CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY r^w- «-_ .,£""«" University Library QE 392.K96 1905 Gems, ewelers' materials, and ornamenta 3 1924 004 100 099 Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004100099 Bulletin No. 37. San Francisco, June, 1905. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California ^ ^ jt ^ ^ BY GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D. Issued by the California State Mining Bureau Ferry Building, San Francisco. Lewis L. Aubury, 5tate Mineralogist. \ SECOND EDITION. Sacramento : W. W. Shannon Superintendent State Printing. 1905. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To .Hon. George C. Pardee, Governor of California, and the Honorable the Board of Trustees of the State Mining Bureau: Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit Bulletin No. 37, "Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California," which has been compiled by George F. Kunz, A.M., Ph.D. The industry of which this Bulletin treats is comparatively a new one in this State, but it is of growing importance, as the increasing annual value of the output of the subjects enumerated will testify to. Much care has been exercised in the field investigations, and a very complete examination has been made of all of the various deposits which have been found. The greatest courtesy has been shown to Field Assistants by the owners of the deposits, and much needed assistance has been extended in many ways. I shall not mention specifically the parties to whom the thanks of this department are owing, but due recognition is given by Dr. Kunz at the conclusion of the introductory chapter, under the heading " Recognition. " To all who have aided in the preparation of this report, and who have loaned and donated specimens to our Museum from their mines, I again wish to extend the thanks of this department. To Dr. George Kunz, the Bureau is highly indebted for the great care he has exercised in the preparation of the work, and without his assist- ance, and the use of the valuable data he has collected concerning the Gem Industry in California, this publication would be far from complete, and in extending our thanks to him, I do so with a full knowledge of the valuable assistance he has rendered. Very respectfully, LEWIS E. AUBURY, State Mineralogist. San Francisco, June 30, 1905. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION - 9 DIAMOND 36 CORUNDUM 45 TOPAZ - 46 SPINEL 47 BERYL - 48 GARNET 50 TOURMALINE 54 QUARTZ 64 CHALCEDONY - 71 CHRYSOPRASE 74 JASPER - 75 OPAL - 75 ALBITE 78 ORTHOCLASE - - 79 GRAPHIC GRANITE 79 LABRADORITE - - 80 DIOPSIDE - 80 ENSTATITE 80 KUNZITE— SPODUMENE 81 VESUVIANITE (CALIFORNITE) - 93 PEGTOLITE 95 AXINITE 96 JADE 96 DATOLITE 97 APOPHYLLITE 97 LAPIS LAZULI 98 ANDALUSITE 98 EPIDOTE - 99 AGALMATOLITE 100 LEPIDOLITE 100 CHRYSOCOLLA 101 APATITE 102 FLUORITE 102 b CONTENTS. Page. ANHYDRITE 102 GYPSUM - 103 GOAL 104 HEMATITE 104 GOTHITE . - 105 CASSITERITE 105 BROOKITB - 106 AZURITE AND MALACHITE 106 TURQUOISE 107 AMBER 110 CARBONATE OF LIME 110 ORBICULAR DIORITE 112 GAT'S-EYE 114 OBSIDIAN - 114 PEARL 115 ABALONE 118 GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA - 121 APPENDIX— CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU 159 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. No. 1. Relief map of California Folder •2. Autoprint (self-print) of Kunzite Crystal. Made by exposing crystal to the Roentgen ray for five minutes, and then laying it upon the photo- graphic plate.-- - - -..Frontispiece 3. Weathered mass of "Line-Rock," showing garnet interlineations in the compact feldspar 15 4. Orbicular Diorite, Dehesa, San Diego County. Weathered surface, showing the structure - 15 o. Pala Mountain. View looking west. Pegmatite ledges as white lines 16 6. Bridal Chamber, Lepidolite Mine, showing tourmaline crystals embedded in the rock - - 22 7. Diamond, natural crystal, found at Volcano, Amador County 41 n. Rough diamond, found in " Spring Valley Hydraulic Mine," Cherokee Plat, Butte County - - 41 y. Topaz crystal (natural size). Ramona, San Diego County -.- 46 10. Topaz crystals (natural size) on crystallized Albite, Ramona, San Diego County - 47 11. Town of Pala, San Diego County, view looking east, showing Indian houses 56 12. Belfry of " Old Spanish Church " at Pala 57 13. Pala Mountain. View of the Lithia Mine, showing workings and dump. Lepidolite with Rubellite 58 14. Red Tourmaline crystals on Quartz crystals, Mesa Grande 60 15. Pala Chief Mine, Pala. Southwestern end of workings, looking east 61 16. Pala Mountain, San Diego County, Lepidolite Mine — near view of the dump 63 17. Quartz crystals from Placerville, El Dorado County 65 18. Outcrop of Rose Quartz. Free Zone, near the Mexican line, San Diego County 67 19. Pebbles from Pescadero Beach, San Mateo County 72 20. Pebble Beach, Redondo, Los Angeles County 73 21. Moonstone Beach, Catalina Island, Los Angeles County 78 22. Kunzite crystal, Sickler Mines, Pala 85 23. Autoprint from crystal of Kunzite exposed to the X ray for ten minutes, and exposed to the plate for five minutes 89 24. Entrance to Lepidolite Mine at Pala --- 101 25. Orbicular Diorite Mine, Dehesa, San Diego County — near view of outcrop.. 113 26. Pebble Beach at Pescadero, San Mateo County 113 27. Coahuila Mountain (general view). Riverside County: Beryl, Kunzite, and Gem Tourmaline 122 28. Fano (Simmons) Mine, Riverside County. View of ridge, looking north.. 123 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page- No. 29. Stewart Lithia Mine (west end of tunnel), Pala Mountain, San Diego County 125 30. Pala Chief Mine, Pala, San Diego County 126 31. Pala Chief Mine. Pocket line at the point -where the largest pocket of Kunzite crystals occurred 127 32. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, Heriart Mountain, San Diego County, view look- ing southwest 130 33. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, showing workings 131 34. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, "Naylor rock, " showing pegmatite above, zone of pockets and banded "line-rock" below _ 131 35. Mount Heriart (taken from south, one mile) 132 36. Himalaya Tourmaline Mine, Mesa Grande, San Diego County 134 37. Esmeralda Mine, Mesa Grande. Tunnel, looking east 136 38. Mack Beryl Mine, Rincon, San Diego County. View from the south 138 39. Mack Beryl Mine, portion of the ledge about eight feet thick 139 40. Eamona District, San Diego County, general view of ledges, looking north 140 41. A B C Mine, Ramona, San Diego County 141 42. Little Three JNIine, Ramona. Sorting Topaz, Beryl, and Essonite Garnet. 14S 43. Little Three Mine, lower workings at east end-- 143 44. Little Three Mine, wall rock, showing lines of small black Tourmaline 145 45. Hercules Mine, Ramona. Essonite Garnet and Beryl - 148 46. Prospect Mine, Ramona, general view. Essonite Garnet 151 47. Prospect Mine, Ramona, showing ledge and opening 151 48. Office of State Mining Bureau, Ferry Building, San Francisco 158 49. Mineral Museum, State Mining Bureau 161 50. Library and Reading-Eoom, State Mining Bureau -- 163 51. Laboratory, State Mining Bureau 165 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, AND ORNAMENTAL STONES OE CALIFORNIA. By GEORGE F. KUNZ, A.M., Ph.D. INTRODUCTION. In preparing this report upon the gem-minerals of California, a few general considerations may be noted at the outset. Prior to the Mexi- can war, California was a land but little known — a romantic, dreamy region of far-away southern life, where the Catholic fathers had founded their missions, and brought the language and the architecture of Spain to the shores of the Pacific. With the transfer of the territory to the United States, and the discovery of gold in 1848, a swift and mighty change set in, and a wonderful era of progress began, which has con- tinued to the present time. In this great development of California, there may easilj^ be recog- nized three distinct steps or stages, the later ones coming in not to replace the earlier, but as successive additions to the productive power of the State. For a number of years California was chiefly known and sought as the land of gold, the El Dorado. Later came the develop- ment of the soil for agriculture — the rich harvests of the great valley, and the luxuriant horticulture of the southern section, where the fruits of southern Europe are now gathered on so vast a scale. Lastlj^, within a few years, has come into view the wonderful richness of the State in gems and precious stones, as a third aspect of productiveness. With this, the present report has to deal. Many notices of separate observations and discoveries of this kind have from time to time appeared, and lists of minerals found in the State have been published.at various periods in differen-t reports of the earlier surveys and by the State Mining Bureau. These will be enumer- ated further on.* But thus far there has been no general record of the *The titles of many of these reports will be given in the footnotes. See also Bibli- ography relating to Geology, Palseontology and Mineral Resources of California, including maps, by Capt. A. W. Vogdes, published by the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, 1904. 10 GEMS, JBWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. distribution of California gem-minerals as such; and the facts have, moreover, been accumulating so rapidly within a very short time past, that they have assumed an importance much greater than before. In 1890 and 1892 the full list of the discoveries known was collected and published with other gem material.* The discoveries made within the past ten years have been reported almost entirely by the writer, in his capacity as Special Agent of the U. S. Geological Survey for this particular branch, in the annual reports on the Production of Precious Stones in the United States, published in the Division of Mineral Resources, in the annual reports of the Survey. All that has appeared in those volumes, together with a large amount of additional material, earlier and more recent, and much of it from personal communications and other unpublished sources, has been brought together, and corrected up to the date of going to press, so as to present to the people of California a general conception of the wealth of their State in gems and precious stones. It is hoped that this work may give an impetus to further discovery and advance. The develop- ments in this line during the last four years, especially in southern Cali- fornia, are phenomenal, and have not been paralleled by those of any other State or country. They seem, however, only to have commenced, and it is quite possible that in a few years many new and important ■discoveries will be made in this region, and California be known as one ■of the greatest gem-producing countries of the world. Hence, while this report is designed to comprise all gem-minerals found in the State, it will deal especially with the newest region of discovery. ■ ' It is time, and it is fit, that this body of information should be given to the people of the State; as many of her mineral products are better known and better represented abroad than they are at home. Altogether, probably more than a billion dollars' worth of gold, gems, and minerals of California have been diffused to the ends of the world — ttie first aid- ing in commerce and strengthening the banker, the others forming the ornaments and the pride of important museums and other great collec- tions. The tourmaline, spodumene, rock-crystal, and other gems — as iamiliar now to experts ahd collectors as the gold itself — have been better known to the residents of Russia, Spain, or Germany, than to the inhabitants of the Golden State whence they came. It is a singular fact that these gems are better represented in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the United States National Museum at Washington, the British Museum in London, the Musee d 'Histoire Naturelle of Paris, and other great institutions in the East and abroad, than they are in the State Mining Bureau of California or the State University at Berkeley — both of which have collections that rank well *Gems and Precious Stones of North America, New Yorlc, 1890-92, by George F. Ivunz, pp. 31. GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 11 for the authenticity and the richness of their specimens, and for their magnificent examples of foreign minerals. If this report shall tend to increase the interest and awaken the pride of the people of the State in their remarkable mineral treasures, it will have served a purpose of permanent utility. GEM-MINERALS IN CALIFOKNIA, The distribution of gem-minerals in California may be very broadly outlined somewhat as follows; I. There is, first, the gold region of the central and northern coun- ties along the western base of the Sierra Nevada; in this are found the gold-quartz used so much for jewelry and ornamental work, and the few but interesting diamonds. These latter occur loose in the gold- bearing gravels, sometimes of the surface placers, but generally of the old river-beds now covered and compacted by lava-flows. In these last also is found much of the agatized and opalized wood, which is some- times capable of use as an ornamental stone. In the same gravel fill- ing of an ancient stream bed, in Calaveras County, has also been found the wonderful deposit of transparent quartz crystals (rock-crystal) of great size, which have yielded some of the finest material for art work ever known anywhere. These occurrences, it is true, are adventitious, and not in the nature of mines that can yield any permanent supply. But they have been found, and may be found again at any time. The gold-quartz is different in this respect, and a fairly steady production of it in certain of the quartz mines may be relied upon hereafter, as before. The diamonds found in the gravels are neither numerous nor large, but some of them are beautiful and all of them possess much interest. Their occurrence will be described further on in some detail. All have been found incidentally, and no search for them has ever been made. One or two suggestions, however, may be offered here: (1) As the U. S. Geological Survey is projecting a special study of the occurrence of platinum in California and the Pacific States, it would seem not unlikely that if some attention were paid to the occur- rence of the diamond, it also might be found in this exploration; as the diamond is one of the heavier minerals and is almost invariably met with in the riffles with the gold and platinum. (2) The new grease-board separator used in the South African dia- mond mines, recently devised through the keen observation of one of its employes — Mr. Kersten of Kimberley — might prove a valuable adjunct to some of the present gold-stamps, or in the sluices, to detect the occurrence of diamonds in California. It is a remarkable fact that while almost all other minerals pass over a board coated with 12 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFOKNIA. mutton tallow, when such a board is vibrated or " jigged," all diamonds present remain adhering to the tallow, and can thus be separated. With a contrivance of this kind, diamonds down to the size of a pin- point are at present saved in the South African diamond washings, while otherwise they would surely be lost. II. There is next the region of Tulare County, centering around Visalia, where the recently developed chrysoprase mines occur at several points. This rare and beautiful stone exists here apparently in some abundance; and associated with it are a number of other forms and varieties of quartz minerals capable of use in the arts for orna- mental purposes, such as rose-quartz, chrysopal, etc., besides several species of garnet, some of which have yielded material for gems. Another interesting and rather peculiar stone found in this section, on the borders of Tulare and Fresno counties, is that named by the writer californite — a compact green variety of vesuvianite, that perfectly resembles the celebrated ornamental stone known as jade, so much prized in the Orient for elegant art-work. This is also found in Siski- you County, at the northern extremity of the State. III. The desert region of the southwest, bordering on Nevada and Arizona. Here, in a country arid, barren, and desolate, consisting largely of volcanic rocks, are found some interesting localities of opal and of turquoise, the latter giving evidence, as in Arizona, of long and extended working by prehistoric tribes, who have left their stone tools and their rock inscriptions around their old places of labor. These turquoise mines occupy a considerable area in the northwestern angle of San Bernardino County, and are operated by the Himalaya and Toltec mining companies. The latter company has three groups of mines, all of them patented, situated on the great desert, about 100 miles northwest from Needles station and about 50 miles north of Manvel, which is on a branch of the Santa Fe railroad. The three mining centers are some 6 miles apart, in the old Solo Mining District, and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Camp, the latter being within 20 miles of Death Valley. The altitude is between 5000 and 6000 feet, and as there is no water at either camp, it is necessary to draw it over mountains from 1 to 5 miles. The same company also operates turquoise mines in Nevada, some 60 miles due east of the others. The other company, the. Himalaya, has a group of five mines in the same district (the Solo), but some distance from the former, being about 60 miles west of Manvel, reached only by team. These claims are all on one ledge, which is described as a "bird's-eye porphyry" with some granite, striking north and south, with a dip of 75 degrees west. Tur- quoise is the only gem found, and occurs in pockets surrounded by a white GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 13 friable substance, said to be a lime silicate. Two shafts have been sunk to a depth of 80 feet, but no turquoise was found below half that depth; and from there up most of the material has been stoped to the surface. All the work was done by hand, with giant powder, and was laborious and costly, and has been suspended since February, 1903. During the last year of working, the amount shipped was 431 pounds of matrix and ordinary turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material. IV. The most remarkable gem-region of the State, however, is that developed within a few years past in San Diego and Riverside counties, at several localities where lithia minerals occur, among which the gem- tourmalines and gem-spodumenes are especially prominent. Besides these, other gem-minerals have lately been found in adjacent or asso- ciated workings, especially topaz, transparent epidote and axinite, pink, green and blue beryl, and essonite garnet — the whole forming an assem- blage of such minerals that is scarcely, if at all, eciualed anywhere in the world. Many of these mines are as yet only prospects, or trial openings ; but the indications are that' the region is full of possibilities. Lack of water and fuel are the chief obstacles thus far to a much more extended development. In general, it may be said that throughout the granitic region of San Diego and Riverside counties there is a widespread prevalence of an igneous rock of gray color which is generally called a diorite, with a little disseminated quartz and mica (biotite); some samples, however, Prof. T. C. Hopkins, whose account is quoted further on, determined to be gabbro rather than diorite. This rock, and the granite, appear in a series of ridges, or mountains, with a prevailing north and south course, and are traversed by dikes, or perhaps, as Professor Hopkins thinks, veins, of pegmatite — very coarsely crystallized granite. These have a general direction of northwest and southeast, and dip southward or southwestward at varying angles at different points. It is in these peg- matite veins or dikes, which vary more or less in their structure, but possess great general similarity, that the gem-minerals are found. In the notes given further on as to the several mines, these special features will be stated in detail. There are in this region several centers of occurrence, as thus far recognized, of two somewhat distinct types — those yielding lithia min- erals, with gem-tourmaline and sometimes gem-spodumene, and those yielding principally garnet, beryl, and topaz. Of the former, three are especially to be noted, in San Diego County — (1) the Mesa Grande mines, which yield crystallized gem-tourmalines of splendid quality, almost exclusively; (2) the Pala district, in which there are three parallel ridges — Pala Mountain on the west, with the great lithia mines and some colored tourmaline; Pala Chief Mountain, in which are found 14 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. very fine tourmaline and the new and remarkable gem-spodumene (kunzite) ; and Heriart Mountain on the east, with a number of open- ings yielding both tourmaline and kunzite; then, northeast of these, in Riverside County, there is (3) the region near Coahuila, in the San Jacinto Mountains; here was the first discovery of gem-tourmaline in California, so far as known to the whites, and kunzite and other lithia minerals have recently been found in association with the tourmaline. There are also other localities between this latter and Mesa Grande, and probably many others may yet be found. About half-way between Mesa Grande and Pala is a fine beryl mine, near Rincon. The other class of mineral localities appears to lie along a line some- what southwest of those just noted, extending from near the Mexican boundary, at Jacumba, northwest to Ramona and perhaps bej'ond, following the general strike of the pegmatite veins, and almost exactly parallel to the line from Mesa Grande to Pala. At Ramona are found abundant fine garnet (essonite), with topaz and beryl, notably the rose variety, but not much tourmaline, no kunzite, and in general little of the lithia minerals. Around Jacumba are found beryl and essonite garnet (often called hyacinth); the latter is abundant, and at one or two points has been worked for several years to some extent. Jacumba, or Jacumba Hot Springs, is close to the Mexican line, some 20 miles east of Campo, and almost on the western edge of the Colorado Desert. With regard to the character of the rocks, and the relation of the minerals thereto, the following statement from Prof. T. C. Hopkins, of Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., is very instructive. Of particular interest is his distinction between the gem-minerals of the pegmatite veins in the gabbro (diorite) and in the granite. In many of the notes on special features of the several mines, given further on, will be seen phases of the vein-structure that Professor Hopkins here mentions, especially the differences between the upper and lower sides of the vein, which are constantly alluded to. The pockets in which the gem-crystals occur are usually in a somewhat central zone; above is the more typical pegmatite, and some of the describers use that name only for this por- tion; below lies a finer-grained feldspathic division, which is commonly called the "line-rock," from its being so often lined or banded with minute garnets, as Professor Hopkins describes, or in some cases with minute black or blue tourmalines. The question between gabbro and diorite, for the rock traversed by the pegmatite veins, or dikes, may well be one of locality, as Professor Hopkins concedes in part. The rock may vary in constitution at different points, as it does in physical structure. At one or two places, especially near Dehesa, it takes on the peculiar concretionary character known as orbicular diorite, and this may be valuable as an ornamental stone. ILL. Ni.. :":. \V7':ATHERKD MASS OF " LTXK-ROCK." SHOWING (lARiXKT INTERLINEA- TIONS IN THE COMPACT FELDSPAR. NAYLOR-VANDERBURG MINE, HERIART MOUNTAIN. SAN DIECO COUNTY. ■ ■;■■ ^r :' ILL. No. t. ORHICULAR KIORITE. DEHESA, SAN DIEGO (/OUNTV-W E.VTH ERED SURFACIC SHOWING THE STRUCTURE. 16 GEiis, jewelers' materials, etc., of calipornlv. tlie first ..Mesa Gr; rock, mile a; The e all rZ/c Ge?» Regions of San Dicfio County, California, hy Prof. T. C. HopMn».— "The gems occur in the iiiiclst of pegmatite veins which are formed in the granite and gabbro rocks. These rocks form a range of hills and mountains running through the west and west central portions of San Diego County. Both the rocks occur in great quantities over large areas and meet along very ir- regular lines of contact, sometimes a long tongue of the granite extending into the gabbro and some- times the reverse. The gabbro varies considerably in both color and texture. In places it is finely crj'stal- line, grading into basalt with its characteristic col- unniar structure, and else- where it is quite coarse- grained and massive. The granite likewise varies from a coarse-grained texture to a fine-grained felsite and porphyry. In places also it lias a gneissoid structure and grades into mica schist. It is a dark gray biotite granite, containing in places dark blotches due to imperfect crj'stalliza- tion of the magma. The pegmatites occur in both the gabbros and the gran- ites, but nearly all of the rich gem-bearing veins are in rich tourmaline and kunzite veins at Pala and in tlic galiliro. The topaz, garnet, and beryl veins 'A ?i GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 17 at Ramona are in the granite. The veins are locally very numerous; in some places in the vicinity of Ramona they form nearly half of the rock mass. The gems invariably occur in pockets in the midst of the pegmatite — not always the exact middle of the vein. Generally the vein on one side of the pocket is more coarsely crystalline than on the other side, and in many instances the finer-grained portion is finely banded with small brown garnets. The gems commonly occur embedded in loose clay, but occasionally they are attached to the walls of the pocket and may even be embedded in quartz or orthoclase feldspar. They are almost invariably accompanied by crystals of albite, lepidolite, and quartz. The latter are sometimes quite large, single crystals weigh- ing from 100 to 150 pounds. The country rock has been called a diorite, but a microscopic section from one locality proves it clearly a gabbro, although it may be diorite at other points. The evidence appeared to me pretty conclusive that the pegmatites are veins and not dikes."* In the summer of 1903, Dr. AValdemar T. Schaller, of the department of geology of the University of California, now of the U. S. Geological Survey, visited the tourmaline and kunzite mine recently opened on Pala Chief Mountain, and reported upon the occurrence in detail. His account of it will be cited further on; at present it is merely men- tioned as an authoritative description of this locality, giving the same general facts as indicated over a wider area by Professor Hopkins, f The general geology of the granitic region of southwestern California, in which these remarkable developments of minerals have recently been made, has been repeatedly described, but never very fully or exactly determined. At the time of the second geological survey, under Prof. J. D. Whitney, 1860 to 1865, the whole region was little known or set- tled, save at a few points on the coast. Professor Whitney gives certain broad outlines, but not based upon any detailed examination of that part of the State as a whole. He points out the disappearance of the Great Valley, with its clear definition of the two mountain systems on either side, the Sierra and the Coast Ranges, and the apparent inter- mingling of the two, as the Sierra bends toward the southwest, cutting off the central valley. This south westward extension of the Sierra passes across what is now Kern County, and, with the Tehachapi Mountains, divides it into two well-marked portions. Professor Whitney observes that it is only by the age and position of the sedimentary rocks, and not by any topographical features, that the mountains below this line can be judged as to their relations. As the two systems approach and interjiiingle, the lines of disturbance are so closely related, and so influ- * Letter from Prof. T. C. Hopkins, dated January 11, 1905. f W. T. Schaller, Spodumene from San Diego County, Cal. ; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. CaL, Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275. 2 — MB 18 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. enced by secondary ones, that the topography gives no clew to the actual facts of structure.* His determination was that the Coast Range ends at about San Luis Rey, and is not traceable farther south; and that the principal moun- tains of what are now San Diego and Riverside counties belong geolog- ically and orographically to the Sierra Nevada, which stretches on southward to form the long peninsula of Lower California. This close relation of the region under consideration to the system of the Sierra was recognized and confirmed ten years later by Prof. W. A. Goodyear, who made a reconnaissance of the country in 1872. His notes were published many years afterward, in the eighth report of the State Mining Bureau, 1888. They are clear and vivid in their topographic portrayal. He describesf the geological and geographical features of San Diego County (including also what is now Riverside County) substantially as follows: The broad mountain range which, stretching south from the San Bernardino Valley, occupies all the western part of San Diego County, from the Pacific east to the Colorado Desert, and south to the Mexican line, is essentially a region of granite, nine tenths of it being composed of this rock. Along the coast it is flanked by Tertiary sediments; and much of it, especially in the eastern part, is traversed by belts of highly metamorphic schists, micaceous and hornblendic, with a prevail- ing northwesterly course. The detailed topography is exceedingly complex, the ridges trending in different directions and inclosing valleys at various altitudes. Along the shore extends the Tertiary mesa, which rises gently east- ward, and sometimes reaches far inland among the mountains, to heights varying from 500 to 800 feet. The mountains gradually increase in elevation, until at some 50 miles from the coast they form a crest line of some 6000 or 7000 feet, from which they fall off steeply and rapidly on the eastern side some 5000 feet to the western edge of the Colorado desert; thus resembling, says Professor Goodyear, on a smaller scale, the form and contour of the true Sierra Nevada, f Such is the general character until the northern part of San Diego (now Riverside) is reached, when a more east and west trend appears, culminating in the grand peak of San Jacinto, near the San Bernardino line, whose height is given by Lieutenant Wheeler as about 11,000 feet. Professor Goodyear then describes in some detail his examination of the rocks and the structure in ascending the cafion of the San Diego and traversing the ridges and valleys to Ramona, Ballena, Santa Ysabel, Julian, and Banner, some of which are in the region of the recent discoveries. Everywhere the predominant rock is granite, of *Geol. Survey of Gal., Vol. I, 1865, pp. 167, 168. t California State Mining Bureau, Rept. VIII, 1888, pp. 516-522. GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 19 varied type, sometimes becoming a syenite, "consisting of feldspar and hornblende, with but little quartz and almost no mica, which might almost be called a diorite." This latter rock is now recognized as a distinct formation from the granite, as elsewhere described herein. He notes the occurrence of the orbicular diorite at several places, saying that the granite " often contains dark-colored hornblendic nodules, * * * whose texture is still granitoid." The pegmatite dikes, now found to be so rich in gem-minerals, are well described, as follows: " The granite country here {i. «., near Julian) is frequently traversed by veins of very coarse granite, which sometimes furnish i:ilates of mica one to two inches in diameter, with correspondingly large blocks of feldspar"; he also noted the black tourmaline crystals in the same veins, but did not encounter the colored ones. The ascent of Cuyamaca Mountain is then described; and the general features of the whole region, as seen from that fine point of observation, are so clearly presented that it is well to quote them in detail. The view is extensive and grand — northward to the San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains, westward along the coast and out to sea, and southward far into Mexico; northeast lies the Colorado Desert and the Coahuila Valley, and a long stretch of the San Bernardino Mountains running toward the Colorado River along the northeast side of the desert. "From this standpoint," Professor Goodyear says, "the whole country from just back of San Diego * * * to the western edge of the desert is like an angry ocean of knobby peaks, more or less isolated, with short ridges running in every possible direction, and inclosing between and among them numerous small and irregular valleys. As a general rule, the higher peaks and ridges rise from 1000 to 2500 feet above the little valleys and canons around their immediate bases. But in going eastward from the coast, each successive little valley is higher than the one * * * preceding, and the dominant peaks and ridges also rise higher and higher * * * until we reach the irregular line of the main summit crest, or water-divide, * * * when the mountains break suddenly off and fall within a very few miles from 4000 to 5000 feet or more, with an abrupt and precipitous front to the east, to the western edge of the desert. It thus follows that this chain of mountains, as already stated, though made up of a confused mass of minor ridges and peaks of granite, having in their detailed topography but little connection with or relation to each other, nevertheless has a general orographic form very closely allied to that of the Sierra Nevada in the more central portions of the State." In the volume published by the Miners' Association, in 1899, for the California meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the following similar, though much more recent, account is given as to this 20 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. region. Referring to the mineral wealth of southern California, that term is defined as that portion of the State south of the Tehachapi Mountains—" which unite the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, inclos- ing the upper {i. e., southern) end of the central valley, and topograph- ically dividing the State into two regions of distinct characters." The helt on the west is fertile, salubrious, rich, and prosperous, the mineral resources are chiefly oil and asphalt; otherwise, the mineral wealth of southern California lies eastward, in a very different area, comprising most of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles coun- ties. The chief mining region is the desert country east of the Coast Ranges, " a region of rugged mountains, bare and forbidding, hills, and sandy plains, divided by a series of mountain elevations into the Mojave and Colorado deserts." Gold and other mines exist all through this arid country, in which the rocks present great diversity, of all ages and types, the igneous ones being very numerous and marked. This report was chiefly concerned with gold mining; but the general presentation given is very good, and may well be taken here as descriptive of the recently developed gem-regions of southern California. The two contrasted areas above noted have their separate types of gem production — those already mentioned as III and IV — in the extreme southern part of the State. The fertile region on the west is the Tertiary plateau or coast mesa; then comes the broad zone of granitic hills and ridges, so vividly pictured by Professor Goodyear, and identified by Professor Whitney, as in reality the southwestern extension of the Sierra, although in its geographical relations it occupies the place of the Coast Range. Through this hilly zone run the pegmatite veins, so rich in lithia minerals — tourmaline, kunzite, lepidolite, etc. — and in garnet, beryl, and topaz, at many points from the Mexican border to the heights of the San Jacinto ]Mountains. Then comes, on the east, the steep falling-off of the mountain area, as described by Professor Goodyear, to the arid stretch of the Colorado Desert, bounded on the northeast by the San Bernardino range, beyond which, to the north, lies the Mojave Desert, with its borax mines. In the Colorado Desert, among the volcanic rocks, are the opal and turquoise localities mentioned under III — some of the latter far up on the San Bernardino heights, and others away to the eastward in Nevada and Arizona. It is with the western division — that of the granitic hill country — that the present report has principally to deal, although the other gem- producing areas are also described. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 21 HISTORICAL OUTLINE. The first discovery of colored gem-tourmaline in the State goes back as far as 1872, when Mr. Henry Hamilton, in June of that year, obtained and recognized this mineral in Riverside County, on the southeast slope of Thomas Mountain. These colored tourmalines, now found at a number of points, were not encountered by Professor Goodyear, who particularly noted the black tourmalines in the pegmatite veins, in his geological tour through San Diego County, in the same year, referred to above; but his reconnaissance was a little south of the gem-tourmaline belt. Some mining was done at this point, and fine gems were obtained. In the course of years, three localities were opened and more or less worked in this vicinity; so that in the author's report on American gem-production for 1893, the following statement appeared:* "Tourmalines are mined at the California gem mine, the San Jacinto gem mine, and the Columbian gem mine, near Riverside, California. These three mining claims cover the ground on which the tourmaline is found, and are situated in the San Jacinto range of mountains in River- side County, California, at an altitude of 6500 feet, overlooking Hemet Valley and the Coahuila Valley, and 27 miles from the railroad. The formation in which the crystals are found is a vein from 40 to 50 feet wide running almost north and south through the old crystalline rocks which make up the mountain range. The vein in some places consists of pure feldspar, or else feldspar with quartz, in others all mica, and in others rose-quartz and smoky quartz. The tourmalines vary in size from almost micrograins to crystals 4 inches in diameter. They are most plentiful in the feldspar, but are found in other portions of the vein, sometimes in pockets and sometimes isolated. The larger crystals generally have a green exterior and are red or pink in the center. Some of the crystals contain green, red, pink, black, and intermediate colors; others again are all of uniform tint — red, pink, colorless, or blue. Associated with the tourmalines are rose-quartz, smoky quartz, asteriated quartz, and fiuorite, and some of the quartz was penetrated with fine, hair-like crystals of tourmaline, strikingly like a similar occurrence of rutile." It may seem remarkable that this locality of gem-tourmalines should have been unrecorded in the ep,rlier lists of California minerals given by such authorities as Professor Blake and Mr. Hanks in the reports of the State Mining Bureau for 1882 and 1884. But the parties who knew of the occurrence did not make it public for some years, and the earlier specimens were taken out quietly and their locality not divulged. The writer had positive knowledge as to the facts, however, and possesses a fine specimen obtained prior to 1873. ' * George F. Kunz: Min. Res. U. S., Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 18 (reprint). 22 GEMS, JE'WELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. The second important \- enlarged drawings. The faces seem to ))e comjiosed of tliin plates overlying e.ach other, each slightly smaller than the last. These ])lates are triangular, but the lines forming the triangles are curved, and the edges of the plates are heveled. ^Ir. Hanks remai'ketl that under the microscojie and hy drawings exhiliited it could he seen that each triangular jilate was <'omposed of tliree smaller triangles and that all the lines were slightly curved. Tlie Imilding up oi plate u])iin plate caused the channeled edges and the somewhat glolmlar form (if this c,x(juisiti' crystal. A close examination revealed tctrahedral impressidus. as if the corners of minute cuhes had lieen imjn-iiited im thi' surface of the crystal \vhile in JLl;. No. 7. Iiiamond, iialiiral rrystal, found at Volcamt, -\marlr.r I'onntv. ILL. X.I. s, Rougli cliainuiKl, fdunil ill spring VaUey rl y.L'aulic ^liiie, Ctiernkuc Flat. V.MW Couiitv. a jilastic state. These arc the result of the law of crystallization, as was shown h}' the faint lines forming a lace-work of tiny triangles OJi the faces when the stone was placed in a propei- light. IMi'. Hanks cimcltided with the remark that it would he an act , one of the most prolific dianaind local- ities in the State. Cherokee is near the Nortii I'ork nf Feather River, and tlie geological relations of the diamonds and gold are essentiallj^ the sanje as those in Amador Countv, a hundred miles to the south- 42 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. east, both districts lying among the western foothills of the Sierra, as previously described. Mr. Hanks called attention to included leaf impressions in the volcanic beds, as proving them to be tufas and not lavas. In number, the Cherokee diamonds obtained are about equal to those from Volcano. One was shown by Professor Silliman, on the occasion already mentioned, in 1867; and others were then known from that locality. William Brandreth obtained a crystal in the same year, which he afterwards had cut into a fine white stone of ly^- carats. In 1873 several were obtained from the ground of the Spring Valley and Cherokee Mining Company, in cleaning up the sluices. One of these was described as large and straw-colored, while others were smaller, but very pure. Various stones, white, yellow, and pink, have from time to time been reported, and some have been cut and set. A fine crystal was presented to the State Museum by Mr. Williams, superintendent of the Spring Valley Mining Company. Two others, found at the same place in the summer of 1881, by Lucinda Voight, were shown by the present writer before the New York Academy of Sciences, January 12, 1886. Mr. H. S. Burden, of the California State Mining Bureau, reports that two small diamonds were obtained at Cherokee in 1892 and 1893, one of them weighing two carats. Professor Silliman made the concentrations from the sluices of these Cherokee mines the subject of minute investigation, the results of which were published in two papers.* In the first he described his treatment of the material, both chemical and mechanical; and in the second he gives additional particulars, with results. He found here the following association of interesting minerals: — light-colored zircons, crystals of topaz, fragments of quartz, rutile, epidote, pyrite, and limonite, with some platinum, iridium, iridosmine, and gold, and a large quantity of black grains, which are proved by the magnet to consist about equally of chromite and titanite. At first he could find but little of the platinum and iridosmine, but this was due, as above stated, to the force of the hydraulic streams, which sweep away all small particles that do not amalgamate. Mr. Hanks adds that platinum minerals have been found rather abundantly in Butte County. At St. Clair Flat, near Pentz, they were found in quantity in the early days of placer-mining. They are found also at the Corbier mine, near Magalia (Dogtown). As far back as 1861 a diamond was found one and a half miles northwest of Yankee Hill, in cleaning up a placer mine. It was taken from the sluice with the gold, and sold to N. H. Wells, to whom I am indebted for this infor- mation. He presented the gem to John Bidwell of Chico, who had it cut in Boston. It made a stone of 1^ carats (4.75 grains). Mr. Bidwell *See mineralogical notes on Utah, California, and Nevada, in tlie Eng. & Min. Jour. Vol. XVII, p. 148, March 11, 1873; and Am. J. Sci. (3), Vol. VI, p. 127, August, 1873. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 43 gave it to his wife, who for years wore it in a ring. This was the only diamond found at this locality. In 1895 Mr. Dwight Whiting reported the finding of five small diamonds near Oroville, on Feather River, and as many more about four miles from the head of the creek, suggesting a peridotite origin. El Dorado County. — Here a number of diamonds have been found at certain points. In 1867 Professor Silliman, at the meeting of the California Academy of Sciences, before mentioned, showed a crystal of 1-^ carats (4.75 grains), of good color, though a little defective, from Forest Hill. It was found at great depth, in a tunnel run into the auriferous gravel. W. P. Carpenter, of Placerville, gave the following account of the locality in a letter to Mr. Hanks, in 1882: "In 1871, W. A. Goodyear, Assistant State Geologist, while examining the deposits of auriferous gravels in the ancient river-bed, about three miles east of Placerville, found several specimens of itacolumite, and expressed the opinion that diamonds should be found in the gravels. I assisted him in searching for them, and we found several in the hands of the miners. Mr. Goodyear bought one of them as a geological specimen. None of the parties who had them knew what they were, but kept them as curi- osities. The gravel in the channel is capped with lava from 50 to 450 feet in depth. Of late years the gravel is worked by stamp gravel mills, and I know of instances where fragments of broken diamonds have been found in panning out the batteries." He goes on to give the particulars of about fifteen diamonds obtained at different times in the neighborhood, some yellow and some white. One of these was a nearly spherical crystal, over one fourth of an inch in diameter, that was sold in San Francisco for $300, and another was sent to England to be cut. Subsequ.ently in 1894, Jlr. Carpenter announced that he had lately obtained two crystals, one weighing over 7 grains troy and the other 6, of rounded form and rough surface, each nearly one fourth of an inch in diameter and faintly tinted, the larger with a greenish shade and the smaller with pale yellowish. As many as forty or fifty small diamonds have been taken from the gravel at this place from time to time in the past, but since stamp-mills have been employed little is found but the crushed fragments encountered in "panning up" the amalgam taken from the batteries. Mr. Carpenter proposed to work his section of the channel by other means, to avoid the possible loss of diamonds of more value than the gold. The occur- rence here is described as similar to that of most California diamonds — in the hard compacted gold-bearing gravel occupying ancient river channels now filled and overlain by igneous rocks.* In the recently published article of Mr. H. W. Turner, f elsewhere * Sixteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey (1894), Part IV, p. 596. + The Occurrence and Origin of Diamonds in California; by H. W. Tvirner. Amer. Geologist, Vol. XXIII, March, 1899, pp. 183, 184. 44 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. referred to, a letter from George W. Kimble, of Placerville, is quoted in regard to the diamonds of that vicinity. He states that two more had been found on the property of Thomas Ward & Co., on the south side of White Rock Canon, where the stream cuts through beds of Neocene Tertiary, and nine others in the immediate vicinity, chiefly from the Unity mine, adjacent to that of the Ward Company; but no particulars are given as to their size or quality. Besides these, Mr. Kimble reports a great many fragments of crushed diamonds in the concentrates from the gravel mills. Later, 1898, he mentions having examined a diamond found within the limits of the town of Placerville, in Cedar Ravine, a tributary of Hangtown Creek. The name of Diamond has been given to a small railroad station a few miles south of Placerville. Nevada County. — Professor Silliman also showed to the California Academy of Sciences a very clear and symmetrical crystal from French Corral, Nevada County. It was thrown out of the cement-rock of deep gold washings, as usual, and weighed If carats (5.11 grains). The color was slightly yellowish; but this was perhaps due to its having been exposed to a red heat, as a test of its authenticity'. Prof. Joseph D. Whitney, of Harvard College, stated, at the same meeting, that diamonds had been found in some fifteen or twenty localities in the State, and that the largest that he had seen was also from French Corral and weighed 7^ carats. In the nortliwestern counties of California, drained by the Trinity River, in the vicinity of Coos Bay, in Oregon, and on the banks of Smith River, Del Norte County, diamonds are occasionally found in the flumes and sluices. Some small ones are reported from Trinity County; and their mode of occurrence, similar to that of the diamonds of Cherokee district and of Oregon, is described in a letter to Dr. Charles F. Chandler, of the Columbia College School of Mines, from Prof. Frederick Wohler, of Gottingen. He mentions having observed in the grains of native platinum from the sands of the Trinity River, Oregon, minute transparent zircons associated with laurite (sulphide of ruthenium and •osmium), iridosmine, chromic iron, etc., and microscopic rounded crys- tals which he supposed were diamonds. In a subsequent communica- tion, dated Gottingen, August 8, 1869, Professor Wohler continues : "On examination under the microscope, the mineral powder which had been freed from platinum, gold, chromic iron (in part), silica, iron and tin, and from which the ruthenium, etc., had been removed by aqua regia, besides many grains of chromic iron and beautiful hyacinth crys- tals, colorless and transparent grains resembling qaartz were observed, but besides these, grains resembling rounded diamond crystals were •detected." He then describes in full his methods of testing these grains, and expresses his conviction that they were true diamonds. GEMS, JEAVELEBS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 45 CORUNDUM, Ruby, Sapphire. H. = 9. G. = 3.9-4.1. Luster, adamantine to vitreous. Colors include nearly all of the prismatic hues to colorless. Dichroic. Occa- sionally phosphorescent. Oxide of aluminum = AI2O3. The transparent corundums rank among the most valuable of gem stones, and include two standard varieties, the ruby and the sapphire. Rubies are the red-colored corundums; also- called Oriental Ruby. They vary in hue from a rose to a deep carmine, the choicest shade being called "pigeon's blood" red. Sapphire in general includes all colors except red. Accurately speak- ing, the name is limited to the blue colors, the choicest shades being known as royal blue, velvet blue, and cornflower blue. Oriental Emerald is the green variety, ranging from a lively green to a bluish green. Oriental Amethyst is the purple or amethystine. These two are rare. Oriental Topaz is yellow sapphire, rivaling the yellow diamond in brilliancy. Oriental Hyacinth is honey red in tint. Adamantine Spar includes the hair-brown varieties. Star Sapphire has a stellated opalescence, as has the Star Ruby, which is also known as the Asteria or Star-stone. The true ruby and sapphire are easily recognized by their hardness, as they can be scratched only by the diamond, but scratch all other stones. They are also electrified by friction. Corundum is associated with dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica, and chlorite slate. The gems are usually obtained from placer workings. Los Angeles County. — True sapphires have been found in the drift in San Francisquito Pass. Plumas County is traversed at many points by large dikes of felsite and felsite porphyry. This rock was first found by J. A. Edman and named plumasite by Lawson. At a point near the Western base of the serpentines, a large "pipe" of felsite outcrops, and in the soil near it are found fragments of feldspar containing corundum crystals, while between the serpentine and the felsite dike is a four-foot layer of the feldspar containing a few corundum crystals, small veins or strings of corundum ramifying into the feldspathic mass. The largest crystal was two inches long by one inch wide, and of a bluish-gray color. (S. M. B. 15357.) No gem material has yet been found. San Bernardino County. — At the east end of the Kingston range. San Diego County. — Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports corundum, in opaque gray crystals, at a point some 26 miles east of San Diego, but in small amount and undeveloped. 46 GEMS. JE"WEI;ERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. TOPAZ. H.= 8. (t.^ ;-),4-3.(i. Brittle. Has very perfect cleavage (basal) transverse to the elongation of the crystals. Luster vitreous. Color various shades, yellow to l)rown, and jiale green or blue, but often colorless or with a faint tinge of Ijluish green. Silica, .33. -3; alumina, oti..^; fluorine, 17.6. Usually occurs in rhonil)ic prisms, the crj'stals more or less pointed. The color of some yellow topazes fades on exposure to sunlight, while others — especially those from Brazil — change their yellow color to pink on lieating. San Dii<:go Coukty. — Beautiful topazes have lately been found near Raniona. Some of the crystals are colorless, others are bluish or greenish. Many are quite large and are covered with numerous small etch-figures. Some crys- tals found were over two inches long and one inch wide. The mines that have yielded this ver}' inter- esting addition to the gem-minerals of Califor- nia are chiefly those known as the Surprise and the Little Three, adjacent to each other, al)out 4^ miles northeast of Ramona. The topaz occurs in a pegmatite ledge, of the kind else- where described as characteristic of this region, but not in all parts of it, l)eing met witli only in certain portions of the vein or dike. At the Little Three mine they occur in pockets in albite and orthoclasc with quartz crystals; they are attached to the feldspar, and surrounded with a red soil that fills the pockets. Associated with them are dark- green tourmaline crystals, sometimes very large. The topazes are wliite, light yellow, sea-green, and sky-lduc, and some crystals are over a pound in weight. At the Surprise nnne, in the same way, toi)az is found only in one part of the workings, and its occurrence is descrilied as quite similar. ILL. No. 9, TtlPAZ CRYSTAL (NATURAL SIZE) RAMOXA.SAX DIEGO COUNTY. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 47 In the oeiitral part of the pegmatite vein, between the cryatallized np])er portion and the more compact portion below, lies a zone of small l>ockets in feldspar (in this case orthoclase), somewhat decomposed. In tliese are fonnd tlie topaz cr^-stals, in a sandy filling of grannlar ferrnginons qnartz. Those near the surface were colorless or white, but at a depth of 6 feet they were sky-blue and aquamarine-l)luc. Some 50 pounds of them have been taken from a cut 20 feet long and 8 feet deep. Illustrations Kos. 9 and 10 show crystals of natural size, some of them surrounded with the finelv crvstallized alliite, from Ramona. ILL. N.J. 10. TOPAZ CRYSTALS (NATURAL SIZE) ON CRYSTALLIZED ALBITE, RAMONA, SAX DIEGO COUNTY, SPINEL. spinel is a compound of alumina and magnesia, often with some iron, or other metallic oxides in small c^uantities. It has a hardness of 8, and when transparent makes a valuable gem-stone, usually of rich shades of red, and is then called spinel ruby, or ruby spinel. It has not been found much in Clalifornia, but some crystals of good quality, yielding gems weighing up to two carats each, were obtained near San Luis Obispo, by Mr. James W. Bcath, of Philadelphia, Pa. In the collection of the State Mining Bureau there are also crystals of wine- colored ruljy spinel up to 3 millimeters in diameter, from Humboldt 48 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. County. Crystals of blue spinel, of about the same size, clear and of good color, have lately been obtained sparingly from the Mack mine near Rincon, San Diego County. BERYL. Emerald, Aquamarine, Goshenite, etc. H. = 7.5-8, scratching quartz, but scratched by spinel or topaz. G. = 2.7. Brittle. Luster vitreous. Colors, emerald green to pale green, pale blue, pale yellow, honey, wine, and citron yellow, white to a pale rose-red. Silica, 67.0; alumina, 19.0; glucina, 14.0. The crystals are usually hexagonal prisms, occasionally very large, but those of fine quality or transparency are apt to be small. They are electrified by friction. The emerald and aquamarine are mineralogically included in the species beryl; the differences being mainly in color, as follows: Emerald includes the rich green kinds only, and is a highly prized gem when free from flaws; Aquamarine includes the beryls showing clear shades of sky-blue and sea-green; Goshenite, white or colorless; Davidsonite , greenish yellow; ^eVotdes, pale sky-blue; Hyacinthozontea , clear sapphire blue; Amethiste Basaltine, pale violet or reddish; Chrysolithus, pale yellowish green; Golden Beryl, clear bright yellow; Chrysoberylhis, greenish yellow to wine-yellow. Occasionally, beryl occurs of a delicate pink color. A number of localities for beryl are known in California, some yield- ing gem material. The pink or rose beryl, hitherto one of the rarest varieties of this species, has within a year or two past beert found at several points in the. remarkable mineral region of San Diego and River- side counties, sometimes of transparent gem quality, and in a few cases of large size, as noted further on. With it, and also separately, are found beryls of other kinds — green, yellow, and colorless. At the Mack mine at Rincon, San Diego County, near Oak Grove, are also reported peculiar beryls of a deep opaque blue. It is interesting to note that this pink or rose beryl occurs with the pink and lilac spodumene at several California mines, while the beryls are rich green when associated with emerald-green spodumene (hid- denite) at the remarkable locality at Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina, and even the muscovite associated with them has some- times a green color. That is, the beryls occur there in the form of emeralds, the spodumene in the form of hiddenite, and the muscovite mica in a beautiful green tint, evidently all due to some chromium col- oring. This latter (muscovite) is unusually interesting when embedded in transparent quartz, and one can see through the sides of the prisms. GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 49 In contrast to this, at several localities in southern California the beryls are pink in color, the rubellites deep pink, the spodumene (variety kunzite) lilac, and the lepidolite also of pink and lilac tints. The most important beryl occurrences in California are the fol- lowing: RiVEHSiDE County. — Associated with the tourmalines from Coahuila have recently been found yellow beryls, closely resembling those from Sarapulka in the Ural Mountains, also pale green, pink, and colorless. Some of the yellow crystals are finely formed and others show remark- able instances of etched faces, while others are almost as delicate as a darning-needle. San Diego County. — The notable locality of colored tourmalines and other lithia minerals, the Himalaya mine, at Mesa Grande, has yielded a most unusual specimen of pink beryl — a transparent rose-colored mass, measuring 65 by 50 millimeters. It is evidently an etched fragment of a very large crystal, showing planes with markings and erosions all over its surface. Its color varies by transmitted light from a delicate rose to a deep rich pink. This beautiful specimen is now in the Tiffany- Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Another somewhat similar rose beryl has lately been obtained from Mount Palomar near Oak Grove. This crystal measures 11 cm. by 7i cm. by 6-J cm., and weighs almost 2 pounds. It is perfectly transparent and of a beautiful pale-rose color. It is now in the United States National Museum. From Pala, in the same county, occurring with tourmalines and kunzites, was obtained a large detached rose beryl measuring 10 cm. by 5 cm. This crystal was of a pale pink color, and transparent. Other localities of pink beryl, lately reported, are as follows: — The Esmeralda mine, at Mesa Grande, together with golden beryl and aquamarine; both pink and green at the Crystal gem mine, near Jacumba; and particularly in some of the mines near Ramona. Here, the Surprise mine reports two pounds of large and fine crystals; and the ABC mine several pounds, from which many choice gems have been cut in San Diego, one of them a flawless stone of 30 carats, rose- leaf pink in color. Beryls of more ordinary tints, of various shades of green, are reported from a number of the mines of San Diego and Riverside counties, sometimes of choice quality, especially the Fano mine in the latter county, the Hercules and Lookout mines at Ramona, and the Mack mine at Mount Palomar, in the former. From near Ramona have also come some very curiously etched crystals; some of three inches long and an inch across, colorless and transparent as the finest rock-crystal, and covered all over the pris- matic and basal planes with' the most complicated etching; these are 4 — MB 50 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. hollow within, and made up of interlocking plates, as it were, exceed- ingly clear and brilliant. Pink beryls have also been found here. The mine owned by J. M. Mack, of San Diego, is situated in Sec. 25, T. 10 S., E. 1 W., S. B. M., on the foothills of Palomar Mountain, 9 miles southeast of Pala, on a direct line between that place and Mesa Grande. Beryls are found here of various colors — yellow, green, etc., to deep blue — with columbite, and much crystallized quartz and feld- spar, also black tourmalines, but none of the colored varieties so marked at Mesa Grande and Pala. Some of the beryl crystals are very small and slender, but extremely perfect and brilliant; others were singularly eroded, as though acted upon by some solvent; others were like certain beryls from Haddam Neck, Conn., with part of the crystal transparent and the rest cloudy or milky, curiously resembling a test-tube in which a white precipitate is subsiding from a clear green liquid, the line of demarcation being quite sharp. The beryls here are found in pockets in a pegmatite rock, like all the gem-minerals of this region, usually embedded in a red clay. Many fine gems have been cut from the clear crystals, and the clouded ones have been cut en cnhochon, and have a pleasing cat's-eye effect. GARNET. Gfossolarite, Pyrope, Almandite, Spessartite, Andradite, Ouvarovite, etc. The species garnet includes several varieties which are distinguished by differences in composition. The group in general has : — H.-— 6.5. G.^ 3.15-4.3. The majority of specimens will scratch quartz slightly. They are complex silicates of alumina, lime, magnesia, chrome, iron, manganese, or titanium, grouped as follows : 1. Aluminum garnets : Grossularite = Lime- Aluminum garnet; Pyrope = Magnesium- Aluminum garnet; Almandite = Iron- Aluminum garnet; Spessartite = Manganese-Aluminum garnet. 2. Iron garnet : Andradite = Lime-Iron garnet. 8. Chromium garnet = Lime-Chrome garnet. 1. Grossularite has a hardness of 7, and G.=: 3.55-3.66. Color white, pale green, amber, honey, wine and brownish yellow, cinnamon-brown, and pale rose-red. The varieties of grossularite are essonite, or hyacinth, and cinnamon stone. The essonite is the only true hyacinth of the jeweler, and has been confused by some with zircon. In the trade the name grossularite is confined to the pale-green or yellow stones; and cinnamon stone to the cinnamon-brown color. Romanzovite is brown; Wiluite is yellowish green to greenish white; Topazolite is topaz to citron yellow; and Succinite is an amber-colored kind of grossularite. A pink variety called Rosolite occurs in Mexico. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 51 Pyrope (meaning "fire-like") is the principal raagnesian garnet, a deep blood-red to nearly black stone, prized as a gem. H.^ 7.5. G.^ 3.7-3.8. It is known as the precious garnet. Almandite. H.^7.5. G.= 3.9-4.2. Iron-aluminum garnets prized as gems are also called precious garnet, like pyrope. Color cherry- red, blood-red to deep reds. Almandite is often called Carbuncle when of a deep clear red, scarlet or crimson. The true carbuncle is a variety of sapphire. The variety Rhodolite has a color between violet purple and brownish red, and belongs between almandite and pyrope. Spesmrtite is a manganese-aluminum garnet. H.= 7. G.^ 4.0. The color varies from a reddish brown, or dark hyacinth red, and even violet, to orange red. It often affords fine gems. 2. Andradite, or lime-iron gAinet. H.^ 7.5. G.^ 8.8-3.9. The group includes varieties that differ widely in composition and color. The trade name Andradite is limited to the yellow or orange-brown variety. Demanfoid or Uralinn Emernhl is a grass-green, emerald-green, or brownit;h-green stone having a brilliant luster, and showing good fire when cut. Colophonite is a brownish-black variety, characterized by a resinous luster. Melanitc is black to yellow-brown. 3. Ouvarovite, or Urnrovite, lirae-chrome g&rnet. H.= 7.6. G. ^3.41- 3.52. The color is a fine emerald green. Trmittcinite is an impure uvarovite from Monterey County, described by E. Goldsmith in Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1865, pp. 9, 348, 365. Schodomite has a composition analogous to garnet. H.^ 7-7.5. G.= 3.81-3.88. Color black, sometimes mixed with blue. In the trade but little attention is paid to mineral differences, but the garnets are often classified by color, the light-colored clear ones being called hyacinth; the yellowish, jacinta; a yellowish-red, guarnaccine or vermcille; the red with a tinge of violet, rubino de rocca or grenat siriam; and the deep clear red, mrhuncle, especially when cut en cabochon. The almandite is common in granite, gneiss, and mica schist; gros- sularite is frequent in limestones and crystalline schists; pyrope in peridotites, serpentines, and basalts ; spessartite in granite rocks, quartzite, schists, .and rhyolites; iron garnets in eruptive rocks; demantoid in serpentine; chrome garnets with chromite in serpentines and in granular limestones. Calaveras County. — Almandite, from Bald Point, Mokelumne River. S. M. B. 11857. El Dorado Coukty. — Grossularite in copper ore, Rodgers mine, in the eastern part of the county; associated with specular iron, calcite, and 52 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. iron and copper pyrites. Garnet rock is found in blocks several feet thick near Pilot Hill. S. M. B. 13937. Fresno County. — In calcite at San Ramon, S. M. B. 9836; in feld- spathic rock at Grub Gulch, S. M. B. 7037; with epidote on quartz, at Fresno Flats, S. M. B. 7317. Inyo County. — Garnets are found in the Coosa district in large, semi- crystalline masses, of a light yellow color. Grossularite with datolite occurs at San Carlos, S. M. B. 2190. Cinnamon-stone is also found at San Carlos. Kern County. — Garnet sands are abundant at the Soapstone Moun- tain and in the Mojave Desert. S. M. B. 2882. Marin County. — Garnets in mica schists. Reed's ranch. S. M. B. 6562 and 12833. Mariposa County. — Almandite at Mount Hoffman. S. M. B. 12007. Monterey County. —Trautwinite, locality not given. Pyrope in granite, from Nacimiento River. S. M. B. 13726. Plumas County. — The late Dr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, whose great collection of precious stones is now in the U. S. National Museum at Washington, had some transparent crystals of a dark oily green grossularite from 1 to 5 millimeters long, that were found at the Good Hope mine. Riverside County. — Essonite garnet in handsome crystals has been found at some of the tourmaline localities near Coahuila, as noted below. Shasta County. — Ouvarovite, from Shotgun Creek. S. M. B. 11729. Sonoma County. — Grossularite in copper ore near Petaluma. San Bernardino County. — Garnets are common in the placer sands of the desert. Grossularite, S. M. B. 6614. San Diego County. — Almandite occurs in mica schist, at San Mar- garita ranch. S. M. B. 12233. Essonite and succinite appear at a number of localities in deposits spread over a considerable territory from 9 to 10 miles northeast of Jacumba Hot Springs, usually associated with granite and granular limestone. At three of the places some gem material has been found. Associated with it is a little vesuvianite and crystallized quartz. Eleven localities in this region are noted by Mr. W. H. Trenchard, of San Diego. Essonite has also been found near San Vicente, El Cajon Mountains, but the crystals were full of imperfections. The finest essonite crystals are obtained at Ramona, implanted on feldspar, and associated with green tourmaline, white topaz, and beryl, occasionally in perfect dodeca- hedrons and trapezohedrons, of rich honey-yellow to orange-red color, GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 53 and very brilliant. They have also been discovered at Warner's Ranch, Mesa Grande, Santa Ysabel, Gravilla, and Julian, San Diego County; Deer Park, Placer County; Laguna Mountains and Jacumba, and also at several places below the Mexican line. As some of the crystals were of exceptional brilliancy, it is possible that on further development many fine gems will be obtained. This essonite garnet has been con- founded with spessartite, and frequently reported as such, but it is really the former species in most, if not all, cases in this region. Among the mines in the Ramona district yielding specimens of very fine quality are the Hercules, Lookout, Surprise, and Prospect, from some of which beautiful gems have been cut, ranging up to 6 or 8 carats; also excellent quality near Jacumba, and of less size and beauty at many places. Deep red garnets, 6 to 10 millimeters in diameter, also occur in this region. Larger ones, up to as much as 30 millimeters, occur near Coahuila, Riverside County, in trapezohedral crystals of remarkable beauty. Santa Clara County. — A cinnamon-stone from this county, analyzed by J. L. Smith, gave silica, 42.01; alumina, 17.76; ferric oxide, 5.06; nianganous oxide, 0.20; lime, 35.01; magnesia, 0.13. G.= 3.59. Trinity County. — Richly colored ouvarovite was discovered in 1899 by Mr. George L. Carr and others, at Carrville. It occurs in small dodecahedral crystals from 1 to 8 millimeters in diameter, of the richest deep green, coating seams or cavities in chromic iron. These were at first thought to be emeralds, until analysis proved their real character. Tulare County. — Several varieties of garnets occur in this county, at various points. These have been principally reported by Mr. Max Braverman, who searched and explored for minerals in this region with indefatigable activity, and whose collection, generously presented by him in 1901 to the Golden Gate Museum, remains as a worthy record of his many years of labor and enthusiasm. He has reported essonite at Three Rivers, pyrope on Rattlesnake Creek, and topazolite from near the chrysoprase locality, 12 miles northeast of Visalia. In 1900 many fine groups of crystals were taken out at this locality. Almandite was reported as abundant between North and Middle Tule rivers, by Mr. L. B. Hawkins. Two specimens of topazolite, with malachite and azurite, were exhibited by Tiffany & Co. at the Paris Exposition of 1889, that came from this county. A curious white mineral, associated with the massive green vesuvianite (calif or nite), was obtained by Mr. Braverman in 1902, from a point in this county near the Fresno county line, not far from Selma, a mile and a half from Hawkins schoolhouse. This proved, on analysis by Mr. George Steiger, of the U. S. Geological 54 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. Survey, to be a massive variety of grossularite garnet — a peculiar and unusual form. The analysis is as follows:* SiOa 38.59 AI2O3 .._ ___ 22.24 FejOj 0.45 FeO 0.36 MgO -- 0.64 CaO 35.97 JInO 0.10 HjO (below 100° C.) 0.31 HjO (above 100° C.) 0.80 CO2 ..-- 0.39 P 0.17 100.02 Ventura County. — Garnet sands are abundant in the Piru district. S. M. B. 2365. Garnets are abundant in all the counties where the gravels are worked for gold, and are generally called " rubies " by the miners. TOURMALINE. Rubellite. Indicolite. Achraite. Aphtizite. H. = 7-7.5. G.= 3.0-3.2. Brittle. Luster vitreous. Color black, brown, blue, green, red, colorless. Some specimens are red internally and green externally; others red at one end and green, blue, or black at the other. The red or pink transparent varieties are called Rubellite; if violet- red, Siberite; Indicolite is blue or bluish black; Brazilian Sapphire is Berlin blue; Brazilian Emerald, Chrysolite of Brazil, green and trans- parent; Peridot of Ceylon is honey -yellow. Achroite is the name given to colorless tourmalines. Aphrizite is black, with a resinous fracture. Dravite is brown, greenish black. A complex silicate of alumina, boron, magnesia, iron, and alkalies (soda, potash, lithia), with small amounts of water and fluorine. Among the most interesting and beautiful of gem-minerals are the highly colored varieties of tourmaline. It is only recently that they have come to be much known or used in jewelry, though pink (shan) tourmaline has long been greatly and almost superstitiously prized in China. The ordinary tourmalines are black or brown, but some varie- ties ^re pink, red, green, and dark blue, and these when transparent make elegant gems. Rarely, they are quite colorless (achroite). Tour- malines are remarkable also for certain optical properties which render them incapable of being successfully imitated, and for the fact that the same crystal will often show two or more richly contrasting colors in different parts. *U. 8. Census Rept. 1900, Precious Stones, by G. F. Kunz, p. 1050. GEMS, JEWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 55 California has lately been found to possess the most remarkable mines of these gem-tourmalines in the world. Heretofore they have come chiefly from Brazil, and also from Oxford County, Maine, and Haddam Neck, Conn. Now, however, there are several points in San Diego and Riverside counties that are yielding splendid material. The first recognition of these minerals in the State apparently goes back as far as 1872, when Mr. Henry Hamilton, in June of that year, obtained some very fine and handsome colored tourmalines on the south- east slope of Thomas Mountain, in Riverside County. The first discovery in San Diego County is thought to have been made about twenty-five years ago, when some Indian children, at play in a camp near what is now Mesa Grande postoffice, picked up an oddly shaped stone, six-sided like a quartz crystal, about three inches long and a little thicker than a common lead-pencil. On cleaning it off and rubbing it with a bit of hide, it was seen to be of a beautiful blue color, bright and partially clear, almost like a sapphire. The natives had no idea of its nature, but were attracted by its beauty and singularity. Subsequently, other highly colored stones of like character — some blue, others green, others red — were picked up in the same vicinity by Indians and cowboys, but no one realized that they had any actual value. In Pala, San Diego County, Mr. William Irelan, Jr., State Mineralogist, repo'rted that fine transparent crystals of rubellite (red tourmaline), though not of gem quality, had been found. The first important development at Pala was announced by Mr. C. R. Orcutt, in 1890.