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 In Memoriam 
 
 Abner Doubleday 
 
 and 
 
 John C. Robinson 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 New York State 
 Monuments Commission 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Paul W. Gates Fund 
 
 For 
 
 Local American History 
 
3 1924 099 411 807 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis bool< is in 
 tlie Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924099411807 
 
Major-General 
 
 Abner Doubleday 
 
 And 
 
 Brevet Major General 
 
 John C. Robinson 
 
 in the 
 
 Civil War 
 
MAJOR-GENERAL ABNER DOUBLEDAY. 
 
© Copyright 2003 by R.L. Murray 
 
 The typesetting, layout and format 
 
 of this book at protected by copyright. 
 
 No part of this work can be 
 
 reproduced or copied 
 
 without permission. 
 
 Benedum Books Reprint 
 
 Benedum Books 
 
 13205 Younglove Road 
 
 Wolcott, N.Y. 14590 
 
 WW w .ny inci vilwar . com 
 
THE GEMERAU DOUBLEDAY MONUMENT. 
 
In Memoriam 
 
 Abner Doubleday 
 
 1819-1893 
 and 
 
 John C. Robinson 
 
 1817-1897 
 
 Published by the State of New York, 
 
 Under the Supervision of the 
 New York Monuments Commission 
 
 ALBANY 
 
 J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 
 
 1918 
 
BREVET MAJORCENEHAL JOHN C. nOSiNSON, 
 
Table of Contents 
 
 The Dedications 17 and 105 
 
 Prayer - Rev. Wm. T. Pray 26 
 
 Address - Col. Lewis R. Stegman 28 
 
 Oration - Gen. H. S. Huidekoper 39 
 Address - Francis M. Hugo, Secretary of State 50 
 "Guns of the Old and the New" 
 
 Joseph I. C. Clarke 53 
 
 Address - Col. Meredith L. Jones 56 
 
 Biographical Sketch of General Doubleday 61 
 
 Oration - Corporal James Tanner 106 
 
 Address - Col. Hilary A. Herbert 1 1 2 
 
 Address - Col. S. M. Morgan 1 1 8 
 
 Biographical Sketch of General Robinson 121 
 
THE GENERAL ROBINSON MONUMENT. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday - Robinson 1 3 
 
 In Memoriam 
 
 Abner Doubleday 
 
 and 
 
 John Cleveland Robinson 
 
 PARALLEL incidents not a few — some of them notable 
 enough — occurred in the careers of Major-General Abner 
 Doubleday and Brevet Major-General John Cleveland Robinson. 
 Bom within two years of each other, the former in 1819 and the 
 latter in 1817, their fathers were natives of Connecticut who 
 settled in New York. Just as General Robinson was completing his 
 course at the military academy in West Point General Doubleday 
 became a student there. Each of them took part in the "Military 
 Occupation" of Texas, 1845-46, and in the Mexican war following 
 they fought together at Monterey. General Doubleday took a 
 leading part in the defense of Fort Sumter, and a week after its 
 surrender General Robinson was successful in saving Fort 
 McHenry, in Baltimore, from a similar fate. They led brigades in 
 the Second Manassas campaign. Their commands fought at 
 Fredericksburg, and, in the same corps, at Chancellorsville and 
 Gettysburg. In the latter field statues to their memories were 
 dedicated the same day, September 25, 1917. 
 
 These statues, it is universally conceded, constitute well- 
 deserved tributes. In veteran circles for a long time it was a 
 foregone conclusion that the names of General Doubleday and 
 General Robinson would be included, sooner or later, in the list of 
 commanders to whose memories New York has erected 
 monuments at Gettysburg. 
 
 So far, the Empire State has bestowed statuary honors on seven 
 of its Gettysburg Generals. The first statue to be put up there by 
 this State is that to General Warren, picturesquely displayed on a 
 boulder on Little Round Top. Which his prescience and timely 
 action prevented from being seized by General Longstreet's troops 
 
14 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 in the second day's conflict. This was dedicated in 1888. Then, in 
 1902, came the statue to General Slocum, on Steven's Knoll, at 
 Gulp's Hill. General Slocum commanded the Twelfth Corps, the right 
 wing of the Union army. It was he who said at the council of war held 
 July 2d, "Stay and fight it out." New York's third statue, that to 
 General Greene, was erected at Gulp's Hill in 1907. General Greene's 
 Brigade alone, with only 1,300 men, valiantly clung to its ground on 
 Gulp's Hill against assailants three times as many, the night of the 
 second day, and thus saved that very important point from being lost 
 to the Union army. The fourth monument. General Wadsworth's, was 
 put up in 1914. General Wadsworth's Division composed the first 
 infantry troops to go into action on the Federal side at Gettysburg and 
 scored the first triumph there. In 1915 a statue was erected at the 
 Angle to the hero of that renowned spot. General Webb. 
 
 The following list contains the names of New York's commanders 
 at Gettysburg to whom no individual memorials have been erected 
 there yet: 
 
 Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, U. S. 
 Brigadier-General Samuel K. Zook (killed at Gettysburg), 
 Brigadier-General David A. Russell (killed at Opequan, Va., 
 
 Sept. 10, 1864). 
 Brigadier-General Charles K. Graham (wounded and captured 
 
 at Gettysburg). 
 Brigadier-General R. B. Ayres. 
 Brigadier-General Alexander Shaler. 
 Brigadier-General S. H. Weed (killed at Gettysburg). 
 Major-General Daniel Butterfield (wounded at Gettysburg). 
 Brigadier-General Adolph Von Steinwehr. 
 Brigadier-General M. R. Patrick. 
 Brigadier-General Joseph B. Carr. 
 
 Brigadier-General Francis C. Barlow (wounded at Gettysburg). 
 Brigadier-General J. H. H. Ward. 
 Brigadier-General J. J. Bartlett. 
 Also holding the rank of colonel and who commanded brigades at 
 Gettysburg were the following New York officers: 
 James C. Rice (killed at Spotsylvania). 
 Eliakim R. Sherrill (killed at Gettysburg). 
 Charies R. Coster. 
 William R. Brewster. 
 Thomas C. Devin. 
 Kenner Garrard. 
 Patrick Kelly. 
 W. Krzyzanowski 
 Daxid J. Nevin. 
 
