CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library UA646 .K78 1890 Armies of Euroj 3 1924 030 725 836 olin Overs y °?J Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030725836 Eng Printed by Q. LihveneoJm, Fuertji Bavaria and. |. Published ly William Clowes & Bam, L d , London. THE ARMIES OF EUROPE ILLUSTRATED. TRANSLATED AND REVISED BY COUNT GLEICHEN, Grenadier Guards, FROM THE GERMAN OF FEDOR VON KOPPEN. ILLUSTRATED BY RICHARD KNOTEL. LONDON: WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, Limited, ! 13, CHARING CROSS, S.W. '. 18,90. LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 'CONTENTS. o} " Si vis pacem, para bellum ! " I ET him who is desirous of peace prepare himself for war." Thus runs the proverb which sums up the experiences and history of the most powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in the old Roman days, how much more applicable is it to the present time, when war-clouds are darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in ruin and devastation on all nations who have not heeded the warning ! There are, however, few who have not heeded it, and the governments of all nations have been for some time, and are still, reorganising their Armies and bringing them to a high state of efficiency in accordance with the experience taught them by the great wars of the last thirty years. ■A. \ It is ^therefore (necessary for all who take an interest in military matters, or in foreign politics, to become acquainted with the strength and organisation of the armed forces of the different European Powers, for it is only by a study of these Armies that we get to know the relative value of our own. J TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. oW«o I^HE matter contained in the following pages has been corrected -*- up to date. The Corrigenda at the end of Germany, France, Italy, and Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken place during the progress of this work through the press. A few words of the original text, such as " Landwehr " and " Ersatz," have been retained in the translation, although applied to other than German countries. For their meaning, v. " The German Army," p. 21, etc. There are no corresponding English words. G. November, 1890. Engla i j imi Stuff Off'iocr Off'iaep of Rij^le BpigacLe. (Iagvee Bpg&s). Off'iace of Ro^al Hopge Sptillep^. Printed by 0. LBwmtokn, Fuertli Bavaria d. II. Published by William Clowes & Bom, L, London. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.* oXKo The British Empire. THE British Army is constructed on a purely original system. It is like ho other army in the world, and for this very good reason, that there is no empire in the world like the British Empire. Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute the Empire. India, Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other colonies in every quarter of the globe, all help, to build it up, and for its defence we must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it. Let us see what we have got. The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of a decent size, it is not by any means too large — in fact, some people say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and with which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine ourselves to contemplating its actuaj size. The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of square miles, and over 326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we have an Army which numbers roughly as follows : — Strength of Imperial Army. Regular Forces .... 202,000 1st and 2nd Class Reserves . 57.°°° Militia and Militia Reserve . 134,000 Yeomanry . Volunteers . Colonial Forces Indian Native Army 11,000 224,000 84,000 152,000 altogether, 864,000 men at the outside^ This apparently large number, however, includes every single able-bodied man, British or Native, who has been trained to bear arms :{*the Regular Army forms not quite a quarter of it. J Taken alto- gether, this gives an average of about 1 combatant to 350 non-combatants — not a large proportion. Germany's proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large proportion, it is true, but then she is threatened by powerful enemies on her eastern and western frontiers, whereas We are an island, and look to our Navy as 'the first line of defence. This being so, we can do with a moderately small Army, and need not (yet) have recourse to the system of all other European countries — namely, uni- versal conscription. / { It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the principle which under- lies the military systems of all countries, whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time, with a large reserve of * This article has been entirely re-written by the Translator. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Recruit- ment. trained men ready to be called out in case of war. In our case, the small number under arms in peace-time is represented by the Active Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,* and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers. Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would be as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history. The system of recruitment throughout the Army is that of voluntary enlist- ment. As mentioned above, we are the only country in Europe whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The subjects of all other European countries are liable to be enrolled jn the army whether they like it or not, and, as a rule, they do not like it. This I voluntary enlist- ment is a great advantage for us in one way, . in that only those need be soldiers who want to be ; but, on the other hand, the strength • of our Army is chiefly dependent on the number of men who happen to fancy soldier- * The Colonial forces really form a ing, and this is hardly a matter for con- gratulation. Up till now, the system has sufficed : let us hope we shall never have to change it. It is not generally known that there exists an Act* which has to be suspended annually by Parliament (or else it would now be in force), by which the Crown is empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may be necessary for the Army. In other words, the country is liable to conscription, as far as may be determined by the Crown's advisers. This Act has, however, not been enforced since 1815. N.B. — This mode of raising troops must not be confounded *o with the" Em- ^T\ Bgbodiment of ||the Militia," of which more hereafter. Recruiting * The Militia Ballot Act. Mounted Irz|anti?}?. (Tropical Fieia Kit,) 'class between the two, but may be taken here with the Active Army. CaValpO. (Tropical Fieia Kit.) ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. is carried out by paid recruiters (non-com- missioned officers) in the different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant used to clinch the bargain with the would-be re- ciuit by presenting him with a shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The " Queen's Shilling " has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to get drunk at his own expe'nse. After going through certain formalities and answering certain questions before a magistrate, the recruit signs his "attesta- tion-paper," and is then considered as enlisted. ( The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours and five years there- after in the Reserve. / Th ere are a few exceptions to this ; men join- ing the House- hold Cavalry, Officer?;* of Higl)lan3. laigljt Infant*^ an3. Rpg$\ ancl Sulgetflancl Higl)lancl.e:£% Oj^ieei?, 5 t{) (j^opfjjamBerlancl) Fugiliei??!. Colonial Corps,* and one or two other smaller branches of the Service, enlist for twelve years with the colours ; men for the Royal Engineers or Foot Guards have the alternative of the usual term, or three years with the colours and nine years in the Reserve ; whilst the Army Service Corps and Medical Staff Corps men and a few others serve for only three years with the colours and a varying term of years in the Reserve. Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least 5 ft. 4 in. high, and must have a minimum chest- measurement of 33 inches, f Re-engagements up to seven or twelve * I.e., West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc. t More than 40 per cent, of would-be recruits' are annually rejected by the doctors. ARMY OF. THE BRITISH EMPIRE. years with the colours are permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases. Sketch of At a very early period of English history tory ofOur ever y able-bodied man was bound to Army, take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was, however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed was called the General Levy. During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, i.e., the retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their turn were bound to attend the king when he went to fight abroad, and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This army, i.e., the knights and their followers, was called the Feudal Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the General Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown. They were trained and exercised in , the profes- sion of arms, and received the name of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar force, was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary, hire additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were paid by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.'s reign,, upset the general military system, and for some time there was no National Army. - On the Restoration, in 1660, consider- able changes and improvements took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing Army.. ( It may be news to some people that the " raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace is against' law," but such is the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its consent to a standing army ; otherwise the Army would cease to exist. ' Since Charles I I.'s time, the Standing Army has gradually been increasing and.- improving. Voluntary enlistment dates* from his reign, but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men^, for we find in the last century that debtors: and criminals were obliged to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to' strength. The pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then that some, nay, a. great many, ill-educatecL people have been taught, by means of traditions handed down from their great- grandfathers, to look upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They need be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations enlist. The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn chiefly from the labouring and not from the criminal classes (as some people seem to imagine). CThe proportion of educated recruits is rapidly increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years ago, and is still decreasing. ) The Active Army is divided into — 1. The Regular Army ; 2. The Native Indian Army ; and 3. The Colonial Forces. 1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry ;besides these are the non-combatant branches, Organisa- tion. . ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. consisting of the Army Service Corps, • the Ordnance Store Corps, the Medical Staff Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary Departments, and a few ' more. Cavalry. The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, -including — 2 Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry). 1 Regiment of Royal Horse Guards; (Blues) (Household Cavalry). < 7 Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st . to 7th). 3 Regiments^of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th). • " ' 5 Regiments of Lancers (5th, 9th, 12th, 1 6th, and 17th). 13 Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, nth, 13th to 15th, and 18th to 2 1 st inclusive); The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm ; thus their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen, and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The con- sequence is that when our men find them- selves in a predicament not provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties. The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd Dragoons, are heavy, and are never .quartered abroad, the Hussars are light, and -all the rest are medium Cavalry. TheLife Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue, tunics. The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses, and these they would probably leave behind -: on active service. They, the Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with glumes varying in colour according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap, with the scarlet * " plastron " in front of their tunics. ,The Hussars wear the busby, with busby-bag and plume of different colours according to the regiment ; and they have also six rows of yellow braid across the front, of the tunic. All the Cavalry wear dark, blue pantaloons f or overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household Cavalry has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full dress* The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over the right ear.. Their arms are sword and carbine throughout ; the Lancer regiments in addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a bore of -450 in.; it is sighted up to i,0oo yds., and is a first-rate little weapon; * Blue in the 16th. and white in the 17th Lancers. + Crimson in the nth Hussars and brick- red in the le've'e dress of the officers of the 10th Hussars. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron (2 troops) in the field is : — 6 officers, 16 non-commissioned officers, and 122 rank and file, of whom 26 are dis- mounted, and 144 horses, including draught-horses. A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:— I lieutenant-colonel, 3 majors, 6 captains, 16 subalterns, and 6 other officers, in- cluding adjutant, quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 " vets." 75 N. C. O.'s, 666 rank and file, and 614 horses. A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114 officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses. A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2 batteries Horse Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details altogether 325 officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses, tillery. The Artillery forms one "Royal Regi- ment,"" consisting of : — 20 Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery, 80 „ „ Field Artillery, 10 Mountain Batteries, and 96 Garrison Batteries, with several dep6ts and 3 dep6t batteries for their maintenance and supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into groups of 2 or 3 batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called Brigade Divisions, each under a Heutenant-colonel. A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3 subalterns, 21 N. C. O.'s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193 horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons, A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52 horses less. The guns in use are at present of four different patterns : — - Weight of Shell. Calibre. Sighted up to. Are Armed with it. a b c d 12 lbs. 13 » 16 „ 9 » 3 in. 3 in. 3-6 in. 3 in. 5,000yds. 4,800 ,, 4,000 „ 3.S0O „ (14 R. H. A. and 29 \ F. A. batteries. • (1 R. H. A. and 12 \ F. A. batteries. 2 F. A. batteries. tS R H. A. and 37 \ F. A. batteries. Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader ; the others are muzzle- loaders. The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A. batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun, and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to a team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new 10-pounder B.-L. gun. 2 guns and wagons together are called a Section ; 1 gun and wagon, a Sub-division. A Garrison Battery is variously consti- tuted, according to its locality. The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and sizes in the different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule, have no guns of their own. Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege- train batteries, quartered in the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering purposes; and 4 more are " Heavy " batteries, quartered in India, the ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Sergeant - Dpummep, (£olcUtr>e:am Gruapcb!. guns o f| which are] drawn by] elephants,' and the] wagons by- bullocks. The Gar- rison Artil- 1 e r y is grouped in; 3 divisions : the Eastern; (29 batter ies), South ern (42), and Western! (2 S ). Al though these divi- sions are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass in Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not neces- sarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones. The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2^-inch 7-pounder jointed guns, each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One battery is in England (New- port), one in South Africa, and the rest in India. The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is composed of Maltese officers and men. Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet, busby-bag ; the remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are armed with Martini- Henry carbines, and either swcrd or sword- bayonet, according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round, brimless one, with a band of orange braid. The corps of Royal Engineers is divided Enginee into a number of battalions, dep6ts, and other units, which are given below as far as possible. As will be seen, their duties, and especially those of the officers, are extremely various. The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes apart from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400) serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops ; others are employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public works, Ofj\azr?, 6tj) Dpagoon dmapcU (CapBlneepg), 8 ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. -Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, ■ military telegraphy and railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other .duties too numerous to mention. In. fact, the Engineers form the Scientific Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men, -skilled mechanics and . trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are numerous. Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of independent companies, split up and quartered through- out the Empire. Now tbey have been collated together and formed into different battalions and other units, according to their work. The Corps is now composed as follows : — (a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each troop num- bering S officers, 28 N. C. O.'s, and 183 men, with 2o pontoon- and 8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the material for i2o yards of pontoon- bridge. (b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in widely divergent localities, according to requirements. The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23 independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 1 2, 26, 37, and 38. A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N. C. O.'s, 184 sappers, etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles. A proportion of the company, from one- fifth to one-third, is mounted. • These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging, sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active service. (c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2. divisions (in war, of 4 sections), the whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N. C. O.'s, 224 men, 171 horses, and 22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field telegraphs, and making themselves generally useful in their branch of science wherever they may happen to be. (d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one dep6t and II service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39, and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Thejr strength varies according to the locality in which they are employed. (e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all ranks, em- ployed in defensive works on the sea- coast. (f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14,16, and 19), 330 men in all, engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys. (g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are employed in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they would design arid execute siege-batteries, par- allels, and all work connected with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In peace-time they number altogether about 1600 men. (h.) 8 Dep6t Companies, which are employed in the training and drilling of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number 820 men. