CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library QL 71 .U6A2 Classification of the collection to illu 3 1924 024 565 719 Cornell University Library *i? The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024565719 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. BOAKD ON BEHALF OF UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. CLASSIFICATION COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE ANIMAL RESOURCES of the UNITED STATES. A LIST OF SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, WITH SYNOPSIS OF THE USEFUL AND INJURIOUS ANIMALS AND A CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHODS OF CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION. By G. BROWN GOODE, M. A., ASSISTANT CUKATOK U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 187C. C.,1^7 ADVEETISEMENT. This work is the sixth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, February, 1876. PREFACE. The following classification has been prepared by Sir. Goode to facili- tate the work of collecting and arranging the material gathered by the National Museum to illustrate the resources of the United States as derived from the animal kingdom, in the International Exhibition of 187G. It is also intended to indicate the general character of the articles which are to be included in this branch of the exhibition. Contributions of specimens of the different classes enumerated are much desired, for the purpose of making the proposed display complete, and should be addressed to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. 0. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introductory rem arks 2 Section A.— ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS BENEFICIAL OE INJURIOUS TO MAN. I. Mammals 5 1. Ferae, (carnivores) 5 Fissipedia, (land carnivores) 6 Pinnipedia, (seals, &c.) , 6 2. Ungnlata, (hoofed animals) 6 3. Proboscidea, (elephants, &c.) 7 4. Sirenia, (sea-cows, &c.) 7 5. Cete, (whales) 7 Denticete, (sperm whales and dolphins) 7 Mysticete, (baleen whales) 7 6. Chiroptera, (bats) 7 7. Insectivora, (moles, &c.) 1 8 8. Glires, (gnawers) 8 9. Bruta, (edentates) ' 8 10. Marsupialia, (niarsupiates) 8 II. Birds 9 11. Passeres, (passerines) 9 12. Picarise, (woodpeckers) 9 13. Cuculi, (cuckoos) 9 14. Psittaci, (parrots) 9 15. Raptores, (birds of prey) 9 16. Columbse, (pigeons) 10 17. Galling, (gallinaceous birds, in part) 10 18. Limicolaj, (plovers) .*. 10 19. Herodiones, (herons) 10 20. Alectorides, (cranes) '. .. II 21. Lamellirostres, (flamingoes and anserine birds) 11 22. Steganopodes, (cormorants) 11 23. Longipennes, (gulls) 11 24. Pygopodes, (grebes and auks) 11 25. Sphenisci, (penguins) 11 III. Reptiles 12 26. Crocodiha, (crocodiles) 12 VII VIII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. Page. III. Reptiles — Continued. 27. Testudinata, (tortoises) 13 28. Lacertilia, (lizards) 12 29. Ophidia, (serpents) 12 IV. Amphibians. 12 HO. Anura, (frogs) 12 31. Urodela, (salamanders) 13 32. Proteida, (ineuobrauchus, &c. ) 12 33. Trachystoruafca, (sirens) 13 ' V. Fishes • 13 34. Pediculati, (anglers) --. 13 35. Plectognathi, (globe, trunk, and file fishes) 13 36. Lophobranckii, (pipe-fishes, &c.) 13 37. Hemibranehii, (sticklebacks, &c.) 13 38. Teleocephali ---- 13 Heteroeomata, (flat fishes) 13 Auacanthiui, (cods, &c.) 14 Acanthopteri, (spiny-finned fishes) 14 Pereesoces, (mullets, &c.) 15 Synentognathi, (gar-fishes and flying-fishes) 15 Haplomi, (pikes, &c.) 15 Isospondyli, (salmon, herring, &c.) 15 Eventognathi, (carps) 15 39. Nematognathi, (cat-fishes) 16 40. Apodes, (eels) 16 41. Cycloganoidei, (ainias) 16 4 - 2. Rhomboganoidei, (gar-pikes) 16 43. Solachostomi, (paddle-fish) ]6 44. Chondrostei, (sturgeons) 16 VI. El.ASMOBRANCHIATES 1G 45. Holocephali, (chimajras) 16 46. Raias, (skates and rays) 16 47. Squali, (sharks) i 16 VII. Marsipobranchiates 17 48. Hyperoartia, (lampreys)..-. 17 49. Hyperotreti, (hags) 17 VIII. Leptocaudians 17 50. Cirrostoiui, (lancelets) 17 IX. Insects. 17 51. Insecta, (insects) yj 52. Myriapoda, (centipedes, &c.) 17 X. AUACHNEANS j- 53. Arachnids, (spiders) j7 XI. Arthropods . 18 54. Crustacea, (crabs, &c.) „•„. y^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Page. XII. Worms 18 55. Annelida, (annelids) 18 56. Scolecida, (spoon-worms, &c.) 1* XIII. Mollusks I 9 57. Cephalopoda, (cephalopoda;' 19 58. Gastropoda, (sea and landenails) 19 59. Conchifera, (ordinary bivalve uiollusks) 19 XIV. Radiates....: - 19 60. Echinodermata, (echinoderms) 19 61. Cceleuterata, (acalephs and polyps) ■ 20 XV. Protozoans 20 62. Rhizopoda, (sponges and foraminifera) 20 Section B.— MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. \ Apparatus of direct ax>plication. I. Hand-implements, (simple tools) 21 * For striking. 1. Clubs 21 2. Slung weights 21 ** For cutting. 3. Knives 22 4. Axes 22 *** For thrusting. 5. Spears and. prods 22 II. Implements for seizure of object 22 * Scooping-instruments. 6. Scoops 23 ** Grasping-fioolcs. 7. Hooked implements, (used with single motion, that of hooking) 23 8. Barbed implements, (used with two motions, tho first that of thrusting). 24 9. Tongs, &c 25 * * * ' Grasping-lines. 10. Nooses, (lariats and snares) 25 11. Loaded lines,(bolas) i 25 #»»» Entangliwg-lines. 12. Tangles 25 ^Apparatus of indirect application. III. Missiles 25 * Simple missiles, (those propelled by the unaided arm.) 13. Hurled weights 26 14. Hurled sticks 26 15. Hurled spears, lances 26 X ANIMAL KESOUECES OF THE UNITED STATES. ** Centrifugal missiles, {propelling power augmented by artificial lengtliening of the arm.) Page. III. Missu.es— Continued. 16. Slings, and spears thrown by straps 26 17. Missiles thrown by " throwing-sticks" 26. ### Missiles propelled by a spring. t Spring consisting of bent rod. 18. Bows and arrows 26 U Spring consisting of elastic cord. 19. India-rubber slings 27 Jtt Spring consisting of metallic helix. 20. Spring guns 27 »*** Missiles propelled by compressed air or water. 21. Air-guns 27 22. Water-guns 27 ***** Missiles propelled by combustion of gunpowder. 23. Fire-arms 27 24. (Accessory.) Ammunition and its preparation 28 20. (Accessory.) Accessories of loading, repairing, and testing fire-arms 29 26. (Accessory.) Accessories of carrying fire-arms. (Accoutrements) CO IV Baited hooks — Angling-tackle 31 27. Hooks with movable lines.— Hand-tackle 31 28. Hooks with stationary lines. — Set-tackle 31 29. (Accessory.) Parts and accessories to angling-apparatus 32 ttt Apparatus to a greater or less extent automatic. V. Nets : 35 30. Entangling (ineshiDg) nets 35 31. Encircling nets ^ 35 ttti Apparatus entirely automatic. VI. Trai>s J 37 32. Pen-traps 37 33. Clutching-traps 3y 34. Fall-traps .' 39 35. Missile-traps 39 36. Adhesive preparations 39 VII. Apparatus for wholesale destruction 39 37. Poisons . 39 38. Asphyxiating apparatus 39 39. Torpedoes 39 ttttt Accessories to the chase and fishing. VIII. Hunting-animals 39 40. Hunting-mammals 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page. VIII. Hunting- animals — Continued. 41. Accessories to hunting-mammals 41 42. Hunting-birds 41 43. Accessories to hunting-birds 41 44. Hunting-fishes 41 IX. Decoys and disguises 41 45. Baits 41 46. Decoys '. 42 47. Covers 42 X. PURSUIT — ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCES 42 48. Methods of transportation 42 49. Camp-outfit 44 50. Personal equipments -45 Section C— METHODS OF PREPARATION. I. Preparation and preservation of foods 47 1. Preservation of the living animals, (see E, 3) 47 2. Preservation of fresh meats 47 3. Drying 47 4. Canning and pickling 48 5. Preparation of baits 48 H. Manufacture of textile fabrics, felts, and stuffings 48 6. From hair of mammals .' 48 7. From whalebone 49 8. From feathers 49 9. From silk of insects 49 10. From soft parts of other invertebrates 49 III. Preparation of the skin and its appendages * 49 11. Currying 49 12. Tanning 50 13. Fur-dressing , 50 14. Feather-dressing 50 15. Manufacture of quill articles 51 16. Hair and wool work 51 IV. Preparation of the hard tissues 51 17. Ivory cutting and carving 51 18. Preparation of horn and hoofs 51 19. Preparation of whalebone 51 20. Preparation of tortoise-shell 51 21. Preparation of fish-scale work, &c 52 22. Preparation of nacre 52 23. Preparation of coral 52 24. Preparation of other hard tissues 52 •V. Preparation of oils and gelatines 52 25. Extraction of whale-oils 52 26. Extraction of other mammal oils 52 XII ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. Page. V. Preparation of oils and gelatines — Continued. 27. Extraction of bird and reptile oils 53 28. Extraction offish-oils 52 29. Extraction of glne, gelatine, and isinglass 02 VI. Preparation op drugs, perfumes, and chemical products 03 30. Preparation of perfumes 03 31. Manufacture of ivory-black 03 32. Manufacture of prussiates 53 33. ' Manufacture of murexides 03 34. Manufacture of cochineal colors 03 30. Manufacture of inks 03 30. Manufacture of albumen 03 37. Manufacture of pepsin 53 38. Manufacture of phosphorus 53 39. Manufacture of sal ammoniac 03 40. Manufacture of ammonia 03 41. Manufacture of albumen preparations 03 42. Manufacture of propylamine 03 43. Manufacture of formic acid 53 44. Manufacture of carbazotates 53 VII. Preparation of fertilizers 03 40. Preparation of fertilizers 03 VIII. Preparation of limes 03 46. Burning of lime 03 IX. Preservation of the animal for scientific uses 53 47. Preservation of wet preparations 53 48. Skeleton-making 54 49. Modeling 54 50. Taxidermy 55 51. (Accessory.) Photographic and other delineating apparatus 55 Section D.— ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. I. Foods 56 1. Foods in a fresh condition 56 2. Foods dried and smoked 65 3. Foods salted, canned, and piokled 66 4. Gelatines, (see 24) (!8 5. Baits and foods for animals 68 II. Clothing 68 6. Furs 68 7. Leathers, (see 20) 73 8. Textile fabrics 73 III. Materials employed in the arts and manufactures 75 *Hard materials. 9. Ivory and bone 75 10. Horn 77 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII Page. III. Materials employed in the akts and manufactures— Continued. 11. Hoofs and claws 78 12. Baleen 78 13. Tortoise-shell 78 14. Scales 79 15. Pearl 71) 16. Shells 80 17. Coral 81 18. Infusorial earth 82 19. Other materials derived from invertebrates 82 **Flexible materials. 20. Leather 82 21. Hair and wool, (see also 8) 85 22. Quills 86 23. Feathers 87 24. Gelatine and isinglass 88 25. Flexible materials from insects and inollusks 89 26. Sponges : 89 ***Fluid8-and soft materials. 27. Oils and fats 90 28. Perfumes 92 29. Coloring materials 92 30. Chemical products and agents employed in the arts and medicine 93 31. Fertilizers 96 32. Limes, (see under 30) 96 33. Other materials 96 Section E.— PROTECTION AND CULTURE OF USEFUL ANIMALS. I. Investigation 97 1. The methods of the Un i ted S tates Fish Commission 97 II. Protection 97 2. Preservation of game and fish 97 3. Care of animals in captivity 98 4. (Accessory.) Enemies of useful animals 98 III. Propagation 98 5. Propagation of mammals 98 6. Propagation of birds 99 7. Propagation of reptiles 99 8. Propagation of amphibians 99 9. Propagation of fishes 99 10. Propagation of insects 101 11. Propagation of leeches 101 12. Propagation of mollusks 101 13. Propagation of corals 101 14. Propagation of sponges 101 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 103. INTRODUCTION. The system proposed in the following lists has been hurriedly pre- pared, and is necessarily very incomplete ; it is intended merely as a provisional classification, to be used in collecting the materials for the exhibition, and in their preliminary arrangement. The first group, Section A, is -an index to the whole series ; it will include all North American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to man. Although every species, down to the very least, ex- ercises some influence upon human well-being, it seems scarcely practi- cable to attempt the exhibition of those which affect it only indirectly. Those species are considered useful which supply food, clothing, shelter, implements, materials, and amusement,; those injurious which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals and plants which are of direct benefit to him. In the enumeration of animals, the names of the orders are given, followed in parenthesis by the best- known names of the more important species included, and a brief note on their principal uses. This enumeration, being simply of convenience, makes no claim to zoological precision. Section B embraces all instruments and methods employed by the hunters, trappers, and fishermen of North America, aboriginal and civilized. Not only those which are directly employed in destruction or capture are included, but the means made use of in pursuing or attracting the animals and fishes, and the personal equipment of the pursuer. The collection will be a monograph of all matters relating to the chase and the fisheries of the country. In