CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 074 367 859 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074367859 
 
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
 
 DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 BY 
 
 JAMES BROWN SCOTT 
 
 DIRECTOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 AMERICAN BRANCH: 35 WE»T 32MD Striet 
 
 LONDON. TORONTO, MELBOURNE, AND BOMBAY 
 
 HUMPHREY MILFORD 
 
 1917 
 
k-Z-)Z.Ol<L 
 
Introductory Note 
 
 Three documents are fundamental in the history of the United States 
 and are destined to be, if they are not already, fundamental in the 
 world's development. These documents are the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence (1776), the Articles of Confederation (1781), and the Con- 
 stitution of the United States (1789). In view of their importance, it 
 may seem strange-^but it is nevertheless a fact — that it is hard to find 
 them within the compass of a single volume, unenciunbered with ex- 
 traneous matter. They are therefore brought together and printed in 
 convenient form without note or annotation, although a few words 
 have been prefixed by way of introduction, kept, however, separate 
 and distinct from the text of these immortal documents. 
 
 There are three impelling reasons which justify and require their 
 republication at this time. 
 
 International peace is only desirable and can only be permanent 
 if it be based upon justice. To effect this, the conception of the State 
 as possessing unlimited power must be rejected in favor of the con- 
 ception of the State as the agent of the people creating it, subjecting it 
 to law and to the law of its creation — a conception which has never been 
 put in clearer, more concise, and more revolutionary form than in 
 the Declaration of Independence of the United States. It is upon this 
 kind of a State that we must build, and the society of nations must be 
 composed of nations subjected to law, if the principles of justice con- 
 trolling the conduct of men are to control the actions of nations. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation of the United States furnish an ex- 
 ample of a league of independent States associated for limited and 
 specified purposes. The union formed by the Articles was a diplomatic 
 not a constitutional union, and it is therefore of interest and of value 
 to those who would form a league of States of a diplomatic character. 
 Again, the Articles are of importance because they provided in their 
 ninth article a method of settling disputes between States by means 
 
IV 
 
 of temporary commissions, not unlike the method ultimately adopted 
 by the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States affords an example of sov- 
 ereign, free, and independent States creating a general agency which 
 their delegates called the United States, investing it with the exercise 
 of certain sovereign powers, and reserving in the tenth Amendment 
 sovereignty to the States together with the exercise of all sovereign 
 powers that were not directly or indirectly granted to the Union and 
 whose exercise the States did not renounce. Like the Articles of Con- 
 federation, the Constitution is memorable, and indeed more memo- 
 rable, for its method of settling disputes between the States. The 
 Articles of Confederation proposed settlement by temporary commis- 
 sion, the Constitution by a permanent Court of Justice. 
 
 In order that the documents here printed shall be of value to the 
 reader who happens to be interested in international organization, it 
 should appear that the States declaring their independence were States 
 in the sense of international law ; that the States forming a confedera- 
 tion were likewise States in the sense of international law; and that 
 the States meeting in conference in 1787 to draft a more perfect union 
 were States in the sense of international law, and their representatives 
 were delegates to an international conference in the sense in which 
 that term is understood in diplomacy. To make this clear and to re- 
 lieve the reader of any reasonable doubts which he may have on these 
 points, it is advisable to quote in this connection appropriate passages 
 from the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, 
 and the Constitution of the United States. It is also necessary to show 
 that in the more perfect Union of the Constitution the States com- 
 posing it only granted to this more perfect Union certain specified 
 powers of sovereignty and retained all other sovereign powers which 
 they did not grant or of which they did not divest themselves. For if 
 the States composing the Union under the Constitution are mere 
 provinces, the Constitution can have little or no interest to persons 
 interested in international organization who look to the organization 
 of the American Union for a prototype of the eventual organization 
 
V 
 
 of the society of nations. The nature of the Union and the relation 
 of the States to their agency, the United States, can best be shown by 
 the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, which in 
 the American system interprets the Constitution, treaties, statutes of 
 Congress, the Constitutions and the laws of States whenever a federal 
 question is involved. 
 
 In the Preamble to the Declaration of Independence the revolution- 
 ary statesmen dissolved the political bands connecting them with the 
 mother country in order "to assunie among the Powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of 
 Nature's God entitle them." That was the purpose of the Declaration. 
 The result of it is appropriately stated in the final paragraph of that 
 immortal document: 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of 
 America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Su- 
 preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, 
 in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colo- 
 nies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colonies 
 are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that 
 they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and 
 that all political connection between them and the State of Great 
 Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and 
 Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude 
 Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other 
 Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. 
 
 The second of the Articles of Confederation declares that "Each 
 State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every 
 power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation ex- 
 pressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled." 
 
 The tenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States pro- 
 vides that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States respectively, or to the people." The sense in which the terms 
 "States" and "people" are used in the Constitution and the relations 
 of the States to the United States are thus explained in the following 
 
VI 
 
 extracts from judgments of the Supreme Court dealing with these re- 
 spective questions. 
 
 In the leading case of Sturges v. Crowninshield (4 Wheaton, 122, 
 192), decided in 1819, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, delivering the 
 opinion of the court, said : 
 
 Previous to the formation of the new constitution, we were di- 
 vided into independent states, united for some purposes, but in 
 most respects, sovereign. . . . When the American people 
 created a national legislature, with certain enumerated powers, it 
 was neither necessary nor proper to define the powers retained by 
 the states. These powers proceed, not from the people of Amer- 
 ica, but from the people of the several states; and remain, after 
 the adoption of the constitution, what they were before, except 
 as far as they may be abridged by that instrument. 
 
 In the leading case of Gibbons v. Ogden (9 Wheaton, 1, 187), decided 
 in 1824, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, delivering the opinion of the 
 court, said: 
 
 As preliminary to the very able discussions of the constitution, 
 which we have heard from the bar, and as having some influence 
 on its construction, reference has been made to the political situa- 
 tion of these states, anterior to its formation. It has been said, 
 that they were sovereign, were completely independent, and were 
 connected with each other only by a league. This is true. 
 
 In the leading case of McCulloch v. State of Maryland (4 Wheaton, 
 316, 403), decided in 1819, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, delivering 
 the opinion of the court, said : 
 
 The convention which framed the constitution was indeed elected 
 by the state legislatures. But the instrument, when it came 
 from their hands, was a mere proposal, without obligation, or pre- 
 tensions to it. It was reported to the then existing congress of 
 the United States, with a request that it might "be submitted to 
 a convention of delegates, chosen in each state by the people 
 thereof, under the recommendation of its legislature, for their 
 assent and ratification." This mode of proceeding was adopted; 
 
Vll 
 
 and by the convention, by congress, and by the state legislatures, 
 the instrument was submitted to the people. They acted upon it 
 in the only manner in which they can act safely, effectively and 
 wisely, on such a subject, by assembling in convention. It is true, 
 they assembled in their several states — and where else should they 
 have assembled? No political dreamer was ever wild enough to 
 think of breaking down the lines which separate the states, and of 
 compounding the American people into one common mass. Of 
 consequence, when they act, they act in their states. But the 
 measures they adopt do not, on that account, cease to be the 
 measures of the people themselves, or become the measures of 
 the state governments. 
 
 From these conventions, the constitution derives its whole au- 
 thority. The government proceeds directly from the people; is 
 "ordained and established," in the name of the people ; and is de- 
 clared to be ordained, "in order to form a more perfect union, 
 establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the bless- 
 ings of liberty to themselves and to their posterity." The assent 
 of the states, in their sovereign capacity, is implied, in calling a 
 convention, and thus submitting that instrument to the people. 
 But the people were at perfect liberty to accept or reject it ; and 
 their act was final. It required not the affirmance, and could not 
 be negatived, by the state governments. The constitution, when 
 thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the state 
 sovereignties. 
 
 In the same leading case of McCulloch v. the State of Maryland (p. 
 405) Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, delivering the opinion of the court, 
 said: 
 
 This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumer- 
 ated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers 
 granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be en- 
 forced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while 
 it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; 
 that principle is now universally admitted. . . . 
 
 In America, the powers of sovereignty are divided between the 
 government of the Union, and those of the states. They are each 
 sovereign, with respect to the objects committed to it, and neither 
 sovereign, with respect to the objects committed to the other. 
 
via 
 
 In the leading case of Texas v. White (7 Wallace, 700, 720), decided 
 in 1868, Mr. Chief Justice Chase, delivering the opinion of the court, 
 said: 
 
 Some not unimportant aid, however, in ascertaining the true 
 sense of the Constitution, may be derived from considering what 
 is the correct idea of a State, apart from any union or confedera- 
 tion with other States. The poverty of language often compels 
 the employment of terms in quite different significations; and of 
 this hardly any example more signal is to be found than in the use 
 of the word we are now considering. It would serve no useful 
 purpose to attempt an enumeration of all the various senses in 
 which it is used. A few only need be noticed. 
 
 It describes sometimes a people or community of individuals 
 united more or less closely in political relations, inhabiting tem- 
 porarily or permanently the same country; often it denotes only 
 the country or territorial region, inhabited by such a community; 
 not unfrequently it is applied to the government under which the 
 people live ; at other times it represents the combined idea of peo- 
 ple, territory, and government. 
 
 It is not diificult to see that in all these senses the primary 
 conception is that of a people or community. The people, in 
 whatever territory dwelling, either temporarily or permanently, 
 and whether organized under a regular government, or united by 
 looser and less definite relations, constitute the state. 
 
 This is undoubtedly the fundamental idea upon which the re- 
 publican institutions of our own country are established. It was 
 stated very clearly by an eminent judge (Mr. Justice Paterson, 
 in Penhallow v. Doane's Admrs., 3 Dallas, 93), in one of the 
 earliest cases adjudicated by this court, and we are not aware of 
 anything, in any subsequent decision, of a different tenor. 
 
 In the Constitution the term state most frequently expresses the 
 combined idea just noticed, of people, territory, and government. 
 A state, in the ordinary sense of the Constitution, is a political 
 community of free citizens, occupying a territory of defined boun- 
 daries, and organized under a government sanctioned and limited 
 by a written constitution, and established by the consent of the 
 governed. It is the union of such states, under a common con- 
 stitution, which forms the distinct and greater political unit, which 
 
IX 
 
 that Constitution designates as the United States, and makes of 
 the people and states which compose it one people and one country. 
 
 The use of the word in this sense hardly requires further re- 
 mark. In the clauses which impose prohibitions upon the States 
 in respect to the making of treaties, emitting of bills of credit, and 
 laying duties of tonnage, and which guarantee to the States rep- 
 resentation in the House of Representatives and in the Senate, are 
 found some instances of this use in the Constitution. Others will 
 occur to every mind. 
 
 But it is also used in its geographical sense, as in the clauses 
 which require that a representative in Congress shall be an in- 
 habitant of the State in which he shall be chosen, and that the 
 trial of crimes shall be held within the State where committed. 
 
 And there are instances in which the principal sense of the 
 word seems to be that primary one to which we have adverted, 
 of a people or political community, as distinguished from a gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 In this latter sense the word seems to be used in the clause 
 which provides that the United States shall guarantee to every 
 State in the Union a republican form of government, and shall 
 protect each of them against invasion. 
 
 In this clause a plain distinction is made between a State and 
 the government of a State. 
 
 Having thus ascertained the senses in which the word state is 
 employed in the Constitution, we will proceed to consider the 
 proper application of what has been said. 
 
 In the same leading case of Texas v. White (p. 724), Mr. Chief Jus- 
 tice Chase, delivering the opinion of the court, said: 
 
 The Union of the States never was a purely artificial and ar- 
 bitrary relation. It began among the Colonies, and grew out of 
 common origin, mutual s)Tnpathies, kindred principles, similar in- 
 terests, and geographical relations. It was confirmed and 
 strengthened by the necessities of war, and received definite form, 
 and character, and sanction from the Articles of Confederation. 
 By these the Union was solemnly declared to "be perpetual." And 
 when these Articles were found to be inadequate to the exigencies 
 of the country, the Constitution was ordained "to form a more 
 
perfect Union." It is difficult to convey the idea of indissoluble 
 unity more clearly than by these words. What can be indissoluble 
 if a perpetual Union, made more perfect, is not? 
 
 But the perpetuity and indissolubility of the Union, by no 
 means implies the loss of distinct and individual existence, or 
 of the right of self-government by the States. Under the Articles 
 of Confederation each State retained its sovereignty, freedom, 
 and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right not 
 expressly delegated to the United States. Under the Constitution, 
 though the powers of the States were much restricted, still, all 
 powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the 
 States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 
 And we have already had occasion to remark at this term, that 
 "the people of each State compose a State, having its own govern- 
 ment, and endowed with all the functions essential to separate and 
 independent existence," and that "without the States in union, 
 there could be no such political body as the United States." 
 (County of Lane v. The State of Oregon, supra, p. 76.) Not 
 only, therefore, can there be no loss of separate and independent 
 autonomy to the States, through their union under the Constitu- 
 tion, but it may be not unreasonably said that the preservation of 
 the States, and the maintenance of their governments, are as much 
 within the design and care of the Constitution as the preservation 
 of the Union and the maintenance of the National government. 
 The Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible 
 Union, composed of indestructible States. 
 
 A comparison of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States in the matter of the treaty-making power 
 and a statement of the function of the Supreme Court in the interpre- 
 tation and application of treaties, will also show the international char- 
 acter of the Constitution and its applicability to the Society of Nations. 
 And this can best be done for present purposes by the quotation of 
 material portions of these two documents without indulging in lengthy 
 comment. 
 
 First, as to the Articles of Confederation : 
 
 The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole 
 and exclusive right and power ... of sending and receiving 
 
XI 
 
 ambassadors — entering into treaties and alliances, . . . (Ar- 
 ticle 9, 1st Paragraph), 
 
 No State, without the consent of the United States in Congress 
 assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy 
 from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty 
 with any king, prince, or state; . . . (Article 6, 1st Para- 
 graph). 
 
 No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confedera- 
 tion or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of 
 the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately 
 the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how 
 long it shall continue. (Article 6, 2d Paragraph.) 
 
 In a Federal letter to the States, prepared by John Jay as Secretary 
 of the Department of Foreign Affairs and agreed to in the Congress 
 of the Confederation on April 13, 1787 (Secret Journals of the Acts 
 and Proceedings of Congress, Vol. IV, pp. 329-338), the exclusive 
 character of the treaty-making power vested in Congress was pointed 
 out, together with the action of the States, inconsistent with the grant 
 of the treaty power, and which well-nigh nullified the grant to and the 
 exercise of the power by the Congress. "Let it be remembered," the 
 letter reads, "that the thirteen independent sovereign states have, by 
 express delegation of power, formed and vested in us a general though 
 limited sovereignty for the general and national purposes specified in 
 the confederation." 
 
 After quoting the ninth Article, conveying to the Congress "the 
 sole and exclusive right and power of determining on war and peace 
 and of entering into treaties and alliances," and stating that a treaty 
 when constitutionally made, ratified and published by the Congress 
 "immediately becomes binding on the whole nation, and superadded to 
 the laws of the land" and that "no individual state has the right, by 
 legislative acts, to decide and point out the sense in which their par- 
 ticular citizens and courts shall understand this or that article of a 
 treaty," the letter continues that "a contrary doctrine would not only 
 militate against the common and established maxims and ideas relative 
 to this subject, but would prove no less inconvenient in practice than 
 
xu 
 
 it is irrational in theory ; for in that case, the same article of the same 
 treaty might by law be made to mean one thing in New Hampshire, 
 another thing in New York, and neither the one nor the other of them 
 in Georgia." 
 
 In the course of this very important document the Secretary of 
 Foreign Afifairs and the Congress admitted that the definitive treaty 
 of peace of September 19, 1783, between Great Britain and the United 
 States had been violated in some respects and that it would be impos- 
 sible to enter into treaties with foreign countries unless they were 
 faithfully observed and interpreted in the sense in which they were 
 understood by the contracting nations at the time of their ratification. 
 On this point, the letter reads (p. 333) : 
 
 Contracts between nations, like contracts between individuals, 
 should be faithfully executed, even though the sword in the one 
 case, and the law in the other, did not compel it. Honest nations 
 like honest men require no constraint to do justice; and though 
 impunity and the necessity of affairs may sometimes afford tempta- 
 tions to pare down contracts to the measure of convenience, yet 
 it is never done but at the expense of that esteem, and confidence, 
 and credit which are of infinitely more worth than all the mo- 
 mentary advantages which such expedients can extort. 
 
 The Congress recommended, therefore, that the States should take 
 the following action (p. 336) : 
 
 Be it enacted by . . . and it is hereby enacted by the author- 
 ity of the same, that such of the acts or parts of acts repugnant 
 to the treaty of peace between the United States and his Britannick 
 rhajesty, or any article thereof, shall be and hereby are repealed; 
 and further that the courts of law and equity within this state 
 be and they hereby are directed and required, in all causes and 
 questions cognizable by them respectively, and arising from or 
 touching the said treaty, to decide and adjudge according to the 
 tenor, true intent and meaning of the same, anything in the said 
 acts or parts of acts to the contrary thereof in any wise not- 
 withstanding. 
 
XIU 
 
 The advantage of this action is stated in terms which foreshadow 
 the court of the more perfect union: 
 
 By repeaHng in general terms all acts and clauses repugnant to 
 the treaty, the business will be turned over to its proper depart- 
 ment, viz., the judicial ; and the courts of law will find no difficulty 
 in deciding whether any particular act or clause is or is not con- 
 trary to the treaty. Besides, when it is considered that the judges 
 in general are men of character and learning, and feel as well 
 as know the obligations of office and the value of reputation, there 
 is no reason to doubt that their conduct and judgments relative 
 to these as well as other judicial matters will be wise and upright. 
 
 In a letter to Secretary Jay, dated August 15, 1786, from George 
 Washington, then living in retirement, there occurs the following pas- 
 sage: "If you tell the Legislature they have violated the treaty of 
 peace, and invaded the prerogatives of the confederacy, they will 
 laugh in your face." (William Jay's Life of John Jay, vol. i., p. 248.) 
 In reply to Washington's quaere, "What then, is to be done?" John 
 Jay said in a letter, dated January 7, 1787: 
 
 Such a sovereign [the United States in Congress assembled], 
 however theoretically responsible, can not be effectually so in its 
 departments and officers without adequate judicatories. I there- 
 fore promise myself nothing very desirable from any change 
 which does not divide the sovereignty into its proper departments. 
 Let Congress legislate — let others execute — let others judge. 
 (Ibid., p. 256.) 
 
 Next, as to the Constitution: 
 
 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation ; 
 (Article I, Section 10, Paragraph 1). 
 
 No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress . . . 
 enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with 
 a foreign Power. (Article I, Section 10, Paragraph 3.) 
 
 He [the President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice 
 and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds 
 of the Senators present concur; (Article II, Section 2, Paragraph 
 2). 
 
XIV 
 
 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity^ 
 arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and 
 Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; 
 (Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1). 
 
 This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall 
 be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which 
 shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be 
 the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall 
 be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any 
 State to the Contrary notwithstanding. (Article VI, Paragraph 
 2.) 
 
 Now this judicial power of the United States can only be exercised in 
 a court of justice. Under the Articles of Confederation there was no 
 court, and in the Society of Nations of today there is no court of jus- 
 tice. It was natural that then as now the appeal should be to arms 
 in the absence of a court of justice. Under the Constitution the ap- 
 peal is to the Supreme Court. Under the future Society of Nations 
 the appeal should be to the permanent court of justice, "accessible to 
 all, in the midst of the independent powers," to quote the preamble to 
 the convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes 
 drafted by the First Hague Peace Conference and adopted by all the 
 members of the Society of Civilized Nations. 
 
 Although a treaty was the law of the land, and the nature, extent and 
 interpretation of a law were proper subjects for a court of justice, 
 there was, as has been said, no court of the confederation as distinct 
 from the courts of the States composing it and, therefore, there was 
 no authoritative judicial interpretation binding the confederation and 
 the States. 
 
 In the more perfect union of the Constitution a court of this union, 
 called the Supreme Court, was constituted ; and the difference between 
 a confederation without a court and a more perfect union with the 
 Supreme Court is made clear by the leading case of Ware v. Hylton 
 (3 Dall. 199, 237), decided in 1796, giving a single, uniform and na- 
 tional interpretation to the treaty of 1783 between Great Britain and 
 the United States which the Congress of the Confederation was un- 
 
XV 
 
 able to preserve inviolate. Mr. Justice Chase, speaking of the nature 
 and extent of the sixth article of the Constitution in so far as treaties 
 were considered the law of the land, said: 
 
 Four things are apparent, on review of this 6th article of the 
 national constitution. 1st. That it is retrospective, and is to be 
 considered in the same light as if the constitution had been estab- 
 lished before the making of the treaty of 1783. 2d. That the 
 constitution or laws of any of the states, so far as either of them 
 shall be found contrary to that treaty, are, by force of the said 
 article, prostrated before the treaty. 3d. That, consequently, the 
 treaty of 1783 has superior power to the legislature of any state, 
 because no legislature of any state has any kind of power over 
 the constitution, which was its creator. 4th. That it is the de- 
 clared duty of the state judges to determine any constitution or 
 laws of any state, contrary to that treaty (or any other), made 
 under the authority of the United States, null and void. National 
 or federal judges are bound by duty and oath to the same conduct. 
 
