 300 years old. Under this tree, July 3, 1775, "Washington assumed command of the American forces. ;(K«r" *' You know the ' "Washington elm,' or, if you do not, you bad better rekindle your patriotism by reading the inscription, which tells you that under its shadow the gre.it leader first drew his sword at the head of an Amer- ican army." Holmes. Beneath our consecrated elm A century ago he stood, Famed v.igiiely for that old tight in the wood, Whose red surge sought, but could not overwhelm The life foredoomed to wield our rough- hewn helm. Lowell. WAS 566 "WAT Washington, Fort. See Fokt Washington. Washington Market. A noted market in New York, and the chief one in the city. Washington Monument. A noted monumental structure in Wasli- ington, begun in 1848, and in- tended to be in the form of an obelisk 600 feet in height, and to contain the tomb of Washington. It is now in an unfinished state, being at present 174 feet high. In a building adjoining the monu- ment is a collection of memorial stones sent by different countries and states for the decoration of the interior. It is uncertain ■whether this monument will ever be carried forward to completion, or whether the material used in its construction will be adapted to some other commemorative Washington Monument. An im- posing memorial structure in Bal- timore, Md. It consists of a mar- ble shaft upwards of 176 feet in height, rising from abase 20 feet high, and crowned by a colossal statue of Washington. There is a stairway in the interior of the shaft leading to the summit, from which is a fine and extensive view of the city and its surroundings. The monument was erected be- tween the years 1815 and 1829. Washington Street. The chief thoroughfare of Boston, Mass. If I like Broadway better than Wo-sft- ] infffon Streets ivhat then ? I own tliem I both, as much as anybody owns either. JJolmeA. Washington's Headquarters. An old colonial mansion in Cam- bridge, Mass. , occupied by Wash- ington as headquarters during the siege of Boston. It is now the residence of Henry W- Long- fellow, the poet. Washington's Headquarters. An old stone mansion in New- burgh, N.Y., containing a muse- um of historical relics. It was occupied by Washington as his headquarters while the American army was on the Hudson. The building is now owned by the State of New York. W^ashington's Tomb. On the es- tate of Mount Vernon, Va. The remains rest within a marble sar- cophagus nearthe mansion-house. They were removed in 1837 from the old tomb, which is rapidly going to decay, to their present situation. Wasp, The. An American sloo]> of-war under the command of Capt. Jacob Jones, in the war of 1812. She captured the British sloop Frolic, for which achieve- ment the Legislature of Dela- ware, the Corporation of New York City, and Congress, voted thanks and gold medals. The victory caused great exultation throughout the country. The foe bravely fought, but his arms were all broken, And he fled from his death-wound, aghast and affrighted; But the Wasp darted forward her death- going sting. And full on his bosom, like lightning, alighted. She pierced through his entrails, she mad- dened his brain. And he writhed and he groaned as if toi-n with the colic; And long shall rue the terrible day lie met the American Wasp on a Frolic. Old Song. Water Carrier of Seville, A not- ed picture by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez (1599-1660), the Spanish painter. Now in Apsley House, London. Water-Mill, The. A picture by Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669), the Dutch painter. In the collec- tion of Lord Lansdowne, Eng- land. Waterloo, Battle of. See Battle OF Waterloo. Waterloo Bridge. A magnificent stone bridge spanningthe Thames at London, first opened June 18, 1817, called by Dupiu a " colossal monument, worthy of Sesostris and Wie Cfesars," and by Canova the " noblest bridge in the world." tt^ '* Canova, when he was asked during his visit to England what strucli WAT 667 WAY him most forcibly, is said to have re- plied that the trumpery Chinese Bridge, then in St. James's Park, should be the production of the Government, -whilst that of Waterloo was the work of a Private Company." Quarterly Review. ^Vate^^oo Place. A public square in London, and a centre o£ social and political life. It occupies the site of Carlton House. ■Watervliet Arsenal. A great United States establishment for the manufacture of war supplies. It is situated in West Troy, N.Y. Watier's Club. This club in Lon- don, noted as a gambling-house, was established in 1807, and dis- solved in 1819. The favorite game was Macao. ;8S- " The Club did not endure for twelve years altogether ; the pace was too quick to last : it died a natural death in 1819, from the paralyzed state of its members; the house was then taken by a set of blacklegs, who insti- tuted a common bank for gambling." Thomas Raikes. "Watkins G-len. A remarkable rocky ravine in the town of Wat- kins, Schuyler County, in New York, one of the greatest natural curiosities in the United States. iE^ " It [Watkins Glen] suggests Vaucluse in the pellucid clearness and sparkle of the water. It faintly sug- gests the sombre magnificent Pass of the Finsterraunz in the Tyrol, hut is infinitely brighter and more varied. It suggests Trenton Falls,. but is wilder and deeper." Grace Greenwood. jB®* " In all my travels I have never met with scenery more beautiful and romantic than that embraced in this wonderful Glen ; and the most remark- able thing of all is, that so much mag- nificence and grandeur should be found in a region where there are no ranges of mountains." Bayard Taylor. Watling Street. A street in Lon- don considered to have been the principal thoroughfare of Roman London, and one of the great Bo- man ways in Britain. What re- mains of it is narrow and incon- venient for passage. It extended across South Britain, beginning at Dover and running through Canterbury to London and from London across the island to Ches- ter. In tlie time of the Britong it was a mere forest-road ; but the Romans converted it into a great military highway, and it is still an important road in some parts of its extent. The name Wat- ling Street was also very gener- ally applied in England, during the Middle Ages, to the " Milky Way" (Via Lactea). Chaucer Se yondir, 1q, the galaxic, The wiche men clepe the milky way, For it is white ; and some, part'ay, Y-callin it han Wathvge-street.^^ The name is of uncertain ori- gin, and is variously said to be derived from Vitellius, from Vitel- lianus, from the WcetUngs, from the Saxon Atheling (noble), from wattles (hurdles or fascines), and from a number of other sources. ;9S* " Who the Waetlings were, and how they came to give their name both to an earthly and a heavenly street, we do not know." Grimm. Who would of WatUng-street the dangers share. When the broad pavement of Cheapside is near 1 Gay. "Wax Works of Madame Tus- saud. See Madame Tdssaud's Exhibition. Wayland Smith's Cave [or Forge]. A cavern of great anti- quit.y, on the western boundaries of Berkshire, England, near the town of Wantage. " In an early deed of the estate to which it be- longs, of a date previous to the Norman Conquest, it is called Weland's Smithy; and the legend connected with it is, that a travel- ler wishing his horse shod had only to take him to the cave, and, leaving a piece of money on the copestone, retire to a distance. On returning he would find the horse shod, and that the money had been taken away." Three flat stones supporting a fourth are still pointed out as his smithy. In the Anglo-Saxon mythology Weland was the representative of Vulcan. Walter Scott has in- troduced this legend of Wayland Smith into one of his most inter- esting novels, " Kenilworth," WAY 568 "WEL making him a living person of "Wednesday Club. An old Lon- the time of Elizabeth. don club. Wayland Wood. A tract of wood- land near Wattou, England, where, according to tradition, the murder of the two children by order of their uncle occurred on which is founded the famous ballad of the " Children in the Wood." ■Wayside