Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023313996 Cornell University Library LT 390.C5B16 Graduated reading comprising a circle o 3 1924 023 313 996 m J m ^ z m m m m ^^ m mz m m.^. Ji ^ jtn ^ ^ # # s B -jc ^^ i^ ^ ^ ^ il. ^ il ^ ^. n K-um id- ?iJ ± ¥. - ^ i^. # m ^ n m ^ z ^ m.^^ ^^ ^ % m.'x- z m. # ^ ^ f I ^ ^ 1 - ^ m.Km )^ m ^ ¥ ^ m m t n i>x m. m m^^ ±^ ^ z z r^ u ^. m^ #/. fi )^. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^. ¥ m ^ m ^^ ^ "M % Wt.iii f ^ a, i^ # ^ ^ A ^ Lesson 199. God a Spirit. ■ \ 'There is only one God, and no man has ever seen him ; He is invisible, and has no bodily parts like man ; He is a Spirit. We can know but little of this Great Being. We can see His works, and feel gratitude to Him for his goodness, but we cannot fully understand how Great, Wise, Merciful, and Good He is to his creatures. Lesson 200. God to he Honoured. j It is our duty to Honour God at all times, and in everything we do; to -think, to speak, and to do, whrt is just and right, and avoid all that He forbids. We honour God when we love Him with all onr heart, and all our soul, and all our strength; and when we love our neighbours as ourselves. 1\ IE. lir ^ ^ m ^. ^ A ± ^ ^ J^ A ^ ^M% KZ% n %. m # ^ :=• LH. ^;f Ih -% if W ^ ± T ^. W m ^ ^ ^. - ;^ A ^jr "t. ^ -t U )^.n -Pj ^ % ^n ^ m \n 't m '^ -M K n. a. ^ «. B# i: % %% Ht ^o ± ^ ¥„ 1^1\ m % 1:. Wij rr M =^ '^ % ^ W; ♦► ito ^ ^. ^ ^ M Z> # ^ ^;r Jl A it ;S -llL.^ i^ %. m. a ft. H^ A. ^ M ^r ^ ^ IS M ^ m.M.tin Lesson 197. God Perfect. Men have defects of the Body, of the senses, and of the mind. All men have faults, follies, and sins, of some kind or other. The best men that ever lived had their faults and defects. God alone is Perfkct. The works of man may be improved, but no works of God can be improved ; for " His work is perfect. " I' Lesson 198. God Jvst and Merciful. God wishes men to avoid evil, and to do rieht, «<^He encourages those who- have done wrong in striving to do : right, by being more ready to forgive than to punish. I Those who continue in, sin will be punished hereafter, I because God is Just, but those that turn to him, with ' purpose of heart, will be rewarded, because God is also i Merciful. ^^MAn ± M^jrr^-^mz± m 'M^zm. m u a it. a m.^^ ± n.^ * ^ M m *n m ^mm it„ m Wuf¥ m. m j^.t.J: z b,.z Lesson 195. God Emry-mhere Present. All tilings are kept \w being by G©d ; things in heaven, | and things on the earth. He is the Preserver of the universe; and He is everywhere present at the same moment. Wherever we go, we may say, " God is in this place;" and whatever we do, "Thou, God, seest me." He is EvEBY-WHERK-PBESENT and All-seeing. Lesson 196. God All- Wise and Good. The Wisdom of God is seen in the skill displayed in creation ; and his Goodness in making all things for the^ happiness of his animate creatures. Tlie wonderful structure of the human body, the constant supply of food and raiment, the changes of the seasons, and the wonders of the heavens, declare to us, that God is All-wise and Good. ;m i^^xnm a ^ ^ _t ■m pg •$- 4^ ^ ^ ^o ± >^ ^ w li. ^ ]± ^ z z ^ "^ ± '^ '^ ^,^. w 1^ z mA% z X %^ -^ ^ 1. T ^ ■ ^ 5^ A m. ^^ + ^ jtk. ^ # s5 -h ,± M.^ )>i^ *>\ i^ m x- %.u m, i m n z iik"^ m.-:r^ ^ -^ ^ m m, #: 1^ # M It ± ^. ^ A ^ #j ± m ;^ jit. ^ ± "^ ^ #. ^ w.-^ *t ^.m ^ z "^ ^m '^ ^^ H m m m.-k m.z ^ r> B 1^ - ±. m m z n ^.± M..± z. B# If/ :^ Lesson 193. God Unchavgeahle. Flowers are beautiful, but they fade ; animals become feeble and die. Mankind are continually changing from infancy to old age ; and all things change: Some peo- ple weep to-day, and rejoice to-morrow ; some are rich to-day, and poor to-morrow ; some are in health to-day, and dead to-morrow. God alone nevek changes. Lesson 194. God Almighty. Kings are mighty among mankind, but God is might- ier than the mightiest kings. Men can build strong towers, but they cannot create matter ; they can perform skilful works, and make curious thi-ngs, but they cannot give life, sense, and intelligence, to the things which they make. God alone can do all things; nothing- is impossible with Him. He is Almighty. ' # M.n^ z ^ n t:.^ m.A m n M m # #c It w ^ s Q* m m w ^.m.^ A m xm "M^m t\ m^x m m i3^ n^ n -Y ±. m ^ '4j) Tf, -Y ^)r 1=^ Z m nL 1^ '?^* H #o rfti ^ H z^ m X. in ffn ^. ^ ^. A :^. ^^^ m. th # Fn fi. i: ± ^ 4- ^ # if. ± ^ Z'X^ \(n %' "^ M Ef 4^ ^ ^ f* n 4^. m.z^ m. ± #7. ^± m 417 *£ ± m \>x m.'f' m. ^. it. §j. m m ti ± k. ii] s m. m ^^ m m M Lesson. 191. Death. The senses do not act in a dead body. During life the soul is in the body, and the body is sensible. At death the soul leaves the body, and the body becomes insensible. The body and soul together constitute a man. The body is visible, but the soul is invisible. The body is mortal, the soul is immortal. SECTION XXII., ATTRIBUTES OF. GOD. Lesson 192. Eternity of God. God created all things. The heavens and the earth, the sun, the moon, and the stars ; — even all things that are in the universe, were created by him. There was a time when the only being that existed was God. All creatures fade and perish ; but God exists for ever. He is from everlasting to everlasting ; He is Eternal. ^ ^. ^ ^. -t n % ^^^ ^ % ^^ ^ ± in f- ^ - pt SB i# ft. I* ^ n m %. f^ iij w + n. m; :t. ^ ^ w ^^. ^ ^ W it A ^ M - ffn #? ^. A ^ W— ft ^ + ^fflo^t A=# ^ X -h .1^ pT B#. ji 4^„ n J: :?: :t ^ 1^^. 1^ - ; M u X ^/r m m. -t pt ^ % % u m. ^M. m. tr ^ ^ >± fi n. ^. ^ iji^ n. ^h ^ r?n ffii ^. M -t M m m:% ^t: ni ± ^K ^^ nL, mm. ^ ^ W). B# ^ itr m r^ B ^ r^ "f- -^ m ^ ^m ^ n m. pt m w^. ^ ■t^. ^-^ i'jf m ^ M..mm T Lesson 189. Bodily Defects. Some peopleare blind, others deaf, others are hump- backed, others lame. Some squint, others have clubbed feet or hands. Some men are so tall that they j are giants, others are so short that they are dwarfs. \ People ought not to be either mocked or reproached for their bodily defects. Let ,_us rather pity and help them. Lesson 190. Diseases. When every part of the body acts properly we are in health. When some part does not act properly we becom^ ill. Sickness is occasioned by excessive labour, by want of proper food, by breathing bad air, and by unhealthy occupations. Diseases that are communicat- ed from one person to another are called contagious. z^M ±^ ^ -a^ ^ m K m.^ ^ - ^ - it 5t'#^ - i^ :i? ^ w w ^. ^ f f . w A ^ M ^. ;^ A ^. ^. ^ A ^ itf. ^ 5& + ^ ^ ^ f + mjJ^ r^ ^M. w % ^ ^.% ^ M -^ ^ ^ m ^I .5 f f . M 9 5i ^ M f? 1-. i^ ^ Lesson 187. Use of the Senses. The senses are not confined to man, but also exist in other animals; The horse learns to knoAv his master, the dog follows the scent of the hare. Animals refuse to eat what their, smell disapproves. Man obtains most of his knowledge by means of the senses. He thus acquires ideas which language enables him to express. Lesson 188. Health. Health is sustained by food, but people who eat and drink too much destroy it. Health is promoted by exercise ; but those Avho work too hard, or take too little exercise, cannot enjoy health. Air and cleanliness are essential to health ; but those who live in impure air, or who indulge in dirty habits, cannot be healthy. M # i: MiJ #: ^ T- ±. i ^ ^ ^ ^ m - # A r^ # - ^ ^ T fel I'J A ;^ ^ rfn A A 1^ mm m % ^ T ii M ^, + ^.m ^.^ ^ u. # ^ m m, n :^ m ^ m.^ ^ # ^ i T> # ^ ^ ^ -f- w B^ p^. 'n # m. m Jt. M ^ > m -x^ :^ z ^ ^ ^^ ^=f m #. ^ #^ Jt. ^jf m. # #: ito M -k ^ m. ;^ A X ^. ^ ^ ^ Lesson 185. The Taste and Smell. People taste with the tongue and palate, and they smell with the nose. The taste and smell help us to discern what things are proper for food, and what are improper. Some flavours are very distinct. For in- stance, viiiegar is sour, gall is bitter, veal is insipid. So with smells ; some substances have an agreeable smell, and others are unpletisant. Lesson 186. Feeling or Tovch. The organ of touch is the whole skin, and especially the fingers and tip of the tongue. We learn whether objects are hard or soft, rough or smooth, warm (jr cool, damp or dry, sharp or blunt, by feeling. We speak of feeling also with reference to the mind. Thus when we have a headache, or are cut, or struck, or burnt, we feel pain. When we are at ease, or have agreeable sensations, we feel pleasure. m m.>^' m.it ^ ^ it ^# 5] B wm.^ w.^M m.M.m^m n w B tum.A '^^.- ^ It ^ ^1 it.- .-a ^mmwc±'^^=^.^oM.n^ ^ ^ mrm. %%A^^m7b%/\ ^.:t ^ij i^.z-i- m.i^^^n m + :t t'Ui m ':^i^ m ^A^.sL !. ^1 f iF ^ ^ ^ ^kMo M w m. t] ^ m^^ ^ # t z m m m 'w ^B^n m.^ # ^. ;^ # M SECTION XXIII.— OF THE SENSES. Lesson 183. TJie Sight. We have five senses, seeing, hearinjr, smelling, tasting, and feeling. Tire organ of sight is the eye. By means of the eye, we discern the colours and the forms of objects — the sun, the moon, the stars, the blue sky, the green grass, and the gay flowers. One who cannot see is blind. The blind are much to be pitied. Lesson 184. Hearing and Speech. The organ of hearing is the ear. By means of the '. ear, we hear noises, and music, and speech. Children learn to speak by imitating the voices of others. Those who have never heard are dumb. The dumb cannot speak because they cannot hear. They make known their wants by pointing to objects, and by signs. m,r^ #oi£ -tfe^^A w.^.-fe m w.a m. m m^ ± A -^ ^ m f^ M m -^^ m. mr^^m'^ m"^ m m.a mm A m ^.m mm^-^m^ m,t Lesson 181. Applications of Mechanical ponrr. Machines save labour and time ; a hanuiier to drive nails is better that a brick or a stone; a grindstone is better than a flat stone to put an edge on a chisel. A saw is superior to an axe -for cutting a log of timber into boards, and moreover it prevents waste. The saw- mill cuts better and faster than the hand-saw. Lesson 182. Mechanism in Nature. Mechanical contrivances are seen in the structure of many animals. Our limbs are levers with power of motion. The arch of a bridge is formed of wedges, so is the arch of the human foot. The teeth of animals are cutting instruments. Some insects have screws and piercers with wliich they can pierce wood'or stone. , m #/ ^ # fi m *.* M ^ H^ m j^^z z =?m.^.m n ^ m m ^ m ^ ^ m W -tk.#.^ :}! A Ji M. W + -^'^ m B#„ ^ T^R il f H-o 5 m T wM Wko ^ Mi m.m tr Z m M #T. M. %^m T 3^? ^ ^ ^ .; mnm A [ Z mm Lesson 179. The Screw. The Pulley. Tlie screw is chiefly used in presses, which are worked by levers; the thread of the screw is the projecting ridge round it. If the threads are near each other, the sci'ew is easier to turn that if they are wide apart. The pulley is used for raising weights; a i-ope passes over it, and the pulley turns round with the rope. Lesson 180. MecJianical Contrivances. The best machines cannot be made to act of them- selves; power must be applied to them. The power employed is labour, wind, Avater or steam. A grind- stone is turned by a man, a windmill' is moved by the wind, a steam-engine by steam ; Avhen the power is no longer applied to tlie machine, it is at rest. m I'i ^^ M fl n % %%.M T ^t 4M M in z.^ w ff m ^M m w 1- m ^B w\ #. A m )>x ^ .m.^ -b ■tileM-oit jf ^> + 11 fe ^ 75r 3^ + i^ :^ 7J zr^ m.mm m ^m.:fi ^ ^ li #. i^ X m 4Pi. m.^ 0.m. :)i m ^.^ mm z^ m i&± m T> i<.7^ K '^ m n ^ m z^ m If ^ ji :^hn.m w\ m ^ :^. ffl ^ M ^ rflj i m ^ =f- ±u Lesson 177. The Wheel and Axle. The wheel and exle are used to lift heavy weights. On board ship this instrument is called the capstan; the cable is attached to the capstan, and the anchor to the cable ; the anchor is raised or lowered by means of" the cap- stan. The crane, and the grindstone are also applications of the wheel and axle. I Lesson 178. The Inclined Plane. The Wedge. A sloping plunk or ladder, used to roll goods up light elevations, is an inclined plane. When ships are launched, they are made to descend an in clirKed plane into the water. The wedge is used in splitting blocks of wood. In coalpits and in quarries, it is driven between laj'ers of coal or stone to separate thera. A u z i^ - m z m^M - m% il- t^. w ^ ;^o^^ ^.w m ^oM i^ A M. m m m m -t l^^ ^M m Wio ^. M. m M Mo ^ m 7jc. ^ m ^ IS ^ 4^ 1^ z.^ y'; ^ M m zm.^m ^5 Jfl i ^ 71 M m^.M Pit /p\ mum vi ^.^ m m ^m j^ m. * M ^ t PlWo SECTION XXII.