* Here a ledge of lepidolite (lithia mica) containing rubellite was traced for quite a distance. The rubellite crystals are clustered in radiating groups in the fine compact mica; they are not large and not clear, and hence are not suitable for cutting; but their color is a rich rose-reel, and they make elegant specimens, on the background of lilac lepidolite. These have gone into collections and museums all over the world, and the material has been mined by tons, partly for specimens and partly for extracting lithia compounds from the lepidolite. More recently, amblygonite (alumina-lithia phosphate) has been found at this mine in large quantities, and this is now the greatest lithia mine in the world. The rubellite crystals found here are entirely embedded in lepidolite, and until recently it was found impossible to remove them to show their complete form. They were, however, often polished with the lepidolite — the rubellite appearing as pink radiations in a darker gangue of lilac- colored lepidolite. Recently, however, the crystals of rubellite have been worked out, as it were — made to stand out by removing the lepidolite matrix by means of brushes and cleaning-tools — forming most beautiful groups of crystals. * Report on the minerals of the Colorado Desert; 10th Ann. Rept. State Mineralogist of California, 1890. Jlin. Res. U. S. (Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey), 1893, pp. 17, 18 (reprint). 56 GEJis, jewelers' materials, etc., op caijfornlv. In regard to the earh' history of this locality, Mr. F. M. Sickler, who grew up in the vicinity and has explored for mines and minerals there- aljout a great deal, relates the following eurioiis and somewhat romantic circumstances, in an article in the Kansas City "Jeweler and Optician,'' of ^lay. 1904. He states that the Pala lepidolite deposit had very long been known to the Indians, l;iut that it was first Ijronght to the notice of tlie whites by an Indian deer-hnnter named Vensnelada. He found the spot while hunting, and liroke off pieces showing the beautiful pink ruViellite in its matrix of pearl-colored lepidolite, and brought them to Pala. Henry ilagee, an old miner and prospector, took the rnbellite ILL. Xo. 11. TOWN OF P.\L.\, SAX DIEGO COl'XTY-VIEW LOOKIXG EAST, SHOWIXG IXniAX HOUSES. crystals for cinnabar, and located the property as a quicksilver mine. Failing to get any mercury from it, he nevertheless believed that the peculiar mineral must have some value, and sent samples to various chemists, but no one recognized it as a lithia compound of any impor- tance. Weary of his poor success, Magee gave it up and failed to do the annual a.-^sessment work on the claim. Later, one Tomas Alvarado relocated tlie property as a marlile quarry ! Magee claimed that some interest in the mine was rightfully due to himself, but Alvarado refused to give him any. Upon this, Magee pointed eastward to the ridge now calleil Heriart Mountain, and said. ''If this stuff is of any value, I know where there are thousands of tons of it over there.'' Magee died, how- TOURMALINE. Crystal. (Red and Green) Pala, California, A r. Riirrapre Collection, GElISj jewelers' materials, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 57 <'ver, and his secret died witli him; Init certain it is that several mines, with lepidolite and tourmaline, have lately been located on that very ridge. In 1S93, near the crest of the San Jacinto range, in Riverside County, loose or "float'' crystals of tourmaline were observed, chiefly black, but some finely colored — red, rose, green, blue, etc.* In some cases, the green crystals were found to have red centers — a type long known from Brazil. Some large crystals were obtained and a numljer of gems were cut from them. These indications were promj)tly followed up, and several mining claims were located and worked. ILL. No. 12. BlOLl-'KY IIF OLU SPANISH CHURCH AT I'ALA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. One of these, opened near the summit of the range liy three pros- pectors, Messrs. Dwight Whiting, F. M. Speer, and F. H. Jackson, was called by them the San Jacinto gem mine. It was reported that more than a Inishel of red and green crystals was found during tlie first sea- son's operation, one of which measured eight inches in length and sev- eral inches in diameter. This was purchased by Harvard University, with other crvstals several inches long and two inches in diameter. One of this size had a dark green basal termination and showed a red center on the fracture at the other end of the crystal. Other very fine ones are in tlie American Museum of Natural History, at New York. *G. F. Kuiiz, U. S. CreoL Survey, :\rin. Res. V. S., 18!i2, p. 12 (rei'i-iiit). 5S GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFOKXL\. 5 Q w Elegant specimens were made Ijy cutting and polishing sec- tions across the prism, in some of the large crystals of this type, showing tlie rich green exterior, then a narrow zone of white, and within that the red central portion — a lieautifnl contrast of colors, recalling a slice from a water- melon. Some of these were as much as three inches in diameter. A few years later, rcmarkablj' tine crystals of colorless tourmaline (acliro- ite) "were rejiorted from this locality, by ]Mr. Dwiglit Whiting. Soon there were several mines in operation in the San Jacinto district, and these gave quite a valualjle output for many j'cars. At present the one that is most promi- ]icnt is tliat known as tli(3 Fano (formerly the Simmons) mine, discovered in 1902 by Mr. Bert Sinnnons, but now owned by Mr. E. A. Fano, of San Diego. This is located on the north side of Coahuila Mountain, at an altitwle of some 4500 feet, about a mile south of Bautista Creek, and four miles west of Ramona Indian reservation. About the same distance east of the reservation, and a little south, on Thomas Mountain, at 5000 feet elevation, is the site of tlie original discovery of col- ored tourmalines in this county, made liy Mr. Hamil- ton in 1.^72. This has l)een known as the Columbia gem mine, and has yielded yevy line material; liut it has not been worked much of GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 59 late years, owing to litigation, other parties claiming it under the name of the April Fool mine. The Fano mine, besides colored tourmalines, especially rich shades of blue and green, yields some beryl and a little kunzite, with lepidolite and amblygonite. Its structure is typical of the gem deposits of southern California— a ledge consisting of a vein (or dike) of pegmatite, about five feet thick, with a northwest and southeast course, and a dip of 17"^ to the southwest. The inclosing rock is called a blue granite, but is probably the diorite (or gabbro) rock. In 1895, a rubellite crystal was reported as found on the Dameron place, in San Diego County, about 25 miles southeast of Pala, and a mile northwest of the Indian rancheria, at Mesa Grande. The pink tourmaline was noted as associated with the black variety in the rock of certain coarse crystalline granitic dikes (pegmatite) of that district. As these dikes are frequent, search was made among them; and in 1898, the great tourmaline locality of Mesa Grande was located.* The occurrence has many resemblances to that at Pala, and also marked differences. The tourmalines are in large and distinct crystals, often transparent, sometimes in lepidolite, sometimes in quartz, and sometimes in feld- spar — more as in Maine and Connecticut, and in the Riverside County mines. As at Pala, the red variety predominates, but there are many crystals of other tints — blue, green, etc., and perfectly colorless — and many that are parti-colored; others are red externally and green internally, like the Brazilian, but reversed. The vein or dike in which the tourmalines occur here is at an alti- tude of 5000 feet, on the same belt as, that which contains the similar minerals at Pala, on Smith's Mountain. The spot seems to have been known to the Indians, probably from the incident before noted; and they have even done a little crude blasting to break up the rock and procure the colored crystals from the cavities in which they chiefly occur. The Mesa Grande locality is remarkable for the great size and perfec- tion of the crystals, many of them being almost faultless, and the doubly-terminated ones being the rule rather than the exception. The Ernest Schernikow collection from this mine is the finest known, and ranks with those from any locality in the world. It has recently (1904-05) been on exhibition at the rooms of the State Mining Bureau in San Francisco. A very fine set of specimens was shown at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901, in the Tiffany exhibit of American gems, since purchased and presented to the Musee d'His- toire Naturelle at Paris. The two-color crystals, part green and part red, are remarkably strong at the point of contact, so that many have * Mill. Res. U. S., 1900, pp. 33, 34 (reprint). €0 GEilSj JE^VELEES MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. been cut showing one-half of the gem green, either pale or dark, and the other a handsome pink or red. Some of the crystals have circular hollows or threadlike inclusions, so that when they are cut across these la3'ers they form admirable cat's-eyes. Quite a number of remark- ably lieautiful cat's-eyes weighing from 2-5 to 30 carats have been found, varying from almost colorless to pale pink, rose, red, pale green, yellow-green and dark green. For this peculiar type of tourmalines, Mesa Grande is pref?minent. One very large gem, weighing over 50 carats, showed the beautiful bi-coloration of pink and green. This locality has been worked more thoroughly and has been more productive than any other in the United States. The mineralogical si^ecimens alone must have a value of some $30,000; and up to 190.5, gems to the value ILL. No, U. RED TOURMALINE CRYSTALS ON QUARTZ CRYSTAL, MESA CJRANDE. of .$'200,000 are said to have been taken out. A fine series of these crystals is in tlie ^lorgan collection in the American ^luseum of Natural History, New York. During the past year or two several other remarkable localities have lieen discovered, (^)ne of these, the Pala Chief mine, is situated a mile and a half northeast of the town of Pala, and within a mile of the cele- brated lei^idolite and rubellite workings at that place. But the tourma- lines at the new opening are more like those of Mesa Grande, and even larger. Some crystals were as much as a foot long and three inches across, of rich pink rubellite with an exterior coating of the dark lilue variety, indicolite, separated l.iy a pale intervening zone. Other pink crystals have a blue cap or termination, of a deep shade, inclining GEJIS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 61 toward purple. One very remarkalily large crystal is like a, holl(i\r eylinder, apparently composed of a groirp of prisms surrounding an open central space at the axis of the cluster; this is entirely of a rather dull lilue, verging toward reddish in the interior. This locality, how- ever, has not yet been worked for its tourmalines, owing to its yielding- the remarkal)le new gem-stone, kunzite — transparent lilac spodumene. which has attracted so much attention of late. The principal nane at this locality, known as tlie Pala Chief, was located in May, 1903, hy Mr. Frank A. Salmons, .John (iiddcns, and ILL. No. 1.1. P.VL.\ CHIEF MINE. P.\L.i-SOUTnWESTERX EXD OF WilRKI.Xiio. LOOKING E.VST. KUNZITE ANI> GEM-TOriLMALIXE. two Bascjue French prospectors, Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Pciletcli. It presents the usual type of the mines of this region — a large vein or dike of pegmatite, between upper and lower walls of gray, somewhat decomposed, diorite (or gabbro). The vein has the characto'istic divi- sion, elsewhere described, into an upper portion, m(.>re or less coarsely crystallized, consisting largely of the two feldspars, albite and orthoclase, with some quartz, and a lower portion of fine compact felds})athic granite, without mica, and lined or ))anded in layers with small essonite garnets — the so-called "line-rock." Between these is a zone of jiockcts, with much lepidolite, and the pockets tilled with a, talcose or clay-like €2 GEMS, JEWEUEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. material, of white and reddish tints, in which are found the tourmaline and kunzite crystals. These have been already described. On another ridge eastward of this one, but separated only by a narrow valley, the two Basque Frenchmen above named, in conjunction with Mr. Fred M. Sickler and his father, M. M. Sickler, have discovered and located several claims showing kunzite and more or less of gem-tour- maline. The name of Heriart Mountain has been given to this ridge, T\'hich is apparently a foothill or spur of Agua Tibia Mountain. Several tourmaline mines have also been located north and east of Coahuila, Riverside County, by Mr. Bert Simmons, of Oak Grove, from which some large gems have been obtained. Mr. Simmons has also ■developed several mines southwest of Oak Grove, on Aguanga Moun- tain, which have produced a number of gem-tourmalines. From one of the mines here, owned by Mr. K. C. Naylor of San Diego, several fine yellow stones have been taken. These mines have also shown a number of other minerals, such as spodumene (kunzite), columbite- tantalite, pink beryl, etc. The first announcement of this region was made by the writer.* This entire lithia region, the geological character of the deposits as well as the descriptive mineralogical part, is now being monographed by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller, of the U. S. Geological Survey, f to be published in 1905. Another discovery of a locality for colored tourmalines and kunzite is recently reported from a new district in San Diego County, about 10 miles south and somewhat west from Pala, in Section 26, T. 10 S., E. 3 E. The locality is in Moosa Canon, near Moosa Falls, and the discoverers are Messrs. Thomas Freeman and Joe Meyers, of Oceanside. The surface indications, and specimens brought in, suggest that the discovery may prove as rich as the other and older mines. Quartz crystals of large size are also found there, and smoky topaz is said to be abundant; but this is more probably smoky quartz, as the topaz has not been found associated heretofore with kunzite or highly colored tourmaline. These gem-tourmalines all contain some lithia, and are found in asso- ciation with other lithia minerals, such as lepidolite (lithia mica), amblygonite (lithia phosphate), and the alumina-lithia silicate, spod- umene (kunzite). The particular associations, ■ however, vary at different localities. Thus, in the Pala district there are three adjacent ridges; the western one, known as Pala Mountain, contains the great lepidolite and amblygonite mine, now worked for some years, which has furnished the radiating groups of pink rubellite above •^Report Dept. Min. Statistics, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1901, p. 31 (reprint). Science, January 28, 1904 (Vol. XIX). tScience, February 12, 190i, p. 266 (Vol. XIX). GE.MS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFOENL\. 63 (U'sovilu'd, ek\u;int us specimens, Imt not transparent; on the same ridge is tlie i^tewart mine, wliieli yields larger erystals of rnbellite and some of other coku-s. On the middle ridge, Pala Chief Mountain, is the reeently opened mine of that name, already mentioned, where the ver)' large colored tourmalines occur, with kunzite, but little or no amblyg- cmite. Other openings on this ridge are the Tourmaline Queen and Tourmaline King, of which the former especially shows crystals of rich and varied coloring. On the eastern ridge, Heriart ^Mountain, are several openings at whicli kunzite is found, and freqiu-'nt association of iLL Xn. li-i. PAL.V MOUNTAIN', S-YN Dll-;i;;0 COUN'TV, LEPIDOLITE MINE. NEAR VIKW OF THE HUMP. gem-tourmaline and lepidolite. The Mesa Grande locality has already Ijeen described; the great mine is the Himalaya, but the Esmeralda and one or two others have rich and lieautiful gem-tourmalines, but none have kunzite. The Ramona district, that yields garnet and topaz, has less tourmaline, and hardly any of gem quality. The Riverside County localities, in the San Jacinto ^Mountains, include the Fano (originally the Simmons) mine, a rich producer of colored tourmaline, and the Columliia (also called the April Fool) mine, which was the first one discovered in the State, and has yielded many Ix'autiful gems, but has not been worked much of late. 64 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op calipoknia. QUARTZ, Quartz is one of the commonest of all minerals, occurring in rock- masses nearly pure, and forming a large proportion of most of the granitic rocks. Its hardness, and the fact that it is unaffected by most chemicals, render it very stable and persistent, and hence it forms the largest part of most sands and sandstones. Its varieties are almost innumerable in color and aspect, and many of them are beautiful as ornamental and semi-precious stones. The crystals of quartz are easily recognized by their peculiar form, that of a six-sided prism, long and slender or short and stout, terminated by a sharp six-sided pyramid at one or both extremities. Some of its varieties are the following: Cpystalline. Non-Crystalline. Rock-crystal (colorless). Chalcedony (white and various pale tints). Amethyst (purple). Carnelian (pink to red). Citrine (yellow). Sard (dark red or brown-red). Rose-quartz (pink). Chrysoprase (green). Smoky quartz (smoky). Agate (banded, of various colors). Cairngorm stone (smoky). Rainbow agate. Spanish topaz (deep yellow or brown). Royal agate. Morion (black). Onyx (black and white, banded). Plasma, prase (green). Moss-agate, Mocha-stone. Asteriated quartz. Hydrolite (inclosing water). Aventurine (spangled). Jasper, an impure quartz (usually red, Quartz cat's-eye. green or brown). Gold-quartz. Bloodstone (heliotrope). Dumortierite quartz. Jasper agate (banded with diilerent colors). Tourmalinated quartz. Lydian stone, Basanite, Touchstone (black Hornblende in quartz. jasper). Gothite in quartz (Onegite). Xovaculite, Whetstone. Rutilated quartz (Sagenite or Filches Agatized wood. d'amour). Jasperized wood. Thetis hairstone. Many of these varieties exist in California. Roek-CPystal. — Transparent colorless quartz, or rock-crystal, though not rare as a mineral, is seldom found in masses of large size. When it is, however, it is valuable for use in the ornamental arts. One or two localities in the Alps, which have been known and worked from Roman times, though very difficult and perilous of access, have furnished mate- rial for the elegant carved objects to be seen in European palaces and museums. In Japan also, large crystals were formerly obtained, from which were made the polished balls so much prized by the natives, and after- wards by foreigners, who have now almost drained the country of them by purchase. Japan has not yielded much new material for some years, and the main supply of it has been derived from Madagascar and Brazil. Within the last decade, however, very fine rock-crystal masses have been obtained in the United States, especially in California. GEMS, JEWETjERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. (i5 In 1891-92 an important (levcl()[)iri('nt of crystallized quartz was made at Placerville, El Dorado County, by 'Sir. .James lUakiston, in a. (jnartz ledge running north and smith, and dipjjing east\vard ahout 4o to 50 degrees."*' The rock of the ledge is partly deeonii)ose. 'i'tl ( Ai.iimdi.x), IS!G. 5 — JI B H2!l. licins and Prccions Stone> uf Xnrili 66 GEMSj JE"WELa;RS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. gravel. It is claimed that twelve tons were taken out in the years 1897 and 1898; one giant crystal, surrounded by an attached cluster of forty- seven smaller ones, weighed over a ton. A number of the finest were sent to New York, and splendid balls were cut from them by machinery constructed for the purpose. One of the largest crystals measured in the rough 19 by 15 by 14 inches, and another 14 by 14 by 9 inches. A perfect sphere cut from one of these crystals has a diameter of 5i inches, and is absolutely without a flaw. It is worth $3000. Even larger spheres have been cut from these California crystals — two ranging up to 7^ inches in diameter, but they are not entirely flawless. The first mentioned sphere, and one of 7^^ inches, cut by Tiffany & Co., are the largest ever produced in this country, and are justly held among the most valued treasures of the Morgan- Tiffany collection; and one 73^-inch ball is in the collection of the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris. A large, perfect hexagonal crystal in the American Museum of Natural History weighs 346 pounds. There were in all some twelve tons of crystals found, but few yielded cutting material. Some of the crystals here found are apparently the largest ever obtained anywhere. The exteriors were frequently roughened or dis- colored, in other cases quite bright; but within, the quartz was clear and colorless. The great crystal in the one-ton group just mentioned showed a portion in its interior that was beautifully clear for a space of 14 by 16 by 24 inches, and might yield a flawless ball of over a foot in diameter. It was with great difficulty that this splendid mass could be taken out of the tunnel without injuring it. As the crystals show little wear, the}' have evidently not been transported far from their source, and must have come from some vein or fissure cut through by the ancient streams a little way above. If this could be discovered, it might be a most remarkable crystal mine. So far as the gravel deposit here was explored by drifts, the crystals appeared to be strewn through it, and it would seem that there must be a large amount of valuable material there; but no further actual work has been done for several years. Other California localities for crystals of several pounds in weight are Drum Valley, Three Rivers, and Yokohl, in the neighborhood of Visalia, in Tulare County. Many fine crystals are also obtained in some of the mines in San Diego and Riverside counties, where they occur in the pegmatite veins that are worked for tourmaline and beryl. The Fano mine, in River- side County, near Coahuila, has sold some 200 pounds of choice quartz crystals; they are also frequent at the Himalaya mine, at Mesa Grande, both colorless and smoky, at the Mack mine on Mount Palomar, and in most of the mines throughout that region of the State. Some of these may yield good material for use in the arts. GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIEORNLV. 67 Tin- Intliiins used quartz of all kinds for arrow- and spear-points. Tliose made of (•i)lorless transparent rock-crystal are rare and Ijeautiful; some specimens of these, only an inch long, from Calaveras County, were j)resented to the State Mining Bureau, some years ago, hv Mr. J. Z. Davis. Amethyst, the purple variety of quai'tz, lias not lieen found to any ILL. X.I. l.s. OUTCROP OF JUJSK IJUA RTZ— FREE ZONE, XE.MI TUE JIEXIC.\N LIXE. S.\N' Dn-:iiO COrXTV. great extent in California; though it occurs somewhat in !Mono County, at the Noonday mine, Bodie district. Smoky Quartz is somewhat abundant, but has been already men- tioned at the principal points, under Rock-crystal. Rose-Quartz is a semi-crj'stalline translucent variety, of pale pink color, sometimes slightly opalescent. It is capable of use for many ornamental purposes being cut into lialls, pendants, small vases, etc. '68 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIF0RNL4.. Rose-quartz is a substance much appreciated by the Orientals, and it has been successfully imitated by them by dipping white quartz rock, after heating, into an aniline solution; this process opens cracks in the quartz, which upon cooling absorbs the rose color, and retains it per- manently. Rose-quartz of choice pink color exists in some quantity at several points in Tulare County. Specimens from Yokohl and Three Rivers have been sold at remunerative prices; and according to Prof. W. H. Smith, of Visalia, it is found, of good quality, at several other places in that vicinity. Rose-quartz is frequent also in the pegmatite veins of the gem mines in San Diego and Riverside counties (described under beryl, tourmaline, and kunzite). It is also reported as a large out- cropping ledge, rising above the surface of the ground for a distance of 240 feet, with a width of 40 feet, at a point near the Mexican boundary; the location is given by Mr. X. G. Douglas, who describes it as 45 miles from San Diego and 29 miles from Tia Juana, on the public road from the last-named place to Ensenada, in the so-called "Free Zone.'' It is claimed that the material can be quarried out here in blocks of any desired size. Another occurrence of rose-quartz, somewhat opalescent, is announced by Mr. Edward N. Walshj at Escondido, San Diego County. Gold-Quartz. — One of the most characteristic ornamental stones of California is the gold-quartz, which has been used to a large extent for jewelry and art objects. The gold of the placers and gravel-beds is derived from auriferous quartz veins in the metamorphic slates of the Sierra Nevada, having been worn out and washed down in the slow decay of those rocks. But the most important mining operations are now conducted upon the veins themselves, where the quartz is taken out and crushed. In most cases the gold, even in a rich vein, is scarcely visible; but sometimes it is so abundant and so conspicuous that it makes a strikingly ornamental stone — a matrix of white quartz, either opaque or translucent, through which gold is distributed freely in little patches or stringers. Jewelers pay from $20 to $30 for each ounce of gold contained in such material — the gold itself being worth about $16.50. The price of specimens varies from $3 to $40 an ounce, according to their beauty and to the proportion of gold included. This latter is determined by specific gravity. Some crystals of limpid quartz, containing particles of native gold, have been found in California. One of these was said to have been an inch long, inclosing in the center a scale of gold about the size of the lunule of a finger nail. In Nevada County, in the Grass Valley mines, quartz is occasionally found supporting gold between the crystals. Most of the white gold-quartz comes from the counties of Butte, Cala- veras, El Dorado, Mariposa, Nevada, Placer, Sierra, Tuolumne, and GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 69 Yuba. A black gold-quartz is found at the Sheep Ranch mine, in Cala- veras County, and at Sutter Creek, in Amador. Occasionally bowlders of gold-quartz are met with. A smoothly rolled mass of this character was taken out of the bank of the Nevada Hydraulic Company, at Gib- sonville. It weighed 160 pounds, and was judged to contain $2500 worth of gold; but its value for lapidary purposes was greater. An artificial imitation of this stone has been made, by throwing grains of gold from crushed quartz into a fused milky glass, and allow- ing it to solidify in molds of various shapes. Another process was to produce a so-called rose gold-quartz, by backing a translucent gold- quartz with carmine paste. This was quite effective, especially when used in connection with the black or the opaque variety. The same thing might be done with backings of other colors, and a striking variety of effects produced. There occurs in Hungary an amethystine gold- quartz of great beauty, which could be readily imitated in this way. Gold-quartz is made into a great variety of articles of jewelry and ornament, such as cane-heads, paper-weights, fan-sticks, bracelets, etc. ; it is also employed for inlaying in certain kinds of elegant furniture, where it contrasts finely with dark wood or with other minerals of pronounced color, such as jasper, malachite, smoky quartz, etc. The jewelry made from this material is mostly sold to tourists from the East and from foreign countries, though a good deal is also used in California. Eleven hundred dollars' worth was purchased some years ago, by an embassy from Asia; and almost all visitors buy specimens as souvenirs. The largest and most ambitious piece of work in gold-quartz is a model of the cathedral of Xotre Dame in Paris; it is about a foot high, and is valued at $20,000. The amount of this material used in jewelry has varied greatly; it has at times been estimated as high as $40,000 a year, but has not approached such figures of late. One lapi- dary in Oakland, where most of the cutting is done, bought nearly $10,000 worth in one year, and a large San Francisco firm of jewelers bought nearly $1.5,000 worth. In 1902 the production amounted to only about $3000. In the selection of the quartz for art work great care is necessary. The stones used must be large enough to bear the rough treatment of the diamond-saw and the lap-wheel of the polisher. All the rock quartz is friable, and some of it crumbles to pieces while undergoing these processes. The saw, catching in the gold in the slitting, prevents the cutting of large pieces, as the wafer-like slabs are apt to be broken by this resistance while being detached from the mass. For this reason, all the pieces set in cabinet work are small. Pieces 4 by 2 inches are quite rare, although fine pieces 4 inches square are at times seen. Rarely more than half of the rough material purchased finds its way into the market, owing to breakage while being trimmed into shape. 70 GEMSj JEWEUSES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFOENIA. Quartz Inclusions. — Quartz is frequently penetrated by other minerals, and these combinations ate""D#ten very beaatiful and are valued as ornamental stones. Instances of this kind, mentioned in some of the writer's reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States, are the following: At the tourmaline locality near Coahuila, in Riverside County, the quartz is sometimes penetrated with fine hair- like crystals of tourmaline, so as much to resemble the beautiful ruti- lated quartz, or sagenite. One of the finest of these specimens is now in the collection of Harvard University, at Cambridge, Mass., and another in the American Museum of Natural History at New York.* A recent announcement has been made of the finding of smoky quartz penetrated by black and greenish-black tourmaline, near Fallbrook, 8 miles west of Pala, in San Diego County. Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports quartz inclu- sions of tourmaline, hornblende, and other minerals, as frequent throughout southern California, especially at the mines where the gem- tourmalines occur. In Tulare County, on Deer Creek, Mr. L. B. Hawkins obtained speci- mens of a similar penetration of quartz by hornblende crystals, f This combination has also been noted by the State Mining Bureau, at Tyler's Ranch, near Oleta, Amador County, and at Fairplay, El Dorado County.]; A notable occurrence of this character is that already described (p. 6-5) in El Dorado County, near Placerville, where a decomposed quartz vein is full of crystals ranging from the size of a man's finger up to 80 or 90 pounds. Several pieces of the quartz, over 50 pounds in weight, were pellucid and free from flaws, while others contained remarkable inclu- sions of green chlorite, 3 to 5 millimeters in thickness. Some of the crystals also contain inclusions of chalcedony, cream-white to brown in color. Other interesting quartz inclusions are reported by Mr. H. F. AVheaton, of Riverside County, from the San Bernardino range, in the county of the same name, in the desert. These are the kind known by the name of sagenite, in which transparent quartz crystals are penetrated with long slender crystals of brilliant red or brown rutile, the oxide of titanium. This variety is well known and much admired, as both curi- ous and elegant, and has received the name abroad of "fleches d'amour," or " love's arrows." When pieces of any considerable size are obtained, it is a beautiful material for carving into objects of art. There were also noted colorless quartz crystals with chloritic "phantoms" including "minute grouped masses of a green color," thought to be chrysocoUa or epidote. There are many other kinds of inclusions; and in some cases the included mineral so completely penetrates and fills the quartz as to *Mineral Resources of the United States, 1893, p. 18. tibid., 1897, p. 14. tlbid.,1894, p. 601. GEMS, JEWBLBES' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 71 change its aspect entirely, and render it almost opaque and highly col- ored. Such is the Mariposa County instance, referred to on page 97, under jade, where a quartz filled with a green micaceous mineral (mari- posite) in minute scales forms a green stone so resembling jade that it is exported to China, where jade is greatly prized. Dumortierite Quartz. — A very marked example of this character exists in Riverside County, on the Colorado Desert, about 50 miles north of Yuma and 11 miles west of the Colorado River. Here quartz is found that is so filled with a rare dark blue mineral, known as Dumortierite, that it closely resembles the celebrated stone long familiar in jewelry and the arts as lapis lazuli. Mr. John Stewart, of Los Angeles, who described the locality, states that the material is abundant and can be taken out in blocks of several hundred povmds, varying from light to dark blue and mingled blue and white. This should be a very fine ornamental stone, as it polishes beautifully. The locality, however, is remote and can only be worked in the winter or the rainj- season, as water has to be hauled from the Colorado River, and the climate is too hot for either horses or white men from June to December. Near Dehesa,* San Diego County, is a large body of lavender-colored dumortierite in quartz, which, if cut and polished, would make hand- some specimens. This is evidently the mineral that was mistaken by the early collectors for erythrite, which it slightly resembles in struc- ture and color. Erythrite has a metallic lustre, the dumortierite has none. CHALCEDONY. On some of the California beaches are found many interesting pebbles of chalcedony that frequently have the appearance of a partial polish. Among the most notable of these beaches are Crescent City, Pescadero, and Redondo. The first named is in Del Norte Count}', at the extreme northern end of the State. Pescadero is nearly central, lying some 25 miles directly west of San .Jose, and may be reached by a beautiful mountain ride of 25 miles from San Mateo. The pebbles are found in great profusion, of different varieties of chalcedony and agate, many of them beautifully marked; others are apparently of jasper, and occasion- ally of fossil coral. Some of them are hollow geodes of chalcedony, inclosing a liquid with a moving bubble, like the "hydrolites" from Uruguay, South America, or from Tampa, Florida, and near Astoria, Oregon. These little sealed flasks, as they might be called, vary from the size of a pea, or less, up to rarely an inch in length, and are much sought after. Redondo is a favorite beach resort, about 15 miles south of Los Angeles. Here also are found many beautiful pebbles. It is *Eeport of Dept. Min. Statistics, TJ. S. Geol. Survey. 1 2 GEMS, JE\ST;LEES materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. quite the rustoiii after each tide for the gue^^ts at the hotel to visit the beach to look for these treasures, which are especially abuudaut north of the ]iier. They are lielicved to come from a l)ed of sand and gravel in the vicinity. Several (if these |iebblcs were fmind in 1901 in an Indian grave near Redondo. At both tliese Vieach resorts, large unantities of the pebbles are gath- ered and sold to tourists. ciftt'U in bottles of -water, to lirina' out their 1'i:i;ki.]:s fkom ri ■.\lii;l;o lIKAilI, S.\X M.VI'Kii COUXTV. varieil colors. Long cliains and other ornaments are also made by drilling the stones and stringing them on a Hexible -wire. Arioth(.-r important pebl)le locality is that known as iloonstone Beach, on Santa (_'atalina island. The pebbles are not moonstones, but nodules of (juartz weather(.'d out of a rhyolite rock — composed of sanidine feld- spar and (piartz — wliile tlnise of Redondo and I'escadero are agate and chalcedony, and come from amygdaloidal rocks. Sinjilar pebbles of varied (.'oloring occur on U]>per Spanish Creek, above (xi-een Flat, in Meadow Valley. Plumas County, according to Mr. J. A. I'Zdman.* Another localitv is on the shores of Lake Tahoe, Avhere r. S. Geiil. Suirey, Dt'iit. .Min. Statistics, 18!l!l, p. 40 (reprint). GEMS, JE^¥ETJERS MATEKIALS, ETC., Oli" CALIFORNIA. thi'V avo very alniiKlaiit at ]>oints; and still anotlier is Canon Springs, in tlic soutlu'fu part of the State, as announced ))y Mr. (.'. R. Oroutt, who found hydi'olites and many tieautiful agates in the drift of the ilesert and strewn over tlie mesas.* Numerous handsome varieties of chaleedony are kno\vn to oeeur in <.'aliforuia. Among these is a light blue variety, sometimes called sappliirine chalcedony. This is a stone that was liiglilv valued in very ancient times, ami was a favorite material for the carved Babylonian seals. 