Inn. An old tavern still standing in the town of Sud- bury, Mass., a " busy place " in the old colonial days of New England, and made famous by the poems of Longfellow entitled " The Wayside Inn." As ancient is this liostelry As any in tlie land may be, Built in the old Colonial day, When men lived in a firander way, ■With ampler hospitality. ■Weber Caiion. A stupendous ra/- vine, forming a natural gateway through the Wahsatch range of mountains in Utah Territory. It is one of the most remarkable sights in the West. The trains of the Union Pacific Kailroad pass through this gorge. "Webster. See Death of Web- ster. ■Webster, Daniel. A statue of the great American statesman by Hiram Powers (b. 1S03). ;0S^ " It is the second cast of the statue, the fii-st having been shipped some months ago on board of a vessel ■which was lost; and, as Powers ob- served, the statue now lies at the "bot- tom of the Atlantic Ocean, somewhere in the vicinity of the telegraphic cable. . . . Happy is ■Webster to have been so truly and adequately scupltured; hap- py the sculptor in such a subject, which no idealization of a demigod could have supplied him with. Perhaps the statue at the bottom of the sea will be cast up in some future age, when the present race of man is forgotten, and, if so, that far posterity will look up to us as a grander race than we iind ourselves to be." Hawthorne. ■Webster's Keply to Hayne. .A well-known picture by G. P. A.' Healy (b. 1R08). In Faneuil Hall, Boston. This picture contains 130 portraits. "Wedding. See Peasant Wedding. J3®- " In Friday-street, Cheapside, was held the 'VN'^ednesday Club, at which, in 1695, certain conferences took place under the direction of William Paterson, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Bank of England. Such is the general belief; hut Mr. Saxe Bannister, in his Life of Paterson^ p. 93, observes : * It has been a matter of much doubt whether the Bank of England was originally proposed from a Club or Society in the City of Lon- don.' " Timbs. ■Weehawken, The. A war-vessel of Admiral Diipont's flotilla in the attack upon tlte defences of Charleston, S. C, in the war of the Eebellion (1801-1865). ■Weibertreue. [Woman's Fideli- ty.] The pojiular name of a ruined castle at Weinsberg, near Heilbronn, Germany, celebrated for a romantic legend connected with it, which relates how, when the garrison were threatened with death on the taking of the castle, the women, who had been allowed to depart with their valuables, carried off their hus- bands on their backs, each in a sack. The German poet Biirger has made this incident the sub- ject of a well-known ballad, which has been translated by C . T. Brooks. See also the ' ' Spec- tator," No. 449. "Welbeck Abbey. The seat of the Duke of Portland, near Worksop, England. "WeUesley College. A well-en- dowed institution of learning for young women, in WeUesley, Mass. It has an elegant building finely situateil. "Wellington. A fine equestrian statue of the duke by Sir Francis Chantrey (1782-1841). In front of the Royal Exchange, Lon- don. "Wellington's Funeral Car. This car, constructed from the guns taken in the battles in which he was engaged, is preserved as a monumental trophy in St. Paul's Church, London. "SVEL 569 vrzs "Wells, The. [Ital. I Pozzi.] A series of prison-cells, one be- neath the other, in the ancient state prison of Venice, Italy, ad- joining the Ducal Palace, with Avhich it is connected by the "Bridge of Sighs." is- " I descended from the cheerful day into two ranges, one below the other, of dismal, awful, horrible, stone cells. They were quite dark. Each had a loop-hole in its massive wall, where, in the old time, a torch was placed, to light the prisoners within for half an hour. The captives, by the glimmering of these brief rays, had cut and scratched inscriptions in the black- ened vaults. I saw them. For their labor with the rusty nail's point had outlived their agony and them through many generations." Dickens. J$^ '• What fables concerning these ~ cells have not been uttered and be- lieved ! ... I do not say that they are calculated to enamour the unimpounded spectator with prison life, but they are certainly far from being as bad as I hoped. They are not joyously light nor particularly airy; but their occu- pants could have suiFered no extreme physical discomfort, and the thick wooden casing of the interior walls evidences at least the intention of the state to inflict no wanton hardship of cold or damp." W. D. Moicella. The Pozzi and the Piombi were in vain ; They might wring blood fVom me, but treachery never. ' Byron. ■Wells of Moses. See Fountains OF Moses. ■Wentworth House. A noted man- sion, and one of the largest pri- vate residences in Europe, for- merly the abode of the famous Earl of Strafford, near Wakefield, England. ■Wentworth Mansion. An old colonial house near Portsmouth, N. H., once occupied by Gov. "Wentworth, and containing the old provincial council-chamber and many historical relics. "Werrington House. A seat of the Duke of Northumberland, on the river Tamar, near Launceston, England. TVesleyan University. An insti- tution of learning under the care of the Methodist Church, at Mid- dletown, Conn. ■West, Benjamin. See Benjamin "West. ■West India Docks. Extensive docks, covering 295 acres, on the left bank of the Thames, London, opened in 1802. "William Pitt laid the first stone in 1800. See East India Docks. ■West Point. See United States MiLiTAKY Academy. ■WestEock. A rocky hill near New- Haven, Conn., much resorted to, and affording a fine view. ■Western Emigration. An histori- cal picture by Emanuel Leutze (1816-18K8). In the Capitol at "Washington. ■Westminster Abbey. The re- nowned Abbey-church of Lon- don. Its earliest foundation is enveloped in obscurity. Edward the Confessor built an abbey on this site, which was dedicated on the festival of the Holy Inno- cents, Dec. 28, 1065. In 1862 it was discovered that the lower half of the south cloister wall con- sists of masonry of the age of Edward the Confessor. The Ab- bey, as it now exists, was for the most part rebuilt by Heury III. (1245-1272), out of regard to the memory of the Confessor. Its general plan is cruciform. Be- sides the nave, choir, and tran- septs, it contains 12 chapels, of which 10 are nearly filled with monumental tombs. No less than 17 English kings, from the Con- fessor to George II., and 10 queens, lie within the Abbey, amid statesmen, poets, divines, scholars, and artists. Dean Stan- ley says: "The Abbey of "West- minster owes its traditions and its present name, revered in the bosoms of the people of England, to the fact that the early English kings were interred within its walls, and that through its asso- ciations the Norman rulers learnt to forget their foreign paternity, and to unite in fellowship and af- fection with their Saxon fellow- citizens. There is no other church in the world, except, per- WES 570 WES haps, tlie Kremlin at Moscow, with which Royalty is so inti- mately associated." J^=- " The eye gazes with wonder at clustered columns of gigantic di- mensions, with arches springing from them to such an amazing height. It eeems as if the awful nature of the place presses down upon the soul, and hushes the beholder into noiseless rev- erence. We feel that we are surrounded by the congregated bones of the great men of past times, who have filled his- tory with their deeds, and earth with their renown." Irving. J8^ "When I am in a serious hu- mor, I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey ; where the gloomi- ness of the place, and the use to which it is applied, with the solemnity of the building, and the condition of the peo- ple who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is not disagreea- ble." Addition. jBSP " The moment I entered West- minster Abbey I felt a kind of awe per- vade my mind which I cannot describe : the very silence seemed sacred." Burke. ;S@=- " The superb nave, the admira- ble Q-othic architecture, of Westminster Abbey, are alone adapted to the climate ; this labyrinth of forms, these sweeping