 Archibald McDougall (mortally wounded, near Dallas, Ga., June, 1864). 
 George L. Willard (killed at Gettysburg). 
 Philip R- DeTrobnand. 
 George von Amsberg. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 5 
 
 The facts and figures in support of the claims of General 
 Doubleday and General Robinson to statues at Gettysburg were 
 specially rehearsed by veterans on the battlefield in October, 1914, on 
 the occasion of the dedication of the statue to General Wadsworth. 
 Participating thereat was a large delegation representing the New 
 York organizations in General Wadsworth's Division. Captain Albert 
 M. Mills, of Little Falls, N. Y., who delivered the oration for the 
 occasion, was well qualified to be spokesman for his comrades then 
 revisiting Seminary Ridge, where little more than half a century 
 before bullets whizzed past them and shrapnel exploded in their 
 midst, and where also some four thousand of the Corps to which they 
 belonged, the First, were killed or wounded. Captain Mills was with 
 Gamble's Brigade, of Buford's Cavalry, when it encountered the 
 Confederate advance west of Gettysburg the early morning of July 1 , 
 1863, thus provoking the skirmish which precipitated the big three- 
 day battle. None could fail to be deeply impressed with his narration 
 of that unexpected first collision and the fierce contest into which it 
 rapidly developed. Renewed admiration for what the men of the First 
 Corps accomplished and reverent recollection of what they endured 
 while striving strenuously to hold back the hosts that kept swarming 
 in their firont found frequent expression among the veterans visiting 
 Gettysburg that day. There was testimony in plenty all around to 
 convince them that Seminary Ridge and its environments are well 
 regarded as hallowed ground. A monument to General Wadsworth 
 was being dedicated, and close by it are the statues to General 
 Reynolds and General Buford, while numerous regimental 
 monuments have also been erected there. 
 
 But why, it was asked, has there been no statue erected there as yet 
 to General Doubleday, the foremost hero of the opening conflict, and 
 who took the place of the ill-fated General Reynolds, or to General 
 Robinson, who is no less worthy as a Seminary Ridge hero? 
 
 These questions were pending for a long time, had, in fact, been 
 brought to the attention, often, of the New York Monuments 
 Commission; and at a meeting of its Board, held October 23, 1914, at 
 which all the members were present, the first formal action was taken 
 on them. The military records of General Doubleday and General 
 Robinson at Gettysburg and the other fields where they held 
 commands were carefully reviewed by the Commissioners at that 
 session m their deliberations for the proposed statues; and a resolution 
 
16 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was adopted to the effect that as soon as practicable the Legislature 
 would be requested for authorization to erect monuments to their 
 memories. 
 
 When submitting statement of its estimates to the Legislature of 
 1916, the Commission made request for funds to erect those statues; 
 and pursuant thereto, appropriations amounting to $5,000 each, for 
 preliminary work, were granted, under chapter 646; and the 
 Legislature of 1917, under chapter 181, allowed the additional sums 
 of $3,000 required for completing the monuments. 
 
 In conference with Colonel John P. Nicholson, chairman, and 
 Colonel E. B. Cope, engineer, of the Gettysburg National Military 
 Park Commission, sites for the monuments were selected by this 
 Commission on June 26, 1916; the War Department in due course 
 approving same, as well as the designs for the monuments and the 
 texts prepared for the bronze inscription tablets. 
 
 General Doubleday's statue stands on Reynolds Avenue, near the 
 Springs Road, a little to the south of the spot where General Reynolds 
 was killed. This place was the center of a very active arena 
 throughout the unequal contest of the first day. It is close to the 
 McPherson Woods, where the Iron Brigade, that General Doubleday 
 helped put into action, just as the combat commenced, scored the first 
 triumph at Gettysburg. 
 
 General Robinson's statue standing on the avenue that bears his 
 name, at the northern extremity of Seminary Ridge, is located in a 
 section of the field that was, perhaps, the most perilous and untenable 
 during the conflict of the first day. A little to the north is the 
 Mummasburg Road, across which were extended the five 
 Confederate brigades that attacked General Robinson's two brigades. 
 
 The models for both statues were designed and executed by J. 
 Massey Rhind, of New York. The following sculptors, in competition 
 with Mr. Rhind, also favored the Commission with designs from 
 which to make selections: R. Hinton Perry, Henry Price and F. Landi, 
 of New York, Louis A. Gudebrod, Meriden, Conn., and H. K. Bush 
 Brown, of Washington, D. C. 
 
 The sculptor's models and the inscription tablets were reproduced 
 m bronze by Jno. Williams, Inc., of New York. Worden-Gilboy Co., 
 of Batavia, N. Y., was awarded the contracts for furnishing the 
 pedestals. 
 
 Both statues are nine feet in height. The pedestal of the General 
 Doubleday monument is eleven feet six inches square at the base 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 7 
 
 and eleven feet in height; the General Robinson pedestal measures 
 eleven feet six inches square at the base and eleven feet in height. The 
 stone used in their construction is dark Barre granite. 
 
 Of the $8,000 appropriated for the General Doubleday monument 
 $7,527.68 were expended on it, leaving a balance of $472.32; the cost 
 of the monument to General Robinson, for which the same amount 
 was allowed, was $7,409.56, leaving a balance of $590.44; these 
 balances reverting to the State Treasury. 
 
 The monuments were constructed and erected under the 
 supervision of Commissioner Clinton Beckwith. 
 
 The Dedications 
 
 By chapter 181 of the Laws of 1917 the sum of $8,000 was 
 appropriated for the purpose of dedicating the statues to General 
 Double day and General Robinson. The ceremonies were held on 
 Tuesday, September 25, 1917, and can well be counted among the 
 most brilliant and impressive functions ever witnessed on the 
 battlefield. Delegations numbering about 180 veterans, from the ten 
 New York organizations in the commands of the two generals in the 
 engagement, were in attendance. These are the Seventy-sixth, 
 Eightieth, Eighty-third, Eighty-fourth, Ninety-fourth, Ninety-fifth, 
 Ninety seventh. One hundred and fourth and One hundred and forty- 
 seventh regiments of infantry, and Battery L, First New York Light 
 Artillery. Also present thereat were members of both branches of the 
 Legislature, State officials, members of the family of General 
 Robinson and relatives of General Doubleday. Colonel Lewis R. 
 Stegman, of the One hundred and second N. Y. Veteran Volunteers, 
 Chairman of the New York Monuments Commission, was master of 
 ceremonies. Two of his colleagues on the Board were absent — 
 General Horatio C. King, on account of illness, and Brigadier General 
 Charles H. Sherrill, the Adjutant General, because of pressure of 
 other business. The invocations were pronounced by the Reverend 
 William T. Pray, of the One hundred and second N. Y. regiment. The 
 procession was led by the grand marshal for the occasion. General 
 John A. Reynolds, of Battery L., and the Adjutant General, Major 
 Herury M. Maguire, with whom were aides from the different 
 organizations represented. Through the courtesy of the War 
 Department, Colonel F. B. Jones, U. S. A., assigned a large 
 
18 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 detachment of troops, with a band, from the training camp at 
 Gettysburg for escort duty, which greatly enlianced the exercises. 
 Miss Alice Seymour Doubleday, of Quogue, L. I. (a grandniece), 
 unveiled General Doubleday's statue, and Mrs. Robert A. Hall, of 
 Whitehall, N. Y. (a daughter), that of General Robinson. Corporal 
 James Tanner, of Washington, D. C, whose regiment was the Eighty- 
 seventh N. Y. (Robinson's Brigade, Keamy's Division) , delivered 
 the oration at the General Robinson statue. 
 