 In the leading case of Foster v. Neilson (2 Peters 253, 314), decided 
 in 1829, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, speaking for the court, said: 
 
 A treaty is, in its nature, a contract between two nations, not a 
 legislative act. It does not generally effect, of itself, the object 
 to be accomplished; especially, so far as its operation is infra- 
 territorial ; but is carried into execution by the sovereign power of 
 the respective parties to the instrument. In the United States, 
 a different principle is established. Our constitution declares a 
 treaty to be the law of the land. It is, consequently, to be regarded 
 in courts of justice as equivalent to an act of the legislature, when- 
 ever it operates of itself, without the aid of any legislative pro- 
 vision. But when the terms of the stipulation import a contract — 
 when either of the parties engages to perform a particular act, 
 the treaty addresses itself to the political, not the judicial depart- 
 ment ; and the legislature must execute the contract, before it can 
 become a rule for the court. 
 
 As a law of the land, it follows that it may be varied in so far as 
 the United States is concerned by a subsequent law inconsistent with it. 
 
XVI 
 
 In the Head Money Cases (112 U. S. 580, 599), decided in 1884, the 
 court considered the relation between a law of the land made so by 
 treaty and the law of the land made so by the Congress in a statute. 
 Mr. Justice Miller, speaking for the court, said on this point : 
 
 A treaty is made by the President and the Senate. Statutes 
 are made by the President, the Senate and the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. The addition of the latter body to the other two in 
 making a law certainly does not render it less entitled to respect 
 in the matter of its repeal or modification than a treaty made by 
 the other two. If there be any difTerence in this regard, it would 
 seem to' be in favor of an act in which all three of the bodies 
 participate. And such is, in fact, the case in a declaration of war, 
 which must be made by Congress, and which, when made, usually 
 suspends or destroys existing treaties between the nations thus 
 at war. 
 
 In short, we are of opinion that, so far as a treaty made by 
 the United States with any foreign nation can become the subject 
 of judicial cognizance in the courts of this country, it is subject 
 to such acts as Congress may pass for its enforcement, modifica- 
 tion, or repeal. 
 
 But, while an act of Congress inconsistent with a treaty is the law 
 of the land, the act can not abrogate, modify or vary the right secured 
 to a foreign nation by the treaty. The act of Congress can affect 
 the national, it can not affect the international obligation, and the 
 foreign nation, after as before, may claim the benefit of the treaty 
 and secure compliance with its provisions through diplomatic chaniiels 
 or by physical force. (Taylor v. Morton, 1855, 2 Curtis 454; 23 
 Federal Cases 784.) The court can, by its decisions, only affect the 
 United States. It can not affect the rights of a foreign power, because 
 the Supreme Court is not a court of that country. There is no court 
 of nations to decide the question between the nations and until a com- 
 mon court has been established, each nation must, in the last resort, 
 decide for itself the question of right. 
 
 Again to quote the leading case of Foster v. Neilson (2 Peters 253 
 
xvii 
 307), decided in 1829, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, speaking for the 
 court, said on this question : 
 
 In a controversy between two nations, concerning national 
 boundary, it is scarcely possible, that the courts of either should 
 refuse to abide by the measures adopted by its own government. 
 There being no common tribunal to decide between them, each 
 determines for itself on its own rights, and if they can not adjust 
 their differences peaceably, the right remains with the strongest. 
 
 Questions of law and equity, to use the language of the Constitu- 
 tion, or justiciable questions, to use the language of diplomacy, fre- 
 quently arise between nations. If unsettled, they embitter their for- 
 eign relations ; and, if they do not actually cause war, they neverthe- 
 less make it easier for nations to drift into war. The delegates of 
 the American States, meeting in Philadelphia in 1787, renounced the 
 right which they possessed as sovereign, free and independent States, 
 to settle their disputes by negotiation, and they renounced in their 
 common interest the right of going to war which they had claimed in 
 the Declaration of Independence and exercised against Great Britain. 
 But they could then only settle the disputes, certain to arise between 
 and among them, either by diplomacy or by war. For the peaceful 
 settlement of their controversies they therefore created a court, an 
 agency hitherto unknown for this purpose, in which they consented 
 to be sued in all cases that might arise between them involving law 
 and equity. For arbitration, they substituted judicial decision ; for the 
 temporary tribunal, the permanent court. 
 
 As States claiming to be sovereign, free and independent — they had 
 expressly declared themselves to be so in the Confederacy which pre- 
 ceded the more perfect union of the Constitution — they consented to 
 be sued, but were apparently unwilling to be dragged before the court 
 of their hands by force; hence, the Supreme Court of the United 
 States may invite, it can not compel the attendance of the defendant 
 State. In like manner, and for the same reason, the judgment of the 
 Supreme Court is a recommendation, it is not a command to the 
 defeated State, to be executed by physical force. 
 
XVlll 
 
 The justices of the Supreme Court have wisely decided that the 
 great thing in a dispute between States is to have it judicially investi- 
 gated, the facts found, the principle of law applied and a judgment 
 rendered. And, in order that this may happen with the least possible 
 friction, the court allows the plaintiff State to proceed with its case 
 in the absence of the defendant State, duly summoned, but not 
 appearing. 
 
 Although I must be brief, let me add that the Supreme Court must 
 determine at the outset that the question before it is judicial. In 
 other words, it must decide not only that the controversy is one 
 involving law and equity, but that it is not of a political nature; for 
 the States have only consented to be sued in cases of a legal or 
 equitable nature, and the court has only been granted the power to 
 decide judicial, that is, justiciable, not political questions. It must 
 also determine whether the controversy is between States, because a 
 State may only be sued by a State in the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. 
 
 I am bold enough to assert that if the States forming the society of 
 nations are, after the breakdown of diplomacy, as anxious as the 
 original States of the American Union to decide their disputes of a 
 justiciable character without resort to war, they will find the model 
 at hand in the Supreme Court and its procedure a fit agency of sov- 
 ereign States, because it was created by sovereign States, to which 
 they can safely submit their disputes of a justiciable character, allow- 
 ing themselves to be invited, but not forced to appear, in which a suit 
 can be begun by a plaintiff State against a defendant State, without 
 the cooperation of other States, and in which the judgment rendered 
 wUl be a recommendation, not a command, unless a "decent respect to 
 the opinions of mankind" is indeed a command. Should the nations 
 doubt the possibility of deciding their disputes by due process of law, 
 should they question the nature and extent of judicial power, should 
 they insist upon a working definition of a justiciable as distinct from 
 a political question, and should they require approved examples of 
 judicial decision and forms of equitable procedure, they need only 
 
XIX 
 
 consult the experience of the United States and linger over the pages 
 of the reported decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 In the belief that these documents, valuable in themselves and life- 
 giving to a continent, are susceptible of a larger application, in that 
 they point the way to international organization, if they do not actually 
 define its form and content, the Declaration of Independence, the 
 Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States 
 are gathered into the present little volume, separate and distinct from 
 all other matters, and laid before the public without note or comment 
 in order that they may be considered, analyzed, and compared with the 
 greatest ease and under the most favorable conditions. 
 
 We have lived in an ungoverned world ; we must live in a governed 
 world. The society of nations must have its law and its institutions, 
 and the experience of the United. States — "an indestructible union com- 
 posed of indestructible States" — should not fail to appeal to thoughtful 
 men and women aghast at the crumbling of society and stunned at the 
 spectacle of nations apparently in the throes of destruction. 
 
 James Brown Scott, 
 Director of the Division of International Law. 
 Washington, D. C, 
 
 April 21, 1917. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introductory note iii 
 
 The Declaration of Independence 3 
 
 The Articles of Confederation 13 
 
 The Constitution of the United States 29 
 
 Index to the Constitution 51 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
HISTORICAL N0TE.1 
 
 The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire; Massachusetts 
 Bay; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; Connecticut; New York; New 
 Jersey; Pennsylvania; New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, in Delaware; Maryland; 
 Virginia; North Carolina, and South Carolina, In Congress assembled at Phila- 
 delphia, Resolved, on the 10th of May, 1776, to recommend to the respective 
 assemblies and conventions of the United Colonies, where no government 
 sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs had been established, to adopt such 
 a government as should, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, best 
 conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular, and of 
 America in generaL A preamble to this resolution, agreed to on the ISth of 
 May, stated the intention to be totally to suppress the exercise of every kind of 
 authority under the British crown. On the 7th of Jime, certain resolutions re- 
 specting independency were moved and seconded. On the 10th of June it was 
 resolved, that a committee should be appointed to prepare a declaration to the 
 following effect: "That the United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
 and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great 
 Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." On the preceding day it was 
 determined that the committee for preparing the declaration should consist 
 of five, and they were chosen accordingly, in the following order : Mr. Jefferson, 
 Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, Mr. R. R. Livingston. On the 
 11th of June- a resolution was passed to appoint a committee to prepare and 
 digest the form of a confederation to be entered into between the colonies, 
 and another committee to prepare a plan of treaties to be proposed to foreign 
 powers. On the 12th of June, it was resolved, that a committee of Congress 
 should be appointed by the name of a board of war and ordnance, to consist of 
 five members. On the 2Sth of June, a declaration of the deputies of Pennsyl- 
 vania, met in provincial conference, expressing their willingness to concur in 
 a vote declaring the United Colonies free and independent States, was laid be- 
 fore Congress and read. On the 28th of June, the committee appointed to pre- 
 pare a declaration of independence brought in a draught, which was read, and 
 ordered to lie on the table. On the 1st of July, a resolution of the convention 
 of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, authorizing the deputies of that colony 
 to concur in declaring the United Colonies free and independent States, was 
 laid before Congress and read. On the same day Congress resolved itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the resolution respecting 
 independency. On the 2d of July, a resolution declaring the colonies free and 
 independent States, was adopted. A declaration to that effect was, on the same 
 and the following days, taken into further consideration. Finally, on the 4th 
 
 iRevised Statutes of the United States, 1878, p. 3. 
 
of July the Declaration of Independence was ag^reed to, engrossed on paper, 
 signed by John Hancock as president and directed to be sent to the several 
 assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to the 
 several commanding officers of the continental troops, and to be proclaimed in 
 each of the United States, and at the head of the Army. It was also ordered 
 to be entered upon the Journals of Congress, and on the 2d of August, a copy 
 engrossed on parchment was signed by all but one of the fifty-six signers whose 
 names are appended to it That one' was Matthew Thornton, of New Hampshire, 
 who on taking his seat in November asked and obtained the privilege of sign- 
 ing it Several who signed it on the 2d of August were absent when it was 
 adopted on the 4th of July, but, approving of it, they thus signified their appro- 
 bation. 
 
 NOTE. — ^The proof of this document, as published above [below] was read 
 by Mr. Ferdinand Jefferson, the Keeper of the Rolls at the Department of State, 
 at Washington, who compared it with the fac-simile of the original in his cus- 
 tody. He says : "In the fac-simile, as in the original, the whole instrument runs 
 on without a break, but dashes are mostly inserted. I have, in this copy, fol- 
 lowed the arrangement of paragraphs adopted in the publication of the Declara- 
 tion in the newspaper of John Dunlap, and as printed by him for the Congress, 
 which printed copy is inserted in the original Journal of the old Congress. The 
 same paragraphs are also made by the author, in the original draught pre- 
 served in the Department of State." 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE-1776' 
 
 In Congress, July 4, 1776. 
 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America. 
 
 When in the Course .of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them 
 with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the sepa- 
 rate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's 
 God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires 
 that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separa- 
 tion. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, tliat all men are created 
 equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
 Kights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happi- 
 ness. A That to secure these rights. Governments are instituted among 
 Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, 
 That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these 
 ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to in- 
 stitute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and 
 organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
 to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
 that Governments long established should not be changed for light and 
 transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that man- 
 kind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
 right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- 
 tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
 invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under abso- 
 lute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such 
 Government, and to provide new Guards for their future securit}'. — 
 
 iRevised Statutes of the United States, 1878, pp. 3-6. 
 
4 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Suoh has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is 
 now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems 
 of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is 
 a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct ob- 
 ject the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To 
 prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his Assent to iLaiws, the most wholesome and neces- 
 sary for lihe public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent 
 should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
 to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large 
 districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
 Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and 
 formidable to tyrants on)ly. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
 fortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for 
 the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing 
 with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause 
 ethers to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of 
 Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; 
 the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of 
 invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for 
 that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; 
 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising 
 the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his 
 Assent to T^ws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 
 
 He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure 
 of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 5 
 
 He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms 
 of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies without 
 the Consent of our legislature. 
 
 He has aifected to render the Military independent of and superior 
 to the Civil Power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
 to our constitution, and imacknowledged by our laws; giving his 
 Assent to their acts of pretended Legislation: 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock TriaJ, from Punishment for any 
 Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : 
 
 For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our Consent: 
 
 For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: 
 
 For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring 
 Province, establishing tlierein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging 
 its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instru- 
 ment for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: 
 
 For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, 
 and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
 vested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Pro- 
 tection and waging War against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
 to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begim 
 with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
 barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high 
 
6 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners 
 of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav- 
 oured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
 Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruc- 
 tion of all ages, sexes and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Re- 
 dress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been 
 anisiwered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus 
 marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfi,t to be the ruiler 
 of a free People. 
 
 Nor have We been wanting in attention to our Brittish brethren. We 
 have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature 
 to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
 them of the circumstances of our emigration and settleiniient here. We 
 have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
 conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these 
 usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and 
 correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and 
 of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, 
 which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest 
 of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Rqjresentatives of the united States of America. 
 in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of 
 the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by 
 Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and 
 declare. That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be 
 Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Alle- 
 giance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between 
 them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dis- 
 solved ; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power 
 to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, 
 and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 7 
 
 right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm re- 
 liance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
 each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 JOSIAH BaRTLETT 
 
 Wm. Whipple 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Matthew Thornton 
 
 Saml. Adams 
 John Adams 
 
 Step. Hopkins 
 
 Massachusetts Bay 
 
 RoBT. Treat Paine 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 William Ellery 
 
 Roger Sherman 
 Sam'el Huntington 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Wm. Williams 
 Oliver Wolcott 
 
 Wm. Floyd 
 Phil. Livingston 
 
 New York 
 
 Frans. Lewis 
 Lewis Morris 
 
 Richd. Stockton 
 Jno. Witherspoon. 
 Pras. Hopkinson 
 
 RoBT. Morris 
 Benjamin Rush 
 Benja. Franklin 
 John Morton 
 Geo. Clymer 
 
 Caesar Rodney 
 Geo. Read 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 John Hart 
 Abra. Clark 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Jas. Smith 
 Geo. Taylor 
 James Wilson 
 Geo, Ross 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Tho. M'Kean 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Samuel Chase 
 Wm. Paca 
 
 George Wythe 
 RiCHABD Henry Lee 
 Th. Jefferson 
 Benja. Harrison 
 
 Wm. Hooper 
 Joseph Hewes 
 
 Edward Rutledge 
 Thos. Heyward, Junr. 
 
 Button Gwinnett 
 Lyman Hall 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Thos. Stone 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Thos. Nelson, Jr. 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee 
 Carter Braxton 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 John Penn 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Junr. 
 Arthur Middleton 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Geo. Walton 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
HISTORICAL N0TE.1 
 
 Congress Resolved, on the 11th of June, 1776, that a committee should be 
 appointed to prepare and digest the form of a confederation to be entered into 
 between the Colonies; and on the day following, after it had been determined 
 that tlie committee should consist of a member from each Colony, the following 
 persons were appointed to perform that duty, to wit: Mr. Bartlett, Mr. S. 
 Adams, Mr. Hopkins, Mr. Sherman, Mr. R. R. Livingston, Miy^Dickinson, Mr. 
 M'Kean, Mr. Stone, Mr. Nelson, Mr. Hewes, Mr. E. Rutledge, and Mr. Gwin- 
 nett. Upon the report of this committee, the subject was, from time to time, 
 debated, until the ISth of November, 1777, when a copy of the confederation 
 being made out, and sundry amendments made in the diction, without altering 
 the sense, the same was finally agreed to. Congress, at the same time, directed 
 that the articles should be proposed to the legislatures of all the United 
 States, to be considered, and if approved of by them, they were advised to 
 authorize their delegates to ratify the same in the Congress of the United 
 States; which being done, the same should become conclusive. Three hundred 
 copies of the Articles of Confederation were ordered to be printed for the use of 
 Congress; and on the 17th of November, the form of a circular letter to ac- 
 company them was brought in by a committee appointed to prepare it, and being 
 agreed to, thirteen copies of it were ordered to be made out, to be signed by 
 the president and forwarded to the several States, with copies of the confedera- 
 tion. On the 29th of November ensuing, a committee of three was appointed, 
 to procure a translation of the articles to be made into the French language, and 
 to report an address to the inhabitants of Canada, &c. On the 26th of June, 
 1778, the form of a ratificatioin of the Articles of Confederation was adopted, 
 and, it having been engrossed on parchment, it was signed on the 9th of July 
 on the part and in behalf of their respective States, by the delegates of New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Con- 
 necticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, agreeably to 
 the powers vested in them. The delegates of North Carolina signed on the 
 21st of July, those of Georgia on the 24th of July, and those of New Jersey 
 on the 26th of November foUovring. On the Sth of May, 1779, Mr. Dickinson 
 and Mr. Van Dyke signed in behalf of the State of Deleware, Mr. M'Kean 
 having previously signed in February, at which time he produced a power to 
 that effect. Maryland did not ratify until the year 1781. She had instructed 
 her delegates, on the 15th of December, 1778, not to agree to the confederation 
 
 ^Revised Statutes of the United States, 1878, p. 7. 
 
12 
 
 until matters respecting the western lands should be settled on principles of 
 equity and sound policy ; but, on the 30th of January, 1781, finding that the ene- 
 mies of the country took advantage of the circumstance to disseminate opin- 
 ions of an ultimate dissolution of the Union, the legislature of the State 
 passed an act to empower their delegates to subscribe and ratify the articles, 
 which was accordingly done by Mr. Hanson and Mr. Carroll, on the 1st of 
 March of that year, which completed the ratifications of the act; and Congrress 
 assembled on the 2d of March under the new powers. 
 
 NOTE. — The proof of this document, as published above [below], was read 
 by Mr. Ferdinand Jefferson, the Keeper of the Rolls of the Department of State, 
 at Washington, who compared it with the original in his custody. He says : "The 
 initial letters of many of the words in the original of this instrument are capi- 
 tals, but as no system appears to have been observed, the same words sometimes 
 beginning with a capital and sometimes with a small letter, I have thought it 
 best not to undertake to follow the original in this particular. Moreover, there 
 are three forms of the letter s: the capital S, the small s, and the long/j the 
 last being used indiscriminately to words that should begin with a capital and 
 those that should begin with a small s." 
 
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION-1777' 
 
 To all to Whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Dele- 
 gates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting. 
 
 Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Con- 
 gress assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the Year of 
 our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-seven, and in 
 the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain arti- 
 cles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of 
 Newhampshire, Massachusetts -bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plan- 
 tations, Connecticut, New^ York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia in 
 the Words following, viz. 
 
 "Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the 
 States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and 
 Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, 
 South-Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 Article I. The stile of this confederacy shall be "The United 
 States of America." 
 
 Article II. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and inde- 
 pendence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this 
 confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress 
 assembled. 
 
 Article III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm 
 league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the 
 security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, bind- 
 ing themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or 
 
 ^Revised Statutes of the United States, 1878, pp. 7-12. 
 
14 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sov- 
 ereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. 
 
 Article IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friend- 
 ship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this 
 Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vaga- 
 bonds and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all 
 privil^fes and immimities of free citizens in the several States; and 
 the people of each State shall have free ingress and regress to and 
 from any other State, and shaill enjoy therein all the privileges of trade 
 and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions 
 as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions 
 shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported 
 into any State, to any other State of which the owner is an inhabitant ; 
 provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by 
 any State, on the property of the United States, or either of them. 
 
 If any person guilty of, or chained with treason, felony, or other 
 high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found 
 in any of the United States, he shall upon demand of the Governor 
 or Executive power, of the State from which he fled, be delivered up 
 and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offence. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the 
 records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates 
 of every other State. 
 
 Article V. For the more convenient management of the general 
 interest of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in 
 such manner as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in 
 Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a 
 power reserved to each State, to recall its delegates, or any of them, 
 at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the 
 remainder of the year. 
 
 No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by 
 more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being a 
 delegate for more than three years in any term of six years ; nor shall 
 any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 15 
 
 the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit receives 
 any salary, fees or emolument of any kind. 
 
 Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the 
 States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States. 
 
 In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assem- 
 bled, each State shall have one vote. 
 
 Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached 
 or questioned in any court, or place out of Congress, at;d the mem- 
 bers of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and 
 imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and at- 
 tendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the 
 peace. 
 
 Artice VI. No State without the consent of the United States in 
 Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy 
 from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with 
 any king, prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of 
 profit or trust under the United States, or any of themi, accept of any 
 present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any 
 king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the United States in Congress 
 assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 
 
 No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or 
 alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United 
 States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for 
 which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. 
 
 No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with 
 any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Con- 
 gress assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any 
 treaties already proposed by Congress, to the courts of France and 
 Spain. 
 
 No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, 
 except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United 
 States in Congress assembled, for the defence of such State, or its 
 trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time 
 
16 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United 
 States, in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison 
 the forts necessary for the defence of such State; but every State 
 shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, suffi- 
 ciently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have 
 ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, 
 and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage. 
 
 No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United 
 States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actuailly invaded by 
 enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being 
 formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger 
 is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States in 
 Congress assembled can be consulted : nor shall any State grant com- 
 missions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or re- 
 prisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in 
 Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and 
 the subjects thereof, against AVhich war has been so declared, and 
 under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in 
 Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which 
 case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so 
 long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in Con- 
 gress assembled shall determine otherwise. 
 
 Article VII. When land-forces are raised by any State for the 
 common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be 
 appointed by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such 
 forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, 
 and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the 
 appointment. 
 
 Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that 
 shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and 
 allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed 
 out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several 
 States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted 
 to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and im- 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 17 
 
 provemeaats thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the 
 United States in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct 
 and appoint. 
 