and huge mouldings, this profusion of delicate sculptures, are required to fill the dim air and people the void of such sombre interiors." Taine^ Trans.. Here, where the end of earthly things Lays heroes, patriots, bards, and kmgs, Here, where the fretted aisles prolong The distant notes of holy song, If ever from an English heart, Oh, here let prej udice depart ! Scott. Be mine, in hours of fear Or grovelling thought, to seek a refuge here, And through the aisles of Westminster to roam, Where bubbles burst, and folly's dancing foam Melts, if It crosses the threshold. Wordsworth. Westminster Bridge. An elegant bridge across the Thames at Lon- don, built 1856-62, in place of a stone bridge (the second upon the spot) built in 1739-50. Words- worth has a sonnet on the view from Westminster Bridge, begin- ning : — *' Earth hath not any thing to show more faU-." As I was going o'er Westminster Bridge, I met with a Westminster scholar; HepuIIedoft'hiscap, an' drew off his glove. And wished me a very good morrow. What is his name ? Mother Goose. "Westminster Hall. An ancient hall originally added to the Pal- ace at Westminster, London, by William Bufus, who held his first court here, 1099. It has long been used for the sittings of the Royal Courts and of the Parliaments, for Coronation- feasts, and other similar purposes; and the name Westminster Hall is not unfre- quently used for the law itself. It is called the Great Hall to dis- tinguish it from the Lesser Hall, the House of Commons after the fire of 1834. It is one of the no- blest and most venerable archi- tectural relics in Europe, and the largest room unsupported by pil- lars in the world. Westminster Hall was the place of trial of the Earl of Strafford, of Charles L, and of Warren Hastings. JS^ " One of these halls, Westmin- ster Hall, which serves for great state trials, is immense and of the greatest beauty. , . . The effect of the whole is rich and grave." Taine, Trans. Those who have attended to the practice of our literary tribunal are well aware that, by means of certain legal fictions similar to those of WestmAnster Hally we are frequently enabled to take cognizance of cases lying beyond the sphere of our original jurisdiction. Macaulay. Thus he [Cromwell] subdued a spirit that had been often troublesome to the most sovereign power, and made Westmin- ster Hall as obedient and subservient to his commands as any of the rest of his quarters . Edward Hyde. The clothed, embodied Justice that sits In Westminster HalU with penalties, parch- ments, tipstaves, is very visible. But the wnembodied J ustlce, whereof that other is either an emblem, or else is a fearful in- descrlbabllity, is not so visible. Carlyle. Especially what member of the legal profession, unless his heart be as dry as parchment arxi worn as the steps of a court-house, can fail to do honor to the genius of a place [the Roman Forum] where jurisprudence was reared into a perfect system, while Druids were yet cutting mistletoe on the site of Westmin- ster Hall? Hillard The fight in the street, which Is backed for gold, — The plea of the lawyers in Westminster Hall. Mrs. Brovming- "Westminster Palace. The Eng- lish Houses of Parliament in Lon- WES 571 WHI don, occupying the site of tlie Royal Palace ol the monarchs of England from Edward tlie Con- fessor to Queen Elizabeth. The first stone ol the New Palace was laid April 27, IStO. It is the lar- gest public edifice in England, probably the largest Gothic edi- fice in the world, and is consid- ered in respect to the' arrange- ment of its apartments for the transaction of business, lighting, ventilation, etc., to be the most perfect building in Europe. It covers about eight acres, and has four principal fronts, the eastern or river front being 340 feet in length. The architect was Sir Charles Barry. The Koyal or Victoria Tower at the south-west angle, containing the royal en- trance, rises to the height of about 340 feet, and is one of the most stupendous works of the kind in the world. 1^- " Though the Palace of West- miuster may not have realized the high- CBt qualities of the architecture "which it is popularly supposed to represent^ it has at least proved an excellent school for the encouragement of an- cient art. It has educated, many a sculptor, stone-mason, metal-worker, decorator, and cabinetmaker, who ■would otherwise have grown up ignor- ant of every phase of ornament save that which had reached him by a per- verted tradition. Barry, to whose tal- ent are due the merits of the general design, wisely intrusted to Pugin the design of those details which were to enrich his structure." Easilake. j(gg=- " "We proceed to the Houses of Parliament; as a whole, the architec- ture constantly repeats a rather poor idea, and does not show great inven- tion. ... It is Gothic, accommodated to the climate. The palace magnifi- cently mirrors itself in the shining river. In default of genius, the archi- tects have had good sense." Taine, Trans. Westminster School, or St. Pe- ter's College. A public school, in London, for " Grammar, Reth- oricke, Poetrie, and for the Latin and Greek languages," founded by Henry VIII., and re-estab- lished in 1560 by Queen Eliza- beth. Among the names of emi- nent men who were scholars here are Ben Jonson, George Chap- man, JasparMayne, Giles Fletch- er, "William Cartwright, Cowley, Nathaniel Lee, Dryden, Prior, Rowe, Churchill, Dyer, Cowper, Southey, Sir Harry Vane the younger, Hakluyt, Sir Christo- pher Wren, Locke, South, War- ren Hastings, Atterbury, Gibbon, the elder Colman, Cumberland, Lord John Jlussell. Westphalica, Porta. See Porta Westphalica. "Weyer'sCave. A natural curiosity in Augusta County, Va., regard- ed as one of the greatest wonders of its class in the United States. The cave is more than 1,600 feet in length, and contains many cal- careous formations of great vari- ety and beauty. It was dis- covered in 1804. "What Cheer Bock. A rock in a cove near Providence, R.I. The tradition is that Roger Williams, the founder of the Rhode Island colony, on his banishment from Massachusetts landed on this rock, where he was hailed by the Indians with the words, "What cheer, Netop? (friend.)" "Wheatland. The estate and resi- dence for many years of" James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States. It is situated about a mile from the city of Lancaster, Penn. "Wheel of Fortune. A water-color painting by Hans Holbein the Younger (1498-1543), the German painter. It is now at Chatsworth, England. "Whirlpool Kapids. At Niagara Falls, N.Y. Here the waters from the Great Lakes rush with ter- rible fury through a narrow gorge. The velocity and volume of these rapids is so great that the stream is thirty or forty feet higher in the centre than at the sides. See Maid of the Mist. "Whispering Gallery. A gallery in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, so called because the slightest whisper is transmitted with great rapidity and distinctness from one side of the gallery to the WHI 572 WHI other. Another instance of a " Whispering Gallery " in a church is found in the Whitefield Church of Newburyport, Mass. Nor had Fancy fed With less deliglu upon that other class Of marvels, broad-day wonders perma- nent: The river proudly bridged; the dizzy top And Whispering Gallery of St. Paul's. Wordsworth. "White Conduit House. A public- house on the extreme verge of London. It derived its name from the conduit near by, which was built for the use of the Char- ter-house. It had, both in and around it, ample accommodations for tea-drinking, and was a very popular place of resort in the early part of this century. It was celebrated for its White Conduit rolls. All public dinners in London, from tlie Lord Mayor's annual banquet at Guild- hall, to the Chimney-sweepers' anniver- sary at White Conduit House; from the Goldsmiths' to the Butchers', from the Sheriffs' to the Licensed Victuallers' —are amusing scenes. Dickens- White Convent. A monastery of Coptic Christians in Ujiper Egypt, standing upon the edge of the desert, supposed to be of the time of the Empress Helena, but prob- ably of a later date. ■White Hart. 1. An ancient tavern situated in Southwark, London, near London Bridge. It was the headquarters of Jack Cade and his rebel forces in lioO. It was partly demolished and partly burnt. Dickens in the " Pick- wick Papers" has described the modern building of this name. Hath my sword therefore broke tli rough London gates, that you should leave me at the Wliite Hart, In Southwark ? Sliakespeare. jKS° " A great, ramblinsr, queer old place, "with galleries and passages and staircases, wide enough and antiquated enough to furnish materials for a hun- dred ghost-stories." Dickens. 