 Corporal Tarmer lost both legs in the campaign of the Second 
 Manassas. He is widely known for his spirited addresses — 
 reminiscent and topical — at veteran reunions, and fully sustained his 
 reputation as an effective speaker on this occasion, when he had only 
 to draw on his memory for battlefield happenings, while admiration 
 for his old commander furnished inspiration in abundance. 
 
 The oratorical honors at the Springs Road fell to General Henry S. 
 Huidekoper, of Philadelphia. General Huidekoper lost an arm leading 
 a gallant bayonet charge made by the One hundred and fiftieth 
 Pennsylvania regiment, part of General Doubleday's Division, during 
 the first day's conflict at Gettysburg. As the undoubted hero of 
 Seminary Ridge, and for that matter, the hero of the first day at 
 Gettysburg, on the Union side. General Doubleday's military ability 
 and splendid achievement were amply and enthusiastically set forth in 
 General Huidekoper's oration. Following him. Colonel Meredith L. 
 Jones, of New York, who was on General Doubleday's staff during 
 the battle, was no less emphatic in pronouncing the First Corps leader 
 second to no other commander in the field where Southern aggression 
 reached its high-water mark. 
 
 Among the other speakers at the General Robinson statue was a 
 Southern veteran, Colonel Hilary A. Herbert (fornier Secretary of the 
 Navy under President Cleveland), of the Eighth Alabama, who had a 
 command in A. P. Hill's Corps at Gettysburg. His address was a 
 valuable contribution to the exercises, eliciting all round applause, 
 which could not be warmer if he were speaking to his own Alabama 
 comrades. Colonel Samuel M. Morgan, commandant of the Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Home, Bath, N. Y., spoke interestingly at the statue to 
 General Robinson, under whom he fought at Gettysburg. Colonel 
 John H. Coclirane, of the Eighty-third regiment, belonging to one of 
 General Robinson's brigades, recited a poem of his own composition. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 19 
 
 All the addresses were by veterans, but one, that of Francis M. 
 Hugo, Secretary of State, who appeared as the representative, for the 
 occasion, of the Empire State, which, as he pointed out, won its title 
 from Virginia a hundred years ago, the year, singularly enough, when 
 General Robinson was bom. General Doubleday being his junior by 
 two years; and that New York has ever since maintained that pride of 
 place goes without saying. At Gettysburg New York among the 
 Northern states had the most troops and Virginia on the other side, so 
 that they were both rivals and to the front again in 1863, with New 
 York once more pre-eminent. Mr. Hugo then drew attention to the 
 fact that it was exactly a century ago since the first sod was dug for 
 the construction of the Erie canal, of which the most that was 
 predicted when projected fell short long ago of the great benefits 
 derived from it. Another item in the chronicle of that year, 1817, of 
 which this State had additional reason to be proud was the enactment, 
 during the administration of Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, of the 
 law ordering the abolition of slavery in all its counties after 
 Independence Day, 1827. Mr. Hugo paid a glowing tribute to the 
 memory of General Doubleday, at whose statue he spoke, for his 
 distinguished service at Gettysburg and other scenes of strife during 
 that herculean struggle of the early sixties, the outcome of which has 
 been to make this nation the foremost democracy in the world; and 
 for anything and everything required to keep it so henceforth there 
 was not the slightest doubt in his mind that the Empire State will be 
 always available and advancing to an effective and exemplary degree. 
 
 One of the most popular contributions to the literature of the 
 Spanish-American war is a battle ballad by a Manhattan band; and 
 another poem by the same author, Joseph I. C. Clarke, recited by him 
 at the General Doubleday dedicatory exercises, should also find room 
 in anthologies to be compiled hereafter. Partly on Gettysburg, partly 
 on the Civil War in general and its heroes, on both sides, and brought 
 down to date by appropriate allusion to the new national and 
 international crisis, "Guns of the Old and the New" is a masterpiece. 
 
 In Attendance at the Dedications 
 
 Relatives of General Doubleday: Dr. J. Stewart Doubleday, Miss 
 Alice Doubleday, Cecil M. Doubleday, J. Stewart Doubleday, 
 Stephen Ward Doubleday and F. N. Doubleday. 
 
20 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Family of General Robinson: Robert A. Hall and Mrs. Hall, Miss 
 Elizabeth Hall, Miss Eleanor Hall, Miss Marion Hall, Mrs. Cleveland 
 Robinson, Mrs. J. Marshall Robinson, Miss Katherine Robinson, Mrs. 
 E. C. Robinson, Wm. E. Gary, Mrs. Ghas. L. Gorbin, Glinton E. 
 Gollier, Mrs. Collier and Master Sherman T. Collier, and Victor A. 
 Richardson. 
 
 Senator James A. Emerson, Senator Alfred J. Gilchrist and Mrs. 
 Gilchrist, Senator George A. Slater and Mrs. Slater, Senator John D. 
 Stivers and Mrs. Stivers, Senator George L. Thompson and Mrs. 
 Thompson, Assemblyman Robert P. Bush, Assemblyman Erastus C. 
 Davis and Mrs. Davis, Assemblyman E. A. Everett and Mrs. Everett, 
 Assemblyman Abram P. Lefevre and Mrs. Lefevre, Assemblyman 
 Bert Lord, Assemblyman Peter P. McElligott and Mrs. McElligott, 
 Assemblyman H. Edmund Machold and Mrs. Machold. 
 
 Francis M. Hugo, Secretary of State, and Mrs. Hugo, Merton E. 
 Lewis, Attorney General, and Mrs. Lewis, Brig.-Gen. W. W. 
 Wotherspoon, U. S. A., Superintendent of Public Works, and Mrs. 
 Wotherspoon, John C. dark. Civil Service Commissioner, and Jolm C. 
 Birdseye, Secretary, Wm. B. Landreth, Deputy State Engineer, and 
 Mrs. Landreth, Mr. and Mrs. L. G. DeCant, Mr. and Mrs. D. F. 
 Griggs, Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Hichman and Charles H. Dom. 
 
 Gen. H. S. Huidekoper, Gen. John A. Reynolds, Col. S. C. 
 Clobridge and Mrs. Clobridge, Col. John H. Coclirane, Col. John H. 
 Gribbel, Col. Hilary A. Herbert, Col. Meredith L. Jones, Col. S. C. 
 Morgan, Col. S. C. Pierce, Col. Frank Sellers, Col. Frank West, U. S. 
 A., Col. Americus Whedon, Major Alex. Bamie, Major George 
 Breck, Major Charles E. Fiske, Major Henry M. Maguire, Captain 
 George K. Collins, Captain George A. Hussey, Captain George P. 
 Morgan, Captain C. St. John, Captain Arch. B. Snow, Corporal James 
 Tanner and Miss Nettie Tanner. 
 