 The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the 
 authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within 
 the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 Article IX. The United States in Congress assembled, shall have 
 tlie sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and 
 war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article — gf sending 
 and receiving ambassadors — entering into treaties and alliances, pro- 
 vided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legisla- 
 tive power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing 
 such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are sub- 
 jected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any 
 species of goods or commodities whatsoever — of establishing rules for 
 deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, 
 and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the ser^'ice 
 of the United States shall be divided or appropriated — of granting let- 
 ters of marque and reprisal in times of peace — appointing courts for 
 the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and es- 
 tablishing courts for receiving and determining finailly appeals in all 
 cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be ap- 
 pointed a judge of any of the said courts. 
 
 The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last re- 
 sort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that 
 hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning' boundary, 
 jurisdiction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always 
 be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or 
 executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with 
 another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in ques- 
 tion and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order 
 of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State 
 in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties 
 by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint 
 
18 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and 
 determining the matter in question: but if they can not agree, Con- 
 greas shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and 
 from 'the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out 
 one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to 
 thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than 
 nine names as Congress shall direct, shall in the presence of Congress 
 be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn 
 or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and 
 finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the 
 judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination : and 
 if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without 
 showing reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being pres- 
 ent shall refuse to strike, the Congress sha'll proceed to nominate three 
 persons out of each State, and the Secretary of Congress shall strike 
 an behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sen- 
 tence of the court to be apixjinted, in the manner before prescribed, 
 shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall refuse to 
 stibmit to the autlwrity of such court, or to appear or defend their 
 claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sen- 
 tence, or judglment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, 
 the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case 
 transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for 
 the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commis- 
 sioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be adminis- 
 tered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the 
 State, where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and de- 
 termine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, 
 without favour, affection or hope of reward:" provided also that no 
 State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. 
 All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under 
 different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdiction as they 
 may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are 
 adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 19 
 
 claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdic- 
 tion, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United 
 States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as 
 is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial juris- 
 diction between different States. 
 
 The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole 
 and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of 
 coin struclt by their own authority, or by that of the respective States. 
 — fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United 
 States. — regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, 
 not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right 
 of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated- — estab- 
 lishing and regulating post-ofiices from one State to another, through- 
 out all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers 
 passing thro' the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of 
 the said office — appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service 
 of the United States, excepting regimental officers — appointing all the 
 officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in 
 the service of the United States — ^making rules for the government 
 and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their 
 operations. 
 
 The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to 
 appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denomi- 
 nated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate 
 from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil offi- 
 cers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the 
 United States imder their direction — to appoint one of their number 
 to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of 
 president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain 
 the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
 States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the pub- 
 lic expenses— to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the 
 United States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an 
 account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted,— to build and 
 
20 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 equip a navy — ^to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make 
 requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number 
 of white inhabitants in such State ; which requisition shall be binding, 
 and thereupon the Legislature of each State shall appoint the regi- 
 mental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip them in a 
 soldier like manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the offi- 
 cers and men so doathed, armed and equipped shall march to the place 
 appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in 
 Congress assembled: but if the United States in Congress assembled 
 shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State 
 should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, 
 and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than 
 the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, 
 cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such 
 State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra 
 number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they 
 shall raise officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such extra num- 
 ber as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so 
 cloathed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and 
 within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a 
 war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor 
 enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the 
 value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the 
 defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit 
 bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appro- 
 priate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be 
 built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, 
 nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine 
 States assent to the same : nor shall a question on any other point, ex- 
 cept for adjourning from day to day be determined, imless by the 
 votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to 
 any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 21 
 
 so that no period Oif adjournment be for a longer duration than the 
 space of six montios, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings 
 monthly except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or mili- 
 tary operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas 
 and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be en- 
 tered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the dele- 
 gates of a State, or any of them, at his or thedr request shall be fur- 
 nished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are 
 above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States. 
 
 Article X. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, 
 shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the 
 powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by 
 the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to 
 vest them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said com- 
 mittee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the 
 voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled 
 is requiisite. 
 
 Article XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in 
 the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled 
 to all the advantages of this Union : but no other colony shall be ad- 
 mitted into the same, unless such adtaission be agreed to by nine 
 States. 
 
 Article XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and 
 debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the 
 assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confed- 
 eration, sihalil be deemed and considered as a charge against the United 
 States, for pa3Tnent and satisfaction whereof the said United States, 
 and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. 
 
 Article XIII. Every State shall abide by the determinations of 
 the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by 
 this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this 
 confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the 
 Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time here- 
 after be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in 
 
22 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 
 a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the 
 Legislatures of every State. 
 
 And whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the world to 
 incline the hearts of the L^isJatures we respectively represent in Con- 
 gress, to a/pprove of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of 
 confederation and perpetual union. Know ye that we the undersigned 
 delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that 
 purpose, .do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our re- 
 spective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and 
 every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all 
 and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do 
 further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constitu- 
 ents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States 
 in Congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confedera- 
 tion! are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be in- 
 violably observed by the States we re[s]pectively represent, .and that 
 the Union shall be perpetual. 
 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. 
 Done at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of 
 July in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy- 
 eight, and in the third year of the independence of America. 
 
 On the part & behalf of the State of New Hampshire. 
 
 JosiAH Bartlett, John Wentworth, Junr., 
 
 August 8th, 1778. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 John Hancock, Francis Dana, 
 
 Samuel Adams, James Lovell, 
 
 Eldbridge Gerry, Samuel Holten. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Rhode Island and Providence 
 
 Plantations. 
 
 William Ellery, John Collins. 
 
 Henry Marchant, 
 
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 23 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Connecticut. 
 
 Roger Sherman, Titus Hosmer, 
 
 Samuel Huntington, Andrew Adams. 
 
 Oliver Wolcott, 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of New York. 
 
 Jas. Duane, Wm. EKjer, 
 
 Fra. Lewis, Gouv. Morris. 
 
 On the part and in bebaif of the State of Netv Jersey, Novr. 26, 1778. 
 
 Jno. Witherspoon, Nathl. Scudder. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 RoBT. Morris, William Clingan, 
 
 Daniel Roberdeac, Joseph Reed, 22d July, 1778. 
 
 Jona. Bayard Smith, 
 
 On the part & behalf of the State of Delaware. 
 
 Tho. M'Kean, Feby. 12, 1779. Nicholas Van Dyke. 
 
 John Dickinson, May 5th, 1779. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Maryland. 
 John Hanson, March 1, 1781. Daniel Carroll, Mar. 1, 1781. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of Virginia. 
 Richard Henry Lee, Jno. Harvie, 
 
 John Banister, Francis Lightfoot Lee. 
 
 Thomas Adams, 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of No. Carolina. 
 
 John Penn, July 21st, 1778. Jno. Williams. 
 
 Corns. Harnett, 
 
 On the part and behalf of the State of South Carolina. 
 Henry Laurens, Richd. Hutson, 
 
 William Henry Drayton, Thos. Heyward, Junr. 
 
 Jno. Mathews, 
 
 On the part & behalf of the State of Georgia. 
 Jno. Walton, 24th July, 1778. Edwd. Langworthy. 
 
 Edwd. Telfair, 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES 
 
HISTORICAL N0TE.1 
 
 In May, 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alter- 
 ation in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it 
 was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter. In January, 1786, 
 the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment 
 of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such com- 
 missioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time 
 and place to be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the 
 United States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial 
 regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent 
 harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this 
 great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Con- 
 gress effectually to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after 
 some correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and 
 the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other States 
 were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; 
 the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Caro- 
 lina, and Rliode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so par- 
 tial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon a report (drawn 
 by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,) expressing their unanimous conviction that 
 it might essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union if the States 
 by which they were respectively delegated, would concur, and use their en- 
 deavors to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment 
 of commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May fol- 
 lowing, to take into consideration the situation of the United States; to devise 
 such further provisions as should appear to them necessary to render the Con- 
 stitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; 
 and to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress as- 
 sembled as, when agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legisla- 
 tures of every State, would effectually provide for the same. 
 
 Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of 
 a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already 
 done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. 
 On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of 
 Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the 
 proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the 
 Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members pres- 
 ent, except Mr. Gerry, of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of 
 Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a 
 
 iRevised Statutes of the United States, 1878, p. 17. 
 
28 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in 
 operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, 
 directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning 
 the same, to "be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be sub- 
 mitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, 
 . in conformity to the resolves of the convention." 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the 
 operations of Government imder the new Constitution, it had been ratified by 
 the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as follows : Delaware, De- 
 cember 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 
 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, 
 February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; 
 New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 26j 1788; and New York, July 
 26, 1788. 
 
 The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North 
 Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed 
 Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitu- 
 tion May 29, 1789. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 
 10, 1789, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 19, 1791, "received 
 and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States." 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES-1787' 
 
 We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more per- 
 fect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for 
 the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the 
 Blessings ^of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and 
 establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Section 2. <^)The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
 Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, 
 and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite 
 for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 ^''^No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
 to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of 
 the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant 
 of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 <')* [Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the 
 several States which may be included within this Union, according to 
 their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the 
 whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a 
 Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all 
 other Persons.] The actual Enumeration shall be made within three 
 Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and 
 
 ^The text of the Constitution, the amendments thereto, the notes appended, 
 and the Index, are taken from the Revised Statutes of the United States, 1878, 
 and Senate Document No. 12, 63d Congress, 1st Session. 
 
 The numbers prefixed to the clauses of the Constitution, and here placed 
 in parentheses, do not appear in the original text. 
 
 ♦The clause included in brackets is amended by the fourteenth amendment, 
 second section [page 48 of this publication]. 
 
30 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they 
 shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed 
 one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one 
 Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
 of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts 
 eight, Rhode^Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. 
 New- York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
 Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, 
 and Georgia three. 
 
 (*)When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the 
 Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such 
 Vacancies. 
 
 (^)The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other 
 Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 
 
 Section 3. [ (^>The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
 two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
 six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.]* 
 
 (''^Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the 
 first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
 Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Qass shall be vacated 
 at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Ex- 
 piration of the fourth Year, and of the third Qass at the Expiration of 
 the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year; 
 and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the 
 Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may 
 make temporary Appointments [until the next Meeting of the Legisla- 
 ture, which shall then fill such Vacancies] . 
 
 (')No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
 Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that 
 State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 *The first paragraph of section three of Article 1, of the Constitution of 
 the United States, and so much of paragraph two of the same section as 
 relates to filling vacancies are amended by the seventeenth amendment to the 
 Constitution. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 31 
 
 <*'The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the 
 Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
 ("'The Senate shall chuse their other Ofificers, and also a President 
 pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall 
 exercise the Office of President of the United States. 
 
 ("'The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. 
 When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. 
 When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall 
 preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of 
 two thirds of the Members present. 
 
 (^'Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than 
 to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
 Office of honor. Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party 
 convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, 
 Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. 
 
 Section 4. (^)The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections 
 for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by 
 the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law 
 make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing 
 Senators. 
 
 (^'The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such 
 Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
 by Law appoint a different Day. 
 
 Section 5. (^>Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Re- 
 turns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each 
 shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may 
 adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attend- 
 ance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties 
 as each House may provide. 
 
 ("'Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish 
 its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of 
 two thirds, expel a Member. 
 
 <*)Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time 
 to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg- 
 
32 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 merit require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of 
 either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those 
 Present, be entered on the Journal. 
 
 <*) Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the 
 Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
 other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Section 6. (^)The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com- 
 pensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of 
 the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except 
 Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest 
 during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and 
 in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or 
 Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other 
 Place. 
 
 ^^^No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which 
 he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority 
 of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emolu- 
 ments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no 
 Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Menv 
 ber of either House during his Continuance in Office. 
 
 Section 7. (^)All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the 
 House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
 Amendments as on other Bills. 
 
 (''JEvery Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
 and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the 
 President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it, but if 
 not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it 
 shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their 
 Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration 
 two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, 
 together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall 
 likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, 
 it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses 
 shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 33 
 
 voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each 
 House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President 
 within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre- 
 sented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had 
 signed it, unless the G)ngress by their Adjournment prevent its Re- 
 turn, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 
 
 (')Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
 question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
 United States ; and before the Same shall take Eifect, shall be approved 
 by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules 
 and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 
 
 Section 8. The Congress shall have Power ('^To lay and collect 
 Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for 
 the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all 
 Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 (^)To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 ^^)To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the sev- 
 eral States, and with the Indian Tribes ; 
 
 (*'To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 
 Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 C^To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, 
 and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; 
 
 (')To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities 
 and current Coin of the United States; 
 
 ('^To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 
 
 (*)To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing 
 for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to 
 their respective Writings and Discoveries; 
 
 <^)To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; 
 
 (i'')To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the 
 high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; 
 
34 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 ^^^^To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make 
 Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 
 
 (")To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to 
 that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; 
 
 (")To provide and maintain a Navy ; 
 
 <^*)To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land 
 and naval Forces; 
 
 ^^''^To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of 
 the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; 
 
 <^°)To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, 
 and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the 
 Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the 
 Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia 
 according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 (^''To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over 
 such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of 
 particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of 
 the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority 
 over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the 
 State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Maga- 
 zines, Arsenals, dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And 
 
 (^*)To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry- 
 ing into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested 
 by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any 
 Department or Officer thereof. 
 
 Section 9. <^)The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any 
 of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
 hibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not 
 exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 
 
 (''^The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public 
 Safety may require it. 
 
 <8)No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 35 
 
 *(*^No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Pro- 
 portion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be 
 taken. 
 
 <^)No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 
 
 (»)No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or 
 Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall 
 Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or 
 pay Duties in another. 
 
 ('>No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence 
 of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account 
 of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub- 
 lished from time to time. 
 
 (^>No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; and 
 no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, 
 without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolu- 
 ment, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, 
 or foreign State. 
 
 Section 10. (^>No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or 
 Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; 
 emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender 
 in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or 
 Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of 
 Nobility. 
 
 (^)No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Im- 
 posts or Duties on Lnports or Exports, except what may be absolutely 
 necessary for executing it's inspection Laws : and the net Produce of 
 all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall 
 be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such 
 Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Congress. 
 
 <')No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
 Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into 
 any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign 
 Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such immi- 
 nent Danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 *See XVI Amendment. 
 
36 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Section 1. <^)The executive Power shall be vested in a President of 
 the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the 
 Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen 
 for the same Term, be elected, as follows : 
 
 (^^Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature 
 thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number 
 of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in 
 the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an 
 Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
 an Elector. 
 
 *[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
 Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant 
 of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all 
 the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which 
 List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the 
 Government of the United States, directed to the President of the 
 Senate. The . President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the 
 Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number 
 of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the 
 whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one 
 who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then 
 the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one 
 of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from 
 the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse 
 the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken 
 by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A 
 quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from 
 two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the Presi- 
 dent, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors 
 
 ♦This clause has been superseded by the twelfth amendment [page 45 of this 
 publication] . 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 37 
 
 shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more 
 who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the 
 Vice President.] 
 
 ("'The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, 
 and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be 
 the same throughout the United States. 
 
 <*)No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
 States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
 to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that 
 Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and 
 been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. 
 
 (°)In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his 
 Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties 
 of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and 
 the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, 
 Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, 
 declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer 
 shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President 
 shall be elected. 
 
 <'^The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a 
 Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during 
 the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
 within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or 
 any of them. 
 
 C Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the 
 following Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 
 I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, 
 and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the 
 Constitution of the United States." 
 
 Section 2. (^JThe President shall be Commander in Chief of the 
 Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual Service of the United States ; he may 
 require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the 
 executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of 
 
38 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves 
 and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases 
 of Irripeachment. 
 
 <^)He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the 
 Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present 
 concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Con- 
 sent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
 and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of 
 the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
 vided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress 
 may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they 
 think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the 
 Heads of Departments. 
 
 (*)The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may 
 happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions 
 which shall expire at the End of their next Session. 
 
 Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Informa- 
 tion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration 
 such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on 
 extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and 
 in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of 
 Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think 
 proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he 
 shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Com- 
 mission all the Officers of the United States. 
 
 Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from Office on Imp^eachment for, and 
 Conviction of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misde- 
 meanors. 
 
 Article IIL 
 
 Section L The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in 
 one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
 from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
 supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 39 
 
 Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a 
 Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance 
 in Office. 
 
 Section 2. (^^The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law 
 and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United 
 States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Author- 
 ity; — ^to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and 
 Consuls; — ^to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — ^to 
 Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; — to Contro- 
 versies between two or more States ; — between a State and Citizens of 
 another State; — between Citizens of different States; — between Citi- 
 zens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, 
 and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citi- 
 zens or Subjects. 
 
 (^)In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and 
 Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court 
 shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before men- 
 tioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to 
 Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as 
 the Congress shall make. 
 
 •^'^The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be 
 by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said 
 Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within 
 any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress 
 may by Law have directed. 
 
 Section 3. ('^^Treason against the United States, shall consist only in 
 levying War against them, or, in adhering to their Enemies, giving 
 them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason 
 unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or 
 on Confession in open Court. 
 
 <'')The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of 
 Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, 
 or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. 
 
40 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the 
 public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. 
 And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which 
 such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall bei proved, and the Effect 
 thereof. 
 
 Section 2. <*)The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privi- 
 leges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 
 
 (^)A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other 
 Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall 
 on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he 
 fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of 
 the Crime. 
 
 <°)No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws 
 thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or 
 Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but 
 shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or 
 Labour may be due. 
 
 Section 3. <*)New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Juris- 
 diction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of 
 two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the 
 Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 ('>The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful 
 Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property be- 
 longing to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall 
 be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or 
 of any particular State. 
 
 Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
 Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of 
 them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of 
 the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against 
 domestic Violence. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 41 
 
 Article V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
 Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall 
 call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, 
 shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, 
 when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, 
 or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
 Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided 
 that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thou- 
 sand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and 
 fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no 
 State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's equal Suffrage in 
 the Senate. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 (^)All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the 
 Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
 States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 (''^This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall 
 be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall 
 be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
 Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound 
 thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the 
 Contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 <*)The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
 Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judi- 
 cial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall 
 be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no 
 religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or 
 public Trust under the United States. 
 
42 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be suffi- 
 cient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States 
 so ratifying the SameX 
 
 Done in Convention by , the Unanimous Consent of the States present 
 the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thou- 
 sand seven hundred and Eigthy seven, and of the Independence of the 
 United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have 
 hereunto subscribed our Names^, 
 
 ^, G?: WASHINGTON 
 
 Presidt and deputy from Virginia 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 John Langdon Nicholas Gilman 
 
 Massachusetts. ■, 
 Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King 
 
 Wm. Saml. Johnson 
 
 Alexander Hamilton 
 
 Wil: Livingston 
 David Brearley. 
 
 B. Franklin 
 RoBT. Morris 
 Thos. Fitzsimons 
 James Wilson 
 
 Geo : Read 
 John Dickinson 
 Jaco: Broom 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Roger Sherman 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Wm. Patterson 
 Jona: Dayton 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin 
 Geo. Clymer 
 Jared Ingersoll 
 Gouv Morris 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Gunning Bedford Jun 
 Richard Bassett 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 43 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 James McHenry Dan of St Thos Jenifer 
 
 Danl. Carroll 
 
 Virginia. 
 John Blair— James Madison Jr. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Wm. Blount Richd Dobbs Spaight, 
 
 Hu Williamson 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
 
 Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 William Few Abr Baldwin 
 
 Attest WILLIAM JACKSON Secretary 
 
 Articles in Addition To, and Amendment Of, the Constitution 
 of the United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and 
 Ratified by the Legislatures of the Several States, Pursuant 
 to the Fifth Article of the Original Constitution. 
 
 [Article I.]* 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
 
 *The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States were 
 proposed to the legislatures of the several States hy the First Congress, on the 
 2Sth of September, 1789. They were ratified by the following States, and the 
 notifications of ratification by the governors thereof were successively com- 
 municated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; 
 Maryland, December 19, 1789 ; North Carolina, December 22, 1789 ; South Caro- 
 lina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 
 28, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; New York, March 27, 1790; Rhode 
 Island, June IS, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791, and Virginia, December 15, 
 1791. There is no evidence on the journals of Congress that the legislatures 
 of Connecticut, Georgia, and Massachusetts ratified them. 
 
44 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
 and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 [Article II.] 
 
 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free 
 State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be 
 infringed. 
 
 [Article III.] 
 
 No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, with- 
 out the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner 
 to be prescribed by law. 
 
 [Article IV.] 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
 violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- 
 ported by Oath or afifirmation, and particularly describing the place to 
 be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 [Article V.] 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- 
 famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, 
 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, 
 when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any 
 person be subject for the same oifence to be twice put in jeopardy of 
 life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without 
 due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
 without just compensation. 
 
 [Article VI.] 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
 and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 45 
 
 him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
 and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 
 
 [Article VII.] 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
 tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the 
 United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 [AlRTICLE VIII.] 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
 cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 [Article IX.] 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
 construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 [Article X.] 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
 nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
 or to the people. 
 
 Article XI.* 
 
 The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
 extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
 one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens 
 or Subjects of any Foreign State. 
 
 Article Xll.f 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot 
 for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be 
 
 ♦The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was pro- 
 posed to the legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress on the 
 5th of March, 1794; and was declared in a message from the President to Con- 
 gress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been ratified by the legislatures 
 of three-fourths of the States. 
 
 •f-The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was pro- 
 posed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 
 12th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first sec- 
 tion of the second article; and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary 
 of State, dated the 2Sth of September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legis- 
 latures of three-fourths of the States. 
 