2. An old London tavern, Bish- ojisgate Without. It was stand- ing in the first part of the present century. ■White Horse of Berkshire. Be- tween Abingdon and Uffington, in the county of Berks, England, is a vale called the " Vale of the White Horse." It tdkes its name from a colossal figure of a gallop- ing horse rudely fashioned on the side of a steep chalk hill (893 feet high) by removing the over- lying turf. The figure is about 374 feet in length, and can be seen 10 or 12 miles in a fair day, when the sun is shining upon it. At what period or by whom it was cut, is not known. It has been variously ascribed to the Saxons, to the Danes, and to the Druids. Local tradition attrib- utes it to King Alfred, and re- gards ili as a monument of the victory won by him over the Danes in the great battle of Ash- down, in 871. He is said to have carvsd a horse, rather than any other object, because that was the device borne on the Saxon standard. The earliest historical notice of the W hite Horse is con- tained in a cartulary, or register of the Abbey of Abingdon, writ- ten in the year 1171, and pre- served in the British Museum. As, in the course of time, the trench which forms the figure of the horse would naturally get filled up and grown over, the people living in the neighborhood have a custom of meeting for the purpose of " scouring " or clean- ing it; and they make this the occasion of a " pastime," or festi- val, at which manly games and sports, witJi prizes, are exhibited. Thomas Hughes has written a work called " The Scouring of the White Horse," which gives, in story form, an interesting ac- count of a great pastime held on the 18th of September, 1857, and embodies all the scattered legends and traditions of the vicinity, and all the authentic historical notices relating to the old monument. ■White House. The executive or presidential mansion at Wash- ington. It is a large freestone building, painted white, from which latter circumstance it de- rives its name. It is said to have been modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster. The ex- ecutive mansion was first occu- WHI 573 WHI pied by President Adams in 1-800, was destroyed by the British in 1814, and rebuilt a few years later. The President's house — or the White Souse^ as it is now called all the world over— is a handsome mansion fitted for the chief officer of a great republic. Anthony Trollope. Ef you git me inside the White House, Your liead with ile I'll kin' o' 'nint By gittin" you inside the Light-house Down to the eend o' Jaalam Pint. Lowell, Biglow Papers. At a moment when the White House itself is in danger of conflagration, instead of all hands uniting to extinguish the flames, we are contending about who shall be its next occupant. When a dread- ful crevasse has occurred, which threatens inundation and destruction to all around it. we are contesting and disputing about the profits of an estate which is threatened with total submersion. H. Clay. Before the White House "^ovi&l^ The careless eyes behold Three iron bombs uplifted, Adusk in summer gold /. J. Piatt. "White House. See Casa Blaxca. White Tower. See Tower, The. "Whitechapel. A wide and spacious street in London. ~ In spirituals and temporals, in field and ■workshop, from JManchesler to Dorset- shire, from Lambetii Palace to the Lanes of WJiitechapel, wherever men meet and toil and traflic together, — Anarchy, An- archy. Carlyle. Two sticks and an apple, Say the bells at Whitechapel. Mother Goose. WhitefieZd Church. A name by which the Old South (Presbyte- rian) church in Newburyport, Mass., is sometimes known. The remains of George Whitefield (1714^1770), the founder of Cal- ■vinistic Methodism, rest in a vault under the pulpit of this church. In this church is a noted whispering- gallery, said to be equalled only by that at St. Paul's, London. Long shall the traveller strain his eye From the railroad-car. as it plunges by. And the vanishing town behind hlra For the slender spire of the Whitejield Church. Whittier. "■ Yonder spire Over gray roofs, a shaft of fire; What is it, pray?" — "The Whitefield Church! ^ ^ ^ Walled about by its basement stones. There rest the marvellous prophet's bones." Whittier. "Whitefriars. A district in London, which long possessed the privi- leges of sanctuary, and hence became the asylum of debtors, cheats, and gamblers, who were here protected from arrest. From this circumstance it derived the cant name of Alsatia, perhaps from the Landgraviate of Alsace, which stood in much the same relation to France as "Whitefriars did to the Temple. In the Tem- ple students were studying to observe the law, and in "Alsatia, adjoining, debtors to avoid and violate it. Alsatia, or Whitefri- ars, has been immortalized by Sir "Walter Scott in " The Fortunes of Nigel;" and here is laid the scene of Shadwell's comedy of " The Squire of Alsatia." J3®=*' Though the immunities legal- ly belonging to the place extended only to cases of debt, cheats, false witnesses, forgers, and highwaymen fount! refuge there. For amidst a rabble so desper- ate no peace-officer's life was in safety. At the cry of ' Rescue ! ' bullies with swords and cudgels, and termagant hags with spits and broomsticks, poured forth by hundreds; and the in- truder was fortunate if he escaped back into Fleet Street, hustled, stripped, and pumped upon." Macaulay. ^^ " It is not unlikely that the Landgraviate of Alsace [Ger. Elsass, Lat. Alsatia^ — now the frontier prov- ince of France [at present (1881) a part of the German empire], long a cause of contention, often the seat of war, and familiarly linown to many British sol- diers — suggested the application of the name Alsatia to the precinct of Whitefriars." Cunningham. We shall not charge upon a whole Earty the profligacy and baseness of the orseboys, gamblers, and bravos, whom tlie hope of license and plunder attracted from all the dens of Whitefriars to the standard of Charles, and who disgraced their associates by excesses which under the stricter discipline of the Parliament- ary armies were never tolerated. Macaulay. Whitehall. A district of West- minster, London, and the site of the Royal Palace of Whitehall from 1530 to 1697. It was for- merly called York Place from having been the town residence of the Archbishops of York. Car- dinal Wolsey lived here for a WHI 674 WHI loug time upon his fall from office in 1529. York Place was taken from him by Henry VIII., and the name of the palace changed to Whitehall, perhaps from some new buildings constructed of white stone. The present ban- queting-house, which is about all that is left of the palace, was built by Inigo Jones between l(il9 and 1G22, and is considered one of the finest buildings in Lon- don. James I. had previously rebuilt the old banqueting-house, but his structure was burnt in 1619. jdtS^ " Little did James think that he ■was raising a pile from which hie son [Charles I-l was to step from the throne to a scaflbld." Pennant. jQSbT " Poetry, painting, music, and architecture were all called in to make them rational amusements : and I have no doubt that the celebrated festivals of Louis the Fourteenth were copied from the shows exhibited at "White- hall, in its time the most polite court in Europe. Ben Jonson was the laureate, Inigo Jones the inventor of the decora- tions ; Lanicre and Ferabosco com- posed the symphonies; the king, the queen, and the young uobility danced in the interludes." W'alpole. /t^ " Whitehall, when he [Charles the Second] dwelt there, was the focus of political intrigue and of fashionable gayet}'. Half the jobbing and half the flirting of the metropolis went on un- der his roof." Macaulay. You must no more call it York-place, that IS past; For since the Cardinal fell, that title's lost: 'Tis now the king's, and callM Whitehall. Shakespeare. The kinp, with wonder and surprise, Will swear the seas grow bold ; Because the tides still higher rise Than e'er they did of old, But let them know it is our tears Bring floods of grief to Whitehall stairs. Lord Doj-set. I see, I Fee, where two fair cities bend Their ample bow, a new Whitehall ascend I Pope. The fn linns German comes, with his clar- ions and his drums, His bravoes of Alsatia, and pages of White- hall. Macaulay. All the town was In an uproar of admi- ration of his poem, the '* Campaign," which Dick Steele was spouting at every coffee-house in Whitehall and Coveiit Garden. Thackeray. White's Chocolate House, See White's. "White's. A famous club in St. James's Street, London, first es- tablished in 1698 as "White's Chocolate House." White's has from the first been noted as a gaming-house. j^^ " I have heard that the late Earl of Oxford, in the time of his min- istry, never passed by White's Choco- late-house (the common rendezvous of infamous sharpers and noble eullies) without bestowing a curse upon that famous Academy, as the bane of half the English nobility." Swift. ^^ " The Club, which is at this time limited to 500 members, was for- merly composed of the high Tory par- ty, but, though Conservative principles may probably prevail, it has now ceased to be a political club, and may rather be termed * aristocratic' Several of the present members have belonged to the Club upwards of half a century, and the ancestors of most of the noble- men and men of fashion of the present day who belong to the Club were for- merly members of it. The Club has given magnificent entertainments in our time. On June 20, 1814, they gave a ball at Burlington House to the Em- peror of Russia, the King of Prussia, and the allied sovereigns then in Eng- land : the cost was £9,849, 2.s. 6d. Three weeks after this, the Club gave to the Duke of Wellington a dinner, which cost £2,480, 10s. 9d." Thnbs. Gambling he [Harley] held in aversion ; and it was said that he never passed White's^ then the favorite haunt of noble sharpers and dupes, without an exclama- tion of anger. Macaulay. Aimwell. Pray, sir, han't I seen your face at Will's coffee-house ? ' Gibbet. Yes, sir, and at White's too. Fargaluir, Beaux' Stratagem. While softer chairs the tawdry load con- vey To court, to While's, assemblies, or the play, Kosy-eomplexioned Health thy steps at- tends. And exercise thy lasting youth defends. Gay. His grace will game: to White's a, bull be led. With spurning heels and with a butting head ; To W'hite's be carried, as to ancient games, Fair coursers, vases, and alluring dames. Pope. Or chair'd at Wiite's, amidst the doctors sit. Teach oaths to gamesters, and to nobles wit. Pope. "WHI 575 WIL Whittington Club. A London club — now in existence — estab- lished in 1846 at the Crown and Anchor Tavern. Douglas Jer- rold, the originator of the club, ■was its first president. "Wie die Alten sungen, so pfeifen auoh die Jungen. A noted pic- ture, illustrating this proverb, by Jan Steen (1636-1689). Now at the Hague, Holland. ■Wigmore Castle. An ancient and famous fortress, now in ruins, adjoining the' town of the same name in Herefordshire, England. ■WUd-boar Hunt. A picture by Jan Fyt (1625-1671), the Flemish painter, and one of his principal works. In Ravenswortn Castle, England. Wild Deer of ChiUingham. A picture by Sir Edwin Laudseer (1803-1873), the most celebrated modern painter of animals. ■Wilderness, The. A wild and gloomy tract near the Eapidan River, about 15 miles' from Fred- ericksburg, Va., the scene of a great battle between Gen. Grant and Geu. Lee, May 5 and 6, 1864. Wilhelm Strasse. [William Street.] A noted street in Berlin, Prussia. ■Wilhelma Palace. A celebrated show-palace at Cannstadt, on the Neckar, in Germany, built in 1851. "Wilhelms Plata. [William's Square.] A well-known ijublic square in Berlin, Prussia. ■Wilhelmshohe. A famous palace and summer residence in the neighborhood of Cassel, Ger- many. It has been called the German Versailles. The Emper- or Napoleon III. lived here for a time as a prisoner-of-war after his defeat in the battle of Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870. See Giant's Cas- tle. It is incalculable how much that royal biK-wiit cost Germany. Every prince imi- tated the French king, and had his Ver- sailles, his Wilhelmslwhe, his court and its snlendors, his fountains and water-works aid Iritons. Thackeray. ■WiUey House. A famous dwell- ing-house at the base of Willey Mountain in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire. In former years terrible slides of soil and rock at times came thundering down the sides of the mountain. On the night of Aug. 28, 1826, during a violent storm, one of these avalanches occurred; and the whole Willey fatnily, who then lived in the house, were killed. The story is, that Mr. Willey, fearing a slide from the mountain, had built far- ther down the valley what he considered a safe shelter to which they could flee on hearing the ap- proach of an avalanche. The whole family and two hired men, warned by the crash of the ex- pected slide, rushed out of doors towards the supposed shelter, but were overtaken and overwhelmed by the torrent of rocks, while the house which they had just abandoned remained uninjured, as would its inmates, had they staid within it. See Notch, The. ■William and Mary College. A collegiate establishment in Wil- liamsburg, 'Va. It was founded in 1692, and is the oldest institu- tion of the kind in the country, next to Harvard College. ■WlUiam, Fort. See Fokt Wil- liam and Fokt Williaivi Henrv. ■WiUiams College. An institution of learning at Williamstown, Mass. It was founded in 1793. The cluster of buildings com- prised in the college is beauti- fully situated, ■Willis's Kooms. See Almaok's. ■WilUston Seminary. A well-en- dowed educational establishment in Easthampton, Mass. Will's. This noted coffee-house and famous resort was in Russell Street, London. In the time of Dryden, who here presided over those celebrated as the wits and poets of the period, it was called the Wits' Coffee-house, and was much frequented. After Dry- den's death the wits resorted to Button's! See Button's. WIL 576 WIN fl®=" "It was Dryden who made Will's Coffee-house the great resort ol the wits of hie time." Pope, Spencers Anecdotes. S^ " That celebrated house, situ- ated between Covent Garden and Bow Street, was sacred to polite letters. There the talk was about poetical jus- tice and the unities of place and time. . . . Under no roof was a greater vari- ety of figures to be seen, — earls in stars and garters, clergymen in cas- socks and bands, pert templars, sheep- ish lads from the universities, transla- tors and index-makers in ragged coats of frieze. The great press was to get near the chair where John Dryden Bate." Macaulay. And, upon my going into WilVs, I found their discourse was gone off, from the death of the French Kint;, to that of aion- sieur Boileau. Racine, Corneille, and sev- eral other poets, whom they regretted on this occasion as persons who would have obliged the world with very noble elegies on the death of so great a prince, and so eminent a patron of learning. Addison, Spectator. The loose atheistical wits at Will's might write such stuff todive.rt the painted Jeze- bels of the court; but did it become a minister of the gospel to copy the evil fashions of the world? Macaulay. His fame travelled to London : he [Charles Montague] was thought a clever lad by the wits who met at WilVs ; and the lively parody which he wrote, in concert with his friend and fellow-student Prior, on Drydeii's Hind and Panther, was re- ceived with great applause. Macaulay. Be sure at WilVs the following day Lie snug, and hear