preparing the classifica- tion here submitted, the principles of zoological classification have been followed as closely as possible ; each distinct form has been considered a species ; and the specific forms have been grouped into genera, families, and orders according to the general balance of their affinities. Form and manner of use have not been without weight, but superficial resem- blance has been set aside, and the idea given the first importance. Thus, barbed spears and harpoons have been placed with the " hooked instruments," while plain spears and lances are grouped with the knives and clubs. In studying the place of the fire-arms and bows and arrows, the missile itself has been regarded as more important than the & INTRODUCTION. machine which propels it, and the latter is placed in a subordinate relation. In one group, that of nets, convenience in arrangement of the speci- mens seems to demand that material, a character of small importance, shall be made prominent. Two widely diverging groups of apparatus are associated under the head of nets, viz, encircling-nets, the true rela- tions of which are with graspiDg and scooping instruments, and entang- ling nets which belong with the traps, where a third group of nets, the pound and weir nets are actually classed. Where the exigencies of administration of the specimens demand that they should be arranged otherwise than in their exact systematic position, full cross-references are given. The simplest implements have always been placed first, the series advancing in the order of complication of structure. Thus we have in the beginning the apparatus of direct application, or tools, including, first, those implements which are used in the hand, and which increase its power in a simple way, such as clubs and slung-shot, which merely add to the weight of the fist, followed by the knives, axes, and spears, which in their simplest and primitive form were sharpened stones and pointed sticks. Second, are the grasping-implements, or those by which the power of the fingers is extended. In this series the same principle of progress from simple to complex is followed ; in the scoop we have the idea of the hollow palm of the hand developed in various forms, while the grasping-hooks and grasping-lines are the artificial extensions of the human finger. Under hooked instruments,. the simple hooks, or those which are attached to the object by a single motion, a pulling one, are placed first, followed by the barbed implements, in which the attach- ment is made by a thrusting, succeeded by a pulling motion, and then by the tongs and forceps, which are essentially double hooks. The suc- ceeding division is that containing the lasso and bolas, which are worked at long distances and require great skdl, succeeded by the tangles, which are, in principle, assemblages of lassos, entangling objects among their fiber nooses. In the third division, that of missiles, the same principle of succession is adhered to. First are placed those missiles which are propelled bv the ' unaided arm ; then those in using which the arm is artificially length-' ened, as with the sling, string, or darting stick; then those in which the, propelling power is derived from the elasticity of rods and cords, the strength of the arm having become subsidiary ; closing with those in. INTRODUCTION. 6 the use of which the strength of the arm is of no essential value, and the propelling power originates in chemical combustion. Accessory to these are groups containing those articles used in the manufacture, testing, loading, and transportation of these missiles, and the machines which drive them through the air. In a fourth division is the apparatus of angling, which is separated from hooked implements with which the form of the articles would natu- rally place them, since they are not implements of grasping, but partake of the nature of traps, being in part automatic. The group of nets is a heterogeneous one, as has been stated above, consisting of two divisions, the first that of eutangling-nets, belong- ing properly with traps, while encircling-nets are iu idea instruments for grasping. In arranging traps a logical succession has been preserved as far as possible. Those traps are considered the most simple in which the animal is penned by its own act, without any change in the arrange- ■ inent of the trap. The pit- falls or " tipes" are first, followed by the mazes or labyrinths of greater or less complexity. Then come the traps in which the entrance is closed, either by the falling of a door or by the falling of a box-like trap, as a whole, so as to surround the animal. Under clutching-traps are placed those which seize the animal, as iu the fingers, while crushing-traps are those which seize or impale it bodily. Adhesive preparations, such as bird-lime, close the series. The accessory divisions, including hunting-animals', decoys, and dis- guises, and the methods and appliances of pursuit, do not admit any thorough classification, and are arranged with reference to convenience of exhibition. Section O includes all methods of utilizing animals' products. It might be more satisfactorily arranged with the following section, were it not for the inconvenience of exhibiting models and tools in the same cases with the manufactured products ; the arrangement of the two sec- tions is nearly the same. Iu Section D are grouped all useful substances derived from the animal kingdom. In order to avoid the omission of any products which are or may be obtained from North American animals, this enumeration has been made general, those not American being included in parentheses. This enumeration is far from complete, and is intended simply as an aid to future study in the same direction. Section E includes all articles illustrating the culture and protection of useful animals. SECTION A.. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS BENEFICIAL OR INJURIOUS TO MAN, (WITH A SYNOPSIS OP THEIE USEFUL APPLICATIONS.) I. MAMMALS. L. FERAE : Fissipedia. (Cats, pumas, jaguars, ocelots, lynxes, wolves and dogs, foxes, fishers, martens, minks, weasels, wolverenes, badgers, skunks, otters, sea-otters, •bears, raccoons, and the domesticated cat, dog, and ferret.) Useful products : Pood, (bears, raccoon, &c.) D. 1. Pur, (all the group.) D. 6. Leather, (dog, cat.) D. 20. Textile fabrics, felt, (raccoon.) D. 8. Ivory, teeth, (bear, fox, &c.) D. 9. Claws used by Indians, (bears, puma.) D. 11. Hair, for brushes, (badger, dog, weasel, skunk, bear.) D. 21. Oil, (bears.) D. 27. " Perfumes, (civet, &c.) D. 28. Medicinal products, (skunk.) D. 3Q. Chemical agent, album grcecum, (dog.) D. 30. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication, (wolves (Indian dog,) foxes, otters, bears, raccoon, dog, cat, ferret.) Employed in hunting, (dog, cat, ferret.) B. 40. Employed in fishing, (otter.) B. 40. 6 ANIMAL KESOUKCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. FERAE— Continued. Fissipedia — Continued. Injurious traits: Enemies of man, (cats, wolves, bears.) Enemies of domestic animals. Marauders on crops, (bears, raccoon.) Stench nuisances, (skunks.) . Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, VI, X. Pinnipedia. (Fur-seals, sea-lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-ele phants, walruses.) Useful products : Food of aborigines. D. 1. Fur, (fur-seals, &c.) D. 6. , Leather, &c, parchment from viscera, (sea-lions, hair-seals. • walruses.) D. 20. Oil, (hair-seal, hood-seal, sea-elephant, &c.) D. 27. Ivory, (walrus.) D. 9. Injurious traits : Destroy fish. Modes of capture. B. I, III, Y, X. 2. UNGULATA. (Bison, musk-ox, mountain-goat, mountain-sheep, an- telope, moose, caribou, elk, deer, peccary, and the domesticated ox, goat, sheep, hog, horse, ass, and camel.) Useful products : Food, fresh, smoked, and pickled, (all the group.) D. 1, 2, 3. Fur, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, moose, &c.) D. 6. Leather, (all the group.) D. 20. Textile fabrics and felt, (ox, goat, sheep, camel, musk-ox.) D. 8. Ivory and bone. D. 9. Horn, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, elk, &c.) D. 10. Hoof, (bison, musk-ox, goat, sheep, deer, horse, &c.) D. 11. Hair., bristles, and wool, (bison, ox, goat, sheep, deer, hog, camel.) D. 21. Gelatine and glue. D. 4, 24. Oil and fat. D. 27. Perfumes, (musk-ox, musk-deer.) D. 28. Coloring materials from blood and bile. D. 29. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 7 2'. UNGULATA— Continued. Useful products : Chemical products. D. 30. Fertilizers. D. 31. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication. Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, VI, IX. 3. PEOBOSCIDEA. (Elephants.*) Useful products : Ivory. D. 9. 4. SIBERIA. (Manatee, or sea-cow.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Leather. D. 7, 20. Oil. D. 27. 5. CETE. (Whales.) Denticetb. (Beluga, narwhal, porpoise, black-fish, killer, gram- pus, sperm-whale.) Useful products : Food, Indian, (sperm-whale, porpoise.) D. 1 . Oils, (all the group.) D. 27. Spermaceti, (sperm-whale,) Leather, (porpoise, beluga.) D. 7, 20. Bone and ivory, (narwhal, sperm-whale.) D. 9. Perfume, ambergris, (sperm-wbale.) Injurious traits : Destroy fish and seals. Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, X. Mysticete. (Eight, or whale-bone whales.) Useful products : Food, (right-whale.) D. 1. Baleen. D. 12. Oil, (right-whale, &c.) D. 27 6. CHIROPTEEA. (Bats.) Useful products : Food, Indians. D. 1. Felting material. D. 8. Guano. D. 31. Useful traits : Destroy troublesome insects. Injurious traits : Disseminate troublesome insects. * Ehphaa primigenius, found fossil in North America. -8 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. INSECTIVORA. (Moles and shrews.) Useful products : Fur, (moles.) D. 6. Pelting material, (moles.) D. 8. Useful traits : Destroy burrowing insects, &c. Injurious traits : Burrowers. Modes of capture. B. VI. 8. GLIRBS. (Squirrels, prairie-dogs, showtl, marmots, musquash, bea- ver, rats, mice, lemmings, porcupines, rabbits, and the domesticated rabbit, and Guinea-pig.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Fur, (squirrels, showtl, marmots, musquash, beaver, lem- mings, rabbit, &c.) D. 6. Textile fabric, felt, (musquash, beaver, rabbit.) D. 8. Ivory, (beaver.) D. 9. Leather, (rat, beaver.) D. 7, 20. Hair and down, (rabbits.) D. 21. Quills, (porcupine.) D. 21. Perfume, castoreum, (beaver.) D. 28. Useful traits: Susceptible of domestication, (squirrels, rab- bits, &c.) Injurious traits: Marauders. Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX. 9. BRUTA. (Armadillo, &c.) Useful products : Shell used by Indians in various manufac- tures. D. 14. Injurious traits: Burrower. Marauder. 10. MARSUPIALIA. (Opossum.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Hair used in felting. D. 8. Injurious traits: Marauder. Modes of capture. B. I, II, III, VI, VIII ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS II. BIRDS. 11. PASSBEBS. (Thrushes, stone-chats and blue-birds, dippers, king- .lets, titmice, nuthatches, creepers, wrens, larks, wagtails, warblers, tanagers, swallows, waxwings, greenlets, shrikes, finches, starlings, black-birds and orioles, crows and jays, fly-catchers, and do- mesticated sparrow, canary, &c.) Useful products : • Foods, (thrushes, rice-birds, &c.) D. 1. Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Destroy insects. Song-birds, (generally susceptible of domestication.) 12-13. PICAELE ANDCUCULI. (Night-hawks, whippoorwills, swifts, humming-birds, trogons, saw-bills, kingfishers, cuckoos, woodpeck- ers.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers, (humming-birds, tro gons.) D. 23. Useful traits : Destroy noxious insects, (night-hawks, swifts.) Destroy tree-borers, (woodpeckers.) Injurious traits : Destroy fish, (kingfishers.) Destroy birds'-eggs, (cuckoos.) Destroy fruit, (woodpeckers.) Destroy trees, (sap-sucker.) 14. PSITTAGI. (Parroquet and domesticated parrots.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication. 15. EAPTOEES. (Owls, hawks, eagles, vultures, buzzards.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Quills. D. 22. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication and use in hunting. 1 1 Nine species of falcons, hawks, and owls have been employed in the chase by Europeans. 10 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 15. RAPTORES— Continued. Useful traits : Scavengers, (vultures, buzzards.) Destroy vermin, (owls, hawks.) Injurious traits : Destroy domestic animals, eggs, &c. 16. OOLUMB^). (Pigeons and doves.) Useful products : Food. Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Game-birds. Susceptible of domestication. Used as targets, (wild pigeon.) B. 25. Used as carriers, (carrier-pigeoD.) 17. GALLIN2E. (Turkey, grouse, partridge, sage-cock, ptarmigan quail, and the domesticated peacock, guinea-fowl, and fowl.) •Useful products : Poods, flesh. D. 1. Ornamental feathers. D. L3. Quills. D. 22. Albumen. D. 30. Useful traits : Game-birds. Susceptible of domesticatiou. 