46 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in 
 their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
 the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct 
 lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted 
 for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
 government of the United States, directed to the President of the 
 Senate ; — The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes 
 shall then be counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes 
 for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of 
 the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such 
 majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not ex- 
 ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of 
 Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But 
 in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the repre- 
 sentation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose 
 shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, 
 and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And 
 if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
 the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
 March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 
 as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the 
 President. — The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
 President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
 shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
 of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority -of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu- 
 tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of 
 Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 Article XHL* 
 
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
 
 ♦The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was 
 proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Con- 
 gress, on the 1st of February, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 47 
 
 shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
 appropriate legislation. 
 
 Article XIV.* 
 
 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, 
 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
 and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
 
 Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by 
 the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States, viz: Illinois, Rhode 
 Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, 
 Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hamp- 
 shire, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 ♦The fourteenth amendment to- the Constitution of the United States was 
 proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, 
 on the 16th of June, 1866. On the 21st of July, 1868, Congress adopted and 
 transmitted to the Department of State a concurrent resolution declaring that 
 "the legislatures of the States of Connecticut, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, 
 Vermont, New York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, 
 Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Iowa, 
 Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana, 
 being three-fourths and more of the several States of the Union, have ratified 
 the fourteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States, 
 duly proposed by two-thirds of each House of the Thirty-ninth Congress : 
 Therefore Resolved, That said fourteenth article is hereby declared to be a part 
 of the Constitution of the United States, and it shall be duly promulgated as 
 such by the Secretary of State." The Secretary of State accordingly issued a 
 proclamation, dated the 28th of July, 1868, declaring that the proposed four- 
 teenth amendment had been ratified, in the manner hereafter mentioned, by the 
 legislatures of thirty of the thirty-six States, viz : Connecticut, June 30, 1866 ; 
 New Hampshire, July 7, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, Septem- 
 ber 11, 1866 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution in April, 
 1868, to withdraw its consent to it) ; Oregon, September 19, 1866 ; Vermont, 
 November 9, 1866; Georgia rejected it November 13, 1866, and ratified it July 
 21, 1868; North Carolina rejected it December 4, 1866, and ratified it July 4, 
 1868; South Carolina rejected it December 20, 1866, and ratified it July 9, 
 1868; New York ratified it January 10, 1867; Ohio ratified it January 11, 1867 
 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution in January, 1868, to 
 withdraw its consent to it) ; Illinois ratified it January 15, 1867 ; West Virginia, 
 January 16, 1867; Kansas, January 18, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, 
 January 22, 1867 ; Missouri, January 26, 1867 ; Indiana, January 20, 1867 ; Min- 
 nesota, February 1, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 
 13, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 13, 1867; Michigan, February 15, 1867; Mas- 
 sachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, April 3, 1868; Ar- 
 kansas. April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; Louisiana, July 9, 1868, and Ala- 
 bama, July 13, 1868. Georgia again ratified the amendment February 2, 1870. 
 Texas rejected it November 1, 1866, and ratified it February 18, 1870. Virginia 
 rejected it January 19, 1867, and ratified it October 8, 1869. The amendment was 
 rejected by Kentucky January 10, 1867; by Delaware February 8, 1867; by 
 Maryland March 23, 1867, and was not afterwards ratified by either State. 
 
48 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of 
 the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, 
 liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any 
 person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
 States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- 
 ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when 
 the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President 
 and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, 
 the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the 
 Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
 State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
 or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other 
 crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor- 
 tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 
 number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 
 
 Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
 gress, or elector of President and Vice-Pesident, or hold any office, 
 civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
 having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
 officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, 
 or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Consti- 
 tution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebel- 
 lion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. 
 But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such 
 disability. 
 
 Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
 authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
 and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
 not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall 
 assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
 or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
 emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims 
 shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Section S. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropri- 
 ate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 49 
 
 Article XV.* 
 
 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
 not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 
 account of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude — 
 
 Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
 by appropriate legislation. 
 
 Article XVI.f 
 
 The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, 
 from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the sev- 
 eral States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. 
 
 ♦The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was pro- 
 posed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress on the 
 27th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary 
 of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 
 twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of these ratifications (ar- 
 ranged in the order of their reception at the Department of State) were : From 
 North Carolina, March 5, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Massachusetts, 
 March 9-12, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 12, 1869; Louisiana, 
 March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; South Carolina, March 16, 1869; 
 Pennsylvania, March 26, 1869; Arkansas, March 30, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 
 1869; Florida, June IS, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Indiana, May 13-14, 1869; 
 New York, March 7-April 14, 1869 (and the legislature of the same State passed 
 a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it) ; New Hampshire, 
 July 7, 1869; Nevada, March 1, 1869; Vermont, October 21, 1869; Virginia, 
 October 8, 1869; Missouri, January 10, 1870; Mississippi, January 15-17, 1870; 
 Ohio, January 27, 1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870; Kansas, January 18-19, 1870; 
 Minnesota, February 19, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 1870; Nebraska, Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870. The State of Georgia also ratified 
 the amendment February 2, 1870. 
 
 tThe sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was pro- 
 posed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on 
 the 12th day of July, 1909, and was declared, in an announcement by the Secre- 
 tary of State, dated February 25, 1913, to have been ratified by the legislatures 
 of the following thirty-eight of the forty-eight States. The dates of these ratifi- 
 cations were: Alabama, August 17, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South 
 Carolina, February 23, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, March 11, 
 1910; Oklahoma, March 14, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 
 1910; Texas, August 17, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; 
 Oregon, January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; California, January 
 31 1911; Montana, January 31, 1911; Indiana, February 6, 1911; Nevada, Feb- 
 ruarys, 1911; Nebraska, February 11, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; 
 Colorado, February 20, 1911; North Dakota, February 21, 1911; Michigan, Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1911; Iowa, February 27, 1911; Kansas, March 6, 1911; Missouri, 
 March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 11, 1911; Arkansas, 
 April 22, 1911; Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; South 
 Dakota, February 3, 1912; Arizona, April 9, 1912; Minnesota, June 12, 1912; 
 Louisiana, July 1, 1912; Delaware, February 3, 1913; Wyoming, February 3, 
 1913; New Jersey, February 5, 1913; New Mexico, February 5, 1913. The 
 States of Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected this 
 amendment. 
 
50 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article XVII* 
 
 <^)The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- 
 tors from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years ; and 
 each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall 
 have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
 branch of the State legislatures. 
 
 (2)When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the 
 Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of elec- 
 tion to fill such vacancies : Provided, That the legislature of any State 
 may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment 
 until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may 
 direct. 
 
 <')This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election 
 or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of 
 the Constitution, 
 
 *The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was 
 proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-second Congress 
 on the 16th day of May, 1912, and was declared, in an announcement by the 
 Secretary of State, dated May 31, 1913, to have been ratified by the legislatures 
 of the following thirty-six of the forty-eight States. The dates of these ratifi- 
 cations were : Massachusetts, May 22, 1912 ; Arizona, June 3, 1912 ; Minnesota, 
 June 10, 1912; New York, January IS, 1913; Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, 
 January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 
 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, 
 February 4, 1913; Nebraska, February S, 1913; Iowa, February 6, 1913; Mon- 
 tana, February 7, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, February 7, 
 1913; Wyoming, February 11, 1913; Colorado, February 13, 1913; Illinois, Feb- 
 ruary 13, 1913; North Dakota, February 18, 1913; Nevada, February 19, 1913; 
 Vermont, February 19, 1913; Maine, February 20, 1913; New Hampshire, Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1913 ; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913 ; Ohio, February 25, 1913 ; South 
 Dakota, February 27, 1913; Indiana, March 6, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; 
 New Mexico, March IS, 1913; New Jersey, March 18, 1913; Tennessee, April 
 1, 1913; Arkansas, April 14, 1913; Connecticut, April IS, 1913; Pennsylvania, 
 April IS, 1913; Wisconsin, May 9, 1913. 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Abridged. The privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
 
 States shall not be. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
 it may provide. Each House is authorized to compel the 
 
 attendance of 1 5 1 31 
 
 Accounts of receipts and expenditures of public money shall be 
 
 published from time to time. A statement of the 1 9 7 35 
 
 Accusation. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall be 
 
 informed of the cause and nature of the. [Amendments] . . 6 - - 44 
 Accused shall have a speedy public trial. In all criminal prose- 
 cutions the. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be tried by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 
 where the crime was committed. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be informed of the nature of the accusation. 
 
 [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 
 
 [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
 
 his favor. [Amendments] , 6 - - 45 
 
 He shall have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Actions at common law involving over twenty dollars shall be 
 
 tried by jury. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 Acts, records, and judicial proceedings of another State. Full 
 
 faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 4 1 - 40 
 
 Acts. Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such acts, 
 
 records, and proceedings 4 1 - 40 
 
 Adjourn from day to day. A smaller number than a quorum of 
 
 each House may : 1 S 1 31 
 
 Adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than 
 that in which they shall be sitting. Neither House shall, 
 during the session of Congress, without the consent of the 
 
 other 1 5 4 32 
 
 Adjournment, the President may adjourn them to such time as 
 he shall think proper. In case of disagreement between the 
 
 two Houses as to 2 3 - 38 
 
 Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power shall 
 
 extend to all cases of 3 2 1 39 
 
 Admitted by the Congress into this Union, but no new States 
 shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
 
 other State. New States may be 4 3 1 40 
 
 Nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
 States, or parts of States, without the consent of the 
 
 legislatures and of Congress 4 3 1 40 
 
 Adoption of the Constitution shall be valid. All debts and en- 
 gagements contracted by the Confederation and before the 6 - 1 41 
 Advice and consent of the Senate. The President shall have 
 
 power to make treaties by and with the 2 2 2 38 
 
 To appoint ambassadors or other public ministers and consuls 
 
 by and with the 2 2 2 38 
 
 To appoint all other officers of the United States not herein 
 
 otherwise provided for by and with the 2 2 2 38 
 
52 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PACE 
 
 AMrmation. Senators sitting to try impeachments shall be on 
 
 oath or 1 3 6 31 
 
 To be taken by the President of the United States. Form of 
 
 the oath or 2 1 7 37 
 
 No warrants shall be issued but upon probable cause and on 
 
 Gather. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 To support the Constitution. Senators and Representatives, 
 members of State legislatures, executive and judicial offi- 
 cers, both State and Federal, shall be bound by oath or.. 6 - 3 41 
 Age. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have 
 
 attained twenty-five years of _. . . . 1 2 2 29 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 
 
 thirty years of 1 3 3 30 
 
 Agreement or compact with another State without the consent 
 
 of Congress. No state shall enter into any 1 10 3 35 
 
 Aid and comfort. Treason against the United States shall con- 
 sist in levying war against them, adhering to their enemies, 
 
 and giving them 3 3 1 39 
 
 Alliance or confederation. No State shall enter into any treaty 
 
 of 1 10 1 3S 
 
 Ambassadors ^OT other public ministers and consuls. The Pres- 
 ident may appoint 2 2 2 38 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall extend to all 
 
 cases affecting 3 2 1 39 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution. Whenever two-thirds of both 
 
 Houses shall deem it necessary. Congress shall propose... S - - 41 
 On application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, 
 
 Congress shall call a convention to propose 5 - - 41 
 
 Shall be valid when ratified by the legislatures of, or by con- 
 ventions in, three-fourths of the States S - - 41 
 
 Answer for a capital or infamous crime unless on presentment 
 of a grand jury. No person shall be held to. [Amend- 
 ments] ; S ~ - 44 
 
 Except in cases in the land or naval forces, or in the militia 
 
 when in actual service. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 Appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such ex- 
 ceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make. 
 
 In what cases the Supreme Court shall have 3 2 2 39 
 
 Application of the legislature or the executive of a State. The 
 United States shall protect each State against invasion and 
 
 domestic violence on the 4 4 - 40 
 
 Application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, Con- 
 gress shall call a convention for proposing amendments to 
 
 the Constitution. On the S - _ 41 
 
 Appointment of officers and authority to train the militia re- 
 served to the States respectively 1 g 16 34 
 
 Of such inferior officers as they may think proper in the Pres- 
 ident alone. Congress may by law vest the 2 2 2 38 
 
 Appointments in the courts of law or in the heads of Depart- 
 ments. Congress may by law vest the 2 2 2 38 
 
 Apportionment of representation and direct taxation among the 
 several States. Provisions relating to the. [Repealed by 
 
 section 2 of fourteenth amendment.] 1 2 3 29 
 
 Apportionment. Congress shall have power to lay and collect 
 taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without 
 apportionment among the several States. The sixteenth 
 
 amendment. [Amendments] 16 _ _ 49 
 
 Of representatives among the several States. Provisions re- 
 lating to the. [Amendments] 14 2 - 48 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 53 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Appropriate legislation. Congress shall have power to make 
 all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution 
 the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the 
 Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in 
 
 any department or officer thereof 1 8 18 34 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the thirteenth article, 
 
 prohibiting slavery, by. [Amendments] 13 2 - 47 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of the 
 
 fourteenth article by. [Amendments] 14 5 - 48 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the provisions of the 
 
 fifteenth article by. [Amendments] 15 2 - 49 
 
 Appropriation of money for raising and supporting armies shall 
 
 be for a longer term than two years. But no 1 8 12 34 
 
 Appropriations made by law. No money shall be drawn from 
 
 the Treasury but in consequence of 1 9 7 35 
 
 Approve and sign a bill before it shall become a law. The 
 
 President shall 1 7 2 32 
 
 He shall return it to the House in which it originated, with his 
 
 objections, if he do not 1 7 2 32 
 
 Armies, but no appropriation for that use shall be for a longer 
 term than two years. Congress shall have power to raise 
 and support 1 8 12 34 
 
 Armies. Congress shall make rules for the government and 
 
 regulation of the land and naval forces 1 8 14 34 
 
 Arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being 
 necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the 
 people to keep and bear. [Amendments] 2 - - 44 
 
 Arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
 Houses, and in going to and returning from the same. Mem- 
 bers shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from 1 6 1 32 
 
 Arsenals. Congress shall exercise exclusive authority over all 
 
 places purchased for the erection of 1 8 17 34 
 
 Articles exported from any State. No tax or duty shall be laid 
 
 on 1 9 5 35 
 
 Arts by securing to authors and inventors their patent rights. 
 
 Congress may promote the progress of science and the useful 1 8 8 33 
 
 Assistance of counsel for his defense. In all criminal prosecu- 
 tions the accused shall have the. [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Assumption of the debt or obligations incurred in aid of rebellion 
 or insurrection against the United States. Provisions 
 against the. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Attainder OT ex post facto \z.-w shs.Whtv^s&tA. No bill of 1 9 3 34 
 
 Attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
 
 contracts. No State shall pass any bill of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Attainder of treason shall not work corruption of blood or for- 
 feiture, except during the life of the person attainted 3 3 2 39 
 
 Authors and inventors the exclusive right to their writing and 
 
 inventions. Congress shall have power to secure to 1 8 8 33 , 
 
 B. 
 
 Bail. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 
 nor cruel and unusual punishments imposed. [Amendments] 8 - - 45 
 
 Ballot for President and Vice-President. The electors shall vote 
 
 by. [Amendments] 12 - - 45 
 
 Ballot. If no person have a majority of the electoral votes for 
 President and Vice-President, the House of Representatives 
 shall immediately choose the President by. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
54 
 
 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 Bankrupt-ies. Congress shall have power to pass uniform laws 
 on the subject of 1 
 
 Basis of representation among the several States. Provisions 
 relating to the. [Amendments] 14 
 
 Bear arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being 
 necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the 
 people to keep and. [Amendments] 2 
 
 Behavior. The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall 
 hold their offices during good 3 
 
 Bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No 
 
 Bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
 tion of contracts. No State shall pass any 
 
 Bills of credit. No State shall emit 
 
 Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives. All 
 
 B»7/j which have passed the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives shall, before they become laws, be presented to the 
 
 President 
 
 If he approve, he shall sign them; if he disapprove, he shall 
 return them, with his objections, to that House in which 
 they originated 
 
 Bills. Upon the reconsideration of a bill returned by the Presi- 
 dent, with his objections, if two-thirds of each House agree 
 
 to pass the same, it shall become a law 
 
 Upon the reconsideration of a bill returned by the President, 
 
 the question shall be taken by yeas and nays 
 
 Not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays ex- 
 cepted), shall, unless Congress adjourn, become laws 
 
 Borrow money on the credit of the United States. Congress 
 shall have power to 
 
 Bounties and pensions, shall not be questioned. The validity of 
 the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection and re- 
 bellion against the United States, including the debt for. 
 [Amendments] 14 
 
 Breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest while attend- 
 ing the session, and in going to and returning from the 
 same. Senators and Representatives, except for treason, 
 felony, and . . _. 1 
 
 Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The President, 
 Vice-President, and all civil officers shall be removed on im- 
 peachment for and conviction of treason 2 
 
 SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 8 4 33 
 2-48 
 
 - - 44 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 34 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 3S 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 7 2 32 
 
 7 2 32 
 
 7 2 32 
 
 7 2 33 
 
 8 2 33 
 
 4-48 
 
 6 1 32 
 4-38 
 
 Capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on indictment of a 
 grand jury, except in certain specified cases. No person 
 shall be held to answer for a. [Amendments] 
 
 Capitation or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion 
 to the census or enumeration. [See sixteenth amendment, 
 p. 49.] No 
 
 Captures on land and water. Congress shall make rules con- 
 cerning 
 
 Casting vote. The Vice-President shall have no vote unless 
 the Senate be equally divided . . ._ 
 
 Census or enumeration of the inhabitants shall be made within 
 three years after the first meeting of Congress, and within 
 every subsequent term of ten years thereafter 
 
 - 44 
 
 9 4 
 8 11 
 3 4 
 
 35 
 34 
 31 
 
 3 29 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 Census or enumeration. No capitation or other direct tax shall 
 be laid except in proportion to the. [See sixteenth amend- 
 ment, p. 49] 1 
 
 Chief Justice shall preside when the President of the United 
 
 States is tried upon impeachment. The 1 
 
 Choosing the electors and the day on which they shall give their 
 votes, which shall be the same throughout the United States. 
 
 Congress may determine the time of 2 
 
 Citizen of the United States at the adoption of the Constitution 
 shall be eligible to the office of President. No person not a 
 
 natural born 2 
 
 Citizen of the United States. No person shall be a Senator who 
 shall not have attained the age of thirty years and been 
 
 nine years a 1 
 
 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have at- 
 tained the age of twenty-five years and been seven years a 
 Citizenship. Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the 
 privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States.. 4 
 All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub- 
 ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the State in which they reside. [Amend- 
 ments] 14 
 
 No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
 privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 
 
 Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or 
 
 property without due process of law. [Amendments] 14 
 
 Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of the laws. [Amendments] 14 
 
 Citizens or subjects of a foreign state. The judicial power of 
 the United States shall not extend to suits in law or equity 
 brought against one of the States by the citizens of another 
 
 State, or by. [Amendments] 11 
 
 Civil oMcers of the United States shall, on impeachment for and 
 conviction of treason, bribery, and other high crimes and 
 
 misdemeanors, be removed. AH 
 
 Claims of the United States or any particular State in the 
 Territory or public property. Nothing in this Constitution 
 
 shall be construed to prejudice 4 
 
 Classification of Senators. Immediately after they shall be 
 assembled after the first election, they shall be divided as 
 
 equally as may be into three classes 
 
 The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
 
 at the expiration of the second year 
 
 The seats of the Senators of the second class at the expira- 
 tion of the fourth year '. 
 
 The seats of the Senators of the third class at the expiration 
 
 of the sixth year 
 
 Coin a tender in payment of debts. No State shall make any- 
 thing but gold and silver _ _• • 
 
 Coin money and regulate the value thereof and of foreign com. 
 
 Congress shall have power to 
 
 Coin of the United States. Congress shall provide for punishmg 
 
 the counterfeiting the securities and current. 
 