 J. Quincy Adams, C. Loomis Alien, G. D. Bangs, Charles S. 
 Barker, E. C. Burgess and Mrs. Burgess, H. W. Burliiigame, Aaron N. 
 Burr, Homer D. Call, Ramon Cardona, J. 1. C. Clarke and Mrs. 
 Clarke, Charles A. Dow, Francis J. Egan, H. M. Golden, Lewellyn J. 
 Hall, M. D. Hartford, P. Kappesser, Wm. H. Lakeman and Mrs. 
 Lakeman, F. N. Lewis and Mrs. Lewis, Mrs. Clara K. Litchfield, Miss 
 Ethel Litchfield, Willis Litchfield, J. W. Lynch, Thomas J. 
 McConekey, Jolin H. McGean, H. D. Mack, Miss Nettie Maloon, 
 Frank Martlock, Wm. Donald Mitchell, Frank E. Munson and Mrs. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 2 1 
 
 Munson, Enoch J. Nichols, Hiram Osborne, Peter W. Ostrander, Dr. 
 Lewis S. Pilcher and Mrs. Pilcher, Wm. H. H. Pinckney, Wm. H. 
 Powell, Rev. Wm. T. Pray and Mrs. Pray, J. E. Rafter, E. J. Robinson, 
 Martin Rust and Mrs. Rust, Edward Schenck, Charles Schoeneck and 
 Mrs. Schoeneck, John S. Seaman, C. A. Shaw, Wm. H. Shelton, 
 George W. Steele, H. B. Sykes, Isaac Thomas, J. E. Toole, Wm. 
 Vallette, James Whitlock. 
 
 Col. Lewis R. Stegman and Mrs. Stegman and Col. Clinton 
 Beckwith. 
 
 The official party for these celebrations also took part in the 
 dedication of the monument to the One hundred and fourth New York 
 regiment (Wadsworth Guards) at Antietam, Md. The ceremonies were 
 held on September 27, 1917. U. S. Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr., 
 and State Senator John Knight, delivered interesting and spirited 
 addresses on the great topic of the day and the engagement at 
 Antietam, September 17, 1862, the severest one-day battle of the 
 Civil War. Colonel Lewis R. Stegman and H. W. Burlingame, 
 secretary of the One hundred and fourth Association, also spoke. 
 They are both veterans of the battle. 
 
22 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Commissioners Executive Committee 
 
 Col. CLINTON BECKWITH Col. CLINTON BECKWITH Col. LEWIS R. STEGMAN 
 Col. LEWIS R. STEGMAN Cliaiiman 
 
 Gen. Horatio King Brig. Gen. Louis W. Stotesbui^ ]. W. LYNCH 
 Brig. Gen. Louis W. Stotesbury Secretary 
 
 The Adjutant General 
 
 NEW YORK MONUMENTS COMMISSION 
 
 FOR THE BATTLEFIELDS OF 
 GETTYSBURG. CHATTANOOGA AND ANTIETAM 
 
 HALL OF RECORDS, CHAMBERS STREET 
 
 Dedication of Monuments to General Abner Doubleday 
 and General John C. Robinson 
 
 Circular 
 
 By chapter 181 of the Laws of 1917 this Board of Commissioners 
 is authorized and directed to dedicate the bronze statues that are to be 
 erected on the battlefield of Gettysburg to the memories of Major- 
 General Abner Doubleday and Major-General John C. Robinson. 
 
 The dedication exercises for both statues will be held the same 
 day, Tuesday, September 25, 1917. 
 
 On the Union side. General Doubleday is admittedly the hero of 
 the first day's fight at Gettysburg, and contributed as much, perhaps, 
 toward the final result achieved on that field as any other commander 
 in the entire engagement; and in the opening conflict there also 
 General Robinson displayed valor and ability of the highest order. 
 
 The site to be occupied by the General Doubleday statue is on 
 Reynolds Avenue, near the Springs Road; and the statue of General 
 Robinson will stand on Robinson Avenue, in the northern part of the 
 battlefield. 
 
 That those dedications may be conducted with appropriate 
 ceremonies, the Commission is asking the New York organizations of 
 the First Anny Corps, at Gettysburg, to send delegations to the 
 battlefield to participate in them. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robimon 23 
 
 Those organizations are: the 76th, 80th, 83d, 84th, 94th, 95th, 
 97th, 104th and 147th Regiments of Infantry, and Battery L, First 
 New York Light Artillery. 
 
 Muster Roll blanks are being forwarded to the officers of the 
 veteran associations concerned, for them to enter thereon the names 
 of their comrades whom they desire to designate for going to 
 Gettysburg for this occasion. 
 
 Transportation orders made out by the undersigned from the 
 certified muster rolls will be forwarded to the organization officers 
 for distribution among the veterans in whose favor they are drawn. 
 
 Those transportation orders will not be accepted for passage on 
 trains, but must be exchanged for railroad tickets; neither are the 
 orders transferable; if not used they should be returned to the New 
 York Monuments Commission. 
 
 It is requested that the muster rolls be completed in time for 
 returning to this office not later than Saturday, September 1st, in 
 order that there may be ample time to transmit the certificates, and as 
 well to notify the railroads of the stations for which transportation 
 orders will be issued. 
 
 Application has been made to the railroad companies, through the 
 Trunk Line Association, to honor tickets for this occasion, from 
 points in New York State, any day from September 18th to September 
 24th, inclusive. 
 
 It is requested that veterans attending these dedications will, as far 
 as practicable, appear in the uniform usually worn on Memorial Day. 
 
 Badges, specially ordered for these functions, will be forwarded to 
 the officers of the various organizations for distribution, at the same 
 time that the transportation certificates are sent out. 
 
 Flags and streamers will also be fiimished at Gettysburg. Carriages 
 will be provided by the Commission for conveying the veterans from 
 Gettysburg Square to the ceremonies; and benches for them will be 
 placed in front of the platforms. 
 
 It is expected that a good many Civil War veterans other than 
 those entitled to free transportation will travel to the battlefield for 
 this event, and a cordial invitation is extended to them to attend the 
 exercises. Preparations becoming these important battlefield events 
 are being made by this Commission, and it is confidently expected 
 
24 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 that each of the ten veteran organizations concerned will be 
 worthily represented at the ceremonies for them. 
 
 The headquarters of the New York Monuments Commission 
 will be at the Eagle Hotel, Gettysburg. 
 
 Fraternally, 
 
 LEWIS R. STEGMAN, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 25 
 
 Order of Exercises 
 
 at 
 
 General Doubleday Monument 
 
 1. Music, Citizens Band of Gettysburg. 
 
 2. Prayer, by Rev. Wm. T. Pray, 102d N. Y. Veteran Volunteers. 
 
 3. Introductory Remarks, by Chairman of Board of 
 Commissioners, Colonel Lewis R. Stegman. 
 
 4. Music, U. S. Military Band. 
 
 5. Unveiling of the Monument, by Miss Alice Seymour 
 Doubleday, Grandniece of General Doubleday. 
 
 6. Oration, General Henry S. Huidekoper, 2d Brigade, Third 
 Division, First Army Corps. 
 
 7. Music, Citizens Band of Gettysburg. 
 
 8. Address, by Hon. Francis M. Hugo, Secretary of State, 
 New York. 
 
 9. Music, U. S. Military Band. 
 
 10. "Guns of the Old and the New," by Joseph I. C. Clarke. 
 