— THE MECHANICAL 1 OWERS. Lesson 176. The Lever. Mechanics use tools, implements, and machines, to assist them in their operations. One of these implements is called the lever, being much used to raise or move heavy objects. A poker is a lever with which we raise the hot coals of the fire ; a spade is a lever, that is used to cut, lift, and move, masses of earth. Lesson 176. The Lever. (Conthived.) In lifting a lump of coal with the tongs, we use a lever, the power being applied by the hand to the legs of the tongs. In the treddle of a turning-lathe, the power is applied by tlie foot. A pump-handle is a bent lever, the power being applied at its end. A clawed hammer when used to draw nails is also a bent lever. ^w^ 7^ J'; ^ m m ^ ^ X. M M ^.^ m m m "s ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ r. ^.m z m M: m -tm.'^ ^.m ^ m ^ ii # #j 11. -h ^ yc ^ t^ + fg M Ji #c ^ 1^ MM ^x m m m.^ m ^ m m i^ m^ ^.b ^ ^'m ^ ± ^ ^.z mz M M n ^.T m mM ^m ^ 3 :r. ^ ^ M E R^-t^.M m Pi m, ^m.z m m m. ^ m ^ Lesson 173. Measurement. The size of many objects can be measured by a rule, on which inches and parts of inches are marked. Ten parts make an inch, ten inclies are called a foot, and two feet four inches make a yard. Tables, doors, and boxes, are measured by feet and inches. Cloth, calico, carj)ets, &c., are measured by yards. Distant places are "measured by niiles. Lesson 174. Coloxir. A.11 objects about us have colour, ^he sky is blue, grass is green, blood is red. Seven colours are seen in thp rainbow, but only three of them are principal col- ours ;-^red, blue, and yellow. All other colours are made by mixing these. White is not a colour, and black is the absence of all colour. -rm tn H f^ ifi:. fio ^ # -i?o n ^. nr- . m ^ + M - & ^ m z 'S M.m- ^ R-^ MM tk ^^ -\^ 1: # t^. - ^ + ^.lE.^ ^ m z. #. m. ^:^ = rfii ^ ta: fe ^o M'i P1+ ^M. m W -^ :^^^^ M m^ R& M itk -b ^ & ^1 ^ ^ ft # fe = fe. ^. Inio Mo #/. — ^ Z m ^ ^ M *tii m K. ^. ^ m M ^ ^. :*r m - -& m. ^M'B k. m R fi ^ ■KMl Lesson 171. Foi-m. All tilings have form:.~-^QmQ objects are straight, others are curved ; some are regular, and others are irregular. A bench is straight, a ring is circular, and a horn is curved. A ball is spherical. A triangle has three sides. A .'J^Jiare has four sides. A lump of earth is irregular in its form. o Lesson 172. Ilagnitude. Objects are great or small. The greatest works of man in a country are small compared with the country itself; the largest country is small compared with the earth ; the earth is small compared with the sun ; and the sun is small compared with the universe. Many small objects cannot be seen without a microscope. m 4\Z ^ ^ M -.-mmn ® * idj ^>^ A - #.11.^- m m W\ Z A -t :^ tt a5c -t: z^ z ^ ^ ^)r -\' "m m w..-^ m ^ ^J\ m.m =^ ^ ^.-^^ - ^ w ^ HI] 5^ ^„ m ^ ^M. ^ m ^ M Z fii^ Mo 7^ ^ ^ W M^ A\ ^'Z m U ]E. z ^. 4\ z ^ m ^ i^.m.^ M i!^ ± :k m 4- -^^^M z ^^z :k.m. m -^ ^a wso m Mij H. m w\ m ^ IMM Lesson 169. Peculiar Properties of Matter. All bodies have weight or density ; although some are much heavier than others. Some substances are very hard; as glass and iron. Some are eZasfic ; as Indian- rubber and whalebone. Some are quite brittle ; as glass and china. Some metals can be beaten thin, being malleable ; and some can be drawn into wire, being ductile. Lesson 170. Motion. Motion is change of place. By motion the blood cir- culates ; the heart beats ; the lungs contract and dilate. Bodies are put into motion by force. When a ball is struck, the force of the blow puts it into rjfiotion. Bodies can neither put themselves into motion nor stop them- selves when in motion; this property is called inertia. Jtf: -fee fln M ^ m m m %^z n m ^ m.^^\3 - m m. m if ®i. w » if II m m -fc ge #. flifi ^ m w. i^ Wi ^ 4^ ii. ^ m -tfeo z m mm k. m m M'J '^ fln ^ m ^ M iLnm ^ tmo m z m m ^ ^ "^ MoZ M M'^ m w t ^ij w + ^ M ® ^ i^J. ^ m ^\ m ^^ m. ^.^ifi ^ m Z ^ J.I # S ,« * n m m m z.M a z mta ^ m m M. #. ^ - 1^0 MH Lesson 167. Indestriuitihility of Matter. We cannot destroy one particle of matter. We may break and powder stone, but the dust will remain. W« may boil away water, but it will be changed to steam, condensed in the cold air, and again changed to water. We can burn coal, wood, and paper, but the smoke and ashes will be left. Tliis is called indeatructibility Lesson 168. Attraction. Matter possesses the quality of attraction, and by- this things are drawn together. Afoms of matter, as coal, wood, and stone, are lield together by cohesive attraction. Bodies are drawn to the earth by the attraction of gravita- tion ; by the same kind of attraction, the earth revolves round the sun. A sponge absorbs water through its pores by capillary attraction. ^ rsj ifi # ^ r^ mm%.^ }i m n.m >^.m nm, m/i^ m n ^ ^ ;ic.^^ =f ^ ^ -m "Hm ^ n.z - II m ^. a ^'B w -tHo ^ ^ ^ ^ ^s w \z B 7^ m ^\ :h mm n ^ M.i> M z^ ^^ z -\' li^ n ?^ m z- -^ ^1 m i-di M. #. A 1^ 7Jc M ^ II -b ^. ^\ zm itkm. ^. ^„ wii m m m. ^M z ¥• ^ itl^ A *.i^„^ ^ n ^i.iiS IS ^ ^)\ m% K - w m m ^1 M.^ ii ^'M. tl ^c^^ * z -&. m. ^1 #^ it ?^, # A m A^ H z ^. z ^ m m +1 PHKo Lesson 165. Self- Improvement. Self-improvement is one of the first duties of life. Persons improve themselves by study, by practice, and by observation. Whatever a man's occupatipn is, he may improve himself by giving attention to it. And wiiatever his position in life, he may improve himself in his love to man and in his obedience to God. ^ SECTION XXI.-OF MATrEE. MOTION. ETC. Lesson 166. Divisibility of' Mattel. All existences in the universe maybe reduced to two classes, distinguished as material and immaterial. Mate- rial existences may be called things^ and all things which we see are formed - of material substance for matter). Matter may be divided and subdivided so often that it will at length be very small indeed. The smallest por- tions of matter are called atoms, and the power of being divided intb atoms is called the divisibility of matter. The odour of flowers consists of atoms. ^^W\W n^M^ ^ T- H ^ ;^ # ;t #; ^ i^ ^ ro ^ ^W + A ^% ^ >i W mw^^^^^^ ^1'$ - * ^ f '^ -i ^ ztuz ^.zm ^ ^o^ ft T- \i JLessun 16ii. History. History is a record off wliat lias .li:appeived in fonner times. The oldest history is that wiiich tells us how the world was made. The most important as tiiat of tlie spread of the Gospel. The history of England tells us of kings, of wars, and of great m_en, &c., for a-bont 19'00 years. The history of China records the aif;airs of more than 4000 years, from the time of the emperor Yaou. Lesson 164. Newspapers and Bodlt-t. Information is conveyed by newspapers and by books. The newspapers of the western nations are v«ry numerous, ; several tens perhaps l)eing published in one city in one day. They contain accounts of accidents, crimes,'deaths, trades, inventions, amusements, and many other things either important or agreeable to be known.. Books are written either for instruction or for amusement. By reading, mankind become wiser and happier.. S it ^.;^ ^11 - -feoM ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ s A.^ w^. 9 ®,| A ^ ^ =f- ffi di ^.le ^ m '1% nM *.|il ^1 ^ M iTr ^ 3E Mij \\t m + Is M ^ :^ ^ + ^ 7^iT^ lii- ^ ^ in # m, m.MM T ^ 5i ^.ff m m ^.^ >^ w B# ^ A i^ AM.^:^ f^im=f- #ii A n M z m Lesson 161. Machinery. Many operatio«s ai-e performed by macbiriery, wbicb either could not be done a-t- all, or would require great toil and expense. The plough, the harrow, and the threshing-machine, save the labour of the spade, the hoe, and the flail. The railway, the coach, and the waggon, save the pack-horse and the foot passenger. Lesson 162. Langvage. We express our wants, our thoughts, and our feel- ings, by means of language. Language enables us to give, names to persons, animals, places, virtues, vices, and every thing which can be pointed to. It expresses qualities; such as hard, soft, old, new, &c. We speak also of actions and of events. Language may be writ- ten as well as spoken. if la )l^ ffij ^ W ^ If ^ mm K.Z, m Ipfi r^ikM mm m m ^ m.m a ^ SB. pet Lesson 159. Exj)orts and Imjjmis.' England exports iron, steel, salt, and many manuff^^ \\^%,.Z %M.4t.A Z X ^MM. P ^ ^ ^1 yc m^.^ ^ m m% z ft m ^M.^m m. p m j^^mM.^':^]^mjj(.z pf ^M, Ik ^ mM P ^ M :^t \>A MM'^mmz^^ ■ i ii A LP s^ Lesson 157. Cioilized Natiotu. The nations of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Russia, and Poland, may be called civilized. The arts and sciences are known among the learned, but most of the people are very ignorant. The othi.r nations of Europe, and the people of the United States of America, are the most enlightened in the earth. SECTION XX.— OF TRADE AND COMMERCE. Lesson 158. Ctmtmerce. The productions of countries are different. One pro- duces -svheat in large quantities ; another, grapes. In other countries, figs, olives, dates,, oranges, spices, tea, coflfee, gums, cotton, sugar, and tobacco, abound. Other countries are notedfortlieir manufactures. The exchange of the productions of one country for those of another is called commerce. I ;S Itk -^ i^ B5 S ^ M ^M 11. . ^ -" ^m m wiM '-r^ j^ ^m% \w ^mm ^ixi ^^c^ y^ -^ ^ M5» ^ \% If! s ± m rfn Lesson 155. Barharouit Nations. Tliose nations are called barbarous that have no capital cities and cei'tain dwelling-places, but wander about to obtain food for their flocks, or to make war on neigh- bouring tribes. Such nations are found chiefly in the deserts of Africa, Tartary, Arabia, and Persia. Some of them possess villages, practise agriculture, and obtain European manufactures by barter. Lesson 156. HalJ'- civilized Nations. The people of some countries are partly civilized. Such (ire found in Africa, in Hindostan, in Japan, in Persia, in Turkey, and other countries of Asia. They cultivate the soil, and know a few arts. They have laws and some books, but they are mostly ignorai;t of the useful arts. Many of their customs are barbarous. ifif ^ W S MM Am zmm m m ^^ ■YZ AU M^Z iiu ^ ^ Mm ^M y> m ^\Z mmm ^ rfi] HZW f m m 7^ mm. mMmm.-^z ' ' mm Piffle m^=-^ Lesson 153. Countries of Africa, America, Sf Oceania. The chief countries of Africa are Egj^pt, Barbary, Guiuefi, the Cape of Good Hope, Negroland, and Abyssinia. In America are the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. Tiie parts of Oceania are not called countries, but islands, which ^.re divided into three large groups: Polynesia, on the east, 'Malaysia, on the west, and Australia, in the south. Lesson 154. Savage Nations. Some nations exist in a savage state. They dress in skins, and feed on wild fruits, roots of plants, and the flesh of animals •caught in the chase. The North Ameri- can Indians, the Indians of South America, the natives/ of Australia and New Zealand, and most of the Negroes in the interior of Africa, are in a savage state. ffi 1iW.r.m % ^ Bm M »Ph^r,K5? 131 P w ^ m M m mmM m^i ft mm K ES wm m z s^! Uifr ^ m # s a?c it> n BM ^. n® ^ ^ fP M\ mm %mMi Wm Les?!on 151. Taxes. Taxes are sums of mone)? paid by the people for the support of the government. Life and property luu-stbe protected, violence and fraud must be punished, laws mvist be obeyed, and social order maintained. The per- sons employed to do these things for the people are paid out of the taxes that are collected. SECTION XIX.— OF OTHER NATIONS BESIDES BRITAIN. Lesson 152. CoimtiieH of Europe <)'• Asia. The five great divisons of the earth are Em-ope, Asia, Africa, America, and Oceania. Eacli part comprises many nations. The chief nations of Europe are Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Great Britain, Prance, Belgium, and Holhind. Those of Asia are China, Hindostan (or India), Japan, Siam, Persia, Ai-abia, and Turkej'. 7m fflS? m m ± el^r. ± ^r m m m m M ,^ s M m w m m #.¥ ^ Hub's, ^i-m, „ , IE m ?M z m. Lesson 149. Money Money consists of gold, silver, or«copper, stampecl by the governinent into coins of a certain' value. In China., the tael of gold money is worth seventeen taeh of silver, and the tael of silver money is worth about 1400 or 1500 cash. The principal coins used in England, are what are vulgarly called gold pieces^ sldllings^i &.\\(\. pennies. One gold/ piece is equal to 20 shillings, and one shilling to 12 pence. Bank-notes are printed strips of paper with promises to pay the suras marked on them. . Lesson 150. Property. \ Houses, furniture, books, cattle, fields, forests, manu- factures, &c., are property. Propei'ty is sometimes obtained from parents and friends ; but it is also got by skill and by diligence. Persons who have money to spare often employ a part of it in promoting useful or benevolent undertakings, as hospitals and railroads. mi^e.n^)xm m tr :=. st mM^ ait Lesson 147. War. War is one of the greatest calamities that a nation can suffer. For in war people are killed, houses are plun- dered, lands are wasted, towns and villages are burned. War reduces the rich to poverty, makes wi\ es become widows, and children orphans. War is tire cause of much wickedness and sorrow. Lesson 148. 