 Color, or previous condition of servitude. The right of citizens 
 of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged 
 by the United States or by any State on account of race. 
 [Amendments] ^5 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 9 4 35 
 
 3 6 31 
 
 1 3 37 
 
 1 4 37 
 
 3 3 30 
 
 2 2 29 
 2 1 40 
 
 1 - 47 
 
 2 4 
 
 47 
 48 
 48 
 
 45 
 38 
 
 3 2 40 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 1 8 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 1 8 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 1 - 49 
 
56 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Comfort. Treason against the United States shall consist in 
 
 levying war against them, and giving their enemies aid and 3 3 1 39 
 Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, and of the militia 
 
 when in actual service. The President shall be 2 2 1 37 
 
 Commerce v\rith foreign nations, among the States, and with 
 
 Indian tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate 1 8 3 33 
 
 Commerce or revenue. No preference shall be given to the 
 
 ports of one State over those of another by any regulation of 1 9 6 35 
 Commerce or revenue. Vessels clearing from the ports of one 
 
 State shall not pay duties in those of another 1 9 6 35 
 
 Commissions to expire at the end of the next session. The 
 President may fill vacancies that happen in the recess of the 
 
 Senate by granting 2 2 3 38 
 
 Common defense, promote the general welfare, etc. To insure 
 
 the. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 Common defense and general welfare. Congress shall have 
 
 power to provide for the 1 8 1 33 
 
 Common law, where the amount involved exceeds twenty dollars, 
 
 shall be tried by jury. Suits at. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 No fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any 
 court of the United States than according to the rules of 
 
 the. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 Compact with another State. No State shall, without the consent 
 
 of Congress, enter into any agreement or 1 10 3 35 
 
 Compact with a foreign power. No State shall, without the 
 
 consent of Congress, enter into any agreement or 1 10 3 35 
 
 Compensation of Senators and Representatives to be ascertained 
 
 bylaw 1 6 1 32 
 
 Compensation of the President shall not be increased nor dimin- 
 ished during the period for which he shall be elected 2 1 6 37 
 
 Compensation of the judges of the Supreme and inferior courts 
 
 shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. . . 3 1 - 39 
 Compensation. Private property shall not be taken for public 
 
 use without just. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. In 
 
 criminal prosecutions the accused shall have. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 Confederation. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 1 10 1 35 
 Confederation. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
 into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid 
 
 against the United States under it as under the 6 - 1 41 
 
 Confession in open court. Conviction of treason shall be on the 
 
 testimony of two persons to the overt act, or upon 3 3 1 39 
 
 Congress of the United States. All legislative powers shall be 
 
 vested in a 1 1 - 29 
 
 Shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives 1 1 - 29 
 
 Shall assemble at least once in eyery year, which shall be on 
 the first Monday of December, unless they by law appoint 
 
 a different day 1 4 2 31 
 
 May at any time alter regulations for elections of Senators and 
 Representatives, except as to the places of choosing 
 
 Senators 1 4 1 31 
 
 Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
 
 qualifications of its own members. 1 5 1 31 
 
 A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do 
 
 business _ 1 5 1 31 
 
 A smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may be 
 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absent members.. 1 5 1 31 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 57 
 
 Congress. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- 
 ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
 the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member 
 
 Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings 
 
 Neither House, during tlie session of Congress, shall, without 
 the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
 days 
 
 Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation to 
 be ascertained by law 
 
 They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of 
 the peace, be privileged from arrest during attendance at 
 their respective Houses, and in going to and returning 
 from the same 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, during his term, be ap- 
 pointed to any civil office which shall have been created, 
 or of which the emoluments shall have been increased, 
 during such term 
 
 No person holding any office under the United States shall, 
 while in office, be a member of either House of Congress 
 
 All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives 
 
 Proceedings in cases of bills returned by the President with 
 his objections 
 
 Shall have power to lay and collect duties, imposts, and ex- 
 cises, pay the debts, and provide for the common defense 
 and general welfare 
 
 Shall have power to borrow money on the credit of the 
 United States 
 
 To regulate foreign and domestic commerce, and with the 
 Indian tribes 
 
 To establish a uniform rule of naturalization and uniform 
 laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
 
 To coin money, regulate its value, and the value of foreign 
 coin, and to fix the standard of weights and measures .... 
 
 To punish the counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
 of the United States 
 
 To establish post-offices and post-roads 
 
 To promote the progress of science and the useful arts 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court 
 
 To define and punish piracies and felonies on the high seas 
 and to punish offenses against the law of nations 
 
 To declare war. grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
 makes rules concerning captures on land and water 
 
 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money 
 to that use shall be for a longer term than two years 
 
 To provide and maintain a Navy 
 
 To make rules for the government of the Army and Navy. . 
 
 To call out the militia to execute the laws, suppress insurrec- 
 tions, and repel invasions 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming, and equipping the militia 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation over the District fixed for 
 the seat of government, and over forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, and dockyards 
 
 To make all laws necessary and proper to carry into execution 
 all powers vested by the Constitution in the Government 
 of file United States 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 5 2 31 
 5 3 31 
 
 5 4 32 
 
 6 1 32 
 
 6 1 32 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 7 2 32 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 IS 
 16 
 
 34 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 34 
 
58 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Congress. No person holding any office under the United States 
 shall accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any 
 kind from any foreign State, without the consent of.... 1 9 8 35 
 May determine the time of choosing the electors for Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President and the day on which they shall 
 
 give their votes 2 1 3 37 
 
 The President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
 
 either House of 2 3 - 38 
 
 The manner in which the acts, records, and judicial proceed- 
 ings of the States shall be proved, shall be prescribed by 4 1 - 40 
 New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union .... 4 3 1 40 
 Shall have power to make all needful rules and regulations 
 respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
 
 United States 4 3 2 40 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution shall be proposed whenever 
 it shall be deemed necessary by two-thirds of both Houses 
 
 of 5 - - 41 
 
 Persons engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 United States disqualified for Senators or Representatives 
 
 in. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 But such disqualifications may be removed by a vote of two- 
 thirds of both Houses of. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
 
 thirteenth amendment. [Amendments] 13 2 - 47 
 
 Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
 
 fourteenth amendment. [Amendments] 14 S - 48 
 
 Shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
 
 fifteenth amendment. [Amendments] IS 2 - 49 
 
 Shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from 
 whatever source derived, without apportionment, and 
 without regard to any census or enumeration, the six- 
 teenth amendment. [Amendments] 16 - - 49 
 
 Consent. No State shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in 
 
 the Senate without its S - - 41 
 
 Consent of Congress. No person holding any office of profit or 
 trust under the United States shall accept of any present, 
 emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any 
 
 king, prince, or foreign potentate, without the 1 9 8 35 
 
 No State shall lay any imposts or duties on imports, except 
 what may be absolutely necessary for executing its in- 
 spection laws, without the 1 10 2 35 
 
 No State shall lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships 
 
 of war in time of peace, without the 1 10 3 35 
 
 No State shall enter into any agreement or compact with 
 
 another State, or with a foreign power, without the 1 10 3 35 
 
 No State shall engage in war unless actually invaded, or in 
 such imminent danger as will not admit of delay, without 
 
 the 1 10 3 35 
 
 No new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- 
 tion of any other State, or any State be formed by the 
 junction of two or more States, or parts of States, with- 
 out the consent of the legislatures thereof, as well as the 4 3 1 40 
 Consent of the legislature of the State in which the same may 
 be. Congress shall exercise exclusive auhority over all 
 places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings with the.. 1 8 17 34 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 59 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Consent of the legislatures of the States and of Congress. No 
 State shall be formed by the junction of two or more 
 States or parts of States without the 4 3 1 40 
 
 Consent of the other. Neither House, during the session of 
 Congress, shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to 
 any other place than that in which they shall be sitting, 
 without the 1 5 4 32 
 
 Consent of the owner. No soldier shall be quartered in time 
 
 of peace in any house without the. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 Consent of the Senate. The President shall have power to make 
 
 treaties, by and with the advice and 2 2 2 38 
 
 The President shall appoint ambassadors, other public min- 
 isters and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
 other officers created by law and not otherwise herein 
 provided for, by and with the advice and 2 2 2 38 
 
 Constitution, in the Government of the United States, or in any 
 department or officer thereof. Congress shall have power 
 to pass all laws necessary to the execution of the powers 
 vested by 1 8 18 34 
 
 Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President. No per- 
 son, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the time of 
 the adoption of the 2 1 4 37 
 
 Constitution. The President, before he enters upon the execu- 
 tion of his office, shall take an oath to preserve, protect, and 
 defend the 2 1 7 37 
 
 Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States. The judicial 
 
 power shall extend to all cases arising under the 3 2 1 39 
 
 Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
 the United States, or of any State (in respect to territory 
 or other property of the United States). Nothing in the.. 4 3 2 40 
 
 Constitution. The manner in which amendments to, may be 
 
 proposed and ratified 5 - - 41 
 
 Constitution shall be as valid under it as under the Confedera- 
 tion. All debts and engagements contracted before the 
 adoption of the 6 - 1 41 
 
 Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, by the United States, 
 
 shall be the supreme law of the land. The 6 - 2 41 
 
 The judges in every State, anything in the constitution or laws 
 of a State to the contrary notwithstanding, shall be bound 
 thereby .•••.•:•■ ^ ~ ^ 41 
 
 Constitution. All officers, legislative, executive, and judicial, 
 of the United States, and of the several States, shall be 
 
 bound by an oath to support the 6 - 3 41 
 
 But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification 
 
 for any office or public trust 6 - 3 41 
 
 Constitution, between the States so ratifying the same. The 
 ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suffi- 
 cient for the establishment of the 7 - - 42 
 
 Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny 
 or disparage others retained by the people. The enumera- 
 tion in the. [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to 
 the State respectively or to the people. Powers not dele- 
 gated to the United States by the. [Amendments]........ 10 - - 45 
 
 Constitution, and then engaged in rebellion against the United 
 States. Disqualification for office imposed upon certain 
 classes of persons who took an oath to support the. 
 [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
60 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Constitution. Done in convention by the unanimous consent 
 
 of the States present, September 17, 1787 7 - - 42 
 
 Contracts. No State shall pass any ex post facto law, or law 
 
 impairing the obligation of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Controversies to which the United States shall be a party; be- 
 tween two or more States; between a State and citizens of 
 another State ; between citizens of different States ; between 
 citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
 different States; between a State or its citizens and for- 
 eign States, citizens, or subjects. The judicial power shall 
 extend to 3 2 1 39 
 
 Convene Congress or either House, on extraordinary occasions. 
 
 The President may 2 3 - 38 
 
 Convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution. Con- 
 gress, on the application of two-thirds of the legislatures of 
 the States, may call a S - - 41 
 
 Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present on 
 the 17th of September, 1787. Adoption of the Constitution 
 in 7 _ _ 42 
 
 Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estab- 
 lishment of the Constitution. The ratification of the. ... 7 - - 42 
 
 Conviction in cases of impeachment shall not be had without 
 
 the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present 1 3 6 31 
 
 Copyrights to authors for limited times. Congress shall have 
 
 power to provide for 1 8 8 33 
 
 Corruption of blood. Attainder of treason shall not work.... 3 3 2 39 
 
 Counsel for his defense. In all criminal prosecutions the ac- 
 cused shall have the assistance of. [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United 
 
 States. Congress shall provide for the punishment of 1 8 6 33 
 
 Courts. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals in- 
 ferior to the Supreme Court 1 8 9 33 
 
 Courts of law. Congress may by law vest the appointment of 
 such inferior officers as they think proper in the President 
 alone, in the heads of Departments, or in the 2 2 2 38 
 
 Courts as Congress may establish. The judicial power of the 
 United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and 
 such inferior 3 1 - 38 
 
 Courts. The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall 
 
 hold their offices during good behavior 3 1 - 38 
 
 Their compensation shall not be diminished during their 
 
 continuance in office 3 1 - 39 
 
 Credit. No State shall emit bills of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Credit of the United States. Congress shall have power to 
 
 borrow money on the 1 8 2 33 
 
 Credit shall be given in every other State to the public acts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of each State. Full faith 
 and : 4 1 - 40 
 
 Crime, unless on a presentment of a grand jury. No person 
 shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous. 
 
 [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Except in cases in the military and naval forces, or. in the 
 
 militia, when in actual service. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice-President, and 
 all civil officers shall be removed on impeachment for and 
 conviction of treason, bribery, or other 2 4 - 38 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 61 
 
 . ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury. 
 
 All 3 2 3 39 
 
 They shall be tried in the State within which they may be 
 
 committed 3 2 3 39 
 
 When not committed in a State, they shall be tried at the 
 
 places which Congress may by law have provided 3 2 3 39 
 
 Criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a speedy and pub- 
 lic trial by jury in the State and district where the crime 
 
 was committed. In all. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
 tion. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 
 
 [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
 
 his favor. [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 He shall have the assistance of counsel in his defense. 
 
 _ [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Criminate himself. No person as a witness shall be compelled 
 
 to. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive bail shall 
 not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor. [Amend- 
 ments] 8 - - 45 
 
 D. 
 
 Danger as will not admit of delay. No State shall, without the 
 consent of Congress, engage in war, unless actually invaded 
 or in such imminent 1 10 3 35 
 
 Day on which they shall vote for President and Vice-President, 
 which shall be the same throughout the United States. 
 Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors 
 and the 2 1 3 37 
 
 Day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
 absent members. A smaller number than a quorum of each 
 House may adjourn from 1 5 1 31 
 
 Death, resignation, or inability of the President, the powers 
 and duties of his ofHce shall devolve on the Vice-President. 
 In case of the 2 1 5 37 
 
 Death, resignation, or inability of the President. Congress may 
 
 provide by law for the case of the removal 2 1 5 Z7 
 
 Debt of the United States, including debts for pensions and 
 bounties incurred in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
 shall not be questioned. The validity of the public. 
 [Amendments] ._ 14 4 - 48 
 
 Debts. No State shall make anything but gold and silver coin 
 
 a tender in payment of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare 
 of the United States. Congress shall have power to pay 
 the 1 8 1 33 
 
 Debts and engagements contracted before the adoption of this 
 Constitution shall be as valid against the United States 
 under it as under the Confederation 6 - 1 41 
 
 Debts or obligations incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
 against the United States, or claims for the loss or emanci- 
 pation of any slave. Neither the United States nor any 
 State shall assume or pay any. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
 rules concerning captures on land and water. Congress 
 shall have power to 1 8 11 34 
 
62 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Defense, promote the general welfare, etc. To insure the com- 
 mon. [Preamble] ; - - - 29 
 
 Defense and general welfare throughout the United States. 
 Congress shall have power to' pay the debts and provide for 
 the common 1 8 1 33 
 
 Defense. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the 
 
 assistance of counsel for his. [Amendments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Delaware entitled to one Representative in the First Congress.. 1 2 3 30 
 
 Delay. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage 
 in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
 as will not admit of 1 10 3 35 
 
 Delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to the States, are 
 reserved to the States or to the people. The powers not. 
 [Amendments] 10 - - 45 
 
 Deny or disparage others retained by the people. The enumera- 
 tion in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
 construed to. [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Departments upon any subject relating to their duties. The 
 President may require the written opinion of the principal 
 officers in each of the Executive 2 2 1 37 
 
 Departments. . Congress may by law vest the appointment of 
 
 inferior officers in the heads of 2 2 2 38 
 
 Direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census or 
 
 enumeration. No capitation or other 1 9 4 35 
 
 Direct taxes and Representatives how apportioned among the 
 several States. [Repealed by the second section of the 
 fourteenth amendment, on page 48] 1 2 3 29 
 
 Disability of the President and Vice-President. Provisions in 
 
 case of the 2 1 5 37 
 
 Disability. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in 
 Congress, or Presidential elector, or hold any office, civil or 
 military, under the United States, or any State, who having 
 previously taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or 
 judicial officer of the United States, or of any State, to 
 support the Constitution, afterwards engaged in insurrec- 
 tion or rebellion against the United States. [Amendments] 14 3 -48 
 
 Disability. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 
 
 House, remove such. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Disagreement between the two Houses as to the time of ad- 
 journment, the President may adjourn them to such time as 
 he may think proper. In case of 2 3 - 38 
 
 Disorderly behavior. Each House may punish its members for. 1 5 2 31 
 And with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member for. 1 5 2 31 
 
 Disparage others retained by the people. The enumeration in 
 the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to 
 deny or. [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Disqualification. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
 the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any office 
 under the United States which shall have been created or 
 
 its emoluments increased during such term 1 6 2 32 
 
 No person holding under the United States shall be a member 
 
 of either House during his continuance in office.. 1 6 2 32 
 
 No person shall be a member of either House, Presidential 
 elector, or hold any office under the United States, or 
 any State, who, having previously sworn to support the 
 Constitution, afterwards engaged in insurrection or re- 
 bellion. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 
 remove such disability. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 63 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 District of Columbia. Congress shall exercise exclusive legisla- 
 
 lation in all cases over the 1 8 17 34 
 
 Dockyards. Congress shall have exclusive authority over all 
 
 places purchased for the erection of 1 8 17 34 
 
 Domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, etc. To 
 
 insure. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 Domestic violence. The United States shall protect each State 
 
 against invasion and 4 4 - 40 
 
 Due process of law. No person shall be compelled, in any 
 criminal case, to be a witness as:ainst himself, nor be de- 
 prived of life, liberty, or property without. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property 
 
 without. [Amendments] 14 1 - 48 
 
 Duties and powers of the office of President, in case of his 
 death, removal, or inability to act, shall devolve on the 
 
 Vice-President 2 1 5, 37 
 
 Duties and towers. In case of the disability of the President 
 and Vice-President, Congress shall declare what officer 
 
 shall act 2 1 S i7 
 
 Duties, imposts and excises. Congress shall have power to lay 
 
 and collect taxes 1 8 1 33 
 
 Shall be uniform throughout the United States 1 8 1 33 
 
 Duties shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
 
 tax or 1 9 5 35 
 
 Duties in another State. Vessels clearing in the ports of one 
 
 State shall not be obliged to pay 1 9 6 35 
 
 On imports and exports, without the consent of Congress, ex- 
 cept where necessary for executing its inspection laws. 
 
 No State shall lay any 1 10 2 35 
 
 Duties on imports or exports. The net produce of all such 
 duties shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United 
 
 States ..•; 1 10 2 35 
 
 All laws laying such duties shall be subject to the revision and 
 
 control of Congress 1 10 2 35 
 
 Duty of tonnafje without the consent of Congress. No State 
 
 shall lay any 1 10 3 35 
 
 Election of President and Vice-President. Congress may deter- 
 mine the day for the 2 1 3 37 
 
 Shall be the same throughout the United States. The day 
 
 of the : • 2 1 3 37 
 
 Elections for Senators and Representatives. The legislatures of 
 the States shall prescribe the times, places, and manner 
 
 of holding 1 4 1 31 
 
 But Congress may, at any time, alter such regulations, except 
 
 as to the places of choosing Senators 1 4 1 31 
 
 Elections for Senators and Representatives. Returns and quali- 
 fications of its own members. Each House shall be judge 
 
 of the .• •••••■ 1 5 1 31 
 
 Electors for members of the House of Representatives. Quali- 
 fications of :y: y ■■;,;/■ i 2 i Z9 
 
 Electors for members of the Senate, qualifications of. ihe 
 
 sixteenth amendment. [Amendments] 17 1 50 
 
64 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 _, , ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Electors for President and Vice-President. Each State shall 
 appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may 
 direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of 
 Senators and Representatives to which the State may be 
 
 entitled in the Congress 2 1 2 36 
 
 But no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office 
 of trust or profit under the United States shall be ap- 
 pointed an elector 2 1 2 36 
 
 Electors. Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
 
 electors and the day on which they shall give their votes . . 2 1 3 37 
 Which day shall be the same throughout the United States.. 2 1 3 37 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by 
 ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, 
 at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
 
 with themselves. [Amendments] 12 - - 45 
 
 Electors shall name, in their ballots, the person voted for as 
 President; and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
 
 Vice-President. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for as 
 President and of persons voted for as Vice-President, 
 which they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
 the seat of government, directed to the President of the 
 
 Senate. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 No person having taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or 
 judicial officer of the United States, or of any State, and 
 afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 United States, shall be an elector. [Amendments]...... 14 3 - 48 
 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 
 remove such disability. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Emancipation of any slave shall be held to be illegal and void. 
 
 Claims for the loss or, [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Emit bills of credit. No state shall 1 10 1 35 
 
 Emolument of any kind from any king, prince, or foreign State, 
 without the consent of Congress. No person holding any 
 
 office under the United States shall accept any 1 9 8 35 
 
 Enemies. Treason shall consist in levying war against the 
 United States, in adhering to, or giving aid and comfort 
 
 to their 3 3 1 39 
 
 Engagements contracted before the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion shall be valid. All debts and 6 - 1 41 
 
 Enumeration of the inhabitants shall be made within three years 
 after the first meeting of Congress, and within every subse- 
 quent term of ten years thereafter 1 2 3 29 
 
 Ratio of representation not to exceed one for every 30,000 
 
 until the first enumeration shall be made 1 2 3 30 
 
 In the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed 
 to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The. 
 
 [Amendments] [See sixteenth amendment, page 49] 9 - - 45 
 
 Equal protection of the laws. No State shall deny to any person , 
 
 within its jurisdiction the. [Amendments] 14 1 - 48 
 
 Equal suffrage in the Senate. No State shall be deprived with- 
 out its consent of its '5 - - 41 
 
 Establishment of this Cpnstitution between the States ratifjring 
 the same. The ratification of nine States shall be sufficient 
 
 for the 7 - - 42 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 
 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. [Amendments] 8 - - 45 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 65 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Excises. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, 
 
 duties, imposts, and 1 8 1 33 
 
 Shall be uniform throughout the United States. AH duties, 
 
 imposts, and 1 8 1 3Z 
 
 Exclusive legislation, in all cases, over such district as may be- 
 
 corne the seat of government. Congress shall exercise 1 8 17 34 
 
 Exclusive legislation over all places purchased for the erection 
 of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful 
 
 buildings. Congress shall exercise 1 8 17 34 
 
 Executive of a State. The United States shall protect each State 
 against invasion and domestic violence on the application of 
 
 the legislature or the 4 4 - 40 
 
 Executive and judicial ofUcers of the United States and of the 
 several States shall be bound by an oath to support the Con- 
 stitution 6 - 3 41 
 
 Executive Departments. _ On subjects relating to their duties the 
 President may require the written opinions of the principal 
 
 officers in each of the 2 2 1 37 
 
 Congress may by law vest the appointment of inferior officers 
 
 in the heads of 2 2 2 38 
 
 Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 
 States of America. The 2 1 1 36 
 
 Expel a member. Each House, with the concurrence of two- 
 thirds, may 1 S 2 31 
 
 Expenditures of public money shall be published from time to 
 
 time. A regular statement of the receipts and 1 9 7 35 
 
 Exportations from any State. No tax or duty shall be laid on. 1 9 5 35 
 Exports or imports, except upop certain conditions. No State 
 
 shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duties on . . . 1 10 2 35 
 Laid by any State shall be for the use of the Treasury. The 
 
 net produce of all duties on 1 10 2 35 
 
 Shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. All 
 
 laws of the States laying duties on 1 10 2 35 
 
 £;r /lOJt /ocfo law shall be passed. No bill of attainder or 1 9 3 34 
 
 Ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts. 
 
 No State shall pass any bill of attainder 1 10 1 35 
 
 Extraordinary occasions. The President may convene both 
 
 Houses or either of them 2 3 - 38 
 
 F. 
 