what critics say. Swift. ^Sj' There was another Will's at the corner of Serle and Portugal Streets, London. Wilton House. A famous man- sion, tlie seat of the Earls of Pem- broke, and in which Sir Philip Sidney wrote liis " Arcadia." It adjoins the town of Wilton, in England. /C^ " At Wilton House, the ' Arca- dia* was written, amidst conversations with Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, a man of no vulgar mind, as his own poems declare hiin." £^merson. From Pembroke's princely dome, where mimic art Decks with a magic hand the dazzling bowers, ■ Its living hues where the warm pencil pours. And breathing forms from the rude marble start. How to life's humbler scene can I depart ? My breast all glowing from those gorgeous towers. In my low cell, how cheat the sullen hours? Thomas Warton. ■Winchester Cathedral. A noted church in Winchester, England, of great size and magnificence. The nave, 250 feet in length, is regarded as one of the finest in England. William Rufus was btiried in this church, and also Izaak Walton. It contains also a celebrated painting by West of the "Raising of Lazarus." Winds, Cave of the. See Cave of THE Winds. Windsor Castle. A royal resi- dence, and the principal seat of the British sovereigns, in the town of Windsor, near London. It surpasses in antiquity and in beauty of situation all the other palaces of Europe. The date of the old castle is uncertain. It undoubtedly belongs to a period much earlier than the Conquest. The history of the present castle, which was founded by William the Conqueror, begins with Ed- ward III., by whom it was al- most rebuilt. The castle stands upon a promontory overlooking the valley of the Thames. Ed- ward IV. re-erected St. George's Chapel nearly as it now stands, one of the finest ecclesiastical buildings in the country. Henry VII. also erected a fine though small chapel, which is still stand- ing, Queen Elizabeth caused the terrace to be made which is one ol the grand characteristics of the place, and regarded as the noblest walk of its kind in Europe. Charles II. added what is known as the Star-building, which con- tains the rooms shown to the public. The state apartments contain valuable pictures, ancient decorative furniture. Gobelin tapestries, plate, and other ar- ticles of value. 41® ■ " It is a place full of storied and poetical associations. . ; . I have visited Vauciuse with as much enthusiasm as a pilgrim would visit the shrine at Loretto; hut I have never felt more poetical devotion than when contemplat- ing tlie old Tower and the little garden at Windsor, and musing over the ro- "WIN 57T WIT mantic loves of the Lady Jane and the Royal Poet of Scotland." Irving. As I have fancied I could read the French character in the national palace of the Tuileries, so I have pictured to my- self some of the traits of John Bull in his royal abode of Windsor Castle. Irving. Although the palace has not attained any thing like Its full growtli, yet what exists is quite big enough for the monarcli of such a little country ; and Versailles or Windsor has not apartments more nobly proportioned. Thackeray. Search Windsor Castle, elves, "within, without. Strew good luct, ouphes, on every sacred room. That it may stand till the perpetual doom In state as wholesome as in state 'tis fit, Worthy the owner aud the owner it. Shakespeare. Home of my heart I to me more fair Tlian gay Versailles or Windsor's halls. The painted, shingly town-house where The freeman's vote for Freedom falls ! ■ Wlnttier. Windsor Forest. A tract of wood- land said to be 56 miles in cir- cumference, adjoining the town of Windsor, England, and having many historicEil and legendary associations. See Hekne's Oak. Thy forest, Windsor ! and thy green re- treats. At once the Monarch's and the Muses' seats. Invite my lays. Pope. Long Shalt thou flourish, Windsor I body- ing forth Chivairic times, and long shall live around Thy Castle the old oaks of British birth, Whose gnarled roots, tenacious and pro- found. As with a lion's talons grasp the ground. Campbell. Outstretched beneath the leafy shade Of Windsor Forest's deepest glade, A dying woman lay; Three little children round her stood. And there went up from the greenwood A woful wail that day. Caroline Bowles Southey. ■Windsor Knights. The name given to a body of superannuated military officers who are provided with accommodations in Windsor Castle, and who receive a daily al- lowance. The establishment was founded by Edward the Third. Wingfleld Manor-house. A fine mansion in Derbyshire, England. It was built by Ralph, Lord Cromwell, Treasurer of England in the time of Henry VI. Mary, Queen of Scots,, was imprisoned here, under the care of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Winifred's Well. See St, Wini- fred's Well. Winter Palace. A gigantic pile of buildings in St. Petersburg, Rus- sia, used by the emperor as hia residence when at home in his capital. It is one of the largest and most splendid royal edifices in the world, the interior espe- cially being very gorgeous. The present building was erected upon the site of another bearing the same name, which was de- stroyed by fire in 1837. It is said that 6,000 persons occupy this palace during the period of the emperor's residence in it. It con- tains a regalia-room and a pic- ture-gallery. Of the old Winter Palace, Kohl says: "The suites of apartments were perfect laby- rinths, and even the chief of the imperial household, who had filled that post for 12 years, was not perfectly acquainted with all the nooks and corners of the building." The new palace, though not so intricate, is of equal size. .8®^ " To me the most delightful part of the "Winter Palace was the garden. It forms one of the suite of thirty halls, some of them three hundred feet long, on the second story. In this garden . . . rise clumps of Italian cypress and laurel from beds of emerald turf ami bloom, ing hyacinths. Lamps of fretted glass hang among the foliage, and diffuse a mellow golden moonlight over the en- chanted ground." Bayard Taylor- Wiuthrop, Fort. See Fokt Win- THKOP. Wisdom Victorious over the Vices. An allegorical picture by Andrea Mantegna (1430-1506), the Italian painter. Now in the Louvre, Paris. Witch HiU. A hill in Salem, Mass., bearing this name because of the executions of the so-called witches which took place upon it during the witchcraft delusion in 1692. [More commonly called Gallows Hill.] 4!®- "Whether Witch Hill he the first or last place visited, it is there WIT 578 WOL Salem -witchcraft culminates. There is seen, approaching by the railway, a hleak and rocky eminence bestrewn ■with a little soil. On the summit is a tolerably level area of several acres. Not a tree was growing on it when I was there. The hleak winds sweep over it without hinderance. . . . John Adams mentions a visit to this hill in 1766, then called Witchcraft Hill. In 1793, Dr. Morse notes" that the graves might still be traced." Drake. Over this seems to lie a certain tender- ness for humanity in general, bred out of life-long trial. I should say, but sharply streaked with tlery lines of wrath, at vari- ous individual acts of wrong, especiallj' If they come in an ecclesiastical shape, and recall to hira the days when his mother's great -grandtnotlier was strangled on Wiich IKU, with a text from tile Old Tes- ment fur her halter. Holmes, ■Witcli House. An ancient house in Salem, Mass., one of the old- est, il not the very oldest build- ing, now standing in this part of tlie country. It i^ said to have been built iu 1631. Here were tried persons suspected of witch- craft during the terrible delusion which spread over -New England. A modern addition has been made to the building. jeSf " In appearance the original house might have been transplanted out of old London. Its peaked gables, with piiie-apples carved in wood sur- mounting, its latticed windows and co- lossal chimney, put it unmistakably in the age of ruffs, Spanish cloaks, and long rapiers. It has long been divest- ed of its antique English character, now appearing no more than a remi- niscence of its former self." Drake. "Witch of Endor. A picture by Washington Allston (1779-1843). "Wittinagemot Club. The name Wittinagemot was applied to a corner box of the coffee-room of the Chapter Coffee-lipuse in Paternoster Row, London, noted, in the eigiiteenth centttry, as a fa- vorite resort of publishers, book- sellers, men of lettors, and others. The Chapter Coffee-house, also famed for its newspapers, pam- phlets, and for its punch, was altered into a tavern in 1854. ■Wittleabach Ancestors. Twelve statues, so called, in tlie Hall of the Throne, in the New Palace of Munich, Bavaria. "Wivern, The. An armor-plated ship of the British navy. It w^aa launcbed Aug. 27, 1863. Woburn Abbey. The seat of the Duke of Bedford, near the town of Woburn, Bedford, England. The modern mansion, which is of the last century, includes a part o% the ancient abbey from which it derives its name.