27w Land and Naval Forces. The army of Great Britain consist of many regiments of horse and foot soldiers. Most of them live in barracks, in England, Ireland, and Scotland ; but some of them are sent abroad to protect the colonies. The marine troops live on board the ships of war, which protect the English commerce in all parts of the world. Soldiers and sailors, when aged or wounded, receive pensions. M. MM M mm :k ^ m ^ m m^ n i %^ijizn m Si '^' '^'- ^^ -^ Ik i ^ -Rife 1$ Tic mSli.^o m B ^M m -Lesson 145. Moil-doers. Those wlio break the laws of their country are liable to punishment. According to the laws of England, theft which is taking another person's goods, is punishable with iHiprisonioent. Forgery, which is signing another person's name, to deceive, is punishable with transporta- tion, Treason and murder are punishable with death. Lesson 146^ Trial by Jwy. Trial by jury is an excellent institution of Britain. According to it, twelve of the people attend at the court with the judge, to determine whether prisoners are or are not guilty of crime. It is their business to hear the accusation, to listen to the witnesses, to attend to the defence, and to bring in the verdict, upon which the judge passes sentence according to the law. m ^ ^ m n + n ^ ==- m m A. ^ ^ i: ^ mm ± mm ^ A. T fe w f^ m - ^ ^ n PI ^- li * 75r y^ #► m ^n Mo )>j. m n ^ m.z m m ^ m ^ ^' ^ Ito A Klfco ji in n A M m M m m - A ^.w ^ It ra 7^ m 5E JbI ^C ]^ z m.^ Wo im l^o n ^. m.ip Lesson 143. Roads and Mailways. Roads are formed from place to place in neai'ly all coun- tries. The mode of travelling on roads is on foot, on horse- back, in gigs, in coaches, or by railway. Large trains of carriages, containing passengers and merchandise, are conveyed very rapidly along railways. People travel by water in ships, carried by the winds, or in steamboats. SECTION XVIII.— OF GOVERNMENT. Lesson 144. The Bristish Nation. The three countries of England, Scotland, and Ireland form the British nation. They are governed by laws which ar« decided on in the two houses of Parliament. Those houses are named the House of Lords, and tlie House of Commons ; they pass the laws, which, hoAv-ever, must be assented to by the sovereign before they are in force. m w u Ti^i n m.n m^xm m..h m UM mM^- Am-^m m ^ i^ ^ - m i/r ^ mn mmxti-i^^ xmm ^ - i^ m^-Y i^ ^ ni ^ ^ ^ ^p,-h >jL^ ;g ig.H ^n 1]M « -^% 1^ 5jc M it m^'^zm m.Vk z^n %^m m. m ^M %m 1^ m yc z.m # ^ 4ii: - # t fm. m ^n^-^ m ^. Lesson 141. Fire. I Fires are rquired in all climates for cooking food ; and in cold climates for warmth also. In some places fires are made of wood, in others of peat which is dug out of bogs, but in England the chief fuel used is coal. Coal is a mineral ; and is dug out of deep places which are called coal mines. j i Lesson 142. Wentilation. I We cannot enjoy good health without pure air. ' Rooms that are low and damp, rooms in which sick peo- , pol are confined, and all bedrooms should be well ven- , tilated. Fires and lights burning in a room consume ■ the air, and make ventilation more necessary. Those i who work in close rooms should walk much out of doors. X m it. M m n ^ f^ m \>^ n ^.m ^jn^ ^.^ "^ m 7^ ^ M w - B^ ^ ^ n A ir f^ ik M ^ m m '^ m.mm % =:^ ^ » M.ji. ^-^ ^ m M A r^ m.Km^^ m b - .^m M- w^ ^ ^ m m !^ -^^A m,.m. M z % 'jn^ T Mij m. ^ m. it m ^Jr,^ it '^ M ^ M ^.^ A M m, }g m m ^^ ^ ^ m mm m ^ )^ m'J '^ ^ m. «. ^ ^- ^ m 'Xm z it ^'.fk. ^ l/esson 139. /f -1: M ^.^ ;^ mm m ^ 1 1 1 m^.n \ # Bli — • i^ lii 6 Z,M m a. + ? ^ ;^ M a vft M i T^ M ^ m. 1^ jt m i^o » ^sRl ik. >'t^ ^ m m Lesson 137. Professions. Those occupations that require a good education and much knowledge, are called professions. They consist of preachers of the gospel, teachers, lawj'ers, physicians, and surgeons. Preachers make known to us our re- ligious duties. Teachers instruct the young. Lawyers give advice respecting the laws. Physicians and surgeons heal diseases. Lesson 138. Bidldings of a Town. ♦ In towns the houses are built together ; there are streets, shops, prisons, court-houses, almshouses, infirmaries, churches and chapels, schools, libraries, a marketplace, &c. In most towns of England a market is held weekly, and fairs are held several times at certain periods every I year. at. # M ^ m. ^^ ti '^ z - m rfli # ^ ^ H '^„ Hi- m^^.p A •^ ^ ^ Wi m ^ ^ X # >p.„ #. X phBo z 4- BM X Z E, m g x„^ M A "T la ^ rflj ^ X >^ 'I'i M ^ X. ^ W ^ 1^ m. H m E ^ + m.m z m m z M. M ^ ^ II X M m z ^ #. m M it SECTION XVII.— OF SOCIAL LIFE. Lesson 133. Domestic Rclutions. Those children who have the same parents belong to owGi famihji, and those whose fathers or mothers belonged to one family are called relations, or relatives. Our nearest relatives are fathers, mothers, brothers, and ; sisters. Our next relatives are grandfathers, grand- mothers, uncles, aunts, and cousins. ! I Lesson 134. Trade and Agriculture. I Manufactures, mechanics, merchants, and tradesmen, live in town. Manufacturers employ men and machinery in making silk, linen, cotton, cutlery, hardware, &c. 'Farmers and- their labourers live in villages. They \ cultivate the earth. Manufacturers, farmers, and trades- men, serve each other best by keeping each one ta his own business. 1^ UK i&. A X ^ la ^ ^ N n m, i^ m Ik. m.^ z.n.z m '^ n -\' mm ^ m k w i^.m^.n —t ffl X ^ ft f . go m. % m § ^ m. ^ #. ^ # ^ ^ ;f^ X f m. ^tf ^ij M M. #. ^ W ^ # it ^ ^ — Wio'^ ^ M Mo Z i^o ^. ^. A ^ Lesson 131. Prodvetons of CUmates. {Cunt.) In the very cold climates there are no high trees, but onlj' stunted shrubs, and mosses, and lichens. Near to the polar circles there is no vegetation at all, but ice and snow all the year i-ound. The plants of warmer climates are, however, often reared in the warm, sheltered parts of colder climates ; the more tender plants are grown by artificial means. Lesson 132. Prodtictions of Climates. (Cont.) Many plants grow in various climates. Some which are natives of hot countries grow during summer in ; colder regions. Many plants from other countries are ' cultivated in England. Every part of tbe earth may fur- nish plants for our fields and gardens, where they are reared by paying attention to their habits, whether they belong to hotter or colder climates. I mizm^M ZMM.^t^Mr M^^^Jrmm^z^ ^^:^ZMr^BM^ ziz^A^-mmm m z^j<:^m^MM m mmzTmHM- m mz±-m^m ^ Lesson 129. Prdductions of Cliimtes. (Corit.) The third climate produces the cotton-plant, the sugar-cane, rice, maize, the almond, the palm, and to- bacco.^ The fourth produces the orange, the tea-shrub, the olive, and melons. The fifth produces the fig, the iimlberry, the cork-tree, and the onion. In this climate vines begin to be cultivated. Lesson 130. Productions of Climates. (Cont.) ^ The sixth climate abounds in grassy plains, and in it wheat and vines are cultivated. The seventh also produces vines and much corn. The eighth produces apples, barley, &c., which are also found in the ninth. In the tenth the best oaks and elms are found and many small fruits. The eleventh produces hemp and flax ; and the twelfth — oats, rye, firs, pines, &ci m - mn m.n m m m m ^ m.m :h..n i^ ^ m )Jk m. ^m.n m m m =^ ^1 M.."^ m.m.m m w ^ m m n.n..'-^ ^ ^ n m m^ r. + ^jv^ mm m^ m m "^ u. m.z i^ m ^^% K 1^ m %. m mM^^ n K m ^ ^. m. m. m ' n ^^ m:w m m m ^.^.^ ^ ^. n ^. ^. ± m n m ir. #» + il A € ito tic |a M ^ ^ Lesson 127. Climates. Each zone is hotter at the parts nearest to the equa- tor, and gradually becomes colder at the parts distant from it. The scholars of the west, according to the variations of heat, divide the globe into climates. The heat at the equator causes luxuriant vegetation, and snow is never seen. At the poles there is constant ice and snow, but neither vegetation nor animal life. Lesson 128. Productions of Climates. The first, or hottest climate, produces such spices as ginger, nutmeg, and pepper ; and cooling fruits, such as the cocoa-nut, and bread-fruit. The next climate produces fragrant spices, such as cinnamon, myrrh, and frankincense ; and also delicious fruits, such as the pine-apple, the date, and the tamarind. ^ /gr df S ^o -rl i5n Ba« g t ^ 4fe. ^o € «• iij ^ # ._ii w A ^ 5fe m.m m w ^> ^ WJ ^ r. # - ^. g jif ;^ - ^ Zl #i -, + II € ^. ft A ^. t±! # M il, ^ri # ^ ^ m m m. w: ^1 m. ^ %m in ft. m m m i^„ z + Z m -K m ^.-b , )M..m m m ik m.^ M«j a. m \$ ^^ % 'Pl< M ^ ±M M- m ^ -y \>x ^M m^< z ^ m Lesson 125. The Temperate Zones. The temperate zones lie between the torrid and the frigid zones. The temperate zones are the most healthy- parts of the earth. In them the most useful animals abound. Beasts such as horses, oxen, goats, sheep, and deer; and birds such as nightingales, pigeons, and fowls, may be found here ; also useful fishes. I Lesson 126. Inhabitants of the Zones. The natives of the torrid zone are mostly of black, or dark complexions; they are indolent in their habits. In both the temperate zones, the natives have white 'or light skins; they are industrious and intelligent. The people of the frigid zones are dwarfish, and have little knowledge; they live by fishing and hunting. M 14 ^ ;4l ^ It u m m. 4\ •t M ]>X M — m. ^So iim m ^ ^ ^ ^ ^. ^„^ & m m A ft =1 ^ ± M. A \. ^M ^ ^ M ::! %. ^0 ^ '^ W S& Kfe -> ES ~* 'Tj'o 7^^\ jtebo *vi¥ I ^^ % ft ^- i -^ ^ ^.^%. M %. ^ :n ^ #.„ 4-. ^ ^ ^ #. ;S ^ ^ ^ ^. 75r ' IS. Y\. ^ % m i-til Lesson 123. The Torrid Zone. If a broad beit were wrapped round the middle of a globe, east and west, so as to cover owe-third of the surface, it would represent the torrid zone. In it live the largest, the most beautiful, and the most dangerous animals. Beasts and birds of prey, venomous reptiles, and noxious insects, are found there, besides many others more useful. Lesson 124. The Frigid Zones. The two frigid zones extend froia the poles to the two temperate zones ; about one quarter of the distance from each pole to the equator. The white bear, the reindeer, the dog, the whale, the walrus, and the seal, are found there. For months the sun never rises in the frigid zones ; during other months it never sets. e - r. m. m. m m ■X'^^\'p)x W. m :k ^ I m m. ^^ m n it.M. it % m z — . ^. #..^. fe X m t^ m. m '^1. pg i^ M m ^ w .Z- ^"-.Z ^ u.m - It. ^.^ # M m.i^ ^^ ^ '^ fin M" W ^ T ^ ^ ffe + 1^ ^ m. ^^ m.B ^ — • ij, ^ M -m^ Z "" # M a. T Z A m ^ a& ^^. %i W. ZL z m mm. M H ^ f6 m zm.m. :^ m M SECTION XVI.— OF CLIMATES>ST'C. Lesson 121. The Cardinal Points. If we look towards the sun at noon, our face is turned to the south, our back towards the north, our right hand is towards the west, and our left hand towards the east. In a map, the bottom is south, the top north, the left hand west, the right hand east. These are the Cardinal Points. Lesson 122. The'Equator Sf the Zones. ' Tlie line that runs through the map of the world at the largest part of the earth, 'midway between the poles, is called the Equator. The map is divided into five zones; the torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones. The equator lies in the torrid zone. The poles are in the frigid zones. The temperate zones are between the torrid zone and the frigid zones, v. ^ z ^.- m ^t n A^. m. ^^. k n + ^ fb - ;g ff . Zl ;^. ;fe ©. H#. - ^ ^ ^ H ^ ^o M =f n m.^ "^.z B ^ z^ ^ m.m ^ n ^ m ^.%.M..MLm ^ Jl ffii >^ # ■^ ^n u ^. i" ^. M'i Z ^ i.^ ^^ ~M.M M ^jfc ^ B ^ ® iir. ©. T M Ik ■£.\ m Lesson 119. Mouths and Decades. In China, ten daj's make a decade, and there are three in a month, the upper, middle and lower. In Western nations, they do not reckon by decades. Seven days form a week, vulgarly called a Le-pae, each day having a particular name. The common method of saying the le-pae day, 1st, 2nd, of the le-pae, &c., is not the practice of the western nations. ; Lesson 120. Cycles and Centuries. I In China, the age of the world is reckoned by the cycle of fiO years, commencing with the 61st year of Hwang- te, and thence continually repeated. This is the 1st year of the 76th cycle. In the West, they reckon by centuries, dividing the history of the world into two parts, one before the birth of the Saviour, and one after it. From the creation of men to the birth of Jesus, there were 54 centuries and 11 j'ears. From thai time to the present there have been 18 centuries and 64 years. ; >^i!l^;^til^M+iM:::l ^ + ^.niF + M + T- ^ ZM ^-m. zmB-T Lesson. 