 11. Music, Citizens Band of Gettysburg. 
 
 12. Remarks by Colonel Meredith L. Jones, of General 
 Doubleday' s Staff 
 
 13. Benediction, by Rev. Wm. T. Pray. 
 
26 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Invocation of the Reverend Wm. T. Pray 
 102"'* N.Y. Vols. 
 
 ALMIGHTY GOD, we bow in Thy presence, in memory of the 
 veterans who have served vaUantly in a comradeship, sacred and 
 permanent. 
 
 We halt today, O Lord, to express our affection for the 
 protectors of our flag and who have distinguished themselves 
 especially and signally on this battlefield. 
 
 We do not forget our commanders who led us to victory. We 
 are here m remembrance of their heroism; we bring tokens of 
 affection, and we are reminded that the chronicles of the past are 
 suggested by those of the present. Indeed, when we consider our 
 departed heroes we call to mind the Divine assurance, "They being 
 dead, yet speaketh," and all over the land we read the traditional 
 epitaph, "In Memory of." Surely the names we recall today 
 suggest an honorable soldiery. 
 
 May God grant His blessing on the exercises of the hour while 
 we speak of those who are not here — who have responded to the 
 taps for "lights out;" and yet we grip their comradeship with 
 "hoops of steel." 
 
 Thou, O Lord, hast made it possible to be here to praise Thee 
 for the permanency of our republic. Indeed, we write our prayers 
 and paeans of praise in celebration of victories achieved, as we 
 rejoice with the valorous hosts we do not forget. 
 
 We thank Thee, O God, in this hour of praise for the veterans 
 whom our country seeks to honor. Significant, indeed, is the fact 
 that the host of a new army is falling in line to perpetuate the 
 principles of our forefathers, and thus uphold the life of freedom 
 instituted by Washington and Lincoln. 
 
 Be with us, O God, in this hour of sacred homage. Hear us 
 while we pray for the kindred, m whose memory we gather, who 
 gave themselves living and dying that the nation might live. Bless 
 our land. Preserve us from selfish interests. 
 
 Bless our President m his high commission as he continues to 
 administer with firni and loyal spirit. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 27 
 
 Be with all who occupy places of honor and responsibility. Be 
 with the people in all homes, and may loyalty to our country's flag be 
 manifested throughout the land. 
 
 Grant that whatsoever is rendered here today, of speech, or word 
 of song, or note of music, shall be bom of a new consecration which 
 shall be for the honor and glory of God. Amen. 
 
28 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address by Colonel Lewis Stegman 
 
 102"" N.Y. Vols. 
 
 Chairman, New York Monuments Commission 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, Men of the Army of the Potomac, Men of 
 all the Veteran Annies Present, and Men in Khaki: 
 
 IN behalf of the New York Monuments Commission, under whose 
 auspices the celebrations that have brought you here today are being 
 conducted for the State of New York, I desire to extend to each and 
 every one of you a hearty welcome, and at the same time to thank you 
 also for helping make these dedicatory events, in respect to 
 attendance, interest and enthusiasm, fully worthy of the occasion for 
 which we have met. There is in today's proceedings here a good deal 
 for New Yorkers to feel proud of Veterans of the First Corps, this 
 brilliant spectacle and the ardor that pervades it must surely bring 
 solace to your hearts. Men in kliaki, I do not doubt that you are deeply 
 impressed by the ceremonies you are participants; in today — 
 ceremonies whose object is none other than the commemoration and 
 perpetuation of battlefield valor and battlefield devotion. The 
 relatives of the two renowned commanders. Major General Abner 
 Doubleday and Major-General Jolin Cleveland Robinson, whose 
 statues we are now dedicating, do, I am certain, find much to be 
 proud of and much to feel thankful for on this occasion, an occasion, 
 doubtless, that they will be delighted to recall and rehearse hereafter. 
 
 General Doubleday is one of the Gettysburg commanders whose 
 fame increases as the decades go by. On the Union side, he is 
 preeminently the hero of Seminary Ridge, where we are at present 
 gathered, and which was the scene of that momentous opening 
 conflict of July 1, 1863. Colonel Andrew Cowan, of Louisville, Ky., 
 who had charge of the First New York hidependent Battery on this 
 field, in an address delivered at the dedication of General Webb's 
 statue, at the Angle, in October, 1915, said: "I may even state my 
 opinion now that if the First Corps had not fought so well all day on 
 the first, and then effected a masterly retreat to this ridge, there would 
 have been no second day at Gettysburg." Volumes could be written 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 29 
 
 on these significant words, and in fact what has already been said and 
 printed bearing on them would take a long time to peruse. One of the 
 conclusions that invariably follows a study of their import is, that 
 General Doubleday did great and good work commanding the First 
 Army Corps on this field. Succeeding the ill-fated General Reynolds, 
 who was stricken down just as the combat commenced, he emerged 
 firom the trials and troubles of the first day's fight a vanquished 
 victor, if ever there was one. "The fewer the men, the greater the 
 honor." All day long in the opening contest General Doubleday was 
 vastly outnumbered. It was mainly owing to his genius and pluck and 
 dogged determination, battling bravely for seven arduous hours 
 against overwhelming odds and a constantly increasing enemy, that 
 that invaluable vantage ground. Cemetery Hill, was held by the Union 
 army when the evening reinforcements arrived. The possession of that 
 hill and the ridge south of it, which followed as a consequence, 
 helped General Meade materially while doing much more than 
 defending his ground during the violent and widespread operations of 
 the second day; and in the tremendous and fmal trial of arms the third 
 day the advantage of holding Cemetery Ridge was undoubtedly an 
 important factor in the Confederate repulse. 
 
 A general of the first magnitude, whose career terminated at St. 
 Helena, said that "War is a business of positions." The commanders 
 of the Third Union Corps and the Twelfth when they reached 
 Gettysburg the evening of July 1, 1863, and joined the First Corps 
 and the Eleventh — the earliest engaged in the battle — found 
 positions waiting for them that could not be much improved if chosen 
 by themselves days in advance. And so it was also with the other 
 three corps, the Second, Fifth and Sixth, when arriving on the scene. 
 
 General Doubleday in one of his publications on the battle says: 
 "Before the Eleventh Corps came up the enemy could have walked 
 right over the small force opposed to them." The remarkable success 
 of the Union infantry troops in repelling the initial attack rendered the 
 Confederate vanguard cautious for some time after. This opening 
 contest formed a distinct and very important period in the battle of the 
 first day. While it lasted General Doubleday had supreme command 
 on the field. 
 
 And it was not only in the morning but the rest of the day as well 
 that General Doubleday justified the confidence placed in him by 
 General Reynolds, of whom it has been said that he was the 
 
30 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 embodiment of all that is noble in a soldier. The difficulties that he 
 encountered leading the First Corps divisions on Seminary Ridge 
 could not be exaggerated. Driven back finally, with the divisions of 
 the Eleventh Corps — General Howard's — they occupied and held 
 Cemetery Hill pending the arrival of reinforcements. Overwhelmed as 
 the Union troops were they gave an excellent account of themselves. 
 Both General Ewell and General A. P. Hill have testified that that 
 battle was stubbom and sanguinary — so much so that they were 
 unwilling in the evening to undertake further pursuit and endeavor to 
 oust the Federals from the positions where they were entrenching 
 themselves on Cemetery Hill and Gulp's Hill. 
 