18. LIMICOL^E. (Plover, ring-neck, surf-bird, oyster-catcher, turnstone avoset, stilt, phalarope, woodcock, snipe, sandpiper dunlin, godwit, sanderling, willet, tattler, yellow shanks, green-shanks, curlew, j Useful products : Food : Flesh. D. 1. Eggs. D. 1. Feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Game-birds. 19. HBRODIONBS. (Ibises, spoonbills, herons, egrets, bitterns.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Destroy vermin. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 11 20. ALECTORIUES. (Cranes, rails, crakes, gallinules, coots.) Useful products : Food, (rails, crakes.) D. 1. Feathers. D. 23. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication, (cranes.) 21. LAMELLIROSTRES. (Flamingoes, swans, geese, ducks.) Useful products : Food : Flesh, (geese, ducks.) D. 1. Eggs, (geese, ducks.) Ornamental feathers, (flamingo, geese, &c.) D. 23. Down, (geese, ducks.) D. 23. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication, (geese, ducks.) Used as decoys for other swimmers, (brants, ducks.) 22. STEGANOPODES. (Gannets, pelicans, cormorants, darters or water-turkeys, frigate birds, tropic birds.) Useful products : Ornamental feathers, (darters, tropic birds.) D. 23. Leather, (of feet.) D. 20. Useful traits : Susceptible of domestication. 1 23. LONGIPENKES. (Gulls, terus, skimmers, petrels, albatrosses shearwaters.) Useful products : Food, eggs. D. 1. Ornamental feathers, (gulls, terns, &c.) D. 23. Oil, (petrels, &c, used by Eskimos.) D. 27. 24. PTGOPODES. (Loons, grebes, auks, puffins, guillemot, murres.) Useful products : Foods, (eggs.) D. 1. Ornamental feathers, (grebes.) D. 23. Feathers used as furs, (grebes, auks, &c.) D. 8. 25. SPHENISCI. (Penguins.) Useful products: Feathers used as fur. D. 6. Oil. D. 27. 1 Graoulus carbo used in Europe for fishing and a similar species in China. 12 ANIMAL RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES. III. REPTILES. 26. CROCODILIA. (Alligator, crocodile.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Ivory. D. 8. Leather. D. 20. Oil. D. 27. Musk. D. 28. Injurious traits : Enemies of man and domestic animals. 27. TESTUDINATA. (Tortoises, terrapin, leather-back, green, logger- head, and hawks-bill turtles.) Useful products : Food : Flesh, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) D. 1. Eggs, (green turtle, terrapin, gopher tortoise.) Oil from eggs, (green turtle.) D. 27. Shell, (turtles.) D. 13. Perfume. D. 28. Methods of capture and transportation. E. 3. 28. jjACBRTILIA. (Lizards, skinks, horned-toads, chameleons, scor- pions, joint-snakes, &c.) Useful products : Food of Indians. D. 1. Medicinal product : (Skink.) D. 30. Useful traits : Destroy noxious insects. 29. OPHIDIA. (Snakes.) Useful products : Leather, (rattlesnakes, bull snakes.) D. 27. Medicinal products, (rattlesnakes, copperheads.) D. 30. Oil, (rattlesnakes.) D. 27. Useful traits : Destroy vermin. Injurious traits : Enemies of man, (rattlesnakes, copperheads, and moccasius.) IV. AMPHIBIANS. 30. ANURA. (Frogs, toads, hyla, &c.) Useful products : Food, (frogs.) D. 1. Material for physiological instruction, (frogs.) ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 13 30. ANUKA— Continued. Useful products : Weather indicators, (hyla.) Useful traits: Destroy noxious insects, (toads.) 31. UBODELA. (Salamanders, axolotls, and menopomes.) Useful products : Foods, aboriginal, (axolotls.) Useful traits : Aquarium use. Injurious traits : Enemies of young fish. 32. PEOTEIDA. (Biver-dogs, hell-benders.) Injurious traits: Enemies of young fish. 33. TBACHYSTOMATA. (Sirens.) V. FISHES. 34. PEDICULATI. (Sea-bats or devil-fish, goose-fish or angler, mouse-fish, &c.) Useful products: Baits, (goose-fish.) D 1. Injurious traits: Enemies of aquatic birds, (goose-fish.) 35. PLECTOGNATHI. (Sun fish, rabbit-fish, porcupine-fish, swell-fish, box-fish, trunk-fish, cow-fish, file-fish, trigger- fish.) Useful products : Food, (file-fish, trunk-fish.) D. 11. Clothing, (helmets made from porcupine-fish.) D. 20. Oils, used in medicine, (sun-fish.) D. 27. Shagreen, (file-fish, trigger-fish.) D. 30. 36. LOPHOBRANCH1I. (Sea-horse, pipe-fish.) Useful traits : Aquarium use. 37. HEMIBRANCHII. (Snipe-fish, trumpet-fish, stickleback.) Useful traits : Aquarium use, (sticklebacks.) Injurious traits: Destroy eggs of other fishes. 38. TELEOCEPHALI : Heteeosomata, (soles, flounders, flatfish, turbot, halibut.'* Useful products : Foods : Fresh. D. 1. Smoked, (halibut.) D. 2. Pickled, (halibut.) D. 3. Baits, D. 5. 14 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 38,. TELEOCEPHAL1— Continued. Anaoanthini, (cod, pollock, haddock, hake, ling, cask, burbot, rockling, lance.) Useful products : Food: Fresh. D. 1. Salted, wet, (cod,) (cods' sounds, tongues.) D. 3. Salted, dry, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 2. Bait, (lance.) I). 5. Isinglass, (cod, haddock, hake.) D. 24. Leather, (N. W. coast Indians, cod.) D. 27. Oil, (cod, haddock, hake, livers.) D. 30. Acanthopteri, (Wolf-flsh, blenny, oyster-fish, toad-fish, lump fish, sea-snail, goby, sea-robin, gurnard, scul pin, sea-raven, Norway haddock or hetndur gan, .red-fish, rock cod (west coast), black-fish or tautog, cunner or chogset, parrot-fish, vur parous-fish (west coast), surgeon-fish, angel fish, chaetodons, sword-fish, bayonet-fish, scab bard-fish, mackerel, cero, tunny, bonito crevall6, pompano, pilot-fish, dolphin, butter fish, weak-fish, drum, croaker, king-fish whiting, bass?, sheepshead, scup or porgy, grunts or pig-fish, black bass, sunfish, straw berry bass, rock bass, perch, groupers, striped •bass or rock-fish, blue-fish, tailor, cobia, reinora, barracuda.) Useful products : Food : Fresh. D. 1. Salted, wet, (sword-fish, mackerel, tunnies, pompa- noes, blue-fish.) D. 2. Baits. D. 5. Isinglass, (weak-fish, drum, &c.) D. 24. Ornament, scales, (parrot-ush, drum.) D. 14. Injurious traits : Poisonous, (barracuda, dolphin, &c.) Enemies of vessels, (sword-fish, bayonet-fish.) Parasitic on useful fishes, (remora, toad-fish, and sea-snail, (on oysters and pectens,) &c.) Bait-thieves, (sculpins.) ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 16 38. TBLECOPHALI— Continued. Percesoces. (Atherines, mullet.) Useful products : Food : Fresh. D. 1. Salted, smoked, (mullet, mullet-spawn.) D. 2. Salted, wet, (mullet.) D. 3. Bait, (atherines.) D. 5. Scales, (mullet.) D. 14. Synentognathi. (Gar-fish, flying-fish.) Useful products : Food: Fresh. D..1. Salted, smoked, (gar-fish, flying-fish.) 1. Haplomi. (Blind-fish, pike, pickerel, minnows,) Useful products : Food, (pike, pickerel.) D. 1. Bait, (minnows.) D. 5. Injurious traits : Enemies of other fishes and of aquatic birds, (pikes, pick- erels.) Isospondyli. (Oapelin, oulachan, smelt, white-fish, salmon, trout, tarpum, herring, menhaden, shad, alewife or gas- pereau, anchovy, &c.) Dseful products : Food: Fresh. D. 1 Salted, (shad, salmon, white-fish, herring, &c.) D. 2. Smoked, (herring, salmon, &c.) D. 1. Canned, (salmon, menhaden, sardines, &c.) D. 1. Eggs. D. 1. Sauce, (anchovy.) D. 3. Oil,(salmon, oulachan, white-fish, menhaden, herring.) D. 27. Bait, (capelin.) D. 5. Ornamental scales, (tarpum.) D. 14. Guano, (menhaden, herring, &c.) D. 31. Modes of culture. E. 9. Eventognathi. (Suckers, dace, buffalo-fish, carp, tench, &c.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Bait. D. 5. Artificial pearls. D. 29. Modes of culture, (including domesticated species.) E. 9. 16 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 39. NEMATOGNATHT. (Cat-fish, "bull-heads," &o.) Useful products : Food. D. 1. Guano, (cat-fish.) D. 31. 40. APODBS. (Eels, congers.) Useful products : Pood. D. 1. Bait, eel-skins. D. 5. Leather, (eels.) D. 20. 41. CYCLOGANOIDEI. (Mud-fish, or amia.) 42. RHOMBOGA:NOIDEI. (Gar-pikes.) Useful products : Scales, used for arrow- tips. D. 14. Injurious traits : Enemies of other fish. 43. SELACHOSTOMI. (Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill) 44. OHONDEOSTEI. (Sturgeons.)' Useful products : Foods : Fresh. D. I . Smoked. D. 1. Eggs, pickled, (caviare.) D. 3. Chorda-dorsalis. dried, (veziga.) D. 2. Isinglass, (sturgeon.) D. 24. Oil. D. 27, T. Scales. D. 14. Useful traits : Scavengers. Injurious traits : Said to destroy eggs of white-fish. VI. ELASMOBRANCHIATES. 45. HOLOOEPHALI. (Ohimsera, or king of the herrings.) 46. RAL/E. (Skates, rays, "devil-fish.") 47. SQUALL (Sharks.) Useful products : Food, (sharks, skates.) D. 1. Bone, (sharks.) D. 9. Oil, livers, (sharks, rays, &c.) D. 27. Shagreen, (sharks.) D. 20. Injurious traits: Enemies of man and fishes. ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 17 VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES. 48. HYPEROARTIA. (Lam prey- eels, or nine eyes.) 49. HYPEROTRETI. (Suckers, or hags.) Useful products : Pood, (lamprey-eels.) D. 1. Useful traits: Scavengers, (hags.) VIII. LEPTOCARDIANS. 50. OIRROSTOMI. (Amphioxus.) Modes of capture. D. 6. IX. INSECTS. 51. HEXAPODA. (Bees, butterflies, and moths, flies, beetles, bugs and lice, grasshoppers and crickets, dragon-flies and caddice flies.) Useful products : Food of aborigines. Honey, (bees, &c.) D. 1. Wax, (bees, &c.) D. 30. Baits, (flies, bees, dragon flies, beetles and their larvae, grasshoppers, &c.) D. 5, B. 45. Silk, (moths.) D. 8. Coloring material, (cochineal insect, &c.) D. 29. Blistering preparations, (Spanish-flies, &c.) D. 30. Wings used in the arts, (beetles.) D. 19. Useful traits : Puncture trees, producing galls, manna, lac, &c. Injurious traits : Injurious to vegetation, (numerous species.) Internal and external parasites, (flies.) 52. MYEIAPODA. (Centipedes, millipedes.) Useful products : Food of aborigines, (eggs.) D. 1. * Injurious traits : Venomous, (centipedes, millipedes.) X, ARACHNEAflS. 53. AEACHNIDA. (Spiders, scorpions, mites, &c.) Useful products : Fine threads used by opticians, (spiders.) Silk, (spiders.) 18 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 53: ARACHNIDA— Continued. Useful traits : Destroy noxious insects, (spiders.) Injurious traits : Venomous, (scorpions.) Parasites, (mites.) II. ARTHROPODS. 54. CRUSTACEA. (Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, lim- noria, fish-lice, lernaeans, sand and water fleas, barnacles, horseshoe crabs, &c.) . Useful products : Foods, (fresh and canned crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, crawfish, lobsters.) Baits, (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, &c.) Manures, (horseshoe crabs.) Useful traits : Skeleton cleaners, (beach fleas, &c.J Injurious traits : Parasites on fishes and marine mammals, (barnacles, fish- lice, &c.) Destroy earthworks, dams, &c, (crawfish.) Destroy submerged timbers, (limnoria, &c.) Modes of protection against injurious species. B. 4. Methods of capture. D. 7, 31, 32. XII. WORMS. 55. ANNELIDA. (Sipunculoids, leeches, earth-worms, serpulse, sea- worms, &c.) Useful products : Food of aborigines, (earth-worms.) D. 1, 2. Baits, (earth-worms, sea-worms.) D. 5. Useful traits : Used in surgery, (leeches.) Used as barometers, (leeches.) Injurious traits : External parasites of animals, (leeches.) Methods of culture, (leeches.) E. 11. 56. SCOLECIDA. (Tape-worms and flukes, planarians, nemerteans, trichinae, thread-worms, rotifers, &c.) Injurious traits : Internal parasites, (numerous species.) ENUMERATION OF ANIMALS. 19- XIII. MOLLUSKS. 57. CEPHALOPODA. (Octopus, nautilus, argonauts, calamaries or squids.) Useful products: Food, (squids and their eggs.) D. 1. Bait, fresh and salted, (octopus, squids.) D. 1, 5. Ink, sepia, (sepias.) D. 29. " Bone," used as food for animals. D. 5. "Bone," used in arts and manufactures. D. 19. 58. GASTROPODA. (Land-snails, sea-snails, whelks, limpets, &c.) Useful products : Food, (numerous species.) D. 1, 2. Bait, (limpets, &c.) D. 5. Nacre, (top-shells, ear-shells, &c.) D. 15. Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. Useful traits : Carrion-feeders, (strombus and other siphonated genera.) Food of useful animals. Injurious traits : Predatory on other inollusks, (murex, buccinum, natica,&c.) Injurious to vegetation. 59. CONCHIFBEA. (Ordinary bivalve shells. 1 ) Useful products : Food, fresh, dried, and pickled, (numerous species.) D. 1, 2, 3. Baits, (clams, mussels, &c.) D. 5. Pearls and nacre, (river-mussels, pearl-oysters, &c.) D. 15. Shell used in arts and manufactures. D. 16. Injurious traits : Borers in wood and stone, (ship-worms, pholas gastrochaeua, date, shells, saxicava, ungulina, &c.) XIY. RADIATES. 60. ECH1NODERMATA. (Sea-cucumber, sea-urchins, starfishes, ophi- urans.) Useful products : Food, fresh, (sea-urchins and their eggs.) D. 1. Food, dried, (bechesle mer.) 1 Tmticata, brachiopoda, and bryzoa are omitted, on account of their very remote usefulness. 20 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 60. ECillJSrODEEMATA— Continued. Injurious traits : Burrowers, (various echinoids.) Destroyers of useful mollusks. 