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE., (i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and io), which number 140 men together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway lines on service. (k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a great variety of duties too numerous to mention. 420 more men are' distributed in different parts of the world and in military schools of different sorts. The grand total of Royal Engineers in -peace-time is therefore about 7,300 men. Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped verysimilarly to the Infantry of "the Line (q. v.). They may, however, be readily distinguished by the broad red •stripe on their trousers, and by the Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage- caps of the rank-and-file are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no -brim, worn on the top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pOuch belt instead "of a sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with yellow edging. Infantry. The British Infantry is composed of — The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments). 69 Regiments of Infantry of, the Line. 1 West India Regiment. Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: "It is the best infantry in the world ; luckily, there is not much of it." It has certainly not deteriorated since his day ; but, unfortunately, it is not much more numerous now than it was then. Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English Guardsman : " Are your men as fine a lot as they were in '54?" and on receiving an answer in the affirmative, said : "I am sorry for it, if we ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the Crimea." And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in ,1885 : " No one but English soldiers 'could have .done what they did." Such remarks speak for themselves. The Brigade of Guards consists of three regiments — • The Grenadier Guajds, of. which there .are 3 battalions. The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions. The Scots Guards, of which there, are 2 battalions. These three regiments form the Sove- reign's Body-Guard, and do not usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882 and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that every rule has its exceptions. At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the other two in Windsor and Dublin respectively. The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the Line chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head- gear, the latter being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for Grenadiers or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with bands of red, white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The armament and equip- ment is precisely that of the Infantry of the Line. Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one (Cameron Highlanders) consists of 1 battalion ; two' (60th King's Royal Rifle Corps and Rifle Brigade) of 4 battalions ; and the remainder of 2 battalions each. Total 141 battalions. 10 ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. The regiments are now .called after their "Territorial Districts," which are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which their dep6t is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted of 109 regiments, mostly of I battalion each, and numbered up to 109. In that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now known by the county or part of the. country it recruits in, with occasionally the addition of a few other titles, such as "Borderers," "King's Own," " Loyal," etc., etc. Of the 69 regiments we have-^- 9 Regiments of Fusiliers. 4 „ „ Rifles. 5 „ „ Highlanders. 7 „ „ Light Infantry. 44 „ „ Infantry (pure and simple). The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white, yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a " Royal," English, Scottish, or Irish one. The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped similarly to the Guards' bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th) Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder none. The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black, uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R. R. red, and those of the other two,- Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark and light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically connected with Hussar regiments,* and consequently the * The Black Brunswick Hussars came over officers wear round forage-caps, trailing swords, and a few other Cavalry-like details ; and the late head-gear used to be a Hussar-like black busby. The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at present black, but it will shortly be exchanged for a black- Astrakhan fatigue-cap, with plume for full dress. The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well- known Highland dress — plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran, hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments. The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear* black felt helmets with brass spike and fixings, the scarlet tunic aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their forage-cap is the "Glen- garry," The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes, officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast of Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest over them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The head-dress is a turban. The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new magazine rifle, which has already been to England after Waterloo, and their uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and 95th, who were in process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle regiments, adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern. * With one or two exceptions. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPTRE. ii issued to a considerable number. The action is on the breech-loading bolt system ; by it cartridges may be fired either singly or by means of the magazine, which is a black tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended immediately in front of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely -small, being only • 303 inches. The bullet is coated -with a hard metal composition, for if it were of lead, it would " strip " in the grooves of the barrel, and by degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not definitely fixed on, though numerous varieties have been tried with great success. It shoots point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on the back sight up to 2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement, it can be sighted up to 3,500 yards — nearly two miles ! The cartridges are so small and light that more than twice the amount of ammunition can now be carried than was possible in the case of the late weapon. The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one, looking more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new rifle is the Burton-Lee. The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog. Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap), and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as"' boots, shirt, socks, hold- all, etc. A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being issued. Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds Martini- Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the valise and havre- sack, making seventy in all. With the new rifle cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that each man will be able to carry 1 50 rounds. A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company numbering 3 officers, 10 N. C. O.'s, and III men on a field establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of— 30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4 majors, 5 captains, 1 6 subalterns, etc., etc.), 91 N.C.O.'s, 975 men, 70 horses, 16 carts. These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the 1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter). An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses. An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field Artillery, I squ&dron of Cavalry and details — total, 327 officers, 10,060 men, and 2000 horses. An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse Artillery, and 2' Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry squadron and details —total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000 horses. The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17 Medical /— Stall Divisions, distributed throughout Lrreat corps. Britain and Ireland, and numbering alto- gether about 400. medical "officers and 2,000 N. C. O.'s and men. The dep6t and training-school ' is at Aldershot, and 12 .ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. • the Army Medical School at Netley. This : Corps does not include the Indian Medical Staff Corps. . Army The Army Service Corps corresponds to Service , r Corps. the former Commissariat and Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of rations 1 and general transport, duty. It is divided into 37 companies, distributed throughout .Great Britain, and Ireland,' and numbering 230 officers, 3,363 N. C .O.'s and men, and 1,300. horses ,and mules.. Chaplains' The Chaplains' Department consists of Depart- , ment. about 80 chaplains, divided into' four classes. There are four official denomi- nations allowed, Church of England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterians, and, Wesleyans. Men belonging to any other of the numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are officially entered as " Church of England." • The organisation of the remaining departments, i.e., Ordnance Store, Vete- rinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and need not be detailed here. Military Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of Districts. _, , , . . . .,. Cavalry, 91 batteries of Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73 battalions of Infantry are quartered in Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is divided into ir, Ireland into 3, and the Channel Islands into 2, Districts, each under the com- mand of a major-general. These districts are sub-divided into Regimental Districts, each of these latter comprising the recruiting ground, depdt, and Volunteer battalions of a Territorial (i.e., Line Infantry) Regiment * of two Regular and two or more Militia . . battalions. The Artillery and Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and Volunteer, are also apportioned to each district. The* Regular Corps of all arms rarely remain more than two years in the same quarters, changing from station to station in accord- ance with different rosters and requirements. The whole of the Regular Forces, with Foreign the exception of the five Heavy Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their turn at foreign service in India and the Colonies. .As a rule," one battalion of each regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, arid is " fed " with men from the other battalion at home. This system, by which all the best and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can hardly be called a good one, but it is difficult to suggest another. For foreign service it is no use having the youngest and unmatured soldiers — they would probably only fall sick in a hot climate. . It is, therefore, necessary to keep and train the men till they know their duty thoroughly, and theo send them out as full-grown men. It is for this reason that complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that certain regiments are apparently composed of " beardless boys." This may be so with the home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to journey to the Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon alter their opinion. It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in which case the depdt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to feed the two. Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are fed by their depdt. This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of recruiting by. conscription. Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88 batteries of Artillery, 3 com- panies R. E., and 53 battalions of Infantry are in India; and I, Cavalry regiment, 27 ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. i? batteries Artillery, 13 companies R. E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the Colonies. Marines. The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly under the head of the Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the word, for they have been engaged by land and sea in every single campaign since their formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions, i.e. Artillery (16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies), in all nearly 14,000 men. They enlist for twelve -years' service, and may re-engage for nine years more. In garrison they perform the sarhe duties as the Regular army, and on board ship wdrk of a military character,- such as guard mbunting, working big guns, forming part of armed force on boat service, qr. fight- ing on shore under all sorts of conditions and in all climates. The latest development of the Marine is not a Horse-, but a Camel- Marine, a force of Marines having served up the Nile with the Camel Corps. The 'Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form, chiefly no doubt owing to' their long service, some of our steadiest troops on service. Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder- straps — a globe with the thoroughly ap- posite motto of " Per Mare, per Terram." Native Indian Army. The Native Indian Army is composed of Native Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc., partly officered by Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000 men, including 1 3,000 Volunteers. ' It is divided into the Armies of the E,e/igal,. Madras, and Bombay Presidencies. The English officers are drawn from the three Staff Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after serving forat Least one year with their English regiments. The Army of Bengal numbers — 19 Regiments . of Bengal Cavalry, in- cluding 7 Lancer regiments. 4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry. Central India Horse. 2 Bengal Mountain Batteries. 5 Punjab Mountain Batteries. Corps of Bengal Sappers. , Corps of Guides,. Cavalry (6 troops), and, Infantry (8 companies). 45 Regiments Bengal Infantry. 5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry. 4 Regiments Sikh Infantry, 6 Regiments Punjab Infantry. Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F., Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, and 6 regiments. Infantry. Several Irregular Corps, and a Medicals Department, chiefly Englishmen. The Army of Madras numbers — 4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. Corps of Madras Sappers. 33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a. Madras Medical Department, etc. The Army of Bombay numbers — ' 7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments. 2 'Mountain Batteries. Corps of Bombay Sappers. 30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a Bombay Medical Department, etc. Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to thirty.. Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They. 14 ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. must be physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man. They are for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that come from the North- West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the men have to find everything except firearms — even horses, accoutre- ments, and food, on their pay of about eighteenpence a day ; and yet in some popular regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for admission. The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British Infantry. Their rifle is of "the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged for the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments the native uniform, in others an English one. A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops . each, with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C. O.'s, and about 540 privates. A Native Infantry Regiment consists of I battalion of 8 companies, with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C. O.'s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of war. The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to locality. A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely organised. Colonial Forces. The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each Colony of the British Empire for its own protection. With the exception of a few of the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may be said that every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of men for home defence. The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony, according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are called out for an annual training only.. The native forces of Canada are — Cavalry, 4 regiments of Dragoons. 5 „ of Hussars. 4 Independent troops. Artillery, 19 batteries Field Artillery. 5 Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery. 4- battery Mountain Artillery. Engineers, 2 companies. Infantry, 74 battalions of Infantry. 21 „ of Rifles. S Independent companies. Medical Staff Corps. Total. strength 38,500. Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days' training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men ! Not more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade and Regi- mental Divisions. Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College, and Royal Schools of ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 15 Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery. Cape Colony has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of Corps of — Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force), Volunteer Artillery, „ Engineers, Mounted Infantry, „ Infantry, and a „ Corps of Cadets. Ceylon possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light Infantry. Hong Kong possesses a force of Volun- teer Artillery and Military Police (370). Jamaica possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted Rifles, and Garrison Artillery (1,300). Natal possesses a paid Volunteer Ca- valry, Field Artillery, and Rifles, 1,500 altogether. Singapore possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery. and Military Police (1,000). New Zealand possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers, 13 batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men. New South Wales has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of— Regular Artillery) , b } 940 of all ranks. Volunteer „ ) Engineers, 200 of all ranks. Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks. 4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks. Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all ranks ; besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering nearly 500 men. Queensland has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering altogether over 4,500 men. 1st Class — "Permanent Defence" — 135 men. 2nd Class — " Defence " — 2,600 men. 3rd Class — "Volunteers" — about 1,800 men ; besides 4 Lines of Reserves in case of national danger, composed of every male between 18 and 60. South Australia has 2 troops of Lancers, I Field and 2 Garrison Batteries, 2 bat- talions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle Corps, numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers. Victoria has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps, 4 battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men. Tasmania has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of Rifles, total 930 of all ranks. Western Australia has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry, and Artillery — 640 altogether. Trinidad and other islands in the West Indies have raised small forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether. Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men. Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at ; home, composed of the two classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, Yeomanry, and Volunteers. We will not take into account either the Native Indian Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the Colonial Militia or Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with the Colonial Forces already described. The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in Army 1877, consists of men who have served their three, seven, or eight years with Reserve. I« ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. the Colours, and who then pass to this Reserve to complete their service to twelve years. They are liable to .service at home and abroad when called out ; this would happen only in case of war or national danger. The men would then either join their own regiments or be formed into separate corps, or, with their consent, be attached to a regiment or corps other than their old one. This class numbers over 54,000 men. ' The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not quite 3,000. men, is composed of those men who have served twelve years with the Colours' and then choose to enter this Reserve, and of, a few other special classes of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain. Both ' classes are liable to be called out for an annual training, but have never yet been so called" out. The Militia consists of men voluntarily- enlisted for six years, with power to re- engage for periods "of four years up. .to forty-five years of age. The; recruits are trained for six months or less at.the dep6t of the regimental district, and have subse- quently to undergo only twenty-eight days'* training a year with their corps when called out. During these, twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with a " bounty " of ioj. or upward'at the end of the training. They are then dismissed till next year. , In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out, Le. '' embodied," for active service. This has occurred four times already in ■ this century ; during the Crimean War, for instance, ten battalions of Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the Mediterranean, and no fewer than •3 2,000 entered the Regulars and fought before Sevastopol., . . * Though liable to fifty-six days. The Militia comprises Artillery, En- gineers, and Infantry. The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery, attached to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows :-— 4 to the Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies. The Infantry consists of 1 3 1 battalions, attached to the different regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many" as five. The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears the number -of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in addition on his shoulder-straps. The Channel Islands have 4 regiments, of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter. The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men. The Militia Reserve consists' of men Militia enlisted from the Militia for six years Eeserve - or for the remainder of their Militia- engagements. These are. liable to an annual training, or to embodiment in case of national danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary expedient for an Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussiah war of 1866 having caused . extreme uneasiness to our authorities ; for they discovered then that we had absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war. The inducement to join is a pecuniary one, i.e. £ 1 bounty, paid in advance, for. every year's service in the*- Militia. It numbers altogether.30,160 men. Eng Private, Iaon&on Rifle Brigade. Fidel Offiece, Ro^al Buck?. YeomanP}?. Sergeant, konclon Seottial) (i6tg Miaaiese* R. V.). Ppivate, n3.«n R. V. Printed by O. LVwetuohn, Fuerth Bavaria md. III. Ppivate (fall Mapef)ing Op3.e;p)'ana Offiatr?, x P t;?b (aoig Miaaiw* r. v.). Majop, ife Kent Bvtfflerg E. D. Ro^al Hptillepy,. ^H v,.... ^.->m '% tea*"** Infantry ani Tpoopep, Hon. Hptilkpj? Company Ppivate, Iaonloa Ipi^ (i6t§ M;aaie*e* r, v.) Publiahed by William Clowes & Son*, Lf London. ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 17 teers. Yeomanry. The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and forms a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out annually for only one week's training. They are liable to be called out, in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms, from the Government ; but have to find their own horses. There is no Yeomanry in Ireland. The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men - Volnn- The Volunteers consist of a large num- ber of Corps, both Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company (composed of I battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and 8 companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be considered as coming under this head. The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to their locality, forming 62 Corps. The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions Submarine Miners, and I Railway Staff-Corps. The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces. The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were originally intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in everything except arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to their importance as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a Capitation Grant of 35J. a year to the different Corps for every efficient Volunteer on their lists, and £2 10s. more for every officer and sergeant who obtains a certificate of proficiency. Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service in Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion. It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply giving notice of their wish to retire ! A little legislation on this point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is not to be dreamt of. Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts every year, otherwise they are not con- sidered efficient. The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and public enterprise. Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars. The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the Snider. The organisation of the Volunteer Corps i8 ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. is identical with that of the corresponding Regular Forces. ' . There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient Volunteers, besides 7,022 non-efficients — total 224,021. Entrance The mode of entrance of officers to jf Officers ' the Regular Army is as follows : — The candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or Infantry has two routes open to him. He may either pass a competitive "pre- liminary" and "further" examination for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, remain there one year, and then enter his regiment direct (if successful in passing the " final " examination), or else' he may be appointed as 2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual trainings, and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst "final." Formerly this latter mode of. entrance, i.e. through the Militia, was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to choose between the two. A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two examinations in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years there. The order of merit in which the cadets pass the " final " determines which branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out high up join the Engineers, and the others the Artillery. Other Military establishments are : — Military ( a -) The Staff College near Sandhurst, Establish- w hich an officer may enter by means of inents. a competitive examination, after he has served five years at least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed the final examination, the officer- is attached for two months each . to the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to, and then rejoins his own regiment ; he is then entitled to put p.s.c. after his name in the Army List. (b.) School of Gunnery at Shoebury- ness, where experiments are carried out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc. (c.) Artillery College at Woolwich. — • Instiuction, etc.,. in the higher branches of gunnery. (d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and N. C. O.'s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in engineering tried, etc., etc. (e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N. C. O.'s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small arms. (f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signal- ling at Aldershot, the Army Medical School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the School of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their raison cFitre. A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in the shape of Mounted Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be out of place here. The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry (i.e., Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the greatest use to the Army in case of war. Accord- ingly, a force is being trained, little by little, which would be available to act as such on active service. For the past two or three years 2 com- panies at Aldershot, formed of volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there, and 1 company at the ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 19 Curragh, consisting of 1 50 men each, have been trained during the winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the conclusion of the course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and a fresh lot come on the follow- ing winter. These companies are intended to be formed into battalions when required. The duty of this force on service will be. to act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport from one place to another un- attainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they may be pushed forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position till supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform a hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry. It is proposed that every battalion of In- fantry and regiment of Cavalry should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detach- ment of 2 machine-guns, worked by I officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large number of men have been trained in this work, but there are at this moment but few complete detachments in existence. Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately been started, but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be of any use in a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro along good roads. Finally, mention must be made of the Army recent apportioning of the British Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious diffi- culties have arisen in organising this matter, for, since regiments are always on the move from point to point at home, or between home, India, and the Colonies, it is a very difficult task indeed to arrange so that even one Army Corps should be ready to take the field at the shortest possible notice. It has, however, been done, and the 1st Army Corps is an accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high road to completion, though as yet it is badly off for horses. The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and constitution of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true, is still our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of years ; but although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough for our needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large enough. It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high pitch of efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in order that if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal European powers detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found wanting. THE GERMAN ARMY. oXKo TT was in the autumn of 1870, during The Empire. -*■ the Franco-German War, that the preliminary arrangements were made for the forthcoming consolidation of the Ger- man Empire. Up to that time, Ger- many consisted of a multitude of States, each with its own Government and its own Army. The interests of these States, ranging as they did from kingdoms down to small principalities, were extremely conflicting, and internal hostility was frequently the result. The one great aim of King William of Prussia was to see them all united into one Empire, and de- fended by one Army.. Aided by the genius of Bis- Ppujsjsian Husjsap of marck, the negotia- te i§e Train. The maga- zine is de- tachable, and holds 8 cart- r id ge s. The bayo- net is a short sword- bayonet, very simi- lar to the new Eng- lish bayo- net. As a rule, the German foot-sol- dier has to carry his own equipment, both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle, and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold, altogether, 1 50 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off at a moment's notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt and slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused by the older pattern of equipment, which com- pressed the man's chest considerably. The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped, they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training, with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions. (Jager) spend somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other troops. " Grenadiers " first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century ; as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw hand-grenades amongst the enemy's ranks. Tor this object, particularly powerful men were selected, and in France,, under Louis; XIV., four Grenadiers were at first attached to each company ; subsequently, each battalion received a Grenadier com- pany. Grenadiers were now introduced into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in memory of these troops - pngjsian THE GERMAN ARMY. 25 the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still wears the old sugar-loaf brass helmet on big review days and other special occasions. The title of "Grenadier Regi- ments," which the first twelve Prussian Infantry regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed in order to keep' green the memory of the old Grenadiers. The names of "Musketeers" and "Fusiliers" come from the different fire- arms their predecessors bore, i.e., the musket and the rifle (fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy Musketeer. The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been developed par excellence in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These draw ,a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry. They are. well acquainted with firearms and can shoot ; they can put up with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange country, and they have studied in the school of nature — in short,, they are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the first to train the J.ager as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen to this day. " Vive le roi et ses chasseurs " was the motto engraved on their " hirschfanger " (lit. " stag-sticker," a large knife still worn by keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his coup de grdce) in his day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Rifle- men of to-day. Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen was to extend them as skirmishers, and there p- a story which tells how, when one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in close order, the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted: "Get out of that, get out of that, you scoundrels ! " and made them march past in extended order. On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171 regiments of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions — total S 34 battalions. The Guard and' Grenadier Regiments are : — 4 Regiments of Foot-Guards, 4. Regiments of Guard Grenadiers, 12 Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1-12), 1 Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89), 2 Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and no), 2 Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101), 2 Wiirttemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123). 1 Bavarian Body-Guard regiment, I Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. US)- The Fusilier and Rifle (Schutzen) Regiments are : — 12 Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of 1. Guard Fusilier regiment, and Nos. 33- 40/73, 80, and 86 of the Line). 26 THE GERMAN ARMY. Cavalry. i Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. go), and I Saxon Rifle (Schiitzen) regiment (No. 108). Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, i.e., Nos. 13-32, 41-72, 74-79. 8[-8s, 87-88,97-99, 128-132, 135-138, and 140-143 ; No. 91 is Oldenburg, No. 92 „ Brunswick, No. 93 „ Anhalt, No. 94 „ Saxe- Weimar, No. 95 „ Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, No. g6 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt, and the two principalities of Reuss, Nos. 111-114, and 144, are Baden, and Nos. 116-118 are Hessian. Total, 95 regiments of the first group. Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, i.e., Nos. 102-107, 133. 134- and 139. Six belong to the 3rd group, Wiirttem- berg, i.e., Nos. 120-122 and 124-126. The 4th group, Bavaria, has 1 8 regiments of the Line, which are numbered apart from the rest of the Army. The Rifle (Jager) battalions are thus divided : — Prussia : 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard ; I battalion Schiitzen of the Guard ; II battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1-1 1) ; I battalion Mecklenburg Rifles. Total, 14 battalions. Saxony : 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15). Bavaria : 4 battalions Rifles (numbered apart). The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at close quarters and on open ground. Their use on the battle-field is generally confined to the attack in close order. Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light, receive an identical training, yet the distinction between them has not yet entirely lost its old significance. The Cavalry of the German Army is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment and arms ; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and the Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved. Besides this weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot, at present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871 pattern) ; the non- commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver instead. The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, i.e., the moment when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the result of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the enemy. The best powers of man and horse must there- fore be reserved for this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any use whatever of cold steel. Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best record. This dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his celebrated Cavalry leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use of bold and clever offensive tactics which led to German E Saxon Rifleman. (Mapeljing Opclep.) jfiw^ OlclenBapg Bpagoore ancl Bpunswick Hujsgap. (Review OpJerC) i 1 v k-'-^'d&m^ > ^^> SaXoti Iai^e-druapcUman arccl Iaaneef. §aj(ort Hop?e-Spl!llepV' Tpumpetep. (Review 0p3.ep, ) Printed by O. Liheenxrfm, fuerth Bavaria mpire, II. >/. ^alen (Irpenacliep (auap&gmart & Oji|iee:p oj> Bpagoon (auapclss. (Mapping Op&ep. ) Kesxian _g Bpagoon. (Bismoantecl.) {csklercBupg-Segwepin ® uap ^* man - (Full E>p***0 Wcipl«:mBa«gfclhfan,ip\p ' Sergeant oj? WiiptemEepg Aptillcpjj. (M&pefjing Opclep. ) in Jsivouae. Published by William Climes & Sons, h , London THE GERMAN ARMY. 2^ grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, Zorn- dorf, and other actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and capable of con- siderable endurance, so that they are particularly suited to military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of excellence that is surpassed by few. The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass, from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the enemy's bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced a genuine knightly weapon has been brought in to take its place. The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du- Corps, whose chief is ex-officio the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the_ same way as the Cuirassiers. Although it, forms a Royal body-guard, still the regi- ment has seen a considerable amount of service. History tells of a memorable saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel von Wacknitz, at the battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the enemy, the Russians, were getting the best of the day ; Frederick the Great was with his regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously to Colonel von Wacknitz : " What do you think of it ? My idea is WiipiiemEetfg. Dragoon. 28 THE GERMAN ARMY. that we shall get the worst of the action." Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said : " Your Majesty, no battle is lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps have not charged." "Very good," said the king, " then charge." And the fortune of the day was decided by the brilliant and successful attack made by this regi- ment The battle was won, and the country saved. In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, corre- spond to the Prussian Cuirassiers. The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Branden- burg Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and Fehrbellin. The uncer- tainty, however, of the results of shooting when mounted, and the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as to whether the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as time went on that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted infantry, could not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were therefore, during the eighteenth century, gradually formed into Cavalry pure and simple, and at the present time they are horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers only. One of the most celebrated Cavalry attacks was that of the regiment of Anspach- Bayreuth Dragoons in the battle of Hohenfriedberg (4th June, 1745). In this action, the regiment rode down no fewer than 20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 prisoners and 66 standards, besides a large number of guns : as Frederick the Great said, " It is a feat unparalleled in history." This regiment was, at a later period, turned into a Cuirassier regiment, and is now known as the Queen's 2nd Cuirassiers (Pomeranians). The Bavarian Chevau-legers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and many a record testifies to their gallantry in action. The spirit of Zieten, the " Hussar-father," and of old Blucher, "Field Marshal Forwards," still lives in the Hussars of the German Empire. Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which make a good Hussar, and many are the songs which record their successes in camp and field. The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in the war of 1870-71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.* For this reason, the French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz of the Steppes, or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only foreign element about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially German. The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused such con- sternation among the French, although it had been the most popular weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from European armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and Polish Cavalry alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in 1745, Frederick the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and gave them the name of "Bosniaks." Consisting at first of only 1 "company," their strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies, and jn the year 1800 they * The word Uhlan means " belonging to the hoof," in the language of that region. THE GERMAN ARMY. 29 were founded into a regiment under the name of "Towarczys," i.e., experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to " Uhlans," and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose number was increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry called the whole of the German Cavalry "ulans," and the sudden appearance of a few of their horsemen in a district at a time when the Frenchmen flat- tered themselves that the enemy was still far distant, caused shouts Of " les ulans! les ulans!" uni- versal conster- nation, and im- mediate flight. The German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More than one populous town, e.g., Nancy ,on the 1 1 th August, 1870, opened their gates at their approach, and the small fort- ress of Vitry le frangais sur- rendered to a mere handful of ;: Uhlans. The Cavalry of the German Empire consists Bavarian HalEercliep, (Fall-a«a«s.) altogether of 93 regiments of 5 squadrons each — total, 465 squadrons. On the regi- ment being ordered on active service, one of the squadrons remains behind as supply- squadron for the rest. Its duty is to replace the partially-trained or unservice- able horses by good ones, and. also to fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men when required. By this means, the active part of the regiment is brought to a high state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in efficiency. There are : — 14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including : The Garde-du- Corps regiment, The Guard Cuirassier regiment, 8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments, 2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments, 1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and 1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers. 34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely : 2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards, 16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1-16), 2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1 7 and 18), 1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19). 3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20- 22), 2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24), 2 Wurttemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and 6 Bavarian Chevau-leger Regiments. 20 Regiments of Hussars, namely : I Body-Guard Hussar regiment, 16 Prussian „ regiments, 1 Brunswick „ regiment, and 2 Saxon „ regiments (Nos. 18 and 19).. 3° THE GERMAN ARMY. 25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely : 3 Guard-Uhlan regiments, 16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1-16), 2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18), 2 Wiirttemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and 2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments. Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising the present force into a so-called " General " Cavalry, and this would be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped, armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called on to take part. An important step has been made in this -direction by the recent arming of the whole of the Cavalry with lances. There is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the authorities to carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as taking away their particular mode of action from the different branches of the Cavalry, or giving them all exactly the same uniform, would never be entertained for a moment. It is obvious that such measures would be the deathblow of all esprit de corps which, as we know, has led to such brilliant results in the past. The shock of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the charge of Uhlans with their fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work of Hussars, and the mobility cf Dragoons and Chevau-legers, each has its particular effect on the enemy, and each distinctive attribute must be taken into serious account. There can be no doubt that a total amalgamation of the four branches, and the abolition of their dis- tinctive uniforms, would produce much more harm in the end than good. Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of the lately- formed Empress's Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two sergeants, and 24 men. They were first put on duty in August, 1889, during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual dark- blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress white Cuirassier tunic. The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the costume. Artillery has but one r61e to play on the Artillery, battle-field, and that is to come into action and do as much harm as possible to the enemy from a long distance off. The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison Artillery. The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on the field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse Artillery; in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field Artillery is armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (c. 73), the Horse Artillery guns having a bore of 2-95, and the others a bore of 3-43 inches. They carry " double-ring shells " (a form of segment shell which fly into about 180 pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240 bullets), and case-shot. The guns themselves are handy to work, and carry with great accuracy up to about four miles. A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than four in peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them. THE GERMAN ARMY. 3i There are altogether 318 batteries of Field- and 46 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole forming 27 regiments. To the Prussian group belong 29 regi- ments, forming 245 Field- and 38 Horse Artillery batteries — total 283 batteries. Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field- and 2 Horse Artillery batteries. Wiirttemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 1 3 ; and 29), forming 18 \ Field batteries. Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34Field-and 6Horse Artillery batteries. Grand Total, 364 batteries. Of the 29 " Prus- sian " regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24 (Nos. 1— 11, 15- 24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden (Nos. 14 and 30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian. In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will undergo considerable changes in ma- teriel as well as in organisation. It is intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A. regiments, each of 2 divisions of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the two divisions of the Army Corps would have one F. A. regi- ment of 6 batteries, and the 3rd regiment would be available as Corps Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce a common calibre of gun for the whole, both Field and Bavarian Offiazp of Ijianeeps (AicLe-le-Camjp. ) Horse Artillery, and also a common projec- tile which would combine the advantages of common shell and shrapnel. The intro- duction of this latter would tend greatly to simplify both the action and the supply of the gun. The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply ^work the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, ac- cording to circum- stances. These gunners go by the name of " cannon- iers." They are armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1 87 1 pattern. The Garrison Ar- tillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 bat- talions each, of 4 companies each, be- sides 3 independent battalions, alto- gether 31 battalions. Of this force, Prussia has 11 regi- ments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1 to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the latter belonging to Baden. Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12). Wiirttemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and Bavaria has 2 regiments. There remain yet the Engineers and the Engineer*. Train. The officers of the corps of Engineers are 32 THE GERMAN ARMY. divided into the Engineer Staff Corps {i.e., generals and field officers) and 4 " Engineer- Inspections " (captains and lieutenants). This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Wurttemberg, and Bavarian officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either with the " fortification branch," i.e., that branch which superintends the con- struction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with the " Pioneers," i.e., Field Engineers. There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions, distributed thus : 1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos. I— II, 14-16), including I Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia. 1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12), 1 battalion to Wurttemberg (No. 18), and 2 battalions to Bavaria. Each battalion numbers 4 companies ; of these the 1st is a Pontoon company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies : i.e., for sap-work, construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc. ; and the 4th is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean galleries in siege-work. Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4 battalions (including 1 Saxon and I Wurttemberg company), and I Bavarian Railway battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of military railways and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway Regiment are the Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections. The " Train " (corresponding to our Army Service Corps) is for the transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material of all sorts. The drivers and men of the corps are trained in peace-time in the Train battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train depdts. There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided : 14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a dep6t (the Guard battalion, and Nos. i-ii, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse ; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in' Wurttemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria. To the dep6t of each battalion belong : 5 provision sections, 3 medical detachments with field .hospitals and bearers, 1 remount- dep6t, 1 field bakery section, and 5 sections of transport. The above account gives a general Tactical resume of the fighting force of Germany.^* 8 ** It now remains to give the tactical organi- sation of the different branches of the Army. In the Infantry, the smallest indepen- dent body of troops, or " tactical unit," is a battalion (except in the case of the inde- pendent Rifle battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In the Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men ; that of a squadron is about 150 mounted men ; and that of a battery is 6 guns, with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full strength in time of war ; and, on the other hand, on the amount of training requsite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is dependent on the state of the Treasury. The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies) is : — 1 major (commanding the battalion), 4 captains, 12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants, 1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant), 559 N. C. O.'s and men, and German E Bavarian Aptilki?^ Offiazr?. (Review Op3.er<,) Bavarian Rifleman an3. Inj>antpV of Ige h'me.. Printed by G. LiSv-ensohn, Fuerth Bavaria pire. 111. (Fall R*« ana U.nZ*c$%). Bluejaekefe (Fall B«« an3 WoAing Rig). Published by William Clowes & Sons, LJ London. THE GERMAN ARMY. 33 7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster, 4 privates trained as medical assistants, and I armourer-sergeant). N.B. — A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that in calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff (colonel, lieutenant-colonel, regi- mental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.), should be taken into account. That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is : — 25 officers, 2 or 3 surgeons, 686 N. C. O.'s and men, 14 others (paymasters, veterinary sur- geons, medical assistants, armourers, etc., etc.), and 667 horses. The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments and those in Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger. As a rule, two regiments of Infantry Formation (6 battalions), or two of Cavalry (8 to 10 Brigades, squadrons), form a Brigade, under a Major- Jjj 1 ™' general as brigadier. Corps. The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry division. It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one regiment of Cavalry ; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of Artillery and I company of Engineers, the whole under the command of a lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery attached. Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of Field Artillery, \%: Praggian 0||lee:p ancl Trumpetei? of Aftillei 5 ^. 