 It is true that General Doubleday was deprived of his command the 
 very evening of the day that he made himself famous. But not all the 
 orders ever issued could come between him and the ultimate reward 
 that he earned by his noble work at Gettysburg. The second day and 
 the third day, leading a division of the First Corps, he also gave ample 
 proof, on Cemetery Ridge, that in an emergency no one could be 
 more reliable. The brunt of the opening conflict was bome by his 
 corps; and his division did a large part of the fighting incident to the 
 repulse of Pickett's charge the third day. That we are engaged in 
 dedicating a statue to General Doubleday on Seminary Ridge, close to 
 the monument of his very distinguished predecessor, General 
 Reynolds, is another instance of the pride that New York takes in its 
 Gettysburg generals. 
 
 After General Doubleday, no commander on the Union side 
 acquitted himself better than General Robinson during the first day's 
 battle. The Mummasburg Road that day was a passage way for 
 throngs of Confederate reinforcements, rushing down in 
 overwhelming numbers to participate in the fierce struggle there. 
 General Robinson's brigades sustained the shock of forces that, 
 finally, outnumbered them more than two to one. The casualties 
 suffered by his division amounted to two-thirds of what it brought to 
 the field. And the enemy, though finally triumphant, had no reason to 
 brag. The tenacity with which the First Corps clung to its untenable 
 positions is well exemplified by the part that General Robinson's men 
 contributed to its heroic resistance. They were the last to yield their 
 ground after the order was given to retreat to Cemetery Hill. The spot 
 on which General Robinson's statue stands was scarcely second to 
 any other part of the field the afternoon of July 1 st when it comes 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 3 1 
 
 to reckoning conditions of difficulty and danger. Right well did he 
 hold off for four fearful hours the troops that kept swarming north and 
 west of the arena that he was bravely defending. By what he and his 
 men endured and achieved during those crucial hours and the 
 inestimable benefit that accrued to the Union arms as a result of the 
 prolonged and determined stand they made, General Robinson, in a 
 marked degree, earned the honors implied in this statue erected to his 
 memory by his own State. 
 
 The two monuments we are dedicating today bring the total 
 number of statues to the credit of the Empire State in the Gettysburg 
 National Military Park to seven; and of regimental monuments our 
 State has erected close on a hundred on this field. Then there is also 
 the almost unrivaled State monument to crown them all. 
 
 The record of New York at Gettysburg will always remain one of 
 the most brilliant chapters in the history of the battle; and it is meet 
 that the valor and achievement and sacrifice of our soldiers should be 
 fittingly commemorated and perpetuated in this the most important 
 battlefield of the Civil War. From all States, over 40,000 men fell 
 here. In the Union army of 85,600 troops to the number of 27,692 
 were from New York. The loss sustained by the Federal forces 
 amounted to 23,049, of which 6,773 was borne by New York — more 
 than thirty per cent. Quite one-third of the division and brigade 
 commanders were New Yorkers, as were three out of the eight corps 
 commanders. 
 
 In the battle of the first day the six divisions of infantry were led 
 by New York commanders. In the First Corps, the corps that did the 
 most and suffered the most the first day, there were nine New York 
 infantry regiments and one battery. All of those ten organizations, I 
 am happy to say, are represented by delegations at these dedications. 
 
 The Seventy-sixth New York, whose commander. Major Andrew 
 Grover, fell in the battle, was "the first infantry on the field," and it 
 had not been in action much more than half an hour when 169 of its 
 men, out of a total of 375, went down. Altogether, its loss amounted 
 to 232. The Seventy-sixth was part of the Second Brigade, General 
 Cutlers, of General Wadsworth's Division. During the Civil War it 
 took part in thirty-five battles and actions. 
 
 The Eightieth New York, or Twentieth Militia, called also the 
 Ulster Guard, was commanded by General Theodore B. Gates. It 
 
32 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was strenuously engaged during the three days of the battle, and 
 belonged to the First Brigade, Colonel Biddle's, of the Third 
 Division, which in the beginning of the battle was General 
 Doubleday's. General Doubleday paid the Eightieth a very high 
 compliment in a letter from him read at the dedication of its 
 monument in 1888. In the 375 men that it had marching to the battle 
 there was a casualty list of 170. Altogether, the Eightieth served in 
 twenty-four battles and actions. 
 
 The Eighty-third New York, or Ninth Militia, commanded by Lt.- 
 Col. Joseph R. Moesch, and belonging to the Second Brigade, 
 General Baxter's, of General Robinson's Division, suffered a loss of 
 68 out of 148. It was one of the regiments that helped make prisoners 
 of a thousand in the brigades of O'Neal and Iverson, at the northern 
 part of Seminary Ridge. Thirty battles and actions make up its Civil 
 War record. 
 
 The Eighty-fourth New York, or Fourteenth Brooklyn Militia, was 
 led by Colonel E. B. Fowler, and lost during the three days of the 
 battle 217 out of 356. Like the Seventy-sixth, the Eighty-fourth was 
 one of the very first regiments to go into action, a little to the south of 
 the railroad cut, and close to where the General Doubleday monument 
 stands. In addition to sterling service on Seminary Ridge the first day 
 it acquitted itself manfully at Gulp's Hill the other two days. From the 
 beginning of the Civil War to its close the Eighty-fourth took part in 
 twenty-eight battles and actions. The sad duty of removing the body 
 of General Reynolds from this field was perfomied by men from the 
 Eighty-fourth. 
 
 The Ninety fourth New York was another of the regiments in 
 General Robinson's Division — General Paul's Brigade, the First. 
 With officers and men totaling 445 it lost 245 here. It was 
 commanded by Colonel A. R. Root, and when he was wounded by 
 Major S. H. Moffatt. In the fierce fighting that took place around the 
 ground occupied by General Robinson's monument the Ninety-fourth 
 acted a gallant part. Its Civil War record shows that it was engaged in 
 twenty-seven battles and actions. 
 
 The Ninety-fifth New York, of General Cutler's Brigade, General 
 Wadsworth's Division, was commanded by Colonel George H. 
 Biddle and after being wounded by Major Edward Pye. It brought 250 
 men to this field, of whom it lost nearly one-half, or 115. It fomied 
 into line the same time and side by side with the Eighty-fourth, 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 33 
 
 on this side of the railroad. The Ninety-fifth was one of the three 
 regiments, the other two being the Eighty-fourth New York and Sixth 
 Wisconsin, which made prisoners of hundreds from Davis's 
 Mississippi Brigade. The second and third day it was posted at Gulp's 
 Hill. During the Civil War it took part in thirty-nine battles and 
 actions. 
 