- ^6®= " He [an American] would sooner have built Jones's tenth block, with a prospect of completing a twen- tieth, than settle himself down at rest for life as the owner of a Chatsworth or a Wotmm.'* Troliope. ■Wokey Hole. A remarkable and romantic cavern, near Glaston- bury, England. "Wolf Hunt. A picture by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), and con- sidered one of his most magnifi- cent works. It was once in the collection of Lord Ashburton, England. "Wolf of the Capitol. A famous bronze figure of unknown anti- quity in the Capitol at Rome. Some regard this as the bronze wolf described by Dlonysius as standing at the temple of Romu- lus under the Palatine; while others consider that it is one re- ferred to by Cicero in one of his harangues against Catiline, which was struck by lightning in the time of that orator, and which is also commemorated by "Virgil in his well-known lines. The wolf is undoubtedly ancient, but the twins are modern. .Vnd thou, the thunder-stricken nurse of Rome ! She-wolf! whose brazen-imaged dugs im- part The milk of conquest yet within the dome Where, as a mnnument of antique art. Thou standest: Mother of the mighty heart, Which the great founder suck'd t^om thy wild teat, Scorch'd by the Roman Jove's pthereal dart, And thy limbs black w-ith lightning— dost thou yet Guard thine immortal cubs, nor thy fond charge forget ? Byron. Wolfe. See Death of Wolfe. Woltert's Koost. See SuinrrsiDE. WOM 579 ■WOE "Woman siok witli the Dropsy. A picture by Gerard Dow (1613- 1674?), the Dutch f/erere-painter, and considered to be his master- piece. It is in tlie National Gal- lery, London. There is another in the Louvre, Paris. ■Woman taken in Adultery. A celebrated picture by Rembrandt Tan Kyn (1607-1669), the Dutch painter. It is now in the National Gallery, London. j8®* " In this work atoucbing truth- fulness and depth of feeling, "with every other grand quality peculiar to Rem- brandt, are seen in their highest per- fection." Handbook of Fainting. ■Women of Algiers. A noted pic- ture by Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix (1799-1863), the cele- brated French historical painter. This picture, which appeared in 1834, procured for the artist a high reputation as a colorist. "Wonders of the "World. See Seven "Wonders of the Wokld. "Woodland. A cemetery in Phila- delphia, Penn., with many fine and costly monuments. "Woodlawn. A cemetery a few miles from New York, containing fine monuments. "Woodward Avenue. One of the principal streets in Detroit, Mich. "Woodward's Gardens. A pleas- ure-resort in San Francisco, Cal. "Woolwioh Arsenal. The largest depot of military stores in the world, at "Woolwich, near Lon- don. It covers an area of more than 100 acres, and contains over 20,000 pieces of ordnance, besides a great variety of warlike mate- rial. "Wood Street. A street in London, which has now disappeared. At the corner of Wood Street when day- light appears, Hangs a thrush that sings loud, — it has sung for three years ; Poor Susan has passed by the spot, and In the silence of morning the song of the bird. Wordsworth. "Woolsack, The. A large sack of wool covered with red cloth, the seat of the Lord (Chancellor of England in the House of Lords. Consider ... if it is not yet, in these last days, by very much the same means . . . that the lil^c result is brought about: and from the Woolsack down to the Tread- mill, from Almack's to Chalk Farm and the West-end of Newgate, tlie incon- gruous whirlpool of life is forced and Induced to whirl with some attempt at regularity ? Carlyle. That he who sat in Chancery, and rayed out speculation from the Woolsack, was now a man that squinted, now a man that did not squint? Carlyle. "Wooster, Fort. See Fokt Woos- TEK. "Worcester College. A college in Oxford, England, founded in 1714, one of the 19 colleges which are included in the university. At Worcester College an ample sheet of water, on which swans float, moistens with its slbw undulations the greensward constellated with flowers. Taine, Trans. Worcester House. A noble man- sion which formerly stood in the Strand, London, the residence of the Bishops of Carlisle. ■Worksop Manor. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk, near the town of "Worksop, England. ■World, The. An old London club. .8®=- " There was a cluh held at the King's Head, in Pall Mall, that arro- gantly called itself ' The World." " Spence's Anecdotes. i3®=-0n one occasion, after dinner, ■when each member proposed an epi- gram to be written upon the glasses. Dr. Young, who was present as a guest, refused to make one because he had no diamond with which to write it, whereupon Lord Stanhope handed him his, and he immediately wrote the following : — Accept a miracle, instead of wit; See two dull lines with Stanhope's pencil writ. ■Worms Cathedral. A noble cathe- dral in Worms, Germany, re- garded as one of the finest Ro- manesque churches in the world. It has ten towers. ■Worsley HaU. The seat of the Earl of Ellesmere, near Man- chester, England. WOT 580 WYK Wotton House. A mansion in Surrey, England, once the resi- dence of John Evelyn. It was built in the age of Elizabeth. John Evelyn describes the house as " large and ancient, suitable to those hospitable times, and so sweetly environed with delicious streams and venerable woods. It lias rising grounds, meadows, woods, and water in abundance." Wounded Gladiator. A famous relic of ancient sculpture. Now in the Museum at Naples. See BoRGHESE Gladiatok and Dying Gladiatob. "Wrestlers, The. [Ital. / Lotto- tori.'] An ancient statue, now in the Tribune of the Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. /I®^ '* In the famous group of the Wrestlers, the flexibility of tlie in- twined limbs, the force of the muscles, and the life and action of the iigures are wonderful; . . . their fixed, im- movable countenances have no marks even of that corporeal exertion, much less of that eager animation and pas- sion, which men struggling with each other in the heat of contest would nat- urally feel." JEaton, "Wyandotte Cave. A noted cav- ern in Crawford County, Indiana, thought to be not much inferior in interest to the famous Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. It has been explored over 20 miles. "Wych Street. A London street, famous for the exploits of Jack Sheppard. "Wyndham Club. A club in Lon- don, so called from William Wyndham, a former occupant of the house, founded by Lord Nu- gent, " to secure a convenient and agreeable place of meeting for a society of gentlemen, all connected with each other by a common bond of literary or per- sonal acquaintance." XAN 681 XEE X. Xanthian Marbles. See LvciAJf Gallery. Xerxes, Hall of. A magnificent ruin in ancient Persepolis, re- garded the finest building of which any remains exist in that part of the world. JK^ " Presuming this structure to have been sculptured and painted as richly as otbers of its age and class, wiiich it no doubt was, it must have been not only one of the largest, but one of the most splendid, buildings of antiquity. In plan it was a rectangle of about 300 feet by 350, and conse- quently covered 105,000 square feet; it was thus larger than the