119. Months and Seasons. — A year consists of twelve months. In China, there are seven intercalary months in nineteen years, and in the West, there is one intercalary day in four years. In China, some of the months are 30 days long, and some 29. The length of the English months, and the inter- calation, are giyen in the following lines;— ^ Thirty days hath September, ^ April,- June, and November. All the rest increase one day, . (How easy is it this to say ! ) But February ;— -that you fill With eight and twenty days, until The fourth and leap year, then's the time, That February's days are twenty-nine. Each English month has a particular name. There are four seasons in th» year, three months forming one season. n ^ r. :^ it ;/6.T ^/^.^ + ^„ i^ m -v n m^n m ^\■ ^ tt^ 0.# m% % B A^^ ^M w^ ^ m %m. ^ Mo M^ H.^» ^ 00 ^ mf Lesson 116. Meteors. Bright lights which float or move in the air and soon vanish are called meteors. When the sun shines on falling rain in the opposite side of the heavens, there is a meteor called the rainbow. A rainbow caused by the moon is a lunar rainbow. Haloes are rings of vapour , round the sun or moon. Lightning is electricity dis- charged from the clouds. Clouds are meteors. SECTIN XV.— OF TIME. ' ' Lesson 117. Divisions of the Day. The day consists, in Chin%, of twelve periods of time, named by the twelve ftrancA-characters of the cycle. In Western nations, it consists of twenty -four hours, twelve counted from midnight to noon, and twelve from noon to midnight again. The parts of the daj^ are morning, forenoon, noon, afternoon, evening, night, and mid- night. When the sun rises, it is day ; when it sets, it is night. Before sunrise and after sunset we have twilight. Lesson 114. The Moon. The moon moves with the earth., round the sun ; it also moves round the earth. The moon is one of the most beautiful orbs in the firmament. It gives us light during many nights in the year. Its changes are fre- quent. The moon revolves round the earth in about twenty-nine days, and divides the year into months. Lesson 115. The Atmosphere. The whole earth is surrounded with air. We feel and breathe it. Men, animals, and plants, could nQ> live without air. When the air moves quickly, it is called wind. A wind that blows round and round is called a whirlwind. The mists that ascend from the earth form clouds, and the cloudy vapours are condens- ed, and descend to the earth as rain. ffil ^ ^ :^ Mo sS ' ^» ^ ^ PSo S li >i'J ^ + , # II A ^ i It a. ^ A ^ #. j^ ^. ^» m ffi. ^ p m B^. z- Ht ^ li bI ^ n.mi^' ^ n ^ -\'\k z m. + W M m .^ Lesson 112. Motions of tlie Earth. \ The earth moves round its own axis once every day; it moves round the sun once in a year. As it moves on its axis, one half of it is next to the sun, and is enlightened, and the half from it is dark. The light is day ; the dark- ness night. As it goes round the sun, its position is constantly changing, and the poles are in si^ccession turned towards the sun or from it; this produces the four seasons. Lesson 113. Equinoxes and Solstices. '< One daj'^ in spring is exactly twelve hours long all over the earth, and one night also. The same thing happens in autumn. These times are the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox. One day in summer is the longest day in the year, and one day in winter is the shortest. These days are called the summer and the winter solstices, '■ B ^ W^ :^ ^ itb 0.H#/^ M m i^ ^ ^^B^,^ ^ i>x\m M m ^ m M : H #- M m ^ W ^ >^ ^ 1^ E # W ^ ^ ^ - -\r mfiL~m B.B + _ ^ ^ ^ H.H ^ B# HtolS] -^ J>3l - I 0.jl:b T - .MM Bf. * -M *tti I • ^ « ^ ■ mmr^^ m m.z ^ M B :^ - mm it ^.tA m M~T ^ ^ m. i^M "rfn MiJ m. M iiit ^. ^ ^ 1^ ^ t* i# M li- W5 i5?^ ^ Z U MM m ^ ^ ^Jf pf ^ m"^ zn:Z — M^n.z^. A m Lesson 106. Mineral Productions. Many of the minerals produce substances unlike them- selves. Some of the metals, as copper, iron, lead, zinc, &c., are pl'oduced from ores that look more or less like stones. The common tools of the poor man are pro- duced' from iron ore; and money, which all people re- quire, is coined from gold, silver, and copper. Lesson 107. Waste Materials. The thijigs we often Avaste might be turned to ac- connt. Shavings pf wood, paper-cuttings, and saw-dust, are used in packing up goods; old woollen garments, torn into shreds, can be woven again into coarse cloth ; cotton and linen rags are reduced to pulp, and made into paper; and broken glass is remelted at the glass-house. MM. Iff) M H rfff ^n A m # M 1^ m.m f5 m^^Jr A :M' ^ • m ^ ^ m^ ^f.^R mn m B mm ^ n z ^-^ z^ ^ m^Z m.M,M :k Tj i&. Ml] ii. m. n. ^ ^ ^ a ;ft J ^m ^ -^ %\ W- Itoo ^jr S ^ #» H «„W # W T^ 1 ^ i to Lesson 104. Resins ^- Ginm. (Imports.) Many trees yield resins ^nd gums. Firs produce resin ; the camphor tree yields camphor ; a species of acacia pro- duces gum-arabic. Mastic and other resins are used for making varnish. Myrrh and aloes are used in medicine. Indian-rubber and gutta-percha repel the wet, and are used for various other purposes. Lesson 105. Roots ^ Oils. (Imports.) Roots and other products of plants are imported on account of their utility. Ginger is used as a spice ; gen- tian, rhuLarb, and other roots, are used as medicines; orris root, as a perfume. Many plants yield oil. Olive- oil is obtained from olives ; castor-oil from a kind of bean ; linseed-oil from the seeds of the flax-plant. -f' ^^'9^,^ % — ■ 1^ ^ M lit ^ % if m A P m m Lesson 102. Animal Substances. (Imports.) Those things which are sent to us from foreign coun- tries are called imports. Many of the imports into Eng- land are animal productions, such as wool, fur, hides, feathers, qujUs, aud silk ; ivory, whale-bone, tortoise- shell, and horns; tallow, wax, spermaceti, and honey; leather, bristles, leeches, and many other articles. Lesson 103. Vegetable Substances. (Import.) ,Vegetable imi)orts into England consist of timber, plants, bark, and roots. Oak, deal, teak, aud other woods are imported in large quantities for building purposes, and for furniture makers. Rosewood, satin-wood, and ebony, are imported for fine cabinet work. Logwood is imported for dyeing ; and many vegetables for medicine. mn^.ul ^^'Sf it' m m n # w, \^AMU.%. yk% ff' vE& ^ mM ^ ?K ^ 3^ _ ^ M :«L Mini M.^Mm m. W ^M ^ i ^ ^m^^ ZM A ^.:^^^ p mM.zm It: m .i^ H P M A P Lesson 100. Precious Stones^ Precious and beautiful stones are called gems, of which there are many varieties. There are the jasper, the sap- phire, the chalcedony, the chry^elite, the beryl, the auiethyst, ,the emerald, the cornelian, the opal, the chrysoprase, &c. The diamond is colourless and trans- parent ; it is the most valuable of all precious stones. SECTION XII.— OF SUHSTANCES. Lesson 101. The three Classes of Objects. We obtain nearly all things about us from animals, vegetables, or miuerals. This peirj was a feather in a bird's wing, and is therefore an animal substance. This paper is made of linen or of cotton or of bamboo, and is there- fore a vegetable substance. This knife-handle is made from the elephant's tusk, and is an animal substance, while its steel blade is mineral. Z^ZB MM ^ B - + W ^ 5.S - m^^M'^^z^fn'^^^ m.M m w ^.Z ^^M ^-^ZW- m.Z II ^.^M. mjt M w ^.z m- mm^n^m rt te; Titr M -hn. ^H. i£i ^ W 4^ S£ J?^ -&- sa;. p#5.^ mta^ ^mw |ffi ^; % Lesson 98. Combustible Minerals. Resides the metals, the minerals, such as coal and ■sulphur, are also dug from mines. Sulphur is a yellow mineral, and burns with a choking fume. Coal is a black mineral, and is used for firing. There are several kinds of coal, as anthracite or stone coal, cannel-co.al, pit-coal, , and jet. From stones we also get oils, which are a sort of pitch, such as naphtha. Lesson 99. Uses of Metah. Iron is made into heavy tools and sharp instruinents. Tin is;^ spread over thin iron plates, which are used to make tin boxes, candlesticks, &c. Gold and silver are coined into money, and also made into costly ornaments. Lead is made into pipes and cisterns, and is often used for gutters on roofs of houses. Copper and zinc are mixed together to make brass. pj n. mm ^ mm.zm ^ & m ^n^ -\^ -^.^ m^ m n. + ^.yi^ mmwt :fL ^ m.A m n a # t* ^ ifl ^ m n y^ "C^ i^M z m.w.^ # € M ^ n m m z ^ m.m .. .. pT ^ i, ft M M ^ m. m. m m. m m^ ^ ^ ^^ mo iia it m m i Lesson 96. Earths and Scdt^. Flint is used for making glass; red clay, for bricks and tiles; potter's claj', for bowls, plates, and all sorts: of earthen ware; marble, for chimney-pieces; rotten-, stone, for polishing metals. Some kinds of chalk are used for drawing; vitriol and alum are employed in i dyeing, Salt-petre and charcoal are used in making; gunpowder. Lesson 97. 3IetaZs. The metals in common use are gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, and mercury. (Jold and silver are ' CBWedi precious metals; thej' do not rust. Copper, iron, i tin, lead, and zinc, are common and useful. Lead is hai"d ; ' iron is soft ; mercury is liquild. Gold, silver, and cop- per, are made into money, for purposes of commerce. ^.Vj til ±M.^)x ^ WM 4fe jl + ^M.^ m M n ^ -m # m- i^ ^ u. fi A m ^M ^ .L» *m TT^ 'at* Lesson 94. Changes in Water. Frozen water is ice ; in the northern and southern icy oceans, the ice often rises high like hills. The heat of the sun turns water into vapour; the vapour forms clouds, and clouds produce rain. Water made very hot turns into steam. Sea-water is not fit for drinking, be- cause it is salt. Water for drinking should have neither colour, smell, nor taste. Lesson 95. Substance of the Earth. The substance of the earth is formed of earths, salts, metals, and minerals. There are different kinds of earth, as sand, gravel, lime, clay, chalk, Ifec. Sand is obtained from the sea-shore, or from sand-pits ; gravel, from gravel-pits. Salt is usually dug from mines. The ores of gold, of silver, of copper, of iron, of lead, and of tin, as well as coal and sulphur, form part of the earth, and are dug out of it. i-tH mS^ T M H fi ;^ yi^M MM M X Z ^.^% M tl'\ro M.+ .'i: ;i M $R ^K+ fLK m. ^ m.'^.± m.^M m.^M ^o ^ 2^^ # a ± ^' t-m ^ ;!|c ffij 9 :|(i ic mmi&=f- #.« M.Z M.MM Zr^m m^!^ ^jiM M m.M i3r^.^ ^ab n. Lesson 92. TracU of Land. Large tracts of land are called plains. The parts rising above the plains are hills and mountains. Burn- ing mountains are called volcanoes. The tracts of low open land between ranges of high hills are called valley!^. Bodies of land with water all around them are called islands. Hollows in hills are called caves, holloAvs in the earth are called caverns. j 1 Lesson 93. Collections of Water. \ I Large bodies of water which separate the diiFerent parts of the globe are called ocans and seas. Waters that run into the oceans and seas are rivers or streams. Collections of water which are surrounded by land are lakes. Water gushing out of the earth is a spring. At springs wells are often dug. Tracts of low wet land are marshes. I z%M m % -K %)^^^ "^-1%^ m % ;i T ^ )\\MM.-\' z^m m mr^-^- mjM. T^^mi^mz ^.ti m m ± A ^ :^.'-^ mmz ^ ji zmmz ^M M n m m m m m m m. M m.^fr ^M 1^ fffj ;^ lij ^ Lesson 90. Growth of Plants ! j .Plants are nourished by sap. Their smallest roots ' are called inouths, and draw sap from the earth, which I goes into the stem, and spreads through the brandies and leaves, so that every, even the siriallest part, re- I ceives nourishment and grows. Some plants are grown j from seeds, others from pieces of the root, others from parts of the plant itself, called slips. SECTION XII.— or THE EARTH. Lesson 91. Chisions of the Earth. The figure of the earth is round, and it may be called an inmense globe. Its surface is composed of land and water. The land contains plains, mountains, valleys, and islands: tlie water consists of oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. There are many countries in the earth. In those countries are cities, towns, villages, fields, gardens, parks, mines, roads, forests, fens, moors, &c. ^M ±=± *lii ,, f t i ^ ^ ? 5 4^ #ai.7f .au ?^ ^ + ^ ^ ^.tt ft ;+c f i I m.k m.