3000 to 4000 P>. C. That used for this purpose came from Persia; it occurs also in the I'rals, and at Treszytan in Ilungarv. Sap}durinc chalcedony of e([ual beauty is found at Kane Springs, in Kern County, in masses of a dceji sky-lilue color, ■\vitli the "botryoidal" or grape- JlK^^L.j^t**' iTj,. X.I. -11. pi-:i!BLi-: jiic.vcit. i:i:rM;)xii(). los .vxckijcs county. cluster surface characteristic of much chalcedony. It does not seem to have been develojted, however, nor is tlie amount of it to be liad yet known. Prof. "William P. Blake mentions the occurrence of large masses of white clialcedony, delicately veined and in mammillary sheets, near the Panoche. in Fi-esno County, and also in .Monterey County, and of pink chalccdonv in nodules in the eruptive rocks in IjOS Angeles County, between Johnson's Kiver and "\A'illiamson's Fork. There are doubtless many other localities in the State wliere handsome varieties of chalcc- donv occur, that may be developed and used. Some of the silicified wood, elsewhere noted as frec^uent in the old "sub-lava" gold gravels, is .altered to white chalcedony and various types of agate. * Report or] .Minerals of I lie Colorado Desert (lOth Aini. Keiit. Stale Mineralogist ), Isau. 74 GEMS, JEWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. CHRYSOPRASE. Chrysoprase is a chalcedony that is colored a beautiful light green, by the oxide of nickel. It has been a favorite stone in jewelry and ornamental work from very ancient times, but is found at only a few places in the world. Within some j'ears past several localities of chrysoprase have been opened in California, in the region about Visalia, in Tulare County. The first discovery was made as far back as 1878, by Mr. George W. Smith, a surveyor, who collected specimens of the mineral and submitted them to experts. Mr. Max Braverman, of Visalia, was the first who positiveh' identified it as chrysoprase, from its content of nickel oxide. Specimens were thenceforth gathered and sent to various collections and museums. Later, its possible value for jewelry began to attract attention, and renewed search was instituted, resulting in the discovery of two more occurrences of it in the same county — one on Stokes Mountain and the other on Tule River. The original locality is at Venice Hill, about 12 miles northeast of Visalia. Here the chrysoprase forms small veins, 2 or 3 inches thick, in a jas- pery rock. Much of it is flawed, but a good deal of choice material has been taken out and cut, and the color is good. The principal vein was located by Mr. C. P. Wilcomb, formerly of the Golden Gate Park Museum, San Francisco, while Mr. Braverman has been very active in searching and exploring. He and Mr. L. B. Hawkins located a fourth occurrence in 1897, in the same county, at Deer Creek, some 30 miles southeast of Visalia; and in the succeeding year a fifth locality was opened at Lind- say, half way between those two places. Here again the material is apt to be flawed, and much of it is pale in color; but a good deal has been taken out, and one remarkably fine specimen has been presented by Mr. Braverman to the State Mining Bureau. The stone here is mingled with a beautiful semi-opal of the same green colors, for which Mr. Braverman proposed the name chrysoprase opal or chrysopal. There was considerable activity at these several mines for the first few years, but no large or steady production. Twelve hundred pounds were shipped from the Deer Creek locality, five hundred from that at Lindsay, and three hundred from Venice Hill; but the proportion of real gem-material was small. More recently, however, a New York company has taken wp chrysoprase mining with more system and more success. Large amounts of fine material have been taken out, varying from deep to light green, and a great deal has been cut, in some cases into stones weighing several ounces each. Most of it, however, had been cut into squares, rhombs, ovals, etc., for studs, links, rings, and inlaying or mosaic work. The great increase in production is strikingly shown by the fact that the value of the annual output, which GEMSj jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 75 for several years before- had been only about $100, leaped to $1500 in 1901, and to $15,000 iill902.* MOSS-AGATE (MOSS JASPER). Chalcedony with dendritic markings, in masses from 15 to 18 inches across, and jaspery agate, with moss-like markings of a dark brown color, are among the minerals collected by Mr. H. F. Johnson in the San Bernardino Mountains, in the county of that name, in the desert region of California, and reported by Mr. Wheaton, of Palm Springs, in the adjacent county of Riverside. f JASPER, Jasper is also found at many points. It occurs of fine quality at Murphys, in Calaveras County, of various shades of red, brown, and yellow. Mr. J. A. Edman has described it in Plumas County, west of Meadow Valley, gray, green, red, and banded red and white; and some of these richly mingled varieties he thinks would be well adapted for use in the arts. Red and green jaspers are abundant near San Fran- cisco, where an impure variety has been used for buildings and side- walks. Around the shores of Lake Tahoe are scattered myriads of agate and jasper pebbles, which of course indicate the presence of these min- erals in the rocks of the vicinity. A very peculiar variety occurs near San Francisco, as inclusions in basalt. The rock is made up of red spherulites consisting of quartz stained by iron, usually very small, but occasionally reaching a diameter of more than an inch. When cut and polished, this rock makes very handsome specimens. OPAL, H.= 6. G.= 2.0-2.2. Opal is essentially silica, though differing from quartz in containing small amounts of water. It has numerous varieties, such as Noble or precious opal, Opaline, Fire opal, Hyalite, Milky opal, Hydrophane, Opal agate. Wood opal. Moss opal, ■ Opali?ed wood. Opal of different kinds has been observed at a number of points in California, but the precious or gem variety has not yet been obtained *Mineral Resources of the United States, XJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, p. 81 ;— table of iiro- duction of precious stones, tibid., 1900, p. 37 (reprint). 76 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. of a size and quality to warrant mining operations. In 1897, fire opals, small but good, with larger pieces of inferior quality, were identi- fied by the State Mining Bureau, from Dunsmuir, in Siskiyou County. Very recently a locality of precious opal that may prove impor- tant has been reported at the opposite end of the State, in the region of the Mojave Desert. Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Biego, describes the opal as occurring in large quantities in a porphyritic rock. Most of that which he had seen is chalcedonic, but some true precious opal has been found, and good stones have been cut from it. The locality is in San Bernardino County, some 25 miles northwest of Barstow. Here, opal of various colors, some almost amber-yellow, and some — though not very much — of the precious and fire opal, occurs in seams, veins, and pockets, in what is called an indurated clay, by a more recent describer, but is doubtless a decomposed igneous rock. The deposit is about half a mile wide and two miles long, dipping rather steeply, with an overlying tufa, and probably resting upon granite beneath. The locality is sit- uated in a branch of Black's Canon to the east of the main caiion. On the surface are found large deposits of what is called " semi-opal," a stone which resembles the genuine opal, but has not its beauty. The real opals are found at a little distance from the surface and resemble very much the Australian opals. J. C. Reed and associates, of San Bernardino, are the owners. This locality may prove valuable when more fully developed. A beautiful yellow opal, without fire, and more resembling amber, was noted in 1895, by Mr. M. Braverman, at the chrysoprase locality at Yokohl, near Visalia, in Tulare County. This might make an attract- ive semi-precious stone, if procurable in any quantity. He also found a beautiful green variety, for which he proposed the name of chryso- prase opal, or chrysopal, at the chrysoprase mine near Lindsay, in the same county. Rich white opals, but with no fire, were described as long ago as 1886, by Prof. "William P. Blake, from near ^lokelumne Hill, Calaveras County. They were found loose in a gravel stratum, 345 feet deep in a shaft sunk in Chile Gulch, in Stockton Hill; the pieces ranged up to the size of a walnut, and were at first supposed to have real value. A similar variety occurs with magnesite in Alameda County and at some other points, but is of little importance. In San Bernardino County, milky opal was reported by Mr. Dwight Whiting, in 1897, in a narrow seam of sandstone-, a little east of the X.E. i of Sec. 24, T. 1 S., R. 13 W., San Bernardino base and meridian. The peculiar, glassy, transparent variety of opal known as hyalite has heen found in Lake County, in some abundance, by Mr. H. H. Myer, and is also reported as occurring with semi-opal, about 30 miles south GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 77 of Mount Diablo, in the range of that name. It is an interesting variety, but not capable of any particular use in the arts. Silicified and Opalized Wood. — Silicified wood, which is variously known as agatized wood and wood opal, is found in abundance in Cali- fornia. The ancient gold-bearing gravels, overlaid by a capping of lava or tufa, elsewhere described, frequently contain trunks and branches of trees that have been permeated by silicious waters and thus fossilized. In some cases the replacing material is opal silica; and very interesting gradations in the process of change can be seen, even in parts of the same specimen. Pieces from these "sub-lava" gravels from Nevada County (e. g.) will show parts completely silicified, but opaque and pale-colored, and others entirely altered to opal silica, of various shades of translucent brown. These logs and fragments represent trees that grew on the banks of the ancient streams, before the lava, or tufa flowed into the valleys and filled them, and in some instances they are even found still standing erect. Of the manner of this remarkable change. Prof. Joseph Le Conte* says: "In a good specimen of petrified wood not only the external form of the trunk, not only the general structure of the stem — pith, wood, and bark — not only the radiating silver-grain and the concentric rings of growth are discernible, but even the microscopic cellular structure of the wood and the exquisite sculpturings of the cell-walls themselves are perfectly preserved, so that the kind of wood may often be determined by the microscope with the utmost certainty, yet not one particle of the organic matter of the wood remains. It has been entirely replaced by mineral matter, usually some form of silica." The general theory of petrifaction is as follows : When wood is soaked in a strong solution of iron sulphate (copperas), then dried, and the same process repeated until the wood is highly charged with this solu- tion, and then burned, the structure of the wood will be preserved in the peroxide of iron that remains; also it is well known that the smallest fissures and cavities in rocks are speedily filled by infiltrating waters with mineral matters; hence wood buried in soil soaked with some petrifying material becomes highly charged with the same and the cells filled with the infiltrating material, so that when the wood decays the petrifying material is left, retaining the structure of the wood. Fur- thermore, as each particle of organic matter passes away by decay, a particle of mineral matter takes its place, until finally all of the organic matter is replaced. The process of petrifaction is therefore one of sub- stitution as well as of interstitial filling. From the different nature of the process in the two cases, it happens that the interstitial filling always differs, either in chemical composition or in color, from the sub- *Eleraents of Geology, p. 192. 7S GEMS, JEW'ELEES MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. stituting material. Thus the structure remains visible, although the mass is solid. Agatized wood in large quantities, consisting of trees from 12 to 35 feet in length and from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, has been obtained near Calistoga, in Napa County; and in the hydraulic mines of Cali- fornia, at many points, large and very beautiful masses of opalized wood, of fine lirown, yellow and l_)lack colors, are frequently found. ALBITE-FELDSPAR. Aventufine. Moonstone. Peristerite. H.= (i. G.^ 2.(i2. Luster vitreous, often pearly on cleavage surface. Color white, also Iduish, grayish, reddish, and greenish; occasionally JLL. X.J, 21. MniiXSTUXK I'.K.Vi'II. (■AT.iiLIXA I.-L.\XIi. LOS AXGELKS fOUXTY having a Iduish chatoyancy or play of colors. Silica, 68.7; alumina, lil.o: soda, 11.8. Albite (soda feldspar) is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, often associated with common or potash feldspar (orthoclase) in granite and pegmatite, and frequently in syenite, greenstone, and the crystal- line schists. The most common occtirrences are in veins or cavities in granite or granitoiil rocks. Found in Calaveras, Inyo, Marin. Mono, Eiverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties. Both albite and orthoclase feldspar are especially conspicuous in the dikes or veins of pegmatite that traverse the granite and diorite rocks of San Diego and Riverside counties, and that carry the gem-minerals of that region. They constitute the greater part of the pegmatite, GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 79 together with quartz, and are often finely crystallized. The albite in some instances appears with the tourmalines, etc., in the pockets, in beautiful transparent crystals; and the orthoclase at times is found in crystals of great size; some of these at Mesa Grande are penetrated with fine prisms of rubellite or other colored tourmaline. The use of albite for gem purposes is practically restricted to those kinds showing a bluish opalescence or play of colors, an aventurine effect, or a moonstone effect when cut en cabochon. Peristerite is a whitish,, adularia-like albite, presenting a bluish chatoyancy usually more or less mixed with pale green and yellow, the play of colors resembling that on the neck of a pigeon. Aventurine is a grayish-white to reddish-gray albite, with internal fire-like reflections proceeding from minute inclusions, disseminated crystals. Moonstone is a semi-transparent albite, having a chatoyant reflection resembling that of a cat's-eye, or an opaque pearly-white variety with a bluish opalescence. The so-called moonstones of Santa Catalina island, gathered on the " Moonstone Beach," are not albite, however, but nodules of translucent quartz. (See p. 72.) Minute crystals of the adularia variety of moonstone with beautiful blue reflections, occurring in a vol- canic (rhyolite) rock, were found recently at Eialto, in the Funeral Mountains, in Inyo County, near the Nevada line. They are of won- derful beauty, but are valueless on account of their small size. They were supposed to be opals at first by many collectors who distributed them.* It can hardly be said that any gem material of the species albite is known in California, although many interesting specimens have been found. ORTHOCLASE— FELDSPAR, H. = 6. G. = 2.5-2.7. Silica, 64.7; alumina, 18.4; potash, 16.9. Orthoclase (potash feldspar) has already been referred to in connec- tion with albite. Colors white to various shades of cream, gray, flesh- color and reddish, rarely green or brown. The only form in which it occurs in California, that is capable of ornamental use, is that of Graphic Granite. — Graphic granite, or Hebrew Stone, appears at Pala, San Diego County, at the famous rubellite and lepidolite mine. Large masses of this peculiar rock, consisting of quartz and orthoclase so intergrown as to present the appearance of Hebrew writing, are found here as a phase of a large pegmatite dike. It is also found more or less at all the gem mines in the pegmatite veins of the San Diego-Riverside *U. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Res. U. S., 1903, p. 44 (reprint). so GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. district, and is known among the miners as " graphic-spar." "When it exists in compact masses of uniform texture, it is capable of use as an ornamental stone, taking a fine polish, with delicate tints and curious pattern. Vases and other art objects that are very handsome are made of this material in Russia. LABRADORITE, H.= 6. G.= 2.72. Color gray, brown, or greenish. Labradorite is a lime-soda feldspar, containing silica, 53.1; alumina, 30.1; lime, 12.3; soda, 4.5. The cleavable kinds often show a magnificent play of colors in which blue and green predominate, while yellow, red, pearl-gray, orange and amber are apparent. The mineral takes high polish and is then very handsome. Observed in Mariposa County in Yosemite Park, and in San Ber- nardino County near Lytle Creek. Mr. W. H. Trenchard, in a recent communication to the writer, states that labradorite occurs in the granitic intrusions of the entire gem- bearing district of southern California, with orthoclase and oligoclase feldspars. DIOPSIDE. H.=^6. G.^ 3.2-3.38. Luster vitreous. Color ranging from white through several shades of green to dark green, and even nearly black. Silica, 55.6; lime, 25.9; magnesia, 18.5. It is a variety of pyroxene. Diopside is occasionally cut as a gem. Pyroxene is a common min- eral in serpentine and eruptive rocks; the variety diopside occurs in limestones and serpentines. It is observed in El Dorado County, in fine dark green crystals near Mud Springs; and in fine crystals at the Cosumnes copper mine. ENSTATITE. Bronzite. Hypersthene. Enstatite.— H.= 5.5. G.= 3. 10-3.13. Color yellowish, grayish, and greenish white. Luster vitreous or pearly. Silica, 60; magnesia, 40. Bronzite. — H. = 5.5. G. = 3.1-3.3. Color grayish to olive-green and brown. Part of the magnesia of the enstatite is replaced by iron. HypeFSthene. — H. = 6. G. = 3.4-3.5. Color dark, brownish green, grayish black, greenish black, pinchbeck brown. These minerals are all orthorhombic pyroxenes, and when cut en KUNZITE, Crystal Natural Size, Pala, California. J. Pierpont Morgan Collection, American Museum of Natura GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 81 cabochon across the fibers, they all afford the cat's-eye effect. They are common constituents of peridotites and serpentines. Co.NTRA Costa Cou.nty. — Bronzite at Mount Diablo. San Francisco Cou.vty. — Bronzite at Fort Point and near to Orphan Asylum. KUNZITE-SPODUMENE.* H.-.= 7-7i G. = 3.19. SiO,= 64.-5; Al,03 = 27.4; Li,0=.S.4. Sili- cate of alumina and lithia. A most remarkable discovery of transparent lilac-colored and pale pink to white spodumene has lately been made in California. The crystals were obtained close to a deposit of colored tourmaline, itself of notable interest, on Pala Chief Mountain, a mile and a half north- east from Pala, in San Diego County. This new discovery is but half a mile northeast from the celebrated rubellite and lepidolite localityf on Pala iNIountain, where recent developments have brought to light immense quantities of amblygonite— this latter species occurring by the ton, while the lepidolite is estimated by the thousand tons. The locality is thus unequaled in the world for its abundance of lithia minerals. Spodumene has long been known to mineralogists, but only within recent years has it been ranked among gem-minerals. It is a silicate of alumina and lithia, rather complex in constitution and peculiarly liable to alteration, the first effect of which is to destroy its transpar- ency, so that most of the spodumene found is opaque and of little or no beauty. In this condition it is somewhat abundant at several localities in New England and also in Pennington County, South Dakota, the- crystals often being very large, but dull and unattractive. It began to be recognized, however, some twenty-five years ago, that all these crystals had undergone alteration and must originally have been very beautiful. The change had proceeded from without inward, and at the center were found portions that still retained the color and transpar- ency that once belonged to the whole. Even these remnants, however, *(1) "A New Lilac-Colored Spodumene from Pala, California," bv George Frederick Kunz, Am. J. Sci., Vol. XVI, September, 1903, pp. 264-267. (2) "Kunzite: A New Gem," bv Charles Baskerville, Science (N. S,), Vol. XVIII, September 4, 1903, pp. 303-304. (3) "Spodumene from San Diego Coirntv, Calif.," by "Waldemar T. Schaller, Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. of California, Vol. Ill, No. 13, September, 1903, pp. 265-275. (4) "The Lilac-Colored Spodumene (Kunzite) from California, Am. J. Sci., Vol. XVI, October, 1903, p. 335, with remarks on Action of Radium on Kunzite, by Sir William Crookes. (5) George F. Kunz, N. Y. Acad. Sciences, "On the Action of Radium," etc.; Janu- ary 4, 1904. (6) "Gem-minerals of Southern California," G. F. Kunz, Science (N. S.), Vol. XIX, p. 472, January 15, 1904, pp. 107-108. tG. P. Kunz, Mineral Resources of the United States, Washington, D. C. (reprint), 1893, p. 17; 1899, p. 38; 1901, p. 31. 6 — MB 82 GEMSj JEWELiERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. were so fissured and marred that they could hardly be used for gems; but they indicated a lost elegance that led the writer to apply to spodu- raene the expression "a defunct gem." Since then, however, it has been found in the unaltered state and in several colors at two or three localities, and has come into recognition as an interesting and beautiful gem- stone. The name spodumene is from the Greek spodos, ashes, from the dull whitish color of most of the altered crystals. In Europe the mineral is also frequently called triphane. A transparent yellow variety is known from Minas Geraes, Brazil, and these specimens have been to some extent cut into gems. In 1881, Mr. W. E. Hidden discovered numerous clear, bright green crystals at Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina, which were found in seeking for emeralds. Their real char- acter was not recognized at first, and they were supposed to be cyanite or diopside; but an analysis by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisville, Ky., showed them to be spodumene. He proposed for this new variety the name of hiddenite, which it has since borne, and it has also been called lithia emerald. This discovery excited much interest, and the new and beautiful American gem at once came into favor. The yield, however, was limited in amount, and for several years past, because of litigation and from other causes, the mine has not been worked. The green hiddenite spodvimenes, although extremely beautiful, were small; but the California crystals are of noble size, as well as very attractive in their color tones, varying from rich rosy lilac when found at some depth, to pale or almost colorless nearer the surface — doubtless due to weathering or the action of sunlight — in striking contrast to the rich deep pink-pvirple of those lower down. These spodumenes are of remarkable size, transparency, and beauty. The following are the weights and dimensions of seven of the principal crystals: Weight, Weight, Dimensions, grams. oz. troy. centimeters. Xo. 1 528.7 17.1 17 X 11 X 1 No. 2 528.7 17.1 22 x 8 x 1.5 No. 3 297.0 9.55 19x5.5x1.5 No. 4 ._.. 256.6 8.25 23 x 4 x 2 No. 5 340.5 10.95 13 x 6 x 2.52 No. 6 239.5 7.70 18 x 4 x 2 No. 7 1000.0 3L0 18 x 8 x 3 They are extraordinary objects to the eye of the mineralogist. To see flat spodumenes of characteristic form, as large as a man's hand, but with bright luster and perfect transparency, and of this delicate pink-amethystine tint, is a novel and unlooked-for experience, as all the large crystals of this mineral ever before seen were dull grayish white, and perfectly opaque. At Branchville, Conn., some of the very large spodumene crystals, on being broken, were found to have remnants GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 83 at their center, that retained solne transparency and an amethystine color — just enough to indicate something of what their former beauty had been. The same mineral has now been found in its unaltered state, a,nd the discovery is of great interest. Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the University of North Carolina, who has from the first been engaged in important studies on these specimens, has proposed for this lilac variety the name of kunzite,* after the writer, who was the first to determine it as spodumene. The chemical composition of these specimens has been carefully determined by two independent authorities. The results appear in the analyses here given, of which No. I is by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller,f of the U. S. Geological Survey, and No. II by Prof. Charles Baskerville and Mr. R. 0. E. Davis, of the University of North Carolina:]; 1. II. SiO, -- 64.42 64.05 AljOs 27.32 27.30 MnjOa 15 MnO .... .11 CaO .-.. .80 ZnO .... .44 NiO .... .06 LijO 7.20 6.88 NajO .39 .30 K,0 .03 .06 lifn .... .15 Totals 99.51 100.15 Oceurrenee. — Soon after the first announcement of this remarkable discovery, the locality was visited and examined by Dr. W. T. Schaller, then of the geological department of the University of California. In his report he describes the occurrence as follows :§ " The formation in which these fine crystals are found at the Pala locality consists of a pegmatite dike, dipping westerly at a low angle, perhaps 20*^. It is more or less broken, and as a whole seems to form the surface of much of the slope of the hill on which it occurs. The dike is rather broad, but irregular in its present shape, and has a thickness probably of not more than thirty feet. So far as the mining developments have shown, only a small portion of the dike is rich in lithiajmin-erals. Ordinarily, the dike is a coarse muscovite granite, the orthoclase and quartz predominating, containing many rounded prisms of black tourmaline, with broken ends. Lepidolite occasionally seems to replace the muscovite and when it does, red, blue, and green tour- malines replace the black variety. It is with these gem-tourmalines * Science (N. S.), Vol. XVIII, No. 304, September 4, 1903, p. 303. tBull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Gal., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275. t Am. J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVIII, .Inly, 1903. sLoc. cit. 84 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. that the spodumenfi occurs. While the tourmaline and lepidolite are frequently inclosed in the quartz and feldspar, no such inclusions of spodumene have been found. The latter mineral always occurs asso- ciated with the other minerals, but never penetrating them or pene- trated by them. It occurs in pockets, and these facts seem. to indicate that the formation of the spodumene is later and not coincident, in time of formation, with the tourmalines and with the dike. The dike cuts across the large intrusion of dark rock occurring at Pala and briefly mentioned by Dr. H. W. Fairbanks.* This large body of dark rock, several miles across, is surrounded on all sides by granite. The dark rock forming the foot-wall of the dike in which the spodumene occurs is a diorite, consisting of hornblende, a plagioclase, and (subordinate) orthoclase with accessory magnetite and apatite." It will be seen by comparing this account with the general intro- ductory statement already given, of the geological character of the San Diego-Riverside lithia and gem region, that the features here are those characteristic of most of the mines referred to, where gem-tourmalines and other rare and interesting species occur. The kunzite variety of spodumene is now found at several points in San Diego and Riverside counties in connection with the richly colored tourmalines. Although this particular locality on Pala Chief JNIountain is the most prominent one, and has yielded most of the fine material, yet it was not the first at which kunzite was met with. Specimens of this mineral first reached the writer and were identified, in December, 1902, through Messrs. Tiffany & Co., from Mr. Frederick IM. Sickler, who thought them perhaps a variety of tourmaline. Their exact locality was not given. In August, 1903, he announced that they came from the White Queen mine, near Pala. The crystals, though much smaller in size, are similar to those obtained soon afterwards from the Pala Chief. Mr. Sickler, an explorer long familiar with the region, claims to have been the original discoverer of this mineral some years before, jointly with his father, Mr. M. M. Sickler; but its composition was not known, and from its association with tourmaline it was regarded as a peculiar variety of that species, although with some question if it were not a new mineral. Mr. Sickler visited Los Angeles in the summer of 1902, and tried in every way to find out from jewelers, mineralogists, and libra- ries, what the crystals might be, but without success. His discovery of the mineral, however, at the White Queen mine, on the ridge east of the Pala Chief, now known as Heriart Mountain, seems to be clearly entitled to priority. During 1902 and 1903, much exploration and prospecting were carried on in this section by two Basque Frenchmen, Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch, as well as by the Messrs. Sickler, father and son; *Elevcnth Report State Mineralogist (Ciil.). GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. 85 and srveral clainiy were located by tliciu, l>oth jointlj^ and separately, at iieiints Avliere knnzite and other interesting associated minerals "Were found. Most of these were on tlie eastern ridge, named after Bernarilo Heriart; Imt the most important of all was tlie great knnzite ILL. Xm 22. KU.N'ZITK CRYST.-VL, Sll :lvLKR .MIXES, III-;KI.VKT .MOIINT.VIX, P.-VL.V, S.-VN DILIJO COUXTV. anil tourmaline mine on Pala Chief Mountain, which was located in May, 1903, by the two Frenchmen, with Messrs. John Giddens and Frank A. !-!alnjons. The latter has been especially active in the subse- quent development of this mine, which has furnished most of the fine knnzite that has thus far );ieen pla(.'ed on the market. The actual dis- 86 GEMS, JE"WBLERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. covery of this kunzite mine must probably be credited to Heriart and Peiletch, early in 1903; although, as above stated, Mr. Sickler had found the mineral previously at the ^^^hite Queen mine. It is also claimed that they and Mr. Sickler had located another kunzite claim some months before, on Heriart Mountain; this may be the same as the White Queen, or the Caterina. On Heriart Mountain, which appears to be a foothill or spur of Agua Tibia Mountain, there are numerous dikes instead of one or two great ones, as on the Pala ridges. Many outcrops and openings show lepidolite, and several show kunzite at various points on the ends and on both sides of the ridge. Eleven claims are located and more or less developed. These are the following:* San Pedro claim, north end; by Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch; lepidolite and gem-spodumene. , Sempe claim, crest and west slope; by the same; lepidolite, beryl, and colored tourmaline. Anita claim, west side; Heriart and his partner; lepidolite. Caterina claim, south side; Heriart and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite, amblygonite, and gem-spodumene at two openings. El Molino claim, south side; P. M. and M. M. Sickler; gem- tour- malines. Center Drive claim, south side; by the same; beryl and gem-tour- malines. White Queen claim, south side; F. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl, and spodumene. This is the locality of the first kunzite crystals that reached the writer in 1902, as above mentioned. Heriart claim, south and east side; M. M. and F. M. Sickler; lepido- lite and gem-tourmalines. Vanderburg claim, south slope; M. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl,^em- tourmaline, and gem-spodumene. Nay lor claim, east slope; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite and gem-spodumene. In addition to these the Sicklers, father and son, own the Fargo claim, on the west slope, which is promising, but hardly developed. They have recently reported the finding of a very fine, deep-colored crystal of kunzite, almost flawless, measuring 12.5 by 8 by 3 centi- meters, at one of their newer claims on this mountain, 20 ieet in the ledge and 16 feet from the surface. In the coarse upper portion of all these pegmatite veins, a great variety of minerals have been developed. Mr. Sickler enumerates the following: Quartz — ordinary, milky, smoky, rose, and amethystine, also hyalite; orthoclase; albite; pyroxene; hornblende, green and black; spodumene — colorless, straw-yellow, lilac, and green; beryl — colorless, *jrin. Res. V. S., 1903, p. 942. GEMS, jewelers' materials, ETC., OP CALIFOENLV. 87 green, yellow, iind rose; garnet; epidote; tourmaline — ))lack and of many colors; micas— lei>idolite, miiscovite, l)iotite. damonrite, and cookeite; montmorillonite; ambl^^gonite; tri})hylite; and among the metallic oxides, hematite; sulphides, pyrite and molybdenite; Insmuth, native and the oxide; also apatite, siderite, and columbite. The peculiar reddish claj'ey substance, heretofore called montmoril- lonite, that occupies the cavities in Avhich nearly all the gem-minerals are found, has recently Ijcen shown to lie really a form of halloysite, by Dr. W. T. 8challer.* Kunzite has also lieen found in Riverside County, at the Fano njine, near Coahuila, 'which was located in 1902 by ^Ir. Bert Simmons, and for some time bore his name. It occurs here both pink and colorless, chiefly, also some reported as yellow, green, and blue, associated with tourmalines of tine deep Idue, green, and other shades, beryl, cj^uartz crystals, lepidolite and amblygonite. The location is about 20 miles northeast from Pala, on a spur of the San Jacinto range, in Section 33, T. 6 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. The White Queen crystals (those that first came to the writer)* are usually smaller than those from Pala Chief, sometimes perfectly color- less, and varying from half an inch or less to two inches in length by one inch in breadth. Some are elegant specimens and some could lie cut into gems. The hardness is about 7. They are perfectly transparent and remarkably free from flaws, and possess the spodumene pleochroism very markedly. Looked at transversely, the lilac ones are nearly colorless, or faintly pink; but longitudinally the}' present a rich pale lavender color, almost amethystine. The characteristic etching is also well developed, especially on the pyramidal faces; but the surfaces are dull, and are etched all over as if with a solvent. Two crj'stals, the largest and another one, from the first lot received, gave the following measurements : («) .33 mm. (2g in.) .^nd 3.i mm. (1^ in.). (?() 37 mm. (1-| in.) and 27 mm. (l^ifin.). (c) 11 mm. (Yj in.) and 1.5 mm. ( -JJ in.). The specific gravity determined on three crystals was found to )>e 3.183.t WeiKlit, firain.*. Specifle Gravity. Siiodnmene: Lavender.. 20.393 3.179 Yellow-widte K.3.59 3.18.5 Lavender 10.872 3.187 Since then, larger crystals have been found, some comparable to those from the Pala Chief, one in particular weighing 24 ounces, and many gems from this district have lieen cut in San Diego. The product of the Pala Chief mine is all sent to New York. *Am. .T. Sci. (4), Vol. XVII, Marcli, 1904, p. 191. 1 Min. Res. V. S., 1903, pp. 9.39, 940. 88 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. By a mere coincidence, just at the time when this mineral had come into notice, in the summer and autumn of 1903, an extended investi- gation on certain optical properties of the gem-minerals in the Tiffany- Morgan and Bement collections in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, had been undertaken jointly by the writer and Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the University of North Carolina, and was then in progress. This new mineral, just announced, proved to have specially marked and interesting peculiarities in connection with these experiments. Dr. Baskerville published a paper in relation to his observations, in the first of which he proposed to name this variety of spodumene after the writer, and described the special properties which he had observed in it.* In a second paper is given a fuller account of the subject, with the results of further studies, conducted with the writer, f From this we quote: "In a recent investigation made by us on the behavior of a large number of minerals and gems with various forms of radiant energy, including the emanations, as well as on the produc- tion of luminescence in some cases by other physical means, the new variety of spodumene, designated kunzite, was found to be peculiarly sensitive, and to exhibit some remarkable properties. "In general, as shown by these investigations, the gem-minerals were little affected by ultra-violet rays; but three species exhibited a high degree of responsiveness to these and to all forms of radio-activity, so far experimented with. These minerals were diamonds of certain kinds: willemite (zinc orthosilicate), which in some cases has been used as a gem-stone, and kunzite. The behavior of the last, as noted in various experiments, is unique and will be briefly described here by itself. "1. Attrition and Heat. — Kunzite does not become luminous by attrition, or rubbing. Several specimens were held on a revolving buff cloth making three thousand revolutions per minute, so hot as to be almost unbearable to the hand, and still it failed to become luminous. Wollastonite, willemite, and pectolite are, however, very tribo-lumi- nescent. "As to luminescence induced by heat alone, it was found that kunzite does possess the property of thermo-luminescence to some extent, with an orange tint and at a low degree of heat." It may here be noted that an observation made by Dr. W. T. Schaller indicates that kunzite does clearly show tribo-luminescence in certain cases. J He states particularly, as an interesting observation, that on cutting a crystal with a diamond saw, it became thoroughly luminous. This result may perhaps have been partly electrical. -"Science (N. 8.), Vol. XVIII, 1903, pp. 304 and 769. ^~ t Am. J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVIII, July, 1904, pp. 26-28. It Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-27o. PI, 3 KUNZITE, Crystal No. 1. Phosphorescing while being held between two poles of a static machine. ILL. Nn. i:\. AUToPRrNT FR(JM CRYSTAL (JF KUNZITE ICXPOSKll TO TlIK X-RAY FOR 111 MINI'TKS, AND KXI'OSKD TO I'LATI-; FOR r. MINGTFS (SIIOWIMi TlIK IOL\ NATIONS). (TrtkL'ii Frlii'iiftry .1, l'.lli:i. l.y Dr. II. O. riffanl.) 