 The Ninety-seventh New York, or Conkling Rifles, commanded 
 by Colonel Charles Wheelock, belonged to Baxter's Brigade of 
 General Robinson's Division. It sustained casualties totaling 126 out 
 of little less than 300. It took a strenuous part in the fighting against 
 Iverson's Brigade. When at last the Ninety-seventh retreated it had 
 used up its last round of ammunition. During the Civil War it served 
 in thirty-six battles and actions. 
 
 The One hundred and fourth New York, or Wadsworth Guards, 
 was commanded by Colonel Gilbert G. Prey, and was part of General 
 Paul's Brigade, General Robinson's Division. It was among the First 
 Corps regiments that suffered the largest percentage of loss — 199 out 
 of 330. In repelling the fierce attacks of O'Neal's and Iverson's 
 brigades, after they were reinforced by Ramseur's, the One hundred 
 and fourth rendered signal service, capturing a large number of 
 prisoners. Actions and battles to the number of thirty-two constitute 
 its entire Civil War record. 
 
 The One hundred and forty-seventh New York was commanded 
 by Lt.-Col. F. C. Miller, and when wounded his place was taken by 
 Major George Hamey. With the Seventy sixth New York and Fifty- 
 sixth Pennsylvania it deployed north of the railroad at the very 
 commencement of the combat. Those three regiments were subjected 
 to such a galling fire from the start that they were soon compelled to 
 retreat temporarily. The order issued for them to retire was belated in 
 reaching the One hundred and forty-seventh, and in consequence it 
 suffered to the extent of 207 in that early skirmish alone. Its entire 
 loss in the battle was 301 out of 380 present with the colors. The One 
 hundred and forty-seventh fought in twenty- five battles and actions. 
 
 Battery L, First New York Light Artillery, was commanded on this 
 field by Captain G. H. Reynolds. His predecessor in charge of the 
 battery, until May, 1863, when he was transferred to the Army of the 
 Cumberland, as chief of artillery of the Twelfth, and later Twentieth, 
 Army Corps, was General John A. Reynolds, of Fairport, 
 
34 InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 who is grand marshal for the events we are celebrating today. Many 
 of you will recall that it was General Reynolds who also acted as 
 grand marshal at the General Wadsworth dedication three years ago. 
 The men of Battery L fought quite close to us. Their commander, 
 Captain Reynolds, was wounded in the eye, and his place was taken 
 by Major George H. Breck, also with us here today I am glad to say. 
 Comparatively speaking. Battery L did not suffer heavily — one killed, 
 fifteen wounded and one missing. Though severely wounded. Captain 
 Reynolds refused to leave the field and remained with his guns. 
 
 Pennsylvania had eleven regiments and one battery in the First 
 Corps; and one of these regiments, the One hundred and fiftieth, I 
 have occasion to mention specially now, for one of its commanders 
 was General Henry S. Huidekoper, of Philadelphia, who has 
 generously come here to deliver the oration for the General 
 Doubleday exercises. On this field the One hundred and fiftieth had 
 five commanders. General Huidekoper was the second of the officers 
 leading it to be wounded, succeeding Colonel Langhome Wister 
 when he became disabled. This regiment was part of General 
 Doubleday s own division, the Third, which was commanded, by 
 General Rowley after General Doubleday succeeded General 
 Reynolds. The One hundred and fiftieth enjoys the distinction of 
 having assigned his position on this battlefield to the well- 
 remembered Jolin Bums. General Huidekoper lost an ami leading a 
 gallant bayonet charge made by the One hundred and fiftieth; and 
 when wounded he did not call for an ambulance, but went on foot to 
 the surgeon, nor did he ask for a tonic either before suffering the 
 agony of having his arm amputated. The phases of the first day's 
 battle, and for that matter those of the three days, are an open book to 
 General Huidekoper, and there is no doubt that he will do full justice 
 to the memory of his corps commander. This is far from being 
 General Huidekoper' s first assignment as a speaker at Gettysburg 
 functions. That splendid historical work, "Pennsylvania at 
 Gettysburg," contains his address for the General Meade dedication, 
 eighteen years ago; and in 1910 when the Pennsylvania State 
 memorial on this field was dedicated it was General Huidekoper who 
 made the address tendering it to Governor Edwin S. Stuart, m behalf 
 of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Commission, of which 
 General Huidekoper was president, as well as chainnan and treasurer. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 35 
 
 General Huidekoper is the recipient of a medal of honor. 
 
 There is also another New York regiment that demands attention 
 at this time, though it was not at Gettysburg, at least under its first 
 name. This is the Eighty-seventh, one of the regiments that formed 
 part of General Robinson's first command in the Army of the 
 Potomac, and in which one of the orators of the day. Corporal James 
 Tanner, of Washington, D. C, fought until the Second Manassas, 
 where he lost both limbs. Corporal Tanner has kindly come all the 
 way from the capital specially to speak at the statue to his old brigade 
 commander. It is not alone because of his long practice as an eloquent 
 speaker at veteran reunions that I say there is a treat in store for you 
 while hearing Corporal Tanner; a less practiced speaker imbued with 
 the spirit of admiration that he brings to his task could not fail to be 
 impressive and interesting addressing you on such an occasion as this. 
 As well as serving under General Robinson, Corporal Tanner was a 
 lifelong friend of his. 
 
 Yet another veteran who was in General Robinson's command is 
 also to be heard from today. He is Colonel Samuel M. Morgan, 
 commandant of the Soldiers and Sailors Home, of Bath, an institution 
 that can well be described as a boon and a blessing to many a Civil 
 War veteran. Colonel Morgan was Assistant Adjutant General on this 
 field under General Robinson, and practically served on his staff from 
 the time he took charge of a brigade until incapacitated at 
 Spotsylvania in May, 1864, for further field activity. 
 
 Also in our list of speakers for these exercises is Colonel Meredith 
 L. Jones, a native of Pennsylvania, but a resident of New York, who 
 was on General Doubleday's staff at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville 
 and Gettysburg. In General Doubleday's book on the last two battles 
 he makes important mention of Colonel Jones, and so Colonel Jones 
 is to reciprocate now by making worthy and eloquent mention of his 
 old and respected commander. 
 
 I am also glad to announce that our program of exercises contains 
 the name of a highly esteemed Confederate veteran. Colonel Hilary 
 A. Herbert, who had a command in General A. P. Hill's Corps on this 
 field, and who also was Secretary of the Navy in the administration of 
 President Cleveland. Whatever Colonel Herbert is going to say on the 
 Civil War and the North or the South, as a Northern veteran myself I 
 desire to put on record once more my views on Southern soldiers 
 
36 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 during the four years of the disagreement, and that is that they very, 
 very often proved during that time, defending a cause which they 
 imphcitly beheved in, that they possessed Spartan grit and 
 determination seldom surpassed in history. Great generals led them 
 — one of them, it has been said, the greatest in the Civil War; and if I 
 am correct in my understanding of the laws then established by 
 Southern statesmen they laid the basis of a new constitution for the 
 section included in their regime. 
 