 Faith and credit in each State shall be given to the acts, records, 
 
 and judicial proceedings of another State. Full 4 1 - 40 
 
 Felony, and breach of the peace. Members of Congress sEall 
 
 not be privileged from arrest for treason 1 6 1 32 
 
 Felonies committed on the high seas. Congress shall have power 
 
 to define and punish piracies and 1 8 10 33 
 
 Fines. Excessive fines shall not be imposed. [Amendments] . . 8 - - 45 
 
 Foreign coin. Congress shall have power to coin money, fix the 
 standard of weights and measures, and to regulate the 
 value of 1 8 5 33 
 
 Foreign nations among the States and with the Indian tribes. 
 
 Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with 1 8 3 33 
 
 Foreign power. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 
 
 enter into any compact or agreement with any 1 10 3 35 
 
 Forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. At- 
 tainder of treason shall not work 3 3 2 39 
 
66 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 AKT. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Formation of new States. Provisions relating to the 4 3 1 40 
 
 Form of government. The United States shall guarantee to 
 
 every State in this Union a republican 4 4 - 40 
 
 And shall protect each of them against invasion; and on ap- 
 plication of the legislature or of the executive (when the 
 legislature can not be convened) against domestic violence. 4 4 - 40 
 
 Forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- 
 ings. Congress shall exercise exclusive authority over all 
 places purchased for the erection of 1 8 17 34 
 
 Freedom of speech or the press. Congress shall make no law 
 
 abridging the. [Amendments] 1 - - 43 
 
 Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arras shall 
 not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being necessary 
 to the security of a. [Amendments] 2 - - 44 
 
 Fugitives from crime found in another State shall, on demand, 
 be delivered up to the authorities of the State from which 
 tliey may flee 4 2 2 40 
 
 Fugitives from service or labor in one State, escaping into 
 another State, shall be delivered up to the party to whom 
 such service or labor may be due 4 2 3 40 
 
 G. 
 
 General welfare and secure the blessings of liberty, etc. To 
 
 promote the. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 General welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for the 
 
 common defense and 1 8 1 33 
 
 Georgia shall be entitled to three Representatives in the First 
 
 Congress 1 2 3 30 
 
 Gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. No State 
 
 shall make anything but 1 10 1 35 
 
 Good behavior. The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts 
 
 shall hold their oflices during 3 1 - 38 
 
 Government. The United States shall guarantee to every State 
 
 in this Union a republican form of 4 4 - 40 
 
 And shall protect each of them against invasion; and on ap- 
 plication of the legislature or of the executive (when the 
 legislature can not be convened) against domestic violence. 4 4 - 40 
 Grand jury. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
 
 otherwise infamous crime, unless on the presentment of a. 
 
 [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 Except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, and in 
 
 the militia when in actual service. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of 
 
 government. The United States shall 4 4 - 40 
 
 Guarantee. And shall protect each of them against invasion, 
 
 and on application of the legislature or of the executive 
 
 (when the legislature can not be convened) against domestic 
 
 violence 4 4 _ 40 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in cases of re- 
 bellion or invasion. The writ of 1 9 2 34 
 
 Heads of Departments. Congress may by law vest the appoint- 
 ment of inferior officers in the 2 2 2 38 
 
 On any subject relating to their duties, the President may re- 
 quire the written opinion of the principal officers in each 
 of the Executive Departments 2 2 1 37 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 2 2 29 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Hjp/t crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice-President, 
 and all civil officers shall be removed on impeachment for 
 
 and conviction of treason, bribery, or other 2 4 - 38 
 
 House of Representatives. Congress shall consist of a Senate 
 and 
 
 Shall be composed of members chosen every second year 
 
 Qualifications of electors for members of the 
 
 No person shall be a member who shall not have attained the 
 age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen 
 of the United States 
 
 The executives of the several States shall issue writs of 
 election to fill vacancies in the 
 
 Shall choose their Speaker and other officers 
 
 Shall have the sole power of impeachment 
 
 Shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- 
 tions of its own members 
 
 A majority shall constitute a quorum to do business 
 
 Less than a majority may adjourn from day to day and com- 
 pel the attendance of absent members 
 
 May determine its own rules of proceedings 
 
 May punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
 the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member 
 
 Shall keep a journal of its proceedings 
 
 Shall not adjourn for more than three days during the session 
 of Congress without the consent of the Senate 
 
 For any speech or debate in either House, members shall not 
 be questioned in any other place 
 
 No person holding any office under the United States shall, 
 while holding such office, be a member of the 
 
 No member shall, during the time for which he was elected, 
 be appointed to an office which shall have been created or 
 the emoluments increased during his membership 
 
 All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
 
 The votes for President and Vice-President shall be counted 
 in the presence of the Senate and. [Amendments] 12 
 
 If no person have a majority of electoral votes, then from the 
 three highest on the list the House of Representatives 
 shall immediately, by ballot, choose a President. [Amend- 
 ments] 12 
 
 They shall vote by States, each State counting one vote. 
 [Amendments] 12 
 
 A quorum shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
 be necessary to the choice of a President. [Amendments] 12 
 
 No person having as a legislative, executive, or judicial officer 
 of the United States, or of any State, taken an oath to 
 support the Constitution, and afterwards engaged in in- 
 surrection or rebellion against the United States, shall be 
 a member of the. [Amendments] 14 
 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 remove such disability. [Amendments] 14 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 5 
 S 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 5 
 S 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 - - 46 
 
 - - 46 
 
 - - 46 
 
 - - 46 
 
 3-48 
 3-48 
 
 Imminent danger as will not admit of delay. No State shall, 
 without the consent of Congress, engage in war, unless 
 actually invaded or in such 1 10 
 
 35 
 
68 
 
 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Immunities. Members of Congress shall, in all cases except 
 treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from 
 arrest during their attendance at the session of their re- 
 spective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
 
 same 1 6 1 32 
 
 No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the con- 
 sent of the owner in time of peace. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for 
 
 the same offense. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub- 
 ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the State in which they reside. [Amend- 
 ments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge 
 the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
 
 States. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop- 
 erty without due process of law. [Amendments] 14 1 - 48 
 
 Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of the laws. [Amendments] 14 1 - 48 
 
 /mpeachment. The President may grant reprieves and pardons 
 
 except in cases of 2 2 1 38 
 
 The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of . . 1 2 S 30 
 
 The trial of all crimes shall be by jury, except in cases of 3 2 3 39 
 
 Impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, and other 
 high crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and all civil officers shall be removed upon 2 4 - 38 
 
 Impeachments. The Senate shall have sole power to try all 1 3 6 31 
 
 The Senate shall be on oath or affirmation when sitting for the 
 
 trial of 1 3 6 31 
 
 When the President of the United States is tried the Chief 
 
 Justice shall preside 1 3 6 31 
 
 No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- 
 thirds of the members present 1 3 6 31 
 
 Judgment shall not extend beyond removal from office and dis- 
 qualification to hold office 1 3 7 31 
 
 But the party convicted shall be liable to indictment and 
 
 punishment according to law 1 3 7 31 
 
 Importation of slaves prior to 1808 shall not be prohibited by the 
 
 Congress 1 9 1 34 
 
 But a tax or duty of ten dollars for each person may be im- 
 posed on such 1 9 1 34 
 
 Imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for 
 executing its inspection laws. No State shall, without the 
 
 consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on 1 10 2 35 
 
 Imports or exports laid by any State shall be for the use of the 
 
 Treasury. The net produce of all duties on 1 10 2 35 
 
 Imports or exports shall be subject to the revision and control 
 
 of Congress. All laws of States laying duties on 1 10 2 35 
 
 Imposts and excises. Congress shall have power to lay and col- 
 lect taxes, duties 1 8 1 33 
 
 Shall be uniform throughout the United States. All taxes, 
 
 duties - 1 8 1 33 
 
 Inability of the President, the powers and duties of his office 
 shall devolve on the Vice-President. In case of the death, 
 resignation, or 2 1 5 37 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 69 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Inabthty of the President or Vice-President. Congress may 
 provide by law for the case of the removal, death, resigna- 
 tion, or 2 1 S S7 
 
 Incomes, the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes 
 
 on. The sixteenth amendment. [Amendments] 16 - - 49 
 
 Indian tribes. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce 
 
 with the 1 8 3 33 
 
 Indictment or presentment of a grand jury. No person shall be 
 held to answer for a capital or infamous crime unless on. 
 
 [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Except in cases arising in the land or naval forces or in the 
 
 militia when in actual service. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
 The party convicted in case of impeachment shall neverthe- 
 less be liable and subject to 1 3 7 31 
 
 Infamous crime unless on presentment or indictment of a 
 grand jury. No person shall be held to answer for a 
 
 capital or. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Inferior courts. Congress shall have power to constitute tri- 
 bunals inferior to the Supreme Court 1 8 9 33 
 
 Inferior courts as Congress may establish. The judicial power 
 of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court 
 
 and such 3 1 - 38 
 
 The judges of both, the Supreme Court and inferior courts 
 
 shall hold their offices during good behavior 3 1 - 38 
 
 Their compensation shall not be diminished during their con- 
 tinuance in office 3 1 - 39 
 
 Inferior oMcers in the courts of law, in the President alone, or in 
 the heads of Departments. Congress, if they think proper, 
 
 may by law vest the appointment of 2 2 2 38 
 
 Inhabitant of the State for which he shall be chosen. No person 
 shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of 
 thirty years, been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
 
 and who shall not, when elected, be an 1 3 3 30 
 
 Insurrection or rebellion against the United States. No person 
 shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Presi- 
 dential elector, or hold any office, civil or military, under 
 the United States, or any State, who, having taken an oath 
 as a legislative, executive, or judicial officer of the United 
 States, or of a State, afterwards engaged in. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 
 remove such disabilities. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Debts declared illegal and void which were contracted in aid 
 
 of. [Amendments] : 14 4 - 48 
 
 Insurrections and repel invasions. Congress shall provide for 
 
 calling forth the militia to suppress 1 8 IS 34 
 
 Invasion. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, en- 
 gage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
 
 danger as will not admit of delay • 1 10 3 35 
 
 The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless in 
 
 case of rebellion or 1 9 2 34 
 
 Invasion and domestic violence. The United States shall pro- 
 tect each State against .• • -. ■ 4 4 - 40 
 
 Invasions. Congress shall provide for calling forth the mihtia 
 
 to suppress insurrections and repel _.. 1 8 15 34 
 
 Inventors and authors in their inventions and writings. Congress 
 
 may pass laws to secure for limited times exclusive rights to 
 
 Involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, abol- 
 
 ished in the United States. Slavery and. [Amendments] . . 13 1 - 46 
 
70 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 J. 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Jeopardy of life or lirab for the same offense. No person shall 
 
 be twice put in. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 Journal of its proceedings. Each House shall keep a 1 5 3 31 
 
 Judges in every State shall be bound by the Constitution, the 
 laws made in pursuance thereof, and treaties of the United 
 
 States, which shall be the supreme law of the land 6 - 2 41 
 
 Judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold their 
 
 offices during good behavior 3 1 - 38 
 
 Their compensation shall not be diminished during their con- 
 tinuance in office 3 1 - 39 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 
 than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any 
 
 office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States 1 3 7 31 
 
 But the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and sub- 
 ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment ac- 
 cording to law 1 3 7 31 
 
 Judicial power of the United States. Congress shall have 
 power to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
 
 Court 1 8 9 33 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
 one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Con- 
 gress may from time to time ordain and establish 3 1-38 
 
 The judges of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold 
 
 their offices during good behavior 3 1 - 38 
 
 Their compensation shall not be diminished during their 
 
 continuance in office .._ 3 1 - 39 
 
 It shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under 
 
 the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States. 3 2 1 39 
 To all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 
 and consuls 3 2 1 39 
 
 To all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction 3 2 1 39 
 
 To controversies to which the United States shall be a party. 3 2 1 39 
 
 To controversies between two or more States 3 2 1 39 
 
 To controversies between a State and citizens of another 
 
 State 3 2 1 39 
 
 To controversies between citizens of different States 3 2 1 39 
 
 To citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of 
 
 different States 3 2 1 39 
 
 To controversies between a State or its citizens and foreign 
 
 states, citizens, or subjects 3 2 1 39 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the 
 
 Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction 3 2 2 39 
 
 In all other cases before mentioned it shall have appellate 
 jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep- 
 tions and under such regulations as Congress shall make . . 3 2 2 39 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall 
 
 be by jury 3 2 3 39 
 
 The trial shall be held in the State where the crimes shall 
 
 have been conrmitted. 3 2 3 39 
 
 But when not committed in a State, the trial shall be at such 
 
 place or places as Congress may by law have directed. ... 3 2 3 39 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be held to 
 extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prose- 
 cuted against one of the United States by citizens of an- 
 other State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 [Amendments] 11 - - 45 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 71 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Judicial proceedings of every other State. Full faith and credit 
 
 shall be given in each State to the acts, records, and 4 1 - 40 
 
 Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such acts, 
 
 records, and proceedings 4 1 _ 40 
 
 Judicial and executive officers of the United States and of the 
 several States shall be bound by an oath to support the 
 
 Constitution 6 - 3 41 
 
 Judiciary. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction 
 
 m all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 
 and consuls, and those in which a State may be a party. . . 3 2 2 39 
 
 The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as 
 
 to law and fact, with such exceptions and regulations as 
 
 Congress may make 3 2 2 39 
 
 Junction of two or more States or parts of States without the 
 consent of the legislatures and of Congress. No State 
 
 shall be formed by the 4 3 1 40 
 
 Jurisdiction of another State. No new State shall be formed 
 
 or erected within the 4 3 1 40 
 
 Jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
 under such regulations as Congress may make. The Su- 
 preme Court shall have appellate 3 2 2 39 
 
 Jurisdiction. In all cases affecting ambassadors, and other 
 public ministers and consuls, and in cases where a State is a 
 
 party, the Supreme Court shall have original 3 2 2 39 
 
 Jury. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
 
 shall be by 3 2 3 39 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a speedy 
 
 and public trial by. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 All suits at common law, where the value exceeds twenty 
 
 dollars, shall be tried by. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 Where a fact has been tried by a jury it shall not be re- 
 examined except by the rules of the common law. 
 
 [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 Just compensation. Private property shall not be taken for 
 
 public use without. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Justice, insure domestic tranquillity, etc. To establish. 
 
 [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 L. 
 
 Labor, in one State, escaping into another State, shall be de- 
 livered up to the party to whom such service or labor may 
 be due. Fugitives from service or 4 2 3 40 
 
 Land and naval forces. Congress shall make rules for the gov- 
 ernment and regulation of the 1 8 14 34 
 
 Law and fact, with exceptions and under regulations to be made 
 by Congress. The Supreme Court shall have appellate 
 jurisdiction as to 3 2 2 39 
 
 Law of the land. The Constitution, the laws made in pur- 
 suance thereof, and treaties of the United States shall be 
 
 the supreme 6 - 2 41 
 
 The judges in every State shall be bound thereby 6 - 2 41 
 
 Law of nations. Congress shall provide for punishing offenses 
 
 against the 1 8 10 33 
 
 Laws. Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth 
 the mihtia to suppress insurrection, repel invasions, and to 
 execute the 1 ° l5 34 
 
72 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Laws and treaties of the United States. The judicial power 
 shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under the 
 
 Constitution or the 3 2 1 39 
 
 Laws necessary to carry into execution the powers vested in 
 the Government, or in any department or officer of the 
 
 United States. Congess shall have power to make all 1 8 18 34 
 
 Legal tender in payment of debts. No State shall make any- 
 thing but gold and silver coin a 1 10 1 35 
 
 Legislation in all cases over such district as may become the 
 seat of government. Congress shall have power to exer- 
 cise exclusive 1 8 17 34 
 
 Over all places purchased by consent of the legislatures in 
 the different States for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. Con- 
 gress shall have power to exercise exclusive 1 8 17 34 
 
 Legislation. Congress shall have power to make all laws neces- 
 sary and proper for carrying into execution all the powers 
 vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United 
 
 States, or in any department or officer thereof 1 8 18 34 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the thirteenth amend- 
 ment by appropriate. [Amendments] 13 2 - 47 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the fourteenth amend- 
 ment by appropriate. [Amendments] 14 S - 48 
 
 Congress shall have power to enforce the fifteenth amend- 
 ment by appropriate. [Amendments] IS 2 - 49 
 
 Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
 gress. All 1 1 - 29 
 
 Legislature or the executive (when the legislature can not be 
 convened). The United States shall protect each State 
 against invasion; and against domestic violence on the 
 
 application of the 4 4 - 40 
 
 Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, Congress shall call a 
 convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution. 
 
 On the application of the 5 - - 41 
 
 Letters of marque and reprisal. Congress shall have power to 
 
 grant 1 8 11 34 
 
 No State shall grant 1 10 1 35 
 
 Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, etc. To secure the bless- 
 ings of. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 Life, liberty, and property without due process of law. No 
 person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 
 witness against himself, nor be deprived of. [Amend- 
 ments] ; 5 - - 44 
 
 No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens 
 of the United States, nor deprive any person of. [Amend- 
 ments] 14 1 - 48 
 
 Life or limb for the same offense. No person shall be twice 
 
 put in jeopardy of. [Amendments] S _ _ 44 
 
 Loss or emancipation of any slave shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Claims for the. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 M. 
 
 Magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings. 
 Congress shall have exclusive authority over all places pur- 
 chased for the erection of 1 8 17 34 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 7Z 
 
 ART. SEC. ex. PAGE 
 
 Majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
 ness. A 1 S 1 31 
 
 But ct smaller number may adjourn from day to day and 
 may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
 
 members 1 5 1 31 
 
 Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice 1 5 1 31 
 
 When the choice of a President shall devolve on the House 
 of Representatives, a quorum shall consist of a member 
 or members from two-thirds of the States; but a. 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 Majority. When the choice of a Vice-President shall devolve 
 on the Senate, a quorum shall consist of two-thirds of 
 the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. [Amend- 
 ment^] .12 - - 46 
 
 Maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power shall extend to all 
 
 cases of admiralty and 3 2 1 39 
 
 Marque and reprisal. Congress shall have power to grant 
 
 letters of 1 8 11 34 
 
 No State shall grant any letters of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Maryland entitled to six Representatives in the First Congress. 1 2 3 30 
 Massachusetts entitled to eight Representatives in the First 
 
 Congress 1 2 3 30 
 
 Measures. Congress shall fix the standard of weights and... 1 8 S 33 
 Meeting of Congress. The Congress shall assemble at least 
 once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first 
 Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
 
 different day 1 4 2 31 
 
 Members of Congress and of State legislatures shall be bound 
 
 by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution 6 - 3 41 
 
 Militia to execute the laws, suppress insurrections, and repel 
 
 invasions. Congress shall provide for calling forth the 1 8 15 34 
 
 Congress shall provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
 ciplining the 1 8 16 34 
 
 Congress shall provide for governing such part of them 
 
 as may be employed by the United States 1 8 16 34 
 
 Reserving to the States the appointment of the officers and 
 the right to train the militia according to the discipline 
 
 prescribed by Congress 1 8 16 34 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 
 free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
 
 shall not be infringed. [Amendments] 2 - - 44 
 
 Misdemeanors. The President, Vice-President, and all civil 
 officers shall be removed on impeachment for and con- 
 viction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and 2 4 - 38 
 
 Money on the credit of the United States. Congress shall have 
 
 power to borrow I 8 2 33 
 
 Regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin. Congress 
 
 shall have power to coin 1 8 5 33 
 
 Shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of 
 
 appropriations made by law. No 1 9 7 35 
 
 Money. Shall be published from time to time. A regular 
 statement and account of receipts and expenditures of 
 
 public ;■•. 1 9 7 35 
 
 For raising and supporting armies. No appropriation of 
 
 money shall be for a longer term than two years 1 8 12 34 
 
74 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 N. 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Natiotis. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with 
 
 foreign 1 8 3 33 
 
 Congress shall provide for punishing offenses against the 
 
 law of 1 8 10 33 
 
 Natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the adoption of the Consti- 
 tution, shall be eligible to the office of President. No 
 
 person except a 2 1 4 ' 37 
 
 Naturalisation. Congress shall have power to establish a uni- 
 form rule of 1 84 33 
 
 Naturalized in the United States, and subject to their jurisdic- 
 tion, shall be citizens of the United States and of the State 
 in which they reside. All persons bom or. [Amend- 
 ments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Naval forces. Congress shall make rules and regulations for 
 
 the government and regulation of the land and 1 8 14 34 
 
 Navy. Congress shall have power to provide and maintain a.. 1 8 13 34 
 New Hampshire entitled to three Representatives in the First 
 
 Congress 1 2 3 30 
 
 New Jersey entitled to four Representatives in the First Con- 
 gress 1 2 3 30 
 
 New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union 4 3 1 40 
 
 But no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of 
 
 another State 4 3 1 40 
 
 Nor shall any State be formed by the junction of two or 
 more States, or parts of States, without the consent of 
 
 the legislatures and of Congress 4 3 1 40 
 
 New York entitled to six Representatives in the First Con- 
 gress 1 2 3 30 
 
 ATofci/iVji shall be granted by the United States. No title of 1 9 8 35 
 
 No State shall grant any title of 1 10 1 35 
 
 Nominations for oKce by the President. The President shall 
 
 nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 
 Senate, shall appoint ambassadors and other public officers. . 2 2 2 38 
 
 He may grant commissions to fill vacancies that happen in 
 
 the recess of the Senate, which shall expire at the end of 
 
 their next session ._ _. 2 2 3 38 
 
 North Carolina entitled to five Representatives in the First Con- 
 gress 1 2 3 30 
 
 Number of electors for President and Vice President in each 
 State shall be equal to the number of Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives to which such State may be entitled in Congress 2 1 2 36 
 
 O. 
 