-v mM S S ^^ f i + If J^c^ — ® ^ ^ i^ ^ ^^ ^ gS H R# M^ ^ ^ # MM Lesson 88. Uses of Plants. (Continued.) The cocoa-nut contains a clear, cool, and pleasant beverage within its kernel, the sliell is made into cups, and the fil)res of tlie husk into mats, strings, and brooms. The pulp is eatable, and also yields oil. In the countries where the cocoa-nut tree grows, the man- sions of the rich and the huts of the poor are built with it, while their roofs are covered witli its plaited leavesr- Lesson Varieties in Plants. Plants vary from each other in their roots, stems, and other parts. In some plants the roots are long and tapering, in others they are fibjyaus. The stem is woody, hollow, pithy, and jointed. The leaves are roundish, angular, smooth, prickly, and odorous. Blossoms vary in colour, shape, and smell. Seeds are inclosed in the pulp, in shells, in pods, and in husks. m^mmm^zAM m.M ^ i^ a ^ ^ ^1] ^ ».^ ^.S + IJ ^ yft.^ ft + ^ n^^ - s ZM m.'^ z n m.:i^M. ^ ^ # 1 ^M ii.:^ n ^h © M>m li VK\. Lesson 86. Ferns, Mosses, Fungi. Some ferns many be eaten, and others are used for litter for cattle, and for thatching houses Avitli. Mosses and lichens grow on stones, on old walls, on trees, and on the ground. Some mosses are used for medicine, and some lichens for dyeinfj. Mushrooms, &c., are called funfji. Some of the fungi are eatable, but others are poisonous and not to be eaten. ■ / Lesson 87. Uses of Plants. i Manj' articles of food, besides the grains and vegeta- bles mentioned -above, are derived , from plants, as tea, coffee, the spices, sugar, treacle, arrow-root, and sago. The bread-fruit tree is found in the south-sea islands ; its wood ts used for making houses, its bark for making cloth, and its fruit is the principal support of the people. It is truly a valuable tree. 0.wmm,y^,zM -^m^&p^:^ m Lesson 84. Medicinal Plants. Many medicines are obtained from plants. Of some plants the root is used, as the rhubarb and liquorice ; of others, the flowers, as the camomile pof others, the bark, as cinnamon; of others, the juice, as the poppy: of others, the leaves, as the loquat, and sweet basil; of others, the kernel, as the peach, and the almond ; of others, the twigs, as the mulbeiT)' and cinnamon trees. The plants with healing qualities, are first gathered and prepared by herbalists, and then sold by the apothecary. j Lesson 85. Garden Fhowers. The flowers cultivated in gardens are the rose, the mag- nolia, the sun-flower, the chrysantheinum, the camellia, the azalea, the flowering pyrus, the oleander, the jasmine, the Lawsonia purpurea, the peony, and a great many others, which cannot be particularly mentioned. Some are annuals — what are called "grass-roots;" and some are perennials — what are called " tree-roots." ^ ^ nm^.ff n nm mMn ^n ^- ^ ^ ^ Lesson 82. The Corn Plants. The most valuable of the grasses'are the corn-plants. Their grauis, either eaten whole, or ground into flour, are suitable for human food. They grow high above the earth ; their stems are hard, smooth, light, and hollow. The corn-plants are grown in many countries ; the grain when in the ear is covered with a husk. Lessoti 83. Garden Pordt(Ce. The garden supplies many wholesome vegetables. The most common are potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers, parsnips, carrots, beet, spinach, onions, and asparagus. The salad herbs are such as mustard, cress,^ lettuce, and radishes. Mint, thyme, sage, &c., are pot-herbs. In gardens we also grow the various kinds of pulse and gourds. ^ :^faj^.miK ^mn ^ m ^ m ^ m m ^.^ !^i ^'j ^ A ^. m *i z a M ^.^ ^ ^MM + a: ±. :^. ^ + m.n.m.mmMMM.m # ^ t a M ^ ^~ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^' ^ ^' A J^ iSo#„M m m ^. A mM w^^ M z ^.^.:^^^mns ^^z Lesson 80. Trees mid Shrubs. Trees and shrubs are woody plants. They are dis- tinguished by trees throwing out their branches from the trunk, while shrubs are low and bushy, and throw out their branches from the root. Some trees are grown in gardens, and in orchards ; others are grown in woods and in forests. Some trees are planted for orna- ment, others for fruit, othei's for timber. —— ' Lesson 81. Forest Trees. Forest trees are employed for a great variety of pur- poses. Fir^, pines, &c., are used for house-building j the oak, for ship-building ; the elm, for pumps and for water-mills. The ash is used for tool-handles; the beech, for bowls ; walnut, for gun-stocks ; lime, for carv- ing; and the pear-tree and date-tree, for wood-engrav- ing, and block-cutting. m ^om, M i^ # m m i: # ^ ^j^ A ^] i: E 7K M,Z - m m z nm @ # ^ mm m^^A m.f ii ;t: M ^ ^ A 7k %M Lesson 78. Uses of Worms. Of soft-bodied anunls the earth-worm loosens the soil by boring its way through it. Leeches are employed medically, and are useful in extracting blood. The cuttle- fish or insect produces a black fluid from which sepia is made. The shell of the common oyster produces pearls. From the mother-ofrpearl shell buttons and ornaments are made. SECION XI.— OF PLANTS. Lesson 79. Kinds of Plants. Trees, shrubs, grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses, lichens, and fungi, are plants. Fungi grow on the ground and on decayed trees; lichens grow on trees and stones; mosses grow in woods and on old walls ; grasses, in fields ; ferns, in shady places ; herbs and flowers, in gardens. Trees and shrubs grow in woods and plantations. ^0^mM ^.m -t- ni^ m m -{: ^m^^ m^,:hsM M M i ± m, i^mM^^MMtm.^.i^ f 1 ^ m ^m&^ ^^^ m :^ M m ^ ^ T ±.^ MM f . f . g m ^®Mti' t f A ff SA. Lesson 76. tfses of Insects. Insects are useful in very many ways. The bee gives us honey and wax. The silkworm pi'oduces silk. The cochineal insect yields the cochineal used by painters and dyers. From an insect we obtain gall-nuts, which are used in making ink and black dyes. The lac insect produces a resin from which sealing-wax is made. Lesson 77. Worms and Shells. These animals have soft bodies. They are formed either with rings or with shells instead of bones. The bodies of the earth-worm and the leech are ringed. The oyster and the snail have shells. Some of the soft- bodied animals live upon the land, such as the snail j others live in the water, such as the oyster, &c. , m w^^'^.^M m n i'^ m u ^t z n tu ^ n ^ #1. + m. m Mc pf ii + i^mm ^.% ^ ^ i Pi @ y^ 4- ^o Tic 53c m m. fe„ m ^ 3^.m m. fc ^. ^h ^ 451 ^ f- m m m ^ z m m -^^ Mm m m Ttc #i. 4. m ^m IS IS. M IS ^.^ ^ m iinmo t\i ^ mm ■k^ ^ % ^m. m.^ :r. m s^ SECTION X.— OF INSECTS AND WORMS. Lesson 74. Insects. Insects have six legs, but spiders and scorpions have I eight. Insects are divided into three parts ; the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Some in-sects have stings, as the wasp, the bee, and the hornet. The most common insegts are the fly, the moth, the butterfly, the beetle, the ant, the bee, the wasp, the book-moth, &c. Lesson 75. Changes of Insects. Insects undergo several changes. Most of them change three times. First, they are in a little egg, which ; changes into a caterpillar ; the caterpillar grows to its I full size, and gradually contracts, hardens, and changes i into a chrysalis. After some time the chrysalis bursts, I the winged insect appears, lays its eggs, and soon dies. m %J^ » ^ « 4 ]fto H ^ ^ + til M ^ ?^ + - m f p f ^. ^ii ^ Wn S ^ ^ -^ ^ ;^ ¥ w .» n IS. mmm !^. m. m m. n ^ m.^ mm ^ -^ &i ^.^ m m Z M A ^ ^ ^ ^^ # :t Lesson 72. Fishes. Fishes live in seas, in rivers, in streams, and in lakes. Some fishes have a smooth skin, others are covered with scales. ' The bones of fishes are soft and white. Fishes lay l^housands of eggs, which are called spawn. These eggs are hatched in the s'ea, in rivers, or in nmd. Fishes have no voice. Lesson 73. Uses of Fishes for Food. Both sea and river fish are useful for food. The chief sea fish eaten by man are the scisena, the pomfret, the mackerel, the mango-fish, the herring, the mullet, the garoupa, the sole, &c. The chief river fish are the bream, the perch, the roach, the carp, the eel, the ophicephalus, and the tench. Of fishes the shark is the most voracious. r_ m M^ ^- -t. #. ^ ^ #. ^ li «R ^ ^. r; ^ 7^ M -t m "^.^m. m -ti #0 m ^ §i :i. + i^ ^ #. ii ^ + :i n. M^ #.. "^ =. Mo^ — ^ M.z:^ m m n m'^ m. m -^^ ^ m. m. m li t^ M :^c m M M ^ m. m n n. m. m. m )>x ^^^ z.^ m. m m M .1 ^ ^ u ^p #. & M ^^.^^ B ^ A ^.m 'W it m. #>. ^)r m m m. m ^ iin ^ SECTION IX.— REPTILES AND FISHES. Lesson 70. Reptiles. Reptiles have cold red blood like fishes, and unlike birds and quadrupeds. Many of them live both on land and in water. Some reptiles have legs, as the frog, the toad, the lizard, the alligator, and the tortoise ; others have no legs, but crawl on their belly, as the various kinds of snakes. Not a few serpents are venom- ous. Lesson 71. Peculiarities of Reptiles. Some reptiles have a smooth skin, others are covered and protected with a shell or shield. The shell of the tortoise is very hard. The shell of one kind of turtle called the '■'■shell tortoise" is beautiful, and made into combs, &c. The flesh of another, called the '■^fish with feet" is very delicate. Most lizards are harmless. Frogs appear after warm showers. » 1^ n tio^ ^ J m f s ^ -tpmom Lesson 68. Migrations of Birds. Some birds visit different climates. The swallow, the cuckoo, and the nightingale, arrive in England in spring, and depart in autumn ; they pass the winter in warmer countries. Birds from colder climates, such as swans, wild geese, and wild ducks, pass the winter in England. Such birds traverse wide seas and extensive countries in their migrations. Lesson 69. tlses of Birds. The flesh of many birds, such as that of the hen, the duck, the goose, the partridge, the pheasant, the pigeon, the lark, &c., is good for food. Ducks, geese, and swans, give us down and feathers for beds. The large feathers of geese are used in western countries for mak- ing pens, The quills of crows are used for fine writing and for drawing. m ^ \U >% ^ .^ 1^ m.m n ^ '^ ^.m .i ^ m A M.^ '^ i^ ^% ^ X ^ m:k U. M A f-l. :i? + # M ^ if^ e# + ■^ ^ :^ \u ^ ^ M m^^ n ^ a m ^ ^^ B w mjM m tin M ^^ m. M.i^ K M. ^. >% M m. fk ffl. ffii M m M ^ ^.tn Z A ^. SI. m MM . M M m. ?i. m.^ ^.T- m ^x ^o ^ \ ^ tk m m. ?i. ji m. m. m m,W' i ^. ^oZ m. m.T n m ^± t± m m ^- -k -^- m A M ^1. m ii. =^ ^ RioRi mM w\ # # m z B4- ji -. m. *.IL zm^^ ig: 6r ^ $& zi^ ea flgLto f^ ^/fu <-, M \M Pff %%M ffii I* T il ^^. M + m. m r\ #. ^. w m m M 3 M "f. ^ is ^ 3^5 ^ m < Mo ^ # #. m mf X u r- .^jsfrm^rr^-^ Lesson 64. Peculiarifies of Birds. ( Continued.) The ostrich runs as fast as a galloping horse ; wading birds have long necks; the stork destroys snakes; the albatross is the largest of all sea-birds ; the flight of the eagle is verj' rapid ; the frigate bird can neither walk nor swim well, — it is formed for flight ; the penguin has small wings, it walks badl}^, but swims well. Lesson 6.5. Plumage of Birds. The plumage of birds consists of a number of feathers of various sizes. These feathers are light, soft, and strong. Some birds have a very gay plumage. Among these are pheasants, peacocks, the different kinds of p.arrots, humming-birds, and birds of paradise. Birds lose their old feathers, and obtain new ones every year. This change in called moulting. z % ^i mM ^ ♦ ^ ^\ ^ :M :^ Z ^ M Mi,X ^ € *# ® -. m nf k{ m u ( m fti uj .a MoW M ^ + M '^ M '% Mo m m m m. m A^ ^ .i -^ ^ m ^ z ^ z n. M ?. >% ^ ffij 11 A m m ^ St- ^ m. Ji. M ffij f $ M pRBo Lesson 62. Kinds of Birds. The owl, the falcon, and the eagle, are birds of prey. AVood-peckers and parrots are good climbers but bad walkers') The poultry kinds are good walkers, but thej^ cannot fly high. The ostrich and the emu are good runners. Long-legged birds mostly wade in marshes. Web-footed birds swim well. ^ I Lesson 63. Peculiarities of Birds. ' Rooks build and live together in companies; finches and sparrows have strong bills; the crossbill extracts seeds from fir-cones ; the swallow feeds on insects ; the woodpecker taps on the bark of trees to disturb the insects on which it feeds; owls prey by night; the too- keuen lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. *;„.^ it ft" f^ M; >^ tKo:! ^> ^ M.^. fto^ ft #/. % wi' ^ n .i t± ^ ^ m. Mo m i,i m .% m M m ^ ^. # # m. 'I* # fn T -f- m m. ^ ^ ^ ^ e^, m m ^.M z ^ J^ IE fl k % yi^ .