90 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. Continuing from the joint paper: " 2. Electricity. — The mineral assumes a static charge of electricity, like topaz, when rubbed with a woolen cloth. On exposing kunzite crystals of different sizes to the passage of an oscillating current obtained from large Helmholtz machines, the entire crystal glowed an orange- pink, temporarily losing the lilac color. A well-defined, brilliant line of light appeared through the center, apparently in the path of the cur- rent. On discontinuing the current, the crystal gave the appearance of a glowing coal. It was not hot, however, and the phosphorescence lasted for forty-five minutes. "Three large crystals, weighing 200, 300 and 400 grams each, were attached to copper wires so that the current passed in one instance from below up, and from the other upwards across the crystal — first across the prism, then parallel with the prism. In each instance the crystals became distinctly luminous, a pale orange-pink, and between the two wires a bright almost transparent line passed from one wire to the other; in reality, as if the two elongated cones crossed each other, the line of the path being transparent at the sides, whereas the rest of the crystals appeared translucent. After the exposure of two minutes, they were laid upon photographic plates and in five minutes produced a fine autoprint, herewith shown. The crystals continued to glow for forty-five minutes. " When a cut gem is suspended between the two poles, it becomes an intense orange-pink color, glowing with wonderful brilliancy. The dis- charge seemed as if it would tear the gem asunder, although actually it was unaffected. "3. Ultra-violet Rays. — These invisible rays, produced by sparking a high voltage current between iron terminals, caused large crystals of kunzite, white, pink, or lilac, to phosphoresce for some minutes. The white responded most readily. " 4. Roentgen, or X, Rays. — All forms of kunzite become strongly phos- phorescent under these rays. An exposure of half a minute caused three cut gems to glow first a golden pink, and then white for ten min- utes. The glow was visible through two thicknesses of white paper, which was held over it. A large crystal (2x4x10 cm.) excited for five minutes, afterwards affected a sensitive photographic plate and produced an autoprint: it rested' directly on the plate, separated by thin white paper, and remained for ten minutes in a dark room inclosed in a black box.* Another crystal, exposed for ten minutes, was laid for five minutes on a sensitive plate, f The resulting auto-photograph was clear and distinct, but presented a very curious aspect not seen by the * Science (N. S.), Vol. XVIII, 1903, p. 303. t This was made by Dr. H. G. Piffard, of New York City, and is sliown of natural size in the accompanying plate. (See page 89.) GEMS, JBWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 91 eye — as of a misty or feathery outflow from the side and termination of the crystal, suggesting an actual picture of the invisible lines of force. The other varieties of spodumene, both mineral material and cut gems, failed to show this property. "Although kunzite is so responsive and fluorescent and so beautiful upon exposure to the X-ray, it is, however, like all silicates, opaque to the ray itself. Four crystals weighing 100, 200, and 400 grams each, were exposed to the Roentgen ray for two minutes. They became first a beautiful rose-orange, then assumed a white phosphorescence, and at the end of forty-five minutes there was still a faint residual glow. Two minutes' exposure to the X-ray caused them to print a perfect autotype. The glow in all instances showed first a rose-orange color, then a pale pink, finally resolving into a white fluorescence; the autoprint shows the feathery outlines of light or energy thrown out by the crystal. "5. Conduct with Radium Preparations. — Exposed for a few minutes to radium bromide with a radio-active strength of 300,000 and 1,800,000 (uranium being taken as unity), the mineral becomes wonderfully phos- phorescent, the glow continuing persistently after the removal of the source of excitation. The bromide was confined in glass. Six hundred grams of kunzite crystals were thus excited with 127 milligrams of the radium bromide in five minutes. The effect is not produced instantane- ously but is cumulative, and after a few moments' exposure the mineral begins to glow, and its phosphorescence is pronounced after the removal of the radio-active body. The luminosity continued in the dark for some little time after the radium was taken away. No other varieties of spodumene examined, including hiddenite, gave like results. In this respect, as with the Roentgen ray, the kunzite variety stands by itself. " When pulverized kunzite is mixed with radium-barium chloride of 240 activity or carbonate of lower activity, the mixed powder becomes luminous and apparently remains so permanently; i. e., in several months no loss has been observed. The same is the case if pulverized woUastonite or pectolite be used instead of the kunzite. When either of these mixtures is put in a Bologna flask and laid on a heated metal plate (less than red-hot), the powder becomes incandescent and remains so for a long time after removal. " These three minerals phosphoresce by heat alone, as was mentioned above in regard to kunzite. Perhaps this luminosity of the mixed pow- ders at the ordinary temperature may be accounted for in part by the evolution of heat* on the part of the radium compounds, but there are experimental reasons which cause us to reject such explanation for the total effect. "The emanations of radium, the alpha-i&js, according to Ruther- ford,! are condensed at a temperature of — 130" to — 140° C. The * P. Curie and Laborde, Comptes Rend., CXXXVI, 673. t Phil. Mag., V, 561. S2 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. emanations were driven from radium chloride by heat and condensed with liquid air on a number of kunzite crystals, and no phosphorescence v:ns observed. Consequently kunzite responds only to the gamma-rays, which are believed to be virtually Roentgen rays. "(>. Actinium. — A sample of the still more rare and novel substance discovered by Professor Debierne* and received from him through the courtesy of Professor Curie, was also tried as to its action upon kunzite and some other minerals. The actinium oxide, with an activity of 10,000 according to the uranium standard, gave off profuse emanations and affected diamonds, kunzite, and willemite in a manner similar to the radium salts, with quite as much after-continuance. However, we have not tried the condensation of these emanations upon the minerals by refrigeration. "The peculiar properties of the kunzite variety of spodumene, which have been enumerated, have not been observed in any other of the gems or gem-minerals that we have examined. It is barely possible that the small content of manganese may have much to do with it, but from our present knowledge basing a chemical explanation thereon is idle." Prof. William Crookes, the eminent English physicist, conducted some similar experiments on the behavior of kunzite with radium bro- mide and obtained identical results, as stated by him in a letter to the writer in October, 1903. Magnificent series of the finest crystals and large cut gems of kunzite are in the Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural His- tory (see plate), and in the Morgan collection in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. A fine cut gem and fine crystals are also in the British Museum, London. Use of Kunzite in Jewelry. — Kunzite has now been cut and sold as a gem for more than a year, and has been received with much favo.r as a new and a wholly American gem. At first it was feared that it might be difiicult to cut, as many specimens, being mistaken for a variety of tourmaline, were ruined in the attempt to cut them, because of their strong tendency to cleavage. But the fact that kunzite spodumene has a facile cleavage in one direction, as have topaz and diamond, was soon understood by lapidaries who were familiar with the cutting of the hiddenite variety or of the yellow spodumene and topaz from Brazil. The result is that there has been no difficulty in having the gem cut into every form — brilliant, degree-top, mixed brilliant, and other styles — and of sizes weighing from 1 to 150 carats each. In color they vary from almost white with a faint pink tone through pink and lilac pink into dark lilac. An English writer has called it "peach-blossom." The gem is remarkably brilliant, no matter what the color. It is usually *Compt. Rend., CXXIX, 593. PLATE II. KUNZITE, PALA, CALIFORNIA. Morgan Collection, Anneriean Museum of Natural History, New Yopk. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 9S perfect and free from flaws, and, when pink, is one of the few natural stones of that color. As a lilac gem it is quite unique. The price has varied from $6 to $20 per carat, although generally it has averaged one third of the latter figure. VESUVIANITE, Idocrase. Californite. H.^ 6.5. G.^ 3.35-3.45. Color brown to green in various shades- A calcium alumina silicate. Fuses easily to a brown glass. Californite (Vesuvianite).* — A discovery has been recently made of a mineral which promises well as an addition to the increasing list of semi-precious or ornamental stones found in the United States. It is not indeed a new mineral species, but a compact massive variety of vesuvianite (idocrase). It Avas first announced in the report of the U. S. Geological Survey for 1901, by the writer, f as having been found by Dr. A. E. Heighway, on land owned by him on the south fork of Indian Creek, 12 miles from Happy Camp and 90 miles from Yreka, in Siski- you County. Here a hard and handsome stone, varjdng from olive to- almost grass-green, and taking a fine polish, outcrops for some 200 feet along a hillside about 100 feet above the creek, and large masses have fallen into the bed of the creek below. It was at first supposed to be- jade (nephrite), but proves upon analysis to be vesuvianite. The fallen pieces were in some cases as much as five feet square and two feet thick^. of excellent quality for polishing, and of varying shades of light to^ dark green. The associated rock is precious serpentine. This substance closely resembles a mineral from two localities in the Alps, on the south side of the Piz Longhin, in the Bergellthal, and found in rolled pieces in the bed of the stream called the Ordlegna, near Casaccia, in the Upper Engadine. These were at first taken for jadeite,J: but were positively identified as vesuvianite by the analysis of Ber- werth.g It seems at first remarkable that the same mistake should have been made in both cases as to this massive vesuvianite, but its- whole aspect is so jade-like that it is not surprising. The rich trans- lucent green color, fine-grained sub-splintery fracture, and brilliant luster when polished all strongly suggest jade. The polished surface shows minute pale streaks or flocculi, which still further heighten the- resemblance. The following analysis was made by Mr. George Steiger, through Prof F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey, in the spring of the present year: *N. Y. Acad. Sciences, October 19, 1903; N. Y. Min. Club, October 20, 1903. •)■ Mineral Resources of the United States (extract), 1901, p. 30. J: Fellenberg, Jahrb. Min., Vol. I, 1889, p. 103. §Ann. Mus. Wien, Vol. IV, 1889, p. 87. 94 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. Analysis of Vesuvianite, trom Siskiyou County, California. SiOj 35.85 AUOj 18.35 CaO-'- 33.51 FejOs.... 1.67 FeO .39 MgO 5.43 MnO .05 TiOa .10 P2O5 .02 H2O (below 100° C.) .29 H,0 (above 100° 0.) 4.18 99.84 The analysis is essentially that of a normal vesuvianite, though the percentage of water is unusually high; the lime and the iron are below the average; the titanium and phosphorus are exceptional occurrences. The mineral is compact, extremely tough, and readily takes a high polish, quite as beautiful as that of nephrite (jade), with which it was at first confounded. The hardness is 6.5, and the specific gravity (from two determinations), 3.286. The luster is vitreous, often inclining to resinous, and the streak white. The color is a yellow leek-green, with inclusions of a darker green, generally more translucent than the sur- rounding mass. What appears to be the same mineral has recently been announced from two other localities quite remote from the first. One of these was reported by that indefatigable prospector, Mr. Max Braverman, of Visalia, as existing in Burro Valley, in Fresno County, a mile and a half from Hawkins school house, and 32 miles east of Fresno City. The material is pale olive-green, translucent, with darker spots in a paler mass. It breaks with an uneven fracture, slightly splintery and partly crystalline, and hence much resembles the Siskiyou County material. The other locality is apparently not far from the last mentioned; it is said to be in Tulare County, near the town of Selma, which, though in Fresno County, is near the Tulare line. Here the mineral is of richer color, at times resembhng the tint of apple-green chrysoprase, for which it was at first mistaken. The following analysis was made of this material by Mr. George Steiger, through Prof. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey: Analysis of " Californite " from Fresno County, California. siOj .__'_...:_:_.: 36.55 AI2O3 18.89 CaO 35.97 PejOs __ : .74 FeO .74 MgO 2.33 CO2 _■ .91 P .13 H2O (below 100°G.) .58 H,0 (above 100° C.) 3.42 100.26 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 95 It will be seen on comparing this analysis with that of the Siskiyou County mineral, that they accord quite closely in essentials. In this case the carbon dioxide and fluorine are exceptional and doubtless due to impurities, as the titanic and phosphoric oxides were in the other case. This interesting mineral exists in large quantity, and could be cut into a variety of ornaments, in the same way as jade, nephrite, and chrysoprase. It is a form of vesuvianite distinctive enough to receive a special variety name — which if appropriate and euphonious, would undoubtedly aid the sale of the stone in the arts. I have therefore proposed for it the name of " Calif orniie." Vesuvianite of gem quality, that is to say, in transparent crystals, was found by Mr. W. H. Trenchard as occurring near Jacumba, San Vicente, and some other points in that part of San Diego County. PECTOLITE, H.^5. G.=^ 2.7-2.8. Color white. Usually fibrous radiated, also compact massive. Silica, 54.2; lime, 33.8; soda, 9.3; water, 2.7. During 1887 a massive white pectolite of unusually dense structure, and susceptible of a high polish, was announced by William P. Blake as occurring in Tehama County, Cal., in masses of considerable size. In a letter to the writer he gives the following description of it:* "It occurs in a vein, and is broken out in rough tabular masses, from two to three or more inches in thickness, but it is reported that much larger masses can be obtained. It is exceedingly tough and hard to break. The fractured surfaces are irregular, without cleavage, but have a silky luster, and a crypto-crystalline structure is exhibited in extremely fine inseparable fibres, which are radial, curved, and interlaced, and are, perhaps, embedded in a siliceous magma, but the fibres constitute the bulk of the mass. Color white, with a delicate shade of sea-green; translucent. Exposed or weathered portions lose their porcelain-like- translucency, and become white and somewhat earthy in appearance, and exhibit the crypto-fibrous structure with more distinctness. Speci- mens cut and polished across the end of a slab-like mass show on one side a narrow selvage of breccia made up of fragments of the pectolite and of a dark-colored rock, mixed and firmly cemented together. On the opposite side or border of the mass there are distinctly formed parallel planes of concentric layering, from the surfaces of which the fibres diverge. These layers and the brecciated border opposite show the vein-like formation of the mass between walls. Its hardness is from 6 to 6.5. It may be found useful as an ornamental stone for * George P. Kunz, "Gems and Precious Stones of North America," 1890, p. 178. 96 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. making small objects, cups, plates, handles, or for carving figures, or inlaid work." Massive pectolite, similar to the above, is also found at Fort Point San Francisco, in veins reaching several inches in diameter * AXINITE, H.= 6.5-7. G.^ 3.3. Luster highly vitreous or glassy. Color clove- brown, plum-blue, violet, pearl-gray, honey-yellow and greenish yellow. Strongly pleochroic. A complex silicate of alumina, calcium, and manganese, with some iron and magnesia, and containing also from 5 to 6 per cent of boric acid and 1-g per cent of water. Occasionally cut for ornamental purposes. Inyo axd Sax Berxardtxo Counties. — Axinite was found in several places in Death Valley, in the Funeral Range and Owl Mountains, by the State Mining Bureau expedition of 1902. San Diego County. — Quite recently (1904) a locality has been dis- covered by Mr. Thomas A. Freeman, near Bonsall, where axinite crystals occur that are of remarkable beauty; in color they are a smoky pink, or " ashes of roses " tint, brilliant and perfect!)- transparent, and would cut into attractive gems. The crystals are stated to be quite abundant, occurring in pockets, with crystallized quartz. The locality lies about 18 miles south of Pala and 20 miles west of Julian. No work has been done upon it lately; but as axinite is a rare mineral, the occurrence is very interesting, and it should be further developed. JADE, A general term applied to various mineral substances of tough, com- pact texture, and from nearly white to a dark green color, and even nearly black. Properly, its use should be confined to Nephrite and Jadeite. but it is often applied to certain forms of minerals more or less resembling these, such as sillimanite, pectolite, serpentine, vesuvianite. Jadeite. — H.= 6.5-7. G.^3.3. Silicate of sodium and aluminum. Color apple-green to emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, greenish white to nearly white. Extremely tough. Also known as Chloro- melnnite, when dark. Nephrite (or Kidney stone). — H.= 6-6.5. G.= 2.9-3.1. Color from white to dark green. A variety of actinolite or hornblende. Tough and compact. * Jlineralogical Notes by A. 8. Eakle. Bull. Dept. Geol. Upiv. of Cal., Vol. II. Xo. lU- GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 97 The lack of brilliancy makes it of little value for jewelry except as bracelets, but its great toughness renders it eminently suitable for orna- mental and carved work, displaying delicacy of workmanship admirably. Mariposa County. — Hacked quartz, a peculiar quartz which has a resinous luster and contains dense inclusions of the mineral mariposite (a green mica), has been shipped to China in considerable quantities, the pleasing green color making it a good substitute for the jade so highly prized by the Chinese. DATOLITE, H. ^5. G. ^ 2.98. Color white, creamy, grayish, pale green, yel- lowish, reddish or amethystine. In small glassy crystals to massive. Silica, 37.6; boric acid, 21.8; lime, 35.0; water, 5.6. This is another of the mineralogical gems of considerable interest, as it exists in a number of places in the desert portions of the State. Inyo and San Bernardino Counties. — Datolite of a creamy color, and pale green, is found in the borax districts of both of these counties, notably in Death Valley and at various points along the Amargosa River; in the Slate range, and in the Calico Mountains. A specimen from San Carlos, Inyo County, associated with grossularite, is in the State Mining Bureau, No. 2190. Crystallized datolite, as well as the compact massive variety, occurs at Fort Point, San Francisco.* APOPHYLLITE, Fish-eye Stone. Ichthyophthalmite. H.= 5 or less. G.^ 2.83. Color from white to gray; occasionally tinged with green, pink or yellow. Luster pearly to vitreous. Silica, 53.7; lime, 25.0; potash, 5.2; water, 16.1; and occasionally a small amount of fluorine. Occasionally cut for gem purposes. Its pearly luster, producing an effect like that of a fish's eye, gave rise to the name "fish-eye stone." Occurs in basalt at Buckeye mine, near Orion Valley, Plumas County ; New Almaden quicksilver mines, Santa Clara County, and at ^Fort Point, San Francisco County, some of the crystals being replaced by silica. * Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of California, Vol. II, No. 10. 7 — MB 98 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. LAPIS LAZULI, Lazurite. Native Ulttamatine. H.= 5.5. G.= 2.38-2.4. Color rich Berlin blue, azure blue, violet blue, greenish blue. Translucent. Silica, 31.7; alumina, 26.9; soda, 27.3; sulphur, 16.9. Occurs commonly massive in limestone and in granite rock. Lapis lazuli was long thought to be a simple mineral, but it consists of a mixture of a bluish substance called lazurite, with granular calcite, scapolite, diopside, amphibole, mica, pyrite, etc. The richly colored kinds are highly esteemed for costly vases, mosaics and ornamental work. Mono County. — Near Mono Lake. Lazulite, or False Lapis Lazuli, is a rather complex phosphate of alumina and magnesia, with some water. H.= 5.6. G.= 3. Color azure blue. San Diego County. — The first specimen of this mineral noted in Cali- fornia was found near Oceanside in 1893. S. M. B. 13591. ANDALUSITE. Chiastolite. Made. H.= 7.5. G.= 3.2. Luster vitreous, often dull. Brittle; cleavage prismatic and distinct. Orthorhombic. Color varies from reddish or greenish brown to olive-green, flesh-red, rose-red, violet and pearl-gray. Pleochroism strong in some colored varieties, green in one direction, and hyacinth to rose-red in another. The variety Chiastolite or Made varies in hardness from 5 to 7.6. Silica, 37; alumina, 63. Trans- parent to opaque. Chiastolite or Made is a variety of andalusite, tlie stout crystals having the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, hence exhibiting a colored cross or a tessellated appearance in a transverse section. These 'curious cross-like markings make it a favorite gem abroad, although there is but little demand for it in this country. It is often sold by jewelers under the name of "cross-stone." Fresno County. — The specimen No. 8747 in the museum of the State Alining Bureau is from this county; locality unknown. Madera County. — Location unknown. Specimens shown are of fine quality and remarkable size. Fragments of crystals found by W. W Jefferis are over 3 inches long and measure If by li inches in diameter GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 99 on the ends, the section being a rhombic prism. When polished, the stones show the peculiar cross-pattern in a rich black upon a white or fine salmon-colored ground, and sometimes with a black square or lozenge at the center, from which the arms of the cross extend. Mariposa County. — Choice crystals have been found in the placers along the Chowchilla River, near the old road to Fort Miller, the crystals showing fine black crosses on a white ground in a remarkably perfect manner. They are also found in the conglomerates that cap the hills in that vicinity and probably come from the slates and schists a little higher up the river. Specimen No. 10756, State Mining Bureau, has a matrix of argillaceous schist, with mica. Small and imperfect macles have been found in the slates at Muller's ranch near Hornitos. S. M. B. 13573. Riverside C(h;nty. — Specimens of opn(|ue pink andalusite from Ooahuila. EPIDOTE. Including: Thwlite, Allanite, Zoisite. Epidote. — H.= 6-7. G.^ 3.2-5. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color peculiar yellow-green, to red, yellow, gray and colorless. Doubly refracting and strongly pleochroic, showing a green, a brown, and a yellow as viewed from the several directions. Silica, 38; alumina, 22; iron, 15; lime, 23; water 2, but variable. Thulite. — H.= 6.5. Ct.= 3.3. Color peach-blossom red to rose-red. Strongly pleochroic, rose to yellow. Allanite. — H.= 5.5-6. G.= 3.0-4.2. Crystals broadly tabular, or long acicular. Color nearly black. Zoisite. — H.= 6-6.5. G.= 3.2-5-3.37. Color gray, yellowish brown, greenish gray, apple-green. Epidotes are common in gneiss, schist and serpentine, and in sand- stones adjoining trap rocks, in crystalline limestone. Calaveras County. — Epidote crystals on quartz from Bald Point, Mokelumne River. S. M, B. 11856. Lake County. — Zoisite associated with glaucophane at Sulphur Banks. Mariposa Coupity. — At Mount Hoffman, epidote. S. M. B. 12006. Madera County. — ^From Grub Gulch. S. M. B. 13525. San Diego County. — Found in clear transparent crystals at the McFall mine, 7i miles southwest of Ramona. These are extremely beautiful and some could be well cut for gems, of rich yellow-green 100 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. color. The crystals resemble in form those from Achmatovsk in the Ural, and are as perfect, brilliant, and transparent as those from Untersulzbachthal in the Austrian Tyrol. They are found in associa- tion mth essonite garnet and quartz. AGALMATOLITE. H.=: 2.5. G.= 2.81. Color grayish, grayish green, brownish and yellowish. Agalmatolite, or Pagodite — a name given to some compact varieties of pinite (mica), pyrophyllite, and steatite — is like ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous texture and luster, but contains more silica. The name is from the Greek " agalma," an image. The Chinese carve the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images, etc. El Dorado County. — A beaMlful ornamental stone resembling the Chinese figure-stone is fouiid two miles west of Greenwood, in a vein from six inches to a foot in thickness. S. M. B. 5300. San Luis Obispo County. — A stone similar to this has been found in this county, but the location has been lost. S. jM. B. 4060. LEPIDOLITE. Lithia Mica. H.^ 2.5-4. G.^= 2.84-3. Luster pearly. Color rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish, grayish white, translucent. A complex silicate of alumina, lithia, potash, etc.; containing also fluorine and water. In rhombic crystals or plates, or compact granular massive. The massive variety is used to some extent -for ornaments, such as ash-trays, dishes, vases, paper-weights, etc. Inyo County. — Pink and white lepidolite, with azurite from the vein matter of Half-Dollar mine. S. M. B. 4262. San Diego County. — The largest deposit of lepidolite in the United States is found at Pala. It dips with a pegmatite vein at an angle of 15 degrees. The average percentage of lithia is from 3 to 5. This vein also carries pink tourmaline or rubellite. Eleven hundred tons, worth $27,500, were shipped in 1901 from the Stewart mine. S. M. B. 1229. Another vein undeveloped has been discovered in the west side of Mount San Jacinto. S. M. B. 2773. Large bodies of lepidolite have also been uncovered at Mesa Grande and at Oak Grove, and the mineral is a con- stant associate of the gem-tourmaline and kunzite at all the mines where those species occur in that region. For further data, see Kunzite and Tourmaline. GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OE CALIFORNL\. 101 Tlie Pala are the greatest known deposits of lithia minerals known, and the product is used by the American Lithia Company of New York to obtain the lithia from it for lithia tablets and other medicinal uses. The California State ^Mining Bureau exhil)ited in the ]Mines Ijuilding, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, a niagniticent pagoda, and walls of .some exhilnts were made out of wonderful specimens of this rubellited lepidolite. Tliis Vieautiful lilac lejiiilolite anil pink tourmaline comliina- tion is susceptilile of a high polish and can lie readily worked and turned, so that it ought to find a ready market for such objects as vases, dishes, pin-trays, paper-weiglits, etc. ILL. Xm. '.^I. LXTRAXi'IC To LKPIDOLITI-: yllSH .\T V\\j\. SAX |iri-:(i(i COUXTY- I.ICl'ILiOLITJO .\Xli UUBKLLITi:. ■ CHRYSOCOLLA. LL^= 2-4. (i.= 2-2. 2. Color mountain-green, bluish green, sky-bhie, turqnoise-ljlue, translucent to opaque. Hydrated silicate of copper. This mineral when coated with or contained in quartz or chalcedony is occasionally cut as a gem, Inyo CoLXTV. — In jiseuiliiniorplis after cerussite at the Aries mine, Cerrr. (iordo. Kkrn CoirxTY. — Beautiful crystals have been found near Randslmrg that were mistaken for turcpioise. 102 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. Plumas Cou.nty. — Chrysocolla and malachite in alternating layers at Engels copper mine, Light Canon. S. M. B. 5434. San Bernardino County. — Valley Wells and New York Mountains. San Diego County. — A specimen is in the State Mining Bureau, locality not given. Xo. 7187. APATITE. Asparag'us Stone. H. = 5. G. = 3.17-3.23. Luster vitreous. Color sea-green, bluish green, violet blue; occasionally yellow, brown, gray or red. A fluo- phosphate of lime, containing also some chlorine. Opaque specimens have been found in the eastern end of the King^ stone range, in San Bernardino County. It occurs also at the Dos Cabezas mine, near .Jacumba, Ban Diego Count}'. FLUORITE. Chlorophane. Pyro-emetald. H. = 4. G. = 3.18. Luster vitreous. Color range extensive, including white, yellow, green, violet, sky-blue, amethystine blue, brown, wine, yellow, rose-red, crimson and pink. Fluorescent and phosphorescent when slightly heated. Calcium, 51; fluorine, 48.9. ^luorite, though too soft for continuous wear, is occasionally cut as •A gem. The massive varieties are worked up into paper-weights, vases, etc. It is also known as chlorophane, pyro-emerald, fluorspar, Derby- shire spar, and Cabra stone. Finely colored specimens are also known, according to color, as fahf ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst, etc. Contra Costa County. — In white cubes at Mount Diablo. !Mono County. — At Ferris Caiion, in the Sweetwater ^fountains. S. M. B. 14336. San Diego County. — At Palomar Mountain, Oak Grove, a large piece of greenish fluorite has been found. ANHYDRITE. Volpinite. H.^3.5. G.=:2.9. Luster vitreous and pearly. Color white, gray- ish, bluish, reddish; also brick-red and blue. Anhydrous sulphate of lime. Lime, 41.2; sulphuric acid (sulphur trioxide), 58.8. Anhydrite has also been called muriacite, tripe-stone, and anhydrite GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 103 according to its structure — muriacite when crystallized in broad lamellse; anhydrite when granular; and tripe-stone when composed of contorted plates. Vulpinite is a scaly granular variety, and is the kind most used for ornamental purposes. Inyo County. — Panamint and Funeral range, Death Valley. Mono County. — Mountains south of Mono Lake. San Bernardino County. — Owl Mountains, near Owl Springs, Ava- watz Mountains near to Amargosa River. San Diego County. — Riverside range, Mesa Grande. GYPSUM, Alabaster. Satin Spar. Selenite. H.= 2. G.^2.3. Color white, gray, flesh-red, honey, ochre-yellow, blue, brown, and black. Sulphate of lime (hydrous). Lime, 32.6; sulphuric acid, 46.5; water, 20.9. Selenite occurs either in distinct crystals or broad folia that are transparent. Satin Spar is a fine fibrous variety having the pearly opalescence of moonstone and affording the cat's-eye ray when cut en cabochon. It is frequently worked up into beads, pins, and other ornaments, but is too soft to stand any wear. Alabaster is a fine-grained, white, or delicately clouded variety. It is worked into carvings, statuettes, and other ornamental objects. Gypsum forms extensive beds in connection with limestones and maiiites; it is found also in crystalline rocks; about the fumaroles of volcanoes and in the desiccated lakes of the desert, and in the borax, soda, and niter fields, where it has been deposited on the evaporation of sea water and brines in which it exists in solution. Iny'o County. — Common in many places. Los Angeles CouNTY.^Soledad Canon. Mono County. — Abundant in desert portion. Riverside County. — In desert portion, in large quantities and supe- rior quality. San Bernardino County. — Common in the dry lakes of the Mojave Desert. San Luis Obispo County. — At Cholame. San Diego County. — Abundant in Salton Desert. Santa Barbara County. — Point Sal in large quantities and of superior quality, also at Rancho Casmalia. lOi GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. COAL, Jet. Lignite. Cannel. Anthtacite. Brown Coal. Jet. — The most important of the mineral coals used for ornamental purposes is jet, a compact, soft, light coal of a lustrous velvet-black color, susceptible of a high polish. It is a variety of lignite. A speci- men from Gold Bluff, Humboldt County, is in the State Mining Bureau, No. 7321. It was taken from a carbonized tree in a coal vein. Cannel Coal takes a good polish and is occasionally worked into ink- stands, snuff-boxes, breast-pins, bracelets, etc. Brown Coal.— In this the form and fiber of the original wood are pre- served. It is made into paper-weights, charms, and trinkets. Speci- mens suitable for these purposes are often obtained from the coal mines in Amador, Alameda, Contra Costa, Monterey, Orange, and Riverside counties. HEMATITE. Including' Chromite, Ilmenite, Limonite. Hematite. — H.= 6. G.= 4.9-6.3. Iron, 70; oxygen, 30. Color iron- black to steel-gray. Limonite. — H.^ 5-5.5. G.^ 3.6-4.0. Color black, brown-black, gray. Iron, 60; oxygen, 25; water, 15. Ilmenite or Menaccanite or Titanic Iron (oxide of titanium and iron). — 11.^5.6. G.= 4.5-5. Color black. Oxygen, 31.6; titanium, 31.6; iron, 36.8. Chromite. — II.= 5.5. G.= 4.3-4.6. Color black. Iron oxide, 32.0; chromium oxide, 68.0. The compact fibrous kinds of these irons are cut into beads, intaglios, charms, and other ornaments. Alameda County. — Hematite near Alameda; limonite in hills east of Alameda. Alpine County. — Hematite at Monitor. Amador County. — Hematite in lone Valley. Butte County. — Hematite near Oroville. Cal.^veras County. - Hematite and limonite at Campo Seco and San Andreas; limonite at Sheep Ranch and Big Trees. Del Norte County. —Hematite at Kelsev tvmnel. GEMS, JBWBIiBES' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIPOKNIA. 105 El Dorado County. — Hematite at Diamond Springs; limonite near Latrobe; beautiful compound crystals of ilmenite at Georgetown, from the placers; chromite in many places. Fresno County. — Ilmenite at Buchanan. Inyo County. — Hematite in Owens Valley. Mendocino County. — Limonite. S. M. B. 7104. Nevada Coun'ty. — Hematite at the Holden ledge in T. 15 N., R. 7 E. Placer County. — Hematite at Clipper Gap iron mine, and at Red Hill. Limonite in nodules at Forest Hill, resembling coprolites. Plumas County. — Hematite at Crescent Mills, Mumford's Hill and Light Canon. Riverside C"unty. — Hematite. S. ]M. B. 7107. San Bernardino County. — Hematite, Iron Mountain and Bessemer Mountain, in the Mojave Desert. San Luis Obispo County'. — Hematite at Harrington iron mine, T. 31 S., R. 11 E.; also limonite. Shasta County. — Hematite and limonite at the Iron Mountain mine. Sierra County.— Limonite at Gold Lake. SiiLANO County. — Limonite on the shores of the bay, in nodules. Sonoma County. — Hematite and limonite in quantity at Santa Rosa. Yuba County. — Limonite on Bear River, near AA^heatland. GOTHITE. H. = 5-5.5. G. = 4-4.4. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Oxide of iron, with 10 per cent of water. This hyclrated oxide of iron often occurs in acicular crystals pene- trating limpid quartz. This form of inclusion is known as Onegite, and is frequently cut into gems. Mariposa County. — At Burns' Creek, in quartz. CASSITERITE, Wood Tin. Toad's-eye Tin, H. = 6.7. G. =6.8-7.1. Luster adamantine. Color brown or black; to gray, white or yellow. Tin, 78.6; oxygen, 21.4. Cassiterite, or tinstone, is used to d, limited extent for ornamental purposes. The wood tin occurs in reniform or botryoidal shapes of concentric layers or bands resembling dark wood. Riverside County. — Some of the crystallized tin ores from the Tem- escal district have been polished flat and resemble a dark polished wood. 306 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of califoenja. BROOKITE. Affcansite. H.= 6.5-6. G. = 3.87-4.08. Titanium, 60.0; oxygen, 40.0. Brookite does not polish readily, and this fact limits its use as a gem. Brookite includes the hair-brown, yellowish, ruby-red, transparent to translucent kinds having a metallic, adamantine luster. Arkansite includes the brilliant, iron-black, opaque kinds. El Dorado County. — Brookite implanted upon quartz crystals has been found at Placerville, by Mr. .James Blakiston. The crystals of brookite are tabular, about two millimeters broad and one fourth of a millimeter in thickness. Their color is a rich reddish or yellowish brown. The ledge from which the mineral was obtained is a quartz ledge that is partly decomposed and partly compact. A decomposed quartz vein traverses the main vein for about 100 feet, and is filled in with reddish earth and sand. This decomposed material is full of quartz crystals from the size of a man's finger to those weighing 80 or 90 pounds, some perfectly clear and others with inclusions of green chlorite and of chalcedony. AZURITE AND MALACHITE. Blue Carbonate of Copper. Green Carbonate of Copper. False Emerald. H.^ 3.5-4. G.= 3.8-4.0. Azurite shows variovis shades of azure to Berlin blue. Malachite is a bright green. Malachite contains copper oxide, 71.9; carbon dioxide, 19.9; water, 8.2. Azurite contains copper oxide, 69.2; carbon dioxide, 25.6; water, 5.2. Both are elegant minerals, common in copper mines, and when com- pact, especially malachite, are used for ornamental work, such as vases, table-tops, mantels. Malachite is most highly valued in Russia, where the greatest palaces and churches are embellished with it. The uses of the two carbonates of copper as gems are limited by their softness. A favorite form is where the two minerals occur in alternating layers. These minerals are found in nearly all the copper districts of the State; especially in the following localities: Cai.avkras County. — At the fjedges mine, Copperopolis. Inyo County. — Coso Mountains. Kern County. — At San EmigdM ranch with melaconite. Mono County.— At Blind Sp' Age. S. M. B. 4746. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIPOENIA. 