 Oath of ofHce of the President of the United States. Form of 
 
 the 2 1 7 37 
 
 Oath or affirmation. No warrants shall be issued but upon 
 
 probable cause, supported by. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 To support the Constitution. Senators and Representatives, 
 members of State legislatures, executive and judicial 
 officers of the United States and of the several States, 
 
 shall be bound by 6 - 3 41 
 
 But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
 tion for office 6 - 3 41 
 
 The Senators when sitting to try impeachment shall be on.. 1 3 6 31 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 75 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Objections. If he shall not approve it, the President shall return 
 
 the bill to the House in which it originated with his I 7 2 32 
 
 Obligation of contracts. No State shall pass any ex post facto 
 
 law, or law impairing the 1 10 1 35 
 
 Obligations incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against 
 the United States to be held illegal and void. All debts 
 
 or. [Amendments] 14 4 48 
 
 Offense. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or 
 
 limb forthe same. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 Offenses against the law of nations. Congress shall provide 
 
 for punishing 1 8 10 33 
 
 Offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment The President may grant reprieves or pardons for. . 2 2 1 38 
 OMce under the United States. No person shall be a member 
 
 of either House while holding any civil 1 6 2 32 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall be appointed to any ofHce 
 under the United States which shall have been created, 
 or its emoluments increased, during the term for which he 
 
 is elected 1 6 2 32 
 
 Or title of any kind from, any king, prince, or foreign State, 
 without the consent of Congress. No person holding any 
 office under the United States shall accept of any present, 
 
 emolument 1 9 8 35 
 
 OifJce of President, in case of his removal, death, resignation, 
 or inability, shall devolve on the Vice-President. The 
 
 powers and duties of the 2 1 5 37 
 
 Office during the term of four years. The President and Vice- 
 President shall hold 2 I 1 36 
 
 Of trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector 
 for President and Vice-President. No person holding 
 
 an 2 1 2 36 
 
 OMce, civil or military under the United States, or any State, 
 who had taken an oath as a legislative, executive, or judi- 
 cial officer of the United States, or of any State, and after- 
 wards engaged in insurrection or rebellion. No person 
 shall be a Senator, Representative, or Presidential elector, 
 
 or hold any. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in 
 the heads of Departments. Congress may vest the ap- 
 pointment of inferior 2 2 2 38 
 
 Officers of the United States shall be removed on impeachment 
 for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
 and misdemeanors. The President, Vice-President, and all 
 
 civil 2 4 - 38 
 
 Officers. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 
 Speaker and other 1 2 5 30 
 
 The Senate, in the absence of the Vice-President, shall choose 
 
 a President pro tempore, and also their other 1 3 5 31 
 
 Offices becoming vacant in the recess of the Senate may be 
 filled by the President, the commissions to expire at the end 
 
 of the next session • ■ • : ■ 2 2 3 38 
 
 One-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal , . , „ 
 of each House. The yeas and nays shall, at the desire of . . 1 5 3 J^ 
 Opinion of the principal officers in each of the Executive De- 
 partments on any subject relating to their duties. Ihe 
 President may require the written ^ '^ i J' 
 
76 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Order, resolution, or vote (except on a question of adjourn- 
 ment), requiring the concurrence of the two Houses, shall 
 be presented to the President. Every 1 7 3 33 
 
 Original jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls, and. in which a State may be 
 a party. The Supreme Court shall have 3 2 2 39 
 
 Overt act, or on confession in open court. Conviction of trea- 
 son shall be on the testimony of two witnesses to the 3 3 1 39 
 
 P. 
 
 Pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The President may 
 
 grant reprieves and 2 2 1 38 
 
 Patent rights to inventors. Congress may pass laws for secur- 
 ing 1 8 8 33 
 
 Peace. Members of Congress shall not be privileged from arrest 
 
 for treason, felony, and breach of the 1 6 1 32 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, keep troops 
 
 or ships of war in time of 1 10 3 35 
 
 No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the con- 
 sent of the owner in time of. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 Pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. The validity 
 of the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection and 
 rebellion against the United States, including the debt for. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Pennsylvania entitled to eight Representatives in the First Cort- 
 
 gress 1 2 3 30 
 
 People peaceably to assemble and petition for redress of 
 grievances shall not be abridged by Congress. The right 
 
 of the. [Amendments] 1 - - 44 
 
 To keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. A well- 
 regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
 
 State, the right of the. [Amendments] 2 - - 44 
 
 To be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects 
 against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be 
 
 violated. The right of the. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 The enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall 
 not be held to deny or disparage others retained by the. 
 
 [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Powers not delegated to the United States, nor prohibited to 
 the States, are reserved to the States or to the. [Amend- 
 ments] 10 - - 45 
 
 Perfect Union, etc. To establish a more. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 Persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable 
 searches and seizures. The people shall be secure in 
 
 their. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 Persons as any State may think proper to admit, shall not be 
 prohibited prior to 1808. The migration or importation 
 
 of such 1 9 1 34 
 
 But a tax or duty of ten dollars shall be imposed on the 
 
 importation of each of such 1 9 1 34 
 
 Petition for the redress of grievances. Congress shall make no 
 law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble 
 
 and to. [Amendments] 1 - - 43 
 
 Piracies and felonies committed on the high seas. Congress 
 
 shall define and punish 1 8 10 33 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 71 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 Neither House during the session shall, without the consent 
 of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any- 
 other 1 5 4 32 
 
 Places of choosing Senators. Congress may by law make or 
 alter regulations for the election of Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives, except as to the 1 4 1 31 
 
 Ports of one State over those of another. Preference shall 
 not be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue 
 
 to the 1 9 6 35 
 
 Ports. Vessels clearing from the ports of one State shall not 
 
 pay duties in another 1 9 6 35 
 
 Post-oflices and post-roads. Congress shall establish 1 8 7 33 
 
 Powers herein granted shall be vested in Congress. All legis- 
 lative 1 1 - 29 
 
 Powers vested by the Constitution in the Government or in 
 any Department or officer of the United States. Congress 
 shall make all laws necessary to carry into execution the ... . 1 8 18 34 
 Powers and duties of the office shall devolve on the Vice- 
 President on the removal, death, resignation, or inability 
 
 of the President. The 2 1 5 37 
 
 Powers not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to 
 the States are reserved to the States and to the people. 
 
 [Amendments] 10 - - 4-5 
 
 The enumeration of certain rights in this Constitution shall 
 not be held to deny or disparage others retained by the 
 
 people. [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Preference, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, shall 
 not be given to the ports of one State over those of 
 
 another .••■•■ 1 9 6 35 
 
 Prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular 
 State respecting the territory or property of the United 
 
 States. Nothing in this Constitution shall 4 3 2 40 
 
 Present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from 
 any king, prince, or foreign state. No person holding any 
 office under the United States shall, without the consent of 
 
 Congress, accept any ; 1 9 8 35 
 
 Presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases 
 arising in the land or naval forces or in the militia when 
 in actual service. No person shall be held to answer for 
 a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a. 
 
 [Amendments] •■.•••;, "/V,"", S - - 44 
 
 President of the United States. The Senate shall choose a 
 President pro tempore when the Vice-President shall ex- 
 ercise the office of ;•••••.•:••;••/ \ t k li 
 
 The Chief Justice shall preside upon the trial of the...... 1 3 Jt 
 
 Shall approve and sign all bills by Congress before they shall , - 2 -^Z 
 
 become laws .•.••,■•.■•■•■.■•■•••■••••.:/•;•.■ 
 
 Shall return to the House in which it originated, with his 
 
 objections, any bill which he shall not approve. .. .... . . . . 1 / Z J-2 
 
 If not returned within ten days (Sundays excepted) it shall 
 become a law, unless Congress shall adjourn before the 
 
 expiration of that time ; • .•••••;■ 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote which requires the con- 
 currence of both Houses, except on a question of ad- . 
 
 journnxent, shall be presented to the. •,•■;••■ ^ ' "^ ^"^ 
 
 If disapproved by him, shall be returned and proceeded on , , „ 
 
 as in the case of a bill 1 / J jj 
 
78 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 President of the United States. The executive power shall be 
 
 vested in a 2 1 1 36 
 
 He shall hold his office during the term of four years 2 1 1 36 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the duties of 
 his office, the Vice-President shall perform the duties of . 2 1 5 37 
 
 Congress may declare, by law. in the case of the removal, 
 death, resignation, or inability of the President, what 
 officer shall act as 2 1 S 37 
 
 The President shall receive a compensation which shall not be 
 increased nor diminished during his term, nor shall he 
 receive any other emolument from the United States 2 1 6 37 
 
 Before he enters upon the execution of his office he shall take 
 
 an oath of office 2 1 7 37 
 
 Shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, and 
 
 of the militia of the States when called into actual service 2 2 1 37 
 
 He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal 
 
 officer in each of the Executive Departments 2 2 1 37 
 
 He may grant reprieves or pardons for offenses, except in 
 
 cases of impeachment 2 2 1 38 
 
 He may make treaties, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
 curring 2 2 2 38 
 
 He may appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
 judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers 
 whose appointments may be authorized by law and not 
 herein provided for 2 2 2 38 
 
 Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in 
 
 the 2 2 2 38 
 
 He may fill up all vacancies that may happen in the recess 
 of the Senate by commissions which shall expire at the 
 end of their next session 2 2 3 38 
 
 He shall give information to Congress of the state of the 
 
 Union, and recommend measures 2 3 - 38 
 
 On extraordinary occasions he may convene both Houses or 
 
 either House of Congress 2 3 - 38 
 
 In case of disagreement between the two Houses as to the 
 time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time 
 as he maj' think proper • 2 3 - 38 
 
 He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers 2 3 - 38 
 
 He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed 2 3 - 38 
 
 He shall commission all the officers of the United States.... 2 3 - 38 
 
 Shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- 
 viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis- 
 demeanors 2 4 - 38 
 
 No person except a natural-born citizen or a citizen of the 
 United States at the adoption of the Constitution shall be 
 eligible to the office of 2 1 4 37 
 
 No person who shall not have attained the age of thirty- 
 five years and been fourteen years a citizen of the 
 
 United States shall be eligible to the office of 2 1 4 37 
 
 President and Vice-President. Manner of choosing. Each 
 State, by its legislature, shall appoint a number of electors 
 equal to the whole number of Senators and Representa- 
 tives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress.. 2 1 2 36 
 
 No Senator or Representative or person holding an office of 
 
 trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector. 2 1 2 36 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 79 
 
 AM. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 President and Vice-President. Manner of choosing. Congress 
 may determine the time of choosing the electors and the 
 day .on which they shall give their votes, which day shall 
 
 be the same throughout the United States 2 1 3 37 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote 
 by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, 
 at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
 
 themselves. [Amendments] 12 - - 45 
 
 They shall name in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
 President and the person voted for as Vice-President 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for as 
 President and as Vice-President, which they shall sign 
 and certify and transmit sealed to the President of the 
 
 Senate at the seat of government. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certi- 
 ficates, and the votes shall then be counted. [Amend- 
 ments] 12 - - 46 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the 
 President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 
 number of electors appointed. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 If no person have such majority, then from the persons hav- 
 ing the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list 
 of those voted for as President, the House of Representa- 
 tives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 In choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, 
 the representation from each State having one vote. 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
 members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of 
 all the States shall be necessary to a choice. [Amend- 
 ments] 12 - - 46 
 
 But if no choice shall be made before the 4th of March next 
 following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 
 as in the case of the death or disability of the President 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Sen- 
 ate be equally divided. The Vice-President shall be.. 1 3 4 31 
 
 President pro tempore. In the absence of the Vice-President 
 
 the Senate shall choose a 1 3 S 31 
 
 When the Vice-President shall exercise the office of Presi- 
 dent of the United States, the Senate shall choose a 1 3 S 31 
 
 Press. Congress shall pass no law abridging the freedom of 
 
 speech or of the. [Amendments] 1 - - 43 
 
 Previous condition of servitude. The right of citizens of the 
 United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
 the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
 
 color, or. [Amendments] IS 1 - 49 
 
 Private property shall not be taken for public use without just 
 
 compensation. [Amendments] ._. 5 - - 44 
 
 Privilege. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases ex- 
 cept treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance at the session of their 
 respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
 
 same ■ :■ 1 6 1 32 
 
 They shall not be questioned for any speech or debate m 
 
 either House in any other place 1 6 1 32 
 
80 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States. 
 The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privi- 
 leges and immunities of the citizens of the several States.. 4 2 1 40 
 No soldier shall be quartered in any house without the con- 
 sent of the owner in time of peace. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for 
 
 the same offense. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
 subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
 United States and of the State in which they reside. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge 
 
 the. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop- 
 erty without due process of law. [Amendments] .... 14 1 - 47 
 
 Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of its laws. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Prizes captured on land or water. Congress shall make rules 
 
 concerning 1 8 11 34 
 
 Probable cause. The right of the people to be secure in their 
 persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable 
 searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrant 
 
 shall issue for such but upon. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 Process of law. No person shall be compelled in any criminal 
 case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, 
 
 liberty, or property without due. [Amendments].. S - - 44 
 
 No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop- 
 erty without due. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. In all criminal 
 
 prosecutions the accused shall have. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Progress of science and useful arts. Congress shall have power 
 
 to promote the 1 8 8 33 
 
 Property of the United States. Congress may dispose of and 
 make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terri- 
 tory or 4 3 2 40 
 
 Property without due process of law. No person shall be com- 
 pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself ; 
 nor shall he be deprived of his life, liberty, or. [Amend- 
 ments] - S - - 44 
 
 No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens 
 of the United States, nor deprive any person of his life, 
 
 liberty, or. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Prosecutions. The accused shall have a speedy and public trial 
 
 in all criminal; [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be tried by a jury in the State or district where the 
 
 crime was committed. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
 sation. [Amendments] _. 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall be confronted with the witnesses against him. 
 
 [Amendments] ._ 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses. 
 
 [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 He shall have counsel for his defense. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Protection of the laws. No State shall deny to any person 
 
 within its jurisdiction the equal. [Amendments] 14 1 - 47 
 
 Public debt of the United States incurred in suppressing insur- 
 rection or rebellion shall not be questioned. The validity 
 of the. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION SI 
 
 _ ,,. , ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Fubhc safety may require it. The writ of habeas corpus shall 
 not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or 
 invasion the 1 9 2 34 
 
 Public trial by jury. In all criminal prosecutions the accused 
 
 shall have a speedy and. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Public use. Private property shall not be teken for, without 
 
 just compensation. [Amendments] S - - 44 
 
 Punishment according to law. Judgment in cases of impeach- 
 rnent shall not extend further than to removal from, and 
 disqualification for, office; but the party convicted shall 
 nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
 judgment, and 1 3 7 31 
 
 Punishment inflicted. Excessive bail shall not be required nor 
 excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual. [Amend- 
 ments] 8 - - 45 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qualification for ofUce. No religious test shall ever be required 
 
 as a 6 - 3 41 
 
 Qualifications of electors of members of the Senate shall be the 
 same as electors for the most numerous branch of the State 
 legislature. The seventeenth amendment. [Amendments] . . 17 - 1 50 
 Qualifications of electors of members of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall be the same as electors for the most 
 
 numerous branch of the State legislature 1 2 1 29 
 
 Qualifications of members of the House of Representatives. 
 They shall be twenty-five years of age, seven years a citizen 
 of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State in 
 
 which chosen 1 2 2 29 
 
 Qualifications of Senators. They shall be thirty years of age, 
 nine years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant 
 
 of the State in which chosen 1 3 3 30 
 
 Of its own members. Each House shall be the judge of the 
 
 election, returns, and 1 5 1 31 
 
 Of the President. No person except a natural-born citizen, or 
 a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
 of the Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
 
 President 2 1 4 37 
 
 Neither shall any person be eligible to the office of President 
 who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, 
 and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
 
 States 2 1 4 37 
 
 Of the Vice-President. No person constitutionally ineligible 
 to the ofiice of President shall be eligible to that of Vice- 
 President. [Amendments] : • ^^ ~ ~ ^^ 
 
 Quartered in any house without the consent of the owner in 
 
 time of peace. No soldier shall be. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 Quorum to do business. A majority of each House shall con- 
 constitute a 1 5 1 31 
 
 But a smaller number than a quorum may adjourn from day 
 to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance 
 
 of absent members 1 5 1 31 
 
 Of the House of Representatives for choosing a President 
 shall consist of a member or members from tworthirds of 
 the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces- 
 sary to a choice. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
82 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 AKT. SEC. ex. PAGE 
 
 Quorum to elect a Vice-President by the Senate. Two-thirds 
 
 of the whole number of Senators shall be a. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 A majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 
 choice. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 R. 
 
 Race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The right of 
 citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
 abridged by the United States or by any State on account 
 
 of. [Amendments] IS 1 - ,49 
 
 Ratification of amendments to the Constitution shall be by the 
 legislatures of three-fourths of the several States or by con- 
 ventions in three-fourths of the States, accordingly as 
 
 Congress may propose 5 - - 41 
 
 Of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient to estab- 
 lish the Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
 
 same 7 - - 42 
 
 Ratio of representation until the first enumeration under the 
 Constitution shall be made not to exceed one for every 
 
 thirty thousand 1 2 3 30 
 
 Ratio of representation shall be apportioned among the several 
 States according to their respective numbers, counting the 
 whole numbers of persons in each State, excluding Indians 
 
 not taxed. [Amendments] 14 2 - 48 
 
 Ratio. But when the right to vote for Presidential electors or 
 members of Congress, or the legislative, executive, and 
 judicial officers of the State, except forengaging in rebellion 
 or other crime, shall be denied or abridged by a State, the 
 basis of representation shall be reduced therein in the pro- 
 portion of such denial or abridgment of the right to vote. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 2 - 48 
 
 Rebellion against the United States. Persons who, while hold- 
 ing certain Federal and State offices, took an oath to support 
 the Constitution, afterwards engaged in insurrection or re- 
 bellion, disabled from holding office under the United States. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House re- 
 move such disability. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Debts incurred for pensions and bounties for services in sup- 
 pressing the rebellion shall not be questioned. [Amend- 
 ments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 All debts and obligations incurred in aid of the rebellion, and 
 all claims for the loss or emancipation of slaves, declared 
 
 and held to be illegal and void. [Amendments] 14 4 _ 48 
 
 Rebellion or invasion. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
 suspended except when the public safety may require it in 
 
 cases of 1 9 2 34 
 
 Receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
 
 from time to time. A regular statement of 1 9 7 35 
 
 Recess of the Senate. The President may grant commissions, 
 which shall expire at the end of the next session, to fill 
 
 vacancies that may happen during the 2 2 3 38 
 
 Reconsideration of a bill returned by the President with his ob- 
 jections. Proceedings to be had upon the 1 7 2 32 
 
 Records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. Full 
 
 faith and credit shall be given in each State to the acts 4 1 - 40 
 
 Congress shall prescribe the manner of proving such acts, 
 
 records, and proceedings 4 j' _ ^q 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 83 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Redress of grievances. Congress shall make no law abridging 
 the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition 
 
 for the. [Amendments] 1 - - 44 
 
 Regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The 
 time, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
 and Representatives shall be prescribed by the legislatures 
 of the States, but Congress may at any time by law make 
 
 or alter such 1 4 1 31 
 
 Regulations of commerce or revenue. Preference to the ports 
 
 of one State over those of another shall not be given by any 1 9 6 35 
 Religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Congress 
 shall make no laws respecting the establishment of. [Amend- 
 ments] 1 - - 43 
 
 Religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any 
 
 oflSce or public trust under the United States. No 6 - - 41 
 
 Removal of the President from office, the same shall devolve on 
 
 the Vice-President. In case of the 2 1 5 37 
 
 Representation. No State, without its consent, shall be deprived 
 
 of its equal suflfrage in the Senate 5 - - 41 
 
 Representation and direct taxation, how apportioned among the 
 several States. [This provision is changed by the fourteenth 
 
 amendment, section 2, page 48] 1 2 3 29 
 
 Representation until the first enumeration under the Constitution 
 
 not to exceed one for every thirty thousand. The ratio of . . 1 2 3 30 
 Representation in any State. The executive thereof shall issue 
 
 writs of election to fill vacancies in the 1 2 4 30 
 
 Representation among the several States shall be according to 
 their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
 sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. The ratio 
 
 of. [Amendments] 14 2 - 48 
 
 But where the right to vote in certain Federal and State elec- 
 tions is abridged for any cause other than rebellion or 
 other crime the basis of representation shall be reduced. 
 
 [Amendments] 14 2 - 48 
 
 Representatives. Congress shall consist of a Senate and House 
 
 of 1 1 - 29 
 
 Qualifications of electors of members of the House of 1 2 2 29 
 
 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have at- 
 tained the age of twenty-five years, been seven years a 
 citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the 
 
 State in which he shall be chosen 1 2 2 29 
 
 And direct taxes, how apportioned among the several States. 
 