% n ^^ m Bsi M pj< M >£ fflS *J ^ l^c gj ± 3fe ij # # ^ m Lesson 60. Sundry Ui^es of Animals. The elephant and wali-us afford us ivory, out of wT\ich many ornaments are made. The large bones of animals are made by the turner into buttons, chopsticks, and other things. The liorns of animals are used for handles for knives. The hair of the horse is woven for hair- seating. The whale and the seal yield us oil for light. Parings of hoofs and horns are made into glue. Candles are made from fat. SKCTION VIII.— or BIRDS. Lesson 61. Of Birds. Animals produced from eggs are called ovipara. Birds, insects, and some other animals, are oviparous. The flying tribes or birds, have bills, feathers, win^^s, tails, and legs ; their legs have toes and claws. In their throat they have a crop. Some have a comb, and others a tuft of featliers, on tlieir heads. Some birds walk, others climb, others perch, others swim. T ^ m m ^0 ^ II A # Wi M T .%^ #J >^ M.M ^ M M ^ ^J> ii - ^ S 5A. T ^.a MM ^.1\^ ^ ^.n^M.z mm 7|c ^ MM M #f. mmrnm m W( ^^M ^ 4- ^ ^ 4 + z%\s.zm. t^ -1 m #t n !kM 1' mm. urn i,pfc Lesson 58. Uses of Animals for Food. (Gont.) The flesh of monkeys is eaten by the American In- tdians; that of the elephant, the lion, the rhinoceros, the tiger, and the hippopotamus by the Africans. Horse- ' flesh is eaten by many nations in Europe and Asia; and the natives of the most northern parts of the globe eat the blubber oi' the -whale, and the flesh of the seal.' Lesson 59. Uses of AnimaUfor Clothing. The wool of the sheep supplies us with stockings, with blankets, and with cloth. The furs of many animals are made into coats, caps, and muffs. The long hair of goats and some other animals is woven into ! shaAvls and articles of dress. The hides of animals are ! tanned to make leather for shoes, &c. The furs of the beaver and the rabbit are made into hats. m ^ M m % ^ ^. ^ n. ^. # m ^ ^ u )j^ -M-» pf ^ ± m ^. m ^ n W # ^ i ^ #. ffl + m ^ m. m 7k m M \^ # ^. ^o la ^ :^ ^ A m. # &• i^ % 55 M ^ ^li es A M n li. 55 :^ ^ij n ± -^ ^Jjii + A M m. ± A "M' ^ ^% K M. ^m.^.'k m m ^ m m m w ^ -i. ^ .m ^ .i ^ ;^ jy M l^c l^ol^o^ 4^^ It m A z m m # ^ 1^0^ B m m Lesson 56. Labouring Animals. Some quadrupeds are serviceable to man, and labour for him. The horse draws carriages, carries heavy loads, and is used for riding. The dog keeps guard during the night. The patient camel carries heavy- burdens over hot and sandy deserts. The ass, the reindeer, and the elephant, also labour for the service of man. Lesson 57. Uses of Animals for food. Animals which divide the hoof, and which feed on herbage and chew the cud, make the best food for man, as the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the deer. Many other animals as the pig, the bear, the rabbit, and the hare, are also serviceable for food. The flesh of young animals is sometimes eaten ; it is very tender. I fc. m. ^ s m it. tt % M A m nm m M ^t m ^ A ^, ^ % A ^.^ ^ AM. ^ m ^ Hf ^. ^. ^n ^. + MA a. ^ + "k A M "^.m ^ Wi.^ ^ \fn ^ z.^ ^ ^ k m.7ff T iM m m. k m ^.M m ^M: 't> A ^ B ^ mmm.m Amm.^.M ^.r^ ^.m i^ m m A ^ A m ^\ m.-k n ^. m, m m m fi i' S i ^ ' a ^0 - m. s m. 1^ n 1^, m u M Lesson 54. Habits of Animals. Animals with large blunt teeth feed on herbage ; those Avith sharp cutting teeth prey on other animals. Some animals feed on insects, and others on fruits. The elephant has strong thick lags to support its heavy- body. The seal lias paddles to swim with. The cat has claws, and also a cushioned paw ; she can move about without noise. Lesson 55. Social Habits of Animals. Buffaloes live in, herds, sheep feed in flocks, and the goat and the chamois inhabit high mountains. The young stags herd with the hinds in winter for protec- tion. Wild hogs do not leave their young till they are strong. Oxen unite against enemies when they are attacked. Jackals hunt their prey in herds. ^ ^ H K- %M 1^ ^ ^ a 5£ f m fe' m k %.% m n ^ m ^ ^ ^M ^ m M ^ m. m * *i M ' m m -0^ "^M ^ IS t^ ^ ^ A + )K. ^ m. m ^. m ^ ^ ^ %^ m z ^ m^ m ^ "^ m^ ^M 'Jt^ M n Lesson 52. 3fotions of Animals. Animals have very different motions ; the horse walks, trots, canters, and gallops; the dog runs and hunts; the goat leaps; the bear and the monkey climb; the wolf gallops ; the tiger springs on his prey ; the sloth clings to branches. The animals that feed by night retire to dark woods and dens by day. Lesson 53. Haunts of Animals. The mouse, the rat, the rabbit, the fox, the mole, and some other animals, live in holes in the ground. The deer, the wild boar, the hare, and others, sleep among the grass in woods. The squirrel and the monkey live in trees. Beavers make their houses on the banks of narrow rivers. The place where a beast couches is called its lair. # m ^ ± E m T m.^ 3L ^ ^. m tv. + >^ # m. ^ H ^ ^ n %. m. ^. ^ Mi* ^ ^ ^ m m ^ z M m ^- itk wko m m -i n m ^^,^ m m ¥ ^ "It m. m. w m i3^ Lesson 50. Peculiarities of Animals. The cat, the rat, the lion, and the tiger, have whiskers ; the bear has paws ; the horse has solid hoofs ; the camel has a hump. The pig, the hedgehog, and the mole, have snouts. The ox, the sheep, the goat, the deer, and some other animals, have horns. The wild boar has tusks. The elephant has tusks and a trunk. Lesson 51. Actions and Noises of Animals. Animals have many and varieus ways of defending themselves. The horse kicks; the dog bites; the goat butts; oxen gore; and the bear hugs. Their noises are also different. The lion roars ; the dog barks and howls ; the cat m«ws, and purrs, when pleased ; the ass brays ; the monkey chatters ; the horse neighs ; the sheep baas ; and the cow lows. ii "^ ^^. m m M..m m. m n.m z M m m m m. m s^o la. ^ i^ + ^ ^ ^ E. + mm "¥■ m m. M "^-.m ^ m m m m. s m ^„ m m m m m. m. m m z m ^.^ n.^ \p^.m m ^ m ^ #. #. -^o ^ m ^^ ^.m. ^ ^n m. ^ Lesson 48. Wild Animals. (Continued.) The badger is solitary, the squirrel is nimble, the hare is timid, the mouse is siriall, the rat is destructive, the beaver is industrious and skilful, the monkey is droll. All these, and many other animals, feed on grass, or grain, or fruits, or the roots and leaves of plants. Some ani- mals are useful for- food, some for clothing, some for labour. Lesson 49. Clothing of Animals. Quadrupeds have different kinds of clothing. The sheep has wool; the pig, bristles; the ox, the horse, the camel, the deer, and the goat, hair; the mole, the cat, the squirrel, the fox, the marten, and some others, fur. The porcupine and the hedgehog have spines. The horse, the lion, and the bison, have manes. ti^m.^^mn-^ M m.K ^ n m %% m^ ^ Jt + i^ T 'M:M E K-h ^M\^ mM UM ^M E w.m m. Lesson 46. Beasts of Prey. Beasts of prey are those that kill and eat other animals. Beasts of prey "are generally wild. The lion is powerful, the tiger is cruel, the panther is fierce, the wolf is voracious, the fox is cunning, the bear is ferocious, the hysena is savage, the weasel is slender. These and many others are beasts of prey. Lesson 47; Wild Animals. Wild animals live in forests, in deserts, in plains, and ron mountains. The bison is fierce and shaggy, the zebra ^is beautifully striped with black and white, the elephant is big, the "deer is elegant, the reindeer is very strong and hardy, the antelope is swift, the giraffe is tall and gentle, the sloth is inactive on the ground, the wild boai^ is bold. All these feed on grass and vegetables. ^ # 16 a^ mm ^ M ^ ^ :n. r^l i ^ ^ m= ni i f^ i 2 t S itk ii ;S f^ 4- # -fc S m ^ U M'i^ ^Mo?- wmim m m n ^ M ^ B -\^ :k.m>^ ^ m. m. n \M ± M ^t M ^ ^ ^^ ^ t $ i^ -^ n. m 5s. z z t^ m m z ^ m ^ G Lesson 44r Tlie Mammalia. The animals that are nourished with milk are called mimmalia. Menj cattle, whales, pU'pmses, and some ot'ier fishes, are mammalia. Man has two hands and two feet; monkeys have four hands and no feet; but most of the mammalia have four feet and no hands. The elephant has a proboscis which serves for a hand. Lesson 45, DoTnestic Quad'rupeds, Quadrupeds kept by man are called domestic animals. Of domestic animals, the horse is spirited, the ox is laborious, the cow is very useful, the sheep is innocent, the dog is watchful, the cat catches mice. The foal, the calf, the lamb, the puppj^, and the kitten, are playful., The goat, the pig, and the ass, are also domestic animals. ^ i^MM A ^ ^ K #. Pi ;l \h "¥ mr^ m n m ^ ^ ^ ^ n #. 1T. ¥ ^. » ^ ffii ^. ^. # m m. # « M ^ + Ja ^ A iP ^ + 11. 1h ^.^ R i i^ M:.^ in z m :^ m it m ^ m.^ m n A #. m. ^ f?. # ^ B t M. m ^ is. iii #t t ^ ^ ^ Pi @ ^. m. m ± ^ m B ^ 4^ u z '^1. m ^ ^ # f L m tT m ^e f?. ^. ^. ^. U s la # ^ #c ffi ® ^ M 'i ^ ^ Lesson 42. Plays of Girls. The games of ^ii'ls are difFerent from tliose of boys. They only play with Kmall stones, at hide-and-seek, at making dolls, and at cat's-cradle. It is pleasant to have others to play with. We must therefore try to make oar games clieerftil, and our playmates happy. In western countries, tlie feet of women are not bound, so that girls can move about and enjoy play better than girls in China. SECTION VII.— ;rHff MAMMALIA. Lesson 43. Kinds of Animals. Animals live, breathe, and move. Most animals grow ; most of them also feel.'. Quadrupeds have four feet; they are covered with hair or fur. Birds fly ; they are covered with feathers. Fishes swim ; they have fins. Reptiles live both on land and in water. Most insects have six legs. Worms have no legs. Lesson 40. Learning. To learn well we must takepiiiiis. To read well we must read often and slowly. To write well we must practise much sind carefully. To understand we must thirdv of what Ave hear and read. Ciphering Is more difficult than reading or writing, but as it is very useful, we must learn to cipher. We can learn if we try. Lesson 41. Playg of Boys. Those who work in school may play in play-hours. Boys play at shuttle-cock, at ball, at touch-wood, at pheasant-catching, at blindnian's buff, and at kite- flying. Playing at innocent games is good for the health. Those who work the hardest enjoy play the best. In cold countries, in winter, boys play at run- ning and sliding on the ice. zm m *£ Bf.^ W III M # ^ §1. ^ ^.^ w ^ #n ^. ^ J:. ^ ^ n^^ r\ m. .# m. m i-tn ^ M> m. -J n m.%m'Mmwtn J f :^ i; 11 jii> m. Lesson 38. The Contractor. I Persons who undertake to build a house are called contractors or master-workmen. The contractor employs ;the mason and the bricklayer to build the walls, the carpenter to do the woodwork, and the tiler to cover the roof. He also employs the painter, and other workmen ■ to complete his business till the house is made fit for dwelling in. SECTION VI.— ON EDUCATION. Lesson 39. School. Reading and writing are useful arts. They are most easily learned when we are young. Children therefore are sent by their parents to school to learn these and other things. Learning requires attention and patience ; we must therefore be industrious. Teachers are to use authority ; we must therefore be obedient. :>* 'h* '^ i $ I ^ » ^ >^ 1^ vft 1$ E li :^ M ^ m ^>M ^ m.^ m m.m.m ^ u ^ ^.-^ m m ^ Ai ^. m -Y iij # j^ ^ ;^ -^ ^ ^1] E A ^ A it. *oi^ m UM.m. '0 m m A.M. m ^ -^ z ^ ^ X. tt fit bI ^ ^ # sj^ s It T- \s..^.^ z m m. '^^ -k ^y ^E„ ^ E f f f ^ %i A ^ ^ J^ ;i ^. 0^o Lesson 36. Trades employed in Building. Many trades are employed in building a house. The business of each is different, but the services of all are necessar}^ The bricklayer raises the walls. The mason does the stonework. The carpenter makes the roof and floors. Tlie slater or the tiler covers the roof. The glazier fits the windows with glass. The plasterer covers the -walls and the ceilings with mortar; and the painter paints the wood-work. Lesson 37. Furniture Makers. A large number of workmen are employed in making furniture. The cabinet-maker makes chairs, tables, draw- ers, bedsteads, sofas, and desks, &c. The blacksmith makes all articles of iron. The tinsmith makes all articles of tin. Curtains, mattresses, screens, hangings, carpets, blankets, &c., all are furnished by tlieir appropriate makers. ^ m^^MM m MM m^s^^B ^.B ^ % ^ it m # #^.+E ^M ^ sic :^.mM WoM. m If .# # tt m -tm \&Jum:^^M^mM M m m. ^^M.