107 San Behnaedinii County. — New York Mountains, Valley Wells. San Luis Obispo County. — Santa Rosa Creek. Santa Clara County. — With crystallized cinnabar in crystallized calcite at the Guadalupe mine. S. M. B. 4929. Shasta County. — At Copper Hill. TURQUOISE, H.^6. G.^ 2.6-2.8. Luster somewhat waxy. Color sky-blue, bluish green and greenish gray. P203 = 32.6; Al203 = 46.8; H2O = 20.6. A copper phosphate is also present, giving rise to the blue color. Fresno County. — At Taylor's ranch, Chowchilla River, several hex- agonal bluish-green crystals, about one inch long, were found which were identified as turquoise by Dr. Gideon E. Moore and Prof. V. von Zepharovich. The latter believed them to be pseudomorphous after apatite.* San Bernardino County. — In the extreme northeastern part of this county there have been discovered old and abandoned mines of turquoise covering an area of many square miles. Associated with these mines were found the relics of an early race; and it is supposed that this is the original source of much of the turquoise found in the hands of the Indians of the southwestern United States and Mexico. The turquoise occurs in small veins and also in kidney-shaijed masses about the size of a bean. Much of it is of good quality. The first published announcement of turquoise discoveries in this region was made through the writer in 1897, in his report to the U. S. Geological Survey. f The locality was given as near Manvel. Mr. T. C. Bassett had observed in this neighborhood a small hillock where the float rock was seamed and stained with blue. On digging down a few feet, he found a vein of turquoise — a white talcose material inclosing nodules and small masses of the mineral, which at a depth of 20 feet showed fine gem color. Two aboriginal stone hammers were met with, as usual at all the turquoise localities in the southwest, and from this circumstance the location was named the Stone Hammer mine. The State Mining Bureau reported at about the same time that turquoise had been found in the desert region between Death Valley and Goff's Mining District, nearer the former, and that good samples were in the museum of the Bureau. In the spring of 1898, many reports of extensive discoveries were * Zeitsch.. fiir Kryst. u. Min., Vol. X, p. 240. t Min. Res. TJ. «., 1897, p. 5(M. 108 GEMS, JEWEIjERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFOEI^XA. announced, and much attention was given by the press to the accounts of the region, both for the turquoise itself, and for the remarkable archseological remains associated with the ancient workings. The district was seen to cover quite a large area in northeastern San Bernardino County, near the Arizona and Nevada lines. On the reports of prospectors reaching San Francisco as to a great groxip of ancient turquoise mines with cave dwellings, stone imple- ments, and rocks covered with inscriptions, an exploring party was organized by the San Francisco " Call," and Mr. Gustav Eisen, of the California Academy of Sciences, became attached to it as archteological expert.* The party set out early in March, 1898, going first to Blake Station on the Santa Fe Railroad, thence north to Manvel, and onward some sixty miles, across the Ivanpah Sink, and up into the mountains to an altitude of over 6000 feet, through an exceedingly rugged country, to reach the region reported. The turquoise district, as described by Mr. Eisen and others of the party, occupies an area of 30 or 40 miles in extent, but the best mines are in a smaller section, about 15 miles long by 3 or 4 in width. The region is conspicuously volcanic in aspect, being largely covered with outflows of trap or basaltic rock reach- ing outward from a central group of extinct craters. These flows extend for mam^ miles in all directions, and appear as long, low ridges, separated by valleys and canons of the wildest character. Among these basaltic rocks and in the valleys are fou.nd smaller areas of low, rounded hills of decomposed sandstones and porphyries, traversed at times by ledges of harder crystalline rocks, quartzites, and schists. In the canons and on the sides of these hills are the old turquoise mines, appearing as saucer-like pits, from 15 to 30 feet across and of half that depth, but generally much filled up with debris. They are scattered about everywhere. Around them the ground consists of disintegrated quartz rock, like sand or gravel, full of fragments and little nodules of turquoise. Whenever the quartzite ledges outcrop distinctly they show the blue veins of turquoise, sometimes in narrow seams, sometimes in nodules or in pockets. The mode of occurrence appears closely to resemble that at Turquoise Mountain, Arizona. A few prospectors have dug into the old, half-filled depressions and found stones of good color and quality, and ordinary ones may be picked up almost anywhere out of the decomposed quartz. Stone tools are abundant in the old work- ings, and the indications are plain that this locality was exploited on a great scale and probably for a long period, and must have been an important source of the turquoise used among the ancient Mexicans. From an archasological point of view this locality possesses remark- able interest. The cafion walls are full of caverns, now filled up to a * Sec 20th Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res., 1808, pp. .5S2-.584; and Sail Francisco "Call," March 18,1898. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 109 depth of several feet with apparently wind-blown sand and dust, but whose blackened roofs and rudely sculptured walls indicate that they were occupied for a long time by the people who worked the mines. In the blown sand were found stone implements and pottery fragments of rude type, incised but not painted. The openings to these caves are partially closed by roughly built walls composed of trap blocks piled upon one another with no attempt at fitting and no cement, but evi- dently made as a mere rude protection against weather and wild beasts. The tools, found partly in the caves and largely in the mine pits, are carefully wrought and polished from hard basalt or trap, chiefly ham- mers and adzes or axes, generally grooved for a handle and often of large size. Some are beautifully perfect, others much worn and bat- tered by use. The most impressive feature, however, is the abundance of rock carvings in the whole region. These are very varied, conspicuous, and peculiar, while elsewhere they are very rare. Some are recognizable as "Aztec water signs," pointing the way to springs; but most of them are unlike any others known, and furnish a most interesting problem to American archaeologists. They are numbered by many thousands, carved in the hard basalt of the cliffs, or, more frequently, on large blocks of the same rock that have fallen and lie on the sides of the valleys. Some are combinations of lines, dots, and curves into various devices; others represent animals and men; a third and very peculiar type is that of the "shield figures," in which complex patterns of lines, circles, cross hatchings, etc., are inscribed within a shield-like outline perhaps 3 or 4 feet high. One curious legend still exists among the neighboring Indians that is in no way improbable or inconsistent with the facts. The story was told Mr. Eisen by "Indian Johnny," son of the Piute chief, Tecopah, who died recently at a great age, and who in turn had received it from his father. Thousands of years ago, says the tale, this region was the home of the Desert Mojaves. Among them suddenly appeared, from the west or south, a strange tribe searching for precious stones among the rocks, who made friends with the Mojaves, learned about these mines, and worked them and got great quantities of stones. These people were unlike any other Indians, with lighter complexions and hair, very peaceable and industrious, and possessed of many curious arts. They made these rock carvings and taught the Mojaves the same things. This alarmed and excited the Piutes, who distrusted such strange novel- ties, and thought them some form of insanity or " bad medicine," and resolved on a war of extermination. After a long and desperate conflict, most of the strangers and Mojaves were slain, since which time, perhaps a thousand years ago, the mines have been abandoned. Mr. Eisen con- nects this account with the existence of a fair and reddish-haired tribe. 110 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. the Mayos (not Mayas), in parts of Sinaloa and Sonora, some of whom may have reached these mines and carried on a turquoise trade with Mexico. This region has since been opened at several points, and at least a dozen mines are now being worked by various parties, mostly with Eastern capital. The principal work is being done by the Himalaya and the Toltec mining companies. The turquoise obtained, when pure and of good color, is cut into fine gems; also the white and blue com- bination known as turquoise matrix, when small portions and veins of turquoise are distributed through the rock, and the whole is cut and polished as an ornamental stone. The paler varieties of turquoise are cut into beads, etc., long strings of which are sold. Most of the material produced is sent to Xew York. The yield in 1900 was estimated at a value of $20,000. AMBER. Succinite. H.= 2-2.5. G.^ 1.05-1.09. Brittle. Luster resinous and waxy. Transparent to opaque. Negatively electrified by friction. Burns readily with a rich yellow flame and aromatic odor. Pure succinite is not soluble in alcohol. Carbon, 78.94; hydrogen, 10.53; oxygen, 10.52. Color yellow, sometimes reddish, brownish, or whitish, often clouded, occasionally fluorescent, exhibiting a peculiar blue or green tinge. Amber is a fossil resin of vegetable origin. Impure specimens have been found in several of the lignite coal veins of the State, but none of the true' gem character. Its use is principally for beads, necklaces, etc. CARBONATE OF LIME. Pearl, Marble, Calcite, Aragfonite, etc. Carbonate of lime is most widely distributed in a variety of forms depending upon differences in origin, crystallization and structural conditions, presence of impurities, etc. With the exception of pearl and coral, the many kinds find a use more for decorative purposes than for personal adornment. Pearls are concretions possessing a luster peculiar to themselves, found in the shells of certain moUusks. H.= 2.5-3.5. G.= 2.5-2.7. They may be of any shape and in some cases of considerable size. In color they range from an opaque white, through pink, yellow, salmon, fawn, red, purple, green, brown and black, or iridescent. Their beauty and value are dependent upon their color, texture or "skin," transparency or "water," luster and form. The most valuable are those that are GEMS, jewelers' JFATERIAI-S, etc., of OALII'^OBNIA. - 111 spherical or pear-shaped, slightly transparent, free from specks or blemishes, and possessing the characteristic luster in the highest degree. The pearl-oysters of the Pacific and Indian oceans have yielded the bulk of the pearls of the world. The pearl has been highly prized through all ages, and has long been the emblem of purity, beauty, and nobilitJ^ The abalone, also known as the haliotis or earshell, secretes curious pearly masses, sometimes of fine luster and value. Marbles consist essentially of carbonate of lime, with more or less carbonate of magnesia. They are fine to coarse granular in structure, and exhibit various colors, as white, yellow, red, green, blue, etc., being often clouded and giving a handsome effect when polished. Statuary marble must be pure white and fine-grained; architectural marble may be white or colored. Cipolin is white tinged; Sicnn/i is yellow, veined or clouded with brownish green; Mandela to is light red with white spots; Bardiglio is gray with dark clouding; Vcrde-Antiqui' (mixture of marble and serpentine) is clouded yellowish to bluish green; Porter or Egyptian is black, veined with yellow; Lvmachelle, or fire marble, is a dark brown shell marble with fire-like internal reflections; Madreporir, contains corals; Ruin Marble shows, when polished, figures resembling ruined castles, etc.; Oolite is made up of grains resembling fish roe; Pisolite is like oolite, but the concretions are larger; l^fnlactites are the pendent masses formed in caves; Stalagmites cover the floors of caves; California onyx, Oriental onyx, onyx miirble, Mexican onyx, etc., have beautiful banded, mottled, or cloudy structures, often showing wide ranges of colors. Calcite has a hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 2.72. Aragonite has a hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 2.93. Satin Spar is fibrous crystalline calcite or aragonite, showing a beautiful sheen when cut into ornamental objects such as paper-weights, beads, etc. The cat's-eye like effect is very pleasing. Used extensively for this use in England and the Russian Urals. Amador Cou.vty. — Stalactite and stalagmite in numerous caves; the same in Calaveras County and Shasta County. Colusa County. — A specimen of aragonite from this county is in the National Museum at Washington, D. C. It is a single cabochon cut, of brown color, and measures 27 by 14 by 7 millimeters. Catalogue num- ber, a-597:84, 114. There is also a polished slab of the same color; catalogue number, b-840:48, 540. Inyo and Mono Counties. — These counties have large resources of marbles and onyx. Undeveloped oolite has also been discovered. Napa County. — Aragonite or California onyx, or " Zem-zem," is rep- resented in the State Mining Bureau by Specimen No. 14768, from near Zem-Zem, exact locality unknown. 112 GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. San Bernardino County. — Large quarries of choice Verde-antique are situated near Victorville, on the north side of the San Bernardino range. At Colton, both Egyptian and Bardiglio are quarried. These marbles are described in the "Mineral Resources of San Bernardino County. " Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 11350 and 11424.. San Diego County. — Aragonite at Los Peiiasquitos Creek. S. M. B. 7320. Oolite and Madreporic marbles, Salton Desert and Carizzo Creek. San Luis Obispo County. — Onyx marbles, aragonite or California onyx quarries are situated in Sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 15 E. Beautiful speci- mens are on exhibition in the State Mining Bureau (2006), and also in the Memorial Museum, Golden Gate Park. Siskiyou County. — The Griffin onyx quarries are situated 6 miles south of Berryvale. Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 7355 and 8969. Solano County. — A number of polished slabs of aragonite are on exhibition from the Suisun quarries at the State Mining Bureau, 2261 (this is a fossil), 386, 556, 670, 5345, etc. Aragonite is also found in considerable quantities at Vacaville. S. M. B. 5345. Sonoma County. — There is an aragonite quarry at Healdsburg. The aragonites of this State are locally known as California onyx. Only the best known localities are mentioned above. ORBICULAR DIORITE (NAPOLEONITE). A mass of orbicular diorite is situated in San Diego County, in Sec. 15, T. 16 S., R. 1 E., about two miles west of Dehesa. In part this rock is largely made up of spherules often 2^ inches in diameter, as shown in Illustration No. 4, page 15. The rock itself is very dark colored, and when cut and polished makes a handsome stone. A recent correspondent of the press describes the rock as several hundred feet thick, forming a blanket on the side of a small hill some 1500 feet above the bed of the Sweetwater River, thinning out toward the top. The orbicular diorite is of various shades of gray to olive-green and black; the round nodules are of some two inches diameter, with a finely crystalline radiate and concentric structure. Other portions of the rock are marked like the grain of wood, in black and green wavy lines, at times expanding into the likeness of knots, and also in curious "bolts," parallel, curved, or crossing each other, in great variety. This stone is a well-known variety, but rare, and when polished is very striking. It occurs in Corsica, and has hence been called Napo- leonite. Fine slabs from several localities are in the American Museum ILL Xn. ■J,-,. (lltllKl'LAl: nidUITI': mine, HEIIESA, SAX mi'lCi) I'lirXTV XICAl; \1E\\' (IF IJUTCROP. .w^^ ^^m: 'V^Ho^ ^**1>SB*- H.L, No. 211. I'EHIiLE BEArH AT I'llwr A IH-Mlo, SAN MATI':0 COUNTY. S JIB 114 GEMSj jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. of Natural History at New York, and are both elegant and peculiar. This Dehesa locality, from the specimens seen, ought to yield a very fine product for use in the ornamental arts. It was described by Prof. A. C. Lawson in a paper read before the Geological Society of America, December 19, 1901.* CAT'S-EYE, The term cat's-eye is applied to a number of minerals which, when cut en cabochon, exhibit a peculiar opalescence characterized by a line or ray of light across the stone, resembling the contracted pupil of the eye of a cat. Among the minerals which when fibrous or cut across the cleavage Avill show the cat's-eye ray are : beryl, chrysoberyl, espe- cially thecymophane; corundum, crocidolite, dumortierite ; quartz filled with acicular crystals or fibrous minerals, such as actinolite, byssolite, hornblende, etc.; hy'persthene, enstatite. bronzite, aragonite, gypsum, labradorite, limestone, hematite, etc. Such gems may be opaqiie, translucent, or transparent, and of any color. Humboldt Countv. — Actinolite cat's-eye at Eureka. San Mateo County. — Quartz cat's-eye at Pescadero Beach. San Diego County. — Quartz cat's-eye at Point Loma, fine tourmaline cat's-eyes at Mesa Grande (see p. 60), and beryl cat's-eyes at Rincon. OBSIDIAN. Obsidian, a peculiar glass-like stone of volcanic origin, essentially feldspar in composition, is found along Pit River, where handsome specimens of the streaked variety known as marekanite or "mountain mahogany" are found; also in Owens Valley, where it occurs in red fragments, and also banded with alternate layers of black and brown. Similar observations have been made by earlier and later travelers, among whom was the late Hon. Caleb Lyon, who in 1860 found the Shasta Indians of California making arrowheads from obsidian as well as from the glass of a broken bottle. In a letter which was published by the American Ethnological Society, he describes the method of manu- facture.!. It was quite a favorite stone with the aborigines of the West and Southwest, where it is somewhat widely distributed, especially in the Yellowstone Park and in Mexico; in the latter the Aztecs used it for much remarkable work in knives, spearheads, and ornaments. Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports obsidian in considerable quantity in San Felipe Valley, northeast of Julian, San Diego County; and it maj' doubtless be found more or less at many points in the State. ^Science (N. 8.), Vol. XV, 1902, p. 415. + Bnll. Am. Ethn. Society. Vol. T, p. 39, New York, 1861. GEMS, jewelers' JIATBEIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 115 PEARLS, The most important marine pearl-fishery on the American continent is that of Lower California, the central point being at La Paz. Here the true pearl-oysters, Meleagrina margaritifera, are found on the eastern shores of the Gulf of California from Cape San Lucas to the mouth of the Colorado River, taking in about 1500 miles of coast, including the gulf islands. They are also found from La Barra de Ocoz, which is the boundary line between the republics of Guatemala and Mexico, to Mazatlan, a distance of 2000 miles, making for the pearl fisheries a total extent of 3500 miles. These fisheries have recently been confirmed to the Pearl Shell Company of San Francisco, by special franchise from the Mexican Government. The beds were first discovered some three centuries ago by Hernando Cortez Avhen he crossed to the Pacific and discovered Lower California, and the name of California, derived from "calidus," hot, and "fornius,'' a hearth, it is believed, is due to this journey, having been given by Cortez, who found the heat intense when he first touched California soil. He took possession of the fisheries, and sent a number of fine pearls to the Queen of Spain, subsequently requiring all fishers to send to the Blessed Virgin one tenth of all they found, and one tenth to the King of Spain. After some intermittent work, the fisheries, about one hundred and fifty years ago, were again worked, with system and with great success, by one Juan Ossio, who took from them yearly from 300 to 500 pounds of pearls, actually packing them on mules and selling them liy the bushel. The shells were all brought up by head di\-ers, and pearls were taken from them so plentifully that they became of comparatively small value. This heavy drain had the effect of rapidly diminishing the supply, and it is only of late years that fishing has again been carried on systematically. At present numerous beds are known and worked, at Loreto, off Point Lorenzo, the island of Cerrabro, the harbors of Picheluigo, La Paz, and in fact the whole west coast of the Gulf of California from La Paz to above the island of Loreto, and in the east the island of Tiburon, and the land above and below that island. All these places have been famous for their pearls. In 1860, in order to conduct pearl-gathering in a more scientific manner, the owner of the Mexican grants, Senor Navarro, procured from San Francisco, Cal., a number of expensive schooners, with surf- boats, professional divers, and costly apparatus. After several years' experience he found that his experts, with their expensive outfit, were no more successful than the naked Indian divers, while the exorbitant wages demanded by them so diminished his profits that he wisely went back to the primitive methods followed by Jiis ancestors. At present those ship-owners Avho undertake the fisheries on a large scale use appa- 113 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. ratus imported from France and England, by means of which each man is able to bring up daily 300 pearl-oysters. The men employed are pow- erful Mexicans, and every diver has five assistants. Four men work the air-pumps for the suited diver, and the fifth attends to the life-line, letting down the diver and hauling him up, as well as hoisting up the nets or baskets full of shells and lowering the empty ones. The pump- men are fed and housed, and receive $15 a month; the life-line man is similarly looked after, and receives |25 a month; the diver receives $45 a month, and one tenth of all he brings up, netting him as high as $500 a month, if he is fortunate. Connected with each fishing party is a schooner of from 60 to 200 tons burden, and two or three small boats. The men live on the schooner during the entire six months. In addition there are numerous divers who work independently, and who show wonderful skill and aptness in their work. Generally, with no other appliance than a heavy stone attached to the waist, they plunge naked to the bottom, select suitable bivalves, and gather them into a bag, remaining under water as long as two minutes. The shells containing the pearls vary in diameter from 2 to 8 inches, 6 inches being the aver- age size. They are found on hard rocks or on sandstone at the bottom of the sea, usually in bunches, holding to the rocks by a fibrous beard (byssus), the circular opening being on top and the shells usually a little open. The oysters are vertical, not lying on the flat. Each diver has a knife, with which he cuts a bunch loose and places them in a basket or net by his side; this is hoisted up when full, an empty one descend- ing at the same time. On rising to the surface, the fisher empties his bag into one of the waiting surf-boats, which crafts, under careful guard', deliver their loads to a well-armed schooner, the latter vessel running in shore at night to discharge the accumulated cargo. Occasionally, during all the time he is under water, a man may not send up a single shell containing a pearl; at other times there may be $10,000 worth in twenty shells. A very strict police system is necessary to prevent seri- ous thefts, which, despite the utmost vigilance, are of daily occurrence. On land the cargo is turned over to keepers, and the mass is surrounded by guards, armed to the teeth. The shells are pried open with a flat knife, and the mussel is separated from each shell. A gristly sub- stance attaches the body of the oyster to the shell, and covers about one fourth of its area, the remainder being occupied by the pearl-bearing membrane, a black, jelly-like coat, and, of course, a part of the living shell-fish. The shells are handed over to another man, while the opener takes the separated fish and examines the inside of the black membrane for the pearls he is in search of, and finally closes his fist over the fish to squeeze out any pearl which may be lodged in the interior, after which the pearls found are examined by experts, their value estimated, and a settlement made at once with the divers. GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 117 Usually their wages amount to twenty-five per cent of the total find, and they are paid by an allotment of the pearls taken during the day. On the outside the shells are covered with seaweed or other submarine growth, and look not unlike a Tam-o'-Shanter cap. All this growth is removed and the shells are cleansed and packed, finding a ready market in Liverpool, London, and Hamburg at prices of from 10 to 20 cents a pound for "mother-of-pearl." The profit from these fisheries is not as large as might be imagined, because the expenses are very heavy, and there is always involved a very considerable element of chance. About 1863 a company was organized in New York City for the pur- pose of gathering pearls and pearl shells on the Pacific coast, and secured the use of a submarine boat, the peculiarities of which were that it carried a large supply of fresh air condensed within its walls and was provided with a means of purifying the air in the working chamber, thus dispensing with the necessity of communicating with the surface, as it furnished an atmosphere in which men could work for a whole day with perfect ease. The company procured a lease of prop- erty at the island of Tiburon, hoping, with their facilities, to secure unusual returns; for, with theii' submarine boat, they would have the advantage of exploring, locating, and working beds where divers could not go. Presumably their efforts were not successful, for the company soon went out of existence. During the subsequent summer a new company obtained the conces- sion for the Lower California pearl fisheries, and they decided that all the fisheries on the Gulf of California should in the future be worked by Chinamen. For more than three hundred years these fisheries have been in the possession of private grants dating back to the days of the Conquest. The Mexican Government has in recent years annulled the old grants and leased the fisheries to the highest bidders. The house of Gonzales & Ruffo, having offices in La Paz and the City of Mexico, secured a concession for sixteen years permitting them to work the fisheries around the Espiritu Santo and La Paz islands, which are considered the best of the beds. The Government has recently granted to a single firm the exclusive right to raise the mother-of-pearl shells, and for the reproduction of such oysters the system used in the State of Maryland will be followed. The fisheries, which constitute one of the leading industries of Lower .California, are now diminishing yearly, and, owing to the continued exploitation, many of the ship-owners find themselves losers at the end of the season. Most of the pearls from this place are sent to market by way of San Francisco. A letter to the author from a leading fishing firm in 1892 contains the following: "The pearl fisheries average about 5,000 carats a year, which represent a value of $200,000, to which you must add about 118 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 800,000 pounds of pearl shells, representing a value of about $180,000. The cost amounts to about $100,000." During 1887 it is believed that more than $50,000 worth of pearls were found. The total product of the fisheries has amounted to as much as $250,000 in a single year, and the sale of the shells to as much more. From November, 1868, until September, 1869, $26,000 worth of pearls were purchased from this locality by one New York house. These were of various sizes, including four that weighed over 20 grains and one of 49 grains. In color, the pearls from this locality vary from pure white through gray and brown to black. The latter have become so fashionable in late years that their value has increased tenfold. One black pearl weighing 50 grains was valued at $8,000. A magnificent pear-shaped pearl of a less size was held at £7,000 in 1904. Black pearls and gray pearls, when fine, are among the most highly prized products of the sea. ABALONE. The Abalone (Haliotis or Earshell), the principal species of which are Haliotis splendens and Haliotis rufescens (called ormer in 'the Channel Islands, fuh-yu in China, awabi in Japan, and abalone in California), also secretes pearls. The nacreous portion of the shell itself is used for ornamental purposes, such as buttons, etc., and surface ornamentation in lacquer work, papier-mache, etc. The fishing is conducted at low tide, the principal grounds on the coast being along the Catalina and Santa Eosa islands, in the Santa Barbara channel, and from Monterey to San Diego, although a large number are gathered in Halfmoon Bay and from the rocks that line the shore of Mendocino County. The earshells attach themselves to the rocks by means of their large muscular disk-shaped foot (so called), which acts like a sucker or exhaust cup. Just before the tide leaves them on the ebb, and just after it has reached them on the flow, the abalones keep their shells slightly raised above the surface of the rock with the feelers drawn in. Then the fisherman, with either a long, broad knife or a spade-like instrument — both are used — gives a quick lift to the sucker or foot, letting in the air. The suction is destroyed and the fish falls off, when it is seized and thrown into a boat or basket, before it can fasten itself afresh. If the fish lies below water, a sort of grappling iron is let down, and after the point is inserted under the shell a vigorous wrench pulls it away. All this has to be done quickly and quietly, for if the abalone closes down on the rock, it can not be drawn off, so great is its power of adhesion, and it will be broken into fragments before it releases its hold. When caught, the abalones are thrown on the beach, and the fish is pulled from the shell with a flat sharp stick, and stripped of its curtain, boiled, salted, and strung on GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIEOpNIA. 119 long rods to dry in the air. This process is very disagreeable, and that of stripping and cleaning so offensive that none but Chinese will undertake it. The abalones must be as hard as sole-leather when properly dried, and they are then packed in sacks, and sent to China. The price of the meat is from 5 to 8 cents a pound in San Francisco, or from 7 to 10 cents a pound in China. When cooked, it is cut into strips and boiled, the taste being similar to that of the clam, but with a more meat-like consistency. The trade in this dried meat is considerable. In 1866 there were exported from San Francisco by steamer 1697 sacks, valued at $14,440, and in 1867 the exports had risen to 3713 sacks, valued at $33,090. At present there are exported upwards of 200 tons a year, which at $175 a ton would amount to $35,000. At San Diego, Cal., the dried meat is quoted at $110 a ton. The shells vary from almost microscopic size to 8 or 10 inches in diameter. Before they were found to be of any market- able value they were thrown away. One heap a little south of San Diego, containing over a hundred tons of shells, from exposure to the rain and the sun was converted into lime on the outside, but this was broken into and many fine shells were found. The shell in its natural state is no more attractive than that of the oyster; it is rough on the outside, looking much like a piece of dried brown claj^, and is frequently covered with a growth of barnacles, sea- weeds, etc. Commercially there are five varieties, the green, the black, the red, the pink, and the mottled; but considering them from an orna- mental standpoint, the shells may be grouped under three heads, red, black, and green, so called, of course, from their prevalent color. The black, which is the smallest and least valuable, is found from Monterey down to the Gulf of California; the red, which is next in value, but the largest in size, is found from Mendocino to Monterey; while the green comes from below San Diego. The black seldom exceeds 6 inches in diameter, the green rarely goes beyond 9, while the red runs as high as 12 or 14 inches. The black is not beautiful on the outside, even when cleansed of lime and marine parasites, but inside there lies a small patch of the most brilliant opalescent tints, and this is sawn out, and made into brooches and lockets. The red is of a general mother-of-pearl appear- ance, with stripes and mottles of a rich burnt umber. The green, both within and without, is full of fire and color, some interiors being quite as vivid and of much the same prevailing color as a peacock's neck. This variety is principally used for jewelry, and is worked into every kind of ornament, from a table-top, inlaid with representations of flowers and butterflies, to the smaller varieties of jewelry. The Pueblo, Zuni, and Navajo Indians, and all the Indians of the Pacific coast as far north as Alaska, have made it into charms and have used it for ornamentation for ages. It has been used as an applied decoration on 120 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. silver objects, and examples were exhibited at the World's Fair held at Paris in 1889. The first adaptation of the abalone shell to ornamental purposes was made by an English worker in mother-of-pearl who went to San Fran- cisco more than twenty years ago. He saw the possibilities of the won- derful, brilliant shell, and began a business which now requires the services of more than ten men. The little trifles made of this shell are considered by the Eastern visitor and the European tourist as dis- tinctively Californian as a piece of big-tree bark. The incrustations were formerly removed by soaking the shells in a bath of muriatic acid, but it was found that this process injured the texture, and they are now cleaned and polished by friction lathes. Twenty years ago abalone shells were considered so worthless that freight steamers would not transport a bag of them without advance payment for the freight. Now they are worth 1150 to $175 a ton in New York and Liverpool. The shells are shipped first to San Francisco, where they are assorted and the damaged ones thrown aside, about three tons of merchantable shells being procured from five tons of material as it comes from the abalone-hunters. These shells are quoted (1889) in San Diego at $20, $25, and $35 a ton, according to quality, and in consequence of such low prices the trade is comparatively dull. The output of shells during 1888 was estimated at 300 tons. The amount of shells made into jewelry in San Francisco is very small compared with that con- sumed by the button-makers of France, England, Germany, and New York. Orders for abalone shells are constantly received from these places, and there are times when the export reaches as high a figure as 100 tons a week. The collector of customs at San Francisco furnishes the information that for the fiscal year 1887-88 the export of abalone shell amounted to $185,414, which together with $35,000, the value of the dried meat annually exported, makes this quite an important industry. These shells secrete very curious pearly masses, sometimes of fine luster, and choice enough to deserve a place among pearls. A pearl measuring 2 inches in length, and from a quarter to a half inch in width, has been found. A necklace made in California from the finest specimens was valued at over $2000. A pearl over half an inch long and of good color cost $30, and was used as the body of a jeweled fly. The abalone pearls from the coasts of Korea and Japan are often very beautiful. In a lot of about one hundred shells only five were found bearing pearls — two with three pearls each, two with two pearls each, and one with a single pearl. GEMSj jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 121 GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA. Besides the references made to a number of gem mines in the body of this Bulletin, the following more specific data are here presented with reference to some of the more important ones. For the purpose of obtaining this information, a special inquiry was undertaken at the close of the last year, 1904, in behalf of the State Mining Bureau; and representatives of the Bureau visited a number of the mines and collected valuable data, which are herewith presented. It is well to remember the fact that there is already more actual raining for gems done in the State of California than in any other State or Territory of the Union, while the indications are that there will be many more gem mines discovered in southern California as remote districts are opened and old ones more fully explored. The following data are grouped (1) geographically, and to some extent also (2) in the order of discovery — beginning in Riverside County, and proceeding southward and southwestward, in San Diego County, by Pala, Mesa Grande, and Ramona, to the Mexican line at Jacumba. COAHUILA DISTRICT, in Riverside County. These are the most northern occurrences of gem- tourmaline, and the earliest discoveries were made here. Fano Kunzite-Tourmaline Mining- Company. — This mine consists of four claims, about 3 miles north of Coahuila Indian Reservation, Riverside County, and was located in 1902 by Bert Simmons. The nearest postoffice is Hemet, Riverside County. After some surface work had been done, a tunnel was started 300 feet from the summit of the hill, to cross the ledge, but by a mistake in calculation the ledge proper was crossed about 20 feet from the surface. The parties then continued their operations until, at a depth of 176 feet, solid blue granite was reached. The tunnel was then abandoned, and from that time work has been confined to the surface. The ledge is about 5 feet in width, with a northwesterly and south- easterly strike, and a dip to the southwest of about 17 degrees. The pegmatite is finely crystallized, and resembles that of the other tour- maline and kunzite mines in southern California. Three men are at work at present, and operations will be continued indefinitely. The output so far has been 25 pounds of kunzite, white; 122 GEMS, JE'WELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 1 pound of kunzite, pink; and 2.3 pounds of all classes of tourmaline, mostly blue and green; about 2.50 pounds of beryl have also been taken out, but only about iive per cent of it available for gem purposes. Two hundred pounds of very fine quartz crystals also have been sold, and about a ton of lepidolite and 30 or 40 pounds of amblygonite; also splendid flake mica large enough for eonunercial purposes has been discovered. ILL. No. 27. COAHUILA MOUNTAIN (GENERAL VIEW), RIVERSIDE COUNTY. liERYL, KUNZITE, AND GEM-TOURMALINE. There is a spring near the property on laud rented liy the owners of the mine; also plenty of oak timber for mining purposes. Considerable money has been expended here without much result, but for the work actually done on gem pockets, this mine has been a splendid producer. Columbia Gem Mine. — This, the oldest tourmaline mine in the State, is situated at Coahuila, Riverside County, and owned by Messrs. H. C. Gordon, P. E. .Johnson, .J. C. Connell, and ^Viniam Dvche, of San GEMS, JEWELERS MATEKIALS, ETC., 01'' CALIKOKNIA. 