61. CCELENTEEATA. (Acalepbs, polyps, &c.) Useful products: Coral, various species of polyps.) D. 17. Injurious traits: Clog seines, weirs, and fishing-lines, (acalephs.) XV. PROTOZOANS. 62. RHIZOPODA. (Sponges and foraminifera.) Useful products : Food, "mountain meal," (forauiiuifera.) D. 1 Infusorial earths, (foraminifera.) D. 18. Sponges, used in arts and manufactures. D. 26. SECTION B. (THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.) MEANS GE PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS. * For striking. 1. CLUBS: a. Unarmed clubs: Salinon-clubs, used by the ludians of the Northwest coast. Other fishing-clubs. Hunting-clubs. b. Armed clubs: Stoue-headed clubs. Clubs, armed with teeth or bone points. Clubs, armed with metal points. 2. SLUNG- WEICxHTS : a. Slung stones. 6. Slung shot. c. (" Morning stars.") d. ( ' Flails.") ** For cutting. 3. KNIVES : a. Straight knives: Hunting-dirks and daggers. Hunting-knives, scalp-knives, &c. Blubber-knives, aboriginal and recent. Boarding-knives used by whalemen. Whaleman's boat-knives. Bowie-knives. Flaying-knives, aborigiual and recent. Splitting-knives. Heading-knives. Sailors' and fishermen's sheath-knives. Hunters' sheath -knives. Slivering-knives, used by fishermen. Oyster-knives. 21 22 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. KNIVES— Continued. a. Straight knives : Mackerel rimmers or fatting knives. (Swords, including the various forms incidentally used in hunting, sabers, cutlasses, machetes, creases, &c.) Stone and bone knives, used by Indians and Eskimos. Skin scrapers and parers, used in preparing leather. 6. Clasp-knives: Sailors' clasp-knives. Hunters' clasp-knives. Clasp-dirks. Jockey knives. 4. AXES : a. Axes, proper : Tomahawks. Hatchets. Whaleman's boat-hatchets. Cleavers. Axes, used by fishermen and hunters. Head-axes for whalemen. b. Cutting-spades: Whale-spades : Cutting-spades. Throat-spades, flat and round shank. Wide spades. Half-round spades. Head-spades. Blubber-mincing knives. Chopping-kuives. *** For thrusting. 5. THRUSTING SPEARS AND PRODS: a. Fishing-lances. Whale-lances. Whaleman's boat-spades, thick and thin. Seal-lances. Fish-lances. 1). Hunting-spears. c. Bayonets. cl. Proddiug-awls, used in piercing the base of the brain in killing fish for the table. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTUEE. 23 II. IMPLEMENTS FOR SEIZURE OF OBJECT. * Scooping -instruments. 6. SCOOPS. t For hand-use. a. Shovels: Clam-shovels. Trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals. Hand-scoops. 6. Hand-dredges, used in collecting mollusks. c. Pile-scrapers. ft For use with sounding-lines. d. Armed leads: Common " deep-sea lead." Deep-sea-sounding apparatus. e. Cup-leads. /. Scoop sounding-machines. ** Orasping-hoolcs. 7. HOOKED INSTRUMENTS. (Those used with a single motion, that of hooking:) a. Single-pointed hooks : Gaff-hooks. Boat-hooks. Jigs. Babbit and squirrel hooks, used by the Ute Indians. Snake-hooks. Clam-hooks. Hoes and picks used in gathering shell-fish. Porks used in handling salted and dried fish. Whalemen's hooks : Blubber-hooks. Blubber-forks. Junk-hooks. Lance-hooks. Can-hooks. 24 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. HOOItED INSTRUMENTS— Continued. b. Many-pointed hooks : Grappling-irons. Lip hooks or grapnels, used by whalers. Toggles, used by whalers. Oyster-rakes. Clam-rakes. Oulachan rakes or spears. Squid-jigs. c. Twisting-rods, used in drawing small mammals from their burrows. 8. BARBED IMPLEMENTS. (Those used with two motions, the first that of thrusting :) a. Spears with fixed heads: Harpoons. Oue-flued harpoons, Tvvo-fiued harpoons. Toggle-harpoons. Harpoon- bullets. (See under 23.) Gun-harpoous. Other whaleman's " craft." Barbed spears, (with single point.) Grains, (with two prongs.) Gigs. Bird-spears. Otter-spears. Sea-otter spears. Seal-spears. Walrus-spears. Eel-spears. Elounder-spears. Sturgeon-spears, (west coast.) Octopus spears. Crab-spears, used in Rhode Island. b. Spears with detachable heads : Lily-irons. Dolphin-irons. Indian harpoons of shell and iron. Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 25 8. BAEBED INSTRUMENTS— Continued. b. Spears with detachable heads: Indian fish-harpoous. Other fish harpoons. (For accessory apparatus, see under 29.) 9. TONGS, &c. t For hand use. a. Tongs (with two handles:) Oyster-tongs. Oyster-rakes. b. u Nippers," (with cord and handle.) Snake-tongs. Sponge-tongs. Coral-ton gs. ft For use with sounding -lines. c. " Clamms" for deep-sea soundings, (forceps closed by a weight.) (Ross's "Deep sea clamms.") (Bull-dog sounding-machine.) *** Grasping-lines. 10. NOOSES. t Stationary nooses. a. Jerk snares : Bird-snares. Fish snares, of wire, gut, hair, &c. tt Thrown nooses. b. Lariats and lassos : Lariats with rope noose, made from hair, hemp, and rawhide. Lariats with metal noose. (Chilian bird lariat.) 11. LOADED LINES. (Bolas.) a. Bird slings, used by Eskimos. b. Bolas, with one or several weights.) **** Entangling lines. 12. TANGLES. a. Tangles r Swab- tangles. (Dredge-tangles, used by English collectors.) Harrow-tangles. Wheel-tangles. 26 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES III. MISSILES. * Simple missiles, {those propelled by the unaided arm.) 13. HUELBD WEIGHTS. a. Stones and discs thrown by the hand. b. Weights dropped from an elevation, (dead-falls, not. automatic.) 14. HUELED STICKS. a. Straight sticks : Clubs used as missiles. b. Curved sticks : Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in hunting rabbits. (Boomerangs.) 15. HUELED SPEAES. a. Darts and lances. ** Centrifugal missiles. (Propelling power augmented by an artificial in- crease of the length of the arm.) 16. SLINGS AND SPEAES THEOWN BY STEAPS. a. Slings. b. Spears, with straps used iu throwing them. 17. MISSILES PEOPELLED BY " THEO WING-STICKS." a. Spears with throwing-sticks, used by Eskimos: Series of throwing or darting sticks. *** Missiles propelled by a spring. — $ Spring consisting of bent rod. 18. BOWS AND AEEOWS. a. Bows : Simple bows. (Cross-bows.) fBallistas.) b. Arrows : Lance-arrows. Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing. Blunt or club arrows, used in killing birds. c. Accessories of bows and arrows: Holders. Quivers. Arrow-head pouches. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 27 18. BOWS AND ARROWS— Continued. d. Implements of manufacture: Flint-chipping apparatus. Arrowhead sharpeners. Shaft-gauges. Cord-twisting apparatus. Shaft-polishers. Glue-sticks, used iu fastening head of arrow. || Spring consisting of elastic cord. 19. INDIA-RUBBER SLINGS. a. Pea-shooters, used in killing birds. HI Spring consisting of metallic helix. 20. SPRING-GUNS. a. Spring-guns. **** Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water. 21. AIR-GUNS. a. Blow-guns, (missile propelled by the breath :) Blow-guns carrying arrows. Blow-guns carrying balls. b. Piston air guns. c. Reservoir air-guns : Air-guns. Air-gun canes. 22. WATER-GUNS. a. Syringe-guns : Humming-bird guns. ***** Fire-arms. 23. GUNS AND PISTOLS. a. Muzzle-loading arms : With smooth bores : Muskets. Fowling-pieces. Cane guns. Pistols: Single-barreled pistols. Revolvers. With grooved bores : Rifles. . Rifle-muskets. Rifle-carbines. Pistols. 28 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 23. GUNS AND. PISTOLS— Continued. b. Breech-loading arms : With smooth bores : Fowling-pieces. Pistols. With rifled bores : Muskets. Hunting rifles. Carbines : Single-barreled carbines. Eevolviug carbines. Pistols : Pistols. Revolvers. o. Whaling-guns : Bomb lance and gun. Harpoon ball and gun. Harpoon-gun. Harpoon bomb-lance gun. 24. (ACCESSOEY.) AMMUNITION AND ITS PREPARATION. a. Explosives : Gunpowder. Gun-cotton. Percussion powder : Caps. Needle percussion. Primers. Wood powder. Dynamite or giant-powder. Nitroglycerine. Dualine. Lituofracteur. * Colonia powder. Other explosives. 6. Missiles : Bullets. (Accessory) bullet-molds. Shot. (Accessory) methods of manufacturing shot. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 29 24. (ACCESSORY.) AMMUNITION, &c— Continued. b. Missiles: Explosive bullets, shells, &c. : Bomb-lance. Meigs's shells. c. Wadding: Bulk waddiDg. Prepared wads. (Accessory) wad-cutters. d. Ammunition-measures : Measures. Shot-measures. \ . .. , ■, , , , Powder-measures. } Attached to P ouches and separate. Weighing-scales. e. Prepared ammunition : Cartridges : Ball-cartridges. Shot-cartridges. Wire-cartridges. (Accessory) paper-shells. (Accessory) metallic shells. /. Methods of preparing cartridges: Loaders. Crimpers. * Cappers. 25. ACCESSORIES OF LOADING, CLEANING AND REPAIR- ING, SIGHTING, AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS. a. Instruments for cleaning, loading, &c. ; Rammers. Swabs. Charge-drawers, " worms." b. Sights, &c. : Muzzle-sights : Plain sights. Slit-sights. Globe-sights. Peep-sights. Breech-sights: Plain sights. Graduating sights. 30 ANIMAL RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES. 25. ACCESSORIES OP LOADING, &o.— Continued. 6. Sights, &c. : Telescope-sights. Levels, attached to guns Wind-gauges. c. Targets : Practice- targets. " Gyro-trap " targets. Pigeon-traps and accessories of pigeon-shooting. d. Recoil-checks. 26. FOR CARRYING ARMS AND AMMUNITION. a. Ammunition-holders: Powder-holders : Horns. Flasks. Canisters. Shot-holders : Pouches. Belts. Cartridge-holders : Pouches. Boxes. Belts. "Vests. Cap-holders : Pouches. Boxes. Cap- straps, used by Indians. 6. Weapon -holders: Slings for arms : Shoulder-slings. Saddle-slings. Holsters. Belts : Pistol-belts. Racks and cases • Gun-racks. Gun -cases. MEANS OP PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 31 IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE. 27. HOOKS WITH MOVABLE LINES. a. Tackle for surface-fishing : Fly-fishing tackle. Salmon-tackle. Trout-tackle. Black-bass tackle. Shad-tackle. Trolling- tackle : Trolling-tackle. Whiffing-tackle. Drailingtackle. Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait. Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling : Striped-bass tackle. Bedfisli or bass tackle. Bluefish tackle. Tidedrailing tackle : Pasque and cuttyhunk bass-tackle. 1). Tackle for fishing below the surface: Short hand-gear : Mackerel-gear. Deep-sea gear: Cod-gear. Halibut-gear. Flounder-gear. Shark-gear. Tautog-gear. Other bottom-gear. Bobs: Eel-bobs. 28. HOOKS, WITH STATIONAEY LINES.— SET TACKLE. a. Surface lines : Spilliarcls, or floating-trawl lines. 0. Bottom-set lines : Trawl-lines, or bull-tows. 32 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 29. (ACCESSORY.) PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING- APPARATUS AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES. a. Hooks, including a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and aboriginal manufacture. Plain hooks : Fly-hooks. Trout-hooks. Salmon-hooks. Cod and halibut hooks. Hooks for general use. Bass-hooks. Jigs and drails : Mackerel-jigs. Blue-fish drails of bone and metal of the various pat- terns, Newport, Noank, Providence, Provincetown, &c. Block Island drails. Pearl-squids of various patterns. Bone-squids. Metal-squids. Petticoat-squids of flannel, &c. Spoon-baits, plain and fluted : Bass-spoons. Pickerel-spoons. Trout-spoons. Blue-fish spoons. Other trolling- spoons. Artificial flies on hooks : Salmon-flies for each month. Trout-flies for each month. (Accessory.) Fly-books. b. Lines, (twisted and plaited :) Silk-lines. Grass-lines. Linen-lines. Cotton-lines. Cotton-hemp lines. Bark-lines. Manila-lines. Hide-lines. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 33 29. (ACCESSORY.) ANGLING- APPAE AT US, &C— Continued. b. Lines, (twisted and plated:) Gut-lines. Lines made from sea-weed, (Nereocystis Luikeana,) and used by natives of Alaska. (Lines of sea- weed, (Chorda filum,) used similarly in Scotland.) (Accessory.) Apparatus for twisting lines. c. Snoods, leaders, and traces : " Cat-gut," (sheep,) snoods, and leaders. Silk-worm-gut snoods. Salmon-gut snoods. Flax-snoods. Gimp-snoods. Wire-snoods. " Sid-straps." d. Whalers' chains and lines : Head chains and ropes. Fin-chains. Fluke chains and rings and ropes. Head pike and ring. (Accessory.) Blocks, pendants, cutting-blocks, &c. e. Sinkers: Boat-shaped sinkers, plain and shearing. Pipe-lead sinkers. Bullet-sinkers. Plummet-sinkers, sugar-loaf, pear-shaped, and double-taper. Banker-sinkers. Seine-sinkers, of chain, lead balls, lead rings, stone, &c. (Accessory.) Molds for sinkers. Jig-molds. Other sinker-molds. /. Spreaders : Chopsticks. One-armed chopsticks, or " revolving booms." g. Floats : Line-floats of wood, cork, and quill. Harpoon-floats of bladder, inflated skit', and wood. Seine-floats of cork, wood, glass, and rubber-tubing. Keg and other floats for lobster-pots, gill-nets, &c. Whale-line drag. 3 34 ANIMAL EESOUECES OF THE UNITED STATES. 