hypostyle hall at Karuac, or any of the largest temples of Greece or Kome. It is larger, too, than any mediseval cathe- dral except that of Milan ; and although it has neither the stone roof of a cathe- dral, nor the maBsiveness of an Egyp- tian building, still its size and propor- tions, combined with the lightness of its architecture, and the beauty of its decorations, must Have made it one of the most beautiful buildings ever erect- ed. Both in design and proportion, it far surpassed those of Assyria, and though possessing much of detail or of ornament that was almost identical, its arrangements and proportions were so superior in every respect that no simi- lar building in Nineveh can be com- pared with this — the great architec- tural creation of the Persian Empire." Fergusaon. YAL 582 Yoir Tale College. An institution of learning in New Haven, Conn., chartered in 1701, and holding rank among the first colleges in the country. It includes the va^ rious departments ol law, divin- ity, medicine, and art, which con- stitute a university. TTardley Oak. A venerable oak in the parish of Yardley, England. This 8ole sunrivor of a race Of giant oaks, where once the wood Bang with the battle or the chase. In stern and lonely grandeur stood. From age to age it slowly spread Its gradual boughs to sun and wind ; From age to age its noble head As slowly withered and declined. James Montgomery. Yellow Tower. The ruin of an ancient ' abbey-church in Trim, Meath County, Ireland. Yellowstone. See Grand Canon OF THE Yellowstone. Yes, or Wo ? A picture by John Everett Millais (b. 1829). Yester House. The seat of the Marquis of Tweeddale, near Longniddry in Scotland. York Column. A pillar of Scotch granite in Carlton House Gar- dene, London, 124 feet high, sur- mounted by a statue of the Duke of York, second son of George III. York House. A former palace of London, so called from the Arch- bishops of York. Here Lord Ba- con was born in 1560. York House was finally sold and removed. Its " Watergate " on the Thames still remains. ids?" " There was a costly magnifi- cence in the f^tes at York House, the residence of Buckingham, of which few but curious researchers are aware : they eclipsed the splendors of the French Court." Isaac Disraeli. York Minster. A noble church at York, the finest structure of its kind in England. It was mostly built in the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries. Its extreme length is 486 feet, length of tran- sept 223 feet. It has a magnifi- cent west front, flanked by two towers, 196 feet in height. j^*" Owing to the great width at- tempted for the nave, York has not the usual perfection of length affected by other English cathedrals, and loses in effect accordingly. Its great peculiarity is the simplicity and squareness of its plan." Fergusson. In the history of art, it is a long way from a cromlech to York minster ; yet all the intermediate steps may still be traced in this all-preserving island. Emerson. If there were a building on it [the moon] as big as York minster, as big as the Boston Coliseum, the great telescopes like Lord Kosse's would make it out. Holmes. Open your gates, ye everlasting piles ! Types of the spintual church which God hath reared. Thou, stately York ! and ye, whose splen- dors cheer Isis and Cam, to patient science dear ! Wordsworili. York Place. The name by which the palace of Whitehall, in Lon- don, was formerly known, from the circumstance that the Arch- bishops of York resided there when in town. The last Arch- bishop of York who lived there was Cardinal Wolsey; and on his fall, in 1529, the name was changed to White Hall. You must no more call it York-Place, that is past; For since the Cardinal fell, that title's lost: 'Tis now the king's, and called White- hall. Shakespeare. Yosemite Valley. 1. A picture by Albert Bierstadt (b. 1829). Now in possession of Mr. James Lenox. 2. A picture by Thomas Hill (b. 1829). Young Bull. See Bull, The Young. YOTT 583 YUS Young Courtesan. A picture by Xavier Sigalon (1788-1837), well known by engravings. In the Louvre, Paris. Tuste. A monastic edifice near Plasencia in the province of Es- tremadura, Spain, celebrated as the place of retirement of the Emperor Charles V. on his abdi- cation of the throne in 1556. It was the property of the Jerony- mite monKS, and derives its name from the little stream, the Yuste, which flows beneath it. It was founded in 1404. The convent and the surrounding estate now be- longs to the Duke of Montpen- sier. It is now in ruins. So Charles the emperor, whose mighty reign The globe itself scarce held within its Dound, At Yuste, a fair abbey of oiir Spain, A lowly home and quiet haven found. Luis Capata, Trans, In Saint Just the silent bowers Hear a drowsy funeral lay : Bells are humming from the towers For the monli who died to-day. Grufvon Auersperg, Trans, ZAC 584 zwi z. Zaccaria, St. See St. Zaccaeia. Zamek. A royal castle at Cracow, the ancient capital of Poland, built in the fourteenth century, but mainly rebuilt in 1610. Zealous, The. An armor-plated ship ol the British navy, launched March 7, 1864. Zeohariah's Tomb. A rock-cut tomb near Jerusalem, adorned with Ionic pillars and square piers, and surmounted with a pyramidal roof. je®= " Perhaps this building should properly be called a cenotaph, as it is penectly solid, and no cave or sepul- chral vault has been found beneath it; though, judging from analogies, one might yet be found, if properly looked for." Ftrguason. Zemzem. A holy spring in Mecca, Arabia. It is said to have gushed out on this spot to the succor of Ishmael and his mother when perishing of thirst. It is carefully enclosed and joined with the tow- er of the Kaabah by a railing. .6®" "The Well Zemzem has its name from the bubbling sound of the ■waters, zem-zera : they think it is the well which Hagar found with her little Ishmael in the wilderness : the aero- lite and it have been sacred now, and had a Caabah over them, for thousands of years." Carlyle. Zeno Chapel. A chapel in St. Mark's Church, Venice, Italy, built by Cardinal Zeno in the early part of the sixteenth cen- tury. Zenobia. A statue by Harriet Hosmer (b. 1831). &^ ** This morning I went to Miss Hosraer's studio to see her statue of Zenobia. . . . [It] stood in the centre of the room, as yet unfinislied in the clay, but a very noble and remarkable statue indeed, full of dignity and beau ty." Hawthorne. Zenobius, St. See St. Zenoeius. Zingarella, La. [The Gypsy.] A beautiful picture of the Madonna and Child by Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio (1494-1534), representing the Virgin with an Oriental turban (hence the name). This picture is now in the Mu- seum at Naples. There is anoth- er upon the same subject bearing this name at Parma, Italy. See Kepose in Egypt. The painter's wife, whom he mar- ried in 1520, is supposed to have been his model for La Zingarella. This pic- ture is also called Madonna del Coni- glio from the rabbit (coniglio) which appears in the foreground. Zion. See Mount Zion. Zooodover. The principal square and fashionable promenade of Toledo, Spain. Zodiac of Denderah. A celebrat- ed astronomical drawing upon the ceiling of the portico of the Temple of Denderah in Egypt. It was formerly supposed to be of the age of the early Pharaohs, but is now referred to the time of the Ptolemies. Zoological Gardens. An enclos- ure contiguous to Regent's Park, London, belonging to the Zoolo- gical Society, and containing a large and rare collection of ani- mals. The Gardens were first opened to the public in 1828, and the menagerie is now the finest public bivarium in Europe. In the Zoological Gardens, I saw a baboon who always got into a furious rage when his keeper took out a letter or book. c. Darwin. Zuccone, Lo. [The Bald Head.] A bronze statue of David by Don- atello (1383-1466). In the Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Zwinger, The. A public building in Dresden, Saxony. It contains a valuable collection of works of art and scientific treasures. The word is a general name for a prison or any confined place.