 [Amended by fourteenth amendment, section 2, page 48] . 1 2 3 29 
 Shall choose their Speaker and other officers. The House of . 1 2 5 30 
 
 Shall have the sole power of impeachment. The House of 1 2 5 30 
 
 Executives of the States shall issue writs of election to fill 
 
 vacancies in the House of 1 2 4 30 
 
 The times, places, and manner of choosing Representatives 
 
 shall be prescribed by the legislatures of the States 1 4 1 31 
 
 But Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regu- 
 lations except as to the places of choosing Senators 1 4 1 31 
 
 And Senators shall receive a compensation to be ascertained 
 
 by law 1 6 1 32 
 
 Shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest during attendance at the 
 session of the House, and in going to and returning from 
 the same 1 6 1 32 
 
84 
 
 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 Representatives. Shall not be questioned in any other place for 
 
 any speech or debate. Members of the House of 
 
 No member shall be appointed during his term to any civil 
 office which shall have been created, or the emoluments of 
 
 Vifhich shall have been increased, during such term 
 
 No person holding any office under the United States shall, 
 
 while holding such office, be a Member of the House of . . 
 
 All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of . . 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall be an elector for President 
 
 or Vice-President 
 
 Representatives shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to sup- 
 port the Constitution of the United States. The Senators 
 
 and 
 
 Representatives among the several States. Provisions relative 
 
 to the apportionment of. [Amendments] 
 
 Representatives and Senators. Prescribing certain disqualifica- 
 tions for office as. [Amendments] 
 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, re- 
 move such disqualification. [Amendments] 
 
 Reprieves and pardons except in cases of impeachment. The 
 
 President may grant 
 
 Reprisal. Congress shall have power to grant letters of marque 
 
 and 
 
 No State shall grant any letters of marque and 
 
 Republican form of government. The United States shall guar- 
 antee to every State in this Union a 
 
 And shall protect each of them against invasion; and on the 
 application of the legislature or of the executive (when 
 the legislature can not be convened), against domestic 
 
 violence 
 
 Reserved rights of the States and the people. The enumeration 
 in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed 
 to deny or disparage others retained by the people. [Amend- 
 ments] 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
 tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to 
 the States respectively or to the people. [Amendments] . 
 Resignation, or inability of the President, the duties and powers 
 of his office shall devolve on the Vice-President In case of 
 
 the death 
 
 Resignation, or inability of the President. Congress may by law 
 
 provide for the case of the removal, death 
 
 Resolution, or vote (except on a question of adjournment) re- 
 quiring the concurrence of the two Houses shall, before it 
 becomes a law, be presented to the President. Every order . 
 Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. All 
 
 bills for raising 
 
 Revenue. Preference shall not be given to the ports of one 
 State over those of another by any regulations of com- 
 merce or 
 
 Rhode Island entitled to one Representative in the First Con- 
 gress 
 
 Right of petition. Congress shall make no law abridging the 
 right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition for 
 
 the redress of grievances. [Amendments] 
 
 Right to keep and bear arms. A well-regulated militia being 
 necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the 
 people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 [Amendments] 
 
 ART. SEC. 
 
 1 6 
 
 CL. PAGE 
 
 1 32 
 
 1 6 2 32 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 1 2 36 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 _ 
 
 40 
 
 4 4 - 40 
 
 - 45 
 
 - 45 
 
 5 37 
 
 5 37 
 
 3 33 
 
 1 32 
 
 6 35 
 3 29 
 
 - 44 
 
 - 44 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 85. 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or dis- 
 parage others retained by the people. The enumeration of 
 certain. [Amendments] 9 - - 45 
 
 Rights not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to the 
 States are reserved to the States respectively or to the 
 people. [Amendments] 10 - - 45 
 
 Rules of its proceedings. Each House may determine the 1 S 2 31 
 
 Rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
 of the United States. Congress shall dispose of and make 
 all needful 4 3 2 40 
 
 Rules of the common law. All suits involving over twenty dol- 
 lars shall be tried by jury according to the. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 No fact tried by a jury shall be reexamined except according 
 
 to the. [Amendments] 7 - - 45 
 
 S. 
 
 Science and the useful arts by securing to authors and inventors 
 the exclusive right to their writings and discoveries. Con- 
 gress shall have power to promote the progress of 1 8 8 33 
 
 Searches and seizures shall not be violated. The right of the 
 
 people to be secure against unreasonable. [Amendments] . . 4 - - 44 
 And no warrants shall be issued but upon probable cause, on 
 oath or affirmation, describing the place to be searched and 
 
 the person or things to be seized. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 Seat of government. Congress shall exercise exclusive legisla- 
 tion in all cases over such district as may become the 1 8 17 34 
 
 Securities and current coin of the United States. Congress shall 
 
 provide for punishing the counterfeiting of the 1 8 6 33 
 
 Security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear 
 arms shall not be infringed. A well-regulated militia being 
 
 necessary to the. [Amendments] 2 - - 44 
 
 Senate and House of Representatives. The Congress of the 
 
 United States shall consist of a 1 1 - 29 
 
 Senate of the United States. The Senate shall be composed of 
 two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature for 
 
 six years 1 3 1 30 
 
 [Repealed by the seventeenth amendment] 17 - 1 50 
 
 If vacancies happen during the recess of the legislature of a 
 State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
 ments until the next meeting of the legislature 1 3 2 30 
 
 [Repealed by the seventeenth amendment] 17 - 1 50 
 
 The Vice-President shall be President of the Senate, but shall 
 
 have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided 1 3 4 31 
 
 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a Presi- 
 dent pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President or 
 
 when he shall exercise the office of President 1 3 5 31 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
 When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or 
 
 affirmation ._. . 1 3 6 31 
 
 When the President of the United States is tried the Chief 
 Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
 
 present 1 3 6 31 
 
 It shall be the judge of elections, returns, and qualifications 
 
 of its own members 1 5 1 31 
 
 A majority shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absent members.. 1 S 1 31 
 
86 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PACE 
 
 Senate of the United States. It may determine the rules of its 
 proceedings, punish a member for disorderly behavior, and 
 with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member 1 S 2 31 
 
 It shall keep a. journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time publish the same, except such parts as may in their 
 judgment require secrecy 1 5 3 31 
 
 It shall not adjourn for more than three days during a session 
 
 without the consent of the other House 1 S 4 32 
 
 It may propose amendments to bills for raising revenue, but 
 
 such bills shall originate in the House of Representatives 1 7 1 32 
 
 The Senate shall advise and consent to the ratification of all 
 treaties, provided two-thirds of the members present 
 concur 2 2 2 38 
 
 It shall advise and consent to the appointment of ambassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Su- 
 preme Court, and all other officers not herein other- 
 wise provided for 2 2 2 38 
 
 It may be convened by the President on extraordinary occa- 
 sions 2 3 - 38 
 
 No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
 
 suffrage in the Senate 5 - - 41 
 
 Senators shall, immediately after assembling, under their first 
 election, be divided into three classes, so that the seats of 
 one-third shall become vacant at the exipration of every 
 second year 1 3 2 30 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not be thirty years 
 of age, nine years a citizen of the United States, and an 
 inhabitant when elected of the State for which he shall be 
 chosen 1 3 3 30 
 
 The time, places, and manner of choosing Senators may be 
 fixed by the legislature of a State, but Congress may by 
 law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places 
 
 of choosing 1 4 1 31 
 
 Senators. If vacancies happen_ during the recess of the legisla- 
 ture of a State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
 appointments until the next meeting of the legislature. 
 [Amendments] 1 3 2 30 
 
 [Repealed by the seventeenth amendment] 17 - 2 SO 
 
 They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of 
 the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
 ance at the session of the Senate and in going to and 
 returning from the same 1 6 1 32 
 
 And Representatives shall receive a compensation to be ascer- 
 tained by law 1 6 1 32 
 
 Senators and Representatives shall not be questioned for any 
 
 speech or debate in either House in any other place 1 6 1 32 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which 
 he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
 United States which shall have been created, or of which 
 the emoluments shall have been increased, during such 
 term 1 6 2 32 
 
 No person holding any office under the United States shall be 
 
 a member of either House during his continuance in office 1 6 2 32 
 
 No Senator or Representative or person holding an office of 
 trust or profit under the United States shall be an elector 
 for President and Vice-President 2 1 2 36 
 
 Senators and Representatives shall be bound by an oath or 
 
 affirmation to support the Constitution 6 - 3 41 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 87 
 
 AST. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Senators. No person shall be a Senator or Representative who 
 having, as a Federal or State officer, taken an oath to sup- 
 port the Constitution, afterwards engaged in rebellion 
 
 against the United .States. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 
 remove such disability. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Service or labor in one State, escaping into another State, shall 
 be delivered up to the party to whom such service or labor 
 may be due. Fugitives from 4 2 3 40 
 
 Servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party 
 shall have been duly convicted, shall exist in the United 
 States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Neither 
 slavery nor involuntary. [Amendments] 13 1 - 46 
 
 Servitude. The right of citizens of the United States to vote 
 shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 
 by any State on account of race, color, or previous condi- 
 tion of. [Amendments] 15 1 - 49 
 
 Ships of war in time of peace, without the consent of Congress. 
 
 No State shall keep troops or 1 10 3 35 
 
 Silver coiti a tender in payment of debts. No State shall make 
 
 anything but gold and 1 10 1 35 
 
 Slave. Neither the United States nor any State shall assume 
 or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
 or rebellion, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
 any. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
 shall exist in the United States, or any places subject to their 
 jurisdiction. Neither. [Amendments] 13 1 - 46 
 
 Soldiers shall not be quartered, in time of peace, in any house 
 
 without the consent of the owner. [Amendments] 3 - - 44 
 
 South Carolina entitled to five Representatives in the First Con- 
 gress ; 1 2 3 30 
 
 Speaker and other officers. The House of Representatives shall 
 
 choose their 1 2 5 30 
 
 Speech or of the press. Congress shall make no law abridging 
 
 the freedom of. [Amendments] 1 - - 43 
 
 Speedy and public trial by a jury. In all criminal prosecutions 
 
 the accused shall have a. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Standard of weights and measures. Congress shall fix the.... 1 8 5 33 
 
 State of the Union. The President shall, from time to time, give 
 
 Congress information of the 2 3 - 38 
 
 State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers of the 
 United States, shall take an oath to support the Constitu- . 
 tion. All members of the several 6 - 3 41 
 
 States. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
 State, the executive authority shall issue writs of election 
 to fill such vacancies. [See seventeenth amendment, page 
 
 50] 1 2 4 30 
 
 Congress shall have power to regulate commerce among the 
 
 several '■ ° ^ ^^ 
 
 No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
 tion 1 10 1 35 
 
 Shall not grant letters of marque and reprisal 1 10 1 35 
 
 Shall not coin money J 10 1 35 
 
 Shall not emit bills of credit 1 10 .1 35 
 
 Shall not make anything but gold and silver coin a tender 
 
 in payment of debts • 1 10 1 35 
 
90 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Territory or other property of the United States. Congress shall 
 dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations 
 respecting the 4 3 2 40 
 
 Test as a qualification for any office or public trust shall ever 
 
 be required. No religious 6 - 3 41 
 
 Testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on con- 
 fession in open court. No person shall be convicted of 
 treason except on the 3 3 1 39 
 
 Three-fourths of the legislatures of the States, or conventions 
 in three-fourths of the States, as Congress shall prescribe, 
 may ratify amendments to the Constitution 5 - - 41 
 
 Tie. The Vice-President shall have no vote unless the Senate 
 
 be equally divided 1 3 4 31 
 
 Times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators 
 and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by 
 
 the legislature thereof 1 4 1 31 
 
 But Congress may at any time by law make or alter such 
 
 regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators 1 4 1 31 
 
 Title of nobility. The United States shall not grant any 1 9 8 35 
 
 No State shall grant any 1 10 1 35 
 
 Title of any kind, from any king, prince, or foreign State, with- 
 out the consent of Congress. No person holding any office 
 under the United States shall accept of any 1 9 8 35 
 
 Tonnage without the consent of Congress. No State shall lay 
 
 any duty of , 1 10 3 35 
 
 Trariquillity, provide for the common defense, etc. To insure 
 
 domestic. [Preamble] ._ _. - - - 29 
 
 Treason shall consist only in levying war against the United 
 States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
 comfort 3 3 1 39 
 
 Treason. No person shall, unless on the testimony of two wit- 
 nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court, 
 
 be convicted of 3 3 1 39 
 
 Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 3 3 2 39 
 
 Shall not work corruption of blood. Attainder of 3 3 2 39 
 
 Shall not work forfeiture, except during the life of the 
 
 person attainted. Attainder of 3 3 2 39 
 
 Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The 
 President, Vice-President, and all civil officers shall be 
 removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of . 2 4 - 38 
 
 Treason, felony, and breach of the peace. Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives shall be privileged from arrest while attending or 
 while going to or returning from the sessions of Congress, 
 except in cases of 1 6 1 32 
 
 Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the _ 1 9 7 35 
 
 Treaties. The President shall have power, with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
 
 present concur, to make 2 2 2 38 
 
 The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under the 
 
 Constitution, laws, and 3 2 1 39 
 
 They shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges 
 
 in every State shall be bound thereby 6 - 2 41 
 
 Treaty, alliance, or confederation. No State shall enter into any 1 10 1 35 
 
 Trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Judgment in 
 cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
 removal from and disqualification for office; but the party 
 convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in- 
 dictment 1 3 7 31 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 91 
 
 ~ . , , . , ,, . ART. SEC. CL. PACE 
 
 Trial by jury. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
 
 shall be tried by jury 3 3 3 39 
 
 Such trial shall be held in the State within' which the crime 
 
 shall have been committed 3 2 3 39 
 
 But when not committed within a State, the trial shall" be at 
 
 such place as Congress may by law have directed 3 2 3 39 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a speedy 
 
 and public. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Suits at common law, when the amount exceeds twenty dol- 
 lars, shall be by. [Amendments] 7 - _ 45 
 
 Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. Congress shall have 
 
 power to constitute .' 1 g 9 33 
 
 Troops or ships of war in time of peace without the consent of 
 
 Congress. No State shall keep 1 10 3 35 
 
 Trust and profit under the United States shall be an elector for 
 President and Vice-President. No Senator, Representative, 
 
 or person holding any office of 2 1 2 36 
 
 Two-thirds of the members present. No person shall be con- 
 victed on impeachment without the concurrence of 1 3 6 31 
 
 Two-thirds, may expel a member. Each House, with the con- 
 currence of 1 S 2 31 
 
 Two-thirds. A bill returned by tlie President with his objec- 
 tions may be repassed by each House by a vote of 1 7 2 32 
 
 Two-thirds of the Senators present concur. The President 
 shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided 2 2 2 38 
 
 Two-thirds of the legislatures of the several States. Congress 
 shall call a convention for proposing amendments to the 
 
 Constitution on the application of 5 - - 41 
 
 Two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary. Congress 
 
 shall propose amendments to the Constitution whenever. .. . S - - 41 
 Two-thirds of the States. When the choice of a President shall 
 devolve on the House of Representatives, a quorum shall 
 consist of a member or members from. [Amendments] .... 12 - - 46 
 Two-thirds of the whole number of Senators. A quorum of the 
 Senate, when choosing a Vice-President, shall consist of. 
 
 [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 Two-thirds, may remove the disabilities imposed by the third 
 section of the fourteenth amendment. Congress, by a vote 
 
 of. [Amendments] 14 3 - 48 
 
 Two years. Appropriations for raising and supporting armies 
 
 shall not be for a longer term than 1 8 12 34 
 
 U. 
 
 Union. To establish a more perfect. _ [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 The President shall, from time to time, give to Congress in- 
 formation of the state of the 2 3 - 38 
 
 New States may be admitted by Congress into this 4 3 1 40 
 
 But no new State shall be formed or erected within the juris- 
 diction of another State 4 3 1 40 
 
 Unreasonable searches and seizures. The people shall be se- 
 cured in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against. 
 
 [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
 And no warrants shall be issued but upon probable cause, 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describ- 
 ing the place to be searched and the persons or things 
 to be seized. [Amendments] 4 - - 44 
 
92 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive bail shall not be 
 required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and. 
 [Amendments] 8 - - 45 
 
 Use without just compensation. Private property shall not be 
 
 taken for public. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and in- 
 ventors the exclusive right to their writings and inventions. 
 Congress shall have power to promote the progress of 
 science and the 1 8 8 33 
 
 Vacancies happening in the representation of a State. The ex- 
 ecutive thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 1 2 4 30 
 
 Vacancies happening in the Senate in the recess of the legis- 
 lature of a State. How filled. [See seventeenth amend- 
 ment, page SO] 1 3 2 30 
 
 Vacancies that happened during the recess of the Senate, by 
 granting commissions which shall expire at the end of the 
 
 next session. The President shall have power to fill 2 2 3 38 
 
 Validity of the public debt incurred in suppressing insurrection 
 against the United States, including debt for pensions and 
 
 bounties, shall not be questioned. [Amendments] 14 4 - 48 
 
 Vessels bound to or from the ports of one State shall not be 
 
 obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another State 1 9 6 35 
 
 Veto of a bill by the President. Proceedings of the two Houses 
 
 upon the 1 7 2 32 
 
 Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
 
 Senate 1 
 
 He shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided . . 1 
 The Senate shall elect a President pro tempore in the absence 
 
 of the 1 
 
 He shall be chosen for the term of four years 2 
 
 The number and the manner of appointing electors for Presi- 
 dent and 2 1 2 36 
 
 In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability of the 
 President, the powers and duties of his office shall de- 
 volve on the 2 1 5 37 
 
 Congress may provide by law for the case of the removal, 
 
 death, resignation, or inability both of the President and. 2 1 5 37 
 On impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, and 
 other high crimes and misdemeanors shall be removed 
 
 from office. The 2 4 - 38 
 
 The manner of choosing the. The electors shall meet in their 
 respective States and vote by ballot for President and 
 Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
 inhabitant of the same State with themselves. [Amend- 
 ments] 12 - - 45 
 
 The electors shall name, in distinct ballots, the person 
 
 voted for as Vice-President. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 They shall make distinct lists of the persons voted for as 
 Vice-President, which lists they shall sign and certify, 
 and send sealed to the seat of government, directed to 
 
 the President of the Senate. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- 
 tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. [Amend- 
 ments] 12 - - 46 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 93 
 
 ART. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Vice-President. The person having the greatest number of votes 
 shall be Vice-President, if such number be a majority of 
 
 the whole number of electors. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 If no person have a majority, then from the two highest 
 numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
 President. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 A quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the 
 whole number of Senators; and a majority of the whole 
 number shall be necessary to a choice. [Amendments] . . 12 - - 46 
 But if the House shall make no choice of a President before 
 the 4th of March next following, then the Vice-President 
 shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other 
 constitutional disabihty of the President. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 No person constitutionally ineligible as President shall be 
 
 eligible as. [Amendments] 12 - - 46 
 
 Violence. The United States shall guarantee to every State a 
 republican form of government, and shall protect each 
 
 State against invasion and domestic 4 4 - 40 
 
 Virginia entitled to ten representatives in the First Congress... 1 2 3 30 
 
 Vote. Each Senator shall have one 1 3 1 30 
 
 The Vice-President, unless the Senate be equally divided, 
 
 shall have no 1 3 4 31 
 
 Vote requiring the concurrence of the two Houses (except upon 
 a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
 
 President. Every order, resolution, or 1 7 3 33 
 
 Shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by 
 any State on account of race, color, or previous condition 
 of servitude. The right of citizens of the United States 
 
 to. [Amendments] 15 1 - 49 
 
 Vote of two-thirds. Each House may expel a member by a 1 5 2 31 
 
 A bill vetoed by the President may be repassed in each 
 
 House by a 1 7 2 32 
 
 No person shall be convicted on an impeachment except by a 1 3 6 31 
 Whenever both Houses shall deem it necessary, Congress 
 
 may propose amendments to the Constitution by a 5 - - 41 
 
 The President may make treaties, with the advice and consent 
 
 of the Senate, by a 2 2 2 38 
 
 Disabilities incurred by participation in insurrection or rebel- 
 lion may be relieved by Congress by a. [Amendments] . . 14 3 - 48 
 
 W. 
 
 War, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
 cerning captures on land and water. Congress shall have 
 
 power to make rules and articles of 1 8 14 34 
 
 For governing the land and naval forces. Congress shall have 
 
 power to make rules and articles of 1 8 14 34 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, unless 
 actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not 
 
 admit of delay, engage in..... • 1 10 3 J5 
 
 War against the United States, adhering to their enemies, and 
 
 giving them aid and comfort. Treason shall consist only , ,„ 
 
 in levying • • ■ • •;•••• ^ ■^ ^ "^^ 
 
 Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, on oath or 
 affirmation, describing the place to be searched and the 
 persons or things to be seized. No [Amendments] ..... 4 - - 44 
 Weights and measures. Congress shall fix the standard of ... . 1 8 5 3J 
 
94 INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 AHT. SEC. CL. PAGE 
 
 Welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty, etc. To pro- 
 mote the general. [Preamble] - - - 29 
 
 Welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for the com- 
 mon defense and general 1 8 1 35 
 
 Witness against himself. No person shall, in a criminal case, 
 
 be compelled to be a. [Amendments] 5 - - 44 
 
 Witnesses against him. In all criminal prosecutions the accused 
 
 shall be confronted with the. [Amendments] 6 - - 44 
 
 Witnesses in his favor. In all criminal prosecutions the accused 
 shall have compulsory process for obtaining. [Amend- 
 ments] 6 - - 45 
 
 Witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testi- 
 mony of two 3 .3 1 39 
 
 Writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in case 
 
 of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it 1 9 2 34 
 
 Writs of election to fill vacancies in the representation of any 
 
 State. The executive of the State shall issue 1 2 4 30 
 
 Written opinion of the principal officer in each of the Executive 
 Departments on any suubject relating to the duties of his 
 office. The President may require the 2 2 1 37 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yeas and nays of the members of either House shall, at the 
 desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
 
 journals 1 5 3 32 
 
 The votes of both Houses upon the reconsideration of a bill 
 returned by the President with his objections shall be 
 determined by 1 7 2 32 
 
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