12.i Diego; it is about lialf a mile nortliwest of the road leading from Coa- huila to the Hemet reservoir, and near the summit of the ut not of gem quality. Near the surface th(_> tourmalines arc small and perfectly crystallized, but are more or less fractured, opaque, and unfit for jeweler's use. In the dee]>er wtirkings and in the extreme western tunnels, how- ever, pink tourmalines from one-half to one incli in diameter are found in columnar groups, all more or less altered, and of not over three (3) in hardness, associated with (]Uart/:, ortlmclase, gray li'pid("dite, ILL. Xm. ."I. STi:W.\lcr LITlIHi MIX]-;, IWI.X MoTXT.M.V, S.VX iHKi.ll rii|-XTV-WKST ICXI) OF TLXXEL, LOOKINO XI IRTIIE.VST. and amblygonite, Tripliti' and triphylitc are alsd associateil minerals. Large crystallizations of what appears to Ijc an altered sp^dumcnt' wrn'o observed, ])enetrating the ([uartz. On the surface, small green tourmalines were found in tlie pegniatite, generally more or less flattened between the cleavage planes of musco- vite mica. Several years ago a pocket containing al>out a quart of small tour- maline crystals was found in coarse pegmatite, 60 feet south uf the present tunnel of the Stewart mine. Some of these crystals ^A-erc cut into very good gems, tint no further work at that spot has liecn diiiu-. 126 GEJIS, jewelers' JIATEEIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. Pala Chief Mine. — This mine was located in iiiay, 1908, l>y Mr. John Giddens, Pedro Peiletcli, Bernardo Heriart. and Frank A. Sahnons. The main workings are at an aUitude of 1220 feet (aneroid). The work consists of open cuts 250 feet wide, extending to a depth of from 10 to 30 feet liorizontally on the vein, and at the deepest working the ledge is 21 feet in width vertically. A tunnel 45 feet long was run to encounter the vein up to about 20 feet depth, hut it was found that the ledge was a blanket vein, and nothing was discovered in that })lace. But in the upper or surface workings the hanging and foot walls were lioth found to be of bluish and grayisli decomposed diorite. Tlie upper :'Ji. P.\L,\ (iniiF -MINK, PAI.A, SAX lllliOU rol'NT V— EXTKN'l' .\X1< CHARACTER nv WORK Fm IXE TX rEVEI.OI'IXG KrX/.ITE, ]iart of till' vein consists of :! feet of white, finely crystallized iicgmatite. Beneatli this the crystallizations become coarser and more granitoid. The third layer was composed partly of finely crystallized albite and orthoclasc. upon the lower I'dgc of which, and extending to the pockets, Avas a lavcr of lithia-V)eai'ing micas. In tlic interior of tlie pockets, which ai'c generally S to 10 inches wide, jiinkish and white talc was found, in \vhicli occurred numerous hu-gc and pevfeC't quartz crystals with pink and white spodumene. As in most of the mines nf southern €alifornia. the lower half of the ledge, below the pocket line, is a very finely crystallized granite without mica, witli small crystals of essonite •L'arnet. The abovc-dcsrribcil characteristics of the ledge arc general GEiMS, JEWETiERS MATEKIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 127 tlu'DUghout tlie mine. The minerals noted were spodiimeiu', pink, lav- I'lider, and white: tourmaline. l)lue, tireen, and red; orthoclase, albite, grapliie granite; lepidolite. pink, green and hn-ender; rjiuscdvite, fjnartz crystals, steatite, and otht'r elavs. The products so far noted are toui inaline, kunzite, ai^d (juaitz crystals. Ciiant powder was used entirely, and it >vas found to be tlie only explosive that was satisfactory. Two men have been working nearly all the time; but during the last six montlis very little of the precious stones rewarded their labors. There is no \vater or tindier on the ]iroperty. and the nearest water is about one mile away. ILL. N.i. :;i. I'ALA CHIEF MIXK. SAX Dll'ldn COFXTV I'llcKKT LIXK AT Till'. POINT WIIKKK THE L.\R(;i:ST POCKET (IF KIXZITF CKVST.M.S OCCnRRED. The section and townsbiji in which the mine is locat(.'d were not available, but it lies east from Pala, at a distance of 3 miles, and the \vorkings can be seen from the town of Pala, which is the nearest base of supplies. Tourmaline Queen Mine. — This mine, owned by Mr. Frank Salmons, John Giddens, Pedro Peiletch. and Bernardo Heriart, is situated near the summit on the northeast slope of Pala Chief ^iountain, at an altitude of 1450 feet. It is al:)out '-li njiles ntirth l.iy a little east fi'om Pala, San IJiego County. The section and (juarter were not obtainable. The mine was located as a (piartz claim liy the aliove-namcout 11 feet wide, and dips to tlie suutliwest 15 degrees. Very little has been done on tlie property, but scalping work in the nature of an open cut 60 feet wide, and entering the vein to a deptli of aliout 10 feet, produced in weight approximately 80 pounds of gem- tournialine crystals. The colors are yellow, green of several different shades, light pink, ruliy-red, and black. In examining the ledge, IS inches lying between tlie diorite hanging wall and the coarse pegmatite appears to lie an intiltration of decomposed feldsjDar, gradually altering to pegmatite. Below tliis are aljout 3 feet of coarse, granular pegmatite (or granite), consisting of crystallized (quartz, feldspar, and muscri\'ite mica, with impurities of black tourmaline in fan-shaped crystallizations, and essonite garnets (ndcroscopic), witli occasional crystals of liiotite mica and hornlilende. Below tliis again, and gradually altering from tile aliove, are masses of graphic granite, incrusted at tlie lower edge with albite, in which the gem-tourmaline seems to have a root or extremity. Between the alliite and the line-rock (or granite) are large pockets filled with rose- and lavender-colored muscovite, and decomposed spars in the nature of a whitish or pink clay: in these pockets the gems are found, broken in many instances, and more or less altered. Many crystals were observed witli an exterior of opaque green, while the interior was a rich pink or ruby-red, affording l)eautiful gem>. The ledge has lieen prospected for al>i.iut '250 feet, and shows gem indications wherever it lias been openeil. The hanging wall is a coarse, greenisli and gi'ayisli dinrite, wliicli is the general foi'iiiation of the entire belt. The foot wall is the same, though showing more alteration. Both Giant and Judson powders have been used, although from the hardness and toughness of the rock, the former was fi>und to lie the liest. After the jiocket material has been extracted, screens are used, by •which the dirt and fine, worthless stuff are eliminated. The matter left in the screens is tlien examined fur gems, and after\vards washed. Two of the owners have performed all the work si.i far acctunplislied, and no other men have been enqiloyed. Active operations will again be resumed, liut nothing is lieing done at jiresent. The same parties have filed on a spring 350 feet northeast of tlie jircsent \voi-kings, and abundant water for mining and domestic jiurpdses has lieen developed. The minerals noted in above claim are; tourmaline, alliite. urthoclase, muscovite, lepidolite, kaolin, talcose clays, essonite garnets, li'irnblende, and indications of epidote. The lower part of the ledge is composed of a line, granular mica-less granite, of a gray color, bamled at intervals of from 3 to (_i inches with minute essonite garnets, whence the name line-rock. As is usually the case in all ledges of pegmatite liearing jirecious stones in this region, this lower layer of the ledge lias a}ipr(.iximately tlie same width as that GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 129 of the formation from the pocket layer or center to the top, and lies directly in contact with the diorite foot wall. Tourmaline King Mine. — This mine is owned by F. B. Schuyler, Mrs. F. B. Schuyler, D. G. Harrington, and Mrs. H. E. Harrington, of Oceanside,Cal., and is situated on the north slope of Pala Chief Mountain, about three hundred yards from the summit, at an altitude of 1540 feet. The mine was located in March, 1903, by the above-named parties, but very little work has been done, rendering it practically impossible to make a conclusive report. The mine is 4 miles directly north of Pala, and is the last mine so far discovered at the western extremity of the Pala mineral belt. The vein dips to the southwest at an angle of 16^ degrees. It presents an average breadth of 7 feet, and is essentially coarse pegmatite, but shows evidence of crushing and is badly broken in many places. The hanging wall is a coarse gray diorite, and at the place where the work has been done lies over about 15 inches of coarse broken feldspar and lepidolite mica. It is in this stratum that the gems appear, which is contrary to the general pocket formation of the Pala district. Tour- maline was the only gem-stone noted, and occurred in pencils, dissem- inated through this altered mass of decomposed spar, and apparently out of place. Concretions of albite, coated with beautiful purple mus- covite, were found loose in the soil. Some quartz crystals and essonite garnets, badly shattered, were also seen in the float. The ledge at this place was too badly broken to note the exact character of the pegma- tite, and the "line-rock," or lower stratum, had not been uncovered, so that its character could not be determined. No work has been done on the property for several months, and nothing satisfactory could be learned as to when work would be resumed. About ten pounds of crystals were secured in a cut 12 feet wide, and barely scalping off the top layer of earth. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine. — This mine, also situated near Pala, is owned by Fred M. Sickler and M. M. Sickler; altitude, 1400 feet, on the eastern slope of Mount Heriart. The location was made by Mr. Sickler in February, 1903, soon after he had discovered that the pink and white crystals which he had found on the mountainside were not tourma- lines, as they had been called, or any stone known to local mineral- ogists. After much trouble and expense, Mr. Sickler considered the stone of uncertain value, but continued his investigations and at length sent a piece to the writer at New York, who determined it as spodumene, and after whom it was named kunzite, by Prof. Charles Baskerville, of North Carolina, as a new gem-stone — the first occurrence of trans- parent pink or lavender spodumene in the world. 9 — MB 130 GEJIS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC.,, OP CALIFORNIA. Thr ledge at the point exairiined was 16 feet in width, l)ut badly broken. At this place an open cut entering the vein to a depth of 22 feet and aljout 30 feet in width, has produced approximately five pounds of I'Pi'fect gem-stone; although several pieces have been found in adjacent \vorkings, this seems to be the best part of the ledge. In examination of the mine, the hanging wall is gray orljicular dio- rite. Between this and the ledge itself, an 18-inch layer of decomposed feldspar and clay was found as a gouge. About 7 feet of coarse granitic pegmatite forms the upper part of the ledge, altering into decomposed layers of ahnte and orthoclase. In this latter are small pockets, seldom ■■ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ViH^^^ ^5S TI.L. X... :a. XAYLdK-VAXUKEBURG MINE, HERIART MOUXT.\IN. SAX DIKGO COUXTV— VIEW LOOKIXG SOUTHWEST. larger than a man's hand, in which one or two crystals of kunzite will lie found, completely covered with yellow, pink, or white clay. No metallic stains are found in the uj)per part of the ledge, but the lower beds of granitic rock, carrying interlineations of garnet, are in many places stained with manganese, and show large crystallizations of trip- lite, from Avhich it is evident the kunzite receives its coloring. The vein has a dip of 10 degrees to the west, and extends the full length of the location, 1.500 feet, joining the Caterina mine on the south. The minerals noticed are: muscovite, pink, green, and lavender, in XAYI.OR-VAXDERBI'Rfl IIIXK. PITOWIXG WORKIXOS. ILL. No. 34. NAYLOE-VANDERBURO MINE, HERIART MOUNTAIN, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. "NAYLOR ROCK," SHOWING PEGMATITE ABOVE, ZONE OF POCKETS AND BANDED "LINE-ROCK" BELOW. 132 GEMS, JE'W^LERS MATERIALS, ETC.,, OF CALIFOElSriA. very large scales; montmorillonite and steatite talcs; pink, green, and white spodumene; and black tourmaline, but no gems of that stone. Albite and orthoclase, with some potash feldspars, are the mother of crj'stallization. It has been reported that spinel has also been dis- covered in this mine; associated with it were deep-colored green beryl and columbite. There is no water or timber on the property. This mining claim is embraced within the boundaries of the Pala Indian Reservation, but was located before the reservation was declared. The output of the ILL. No. 3.5. MOUNT HEELVRT. (Taken from .rR^rALTXK. ledge dips to the southwest at an angle of "26 degrees and is about 10 feet in width at the point opened. The claim embraces one large ledge and numerous stringers, showing gem indications. The work at present performed consists of two open cuts crossing the vein and exposing it to a depth of 74 feet; a tunnel 60 feet below the surface workings tapped tlic ledge at 28 feet: but no further work has lieen done in the tunnel, and no gems were found in the formation at that place. Both lianging and foot walls are composed of a coarse, crystallized liornlilendic diorite of a rich grass-green color, resembling a serpentine. The ledge itself is pegmatite, and is faulted in several places by vol- canic action. The pegmatite is of the coarse granitic type met with GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 137 in nearly all the gem mines in the southern belt. The pockets are quite large, and contain quartz crystals, orthoclase, and albite in beau- tiful transparent crystallizations. Lepidolite in pieces weighing from 50 to 300 pounds also occurs in conjunction with the pocket material. Tourmaline is the only perfect gem found, and occurs in pink, bright red, azure blue, aquamarine blue, and a peculiar shade of green blue, which cuts to a stone in which one set of facets shows a sapphire blue, and another set a rich emerald green. Crystals of this character have not been noticed in any other tourmaline mine in southern California, although fine blues and greens exist in other places. With the lepido- lite is a granular blue and lavender mineral which could not be deter- mined, but apparently is a lithia compound. In examining the ledge, 2i feet of pegmatite were found overlying the pocket stratum. The pockets themselves were filled with soil and foreign matter, rendering it impossible to say exactly what the nature of the softer material that once filled them had been. Some pockets were hollow, containing nothing but quartz crystals, while near them were pockets absolutely filled with tourmaline pencils. The lower strata or liue-rock of these ledges is also pegmatitic, although of much finer crystallization than the top. About 250 feet southwest of the tourmaline workings, the ledge is badly broken and shows only in places, in the nature of blowouts of pegmatite and quartz. In some of these blowouts golden and aquamarine beryl were found frozen in the formation. Many of these pieces were of excellent gem quality, and the owners signify their intention of doing considerable development work at these places. About $300 has been expended, producing about 20 pounds of tourmaline of gem quality. As in many other cases of prospecting and mining for gems in southern, California, lack of funds has greatly hindered the proper development and exploiting of this mine. There is neither timber nor water on the mine, but an abundance of timber can be secured within half a mile. Also, water can be piped to the property from springs on the hill above. The mine next described does not furnish either gem-tourmaline or kunzite, but is worked as a beryl mine, some fine material having been obtained. It lies about half way between Pa la and Mesa Grande, on Palomar Mountain, which is a spur or foothill of the Smith Mountain ridge, with which Pala Mountain is closely related, and hence it is considered here. The Mack Mine. — Located at Rincon, San Diego County, in Sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 1 W., S. B. M. This mine was discovered in November, 1903, by Mr. J. M. Mack and an Indian named J. Calec, near the Rincon Indian Reservation, at an altitude of 1960 feet (aneroid). The mine is 138 GEMS. JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. on the Pala belt, 9^ miles southeast of Fala; the ledge has a dip of 45 degrees to the southwest, and is exposed on the hanging wall for about 75 feet. Work has been entirely confined to the surface, and but little gem material has been taken out, although several pounds of peculiar opaque, deep-blue beryl were extracted. These crystals are different from any yet found in San Diego County, and should l)e analyzed. Mr. Mack contemplates a great deal of development work, however, and during 1905 it will be possible to determine whether or not this locality will produce the emerald, as indications are very favorable. The ledge is essentially pegmatite, with an average width of fri'm ILL. N(.. 38. MACK IIICRYL MIXK, KIXroN. SAX DIEGO COrXTY— VIEW FROM THE SOrTH, SIIOWIXG MKX AT WORK TAKING OUT BERYL AT THE TOP OF TIIK LEDi;K. 5 to 6 feet, with a gray granite foot wall. The hanging wall Avas hard to determine, as a great deal of matter from the ledge had fallen down and covered it at nearly every place, Ijut was apparently a Ijlue and gray diorite. The pockets arc very narrow and are confined exclusively to a bony crystallization of orthoclase, and most of the lieryls found were frozen into tiiis crystallization. Whci'ever a pocket was found in which clays or other soft sul)stances were the matrix, the crystals were excei)tionally fine and could be cut into perfect gems. So little work has been done that it is hardh' of importance to report this locality if it were not for the peculiarity of the crystals found. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CAIJFORNLV. 139 The owners would not give the vakiation of their speciuiens or cut stones sold, hence the product can not be estimated. There is a small spring- of water on the ])roperty, and some sycamore and oak timber. The exact loealitj^ is Ij miles north of the Rincon store, in the first canon east of said store. Since the preceding data were collected, fine gem beryls have been obtained at this mine, which are referred to in the body of this Bulletin. South of all these localities, lies a separate group of occurrences of garnet, Avitli beryl and in some cases tojiaz, centering around Ramona, A. ILL. Xc. :». JLVCIC BERYL 5IINE. RIXl'OX. SAX DIEGO UOUXTY— PORTIOX OF LEDGE, ABOUT EIGHT FEET THICK, SHOWING COARSE PEGMATITE ABOVE AXD ■LLXE-ROCK" BELOW, and also the garnet country far to the southeastward in the vicinity of Jacumba. These suggest a jDarallel line or belt of garnet and beryl,, southwest of the tourmaline-kunzite line and parallel to it ; Intt it is not jiossible yet to say how far this idea may be correct. The facts, as thus far known, are as follows; The garnets belong to the variety essonite, mainly, although many of them are called spcssartite (man- ganese garnet); but the writer is not satisfied that this latter species really occurs. Both varieties are often called hyacinth by jewelers, and may present, as at many of these points, rich orange and fulvnus shades between red and yellow. uo GEMS, JEWELERS JIATERIALS, ETC.. OF CAUPORNIA. RAMONA DISTRICT. ABC Mine.— The A B C mine, owned by Mr. Henry Daggett, of San Diego, and Mr. Alex. Mcintosh, of Ramona, was discovered November 1, 1008. and is situated in the S. W. i of the X. W. i of Sec. 8, T. 13 S., K. 1 E.. S. B. M., and at an altitude of 1950 feet. The property was acqiiired by location liy the aliove-named parties on government land. It is about 4 miles northeast of Eamona, San Diego Coirnty, which is the nearest base of supplies. The vein has an average width of 7 feet, ILL. Xo. 40. KAMOX.V DISTJUCT, SAX IlIEOO COUXTY— HEXKRAL VIEW OF LEDGES, LOOKIXG XORTH. TOPAZ, GARNET, BERYL, AXD TOUEMALIXE. and runs north 3o degrees \vest, with a dip of 12 ilegrees to the south- ■\vest. The claim embraces two ledges, very promising in character. Three places have l.ieen opened on the ledge at the eastern extremity of the claim, and at intervals of about 50 feet. The first two are in the nature of open cuts, in which the ordinary scalping process was employed, and gems taken from broken ledge matter and soil. The ])rincipal working, however, consists of a tunnel 18 feet long, from A\]iich a stope following the pay shoot for 45 feet has been run. The woik is very crude, and no system seenjs to have lieen employed in the mining. Botli foot anil hanging walls are of a gray decomposed diorite, in GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 141 which the feldspar has been much altered, and some quartz and liiotite were found. The ledge is essentially 3 feet of coarse, poorly crystallized pegmatite, stained in some places with iron and manganese. Manj- black tourmaline crystals with terminals pointing directly toward the pockets were observed, somewhat altered to quartz and muscovite. Below the pegmatite is a stratum varying in width from 1 to 6 inches, composed of a grayish or whitish decomposed orthoclase, with dissem- inated crystals of muscovite having a pinkish and lavender tinge on the outer edges. It is in this stratum, coated with albite and clay, that the ILL. No. n. ABC Mine, ramona, san diego county- pink BERYL, -LOOKING NORTHEAST. pink beryls are found, generally solitary in a pocket, with two or three large blackish-green tourmaline crystals. Quartz crystals were observed both on the top and bottom of this stratum, but not in the pockets with the beryls. It was also noticed that the pink-tinged muscovite was not in contact with the beryl crystals. Contrary to what is usual in ledges of this character, the edges of the pockets do not touch between the upper and lower strata, but continue through the entire working with- out interruption, although widening and narrowing in places. No other minerals were found existing in the same pocket (or rounded mass of clay and decomposed spar). Underlying this beryl-bearing stratum is about 18 inches of a soft 142 GEMS, JBWEIjEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. albite, angular in crystallization, and with numerous holes penetrating the mass. In these cavities minute essonite garnets were seen, also spessartite (?) and hundreds of serrated black tourmalines, penetrat- ing in every direction. No gems, however, were found among these. This stratum of albite lies frozen to the line-rock, or micaless granite, constituting the base of the ledge. The line-rock is coarse, and shows less interlineations than at any other mine so far observed in this locality. In places, large portions of graphic granite occur, embedded in the upper strata of ordinary pegmatite. In this graphic granite small cavities were noticed, containing steatite and montmorillonite, with lithia mica occurring at intervals. Very minute whitish crystals were found in these talcs, which appeared to be topaz, although too small for identification. In some places, also, where quartz crystals were found, disseminated crystals of pink muscovite occur, embedded and penetrating. The minerals noted were pink beryl; green, dark green, and black tourmaline crystals; essonite and the so-called spessartite, sparingly, lepidolite, muscovite, and biotite micas, albite and orthoclase feldspars, montmorillonite, steatite, kaolin, and stains of manganese and iron. Giant powder was used exclusively. Altogether about $500 has been expended, producing several pounds of pink beryl, the exact amovmt not being available at present. Some of these stones have been cut by local lapidaries, and show a rose-petal pink. They possess consider- able brilliancy, and are remarkably free from hairs, flaws, or bubbles. One cut stone, weighing 30 carats, and without a flaw, was obtained from this mine. Little Three Mine.— This mine is owned by Mr. Dan Mclntolh, of Ramona, Mr. H. W. Robb, of Escondido, and Mr. Chas. F. Sdhnack. This prospect was discovered in May, 1903, by Mr. Robb, who ha'S secured a permit to prospect on land owned by Messrs. Mcintosh and Ferguson. It. is situated in the N; E.i of S; E. i of Sec. 8, T. 13 ..S., R. 2 E., S. B. M., and is about 4^ miles northeast of Ramona, which is the nearest source ' of supplies. The vein runs northeast and southwest, at an angle of north 35 degrees west, and dips to the south at an angle of 20 degrees. The ^'^'' ^^HP^"^! Wm^-f^'^'' W ^t^Bv^Ki'*^'"*''"-'^"! ^^^^^ ^fJHH^S^I^I^ '^'^^v^l ^^^^^ '.^ ^J ^^^^^ a^^9^«ilMiilMH HPUIMQIII BHBI^Wft^ ' mmLCB^r - ^iHHBBi^^HBiBHHHMBi^Wi^^WHHHHIi^^^B ILL. Nm. I'J. little THKLE JILXK, RAMOXA, sax DIKciO COUiNTY-SI")l!TIXG TOPAZ, BKRYL. AND ICSSOXITF, GARXKT, ILL No, l:l. LITTLE THREE MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— LOWER WORKINGS AT EAST END. TOPAZ BERYL, AND ESSONITE GARNET. 144 GEMS, jewelers' MATEEIALS, etc., of CALIFORNIA. small green beryls in pockets of decomposed albite, orthoclase, and muscovite mica. In this portion of the ledge no tourmalines of any- color, nor any topaz, were found in the pockets; but black tourmalines occurred very thickly interspersed in the upper or pegmatite portion of the ledge at this place. Also, the "line-rock," or micaless granite, forming the base of the ledge has parallel, wave-like bands of minute black tourmaline. The associated minerals at this part were only beryl and quartz crystals, and the beryl very sparing. A concentric band of hematite and ferruginous quartz seems to separate this particular pocket from the other pocket material found in the ledge. Prom this pocket, working northwest, a gradual change was encoun- tered and a barren condition for about 10 feet. Then coarse, bone-like concretions of albite were first discovered, with large and perfect quartz crystals. The interior of the pockets lying with these minerals has either been decomposed completely and washed away, or else the pockets were hollow, without any matter filling them, as they are at present filled with the soil, which seems to be the same as that found on the hillside above the ledge. In this loose soil, and "frozen" to the albite and orthoclase, are numerous wedge-shaped crystals of topaz, some of which weigh over a pound; they are white, sea-green, sky-blue, and light yellow in color. Attached to the roof and floor of these cavities, and with a long root extending up into the quartz and pegmatite, are gigantic tourmaline crystals, deep green, mostly opaque, some of them 5 inches in diameter, and weighing as high as 15 pounds. Some small pencil tourmalines of a deep-green color and gem quality are found loose in the pockets, also a number of small topaz crystals that have become detached from their matrix of albite. Purple and pinkish muscovite in very large crystallizations and frozen into nuggets are also observed loose in the pockets, or attached to the albite. In most cases these crystals of mica are attached to each other at right angles, leaving angular holeg, in which very perfect topaz crystals have formed. The output of this work has been approximately 30 pounds of topaz, 50 pounds of all classes of tourmalines, and a small quantity of " spessartite " garnet. Beryl pseudomorphs after topaz were also noticed, badly checked, but of pinkish and light yellow colors. Also quartz pseudomorphs taking the crystallization of the topaz, and in cubes and rhombic prisms, are found loose in the pockets of topaz. The ledge proper is a fine-grained granitic pegmatite, with foot and hanging walls of gray decomposed diorite. The underlying line-rock in the topaz locality assumes a banded appearance, very straight in its interlineations; it is coarser than is generally seen in ledges of this kind, and is notable for the absence of either garnet or tourmaline in any quantity, the lines or bands apparently being a stain from manganese. A little biotite was also seen. This is a very strong ledge, and can be GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 145 traced without a break for over 3000 feet, with an a.verage width of 4 feet, and in some places nnich wider. No work lias been performed other than that described, l:iut tin' ledge shows indications of garnet for its entire length. This mine is a westerly extension of tlie Surprise mine, owned by J. E. Farley, James A\'. Booth, and Mrs. (J. ^I. Stone. There is quit(^ a ([uantity of fine oak and sycamore ILL. Xn. II. LITTLIC THREE MIXE:, EAMOX.i. SAX DIEOO COTXTV— W.U.L ROCK, SHOWIXIi LINES OF SM.VLL BL.VCK TOURM.SLTXE. timber in close proximity to the mines, and a spring of water sutticient for domestic uses, but which can j)rol)aljly be developed for all purposes needed in mining for gems. Giant powder has been used exclusiveh', and no bad results have been reported. Pocket material has been extracted, and the gems taken out by the screening jjrocess only, and quite a rpiantity of small crystals of good quality were found in the tailings, 10— MB 146 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. Surprise Mine. — The Surprise mine, adjoining the last, is owned by J. E. Farley, J. W. Booth, and Mrs. G. M. Stone, all of Ramona, Cal., and is situated in the N. W. i of S. W. i of Sec. 9, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. It was discovered on patented land owned by Mrs. Stone, November 1, 1903, by Mrs. Booth, who noticed a few " spessartite " gar- nets sticking in the pegmatite. The three persons above-named became working partners to develop the property. The vein runs nearly due east and west, but with a slight trend to the northwest and southeast. It dips to the south at an angle of about 20 degrees, and has an average width of 3-| feet. Two places have been opened on the ledge, at intervals of about 800 feet, each showing an entirely different condition in the formations. The first is about 250 feet north of Mr. Booth's residence, which is the stage station between Foster and Julian, San Diego County. At this place the pegmatite is finely crystallized, about 18 inches in width, and lies under a hanging wall of micaceou.s diorite. The pegmatite contains considerable graphic granite, with greenish stains, crystallized quartz, clear and white, and muscovite of a rich grass-green. Beneath this is an average thickness of a foot and a half of decomposed albite and orthoclase and infiltrated sand and earth, with some hydrated muscovite, and black tourmalines, many of which are altered to muscovite and quartz. Disseminated through this friable mass are "spessartite" garnets, in colors from deep red to light honey-yellow, affording beautiful gems, some of which have been cut, weighing from 3 to 6 carats. About five pounds of these were taken out of a cut running along the ledge about 6 feet in depth and 18 feet long, and an average width of 4 feet. Beneath this is the usual "line-rock," or micaless granite, in which no garnets were noticed, but banded lines, 2 to 3 inches apart, of minute black tourmalines were seen; this would indicate that a -higher crystallization of the ledge forces the lower into the wall or outer rock, as garnets are always found to occur in the lower rock of tourmaline ledges, while the tourmaline is found as embedded crystals in the lower rock of garnet-bearing ledges, in this locality. Some quartz crystals, which appear to have been etched by either fluorides or some other chemical compound, occur broken and disseminated with the garnets. The second working lies east of the first, and is more compact, with gray micaceous diorite as foot and hanging walls. This pegmatite is very finely crystallized, and is stained with iron and manganese, and has serrated black tourmalines. In the center of this ledge, lying between the gray base rock and the upper pegmatite, is 6 or 8 inches of orthoclase, somewhat altered. In this orthoclase occur small pockets 2 or 3 inches in diameter, filled with fine granular ferruginous quartz. In this sand, topaz is found, usually coated with a talcose clay. Those near the surface were mostly white or colorless, while at a depth of 6 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 147 feet the color had changed to sky-blue and aquamarine-blue. About four pounds of these crystals have been extracted from a cut 20 feet long and extending 8 feet in depth of the incline of the ledge. Several very fine pink beryls were also taken out, one 6 inches long, having three perfect sides, and l-J inches in diameter, being the largest crystal yet found. About two pounds of pink beryl has been the out- put so far. Tlie above amounts of spessartite, topaz, and beryl have been extracted at an expense of $250. Giant powder is used exclusively. No work is in progress at present, but further development is contem- plated. This mine is an extension of the Little Three mine, owned by Mr. Dan Mcintosh et al., adjoining it on the northwest. These parties own several other ledges in the same vicinity, traversing four quarter-sections of land pwhed by them, and lying in a line extending east from the IDresent workings. Timber and water are available in sufhcient quantities for mining purposes. The stones are extracted in both localities by screening and washing, and the owners seem to be thorough in their work. The occurrence of a yellowish, reniform. compact and extremely heavy substance was noted in some of the topaz pockets. The specific gravity of this mineral and its peculiar color have attracted the atten- tion of several people, but it was impossible, with the means at hand, to determine what it was. From the edge of the pockets containing these nuggets, radiated black tourmalines were found, altered to a mica- ceous substance of sea and emerald green color, with occasional tinges of purple and rose-pink. This alteration seems to be an allied mineral to the above. Some triplite and magnetic iron occur at the junction of the foot wall and pegmatite. The list of minerals noticed in these mines was: — white and blue topaz; pink, green, and white beryl; black, green and brown tourma- line; spessartite (so called), biotite, magnetite, orthoclase, albite, quartz in fine crystallizations, and the two unknown minerals above referred to. Hercules Mine. — This mine, owned' by Messrs. Samuel G. Ingle and Harrjf Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, lies about 4| miles northeast of Ramona, and about three fourths of a mile north- west of the stage station between Foster and Julian. The mine was located in August, 1903, by the above-named parties. The work has been confined entirely to open cuts or scalping, and the gems have been extracted in all cases either from the debris or from broken pockets in the ledge, which is a coarse pegmatite, decom- posed, and with very little perfection, in the albite or orthoclase; but where black tourmalines penetrate this crystallization, joining on to the black tourmaline, embedded in either albite or orthoclase, are essonite us GEIIS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. garnet and so-called spessartite. The latter is of the tinest quality, and has produced gen)s from one to six and eight carats in weight, without haw, which are retailing at !f'20 a carat. Both hanging and foot walls are a gray diorite, in which some mica can be found. The course of the vein is north 60 degrees Avest, with a dip of 4-3 degrees. The location is in the S. E. 3- of S. E. i of Sec. 6, T. 13 S.. R. 2 E., S. B. M. The method of handling the product has been confined exclusively to screening, and a good many gems have lieen thrown over on account of the peculiar condition of tlie clays which cover tlieni; l>ut the output ILL, Xo. 15. HERCULES JUNE, EA5I0XA, S.\X I'lEGO COUXTY— ESSOXITE GARNET A XII BERYL. SO far has been 1.3 pounds of garnet and a half pound of very clear green lieryl, which is an assiiciated ndneral with it. A few green and Idue tourmalines, but not tit for gem purposes, have been found higher up on the ledge. There is a spring on this property, which ^vill furnish enough water for domestic and mining purposes; also sycamore and oak timlier in sufHcient cj^uantity for mining. Lookout Mine. — Tliis mine, owned by Messrs, Samuel G. Ingle and Harry Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, was located in the month of July, 1903. It is situated 4-5 miles northeast of Raniona, GEMS, JEWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIPOENIA. 