29. (ACOBSSOEY.) ANGLING-APPARATUS, &c— Continued. h. Reels: Simple reels for fly-fishing, with and without check. Multiplying reels for bass-fishing, with and without check. Other multiplying reels. Gunwale-winches. Dredge-line rollers. Trawl-line rollers. Seine- windlasses. i. Line-holders: Winders. Spools. Whaleman's line-tub. Tubs for trawl-lines. Seine-reels. k. Rods: Straight rods, of cane, wood, whalebone, &c. : 1 Salmon-rods. Trout-rods. Bass-rods. Pickerel-rods. Other rods. Folding-rods. Tips of rubber, whalebone, &c. Tell-tales, used in trolling. Tell-tales for fishing under the ice. (Accessory) cases for rods and rod-tops. I. Swivels: , Box-swivels. Hook-swivels. Pot-gauge swivel. Cod line swivels. Trawl buoy-rope swivels. m. Clearing-rings. n. Disgorgers. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 35 V. NETS. 30. EETANGLING-NETS. a. Mesbing-nets, (entangling in meshes :) £ Barrier-nets. Rabbit-nets, used by Indians of the Southwest. Bird mesh-Dets. Gill- nets, used iu great lakes. | Drift-nets. t Those drifting across the tide. Shad gill-nets, used in southern rivers. Bass gill-nets. Salmon gill-nets. Mullet gill-nets. ft Those drifting along the tide. Mackerel gill-nets. Herring gill-nets. b. Pocket-nets, (entangling in pockets :) Trammel-nets. 31. ENCIRCLING-NETS. a. Seines : Seal-seines. Manatee-seines. Shad-seines. Mullet-seines. Menhaden-seines. Bass-seines. Blue-fish seines. Capelin-seines. Herring-seines Cod-seines. Lance-bunts. Baird collecting-seines. Bait-seines. "Ply-tail" seines of North Carolina. b. Hoop-nets : Handle, or dip-nets : Bull-nets, (worked with ropes and blocks.) 36 ANIMAL RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES. 31. ENCIRCLING-NETS— Continued. &. Hoop-nets : Handle or dip-nets : Scoop-nets, (herring-nets, pound-scoops, car-scoops, &c.) Landing-nets. Eskimo auk-nets. Baited hoop-nets : Crab-nets. c. Trailing-nets : Trawls : Beam-trawl. (Otter-trawl.) Dredges : Flange, or ordinary dredge. Bake-dredge. Oyster-scraper. (Coral-dredge.) Towiug-nets : Surface tow-nets. d. Folding or jerk nets: Purse-nets : Mackerel purse-seines, (pursed by weight.) Menhaden purse-seines, (pursed by hand-ropes.) Cast-nets : Mullet cast-nets. Pompano cast-nets. Bait cast-nets. Clap-nets for birds. Babbit-spring nets. Spring-weirs, (St. Lawrence.) Sieve-traps, (for birds.) e. (Accessory.) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture: Eaw material of nets. Babiche. (See under D. 20.) Netting-fibre. Netting-twine. Netting-needles. Mesh-needles. Hanging-needles. Eskimo netting-needies. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 37 VI. TRAPS. 32. PEN-TRAPS. a. Pocket-traps: Pitfalls : Pits, covered. Barrel-traps. Jar mole-traps. " Babbit- tipe," used in Eu gland. Salmon-baskets, (Columbia Biver.) Salmon-weirs, (Upper Columbia Biver.) Biver- weirs, with pockets : Eel-traps. Fish-slides : Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina. b. Labyrinth-traps: Corrals. Turkey-traps. Weirs, or pounds : Heart-pound. Salmon-weir. Virginia Indian weir, (figured by DeBry.) Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence. Funnel-traps : Fish-pots. Lobster-pots. Eel-weirs, (with leaders.) Eel-pots, (without leaders.) Barrel-pots, for eels. West India wicker fish'-pots. Set-nets. Fykes, (set-nets with leaders.) Bass-traps. c. Door-traps: t Closed by the falling of a doot. Box-traps. Babbit-traps, (figure 4.) Brick traps, (figure 4.) 38 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 32. PEN-TEAPS— Continued. ■ c. Door-traps : Box-traps : Musquash traps, with hanging doors. Eabbit-traps, for mouth of burrows. Self-setting box-traps. Double box-traps. Spring-door traps. tt Closed by falling of whole trap. Bowl-traps. Cob-house bird-traps. Pigeon-nets. ttt Closed by falling of tide. Bar-weirs. d. Sheaf-traps: Sheaf-traps, (New York Harbor.) 33. CLUTCHING-TEAPS. a. Noose-traps: Snares : Footpath-snares. Barrier-snares. Springes. " Eound mouse-traps." 6. Jawed traps : " Steel traps :" Newhouse traps : No. 0. Eat- trap. No. 1. Muskrat trap. No. 1£. Mink-trap. No. 2. Fox-trap. No. 3. Otter-trap. No. 4. Beaver-trap. No. 4,\. Deer- trap. No. 5. Small bear-trap. No. 6. Great bear-trap. Spring bird-nets. (French bird-trap.) MEANS OP PURSUIT AND CAPTUEE. 39 34. FALL-TRAPS. a. Crushing-traps: Deadfalls. Figure-four traps. b. Piercing-traps: Spear-falls. Mole-traps. Harpoon-traps. c. Spring-hottks : Pickerel-hooks. 35. MISSILE-TRAPS. a. Cross-bow traps. b. Spring-guns. 36. ADHESIVE PREPARATIONS. a. Bird-lime, &c. b. Hoods, boots, &c. VII. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION. 37. POISONS. a. Food poisons : Phosphorus poisons. Strychnine. Arsenic. Corrosive sublimate. Cyanide of potassium. Opium poisons. b. Blood poison : Woorara 38. ASPHYXIATORS. a. Apparatus for smoking-out. 6. (Apparatus for suffocating with fumes of sulphur.) c. Apparatus for drowning-out. 39. TORPEDOES. 39£. STOMACH-SPRINGS. a. Eskimo whalebone springs, used in killing bears. VIII. HUNTING-ANIMALS. 40. HUNTING-MAMMALS. a. Dogs. b. Hunting-leopard. (Gynailurus jubatus.) 40 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 40. HUNTING-MAMMALS— Continued. ' c. Weasels and ferrets. d. Otters. 41. ACCESSORIES TO HUNTING-DOGS. a. Dog-whips. b. Dog-whistles. c. Dog-collars. d. Dog-food. e. Dog-carts. /. Dog-inuzzles. 42. HUNTING-BIRDS. a. Falcons. b. Owls. c. Cormorants, (Garbo sinensis, used in fishing in China.) 43. ACCESSORY TO HUNTING-BIRDS.. a. Hoods. b. Perches. o. Cormorant-collars. 44. HUNTING-FISHES. a. Remora, used in West Indies and Australia. IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES. 45. BAITS. a. Natural baits : Flies and other insects. (This should include a collection of those insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are imitated in making artificial flies.) Worms. Mollusks. Salted baits, (prepared.) Menhaden. Herring. Squids. Clams, long. Clams, hen. Pea-roe of cod, (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely exported.) Grasshopper paste, used as a substitute for pea-roe. Tolling baits, "stosh," &c MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 41 45. BAITS— Continued. a. Natural baits : (Accessory) methods of preparing baits : Bait- cutters. Bait-mills. Bait-ladles. Wheelbarrows for bait-clams, (Nantucket.) Bait boxes and cans. Bait-needles. b. Artificial baits : Trolliug-spoons. Spinners. Squids and jigs. "Bobs," used in southern waters. Artificial flies. c. Accessory to 6: a. Fly-books. &. Baw materials for making artificial flies. c. Tools for making artificial flies. d. Pastes. 46. DECOTS. a. Scent-decoys. b. Sound-decoys: Animal calls, whistles, &c. Bird-calls. c. Sight-decoys: Living decoy animals and birds. Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks. Stool-pigeons. Tame decoy-ducks. Tame decoy-brants. Imitations of animals and birds : Decoy swimming-birds. Decoy-waders. Imitations of fishes : Lure-fish used in taking Mackinaw trout. Blanket-decoys, (for antelopes.) Lanterns and other apparatus for fire-hunting and fishing, Lanterns for still-hunting. 42 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 46. DECOYS— Continued. c. Sight-decoys: Lanterns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels. Jack-lanterns for fishing. 47. COVERS. a. Movable covers : Masks : Deer heads and antelope heads. Movable copses. Covers for hunter. Covers for boats. b. Stationary covers : Hunting-lodges. X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCES. 48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION. a. Personal aids : Snow-shoes. Skates. Alpenstocks and staves. Portable bridges. b. Animal equipments : Harness : Horse-trappings. Dog-harness. ■ Girths, sinches. Bits, cabrestos, spurs. Saddles : Riding-saddles. Pack-saddles. Aparejos. Riding-pads, (for buffalo-hunting.) Furpack-saddle, (Hudson's Bav Territory.) Vehicles : Deer-sledges. Dog-sledges. Wagons. Dog-carts. Fish-carts, used in Nantucket. MEANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE. 43 48. METHODS OP TRANSPORTATION— Continued, c. Boats : Hunting-boats, fishing-boats : Birch canoes. Canoes used by Indians of the northwest coast in wbaling. Kyaks or bidarkas. Umiaks or bidarras. Indian raft-boats. Launches. Dug-outs. Portable (paper and canvas) boats. Duck-boats. Scows. Oyster-boats. Whale-boats. ' Seine-boats, (sea use.) Seine-boats of the lakes. Potomac seine-boats. Dorys, sharpies, and dingies. Pound-boats of the lakes. : Italian fishing-boats, (California.) Pinkies, (Martha's Vineyard.) Adirondack boats. Alexandria Bay boats. Surf-boats. Whitehall boats. Oyster-canoes. Ducking-boats. Cat-rigged fishing-boats. Mackerel- smacks. Oyster-smacks. Menbaden-smacks. Menbaden-carryaways. Bank cod-smacks. Smacks with wells, used near the coast. Smacks employed in fish-trade. Whale-ships. Sealers. 44 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 48. METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION— Continued. c. Boats: Herring-boats. Mackinaw boats. ~) Huron boats. ■ ^^ . n ^ Greafc Lakfi flsherieSi Norwegian boats. ; Pound-boats. j Oyster-pungies, (canoe and square-sterned,) employed on the Chesapeake. Oyster police-boats. Steamers : Mackerel-steamers. Menhaden steam-mills. Lake gill-net steamer. Whale-steamers. Sealing-steamers, &c. Accessory to fishing- vessels : Eigging, masts, sails, cordage, pulleys, sockets. Anchors, killicks, chains. SaiLneedles, palms, fids, marline-spikes. Oar-locks, chocks, oar-rests. Stepping-irons for whale-boats. Crotches and oar-rests. Paddles and oars. Rudder-heads, wheels, tillers, &c. Foghorns, trumpets, drums, &c. Cabin, blubber room, cooks' and binnacle lamps and jacket-lamps, signal, binnacle, and common lanterns. Compasses, barometers, &c. Astronomical instruments, sextauts, quadrants, chro nometers, hour and log glasses. 49. CAMP-OUTFIT. a. Shelter: Lodges. Tents. Hunting-camps. Hunters' houses. Fishing-houses. MEANS 0-F PUKSUIT AND CAPTURE. 45 49. CAMP-OUTFIT— Continued. 6. Furniture : Hammocks. Beds, couches, stretchers, and lounges. Blankets, rubber and Mackinaw, and fur robes. Fuel. Apparatus for kindling fire. Lamps and lanterns. Tools. c. Commissary supplies: Cooking-apparatus, Kettles, and stoves. Table-furniture. Preserved meats, &c. 50. PERSONAL EQUIPMENTS. a. Clothing: Hunting-suits. Cloth-suits. Skin-suits. Water-proof suits. Oil-skin suits. Boots, moccasins, leggings. Water-proof boots. Wading boots and stockings. Riding-boots. Moccasins. Leggings. Hats and caps. Protection from insects : Nets for beds and for face. Ointments, (such as tar and sweet-oil.) Smudges, (such as pyrethrum powder.) Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor. b. Trappings : Belts. Cross-belts. Game-bags. Game and fish baskets and slings. Wallets for lines and other tackle. 46 ANIMAL RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES. 50. PEESONAL EQUIPMENTS— Continued. c. Optical instruments, &c. : Snow-goggles. Telescopes. Field-glasses, &c. Water-telescopes. d. Medical outfit : Medicine-chests. Hunters' and fishermen's flasks. . e. Artificial lights : Lanterns for camp and ship use. Torches. SECTION O. METHODS OF PREPARATION. I. PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF FOOD 1. PRESERVATION DURING LIFE, (see under E, 3.) 2. PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEATS. a. Refrigerators : Ice- boxes and refrigerators. Refrigerator-cars. (Accessory.) The ice-trade : Ice cutting and handling apparatus. Methods of manufacturing artificial ice. Ice-houses. 6. Other accessories of preservation : Meat-hooks. Skewers, &c. Carving- tools. 3. PRESERVATION BY DRYING. a. Sun-drying apparatus : Beach dryers. Flake-drying : Newfoundland flakes. Massachusetts flakes. Covers for fish-drying. b. Smoke-drying apparatus : Herring smoke-houses. Halibut smoke-houses. Salmon smoke-houses. Sturgeon smoke-houses. Aboriginal drying-houses. Methods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California. 47 48 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. I 4. PRESERVATION BY CANNING AND PICKLING. a. Salting fish : Knives, (see under B, 2.) Scaling-apparatus. Tables, tubs, &c. Barrels. (Accessory.) Salt: Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish. Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days. b. Canning meats : Model of salmon-cunning establishment. Model of sardine-factory. (Accessory.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture. Model of lobster-canning factory. Model of oyster-canniug factory. 5. PREPARATION OP BAITS. a. Bait-mills, knives, choppers, &c, (see under B, 2 and 3.) b. Bait tubs, vats, &c. II. MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE FABRICS, FELTS, AND STUFFINGS. 6. PREPARATION OF WOOL AND HAIR OF MAMMALS. a. Preparation of wool cloths : Washing. Shearing. Stapling or assorting. Scouring. Combing, carding, and. plucking. Spinning-and reeling. Weaving. Fulling and teazling. Cropping. Pressing. b. Weaving worsted cloths. c. Felting and the hat manufacture: Bowing. Pressing. Stopping. METHODS OF PREPARATION. 