^ mm ^ e.k i^i^r^w^ ZMM -^-^m ikfim 51^ 5 t-.i^ ^ E ^ Lesson 34r Building Materials. The materials used in building are timber, stone, bricks, tilfes, slates, lime, iron, lead, and glass. Timber grows in woods and -forests. Stone and slate are dug from quarries. Bricks and tiles are made of clay. Iron and lead are got from mines. Lime is made of lime- stone, or of oyster-shells. Glass is manufactured at the glass-house. Lesson 35. Occupations of Men. Men help each other by a division of labour. Some provide food, others make clothing, others make tools and other articles. The brazier works in brass ; he makes candlesticks, lamps, and kettles. The potter works in clay ; he makes cups and plates. The cutler works in steel ; he makes scissors, knives, &c. m m ^ -^ ^ M. m. )iX M m=f ^ 7J ^ l£ ^. ift. + 1^ ^ m ^ M i z u m m x.m. is. ^^ ^ ^ ^ A # 'ji ^ ^.^Z 1^ ^. ^ it m, E # jt ^ m ^ m ^. m % ^ "^ m i^ ^ m. m mm ^ m c #0 m. m M ^ 01. :^ M ^ ^. . ZM IK. ^ ^ ^ * Jg II ^ ^ 75r ^ Mij ^ m t>t Lesson 32. Cleanliness. | If we wish to enjoy health we must be cleanly. ' Those who are not cleanly cannot have good health. ; Every one should bathe or use the flesh-brush every j day. The garments next the skin should be changed '■ often, as they absorb perspiration. Our dwellings \ should be kept clean and well-aired. ^ SECTION v.— OF HABITATIONS. Lesson 33. Ifrvellings. The dioellings of men are caves, tents, huts, and houses. Most men live in houses. Small houses are called cottages; large houses, mansions. The rooms of houses are called the inner chambers, halls, dinins- rooms, drawing-rooms, libraries, kitchens, and cellars, &c. Passages and stairs lead from one stoi'ey and one room to another. ■mm.^n K # ^ij ^ ^-^ - ! m..nL z ^j)\ n n m mir^m M m.^.M^ "^ ?r m. ^Mm - m ^ z ^,+ Mo M.. ii!i "k m + iio ft /^ ^ - m ^ ^oM -^ ^ m ^ ^. m. m #. # HI. M. '^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ l^o vA A 'Ji^ m ^. ^. ^. m^ M tf :^ m m 1ft # 1^ ^ P^o ^,^ ^ Itc t^. m. m M. 'i: ^ mm ^^ My^'B ■-^//^,m. T # ^ ^ m ^ r- n m.^.m. m j^ m ^ m m^ i: j^ ^. [ Lesson 30. Materiah of Drcux. Clotliiiii: >'i.M ^ ^ fffj m^iM nwiim SECTION IV.— or CLOTHIKG. Lesson 28. Dress of Men. Our bodies require clotliiiig. We use warm clothing ill winter, and light clothing in summer. People in liot climates wear thin fabrics; in cold climates, furs. Men and boys wear caps, girdles, inner and outer robes, long coats, shirts, collars, waistcoats, jackets, close- jackets, trowsers, leggins, shoes, stockings, boots, &c. Lesson 29. Dress of Women. Tlie dress of girls and women consists of headwrap- pers, temple-bands, wide-sleeved robes, narrow-sleeved robes, shirts, jackets, petticoats, trowsers, leggins, feet- bands, shoes, stockings, &c. Their ornaments are hair- pins, ear-rings, phoenix-caps, bracelets, anklets, &c. The ordinary dress of men and women in China is nearly the same, but in the western nations it is very different. ^^ ;A:^mM Mf-^ M B# ^M .# PJf M. ' mM.^m .#.m m ^„^JjiK#vf ^A AJiff^ c#.^ m H ill -%m^m ^hz^)rmM.m. ^J^fli 1^-.® m lum m m a nm n m.m %%znn PIWo Lesson 26. Purveyors. Our food is derived from husbandry, but we do not get it directly from the farmer; it must pass through the hands of imrveyors. There are the miller, and pounder, who supply us with flour from grain ; the baker, who supplies us with bread and cakes; the but- cher, Avho supplies us with meat; the dairymtm, who supplies us with milk ; the green-grocer, who supplies us with vegetables ; and the brewer, who supplies us , with beverages. j * Lesson 27. Purveyors. (Continued.) Many people who provide for our wants labour hard, — as the brewer, the miller, the rice-pounder, and others. Others buy and sell various articles, — as the grocer, who supplies tea, coffee, sugar, rnisins, treacle, and spices, &c. Many things are brought from far countries in ships by sailors, who undergo both danger and fatigue to provide us with food. m ^ mM 'MM m m. % ^M p< m T^ MM ^c^ m >ji^ m m^ ^ # ^ ^ H.M ^R p7 m.^ i^ ^.Z jlM H m 4^-# ^ ^ ISI :n Lesson 24. The Farmer. Farmers are one of the four classes of the people. Much of the food we eat is supplied by theui. They grow the corn tliat gives our daily support. Before he can gather his crops, the farmer must plough, and har- i row, and manure, and sow his land. This requires labour, and skill, and monej'. Large farmers employ many men. The farmer sells his produce at the market. Lesson 25. The Farmer. ( Cont'mued.) The farmer keeps live-stock. Horses are used to draw the plough, and the harrow, to carry loads, and draw carts. Oxen are sometimes also used for draught; but they are generally kept, like calves, sheep, and pigs, for sale. Cows give milk, from which butter and cheese are made. Fowls and ducks are kept for food, and to supply us with eggs. ia a ^ ^. ^ --n It 5^j^ m X. pg r. ^-7%mm-\^ =f ± t'i. s ^n K + mM.t^ ^ # i TtTo @ 'M^ m.^ z n II # ZM ^ m ^M % ^Jr A :a \% %%k^% nm. it ^. ^ fi ^ 1^ Hi 4- i^ ^ lil :^ m m. lii Lesson 26. PurveyorB. Our food is derived from husbandry, but we do not get it directly from the farmer ; it must pass through the hands of purveyors. There are the miller, and : pounder, who supply us with flour from grain ; the : baker, who supplies us with bread and cakes; the but- cher, who supplies us with meat; the dairyman, who supplies us with milk ; the green-grocer, wlio supplies us with vegetables ; and the brewer, who supplies us with beverages. Lesson 27. Purveyors. (Continued.) Many people who provide for our wants labour hard, — as the brewer, the miller, the rice-pounder, and others. Others buy and sell various articles, — as the grocer, who supplies tea, coffee, sugar, raisins, treacle, and spices, &c. Many things are brought from far countries in ships by sailors, who undergo both danger and fatigue to provide us with food. m ^ MM MM m it € ^M ^ # ^ ^ M.M i^ ^ ^.^ z # n m 1^ ^M # ^ ^ It « m n m.^M m m ^'n ^.# ^ ^ A ^ Lesson 24. The Fariner. ' Farmers are one of the four classes of the people. Much of the food we eat is supplied by theiri. They grow the corn that gives our daily support. Before he can gather his crops, the farmer must plough, and har- row, and manure, and sow his land. This requires labour, and skill, and money. Large farmers employ many men. The farmer sells his produce at the market. Lesson 25. The Farmer: (Cantinued.) The farmer keeps live-stock. Horses are used to draw the plough, and the harrow, to carry loads, and draw carts. Oxen are sometimes also used for draught; but they are generally kept, like calves, sheep, and pigs, for sale. Cows give milk, from which butter and cheese are made. Fowls and ducks are kept for food, and to supply us with eggs. Sft 2fc. ^ * rt iS M ^B *7T n — .SB _4^#^.p ifii # ZM ^ m \>x ^M m m ^ fjt ^ li B# ^ m. X pT ^0 ffl ^ 3S ^ ^ ^>/r A" S" n ^^ ^ m'^M^ z Lesson 22. Food. Food is eaten to satisfy hunger and support the body. It is chewed with the teeth, and swallowed, when it passes into the stomach ; it is there digested. The nourishing part of it is formed into blood, to nourish the life, and supply the strength of the body. Food that has been cooked is more nourishing than that which has not been cooked. Lesson 23. Drink. We quepch our -thirst by drinks. The chief beverages are water, milk, tea, coffee, ale, wine, cider, and perry. Of all these water is the best. Tea and coffee are next to it. 's.Milk is both pleasant and wholesome, especially for children. Ale, wine, perry, and cider, are intoxi- cating. All kinds of ardent spirits are intoxicating and pernicious. S. %.^ n W K M J^ # A ^ t> m ^rm.^ n n m z.M n mM M m m i>^ ^ ^ ^.m -k r. # pT ;!K. ^ if: + ^o -a A i>i + w ^ M "^ m m. ± m mm m "K w m.^fjt t m m k m "f ik t> ^. tro, Z 4t #. I A. >h Z.m ^ ;/x» Z. it Wi ¥^ ft. z ^L k n -& iK m ^ m.^. i^\i 'If m^ V®. ^. #^ M ^ ff^ B 5A SECTION III.— OF FOOD. Lesson 16. Animal Food. To keep the body in health, we must eat and drink. Many things are proper for food, and among them the flesh of animals. The principal flesh meats are beef, veal, mutton, lamb, and pork. We also eat the flesh of deer, goats, hares, rabbits, and other kinds of animals. Flesh is also made into soups. ■' Lesson 17. Animal Food. {Continued.) Birds and fish supply man -with food. Of birds we eat fowls, ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons, partridges, and pheasants. Of fish we eat the bream, mackerel, carp, flounder, eels, and other kinds. Of shell-fish we eat crabs, shrimps, lobsters, oysters, and cockles. The sea- turtle is also used for food. m "5^ ^.m^^ A 1^. ^ ^ ^ n # m A m. -^ n "k.^ ^.^M n-^ zm.^ m.i^.-Y ^ ^ m ^ :t + M ^MM ;^ ^.-b W 0^. 1^. ^ ti >^ #: A n. n.^^ ^.^ m itk m Jt m.k "km. & ^ m^ ^.m^.m.^m m.^..^%.n ^ i^ m ntM X k m. M HI A :^. ^c m A ^ m. m^ II #.. m. z m. #^^ 1^ #: MM Lij ^o m k ^ k, " ^ f>. M ^ Z Z.if'^ m.M %^ 1^. ^ r^ ^ M. n #> ^. ^M ^ ,^ Z Lesson 14. Outward, Actions of the Body. Our bodies are capable of various actions. We can touch, hold, strike, or pull ; we can walk, run, jump, or dance ; we can stand, stt, or lie down. We can also see, hear, smell, taste, and feel; we can laugh, smile, sigh, cry, scream, or sing. We can perform many ac- tions with our hands. Lesson 15. The Stages of Life. The first -part of life is infancy. When we can run about and talk, it is the time of childhood. When we can take care of ourselves, it is the time of youth. A few years after, we are strong and full-grown ; this is the time of manhood. When our strength decays, and our limbs totter, it is the time of old age. ^ ^ & # A ^.^^.m. m. K ' 0. z ^ m, m + M^ m> sr § f + nt„^^:^ # i m m ^.m.m n :h m ^h ^ A ^ nl^ ^^ ff. Ih ,% -i ^ n ZM }^ i^ i^ M.-.m W\ ^ n^ n^ iir= =^ ^ t^ ^^^^ ^« ^' ^^h^ n ^. m. m. || f Lesson 12. Svstenance and Rest. We eat when we are hungry, and drink when we are thirsty. We cease to eat and drink when we have had enough. We rest when we are tired, and sleep when we are sleepy, and having slept enough we awake, and feel refreshed. We become hungry, thirsty, tired, and sleepy, every day. We therefore need food, drink, rest, and sleep, every day. Lesson 13. Internal Actions of the Body. The action of the internal organs of the body sustains life. In them the food is digested. That Avhich sup- ports life is mixed with the blood, and that which is useless is sent out of the body. The heart circulates the blood when it is made, and the lungs supply us with air. The heart and the luTigs act when we are asleep as well as when we are awake. When they acti, imperfectly we are ill ; when they cease to act we die. ^o^ Z, n U.M A ^ ^.^ ^ ih JJL m % m.^ ^ ^ ^- + mMJ^ ^ n + ^^mi^\>xz^ mM ^ m m Lesson 10. The Bones, Muscles, ^c. The principal bones are the sl If # * ^ ^. m^ ^ jvr> + T # ^ lii. -^ m- rfr ^ # ^, H % i^ ^ it. mm ^ ^. m m^ ^. B ^ jI 7^ # JIXL 'W.'W m.n,^z n ■m % m Ml "{^ ^ ^ %^ =* ffij ^ w ^. *E #. *t. 7b ^ # W sl ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Z. fUr. "i*. ^. m m m.M 1^ 1^ #(^ Lesson 8. The Lower Limbs. The lower limbs are the thighs, the legs, .tlie feet, and the toes. The tl^tghs are" joined to the trunk, the legs" to the thighs, the feet to the legs, and the toes to the feet. We have two thiglis, two legs, two feet, and ten toes. The back uf the foot is the heel ; the upper part of the foot is the instep ; the under part is the sole. Lesson 9. The Joints. The parts of the body move on joints. The chief joints are at the shoulders, the elbows, the wrists, the hips, the knees, and the ancles. The fingers and tlie toes have numerous smaller joints. The back-bone is a pillar of bones and joints, and is very flexible. The head moves on the first and second' joints of the spine. | m ^ ^-W n m 'W ^ ^.^ n n. - W 7^ m. 'W z m m, s Wi M, -k # 7^ ^ # •§* =tt ± t >£ ^ :t # ISfco M Z % ^ If S& Ml 7^ H m. l&h A # % ^ z^ ^ ffi T A M ii. ^. l^„ m. -^ T A M ^ ito Pi m ^ m.-m {St. m m m AC» Tit: k ^-» Lesson 6. T%e Trunk. The largest part of the body is the trunk. The parts of the trunk are the shoulders, the chest, the ribs, the belly, and the back. The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The ^ides of the chest are the ribs. The ribs are joined to the spine, and to the breast-bone. Inside the chest are the heart and lungs. The lower part is the belly. Lesson 7. The Upper Limbs. The upper limbs fere the arras, the hands, and the fingers. The arms! are fixed to the trunk at the shoul- ders ; the hands to the arms, at the wrists; and the fingers to the hands, at the knuckles. "We have two arras, two hands, and ten fingers. The inner part of the hand is the palra ; the closed hand is called the fist. m ^ ^ M ^ A m ^, kt^ Pi 4 ^ ^ ^ .