34 THE GERMAN ARMY. Size of Army, Engineers and Train, constitute an Armjy- Corps, under the command of a full general. The Army Cor-ps therefore comprises all branches of the service, and is thoroughly independent. The 1 2th (Saxon) and 13th (Wurttem- berg) Corps have a slightly different composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry and 1 Field Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2 regiments), besides one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the Train. The Guard Corps also is constituted rather differently from any other. On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army consisted of 20 Army Corps, quartered as follows : — The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau (with the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is quartered at Coblenz). Corps. District. Head Quarters. I. . . East Prussia .... Konigsberg 1L . . Fomerania .... Stettin III. . . Brandenburg .... Berlin IV. . . Province of Saxony . Magdeburg V. . . Posen Posen VI. . . Breslau VII.. . Westphalia .... MUnster VIII. . Rhine Provinces . . . Coblenz IX. . . Schleswig-Holstein . . Altona X. . . Hanover » Hanover Xf. . . Hesse-Nassau* . . Cassel XII.. . Kingdom of Saxony •. , Dresden XIII. . Kingdom of Wiirttemberg Stuttgart XIV. . Grand Duchy of Baden . Carlsruhe XV.. . Strasburg XVI. . Metz XVII. . West Prussia .... Danzig 1st liavariai Corps . ') Munich 2nd Bavariai Corps. '} Wiirzburg The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the nineteen Army * Including the independent (25th) Hesse- Darmstadt Division. Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth and XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace- Lorraine. The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of troops was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in case of war in any quarter. Formerly, the tendency was to group the forces where they could be most con- veniently trained and worked, without re- ference to the possibilities of war. Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps (XlVth, XVth, arid XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (1st, Ilnd, Vth, XVI Ith) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy's territory. One or two battalions of Jager are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in order to watch the passes over the Vosges . The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at — S34 Battalions of Infantry, 465 Squadrons of Cavalry, * 364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully- horsed guns. Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men. In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm, it is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German war-strength.* In the event of war, different Army Corps and Cavalry Divisions will be combined into Armies, but their number * It may be taken as 36,582 officers, I ,493. 6 9° combatants, 27,000 non-combatants, 331,904 horses, 2,952 guns. — Tr. ADDENDUM TO GERMANY. oJKo P. 25. The German Infantry now numbers 173 regiments and 19 Rifle battalions — total 538 battalions. P. 31. The Artillery has lately been increased to 387 batteries of Field, and 47 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole forming 43 regiments. P. 32. The Engineers number 20 bat- talions. P. 34. The peace strength of the German Army now numbers 538 battalions of Infantry, 465 squadrons of Cavalry, 434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns. The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, i.e. Active Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as follows — 48,635 officers, 2,253,841 men, 445,104 horses, 3,982 guns. THE GERMAN ARMY. 35 and strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are to be utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the enemy. The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end with the 20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been describing. Behind the men doing their seven years of service, who compose the Active Army, come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, and behind these again come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm. Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of well-trained and well- armed men may at first sight appear a menace to the peace of the world, still we must remember that Germany is absolutely obliged, for the preservation of her very existence, to keep up these huge forces, and that she has no intention of using them except for that purpose. As an old national proverb has it : " He who wants to come to grief in war had better try a fall with Germany." AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. THE next on the list is Germany's powerful neighbour, friend, and ally- on her southern frontier, Austria-Hun- gary. There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of different races : the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian, the smart Czech, the true- hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating Wallachian, the hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless gipsy, etc., etc., are all represented in its ranks. All these have been welded together by the iron bands of discipline into the " Imperial and Royal " Army. The Emperor is Com- mander-in-Chief, and with him rests the decision for peace or war. After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian Army was entirely reorganised. The reorganisation is now almost com- pleted, and the Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in the world;/ The division of the Empire into Cis- and Trans- Leithania — i.e. this side, the Austrian, and that side, i.e. the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a tributary of the Danube, is only partially carried out in the military system. According to the conscription law of December, 1868, universal conscription is now the rule ) in the whole Austro- Hungarian Empire, and exemption by purchase, formerly alio wed, is now abolished, The forces are divided into the Standing Army, the Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr, and the Landsturm, About 103,000 recruits are yearly ad- mitted into the Standing Army, of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those able-bodied young men who are not taken into the Standing or Active Army are sent for ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended, as in Germany, to provide re- inforcements for the Active Army. Service in the latter is for three years with the Colours and seven years in the Active Reserve. Service in the Landwehr is for two years for those who have served ten years in the Active Army and Reserve or in the Ersatz Reserve, and for twelve years for those who have been sent straight thither, for various reasons, on conscription. After the Land- wehr service, the soldier is sent for five years to the 1st Class Landsturm, and for five years more to the 2nd Class Landsturm. By this time he is forty-two years of age. The one-year Volunteers are enlisted in the same manner as in Germany (q. v.). The whole Empire is, for military Organisa- purposes, divided into fifteen .. Territorial ' Districts ; these are of various sizes, so that the Austrian Army Corps are not all of the same strength. In case of war, the whole tion. A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. 37 Infantry. "Imperial and Royal" Army would be grouped into three armies, under one supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army Corps. The Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades. The division is commanded by a " field-marshal-licutenant," corre- sponding to our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a major-general. Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and i battalion of Rifles. Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division has in addition 2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division. (2 to 3 batteries of Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers. The Infantry of the Active Army com- prises 102 regiments, each of 4 Field and 1 Ersatz battalions ; the latter is in peace- time represented by a cadre only. The Officer of Infanlfg (Mailing OpcLzp), Cavalry Offices (UncLpegg), 4th Field battalions, so-called " Mobile " battalions, have mostly a stronger peace- establishment than the others, and are used to garrison Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar ; i.e. they are com- pletely separated from their regiments. The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2 Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4 Field and I Ersatz companies. The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white uniform, and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and light blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being ornamented with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian regiments wear lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons. The usual head-dress is the fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The Rifles are dressed in blue-grey. / 38 A USTRIA-HUNGARY. After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a magazine- rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for the Infantry and Rifles. So quickly has the work of manu- facturing and issuing them proceeded, that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that they will all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German Infantry. The new Austrian magazine- rifle, called after its inventor, Colonel Mannlicher, is of '315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots in the minute. Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the Tyrolese, the so-called Emperor's Rifles, mentioned above, which is composed of men accustomed from their youth up to the use of the rifle. They are recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Cavalry. The Cavalry of the Active Army consists of— 14 Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians), 16 Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and 11 Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve). Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depot-cadre. In case of mobilisatron- the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field- Supply stores. The peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes to 246 squadrons, and the war- establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve, and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry. The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their nationality. The Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their tunic of peculiar cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the latter as a rule suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The whole Cavalry wear red breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and loose in the others. The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word " husz," meaning " twenty," from the fact that every twenty houses in Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been particularly promi- nent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins. The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword and Werndl carbine. The Uhlans' lances have been done away with since 1884, but there is a question of the re-introduction of this old Polish weapon. After the Infantry has been fully armed with the magazine-rifle, the Cavalry will, it is said, be armed with repeating-carbines, which will have been served out by next spring (1891). This is an example which, it is to be hoped, other armies will soon follow.* The Artillery comprises Field and Artillery. Garrison Artillery. The Field Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps Artillery, * Turkey set this example long ago. — TV. A USTRIA-HUNGARY. 39 numbered according to their Army Corps and each of 5 batteries ; and of 28 inde- pendent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3 batteries. Several Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple of Horse Artillery Batteries, or a Mountain Battery. The batteries have each in peace-time. 4, and in war-time 8, fully-horsed guns. An exception to this are the Horse Artillery batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery. The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in campaigns in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature of the Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on the backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along narrow mountain-paths. The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries increased by one each, but this will barely be com- pleted before 1892. The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape of the 2-95- inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the 343-inch bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to the Krupp gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel have fewer bullets than the German ones. Besides these pro- jectiles, case-shot, fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting among troops behind cover, are carried with the battery. The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and I Depot- cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected, and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to the amount of money in hand. The uniform of the Artillery is dark- brown. The men are armed with sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery carrying the Werndl rifle instead. The Corps of Engineers is composed of Engineers, the Engineer Staff and Engineer troops. The former is exclusively composed of officers ; the latter of 2 regiments of 5 bat- talions each. Each battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve, and 1 Dep6t-cadre companies. The Pioneer Regiment, not considered as Engineers, consists of 5 battalions, similarly constituted to the Engineer battalions. The* Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Dep6t-cadre battalions. The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a Dep6t-cadre. There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so several bodies of troops have been formed for the honour of protecting the Emperor's person and guarding his palaces. These are the Arcieren squadron of Life- Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten Body-Guard, the squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of the Guard. These troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms. The Landwehr is formed into two distinct Reserve bodies, which are also quite distinct from I00 V B - the Active Army ; each Landwehr is under its own ministry of defence. In peace-time only the cadres exist ; that is to say, that of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry regiments (24 squadrons) of Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only I strong company per battalion and 1 strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are kept up. The Native Rifles (Landesschiitzen) of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg consist of 10 bat- talions in time of peace, which are in war- time increased by ten Reserve battalions. In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms 40 A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. The Honved. a peculiar national Hungarian Army, the so-called Honved Army, which is subject in war-time only to the commander-in- chief, and in peace-time only to the Royal Hungarian jurisdiction, i.e. the Ministry of Defence and the Landwehr Ministry. It Queen, Maria Theresa, came to her Parliament at Presburg in dire distress. Dressed in the national Hungarian dress, with her newly born son (destined to become Joseph II.) in her arms, pain and courage depicted on her noble countenance, Ro^al Hungarian Bocly - draapcL forms in peace-time the cadres for 92 battalions of Infantry and 1 5 regiments of Honved Hussars (60 squad- rons). The officers of this force are trained in the Honved Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It is on this Army, whose standards and badges are of the Hungarian colours, and which in time of war reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the pride of Hungary rests. It fs this Army whose predecessors saved the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy from destruction a century and a half ago. On the 2 j st of September, 1741, the Empress Hun^afian Palace (auapcL Austria-Ht Hungarian laanci.wef)*' Ii*fanip]j (HonvecL). p (aenepal in Hungapian tlm^opm (Review Ot=clep). s""** Kassaf of ifyz HonvecL Hungarian Infant*)? (J^ewj Equipment). Printed by uP2Con. Offiazp of Mountain Rifle?. conclusion ; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the ranks, they may be kept on for another two years. Candi- dates for the higher professions and theological students will have to serve for one year, the latter to serve as bearers during active service. 4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of science, and from a few moderately high schools. 5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who are unfit for service, and by any who are con scribed for less than three years. A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to accept a govern- mental or departmental office without having previously served for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these years to have served in the capacity of either officer or non-commissioned officer. The war-strength of France was, before w *r- Strength. Franc* Printed by 0. L&weiiaohn, Fuerth Bavaria \ Marine inj'anipj? (Tpopieal SFiop2 Rig) Marine Kptillew (Tpopiea! S/jor-e Rig). (tln3.pe.sg ai;3. Full ]9p£#g), PvMhlied by William Cloives & Horn, L^, Limdmu FRANCE. 49 dress is shako and double-breasted dark- blue tunic. The Rifle battalions wear blue-grey trousers. The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a remarkable feature in the French Army ; they consist of Zouaves, Turcos, Foreign Legion, and Spahis, and take the field with the French troops against any Power, civilised or otherwise. The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French conquered and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque, consisting of an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers, and white gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a white turban. At the ^present time, there are but few Africans amongst them, the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple. The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves, excepting that their knicker- bockers are blue, or white, instead of red. Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light Infantry. The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the attack, and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long as there is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of Han and courage, but a defeat takes much of their spirit out of them. Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Z6phyrs Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so in future wars. 28 tj t 21 » I 12 f» t 6 V t 4 t) > The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of foreigners voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a happy time of it. The Cavalry, with the latest additions to Cavalry, it, is composed of 79 regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a dep6t-squad- ron), and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons each — total, 419 squadrons. They consist of — 1 2 Regiments of Cuirassiers, , Dragoons, Chasseurs a Cheval, Hussars, , Chasseurs d'Afrique, , Spahis. Total, 83 regiments. The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust sword. Lances there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the other regiments a carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier regiments. The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or as fit for service as the German (i.e., Lithuanian and Hanoverian) horse. Nor is the French Cavalry soldier a good groom. The Chasseurs d'Afrique and the Spahis, mounted on Arabian stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The Spahis are for the most part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen. Their whole appearance produces a novel impression, dressed as they are in their Oriental attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long red-leather riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their shoulders, and mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide at will with a mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see these children of the desert at their games, tearing along with wild war-shrieks and waving their long guns frantically over their heads, each man 5° FRANCE. Hallway Troop. and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race. Artillery. The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one to each Army Corps), each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has 12, the other n batteries, including between them 3 batteries of Horse Artillery, so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries. Each battery has 6 guns, fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these, some moun- tain batteries are going to be formed, but only in case of need. The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3'53-in.) gun, on the De Bange system. It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870-71 campaign, and at an enormous cost. The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries each, is also armed with first- rate new guns. Engineers. Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5 battalions. An independent Railway Regiment has lately been formed. The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more or less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is employed on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many Field Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping order in rear of the Army. The Garde-Republicaine of Paris (Cavalry and Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, and the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is in reality only the Fire Brigade. The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each. Besides the above troops, there are military corps organised for Postal and Telegraph service in the field ; also a Balloon Corps, a Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a Dog-training Corps. Trumpeted o;f i§z Papig Mounted (aapcle RepuBlieaine, FRANCE. Sf Military Schools. Total Forces. / There are numerous schools in France intended either for military education or further military instruction. Chief amongst them is the Military School of St. Cyr, into which 400 candidates are admitted every year as cadets, after a competitive ex- amination. The course lasts for two years, and the cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the Infantry and Cavalry. The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets annually under like conditions to the Artillery and Engineers. In the time of Napoleon I., a great many of the officers, in- cluding some of his most famous mar- shals, rose from the ranks ; and even now a very large pro- portion of them come from the same source. The whole of France is divided for ad- ministrative and organising purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army Corps is quartered. The 19th Corps is in Algeria. Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of Cavalry (2 regiments), and a brigade of Artillery. On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot help being struck by the fact that, besides being ex- Cfjaggeup 3.' Sfrigae: ceedingly numerous, it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper warlike spirit. Although not " the best in the world," as every Frenchman will tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many excellent and soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one's judgment by the extremely slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as regards physique and uniform. The " Piou-piou," as the Infantry soldier is called by his fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with his k^pi well on the back of his head and his hands deep in his baggy trou- ser-pockets, does certainly not present a soldier-like ap- pearance, but all the same he is an active and handy man on service, and on the field of battle advances p 1 u c k i 1 y through a mur- derous fire, with little thought of danger or alarm. If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given such numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence, France has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in the morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in which the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to duty which is the founda- 52 FRANCE. tion of all discipline, have never taken root. Ambition and desire of conquest form the motive-power of many great and glorious deeds, and are certainly not want- ing in the French character. Higher than these, however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a man at his post through all hardships and perils, without a thought for his own gain or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will to a higher one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which permits of no loosening of the bonds of training and order even in times of disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith in ite final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This feeling cannot be learnt in a three years', nor five years', nor even twenty-five years' service, if it is not in- grained and actually born in the national character and national system of education. Without these main features even universal conscription itself will not be successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is thoroughly implanted. France is well-armed for attack as well as defence ; for attack, by means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy's country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time ; and for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer line of which consists of frontier- fortresses and stop-gap forts from the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank of the Meuse. Behind this firs.t line of defence a second one has been built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but few roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some fortress or other. The central point of the whole of this vast defensive system is the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle of protecting forts surrounding her on a fifteep- mile radius, is more like a fortified province than a fortress. The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like these. "It is the spirit which forms the body " and brings into subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a combat of material forces ; it is in a higher sense a combat of cultured forces. Let us, there- fore, remember that the best preparation for trial by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach another in material and brute force, but in the striving after a more complete development of warlike skill. ADDENDUM TO FRANCE. <*®ioc Pp. 46, 47. Now that the new law has come into force, July 1890, the terms of service have been entirely changed. As the law now stands, seven-tenths of the annual contingent of recruits have to serve for 3 years, and three-tenths for 1 year. After his colour-service, a man joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) years, then the Territorial Army for 6 years, and after that the Territorial Reserve for 9 years more — total 25 years. 312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these only 174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new law will be that by 19 15 A.D. there will be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen properly trained as soldiers and ready to take the field, and 60,000 trained men per annum will have been added to the army ! N.B. — The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on page 47 includes all men, old and young, who have ever received any military training, and is therefore hardly a just estimate of the French fighting- strength. The latest trustworthy estimates put it at 2,790,000 men. P. 49. The Cavalry is now, or will be very shortly, composed of 92 regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons each — total, 484 squadrons. They consist of 14 Regiments of Cuirassiers, 34 ,. » Dragoons, 22 „ „ Chasseurs a Cheval, 14 „ „ Hussars, 8 „ „ Chasseurs dAfrique, 4 „ „ Spahis. Total, 96 regiments. P. 49. 12 Mountain Batteries are being formed. There are, in addition to the numbers given, 12 batteries in Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis. RUSSIA. ■*«o T) USSIA is situated, from a military I\ point of view, quite differently to any other European country, for of the whole Russian Empire only about a quarter lies in Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger, than the rest of all Europe put together, but it contains only a third of the population. Although by far the greater part of her dominions lies in another continent, Russia has had a pretty large finger in the European pie, and will in the future, no doubt, often mix herself up in European politics. Her policy, if it can be called so, is to try to influence Western questions in such a manner as eventually to bring all Slav races under her rule. Russia has therefore organised her Army on an European footing, and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought in Universal Conscription, from which, how- ever, the upper classes, i.e., the nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The actual Colour service lasts six years ; after that the soldier is sent for nine years more to the Reserve, which can be called out to reinforce the Standing Army. During the rest of his time, i.e., up to his twentieth year of service he belongs to the Opoltschenie — a body of men similar to the German Landsturm. The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the requisite age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000 are conscribed, and the requi- site number for the Army are selected from these by lot ; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The latter body, there- fore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly untrained. There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr, in the Russian Army. The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces, Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces. The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take the field in case of war. Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments Infantry, of 4 battalions each, and 58^ Rifle battalions, as follows : — 12 Regiments of the Guard. 16 „ Grenadiers. 164 „ Infantry of the Line. 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard. S4i » » „ Line. The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and their officers rank one step higher in the Army. Many alterations in the uniform have 54 RUSSIA. been made by the present Czar. The dark green colour has been preserved, but the cut of the tunic has been altered from that of the Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted jacket fastened with hook and eye, and with no buttons. The head- gear is a round fur-cap, white in the case of Generals and Staff-officers, and black in all others. The soldier has little to do in the way of metal-polishing, it is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed glint which one usually associates with a mili- tary uniform. The Regiments of the Guard and Grenadiers have special dis- tinguishing marks on their uniform. The Infantry rifle is a useful breech- loader with bayonet, on the system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its Cossaek of ifje (auapcL Infant^ (5 eaV ^ mapel)mg ot=ckp) Cogsaek of ijjet Caueagu?, RUSSIA. 55 mind ; so that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather behindhand in the matter. Cavalry. The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:— Guard Cavalry : — 4 Regiments of Cuirassiers, 2 „ „ Dragoons, 2 „ „ Hussars, 2 „ „ Lancers. and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line. The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each. Besides the above, there is a Division (2 squadrons) of Crimean Tartar Cavalry, which would be expanded in case -of war to a regiment. The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by our plates, is very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of the Line. The whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved sabre, called a " Shashka," which is worn on a narrow band over the right shoulder. The front- ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry lances on garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would not be taken on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter than that of the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the " Shashka "-scabbard ; other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan carbine. Artillery, The Field Artillery consists of :— 3 Brigades of Guard Field Artillery, 4 Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery, 44 Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line. Each brigade numbering 6 batteries. The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and 23 batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line ; besides the above, there are two Mounted Mountain Batteries. The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed guns. The materiel consists of excellent steel- guns, mostly from Krupp's works in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4' 16 inches, and that of the light ones 3"39 inches. The Engineers consist of 17 battalions Engineers, of Sappers (including I Guard and I Grenadier Battalion), and a few inde- pendent companies, 8 battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 Field- parks, 16 Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks. There is no Train ; it is formed in war- time by taking men from the Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and manoeuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great. During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete the Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz forces, whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death, wounds, disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by dep6t-cadres. To the Local forces belong 50^ battalions of Garrison Artillery, distributed amongst the fortresses of the country, besides 32 Line battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison duties ; they may, however, if necessary, be employed on Active Service. To these forces also belong the " Instruction troops," which practise new regulations, tactical and otherwise, as they are brought out, and experimentalise with new arms 56 RUSSIA. Total Forces. and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and the Frontier Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces. The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19 Army Corps (including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps) ; 2 to 3 Infantry Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form an Army Corps. The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades, each of 2 regiments and I brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry Division numbers in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each ; besides 2 batteries of Horse Artillery. The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like 700,000 men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000 men and 3,260 guns. In addition to this enormous number there are the Irregular troops — a force quite peculiar to Russia — namely, the Cossacks.* Cossacks. The Cossacks are tribes of mixed 'Russian, Turkish, and Tatar blood. They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and Dnieper and established their own forms of govern- ment. Every three years they used to elect a "Hetman" as chief, with a council of elders, " Narschines," to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia have their head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the mountainous districts of that region. Branches of these Cossacks have settled on the Volga, on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the Ural, in the Kuban North- western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since they became subject to Russia they * From the Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish a robber, and in Tatar a free lightly-armed warrior. have assisted in carrying the Russian dominion further into Asia. The history of the settlement of these tribes in Siberia, led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is exceed- ingly interesting. This bold leader crossed the Ural mountains in 1758 with a following of only 840 Cossacks. His conquering progress equalled that oi the Spaniards under Cortez in Mexico for adventure and for the great results that flowed from his successes. Although attached to Russia, the Cos- sacks are Russian in neither their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extra- ordinarily sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the different fron- tiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a soldier. They have a military organisation and are divided into Cavalry regiments, or " polks." They are gradually being more and more definitely organised, disciplined, and trained. Each man has to provide himself with clothing and equipment according to regu- lation, and with a horse, and keep them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a short coat, "kasakin," or a long one, " tcherkesska," with a woollen shirt, " beshmet," loose trousers, k»g-boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap, " papasha.'/ Their RUSSIA. 57 Offieo? of Hz FieU Poliee (fall a«wi). chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with sabre ("shashka"), pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus, long knives, " kin- z h a 1," and finally, a rifle of some sort. Their small insignificant- looking horses are not to be beaten for speed and en- durance. A day's journey of twenty hours is not too much for them ; their hardiness is extraordi- nary, and the Cogjsaek of if)£ ^moup, Fielcl GkncLapme: (gepvlee kit). worst forage possible does not come amiss to them. A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner, Cossack ... , Charac- t.e. with a loose teristics. rein, high saddle, short stirrup, and toes down ; he is very fond of his horse and treats him kindly. Their extra- ordinary mo- bility, endur- a n c e, and cleverness in getting over all obstacles of ground, parti- cularly fit the 58 RUSSIA. Cossack troops for outpost and recon- naissance duty, for rapid raids and bold surprises, as well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is also by no means their least advantage is that this mode of em- ploying them in war would leave the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual combat in the field. The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15 regiments of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard- Cossacks, and 7 batteries of the Line. In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and the whole Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136 regiments Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns). This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and die in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the Regular Army or attach them- selves to it, is well known in Germany, where it appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806-1815). One mightsay with Schiller : " The rider and his swift horse are fearsome guests." On the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be regarded with feelings of greater respect as enemies than as friends. Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks are some of the other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian Irregulars, such as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the Caucasus, theTchcrkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although these people render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic possessions, still she can hardly count on their services in an European war, so that an invasion by these Asiatic races, like what happened in the times of Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken into account by the Europe of to-day. Laying aside the question of these Conclu- J a ^ sions. Irregular troops, we cannot deny that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army, and one which is prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine the Russian soldier to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher culture. Frederick the Great learnt to respect Russia as a powerful adversary, and in the beginning of this century she brought a heavy weight to bear in favour of Austria and Prussia, and fought valiantly as their ally against the power of Napoleon I. Since that period Russia has made important progress, not only in her culture, but in the organisation and arming of her Army ; universal conscription has also acted as a powerful assistant to universal education. Whether Russia will fight Germany in the near or in the distant future is a matter that does not concern us here ; we will leave the discussion of the probabilities pro and con to the news- papers. The time may come, but all we need know about the matter is that Germany is fully prepared and, though respecting her possible adversary, is not. afraid of her. ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA. >:*k° P. 53. The Russian Infantry now num- bers — 10 Regiments of the Guard, 18 „ „ Grenadiers, 164 „ „ the Line, 20 „ „ Rifles (2 battalions each) 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard, 38 Rifle Battalions of the Line. Pp. 56-58. The Cossacks form gether — 32 Regiments Regular Cavalry, 136 Squadrons Irregular „ 7 Battalions of Infantry, 1 2 Batteries of Artillery. alto- Switzerland. Office? o| In|antp^. OffiazT of Kpiilleev. 1 rinted by 0. LBweruohn, Fuerth Bavaria Denmark. Published by William Qlnw* & Sont, L , London- DENMARK. T HE military organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served as patterns to the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must have an Army of its own wherewith to defend its independence and secure the vindication of its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would depend on the size, geographical situation, and historical associations of the State. Historical. In recent times the small State of Denmark has once or twice been obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep possession of the Duchies of Schleswig- Holstein, to the right of attaching which to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption into the Danish commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848-49 the small Danish Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against the might of Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers, namely, Russia and England, to step in in her favour. The result was that Prussia was obliged to stay her hand from taking under her protection the German inhabitants of the two Duchies. In 1863-64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the German rights in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably, altered, and the war, which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close by the Treaty of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies from Denmark and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage, however, with which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the vastly superior forces of the other two Powers, and the determined opposition which they offered, more especially in their fortifications at Danewirke, Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope of foreign intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to the excellence and courage of the Danish troops. After this war Denmark made use of her bitter experience in reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she had, in spite of the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea of being a Power in the North of Europe. She has now Terms of made an important step in the military line by introducing universal conscription, the terms of which are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve, and eight in the " Reinforcement " Reserve. The Danish Army is now constituted as Organisa- r ,, tion. follows : — Infantry — Infantry, I Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve. 10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and 1 battalion Rein- forcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades 6o DENMARK. Foot dmapcUman. (2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and 1 Funen) of 2 regiments each. Cavalry. Cavalry — 1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and 4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons. Artillery. Artillery — Field Artillery — 2 Regiments of 2 divi- sions each — total, 12 Line and 4 Reinforcement Reserve Batteries. Garrison Artillery — 2 Battalions — total, 6 Line and 4 Reinforcement Reserve Companies. Engineers. Engineers — 1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies. Train — 4 Sections. The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000 men, with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve batta- lions and batteries only exist as depdt- cadres. The Infantry is still armed with a single- loading rifle, the Remington, but it is in- tended to shortly arm them with a magazine- rifle, which is now in course of preparation. The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the breed. The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accord- ingly is better fitted for a defensive r61e, such as holding a fortified position to the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack. The general plan of national defence is based on this characteristic, for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned into a great entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger portion of the Danish Army in case of war. -•— v„ i f' V A - .% I \ *■ \J tmft „,„, •* -* -4* _**»- *~ - -~ * ft .. pp - iui»s;e:on. Sweden. Dragoon -druapcU. Engineer*. Artillery. aval Offieep. Officer of tf)e Bo3.y-(suap3.. Printed by O. LBwensohn, Fuerili Bavaria Norway. Itrfantpj? (Maying Op&er). (suapcU. Office? of Engineers. Pvblithed by William Clowes & Som, L d , London. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. oi*?o QWEDEN, which once, in the time of *"-* the Thirty Years' War, represented the first Military Power in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army, just large enough for the needs of the country. The military system of Sweden is a peculiar one, and entirely different from that of other States. Military The whole land is divided into a great many small " Rote " or Divisions, each of which has to supply one able-bodied man of the right age for the Army. This man serves for as long as his physical powers last. He receives a small property, con- sisting of house, farm, and ploughland, and definite pay as long as he is actually with the Colours. Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with their horses by the larger landowners or " Rusthalters," in return for their exemption from certain taxes. These troops are called " Indelta " men. The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the " Varfvade," the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years' service, and may re-engage for further service. The Varfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of the Indelta, for the former are continually with their Organisa- tion. Infantry. Corps, whilst the latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough, looking after their farms. The third portion is the "Bewaring," which consists of all men between their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. In case of war they would have to reinforce the other two portions. The Swedish A'rmy consists of — Infantry — 2 Regiments of the Body-Guard, 2 „ „ Body-Grenadiers, 17 » » Infantry, 2 Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and 4 Rifle battalions. Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace- and 3 in war-time : this would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively. Cavalry — Cavalry. 1 Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons, 4 Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons, 2 Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons, 1 Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons. Total, 47 squadrons. Artillery — 3 Regiments of Field Artillery, Artillery, of 5 divisions of 2 batteries each, the 62 SWEDEN AND NOR WA Y. regiment consisting of 10 (2 " Driving," 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 "Foot") batteries, besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries. Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number of 234 field-guns. Engineers. Engineers — 1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph Company, and I battalion of Sappers. Train — 1 battalion of 2 companies. The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something astonishing. The skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are directed by a sergeant in the centre with uplifted rifle. Every time a man in the firing-line snaps his rifle, he shouts out "Piff-paff!" The introduction of a new magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably cause some fatigue to the throats of the Swedish Infantry. NORWAY. Although Norway is united under the same Crown with Sweden, still her military system differs entirely from that of the latter. Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years old is sent to the so-called " Land- armament," to serve five years in the Line, four in the "Landwehr" and four in the " Landsturm." The conscripts remain but very few weeks With the Colours. The main portion of the Army consists of men voluntarily enlisted, who are bound to stay | for six years. The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of : which one forms a Guard-Company, con- j sisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted men, | constitutes the only Corps under arms in ' time of peace ; of the remaining troops j there are only cadres in existence. In the event of war, the Line Infantry would consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions each — total, 20 battalions. The Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of Light Dragoons — total, 1 1 squadrons ; the Artillery of 5 battalions =11 batteries with 66 guns ; the Engineers of a small division. Grand total, about 18,000 men. The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington, which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine- Military System. Organisa- tion. Offleee (StancLapcl-Beape:)?) of ige hife. (auaPcU (KncLpa larfgapclet), SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 63 rifle invented by Colonel Jarman of their Army. Iaig§t Cavalpj?. (Jemilancbs §asijagai»eeoifp2. ) The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the sabre. The Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in the Krupp works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel works. It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere. The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does not appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian- Swedish government. The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners, sturdy and enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every reason to believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case fully equal to its true and destined use — i.e., the defence of the country. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. I N most European States the Army is worked by the Sovereign or Govern- ment of the country for the defence of the Crown and the nation, and for the up- holding of the Law. This, however, was for a long time not the case in the south-western portion of Europe, i.e. the Iberian Peninsula. It could not be the case, for during even this century revolution has succeeded revolution, and the different forms of government introduced at rapidly-recurring intervals have made it impossible for the Army to be always at the beck and call of the head of the State for the time being. The energetic young king, Alfonso XII., who ascended the Spanish throne in 1874 (and died in 1885), experienced the necessity of making himself chief of the Army, and instituted a military system by which he hoped to put an end to the earlier irregularities. Organisa- The Army of Spain is therefore now Hon. divided into the Peninsular Army, which serves in Spain itself, and the Colonial Army, which serves in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. Terms of The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of universal conscription, to which every Spaniard becomes liable on attaining his twentieth year. Those who are exempted by law from the Army are only called out in time of war, and those who belong to certain named professions are allowed to buy exemptions from service for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied men it is the ballot which decides which are to enter the Active Army. Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which six years, as a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the Colours. The remainder of a man's service is passed in the Active Reserve. All those who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours, including those exempted by law and purchase, are classed as " Disponible Recruits ; " these receive only a very short training and are called out to reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After six years' service as such, the " Disponible " recruits enter the 2nd Reserve. The kingdom of Spain is divided up into Organisa- 14 Military Districts, each under a Captain- oa " general. These are again divided into 140 Military Zones, each under a colonel, who is responsible for mobilisation and supply details. Each Zone comprises 1 Active, infantry. 1 Reserve, and 1 Dep6t battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are Rifles ; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each. Spain. R.i|leman. Iaine InjWtpj; (Mapping OpcUp. ) Offiee? of Offhzp of Mounted Rifle?. kanea?. GrencUpmepie. Hopjse Sptillep^. Ofjucep o| Ppineesg' Hw»ap;s. (Mapping OpScp ) Printed % jnee:p oj^ CafZmCe:f$. (Bdgiam, ) 72 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. Siege Artillery, each of 16 Siege, I Reserve, and 1 Depdt batteries. Engineers — 1 Regiment of 3 battalions, and 5 companies for special work, i.e., pontooning, railway, telegraph, pyrotechnic and general trades. Train — 1 Battalion of 6 companies. strength The whole peace-strength numbers about of Army. 4 ^ 000 menj w j t ] 1 2Q ^ guns _ j}^ Y) utc h and Belgian Infantry are armed with single breech-loaders, the Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there seems no present intention of introducing magazine- rifles. The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model ; the tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and striking. Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made en a National Army. TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. o}®> Historical. I N the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe were several times alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of their territories by a foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and connected primarily with the Mongols. This race< known as Turks or Osmanli, had made itself master of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and set up its government there under a Padishah or Sultan. From this point they extended their empire further and further to the north-west, over Hungary and the intervening lands, and took possession of the Hungarian capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683 they actually besieged Vienna, and this city would undoubtedly have fallen if it had not been for its heroic defence by Field-Marshal Riidiger von Starhemberg, Offices? of l§& BoroBanje: (full clfe:^). Offizev of t§e Ro|ioi?i (un3.r>e:gs), 74 TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. who held out till he was succoured by Duke Charles of Lorraine with the Army of the Austrian Empire, and John Sobieski, King of Poland. The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually declined in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent kingdoms of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of Bulgaria (under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but she has her own administra- tion. The Turkish Empire — once the terror of Christendom — is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her hold over the small remnants of her European possessions. Russia, who considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the "Sick Man" on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however, Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what far- reaching consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip her over, but must give a short account of her Army as well as of the others. Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed the Sultan's body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000), organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from 1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count Moltke. Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after every war. Though it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the great Powers, still that is the fault of neither the military system nor yet of the Turkish soldier. The responsibility lies with the confused system of military administration, which deals in the most hopeless and in the worst possible way with the clothing and equipment, and even with the feeding and pay of the Army. According to the Law, every able-bodied Terms o£ Mahomedan inhabitant of Turkey is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are exempted on payment of a fine. Service in the " Nizam," or Active Army, lasts six years, of which the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and Artillery- man four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the Active Reserve or " Ikhtiat." After this the soldier joins the Landwehr or " Redif " for eight years, and subsequently six years in the Landsturm or " Muhstafiz." As a matter of fact, the period of service with the Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the outside. The whole Turkish Empire is divided Organisa- into 7 military districts or " Ordu," of which tion ' the seventh, Arabia, is exceptionally con- stituted. "Ordus" 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army Corps of the Redif in case of necessity. The seventh Ordu only possesses 1 Army Corps altogether. Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1 Regiment TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. 75 of Field Artillery, i battalion of Pioneers and i of the Train. A Division consists of 2 brigades ; an Infantry brigade numbers 2, and a Ca- valry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5 battalions, of which 1 is a Dep6t battalion ; a regiment of Cavalry, 5 squadrons, of which 1 is a Dep6t squadron. The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns. The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army, (including Redif) comprise a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 guns,* and these could be heavily reinforced by drawing on the " Muhstafiz." The Infantry is armed with three different patterns of rifles at this moment, but will shortly be armed altogether with a magazine- rifle. Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are armed with a repeating carbine. The guns are good cast-steel breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The mountain batteries have steel guns. As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be compared on the same grounds with his European comrade. As for a discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of country, the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however, compensated for to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike spirit. The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour, unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to the death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks with un- equalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable stubbornness in the defence * Numbering 468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry, 252 batteries Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers. — Tr. of strong positions, has faded. In vain does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses, with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments. With the exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a dis- tinctly European cut. The " Nizam " wear a dark-blue coat, usually wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body, which take place during their six years' service, and the "Redif" wear jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the Bashi-Bazouks (i.e. " lost heads "), a wild body of Irregular troops who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little amenable to dis- cipline. These wear bizarre and wild- looking dresses, and are armed with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war, but is sadly deficient in good officers and non-commissioned officers. The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised on the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably only act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast but a hasty glance at them. Greece has, in consequence of her Greece. universal conscription — Infantry — 27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions of Rifles, Cavalry — 12 squadrons. Artillery — 2 Field, and 2 Mountain bat- talions, and 1 Garrison Artillery battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64 guns. The Army (including Engineers and Train, as well as Gendarmerie) consists of about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be reinforced in war-time to 80,000 men 76 TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. ID ^> Tupki?B Inf&nity of ilje ReSi|, Roumania can bring into the ist Line 4 Army Corps, well-drilled and well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp guns), and into the 2nd Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength consists of — Infantry — 16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of Rifles and 65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial Militia) — total, 85 battalions. Cavalry — 16 squadrons of Rosiori, (Hussars) and 54 squadrons of Kala- raschi (a species of Gendarmerie) — total, 70 squadrons. Artillery— 54 batteries with 312 guns. The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men. The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80 squadrons of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of Engineers, and details ; altogether 1 50,000 men and 448 guns. Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of men corresponding to the German Landsturm. Servia can put into the field 5 Divisions, SEBVIA. namely : — Field Army — 45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries, besides Engineers and Train— total, 65,000 men and iooguns. Reserve Army — 65,000 men, formed similarly to the above. Landsturm — 60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men. Total war-strength 1 30,000 men and 200 guns. Bulgaria, although her constitution is as BTC- yet not definitely settled, is not at all behindhand in the organisation of her Army; The principality would be able to put into the field an Army of over 30,000 Bagf)i - Ba?oukg Rour :; fe& (Review 0p3.ep. ) Fnnfed Jy (?. LSwamhn, Fuertk Bavaria ania. Engineers Transport. {evie* OrcUp.) (Ma*e§ing OrcleF.) of denaapmcptz. (In (speai-eoate.) m&*. PubSthed % JP»W*oto CAhkk <6 $»>*, £ , London. TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. 77 Montenegro : Solcliep. well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000 Landsturm. eastern The Army of Eastern Roumelia is a LIA. species of Militia, which would in war- time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing Army numbers only 3,400 men, and their efficiency is not very great. MONTE- NEGRO. Montenegro. In the western portion of the Balkan Peninsula, between the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic, though not touching the latter, lies a wild and craggy mountain land. According to the inhabi- tants, " When the Creator was walking over the earth, distributing rocks and plains, the bag in which the rocks were split, and those which remained fell on to Monte- negro." There can certainly not have>been many rocks in the bag, for the land of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny country of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild as their country. They are a small, liberty- loving nation, of great physical beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day, called the Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his speech probably referred less to the Prince him- self than to the people whose merit and determined bravery he so much admired. This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its independence. Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the people, came to grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 the inhabitants of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the Crescent, and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The Turkish Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar Monienegpo : Jj°i 2 e 78 TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. Pasha, from exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent against Herzegovina and her ally. Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed them- selves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro, therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against the advance of the Crescent. Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for the Prince, composed of 300 men,* of whom 50 are mounted. It is, however, stated that at leasjt 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could be put in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country against an invader from any quarter. * "Peganicis." APPENDIX. <*s#> SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE. \ T 7"E have now finished with our bird's- V V e y e v ; ew f the Armies of Europe. A country's armed strength does not, however, consist exclusively of her Army ; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We will, therefore, glance at the naval forces of the chief of the European States. The first place amongst Naval Powers is undoubtedly still held by Great Britain as queen of the seas, however much other nations may try to overhaul her in ships and material. There have certainly been voices heard lately in Parliament anent the alleged standstill — i.e., backsliding, when the race with foreign nations is taken into account — in the naval development of England. The late great Naval Review, however, last August, appeared to disarm all hostile criticism as to the strength and efficiency of the British Fleet. There were at that time, off Portsmouth, several square miles of vessels, altogether 112 fighting- ships. Yet this was but a small portion of England's Navy, for the total English Fleet amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as follows : — Turreted and belted men-of-war . . 37 Ironclad corvettes and cruisers . . 80 Sloops and gun-vessels 40 Gunboats ........ 102 "Carried forward . 259 Brought forward . 259 Torpedo-boats .120 Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc. . . 43 Despatch-vessels and survey-ships . 33 Transports, sailing-vessels, and turret- ships . . . .... . . .29 Various, for coast and harbour service 195 Auxiliary ocean steamers .... 23 Total 702 India .28 South Africa 2 Australia . 31 Grand total 763 France possesses now — FRANCE. Men-of-war 25 Other ironclads 29 Cruisers 58 Gunboats and avisos ..... 82 Gun-sloops (small) 54 Torpedo- vessels, etc 16 Torpedo-boats 136 Transports and sailing-ships ... 72 Coast and harbour service, etc. . .107 Auxiliary ocean steamers . . . . 14 Total 593 Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks. 8o APPENDIX. RUSSIA. ITALY. Russia has of late years considerably increased her fleet, spending her substance chiefly on large ironclads, which appear to be the fashion nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in the Black Sea. The Russian Navy should not be, all the same, considered as a very powerful one, for a great many of her ironclads and- torpedo- boats are out of date, and not up to the requirements of modern naval warfare. The Russian fleet numbers altogether — Men-of-war Monitors, and cruisers .. .. Torpedo-.vessels and gunboats Torpedo-boats (old and new) Sailing-vessels, etc. . Transports, etc... Coast and harbour service Boat-flotilla.. . . . Total 21 44 21 I40 So 123 So 33 482 The naval forces of Italy have increased very rapidly during the last twelve years. At present they number — Men-of-war 19 Corvettes 19 Torpedo-vessels and avisos ... 26 Gunboats 10 Torpedo-boats 122 Transports and survey-ships . . . 19 Harbour and coast service .... 92 Auxiliary ocean steamers .... 7 Total 314 AUSTRIA. Austria also has considerably increased her fleet. It now consists of — Men-of-war and cruisers . . . . 15 Torpedo-vessels and gunboats . . 15 Corvettes, Transports, and avisos . . 21 Carried forward . 51 Brought forward . 5 1 Torpedo-boats 5 6 Harbour and coast service . . . . 19 Total 126 The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is GER- MANY Germany, " last not least," of whose naval organisation we will give a few details. The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 "Station-Chiefs" at Kiel and Wil- helmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice- admirals, 17 post-captains, 33 corvette- captains, 64 "captain-lieutenants," 120 lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 1 00 naval cadets,, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in proportion. The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2 Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelms- haven. Besides these, there is a Division of "ship-boys," a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of Marine Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical Department. The Marine Reserve and " Seewehr " are formed similarly to the Army Reserve and Landwehr. The materiel consists of— Men-of-war and other ironclads . . 26 Cruisers 26 Torpedo- vessels, gunboats, and avisos 1 8 Torpedo-boats 93 Various for harbour service ... 42 Total 205 The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872-73, has. been departed from in several details/ gained from the APPENDIX. 81 experience of other nations and from the knowledge of German requirements ; economy had also something to do with the matter. The building of huge ironclads was not persevered in, and more attention was paid to increasing the torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the coasts and ports. Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea, still one great object has been gained, i.e., the protection of trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and to make the German flag respected in all parts Of the world in a way which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the foreign invasion of her coasts an im- possibility. It is difficult to forecast the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies which the country has recently founded and is still founding will increase its task and may lead to the formation of a much larger fleet. The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides, especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will soon be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. One thing is certain, arid that is, that its successes, whether in the hoisting of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the more peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, are followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole of the German Empire LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. A D VERTISEMENTS. LAMBERT 5 TO H.M. THE QUEEN, H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH; THE UNIVERSITIES OF OXFOKD AND CAMBKIME, The Royal Artillery, THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION. A large Collection of every description ot New and Second-hand Plate always on Sale. Precious Stones, Clocks, Watches, Electro-Plate, &c, &c. 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"' -. , . .Six hundred and sixty-two. 662 '■/ N.B.— The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr. Wolflram's Establishment up to the date, of the Examinatioh,in question. irovxcs. In compliance with- the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident'. Students only;, a Branch Establishment of Classes for the 1 Militia Military Competitive Examinations. - All applications to be addressed to. H. WOLITRAM:, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E. J AND 0OLDIERS' FRIEND jSOClETY. 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C. f atara— REV. Dr. EDGHILL. . ftesttfottt -GENERAL SIR A. J. LA^RE.NCEj K.C.B. SOLE OBJECT OP THE SOCIETY— TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST. AMONG OUR SOLDIERS. . THE Committee make' an EARNEST APPEAL FOR .'FUNDS to all who. have the religious and:- moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who 'would wish to see the hands, of the Military .Chaplains strengthenleci.. by the assistance. of a. body of men of the. Soldiers' own station in life, whq,\ without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different classes of Society j may commend to them the love of; Christ, read to them the. Word of Life, and. strive to lead.them from the deceitful, pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor take away. : , There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the. Society at home and abroad. Contributions in. aid of the Society will be: thankfully received by the Treasurer, G. M, Holt, Esq., 'I7j Whitehall Place; and at the National provincial Bank of 'England; Piccadilly, W. ;' and by the Secretary, Rev. William A. Blake, at the Offices* 4, Trafalgar Square,; Charing Cross, W.C. AD VERTISEMENTS. HOOPER & CO., 107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W. ESTABLISHED 1807. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor, Her Majesty the Queen Regent of the Netherlands. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,. K.G. COACHBUILDERS TO * His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence atad Avondale. His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. . His Royal Highness ; the Duke of Connaught, K.G. Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise. ■ ,..,.* Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife^ ? . Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany. ,. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G. Also to the Embassies Of GERMANY," RUSSIA, JTALY, and SPAIN. CARRIAGES OF BEST QUALITY "ONLY. - HIGHEST WORKMANSHIP. FINEST MATERIALS , EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS/ v LANDAU'S hJS« Wn Pat61 " ^ lf *" ing baIanl »d heads i n H ht > strong, compact, and-durabla Fpr one horse or for a pair* of BIvO U GrH AIVLS, on elliptidsprings, for one horse. Rubber tyres, arid all latest improvements. -VICTORIAS, '°aif^t P hOT ! ,e P s r!hSS ' ,iBht ' for one horse - ° n C and under springs With perch, large, high, and stylish, for a MAIL- .PHAETONS. «JT h a?d "V aiI Spr i?**- JE aU a *J^ Q" el!iplic s P rin S s ' for ™aller >«»*«■ The mist ■*»*■***•** * ****** x wn w, stylish carnage for gentlemen's own' driving. OJiA.K-A-JjA.JN uO for a pair or a team, our speciality, in various sues, a unique carriage for the country. . " . . SOCIABLES, as tuilt by Hooper S»Co., for Royalty and the Nobility. » OJVLJNXJjUSES to F Private use, compact and comfortable. * JtvEPAIXvS at moderate prices ; estimates free. CAB>XvIACrES of all kinds, new and slightly used, to let on hire with option of purchase. GENTLEMEN'S OPENED TO KEEP PAGE WITH THE CIVIL SERVICE STORES. COYS'* YOUTHS' CLOTHING, OVEBCOATS, WATEBPBOOFS, HOSIERY, SHIBTS, EATS, BOOTS, etc.. AND COMPLETE SCHOOL OUTFITS. The Cash Sales at these Stores mm exceed a Quarter of a Million Sterling per annum. ALL GOODS 25 PER GENT. UNDER SSSk PRICES. OHAS. BAKER & CO.'S ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, WITH EASY SELF- MEASUREMENT FORMS, POST-FREE. All Ooods Carriage Paid to any part of the United Kingdom. SUPERIOR CLOTHING, TO ORDER OR READY FOR IM- MEDIATE WEAR. UNIFORMS. LIVERIES. ETON JACKETS AND VESTS. BOYS' NORFOLK . , SUITSv ' In super Black and Diagonal o A Two-gaVment Suit for Cloths, rsady for immediate wear, Jchool and general wear,- thorougWwell cut and made! tor Boys from 7 to » years For Boys from 9 years of age. otage. ,■ - r. ,-. „/„ .„ „./„ !■> durable Tweeds and Quality! .. .. 17/91025/9 Cheviots., ,, a .... 32/6 «o 31/6 8/|i, 12/11, ,*, 3 ..... 27/6 to 41/6 In Scotch Cheviots, &c. Trousers, 8/11, J0/9, 12/11, 14/11 14/", '9/« GIRLS' TAILOR-MADE 'REEFERS. In Serges — 8/11, 11/9, 14/" In Nap— 8/ii, 11/9, mA'i ■ ' *9/" Sailor Costumes. 8/1 1. 11/9, 13/9, 14/u boys' royal n».vy suits; . This favourite Suit, consisting rf Blue Serge Blouse (with Badge on arm)' and Knicker- - - hocfefs, 'Singlet, Lanyard and y 10 ™'! Whistle complete.; ' " "" 4/ir, 6/11, 8/n, 11/9, YOUTHS' CAMBRIDGE SUITS. This style of Suit is kept in • a very large variety of m-iterialsi My well made arid cut 'g, 16/11, .19/11. In Twe'e^4 */."• 5/"' loths, In Tweeds, 10/b, ia/ii» 14/u, %6/U, 19/n, 22/6 ' 67ii, 9/ii, it/9, igA In Fine Worsted-, Clo 19/11 In Real West of England -' Cloths, Scotch Cheviots', &c;.- af/6, 33/?- p& 4i/6,' 4.J*.'- • Jn Black Diagonals^ . ' .- , iu/11 to '41/ 6 ! ap'nnnwPTlili nniHrt nrniDTMCUTC are open at each of OHAS. BAKER & CO.'S DEPOT8. Purchasers BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of REAL WEST OP ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS, TROUSERINGS, etc, showing m these Departments. PATTERNS POST-FREE. Cheques, Postal Orders, etc., to be crossed " Bakclav, Bev an, Tritton & Co. HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED, A GOOD STYL E AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED. GHAS. BAKER & CO.'S STORES, LIMITED, . HEAD DEPOT & LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 & 272. HIGH HOLBORN d^it&n&tO City Branch: 82, FLEET S T -fe&s') West End Braneh: 192 & 194, OXFORD fP-igStSSS® TOTTENHAM CT. B D.i 137, 138, 139 & 140, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD (puggggg _%innn-r- nrnT «-HAS BAKER & CO., Limited; forward consignments of their goods to any part of the World on receipt of order EXPORT DEPT. r™J>Lm'«»i ^sts, &»<***' and *** SeK-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the Globe. MMiM