149 and joins the Hercules mine on the northeast. The vein has a dip of 20 degrees to the southwest, and an average width of 4^ feet. The claim runs north 55 degrees west, and is located in the S. W. ^ of Sec. 5, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. Work on this claim has been confined entirely to open cuts and scalping. Garnet, called spessartite, is the only gem found, although indications of beryl and tourmaline, with two or three peculiar metallic substances which could not be determined, were noticed. Both walls are of gray diorite, containing some biotite mica, although a seam of red clay lies between either wall and the ledge itself. The ledge is composed partly of feldspar, with very little quartz. In the pockets, albite and orthoclase are the mother of crystallization, and a very peculiar condition of the quartz is evident. The crj'stals seem to have been broken at some time into splinters, and then welded together, forming a conglom- erated mass of quartz with no distinct crystallization. Adhering to this quartz, and also to the surface of the albite, are perfectly formed garnet crystals, which, in riiany cases, have afforded beautiful gems. Not enough work has been done to make a satisfactory examination. About three pounds of garnet, and perhaps four ounces of fine beryl, was the total product of this mine. Some sycamore and oak timber are available; and water owned by the same parties on the Hercules mine can be used in connection with this one. McFall Mine. — This mine is situated 7i miles southwest of Ramona, on the eastern line of the San Vicente grant. It is owned by John McFall, who located the property about ten years ago as a zinc mine, and erroneous reports were given of its value as a zinc property. On examination, no zinc was found nor any indications of it, but a large body of essonite garnet and finely crystallized epidote was shown. A shaft 22 feet in depth still remains in solid garnet, with very little impurity of quartz. Very few gems were found, however, although many handsome crystals, more or less transparent, were among those taken out. There is a certain condition in these crystals which does not produce good refraction of light, and hence as gems they have no value. The epidote, however, is the finest yet seen in San Diego County, and will probably produce gems. Mr. McFall expects to work the property for abrasive purposes, as transportation can be secured cheap enough to make this course profit- able. Both wood and water are adjacent to the property, but not on it. No work has been done on the mine for some little time. The formations are both blue and gray diorite, and the masses of garnet appear to be pockets rather than ledges. 150 GEMS, JEWELEES' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. Prospect Mine. — This mine, owned by Messrs. H. A. Warnock and John P. Sutherland, of Ramona, was located on September 15, 1904, by the above-named parties, and is about 4 miles northwest of Ramona, crossing the road between Ramona and Mesa Grande, an open cut hav- ing been made on the east side of the road in Hatfield Canon. Spessartite (so called) has been the only product in gems, although greenish tourmalines have also been found. The ledge is about 6 feet in width, of a poorly crystallized pegmatite, and most of the gems are found frozen into the ledge, few pockets having been discovered. The parties are actively at work, and probably will find a better con- dition in 15 or 20 feet from the present working. The output has been very small, and no sales have been made. The prospect is worth men- tioning, however, as it is the last mine on the northwest end of the Ramona belt of crystallization, the belt apparently being barren for 14 miles northward of Mesa Grande. Messrs. Warnock and Sutherland expect to continue their work until something definite is known about the property, and a report two or three months later will be more satisfactory than can be had at present. There are both wood and water in plenty on the property. It is now owned by Mr. Warnock. JACUMBA DISTRICT. Dos Cabezas Mine. — This mine is 17 miles north and east from Jacumba Hot Springs by road, although in a direct line only about 8 miles; it is situated in Sec. 2, T. 17 S., R. 8 E. Here many fine hya- cinth garnets have been taken out from a matrix of carbonate of lime, which occurs in quantities sufficient to be used as building marble, etc. There are also indications of phosphate of lime. This locality has been worked off and on for the last ten years for gem crystals, and several hundred dollars' worth have been extracted by different parties, but nothing definite has been done, owing to its inaccessibility and the lack of wood and water. Properties now owned in that vicinity are those of Mr. James Jasper, the San Diego Desert Marble Company, the San Diego Gem Company, W. H. Trenchard, T. H. Steinmeyer, and William Hill. Development is expected during the next year. Nine and a half miles east of Jacumba, and near Mountain Springs, on the road leading from San Diego to Imperial, and on unsurveyed land, is a locality on which three or four prospects have been located showing excellent essonite and so-called spessartite garnet. These localities are now controlled by the San Diego Gem Company, 1529 D street, San Diego, who have sunk a shaft and have done considerable surface work. The gems extracted are of exceptional quality and size. Several thousand dollars will be expended by the owners during the ILL, No. W PROSl'Kl T MINK, KAIKJN.V, SAN DII'J.O I (JL'NT V— (IKN ICRAL VIKW, KSSONITK c^AKNK.T. ILL. No. 47. PROSPECT MINK, RAMONA, SAN DIKGO rOUNTV-SHOWINC LEDGK AND OPENING. KSSONITK GARNKT. 152 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. next year. The water supply is about 4i miles away, and there is no timber whatever or even wood for ordinary purposes. The country is very rough and inaccessible, but bids fair to be one of the best producers of gems yet discovered in California. Crystal Gem Mine. — This is owned by Collier & Smith, of San Diego, and is situated about 8-J miles northwest from Jacumba. Pink and green beryls associated with essonite and (so-called) spessartite garnet have been the only output, but general indications are very favorable. The ledge is a coarse pegmatite, about 8 feet in width, and extends for nearly a mile. Quartz crystals, albite, orthoclase, and indications of lithia are also found in conjunction. This property is not worked at present, but probably will be during the next year. Ten pounds of fine essonite garnet and perhaps three or four pounds of beryl were taken out during 1904. There is a spring of water on the property, and plenty of timber. manganese Deposits. — These are owned by the San Diego Desert Marble Company, and lie 1-^ miles northwest of Jacumba Hot Springs. A ledge averaging 10 feet in width and extending about 5000 feet has been located by these parties, and shows oxides of manganese associated with garnet, beryl, and black tourmaline. No development work has been done, but upon the advent of a railroad this property may become valuable, as the manganese is of exceptional quality and can be utilized in many ways. Farther to the north and east are other localities, in the vicinity of Seventeen Palms, in the Santa Rosa Mountains, on the edge of the desert, and in the direction of Salton Lake, where Mr. H. C. Gordon reports fine and abundant occurrences of garnet. Much of this is the wild and barren region claimed by the old Indian chief known as "Fig-tree John," elsewhere mentioned. TURQUOISE— SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Turquoise mining is carried on by two principal companies in San Bernardino County — the Toltec and the Himalaya. Toltec Gem Mining- Company. — The California property of this company consists of three gro\aps of mines situated in San Bernardino County on the Great Desert about 100 miles northwest of Needles, and about 50 miles north from Manvel, which is on a branch of the Santa Fe Railroad. The altitude is between 5000 and 6000 feet; and there being no water at either of the camps, it is necessary to draw it over the mountains from 1 to 5 miles. . These canips are about 6 miles apart, and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Camp, GEMS, JEWELERS' MATEEIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 153 in the old Solo Mining District. Death Valley is within 20 miles of West Camp. These mines are all patented. The qualities of the tur- quoise taken from these various camps vary widely, from quite soft to very hard. The same company also has turquoise mines in Nevada, 60 miles due east of these. Herestonehammersweremetwith ata depth of 18 feet. Scarcely any turquoise was found much below 100 feet from the surface, and a 200-foot shaft failed to reveal any at all. This fact, which is also reported from the mines of the Himalaya Company, is a curious one, indicating that the turquoise must be in some way a product of rather superficial alteration. The mines of both these companies have been quite large producers. The Toltec Company obtained one gem-stone, of rather a pale blue, that cut into a perfect oval measuring 32 by 45 millimeters, and weighing 203 carats. Himalaya Mining Company, — This company also has been operating turquoise mines in San Bernardino County. They are owned by Mr. L. Tannenbaum, of New York, and are likewise situated in the Solo Mining District, but 60 miles due west of Manvel, where a team must be secured to visit the mine, as no other means of communication exists. There are five claims in this group, all of them on the same ledge, which con- sists of bird's-eye porphyry with some granite, with a north and south strike and a dip of 75 degrees west. The pockets of turquoise, which is practically the only gem found, lie in this porphyry surrounded by a friable mass of so-called silicate of lime. Two shafts 80 feet in depth have been sunk on the property, but 40 feet was the lowest level at which gem-turquoise was found. From this level the mine has been prac- tically stoped to the surface. There is no timber at the mine, but some small pine can be secured 10 miles north. Water was found by sinking a well 85 feet; it can be used for drinking purposes, but is of very inferior quality. Work was done by the screening and washing method, and entirely by hand, there being no machinery of any kind on the prop- erty. Other improvements are bunk-houses, etc. The mine was closed down on the first day of March, 1903, and no work of any account has been done since that date. For the two months during which the mine was worked in that year, six men were employed, at an average wage of $2.50 per day. The expense of mining was very high — about $20 per foot. Giant powder was used exclusively, and it required about 10^- pounds to the foot. The shipments that year (January and February, 1903), as given by the Wells-Fargo agent, amounted to 431 pounds of matrix and ordinary turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material. 154 GEMSj jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA CHRYSOPRASE— TULARE COUNTY. Chrysoprase was discovered in Tulare County in 1878, by Mr. George W. Smith, a surveyor of Visalia. He presented specimens to Mr. M. Braverman of Visalia, who identified them as chrysoprase. Later, the State Mining Bureau confirmed this determination. The first specimen was the finest ever found in the county; it was sent to the Paris Expo- sition of 1889, but failed to reach its destination, being stolen en route. It was about 3^ inches long and 1-J inches thick. The first discovery, and thus far the best outcroppings which have been developed, are located on the McGinnis property, in the N. E. i of Sec. 8, T. 18 S., R. 26 E., Mount Diablo meridian. This location is about 10 miles north- east of Visalia, on Venice Hill. These outcroppings extend along the southeastern slope of this hill and through Section 8 and the S. W. i of Section 4. Here it occurs in small irregular veins, which range from mere seams to veins 2 and 3 inches in thickness, in a somewhat altered red jasper rock. When visited by the Field Assistant of the Mining Bureau (February, 1905) the larger veins had been deprived of all the chrysoprase suitable for specimens, but the excavations show that the chalcedony veins pe 1st, indicating the structure of the former deposits, and also the g' lation from the darker green chrysoprase of the outcrops through ghter green (prase-opal) until at a depth of about 20 feet a pure- ite milky quartz or chalcedony is encountered, which is free from all ickel oxide coloring. As to the size and quality of the gems taken out, we find in the seventeenth annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey* the following note: " It is much flawed and good pieces for cutting are scarce, but the color is excellent, and some handsome articles of small size have been made from it." Since then many fine stones have been found. The chrysoprase outcroppings have been traced at different places all along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada across Tulare County, and the following locations have been noted by different authorities: Venice Hill, Stokes Mountain, Tule River, Deer Creek, and one mile east of Lindsay. All of these have been announced in the annual reports of the writer on the production of precious stones in the United States, for 1896 to 1898 inclusive. Of these, the Himalaya Mining Company owns three claims at the chief locality at Venice Hill, a short distance northeast of Visalia; also two at Lindsay, a little northeast and south- east of the town, respectively; and one on Deer Creek, in Sec. 20, T. 22 S., R. 28 E. One or two other large claims at Venice Hill, another some distance east of Visalia, in the N. W. i of Sec. 28, T. 18 S., R. 27 E., and * Min. Res. U. S., Eept. V. i^. Geol. Survey, 1895, p. 913. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 155 one or two in the Stokes Mountain region, Sees. 9 and 10, T. 16 S., R. 26 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, belong to other parties. For a time a very active interest was taken in mining chrysoprase, but of late years there has been less demand than formerly, because this stone is not now the fad in jewelry that it was at first. No ruling price or valuation can be set on the rough stone, as the character of a specimen can not be told with any degree of certainty until the piece is cut. The cut stones brought prices from $2 to $3 per carat. Most of the Tulare County output was cut in New York, but some few stones were cut in San Francisco and Denver. CALIFORNITE (MASSIVE VESUVIANITE) —SISKIYOU COUNTY. The exact location of the deposit of californite, as the writer has pro- posed to call the compact, jade-like variety of vesuvianite, or idocrase, described in full on page 93 of this Bulletin, is given as follows by Mr. Edwin L. Hoyt of Yreka, in a recent communication : " The californite deposit in Siskiyou County is 10 miles north of Happy Camp, which is the nearest postoflBice to the property; also 10 miles north of Klamath River. The Happy Camp placer mining dist ' ^t parallels the river in this section. The nearest railroad station is t? t at Yreka, 90 miles distant by wagon road. I am unable to give dip, vein, etc., but believe it is more of a deposit or kidney or large lens, ., there are no indications of a fissure." APPENDIX. (]:,K) CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. This institution aims to be the chief source of reliable information about the mineral resources and mining industries of California. It is encouraged in its work by the fact that its publications have been in such demand that large editions are soon exhausted. In fact, copies of them now command high prices in the market. The publications, as soon as issued, find their way to the scientific, public, and private libraries of all countries. STATE MINERALOGIST. The California State Mining Bureau is under the supervision of Hon. Lewis E. Aubury, State Mineralogist. It is supported by legislative appropriations, and in some degree performs work similar to that of the geological surveys of other States ; but its purposes and functions are mainly practical, the scientific wo^Il being clearly subordinate to the economic phases of the mineral field, as shown by the organic law governing the Bureau, which is as follows : Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said State Mineralogist to make, fac^. and encourage special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries the State. It shall be his duty : To collect statistics concerning the occurrence ox the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valu- able constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic or commei>,itil importance, such collection constituting the Museum of the State Mining Bureau ; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, the sciences of mineralogy and geology and the arts of mining and metallurgy, such library constituting the Library of the State Mining Bureau; to make a collection of models, drawings, and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspec- tion at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concern- ing the mineral industries of this State, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information available to those desiring it, and to provide a custodian specially qualified to promote this purpose ; to make a biennial report to the Board of Trustees of the Mining Bureau, setting forth the important results of his work, and to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mineral industries of this State. THE BULLETINS. The field covered by the books issued under this title is shown in the list of publications. Each bulletin deals with only one phase of mining. Many of them are elaborately illustrated with engravings and maps. Only a nominal price is asked, in order that those who need them most may obtain a copy. 160 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. THE REGISTERS OF MINES. The Registers of Mines form practically both a State and a County- directory of the mines of California, each county being represented in a separate pamphlet. Those who wish to learn the essential facts about any particular mine are referred to them. The facts and figures are given in tabular form, and are accompanied by a topographical map of the county on a large scale, showing location of each mineral deposit, towns, railroads, roads, power lines, ditches, etc. HOME OF THE BUREAU. The Mining Bureau occupies the north half of the third floor of the Ferry Building, in San Francisco. All visitors and residents are invited to inspect the Museum, Library, and other rooms of the Bureau and gain a personal knowledge of its operations. THE MUSEUM. The Museum now contains over 16,000 specimens, carefully labeled and attractively arranged in showcases in a great, well-lighted hall, where they can be easily studied. The collection of ores from Cali- fqi'iiia mines is of course very extensive, and is supplemented by many oases of characteristic ores from the principal mining districts of the world. The educational value of the exhibit is constantly increased by substituting the best specimens obtainable for those of less value. These mineral collections are not only interesting, beautiful, and in every way attractive to th^.sightseers of all classes, but are also educa- tional. They show to manufacturers, miners, capitalists, and others the character and quality of the economic minerals of the State, and where they are found. Plans have been formulated to extend the usefulness of the exhibit by special collections, such as one showing the chemical composition of minerals; another showing the mineralogical composition of the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the State; the petroleum-bearing formations, ore bodies, and their country rocks, etc. Besides the mineral specimens, there are many models, maps, photo- graphs, and diagrams illustrating the modern practice of mining, milling, -aH4- co^Eicentrating, and the technology of the mineral indus- tries. An educational series of specimens for high schools has been inaugurated, and new plans are being formulated that will make the Museum even more useful in the future than in the past. Its popu- larity is shown by the fact that over 100,000 visitors registered last year, while many failed to leave any record of their visit. 11— MB (ii;i 102 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. THE LIBRARY. This is the mining reference library of the State, constantly con- sulted by mining men, and contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes of selected works, in addition to the numerous publications of the Bureau itself. On its shelves will be found reports on geology, min- eralogy, mining, etc., published by states, governments, and indi- viduals; the reports of scientific societies at home and abroad: encyclopaedias, scientific papers, and magazines; mining publications; and the current literature of mining ever needed in a reference library. Manufacturers' catalogues of mining and milling machinery bj'- California firms are kept on file. The Registers of Mines form an up-to-date directory for investor and manufacturer. The librarian's desk is the general bureau of information, where visitors from all parts of the world are ever seeking information about all parts of California. READING-ROOM. This is a part of the Library Department and is supplied with over one hundred current publications. Visitors will find here various California papers and leading mining journals from all over the world. The Library and Reading-Room are open to the public from 9 a. m. tp 5 p. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays. THE LABORATORY. This department identifies for the prospector the minerals he finds, and tells him the nature of the wall rocks or dikes he may encounter in his workings ; but this department does not do assaying nor compete with private assayers. The presence of minerals is determined, but not the percentage present. No charges for this service are inade to any resident of the State. Many of the inquiries made of this depart- ment have brought capital to the development of new districts. Many technical questions have been asked and answered as to the best chemical and mechanical processes of handling ores and raw material. The laboratory is well equipped. THE DRAUGHTING-ROOM. In this room are prepared scores of maps, from the small ones filling only a part of a page, to the largest County and State maps; and the numerous illustrations, other than photographs, that are constantly being required for the Bulletins and Registers of Mines. In this room, also, will be found a very complete collection of maps of all kinds relating to the industries of the State, and one of the important duties of the department is to make such additions and corrections as will keep the maps up to date. The seeker after information inquires here if he wishes to know about the geology or topography of any district ; about the locations of the new camps, or positions of old or abandoned (l(,-i* 164 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. ones ; about railroadSj stage roads, and trails ; or about the working drawings of anything connected with mining. MINERAL STATISTICS. One of the features of this institution is its mineral statistics. Their annual compilation by the State Mining Bureau began in 1893. No other State in the Union attempts so elaborate a record, expends so much labor and money on its compilation, or secures so accurate a one. The State Mining Bureau keeps a careful, up-to-date, and reliable but confidential register of every producing mine, mine-owner, and mineral industry in the State. From them are secured, under pledge of secrecy, reports of output, etc., and all other available sources of information are used in checking, verifying, and supplementing the information so gained. This information is published in an annual tabulated, statistical, single-sheet bulletin, showing the mineral pro- duction by both substances and counties. TOTAL GOLD PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA— 1848-1903. 1 '8.... -- .1245,301 1863... - $23,501,736 1878-.. - $18,839,141 1893.... . $12,422,811 i84n -. 10,151,360 1864--. .. 24,071,423 1879... - 19,626,654 1894.... .. 13,923,281 ]) 166 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA FOR 1903. The following table shows the yield and value of mineral substances of California for 1903, as per returns received at the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers : Quantity, Value. Asphalt. 41,670 tons $503,659 Bituminous Rock 21,944 " 53,106 Borax(Crude) 34,430 " 661,400 Cement. .- 640,868 bbls. 968,727 Chrome ___ _.. 150 tons 2,250 Chrysoprase 500' Clays : For Pottery ...'. 90,972 tons 99,907 ForBrick_ _- 214,403 M 1,999,546 Coal ___. _. 93,026tons 265,383 Copper - 19,113,861 lbs. 2,520,997 Fuller's Earth 250 tons 4,750 GlassSand _... _... 7,725 " 7,525 Gold - 16,471,264 Granite _.. 408,625 cu. ft. 678,670 Gypsum 6,914 tons 46,441 Infusorial Earth 2,703 " 16,015 Lead _ 110,0001b3. 3,960 Lime _... 496,587 bbls. 418,280 Limestone __ 125,919 tons 163,988 LithiaMica 700 " 27,300 Macadam 605,185 " 436,172 Manganese _._ 1 " 25 Magnesite _. 1,361 " 20,515 Marble 84,624 cu. ft. 97,354 Mica 50tons 3,800 Mineral Paint 2,370 " 3,720 ,, Mineral Water 1,978,340 gals. 558,201 Natural Gas _ __. 120,134 M cu. ft. 75,237 Paving Blocks _ 4,854 M 134,642 Petroleum _ 24,340,839 bbls. 7,313,271 Platinum 1,052 Pyrites 24,311 tons 94,000 Quartz Crystals _ 1,968 Quicksilver _. 32,094 flasks 1,335,954 Rubble 1,610,440 tons 1,237,419 Salt 102,895 " 211,365 Sandstone-.. _ 353,002 cu. ft. 585,309 Serpentine 99" " 800 Silver 517,444 Slate 10,000 squares 70,000 Soapstone 219tons 10,124 Soda ._ 18,000 " 27,000 Tourmaline _ 100,000 Turquoise _ 10,000 Total value $37,759,040 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. 167 RELATIVE RANK OF COUNTIES IN TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT IN 1903. Kern $4,957,602 Shasia 3.201,680 Los Angeles,- _ 2,549,128 Nevada 2,466,044 Calaveras 2,270,668 Tuolumne 1,791,056 Amador _ 1,639,819 Butte 1,581,325 San Bernardino 1,516,618 Orange 1,029,435 Napa 896,848 Fresno 848,628 San Francisco- 802,786 Placer 800,985 Ventura 714,766 Santa Clara.. 670,159 Siskiyou 663,598 San Diego 663,315 Trinity 621,244 20. Mariposa ,|552,516 21 . Alameda 530,207 22. Sacramento .-- 506,796 23. Madera 489,525 24. Riverside 446,449 25. Plumas 424,894 26. Colusa 420,468 27. Solano 404,614 28. Santa Barbara. 384,688 29. San Benito.. 367,851 30. Mono - 360,024 31. Sierra 311,246 32. Lake 294,018 33. El Dorado 284,304 34. S'nLuisObispo 257,416 35. Santa Cruz.... 254,247 36. San Mateo .... 252,500 37. Marin 218,427 38. Sonoma 195,369 39. Inyo $139,563 40. Yuba 125,871 41. Lassen 92,305 42. Stanislaus .__- 70,605 43. Comra Costa. 62,500 44. Monterey 51,436 45. Humboldt.— 49,316 46. San Joaquin.- 44,489 47. Tulare 41,175 48. Kings 24,200 49. Mendocino ... 20,580 50. Del Norte 7,183 5L Tehama 7,000 52. Alpine-- 2,847 53. Yolo 144 54. Merced 780 Unapportioned 377,783 Total $37,759,040 MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount and postage. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. {All publications not mentioned are exhausted.) Attention is respectfully called to that portion of Section 8, amend- ment to the Mining Bureau Act, approved March 10, 1903, which states : "The Board (Board of Trustees) is hereby empowered to fix a price upon, and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all pub- lications of the Bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The sum derived from such disposition must be accounted for and used as a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed must approximate the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and preparing the information embraced therein." Price, Postage. Report XI— 1892, First Biennial — —.$100 .$0 15 Report XIII— 1896, Third Biennial _. ..._ _-.- 100 20 Bulletin No. 5 — "Cyanide Process" (4th edition), bound -- 60 08 Bulletin No. 6— "Gold Mill Practices in California" (3d edition) 50 04 Bulletin No. 9 — "Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc.," bound 60 08 Bulletin No. 15— "Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County, Cal." 05 02 Bulletin No. 16— "Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California," (3d edition) .- -. ----., -- 30. 03 Bulletin No. 18— "Mother Lode Region in California".. 35 06 Bulletin No. 23 — "Copper Resources of California" _ 50 12 Bulletin No. 24 — "Saline Deposits of California" 50 10 Bulletin No. 27— "Quicksilver Resources of California" 75 08 Bulletin No. 30— "Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palaeontology and Mineral Resources of California, including List of Maps" _. 50 10 Bulletin No. 31 — "Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum" ._- 02 Bulletin No. 32 — "Production and Use of California Petroleum" 75 08 Bulletin No. 33— "Mineral Production of Calif ornia— 1903" - - -.- 02 168 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Price Bulletin No. 34— "Mineral Production of California for 17 Years" Bulletin No. 35 — "Mines and Minerals of California" -.- Bulletin No. 36-"Gold Dredging in California".- $0 50 Map of Mother Lode 05 Gold Production in California from 1848 to 1904 ._ Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w: Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w: Register of Mines, w; Register of Mines, wi th Map, Plumas County 25 ih Map, Siskiyou County - — 25 th Map, Trinity County 25 th Map, Lake County 25 th Map, Nevada County - 25 th Map, Placer County 25 th Map, El Dorado County - 25 th Map, Inyo County 25 th Map, Shasta County -__ 25 25 ith Map, San Diego County 25 ith Map, Sierra County . 25 ith Map, Amador County. 25 ith Map, Tuolumne County 25 ith Map, Butte County _.. 25 ith Map, Mariposa County _ 25 ith Map, Kern County _-_ 25 Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City 35 F ■ ..1 and Mineral Map of California 25 Map of Calaveras County _ 25 In Prepapation : jral and Industrial Materials of California. Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County. Register of Mines, w: Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w Register of Mines, w: * Register of Mines, w Postage $0 02 04 06 02 02 08 08 08 OS 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 OS 08 08 08 02 05 08 . ?• ^ples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the "■toi -' for identiiieation, and the same will be classified free of charge. iVlaUst be understood, however, that no assays, or quantitative deter- ..' 'nations, will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and the outside of package should be marked plainly with name of sender, postoffice address, etc., and a stamp should be inclosed for reply. INDEX. Page Abalone _111, 118, 119, 120 ABC Mine 49, 140, 141 Achroite .__ _ 54, 58 Adamantine Spar_ ._ 45 Aeroides .._ _ 48 Agalmatolite 100 Agate __. ..64, 71, 73 Agatized Wood 11, 64, 77. 78 Alabaster ... 103 Albite 17,61, 78, 79, 80, 127, 133, 142, 144, 146 Allanite ;.. 99 Almandite 50. 51, 52, 53 Amber _:.. 110 Amblygonite ...-55, 59, 62. 87, 122, 133 Am^thiste Basaltine 47, 86 Amethyst 64, 67 Andalusite ...34, 98 Andradite .-. 50, 51 Anhydrite 102 Anthracite 104 Apatite 102 Aphrizite __. 54 Apophyllite 97 Aquamarine __ ..48, 49, 137 Aragonite ..110, 111,112.114 Architectural JIarble 111 Arkansite 106 Asparagus Stone 102 Asteria . 45 Asteriated Quartz 64 Aventurine 64, 78, 79 Axinite . 13, 96 Azurite 53, 106 Bardiglio.- 111, 112 Basanite 64 Beryl 13, 14. 16, 25, 27, 48, 49, 50, 52, 59, 62, 86, 87, 114, 122, 132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 152 Bloodstone 64 Blue Carbonate of Copper _ 106 Brazilian Emerald 54 Brazilian Sapphire 54 Bronzite 80, 114 Brookite 106 Brown Coal 104 12— MB Page. Cairngorm 64 Calcite 35, 98, 110, 111 Californite 12,53,93,94,95, 155 California Onyx... 111, 112 Cannel 104 Carbonate of Lime 110 Carbuncle 51 Carnelian _ 64 Cassiterite ._ 105 Caterina Sline 132, 133 Cat's-eye 60,64, 114 Chalcedony.... 64, 70, 71,73 Chiastolite.- -. 98 C'hloromelanite.-- _ 96 Chlorophane. " i Chromite i Chrysoberyllus 3" ±i ChryaocoUa i, 102 Chrysolithus 'p t Chrysopal ., ,J Chrysoprase... 12, 31, 38, 35, 64, 7b, -55 Cinnamon Stone 50, 52, &3 Cipolin ' il Citrine _ 64 Coahuila District 25, 53, 58, 69, 121 Coal 104 Colophonite _. 51 Columbia Gem Mine 63, 122, 123 Columbite 50,62,87,132 Coosa District 52 Cdrundum :. 35, 45, 114 Crystal Gem Mine 49, 152 Datolite 52, 97 Davidsonite 48 Demantoid 51 Diamond .-. 11, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Diopside.- -.-80,98 Dos Cabezas Mine. 27, 150 Dravite __ 54 Dumortierite Quartz 64, 71, 114 Egyptian Marble or Jasper Ill, 112 Emerald — 48 Enstatite ...80, 114 Epidote..-- ....13,25,34,71.87,99 (169) 170 INDEX. Page. Erythrite 71 Esmeralda Mine 49,63, 136 Essonite...- 13, 14,26, 50, 52, 53, 128, 139, 142, 148, 149, 150, 152 False Emerald 102,106 False Lapis Lazuli 98 Fano Kunzite— Tourmaline Mining Co _-..49. 5S, 59,63.66, 121, 122 Feldspar -.. 78 Fish-eye Stone -__ 97 Fire Marble 111 Fire Opal 75, 76 Fleches d'amour ^ -.-64, 70 Fluorite ---- 102 Garnet __. .12, 13, 14, 16, 25, 26, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 87, 139, 148, 149, 150 Gem Mines in California 121 Gem Mine No. 1 - 123 '~' olden Beryl 48 '"Ipld Quartz 64,68 Gdbhenile — - 48 Gothi'e 64, 105 Giithite Quartz 64 Gr";;^hir Granite, 79 Green Carbonate of Copper 106 Grenat S.'riam _ 51 Grossu'.j,ri te 50, 51, 52 Guam .ccine 51 G; -a 103 Hi'' ysite 87 Hebrew Stone 79 olrope --- 64 *■ ematite _. 104,105,114 Hercules Mine 49, 53, 147, 148, 149 Heriart Mine 24, 31. 56. 62, 84, 132. 133 Hiddenlte 82 Himalaya Mining Co 12, 49, 63, 63, 133, 134, 153, 154 Hornblende Quartz 64, 70, 86, 114 Hyacinth 50, 51 Hyacinthozontes 48 Hyalite 31, 75, 76, 86 Hydrolite 64,71,73 Hydrophane 75 Hypersthene 80, 114 Ichthyophfhalmite __ 97 Idoerase 93 Ilmenite -- 104, 105 Indicolite 54 lolite 34 Iron Garnets 51 Jacinta 51 Jacumba District 26, 49, 53, 95, 150, 151 Jade - 71, 96 Page. Jadeite 96 Jasper 64, 69, 71, 75 Jasper Agate 64, 75 Jasperized Wood 64 Jet 104 Kunzite 14, 16,25,34,35,59, 61, 62, 63, 81, 82-93, 100, 121, 122, 126, 129 Labradorite 80, 114 Lapis Lazuli -- 98 Lazulite 98 Lazurite 98 Lepidolite.20, 22, 24, 34, 49, 55, 59, 60, 79, 83, 86, 100, 101, 122, 125, 127, 133, 134, 137, 142 Lignite 104 Limonite 104,105 Little Three Mine_-_ 142, 143, 144, 145 Lookout Mine 49,53,148,149 Lumachelle 111 Lydian Stone 64 Made 98 Mack Mine ___.48, 49, 65, 137, 138, 139 Madreporic Marble 111, 112 Malachite 53,69,106 Mandelato 111 Manganese Deposits 142, 146, 152 Marble 110,111 Mare Kanite 114 M'ariposite . - ._ 71, 97 McFallMine 149 Melanite 51 Menaccanite 104 Mesa Grande Mine -.59, 133 Mexican Onyx HI MilkyOpal 75 Mocha Stone 64 Moonstone 71, 78, 79 Morion 64 Moss Agate 64, 75 Moss Jasper 75 Moss Opal 75 Muriacite 102 Muscovite Mica --.48,87,127, 128, 130, 133, 141, 144 Napoleonlte — 112 Native Ultramarine 98 Naylor-Vanderburg Mine-. 129, ISO, 131, 132 Nephrite 96 Noble OpaL.- 75 Novaculite 64 Obsidian 114 Onegite -.64, 105 Onyx -- 64 Onyx Marble 111, 112 Oolite 111, 112 INDEX. 171 Page. Opal- 12, 75, 76 Opaline _ _ 75 Opal Agate.- 75 Opalized Wood 11, 75, 77, 78 Orbicular Diorite 14, 15, 112, 113 Oriental Onyx 111 Oriental Ruby _.. 45 Orthoclase _ _._ 79 Ouvarovite 50, 51, 52, 53 Pagedite _. 100 Pala Cliief Mine. 25, 31, 55, 60, 61, 87, 126, 127 Pala District. 24,25,30, 31, 55, 81, 84, 101, 124, 125 Pearl 34, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118 Pebbles, Pescadcro 113 Pectolite ... 88, 95, 96 Peridot of Ceylon... 54- Peristerite 78, 79 Pisolite 111 Plasma.. 64 Portor 111 Precious Opal 75 Prospect Mine-. .53, 150 Pyro-Eraerald 102 Pyrope 50, 51, 52, 53 Quartz. ..34, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67-73, 86, 87, 97 Rainbow Agate 64 Raniona District... 25, 26, 49, 53, 63, 140, 141 Rhodolite 51 Rock Crystal 11,64,65, 87, 105, 127, 141, 144, 146 Romanzovite 50 Rose Beryl 48 Rose Quartz 12, 21, 64, 67, 68, 69, 86 Rosolite 50 Royal Agate 64 Rubellite 22, 23, 54, 55, 79, 100, 101, 125 Rubino de Rocca 51 Ruby 45 Ruin Marble 111 Rutilatcd Quartz 64, 70 Sagenite 64, 70 San Diego Desert Marble Co.. ..150, 151, 152 San Diego Gem Co. 150 San Diego Tourmaline Mining Co. 133, 135 San Pedro Claim 133 Sapphire Chalcedony 73 Sapphire 45 Sard _ 64 Satin Spar 103, 111 Schorlomite. 51 Selenite 103 Siberite 54 Siderite... 65, 87 Page. Sienna Ill Silicified Wood 77 Smoky Quartz. ...21, 33, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 86 Spanish Topaz 64 Spessartite..50, 51, 139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150 Spinel 47, 48, 132 Spodumene 13, 14, 48, 62, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 126, 127, 129, 132 Stalactite 111 Stalagmite 111 Star Ruby 45 Star Sapphire 45 Star Stone 45 Statuary Marble 111 Stewart Mine 125 Succinite 50, 52,110 Surprise Mine 53, 146 Talc 35 Thetis Hairstone 64 Thulite 9! Titanic Iron lu4 Toad's-eye Stone 105 Toltec Gem Co. .... 'TTWl, 153 Topaz 14, 15, 25, 26, 35, 46, 47, 52, 62, 92, 139, 143, )14, i47 Topazolite ,il, 50,53 Touchstone -.-r— ^ Tourmaline 13, 14, 16, 21, 2s' 24, 25, 27, 33, 35, 49, 50, 52-63, 69, 70, 'Vs. ^6, 87, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 125, 157, l_o, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140. 142, ^,jJiJ.47 Tourmaline Quartz 64 Tourmaline King Mine 63 Tourmaline Queen Mine 63, 127, 128, 1. Trautwinite 51, 52 Tripe Stone 102 Triphane 82 Turquoise 12, 13, 33, 34, 107, 108, 109, 110, 152, 153 Ultramarine 98 TJralian Emerald 51 Uvarovite 50, 51, 52, 53 Verde Antique HI, U2 Vermeille 51 Vesuvianite 12, 26, 52, 53, 93, 94, 96, 155 Vulpinite 102 Willemite 88 Wiluite 50 Wood Opal 75, 77 Wood Tin . 105 Woolastonite 88 Zircon 34, 50 Zoisite 99 n|lill.|!ll!J|icil!jlh[( ■111