49 6. PEEPARATION OF WOOL, &c— Continued. c. Felting and the hat manufacture : Eolling-off. Shaping. d. Preparation of curled hair for stuffings. 7. PEEPAEATION OF WHALEBONE. a. Preparation of stuffings. 8. PEEPAEATION OF FEATHEES. a. Preparation of down for stuffings. b. Preparation of feather fabrics. c. Preparation of " brillantine." d. Preparation of flocking for wall-paper, from refuse quills. e. Preparation of fibres for manufacture of plush carpets. 9. PEEPAEATION OF SILK OF INSECTS. a. Preparation of silk of silk-worms :" Boiling the cocoons. Eeeling. Spinning. Dyeing. Weaving. 10. PEEPAEATION OF SOFT PAETS OF OTHEE INVEETE- BRATES. a. Preparation of silk from byssus of Pinna. b. Preparation of sponge stuffing. Ill PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS AP- PENDAGES. 11. CUREYING OF LEATHEE. a. Processes of currying : Dipping. Graining. Scraping. Dressing. b. Implements employed by curriers : " Head-knives." " Pommels." " Stretching-irons." " Eound-knives." " Cleaners." 4 50 ANIMAL RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES. 11. CURRYING OF LEATHER— Continued. 1). Implements employed by carriers : " Maces." " Horses," or trestles. " Dressers." " Treading-hurdles." c. Eskimo and Indian currying methods and implements. d. Methods of dressing gut and sinew. 12. LEATHER-DRESSING. a. Processes of tanning leather : Soaking. Liming. Tanning. b. Processes of tawing or oil-dressing leather : Soaking. Liming. Oiling. c. Apparatus of leather-dressing, recent and aboriginal. 13. FUR-DRESSING. a. Processes of fur-dressing : Currying. (See under 12.) Scouring. . Tanning. Lustering. Plucking and dyeing. 14. FEATHER-DRESSING. a. Method of preparing ornamental feathers : Scouring. Bleaching. Washing. Azuring. Sulphuring. Scraping. D.veing. h. (Art of plumagery.) 15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL ARTICLES. a. Manufacture of quills for pens : Sand-bath drying and steaming. Polishing. METHODS OF PREPARATION. 5L 15. MANUFACTURE OF QUILL AETIGLES— Continued. a. Manufacture of quills for pens : Dyeing. Shaping. b. Manufacture of tooth-picks. c. Manufacture of floats and other articles. d. Manufacture of quill brush-bristles. 16. HAIR AND WOOL WORK. IV. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES. 17. IVORY CUTTING AND CARVING. a. Manufacture of handles, trinkets, billiard-balls, &c. : Turning and sawing. Polishing. Bleaching. b. Manufacture of organ and piano keys : Sawing. * Strip-sawing. Polishing. Bleaching, &c. c. Other processes. 18. PREPARATION OF HORN AND HOOF. a. Steaming. b. Pressing. 19. PREPARATION OF WHALEBONE. a. Cutting and other processes. b. Manufacture of whip-makers' stock and whips. c. Manufacture of umbrella-maker's bone. d. Manufacture of ribbon-weaver's bone. e. Manufacture of hat and bonnet maker's bone. /. Manufacture of suspender-maker's bone. g. Manufacture of stock-maker's bone. h. Manufacture of dress and stay maker's bone. i. Manufacture of billiard-table cushions. lc. Manufacture of surgical instruments. I. Manufacture of whalebone-brushes. m. Manufacture of rosettes, woven-work, and trinkets. n. Other whalebone manufactures. 20. PREPARATION OF TORTOISE-SHELL. 52 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 21. PREPARATION OP FISH-SO ALB WORK. 22. PREPARATION OF NACRE. 23. PREPARATION OF CORAL. 24. PREPARATION OF OTHER HARD TISSUES V. OILS AND GELATINES. 25. EXTRACTION OF WHALE OIL, (WITH MODELS OF TRY- WORKS, CLARIFYING- VATS, &C.) a. Preparation of body-oil : Cutting in and stowing. Leaning and mincing. Trying. Bailing. Cooling. Barreling. Refining. 6. Preparation of head-oil. c. Preparation of spermaceti. d. Instruments and appliances of rendering whale-oil : Boarding- knives. Leaning-knives. ; Mincing-horse and mincing-knives. Mincing-tub. Mincing-machine. Blubber-fork. Try-pots. Fire-pike. Stirring-pole. Scrap-hopper. Skimmer. Bailer. Cooler. Deck-pot. Casks. 26. EXTRACTION OF OTHER MAMMAL OILS. 27. EXTRACTION OF BIRD AND REPTILE OILS. 28. EXTRACTION OF FISH-OILS, (WITH MODELS OF BOILERS, PRESSES, CLARIFYING- VATS, &c.) 29. EXTRACTION OF GLUE, GELATINE, AND ISINGLASS. METHODS OP PREPARATION. 53 VI. DRUGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS. 30. MANUFACTUEE OF PEEFDMBS. 31. MANUFACTURE OF IVORY-BLACK. 32. MANUFACTUEE OF PEUSSIATES. 33. MANDFACTUEE OF MUEEXIDES. 34. PREPAEATION OF COCHINEAL COLOES. 35. MANUFACTUEE OF INKS FEOM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 36. PEEPAEATION OF ALBUMEN. 37. MANUFACTUEE OF PEPSIN. 38. MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHOEUS. 39. MANUFACTUEE OF SAL AMMONIAC. 40. MANUFACTUEE OF AMMONIA. 41. MANUFACTUEE OF ALBUMEN PEEPAEATIONS. 42. MANUFACTUEE OF PEOPYLAMINE. 43. MANUFACTUEE OF FOEMIC ACID. 44. MANUFACTUEE OF CAEBAZOTATES. VII. MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. 45. PREPAEATION OF GUANO. a. Model of fish-guano works : Grinders and pulverizers. Mixers. Guano in its various stages, with its ingredients, South Caro- lina phosphates, Navassa phosphates, scrap, (crude, and dried,) sulphuric acid, kainite, screened and unscreened guano, and sea-weed used in preparation. VIK. LIMES. 46. BUENING OF LIME. a. Models of kilns for burning shells. IX. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIEN- TIFIC USES. 47. APPAEATUS FOE MAKING AND PEESEEVING ALCO- HOLIC SPECIMENS. a. Tanks and jars : Agassiz collecting-tank. 54 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 47. APPARATUS FOR MAKING AND PRESERVING ALCO HOLIO SPECIMENS— Continued. a. Tanks and jars : Army collecting-tank. Museum storage-tank, Agassiz model. Anatomical jars. Self-sealing jars, used in collecting. Phials. Tube-phials. b. Syringes for injecting. c. Inflatable bags. d. Preservative mixtures: Alcohol. Glycerine. Carbolic acid. Chloral hydrate. Picric acid. Osmic acid. e. Labels: Metallic labels. Parchment labels. Indelible inks, pencils, &c. 48. APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING AND MAKING SKELE TONS. a. Preparation of the bones : Macerating- vats. Boiling-vats. Cleansing and bleaching preparation. b. Mounting of the bones : Scraping- tools. Articulating-tools. 49. APPARATUS FOR MAKING CASTS. MODELING. a. Materials : Clays. Plasters. Glues. Papier-mache" and carton pierre. Gelatine. Paraffine. Collodion. METHODS OF PREPARATION. 55 49. APPARATUS FOE MAKING- CASTS, &C— Continued. 6. Frames and modeling tools, c. Molds : Of plaster. Of gelatine. Of paper. Of paraffine. 50. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND MOUNT ING SKINS. TAXIDERMY. a. Tools: Flaying-tools. Scraping-tools. Taxidermists' tools for stuffing : Forceps. Pliers. b. Preservatives and insect-powders: Arsenic and arsenical soap. Corrosive sublimate. Salt, alum, &c. Persian insect-powder. Syringes for application of insect-powder. Tobacco, snuff, used as preservatives. c. Frames, &c. : Wooden frames. Wire frames. Plaster model-bodies. 51. (ACCESSORY.) PHOTOGEAPHIC AND OTHER DELINEAT ING APPARATUS. a. Photographic apparatus : Lenses. Cameras and fittings. Camera tripods and stands, with model. Fish Commission stands. Plates, and their results : Wet plates. Dry plates. Dark closets. b. Camera obscuras. c. Mechanical delineators. &. Methods of heliotyping and engraving illustrations. SECTION ID. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLI- CATIONS. I. FOODS. 1. FOODS IN A FRESH CONDITION. This section may include specimens of the marketable animals in a fresh condition in refrigerators. For convenience in making up and arranging this portion of the collection, a list is appended of the animals used as food in the United States. Many others are available, but for various reasons are not commonly eaten. a. Mammals: Grizzly bear, (Ursus horribilis.) Black bear, ( Ursus americanus.) White bear, (Thalarctos maritimus.) Raccoon, (Procyon lotor.) Buffalo, [Bison americanus.) Musk-ox, (Ovibos moschatus.) Mountain goat, (Mazama montana.) Mountain sheep, (Ovis montana.) Antelope, (Antilocapra americana.) Moose, (Alces malchis.) Woodland caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. caribou.) Barren-ground caribou, (Tarandus rangifer, subsp. grcenlan dicus.) Elk or wapiti, (Cervus canadensis.) Virginia deer, (Cariacus virginianus.) Mule-deer, (Cariacus macrotis.) Black-tailed deer, (Cariacus columbianus.) Peccary, (Dicotyles torquatus.) Manatee, (Trichechus manatus.) Fox squirrel, (Sciurus cinereus.) Gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensis.) 57 58 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. ■* 1. FOODS IN A FEESH CONDITION— Continued. a. Mammals: California gray squirrel, {Sciurus fossor.) Tuft-cared squirrel, {Sciurus Aberti.) Red squirrel, (Sciurus hudsonius.) Frying squirrel, (Sciuropterus volucella.) Woodchuck, (Arctomys monax.) ' Marmots, (Arctomys caligatus and flaviventer.) Polar hare', (Lepus timidus, var. arcticus.) Prairie hare, (Lepus campestris.) Northern hare or white rabbit, (Lepus americanus, and L. americanus var. virginianus.) Red hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Washingtoni.) Baird's hare, (Lepus americanus, var. Bairdii.) Gray hare or gray rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus.) Sage rabbit, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Nuttalli.) Audubon's hare, (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Auduboni.) Trowbridge's hare, (Lepus Trowbridgei.) Jack rabbit or mule rabbit, (Lepus callotis.) California hare, (Lepus californicus.) Marsh hare, (Lepus palustris.) Water hare, (Lepus aquaticus.) Opossum, (Didelphys virginiana.) b. Birds : Reed bird or rice bird, (Dolichonyx oryzivorus.) Wild pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius.) Turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo.) Wild turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo, var. americana.) Spruce grouse, (Tetrao canadensis.) Dusky grouse, (Tetrao obscurus.) Sage cock, (Gentrocercus urophasianus.) Sharp-tailed grouse, (Pedioccetes pliasianellus.) Prairie grouse or prairie hen, (Cupidonia citpido.) Rnffed grouse, (Bonasa umbellus.) Snow ptarmigan, (Lagopus albus.) Rock ptarmigan, (Lagopus rupestris.) White-tailed ptarmigan, (Lagopus leucurus.) Bob-white or "quail," (Ortyx virginianus.) Plumed partridge, (Oreortyx pictus.) PRODUCTS AFD THEIR APPLICATIONS. 59 FOODS IN A FBESH CONDITION— Continued. b. Birds: California partridge, (Lopliortyx calif or nicus.) , Gainbel's partridge, (Lopliortyx Qambeli.) Scaled partridge, (Callipepla squamata.) Massena partridge, (Cyrtonyx massena.) Black-billed plover, (Squatarola helvetica.) Golden \)\oveT,(Charadrws fulvus var. rirginicus.) Kildeer plover, (Aegialitis vociferus.) Wilson's plover, (Aegialitis toilsonius.) Bingneck plover, (Aegialitis semipalmatus.) Piping plover, (Aegialitis mcloduii.) Stilt sandpiper, (Micropalama himantopus.) Buddy plover, (Galidris arenaria.) Woodcock, (Philohela minor.) American snipe, (Oallinago wilsoni.) Bed-breasted snipe, (Macrorhamphus griseus.) Willet, (Totanus semipalmatus.) Tell-tale, (Totanus melanoleucus.) Yellow- shanks, ( Totanus flavipes.) Upland plover, (Actiturus bartramius.) Long-billed curlew, (Numenivs longirostris.) Hudsonian curlew, (Numenius hudsonicus.) Eskimo curlew, (Numenius borealis.) Clapper rail, (Ballus longirostris.) Marsh hen, (Ballus elegans.) Virginia rail, (Ballus virginianus.) Carolina rail, (Porzana Carolina.) Yellow rail, (Porzana noveboracensis.) Trumpeter-swan, (Gygnus buccinator.) Whistling swan, (Gygnus americanus.) White-fronted goose, (Anser albifrons.) Snow goose, (Anser hyperboreus.) Brant, (Branta bernicla.) Canada goose, (Branta canadensis.) Mallard, (Anas boschas.^ Black duck, (Anas obscura.) Pintail duck, (Bafila acuta.) Gray cluck, (Chaulelasmus streperus.) 60 ANIMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. FOODS IF A FRESH CONDITION— Continued. b. Birds: Widgeon or bald pate, (Mareca americana.) Green-winged teal, (Qverquedula carolinensis.) Blue- winged teal, (Querquedula discors.) Bed-breasted teal, (Querquedula cyanoptera.) Shoveller, (Spatula olypeata.) Wood duck, (Am; sponsa.) Big black-head, (Fuligula marila.) Little black-head, (Fuligula affinis.) Bing-necked duck, (Fuligula collaris.) Bed-head, (Fuligula ferina, var. americana.') Canvas-back, (Fuligula vallisneria.) Golden-eye, (Bucephala clangula.) Barrow's golden-eye, (Bucephala islandica.) Butter-ball, (Bucephala albeola.) Long-tail duck, (Harelda glacialis.) Harlequin-duck, (Histrionicus torquatus.) Eider duck, (Somateria mollissima.) King eider, (Somateria spectabilis.) Scoter, (CEdemia americana.) Velvet duck, (CEdemia fusca, var. velvetina.) Surf duck, (CEdemia perspicillata.) Long- billed scoter, (CEdemia perspicillata var. Trowbridgei.) Buddy duck or bar duck, (Frismatura rubida.) Sheldrake, (Mergus merganser.) Bed -breasted merganser, (Mergus serrator.) Hooded nierganser,(Jfer.2 Fish-oils, extraction of 5i Fish-pots ;>7 Fish-pounds !?S Fish, preservation of 97 Fish-scale work, preparation of 'A Fish-slides 37 Fish-slings 45 Fish-transporting apparatus 100 Fish-ways 97,98 Fissipedia 5 Flails 21 Flake-drying 47 Flamingoes 11 Flannels 74 INDEX. Ill Page. Flannel screens 100 Flasks 30,46 Flat-fish 13 Flaying-tools 55 Flies 17,40 Flies, artificial 40,41 Floating hatching-boxes 99 Floating trawl-lines 31 Floating cages for aquatic animals. 