^ p^ ^ m ^ 5fi M ^ ± ^ m. z ft # M m. v^ Mf ^ ^ -> -^ A ^ ^ ± #. SECTION II.— THE BODY AND ITS PAKTS. Lesson 4. The Scad. Tlie bod}' is distinguished into many parts, of which the cliief are the head, the trunk, and the limbs. The head is tlie highest part of the body. It is composed of the skull and the face. The skull includes the crown, the forehead, and the back and sides of the head. It is covered by the hair,rand contains and protects the brain. The face is at the front of the head. Lesson 5. The Face. Our faces are provided with eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, a nose, lips, and a chin. The eyes are to see with ; they are provided with eyelids. The nose is to smell with ; it has openings on each side, called nostrils. The lips are to talk and to eat with ; they are very flexible ; and are kept frotn'^sinking inwards by the teeth, m, ?L. ^ M ^ m m M. '^ m m. la ^M M. iiio m. M Tl. it lm„ it. ;S # ^ 0. HS ^.^ A T^ n r^i #:. z ^\^^. ^^X% ¥%-. M ^ ^ 7^ #1 W Jl #. 7?^ « Po ss. Ao 35t ^ ^. Mc ^. Tl. A ® P3 iff ^ # ^ Lesson 2. Creatures and Beivgs. All created thino's are called creatures in English. The stone, the leaf, the horse, the bird, the tree, and the star, are all creatures. Some creatures have life, and others have not. Those which have life, as th« horse, the bird, and the tree, are called beings in English. Those wliich have not life, as the star and the stone, are only called things, not beings. Lesson 3. Human Meings. Mankind are called human beings in English. Human beings liave both bodies and souls. Their bodies grow ; a child is bigger than an infant, and a man is bigger than a child. Their souls are made to underst«i4id, to reason, and to love. Mankind know Avhat is right and wliat is wrong, and they are accountable to God for their actions. s # ^ A ^» f ij '^ A ^ ^)r M -^ n ^ i. z ^ M ^ ^ :k A f^ Z^ m n B^- m. % »4 A = Pifflo ^ #• A ^ 4 M ^ S ^n m.mz -^. ^ w ^ > pii ■"ii THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE. GRADATION 1. SECTION I.— INTEODUCTORT. Lesson 1. Objects. A stone, a book, a tree, a bird, a horse, a pin, a leaf, a chair, a star, a hat, are all objects. All things that we can see are called objects in English. The chaii", the hat, the pin, and the book, were made by man. The stone, the tree, the bird, the leaf, the horse, and the star, were not' made by man, but were created by God, and are called | created things. The things which are made by man ' are not created things. I :r^ m m.m i^ - ^. — # m ^ B4 .^. Kit #. ^15 m ^h ^ m m fjc m. tt. -t - -t. ^jr ^L m m m: ^ ^ m. m )^ - m m ^u z M\ A c m m.^^ }i m -0 4Pj. it m #. m - m. z # z ii.i^ M.m - 'J0} % ^ m.7^ A z n."^ m, ^ A m ^. - m. m Lesson 171. Form. 172. Magnitude. i <■ 173. Measurement, 174. Colour, XXII. OP THE MECHAITICAL POWEKS. 175. The Lever. 176. The Lever. Cont. 177. The Wheel and Axle. 178. The Inclined Plnne. &c. 179. The Screw, the Pulley. 180. Mechanical Contrivances. 181. Mechanical Power. 182. Mechanism in Nature. XXIII. OF THE SENSES. 183. The Sight. 184. Hearing and Speech, 185. The Taste and Smell. 186. Feeling or Touch. Lcsrton 187. Use of the Senses. 188. Health. 189. Bodily Defects. 190. Diseases. 191. Death. XXIV. ATTRIBUTES OF GOD. 192. Eternity of God. 193. God Unchangeable, . 194. God Alniiglity. 195. God Every where /Present. 196. God All-Wise add Good. 197. God Perfect. 198. God Just and Merciful. J 99. God a Spirit. 200. God to be Uououred. i: S jilf a r. ^ ^ z: ;fj ^J ^1: - -g.ff^ ^ •t s i mm ^c^s 2 gi i' 111 ^, ± i^ci^ ^ ^' 5 5 ;h^-^" 1^ ^ .*. ^ afe i iR T «^ S s ^ m^± !5 ^=w Wc^ 1 g ^ i-s-l l-tU ■ZEi H f* ± ^7< tToKi S ^' M '^ HP. 1-1 1=^1 ;^ lie i-s-i #? Lesaon 140. Water. 141. Fire. 142. "Ventilation. 143. Bonds and Railways. XVIII. or GOVEKNMEKT. 144. The British Nation. 145. Evil-doers. 146. Trial by Jury. 147. War. 148. The Land and Naral Forces. 149. Money. 150. Property. 151. Taxes. XIX. OF OTHER NATIONS BESIDES BRITAIN. 152. Europe and Asia. 153. Africa, America, anjj Oceania. 154. Savage Nations. Lesson 155. Barbarous Nations. 156. Half-civilized Nations. 157. Civilized Nations. XX. or TRADE AND COMMEECE. 158. Commerce. 159. Exports and Imports. 160. Ships. 161. Machinery. 162. Language. 163. History. 164. Newspapers and Books. 165. Self-Improvement. XXI.. OF MATTER, UtOTION, &C. 166. Divisibility of Matter, 167. Indestructibility of Matter. 168. Attraction. 169. Peculiar Properties of Matter. 170. Motion. )>^n^An ^M wmn m.^M ^^ m^m.P r.si^ A i^.ic„ a^S pHHo i-rari :iZEli ■'Si MMm ^M m #.H m ^ij _ „ :^ ^ ^ s ^ >ffc B ?in nM m f^ Moll MM g! S nm ^h S H :^ s # gl ^m ^ ^ If i mm m m.n ;t.ffiiI'oWS ^Zm M m i^oiS ffij 1^ 55 3 ^ P ± MM mMm H, & US A Lesson 108. Materials of little Value, 109. Nothing is Useless. XIV. TUP AIR AND THE HEAVENS. 110. The Earth and the Universe. 111. The I'oles. 112. Motions of the Earth. 113. Equinoxes and Solstices. 114. The Moon. 115. The Atmosphere. 116. Meteors. XV. OF t:me. 117. Divisions of the Dny. 118. Months and Decades. 119. Months and Seasons. 120. Cycles and Centuries; _^ XVI. OP CLIMATES, ETC. 121. Tlie Cardinal Points. 122. The Equator and the Zones. Lesaon 123. The Torrid Zone. 124. The Frigid Zones. 125. The Temperate Zones. 126. Inhabitants of the Zones. 127. Climates. 128. Productions of Climates. Cont. 129. Productions of Climates. Cont. 130. Productions of Climates. Cont. 131. Productions of Climates. Cont. 132. Productions of Climates. Cont. XVII. OF SOCIAL LIFE. 133. Domestic Belations. 134. Trade and Agriculture. 135. Tradesmen, Mechanics, &c. 136. Divers Employments. 137. Professions. 138. Buildings of a Town. 189. Gas. «i -r '=*= - -' it ± S ^ + H -t ^ @=+ LBJ M j^ ^p 1^1 3^ P # ■ ttr rrn ' o I ^ H ^ i^ pBHo Jl ^ol^ S 1.^ ±i.«.*a @ *«* Si g rag*, ffl ^.^« ^ g.^! . IS' iS! ^,#^ i-isri Kl'^ ;^^ l^u) LeSHnn 75. Cliilnges of Insects. 76. Uses of Insects. 77. Worms and Shells. 78. Uses of Worms. XI. or PLAKTS._ 79. Kinds of Plants. 80. Trees and Shrubs. 81. Forest Trees. 82. The Corn Plnnts. 88. Garden Produce. 84. Medicinal Plants. 85. Garden Flowers. 86. Ferns. Mosses, Fungi. 87. Uses of plnnts. 88. Uses of plants. Cont. 89. Varieties in Plants. 90. Growth of Plants. XII. OP THE EARTH. LcMon 91. Divisions of Land. 92. Tracts of Land. 93. Collections of Water. 94. Changes in Water. 95. Substance of the Earth. 96. Eartlis and Salts. 97. Metals. 98. Conibustilile Minerals. 99. Uses of Metals. 100. Precious Stones. XIH. or SVBSTANCES. 101. The three Classes of Objects. 102. Animal Substances. Imports. 103. Vegetable Substances. Imp. 104. Besins and Gums. Imp. 105. Roots and Oils. Imp. 106. Mineral Productions. 107. Waste Materials. ;^ 'li ^ mm ic M.J ^.m mM a t^ A « M * mM 2 ^ i ¥ *j ^ s ^ fc fi m.z iifa f ^ ^-m MM. lA' l4] m m ^^M $i ^=^ ^"^ ^ _■ _.- I ■ rill. 1 l-fc-^ .B.-^ I — ^ — 1 ^1.-^ mm mm i-?^i slBAig^i^i i gBui I O I s\ 3^0^ ^ _ „-, P ^ M.^ ± ^ ,^ :^ in i5^ ^ A '^ "i" ^ a IS :^ ^ ^ >k «■ li ^^ rr A » H Sf ja ^ tK ;^^ A >i^ ^ ^n ol:^SJ U»on Utson 36. Trades empleyed in Building. 56. Labouring Animals. ^i 37. Furniture Makers. 57. Uses of Animals for Food. 38. Tlie Contractor. ^ 58. Uses of Animals for Food. Cont. 59. Uses of Animals for Clothing. ; VI. OE EDUCATION, ETC. 60. Sundry Uses of Animals. 39. School. Vn. OF BIRDS. 40. Learning. 41. Plays of Boys. 42. Plays of Girls. 61. Birds. 62. Kinds of Birds. 63. Peculiarities of Birds, j VII. THE MAMMALIA. 64. Peculiiiritiee of Birds. Cont. 43. Kinds of Animals. 44. Tlie Mammalia. 45. Domestic Quadrupeds. 46. Beasts of Prey. 47. Wild Animals. 65. Plumage of Birds, 66. Nests of Birds. 67. Voices of Birds. 68. Migrations of Birds. 69. Uses of Birds, 48. Wild Animals. Cont. -IX. OF REPTILES AND FISHES. 49. Clothing of Animals. 70. Reptiles. 50. Peculiarities of Anifflals. 71. Peculiarities of Reptiles. 51. Actions & Noises of Animals. 72. Fishes, 52. Motions of Animals. 73. Uses pf Fishes for Food. 53. Haunts of Animals. 54. Habits of Animals. X. OF INSECTS AND WORMS. 55. Social Habits of Animals. 74. Insects. mn}->%^f^Am^.'mm^^^Mi'k i:fi T MM A ^.^m mmm-t m.^ ^. ft^.> x i^M m ^ pt ^ mM ^# .% ^m^n m ns %'^ ^^ n. ife i^l^^Amsiig f^„ ^M. B* ^ %^.%'^X f %M g^o % « m^mwmmzm%m m aIo ^M.immM.:nw.z^ ^ ^s EJiii^mssjommc^^- % n ^^mMmmmmmm m \ zMMmM^m^mm. % i ^ y^m^ nxm^MM "^ SUBJECTS OF THE LESSONS. j 1. njTKODCCTOKY. iLcsson Lesson 18, Kifchen Vegetables. 1. Objects. 19. The Grain Plants. 2. Creatures and Beings. 20. Fruits. 3. Human Beings. 21. Condiments. 22. Food. II. THE BODY AND ITS PARTS. 23. Drink. 4. The Head. 24. The Farmer. 5. TlieFace. 25. The Farmer. Cont. 6. Tlie Trunk. 26. Purveyors. 7. 'i'lie Upper Limbs. 27. Purveyors. Cont. 8. The Lower Limbs. IV. 0IA.^LoiHINO. 9. The Joints. 10. The Bones, Muscles, &o. 28. Dress of Men. 11. The Heart, Lunps, &(;. 12. Sustenance and Rest. 29. Dress of Woiiiwa. 30. Materials of Dress. 13. Internal Actions of the Body. 31. Makers of Dress. 14. Outward Actions of the Body. 32. Cleanliness. 15. The Stages o£Life. V. OF HABIXAHOKS, ETC, III. OF FOOD. 33. Dwellings. I 16. Animal Food. 34. Building Materials, 17. Animal Food. Continued. 35. Occupatioms of Men. An mM in m^^Mmm ^m z n .z^^ mm ^m-\tMm m- ^ m.^ m.'k ^M mm ^ r- M.m m.^ m.M ^M m ^^MK^f^.%^ A- m '.m^jxmm^Mm^^ .t.^ ti m.^\M m %^oM f^o M M:MM g 'N* i^cB Q m ^S^E ^.Sg}?otlffoffl AHR^ zm^WM. mzm m'wm. M.m. nmmM. -^f^M 5^#oA z E.i„ a 4^m^ M,§A i^. St ^ ^o:^c^o ^iCl^#, ^ #'%. A mmm ^m^ ^ mm. «^ m^M ^h#c± m PREFACE. The following paragraphs from the Preface to the English work, which is here reprinted along with a Chinese translation of it, will suiEciently explain its nature and object. " The object of the present work is to supply a series of elementary lessons suitable both for school and for lionie instruction. A niore comprehensive and ' systematic arrangement of subjects has been attempted than any at present existing in the English Language, and a method of graduating tlie lessons has been adopted which accommodates the series to children of ditferent degrees of advancement. ' For the junior pupils a mere outline of simple facts is drawn np in short! sentences, the lessons of this series abounding in nouns. For pupils a little ' more advanced, additional information is embodied in lessons of longer -sen ten- , ees. For pupils of a higher order still, the lessons are amplified, and call for 1 a greater exertion of the reasoning powers. . | The first series of lessons, printed in bold type, each of- which, including the , observation of the teacher, will occupy an hour, is intended for children of five i or six years old. 'I'he second series is adapted to pupils a year older. And ' for cl-.ildren still furtlier advanced a third series is prepared, each lesson of i which, though double tlie length of the second, will not engage the senior pupils I a longer time than the younger ones will have to devote to their lesson. The ' advantages resulting from such a progressive course of lessons are obvious. The mind of the teaclier is employed on one subject only for as many classes as are thus occupied ; and the illustrations requisite for one class will be suitable to all." All who have been engaged in teaching Chinese youth, especially where the English language and the ordinary branches of an Englisli education have been included in the scheme of instruction, have continually felt the want of school j books,, adapted for the peculiar sphere of their labours. The translation of Mr. Baker's lessons was undertaken to supply this want, the author having found ; them better suited for the purpose tlian any others he had met with. The second and third gradations will (I). V.) be similarly published. Alterations and additions have heeil made in some of the lessons, which the circumstances of Chinese lads seemed to require, but not to any great extent. f J. L. Hong-Kong, 1st December 1856. i In this, Second Edition the Chinese has been revised ;' and a few alterations have been made besides in both Texts. i I J. L. 31st December, 1864. GRADUATED READING; COMPRISING A CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE, m ^200 LESSONS. GRADATION 1. SECOND EDITION. IMPROVED. m ^ m t % HONGKONG: ^ PRINTED AT THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY'S PRESS. 1864. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE WASON CHINESE COLLECTION