98 Floats 33 Floats, manufacture of 51 Flocking from refuse quills, prepara- tion of ..... 49,87 Flocking, wool 86 Flounders 13 Flowers, feather 87 Fluke-chains 33 Flukes 18 Fly-books 32,41 Fly-catchers 9 Fly-fishing tackle 31 Fly-hooks 32 Flying-fish 15 Fly-tail seines of North Carolina. . . 35 Fog-horns 44 Folding or jerk nets 36 Food 57,77 Food,tiog 40 Food in a fresh condition 57 Food, methods of preparation of. . . 47 Food-poisons 39 Foods '. 65,66 Foods, dried and smoked 65 Footpath-snares 38 Foraminifera 20 Forceps 55 Force-pumps, air 101 Fork, blubber 52 Forks used in handling salted and dried fish 23 Formic acid 95 Formic acid, manufacture of 53 Foster's fish-ways 98 Fowl 10 Fowling-pieces 27, 28 rage. Fowls, domesticated, methods of culture of 9D Foxes 5 Frames, &c 55 French sardine-fisheries 40 Fresh food 57 Frigate-birds 11 Frog-culture, methods of 99 Frogs 12 Fuel 45 Fulling 43 Funnel-traps 37 Fur-dressing 50 Furman's brook-shanty 100 Furniture 45 Furs pack-saddle (Hudson's Bay Territory) 43 Fur robes 45 Furs 68 Fur-seals 6 Fykes 37 Gaff-hooks 23 GallinsB 10 Gallinules , 11 Gall-nuts 94 Gall of animals 93 Gall of animals used in dyeing 92 Gall of carp 93 Galls, nut 93 Game-bags 45 Game-laws 97 Game-baskets 45 Game, preservation of 97 Game-slings 45 Gangs of hooks for minnow-bait 31 Gannets 11 Gap fish-ways 97 Gar-fish 15 Gar-pikes 16 Gaspereau 15 Gastropoda 19 Gastropods, purple dyes from 93 Geese 11 Gelatine, extraction of 52 Gelatine for food 77 112 INDEX. Page. Gelatines 52,68,88 Giant-powder 28 Gigs 24 Gill-net floats 33 Gill-nets, used in great lakes 35 Girths 42 Glac6, papier 79 Glass floats 33 Glires 8 Globes, fish 98 Glue, extraction of 52 Glues 47,78,85 Glycerine 54 Goat 6 Goat, mountain 6 Goby v 14 Godwit 10 Goose-fish 13 Graining 49 Grain-leather 83 Grains 24 Grampus 7 Grappling-irons 24 Grasshoppers 17 Gravel-filters 100 Grebes 11 Green 12 Greenlets 9 Green-shanks 10 Grilles 100 Grinders 53 Groupers 14 Grouse 10 Grunts . . 14 Guanaco 74 Guauo 96 Guano, preparation of 53 Guillemot 11 Guiuea-fowl 10 Guinea-pig 8 Gulls 11 Gun-cases 30 Gun-cotton 28 Guu-harpoons 24 Gunpowder 28 Gun-racks ■ Guns Gunwale- winches Gun-worms Gurnard Gut-lines Gut, method of dressing Gut, silk- worm Page. SO 27 34 29 14 33 50 £9 Gut-snoods, silk- worm 33 Gyro-trap targets - 30 Haddock 14 Hsematin 92 Hags 17 Hair 73,85 Hair and wool work 51 Hair of mammals, preparation of .. 48 Hair-seals -. 6 Hake 14 Halibut 13 Hammocks 45 Hams 65 Hand-dredges 23 Hand-gear 31 Hand-implements 21 Handle or dip nets 35 Hanging-needles 36 Haplomi 15 Hard tissues, preparation of '.. 51 Harness 42 Harpoon ball and gun 28 Harpoon bomb-lance gun 28 Harpoon-bullets 24 Harpoons 24 Harpoon-traps 39 Hartshorn 77,78 Hatchets 22 Hatching-apparatus 99, 100 Hatching-boxes (floating) 100 Hat-manufacture 48,49 45,74 31 9 12 22 33 Hats Hauling-tackle (surf) Hawks Hawks-bill turtles Head-axes for whalemen Head-chains and ropes . . . INDEX. 113 Page. Head-knives 49 Head-oil, preparation of 52 Head-pike and ring 33 Heart-pound 37 Hell-benders 13 Hemdurgan 14 Hemibranchii 13 Herodiones 10 Herons 10 Herring . 15 Herring-boats 44 Herring-nets 36 Herrings, king of tbe 16 Heterosomata 13 Hexapoda 17 Hippocolla 89 Hives for insects 98 Hoes used in gathering shell-fish.. . 23 Hog 6 Holocephali 16 Holsters 30 Honey 95 Hoods 39,40 Hood-seals C Hoof; preparation of 51 Hoofs 78 Hooked instruments 23, 24 Hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence . 37 Hooks 32 Hooks, movable lines with 30 Hooks with stationary lines 31 Hook-swivels 34 Hoop-nets 30,30 Hopper, scrap 52 Hopples 98 Horn 77 Horn, preparation of 51 Horn, burnt 77 Horned-toads 12 Horns 30 Horse 6, 50 Horse, mincing 52 Horse, sea .'. 13 Horse-trappings 42 Hosiery 74 8 Pa S e. Hour-glasses 44 Humming-birds 9 Hunters' flasks 46 Hunters' houses 44 Hunting-birds 40 Hunting-boats 43 Hunting-camps 44 Hun ting-dogs 40 Hunting-fishes 40' Hunting-lanterns 41 Hunting-leopard 39 Hunting-lodges 42 Hunting-mammals 39, 49 Hunting-rifles 28 Hunting-suits 45 Hurled sticks 28 Hurled weights 28 Huron boats 44 Hyla 12 Hyperoartia 17 Hyperotreti 17 Hy raceum 92 Hyrax capensis 92 Ibises 10 Ice-boxes and refrigerators 47 Ice-houses 47 Ice-trade 47 Ichthyocolla 89 Imitation pearls 80 Imitations of animals and birds 41 Imitations of fishes 41 Imitations of red coral 82 Imitation tortoise-shell 77 Implements employed by curriers.. 49,50 Implements, hand 21 Impregnating ova, accessories of ob- taining and , 99 Incline-plane fish-ways 98 Indelible inks 54 Indelible pencils 54 Indian raft-boats 43 Inflatable bags 54 Infusorial earth 82,96 Injurious species, apparatus for de- stroying 98 114 INDEX. Page. 77 53 98 98 8 55 17 101 Ink Inks, manufacture of Insect-cages Insect-hives Insecti vora Insect-powders Insects Insects, propagation of Insects, protection from 45 Instruments and appliances of ren- dering whale-oil 52 Instruments for cleaning, loading, &c 29 Internal parasites 98 Introduction 1 Invertebrates, other materials from - 82 Isinglass 88, 89 Isinglass, extraction of 52 Isospondyli 15 Italian fishing-boats (California). - - 43 Ivory 75 Ivory-black -. 77,92 Ivory-black, manufacture of 53 Ivory cutting and carving 51 Jacket-lamps 44 Jack-lanterns, for fishing 42 Jaguars 5 Jars 53 Jar mole-traps 37 Jawed traps 38 Jays 9 Jerked meat 65 Jigs 23 Jigs and drails 32 Jig-molds 33 Joint-snakes 12 Kainite 53 Keg used for floats, &e 33 Kennels 98 Kermes 93 Kettles 45 Kid-leather 83 Killer 7 Killicks 44 Kilns for burning shells 53 Page. Kindling fire, apparatus for 45 King-fish 14 Kingfishers 9 Kinglets - 9 King of the herrings 16 Knives.. 21,22,48 Koumiss 94 Kyaks 43 Labels 54 Laboratory, coast 97 Labyrinth-traps 27 Lac dye 93 Lace '4 Lacertilia 12 Lac lake 93 Lake gill-net steamer 44 Lambs, vellum from 83 Lamellirostres - 11 Lamprey-eels, or nine-eyes 17 Lamps 44,45 Lances 14,22,26 Landing-nets 36 Land-snails 19 Lanterns 44,45,46 Lanterns for fire hunting and fishing 41 Lanterns for camp and ship use 46 Lanterns for weequashing 42 Lariats 25 Larks 9 Lassos 2o Launches 43 Laws, game 97 Leaders 33, 89 Leads 23 Leaniug 5'2 Leaning-knives 52 Leather-back 12 Leather belts 83 Leather, currying of 49, 50 Leather-dressing 50 Leathers 73,82 Leeches 18,95 Leeches, propagation of 101 Leggings 45 Lemmings 8 INDEX. 115 Leptocardiacs 17 Lice 17 Lice, "fish 98 Lights 46 Lily-irons .. 24 Lime 94 Lime, bird 39 Limes 53,95 Limicoloe 10 Lining , 50 Limpets 19 Line-holders 34 Lines, hooks with movable 31 Lines (twisted and plaited) 32 Ling 14 Lions, sea 6 Lip-hooks j. 24 Lithofracteur , 28, 90 Live-box (Atkins's) 101 Live-boxes for microscopists 98 Lizards 12 Loaded lines (bolas) 25 Loaders 29 Lobster-canning factory 48 Lobster-pot floats 33 Lobster-pots 37 Lodges 42,44 Loggerhead 12 Log-glasses 44 Longipennes , 11 Loons 11 Lophobranchii 13 Lounges 45 Lump-fish 14 Lure-fish 41 Lynxes 5 Macerating- vats 54 Maces 50 Machetes 22 Mackerel 14 Mackerel-jigs 32 Mackerel-smacks 43 Mackerel-steamers 44 Mackinaw blankets 45 Page. Mackinaw boats 44 Mammal furs 68 Mammal oils, extraction of 52 Mammals 5 Mammals, quills of 87 Mammals, shell of 79 Mammals used as food 57 Mammals, hair of, preparation of - - 48 Manatee, or sea-cow 7 Manna 95 Manufacture of albumen prepara- tions 53 Manufacture of ammonia 53. Manufacture of billiard-table cush- ions 51 Manufacture of carbazotates 53 Manufacture of dress and stay ma- ker's bone 51 Manufacture of fertilizers 53 Manufacture of floats and other ar- ticles 51 Manufacture of formic acid 53 Manufacture of handles, trinkets, billiard-balls, &c 51 Manufacture of hat and bonnet ma- ker's bone 51 Manufacture of inks from animal substances 53 Manufacture of ivory-black 53- Manufacture of murexides 53 Manufacture of organ and piano keys 51 Manufacture of pepsin 53 Manufacture of perfumes 53 Manufacture of phosphorus 53 Manufacture of propylamine 53 Manufacture of prussiates 53 Manufacture of quill articles .i 50, 51 Manufacture of quill brush-bristles. 51 Manufacture of quills for pens 51 Manufacture of ribbon - weaver's bone , 51 Manufacture of rosettes 51 Manufacture of sal ammoniac 53- 116 INDEX. Manufacture of stookmaker's bone. 51 Manufacture of surgical instru- ments 51 Manufacture of suspender-maker's bone Si- Manufacture of toothpicks 51 Manufacture of trinkets 51 Manufacture of umbrella-maker's bone 51 Manufacture of whalebone brushes. 51 Manufacture of whipniaker's stock and whips 51 Manufacture of woven work 51 Manufactures, arts and,, materials employed in 75 Marline-spikes 44 Marmots 8 Marsipobranchiates 17 Marsupialia 8 Martens 5 Masks 42 Massachusetts flakes 47 Masts 44 Materials employed in the arts and manufactures 75 Mather's fish-ways 97 Means of pursuit and capture 21 Measures 29 Meat-biscuit 65 Meat, desiccated 65 Meat-extract 65 Meat-hooks 47 Meats 65 Meats, canning 48 Meats, preservation of 47 Mechanfcal delineators 55 Medical outfit 46 Medicine, chemical products and agents employed in arts and 93 Medicine-chests 46 Menhaden 15 Menhaden-carryaways 43 Menhaden-smacks 43 Menhaden steam-mills 44 MenopomeB 13 Page. 74 35 36 93 99 99 50 99 55 98 Merinoes Meshing-nets (entanglingin meshes) Mesh-needles Methods of culture of domesticated animals Methods of culture of domesticated fowls Methods of culture of domesticated birds - Methods of dressing gut and sinew. Methods of frog-culture Methods of heliotyping and engrav- ing illustrations Methods of mink-culture Methods of ostrich-culture 93 Methods of oyster-culture 101 Methods of preparation of food 47 Methods of terrapin-culture 99 Methods of transportation 42, 43, 44 Methods of United States Fish Com- mission 97 Mice 8 Microscopists'live-boxes,troughs,&c. Milk, desiccated Millipedes Mincing Mincing-horse and mincing-knives. Mincing-knives Mincing-machine Mincing-tub 52 Mink-culture, methods of 98 Minks 5 Minnow bait-hooks 31 Minnows 15 Missiles 26,28,29 Missile-traps 39 93 65 17 52 52 22 52 Mites Mixers Moccasins Modeling Model of fish-guano works Mohairs Moles Mole-traps Mollusks 17 53 45 54 53 74 8 39 19 INDEX 117 Page. Mollusks, byssus of 75 Mollusks, propagation of 101 Moose 6 Morning stars 21 Moss-orates (Stone's) 100 Mother-o'-pearl 79 Moths 17 Monntain-goat 6 Mountain meal 66 Mountain-sheep 6 Mouse-fish 13 Mouselins de laine 74 Movable copses 42 Movable covers 42 Movable lines, hooks with 30 Mud-fish, or amia 16 Mullet 15 Murexides ' 93 Murexides, manufacture of 53 Murres 11 Museum storage-tank, Agassiz model 54 Muskets 27,28 Musk from musk-deer 92 Musk-ox 6 Musquash 8 Musquash - traps, ■with hanging doors 38 Muzzles 40 Myriapoda 17 Mysticete 7 Nacre 49 Nacre, preparation of 52 Narwhal 7 Natural baits 40 Nautilus 19 Navassa phosphates 53 Needle-percussiou 28 Needles 38 Nematognathi 16 Nemerteans 18 Nereooystis Liitlceana 33 Nests 100 Nets 35 Nets for bed and face 45 Page. Netting-needles 36 Newfoundland flakes . . j 47 Newhouse traps 38 Night-hawks 9 Nine-eyes 17 Nippers (with cord and handle) 25 Nitroglycerine 28,90 Noire d'i voire - 92 Nooses 25 Noose-traps 38 Norway haddock, or hemdurgan.. . 14 Norwegian boats 44 Nut-galls 93 Nuthatches 9 Nuts, gall 94 Oar-locks 44 Oar-rests , 44 Oars 44 Oblique groove fish-ways 97 Ocelots 5 Octopus 19 Oil 52,90 Oil, cotton 48 Oil-dressing 50 Oil, fish, soaps from 92 Oiling 50 Oil-skin suits 45 Ointments 45 Oleomargarines 90 Ophidia 12 OpMs/abce 93 Ophiurans 19 Opossum 8 Optical instruments 46 Organ-keys, manufacture of 51 Orioles 9 Osraic acid 54 Osteocolia 89 Ostricb-culture, methods of 99 Otters 5,40 Otter-trawl , 36 Oulachan , 15 Ova, accessories of obtaining and impregnating 99 Overflowing fish- ways 97 118 INDEX. Owls Ox Ox, domesticated Ox, musk Oyster-bed tangles Oyster-boats Oyster-canning factory. Oyster-canoes Oyster-catcher Page. 9,40 6 98 43 48 43 ...... 10 Oyster-culture, methods of 101 Oyster-fish 14 Oyster-police-boats 44 Oyster-pungies 44 Oyster-scraper 36 Oyster-smacks 43 Pack-saddles 42 Paddle-fish, or spoon-bill 16 Paddles 44 Pads, riding 42 Pails 99 Palms.. 44 Pancreatine 93 Pans 99,100 Paper boats ; , 43 Papierglace" 79,88 Parasites 98 Parchment 82,83 Parchment from viscera of seals ... 84 Parers 22 Parroquet 9 Parrot-fish 14 Parrots 9 Partridge 10 Passeres 9 Pastes 41 Patent leather 83 Peacock 10 Pearl 79 Pearl-powder 80 Pearls 79 Pearl-white ^ 79 Pea-roe of cod 40 Pea-shooters 27 Peccary 6 Pediculati 13 Pelicans Pemmican Pencils Penguins Pens (for animals) Pens, manufacture of quills for — Pens, quill Pen-traps Pepsins Pepsin, manufacture of Percesoces Perch Perches Percussion-powder Perfumes Personal aids Personal equipments Petrels Phalarope Phials Phosphates Phosphorus Phosphorus, manufacture of. Phosphorus prepared from bones - Photographic apparatus Photographs Piano-keys, manufacture of Picariis Pickerel Pickerel-hooks Pickled foods Pickling, preservation by Picks used in gathering shell-fish. Picric acid Piercing-traps Pigeon- nels Pigeon-traps and accessories of pig eon-shooting.. Pig-fish Pike Pike's fish-way Pile-scrapers Pilot-fish Pinkies (Martha's Vineyard) Page. 11 65 54 11 98 51 87 37- 93 53 15 14 •40 28 53,92 42 45 11 10 54 53,96 77,94 53 55 97 51 9 15 39 66 48 23 54 39 38 10 30 14 15 97 23 14 43 INDEX. 119 Page. Pinna, silk from byssus of, prepara- tion of 49 Pinnipedia 6 Pipe-fish 13 Pipettes IPO Pistol-belts 30 Pistols 27 Pitfalls 37 Pits, covered 37 Plaited lines 32 Planarians 18 Plectognathi 13 Pliers 55 Plover 10 Plucking 48,50 Plnmagery, art of , 50 Plumes 87 Plushes 74 Pocket-nets 35 Pocket-traps 37 Poisons 39 Police-boats, oyster 43 Polishing 50 Polishing-powders 82 Pollock 14 Polyps 20 Pomatums 90 Pommels 49 Pompano 14 Ponds, fish 98 Pool fish-ways 97 Porcupine-fish 13 Porcupines 8 Porgy 14 Porpoise 7 Portable bridges -• 42 Portable boats 43 Potash, prussiate of 78, 86 Potassium, ferrocyanide of 92 Pot-gauge swivel 34 Potomac seine-boats 43 Pots, try 52 Ponches 30 Poudrettes 98 Pound-boats 44 Pound-boats of the lakes Pounds Powder- holders Powder-measures Prairie-dogs Predatory animals Preface Preparation of albumen Preparation of ammunition Preparation of baits Preparation of brillantine Preparation of cochineal colors Preparation of coral Preparation of down Preparation of feather fabrics Preparation of feathers Preparation of fibers for manufac- ture of plush carpets Preparation of fish-scale work Preparation of food, methods of Preparation of guano Preparation of hair of mammals... Preparation of hard tissues Preparation of head-oil Preparation of horn and hoof Preparation of nacre Preparation of flocking from refuse quills Preparation of silk from byssus of Pinna „ Preparation of silk of insects Preparation of silk of silk- worms . . Preparation of spermaceti Preparation of sponge-stuffing Preparation of stuffings Preparation of the skin and its ap- pendages Preparation of tortoise-shell Preparation of whale-bone Preparation of wool Preservation by canning and pick- ling Preservation by drying : . Preservation offish Preservation of fresh meats Page. 43 37 30 29 v 53 28 48 49 53 59 49 49 49 49 52 47 53 48 51 52 51 52. 49 1 49-. 49, 49. 52 49, 49- 49 51 49,51 49 48 47 47 47 120 INDEX. Page. Preservation of game 97 Preservation of animals for scien- tific uses 53 Preservative mixtures 54 Preservatives . x 55 Preserved meats 45 Presses 52 Pressing 48, 51 Primers 28 Printing, calico 92 Proboscidea 7 Processes of tanning leather 50 Processes of tawing or oil-dressing leather 50 Process of currying 49 Prodding-awls 22 Prods ' 22 Propagation and culture of fishes.. 99 Propagation of amphibians 99 Propagation of bees 101 Propagation of cochineal insect 101 Propagation Of corals 101 Propagation of insects 101 Propagation of leeches 101 Propagation of mollusks 101 Propagation of reptiles 99 Propagation of silk- worm 101 Propagation of sponges 101 Propagation of worms 101 Propylamine 94 Propylamine, manufacture of 53 Protection and culture 97 Protection from insects 43 Proteida . 13 Protozoans 20 Prussian-blue 85, 92 Prussiate of potash 78, 86 Prussiates 92, 94 Prussiates, manufacture of 53 Psittaci 9 Ptarmigan 10 Publications of United States Fish Commission 97 Puffins 11 Pulleys 44 Pulverizers 53 Puma 5 Punk - 94 Purple dyes from gastropods 93 Purpurate of ammonia dyes 93 Purse-nets 36 Purse-seines 36 Pursuit and capture, means of 21 Pursuit, its methods and appliances. 42 Pygopodes 11 Pyrethrum-powder 45 Quadrants 44 Quail 10 Quill articles, manufacture of 50 Quill-brush bristl'es,manufactureof. 51 Quills 86,87 Quivers 26 Rabbit-fish 13 Rabbit-tipe 37 Rabbit-traps (fig. 4) 37 Rabbit-traps, for mouth of burrows . 38 Rabbits 8 Raccoons 5 Race, spawning (Ainsworth) 99 Racks 30 Radiates 19 Raft-boats 43 Raines 16 Rails 11 Rake-dredge 36 Rakes 25 Rammers 29 Raptores 9 Rats 8 Rattlesnake, crotalin of 94 Rawhide thongs 83 Rays 16 Recoil-checks 30 Red coral 81 Red-fish 14 Reeling 48 Reels 34 Refining 52 Refrigerator-cars 47 Refrigerators 47 INDEX. 121 Pago. Remora 14, 40 Rendering whale-oil 52 Rennet 94 Reptile-oils, extraction of 52 Reptiles X'2 Reptiles, propagation of 99 Eeptiles used as food GO Eevolvers 27 Revolving booms 33 Rhizopoda 20 Rhomboganoidei ; 15 Ribbons 74 Ribbon weaver's bone, manufacture of 51 Eiding-boots 45 Riding-pads 42 Eiding-saddles 42 Rifle-muskets 27 Eifles 27 Rigging 44 Right whales 7 Rimmers 22 Ring-neck 10 Rings 33 River-dogs 13 River-weirs, with pockets 37 Roan 83 Robes 45 Rock-bass ]4 Rock-cod (west coast) 14 Rock-fish 14 Eockling 14 Rocks and bowlders as fish-ways. . . 98 Rod-cases 34 Rods 34 Rod-top cases 34 Rollers 34 Roller-spawning screen (Collins) ... 99 Rolling off 49 Ropes ....' 33 Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs) 100 Roses, aerating 101 Rosettes,whalebone,manufacturo of, 51 Rotifers 18 Round-knives 49 Page. 38 45 34 33 44 83 22 42 30 10 44 44 13 77,94 53 Round mouse-traps Rubber blankets Rubber tips -. Rubber-tubing floats Rudder-heads Russia leather Sabers Saddles Saddle-slings Sage-cock Sail-needles Sails Salamanders Sal ammoniac Sal ammoniac, manufacture of. Salmou 15,99 Salmon-flies 32 Salmon-weir 37 Salt 48 Saltedfoods 66 Salt-mills 48 Salve-bug 95 Sand-bath 50 Sanderling 10 Sandpipei 10 Sardine-factory 48 Sardine-fisheries, French 40 Satinettes 74 Sausages 65 Saw-bills 9 Scabbard-fish 14 Scales...., 79 Scaling-apparatus 48 Scent-decoys 41 Scolecida 18 Scoop-nets 36 . Scoops 23 Scoop sounding-machines 23 Scorpions 12, 17 Scouring 48, 50 Scows Scrapers Scrap-hopper .. Scraping Scraping-tools . 43 22 52 49 54 122 INDEX. Screens Screen, roller spawning (Collins) .. Sculpin, Soup, or porgy Sea-bats Sea-oow Sea-cucumber Sea-horse Seal-elepbants Sealers Sealing-steamers Sea-1 ions Seals Seals, parchment from Sea-otters Sea-raven Sea-robin •Sea-snails . „ >. ■Sea-urchins Seaweed Sea- worms ■Section A Section B Section C Section D Section E Seine-boats Seine-floats Seine-reels Seines Seine- windlasses Seizure of object Selacbostomi Self-sealing jars, used in collecting Sepia ' Sepia officinalis • Serges Serpulse Set-nets Set-tackle Sextants Shad Shad-slides Shagreen leather : Shagreen of trigger-fish Pago. 100 99 14 14 13' 7 19 13 6 43 41 G 6 84 5 11 14 19 19 53 18 5 21 47 57 97 43 33 34 35 34 23 16 54 93 61,95 74 18 37 31 44 15 37 83 Page. Shanty, brook (Furman's) 100 Sharks 16 Sharpies - 43 Shawls 41 Sheaf-traps 38 Shearing 48 Shearwaters 11 Sheep 6 Sheepshead 14 Shell of mammals 79 Shells 29,80 Shell, tortoise 78 Shell-work 81 Shields 45 Ship-lanterns . . . . 46 Shot 28 Shot-cartridges 29 Shot-holders 30 Shot-measurers 29 Shoulder-slings 30 Shovels 23 Showtl 8 Shrews 8 Shrikes 9 Sid-straps 33 Sieve-traps 36 Sight-decoys 41 Sights 29,30 Signal-lunterns 44 Silk, preparation of 49 Silks 74 Silk- worm gut 33, 89 Silk-worm, propagation of 101 Sinchcs 4'2 Sinew, dressiug 50 Sinews 81 Sinkers 33 Siphons 101 Siphon-tubes 101 Sipunculoids -. . . 18 Sirtnia 7 Sirens 13 Size 77,88 Skates 16,42 Skeleton, making 51 INDEX. 123 Pago. Skewers 47 Skimmer-nets 100 Skimmers 1 1 , 52 Skin and its appendages, prepara- tion of 49 Skiuks 12 Skins of birds used as furs 73 Skin-scrapers 22 Skin-suits 45 Skirts, crinoline 74 Skunks 5 Sledges 42 Slings -. 28,':~,47 Slings for arms Slnug-weights -. Smacks Smelt Smith's fish-way Smoked foods Smoke-drying apparatus Smoke-houses Smudges Snails ■. Snail, sea Snakes SO 21 43 ..... l."> 97 65 47 47 I 45 19 14 12 Snares 25,38 Snipe Snipe-fisli Snoods Snow-goggles . Snow-shoes . . . 10 13 33 46 42 Soaps 90,92 44 83 13 41 23 22 9 Sockets ■ Sole-leather Soles Sound-decoys Sounding-machines Spades Sparrow Spat stools 101 Spawning-race 99 Spawning screen, roller 99 Spawning- vat 99 Spear-falls 39 Spears 22,24,26 Pago. Spears with detachable heads 24 Specimens, apparatus for collecting . 97 Spermaceti 90 Spermaceti, preparation of 52 Sperm-oil- 90 Sperm-whale : . . . 7, 9J Sphenisci 11 Spiders 17 Spilliards 31 Spinners 41 Spinning 48 Split-leather... .'.. 83 Sponge, burnt 96 Spongeo-piline 89 Sponges 20,89 Sponges, propagation of 101 Sponge-stuffing, preparation of 49 Spools 34 Spoon-baits, plain and fluted 32 Spoonbills 10,16 Spoons 32 Spreaders 33 Spring bird-nets 38 Spring-door traps 38 Springes 38 Spring-guns 27, 39 Spring-hooks - - 39 Spring-nets 36 Spring-weirs (Saint Lawrence) 36 Spurs 42 Squali 16 Squid-jigs 24 Squids .' 19,32,41 Squirrels 8 Star-fishes 19 Starlings 9 Stationary covers 42 Stationary lines with hooks 31 Staves 42 Steamers 44 Stearines 90 Steck's fish- ways 97 Steel-traps 38 Steganopodes .• 11 Step- fish-ways 97 124 INDEX. Stepping-irons for whale-boats. Stickleback Sticks, h urled Sticks, throw Still-hunting, lanterns for Stilt Stirring-pole Stockings Stomach-springs Stone-chats Page. 44 13 26 26 41 10 52 45 39 9 Stone's aquarium-car 101 Stone's moss-crates 100 Stool-pigeons 41 Stools for spat 101 Stopping 48 Storage-tanks 54 Stosh 40 Stoves 45 Stowing 52 Strait-jackets 99 Strawberry-bass 14 Stretchers 45 Stretching-irons 49 Striped bass 14 Strip-sawing 51 Stuffings 48 Stuffings, preparation of 49 Stuffing tools 55 Stuffs 74 Sturgeons 16 Suckers 15 Suckers 17 Sulphuric acid 53 Sun-drying apparatus 47 Sun-fish 13 Surface-lines 31 Surf-bird 10 Surf-boats 43 Surf-tackle 31 Surgeon-fish 14 Swabs 29 Swab tangles 25 Swallows 9 Swans 11 Swazey's fish-way 96 Sweet-oil Swell-fish Swifts Swivels Sword-fish Swords Synentognathi. Syringe-guns . . Page. 45 13 9 34 14 22 15 27 Syringes, bulb, &c 100 Syringes for injecting 54 Table-furniture 45 Table of contents vii Tables 48 Tailor.. 14 Tanagers 9 Tangles 25 Tangles, oyster-bed 98 Tanks 53,100,101 Tanning 50,90 Tape-worms 18 Targets 30 Tar-ointment 45 Tarpum 15 Tartans 74 Tattler 10 Tautog 14 Tawing leather 50 Taxidermy 55 Teleocephali 13 Telescopes 46 Tell-tales 34 Tench 15 Trench fish-ways 97 Tents 44 Terns n Terrapin 12 Terrapin-culture, methods of 99 Testudinata 12 Tethers 98 Textile fabrics 48, 73 Thongs 83 Thread-worms 18 Throwing-sticks 26 Throwing-tackle (surf) 31 Throw-sticks 26 INDEX. 125 Pago, Thrushes 9 Thrusting-spears 22 Tide drailing-tackle 31 Tillers 44 Tinder 94 Tissues, hard, preparation of 51 Titmice '. 9 Toad-fish 14 Toads 12 Toads, horned 12 Toggle-harpoons 24 Toggles, used by whalers 24 Tolling-baits 40 Tomahawks 22 Tongs 25 Toothpicks, manufacture of 51 Torches 46 Torpedoes 39 Tortoises 12 Tortoise-shell 78 Tortoise-shell, imitation 77 Tortoise-shell, preparation of 51 To wing-nets 36 Trachystomata 13 Trailing-nets 36 Trammel-nets 36 Transportation, methods of 42, 43, 44 Transporting fish, apparatus for . . . 100 Trappings .' 42,45 Traps 37,98 Trawl-line rollers 34 Trawl-lines 31 Trawls 30 Trays 100 Treading-burdles 50 Trehala 95 Trestles 50 Trichina; 18 Trigger-fish 13,79 Tripoli 82 Trogons 9 Trolling-spoons 41 Trolling-tackle 31 Tropic birds 11 Troughs 90,98 Page. Tioirt 15 Trout-flies ' 32 Trowels 23 Trumpet-fish 13 Trumpets 44 Trunk-fish 13 Try-works 52 Tubs 34,48 Tunny 14 Turbot 13 Turkey 10 Turkey-traps 37 Turnstone 10 Tweeds 74 Twisted lines 32 Twisting-rods 24 Umiaks 43 Ungulata 6 United States Fish Commission, methods of ,. 97 Urchins, sea 19 Urodela 13 Useful animals, enemies of 98 Vaccine-lymph 94 Vats 48,52,54 Vat, spawning 99 Vehicles 42 Vellum 82 Velveteens 74 Velvets 74 Vesicatory beetles 94 Vests 30 Veziga 66 Viverracivetta 92 Viverra zibetha 92 Vultures 9 Viviparous-fish 14 Wadding 29 Waders, decoy 41 Wading-boots 45 Wading-stockings 45 Wagons 42 Wagtails 9 Wallets for lines, &c 45 Wallosin .78 126 INDEX. Walrus Warblers Wash-leather Water-guns Water-proof boots Water-proof suits . . Water- telescopes .. Water-turkeys Wax Waxwiugs Weak-fish Weapon-holders . . Pago. 6 9 83 27 45 45 46 11 95 9 14 30 Weasels 5,40 Weaving 48 Weaving worsted cloths 48 Weequ'ashing lanterns 42 Weighing-scales 29 Weights, hurled 2(> Weirs 33,37 Whale-boats 43 Whalebone..-. 78 Whalebone, preparation of 49, 51 Whalebone springs 39 Whale-line drag 33 Whaleman's "craft": 24 Whaleman's line-tub 34 Whale-oil 52 Whale-oil, rendering 52 Whalers' chains and lines 33 Whales 7 Whale-ships 43 Whale-spades 22 Whale-steamers 44 Whaling-canoes 43 Whaling-guns 28 Wheelbarrows , 41 Wheels 44 Whelks 19 Page. Whifflng-tackle 31 Whippoorwills 9 Whips 40,83 Whistles 40 White coral 81 White-fish 15 Whitehall boats 43 Whiting 14 Wicker fish-pots , 37 Willet 10 Wilmot's cups 100 Winches 34' Winders 34 Windlasses 34 Wire-cartridges 29 Wolf-fish 14 Wolverenes 5 Wolves f> Woodcock 10 Woodiloats 33 Woodpeckers 9 W T ood-powder 28 Wool 74,85 Wool-flocking 86,92 Wool, preparation of 49 Wool work 51 Woorara 39 Worms 18 Worms, intestinal 98 Worms, propagation of 101 Worsted cloths, wearing 48 Worsted fabrics 74 Wrens 9 Yak lace 74 Yarns 74 Yellow-shanks 10 Zibeth civet 92