 If time was not an obstacle now, I would call on several other 
 comrades to address you. We cannot, however, late as it is, forego the 
 pleasure of listening to Colonel Jolin H. Cochrane, of the Eighty-third 
 N. Y., who has written a poem for the occasion; and Dr. Lewis S. 
 Pilcher, of Brooklyn, will also make a few appropriate remarks. Dr. 
 Pilcher is one of the past commanders of U. S. Grant Post, G. A. R., 
 Department of New York. Two distinguished civilians have 
 courteously consented to supplement veteran talent and veteran ardor 
 at these dedications. Representing the Empire State, for the occasion, 
 Francis M. Hugo, Secretary of State, will address you in due course. 
 Mr. Hugo belongs to a generation a good many years behind the 
 generation when the boys of '61 were in their prime. New York's 
 Secretary of State may well be called a man "of Atlantean shoulders 
 fit to bear the weight of mighty monarchies" — such a man as 
 General Hancock was, and General Hancock astride his charger on 
 Cemetery Ridge the afternoon of July 3, 1863, during the repulse of 
 Pickett's charge, and also during the cannonading that preceded it, 
 could not easily be duplicated. 
 
 As well as earning high distinction as a soldier. General 
 Doubleday enjoyed the reputation of being a fine scholar and an 
 accomplished writer. A scholar and a poet — I need not qualify these 
 titles now — has promised to recite an original poem specially 
 prepared by him for the dedicatory events we are conducting today. 
 Knowing the author, Mr. J. 1. C. Clarke, of New York, and being 
 familiar with many of his masterpieces, 1 feel sure that these exercises 
 will be greatly enhanced by his contribution to them; and 1 even 
 venture to say that the literature of Gettysburg and its battle will be 
 enriched by it. 
 
 General Horatio C. King, one of my colleagues on the Board of 
 which I am chairman, and who, I regret to say, is prevented by 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 37 
 
 illness from being with us today — and if he were able to come it is 
 certain that you would hear from him something spirited and 
 appropriate for the occasion — recited a poem, entitled "A 
 Retrospect", at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the battle 
 of Gettysburg in July, 1913, when some 54,000 veterans — more than 
 8,200 of whom were from New York — ^held their historic reunion 
 here. This poem began with the lines: 
 
 "The fleeting years, full fifty now. 
 Are numbered with the past." 
 
 Well, the "fleeting years" referred to then by General King have 
 grown to be fifty-four, so that, comrades, in not a very long time from 
 now instead of fifty long years ago, as it used to be, it will be sixty 
 long years ago, since we Gettysburg soldiers had our first "reunion" 
 on this famed battle ground. How many of us here today will be able 
 to revisit Gettysburg six years from now, should there be another 
 armiversary, and a jubilee with it, small or large, celebrated here then, 
 is, perhaps, too bold and too prophetic a question to propound thus far 
 in advance. For myself, however, I will say that, God willing, and if I 
 should be able to undertake the journey, in the event of there being 
 one more general reunion at Gettysburg in 1923, I would travel here 
 with as much glee and alacrity as I set out from New York yesterday. 
 If that should come to pass, comrades, I hope to meet you all, or a 
 great many of you, at Gettysburg that time again. We have grown old 
 now, but we emerged unscathed, or else not too badly hurt, from the 
 great Gettysburg struggle and struggles that followed it; we can well 
 call ourselves a hardy lot, and for another decade or more it is safe to 
 say that there will be many thousands of us fit and willing to travel 
 long distances for the purpose of greeting each other at big reunions. 
 As long as we survivors of the battle are in the land of the living, 
 Gettysburg will not cease to fascinate us, to animate us, to inspire us 
 and to attract us. This battlefield looms so large in the history of the 
 nation that it has become a mecca for pilgrims, young and old, and 
 from far and near. Not even Thermopylae or Marathon or Waterloo, 
 or the scene of any other classic contest, ancient or modem, 
 anywhere, will survive longer in story than Gettysburg. Abraham 
 Lincoln's message to mankind, delivered here on November 19, 
 1863, and proclaiming the doctrine of "Government of the people, by 
 the people, and for the people'', is sure to be repeated for many ages 
 to come. 
 
38 In Memoriam: Doubleday -Robins on 
 
 And for what else, after all, but government of the people, by the 
 people and for the people, are some of the nations in Europe, and this 
 nation now with them, striving in a death-grapple today — a death- 
 grapple that makes all former wars dwindle, in comparison, into so 
 many skirmishes, having in view the millions engaged and the havoc 
 wrought. 
 
 Until people the world over faithfully and conscientiously try to 
 observe that great Christian precept, "Do unto others as you would 
 that they should do unto you," and follow it and practice it as closely 
 as is, or should be, possible in this stage of universal civilization and 
 brotherly love, it is to be feared that there will be such international 
 misunderstandings, wrong-doing and brawls as will make big wars 
 unavoidable. And do unjust or unnecessary wars pay in the end? A 
 prominent Civil War general said that "War is hell." Then what must 
 peace be in comparison? Why, it is heaven — heaven on earth any 
 way. The millions of victims suffering from the indescribable and 
 almost inconceivable horrors of the present fierce and far-flung 
 struggle in Europe must be praying night and day for this heaven on 
 earth — the peace that is to reign among them once more after the 
 termination of the hostilities by which they are now scourged; and let 
 us earnestly hope that the tide of battle — battles — will take such a 
 turn "over there," with the aid of our own troops, on whose flag 
 victory has always perched in the end, that their prayers will be 
 speedily answered. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 39 
 
 Oration by General Henry S. Huidekoper, 
 of Pennsylvania 
 
 150 Pa. Vols., Second Brigade, Third Division, First Corps 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies AND Gentlemen AND Comrades: THE duty 
 that has brought us here today is one conforming to a meritorious and 
 time-honored custom — the commemoration and perpetuation of 
 achievement and valor on the field of battle. The hero whose memory 
 is now being respected in that wise is a deserving candidate for 
 statuary honors. By erecting this statue to Major-General Abner 
 Doubleday the State of New York has put further evidence on this 
 national park tliat it remembers with gratitude its sons who defended 
 the integrity of the nation when it was tlireatened with disruption. The 
 New York Monuments Commission, under whose auspices this fine 
 monument was erected, is to be complimented once more for its 
 success in presenting memorial work worthy of the great 
 commonwealth for which it acts, worthy of this famed park, which is 
 the pride of the whole country, and fiiUy worthy of the commander 
 whose noble work ranks him as one of Gettysburg's foremost 
 generals. My friend Colonel Stegman, presiding at these exercises, as 
 chairman of the New York Monuments Commission, is to be 
 specially congratulated on the results that have crowned his efforts to 
 have this monument and that to General Robinson erected, and the 
 preparations and arrangements that he has caused to be made for 
 having them appropriately dedicated are commendable in the highest 
 degree. 
 
 It is indeed a pleasure and an honor to have the privilege of 
 participating in this dedicatory event, and for those who, like myself, 
 served under General Doubleday on this battlefield it is especially so. 
 As well as being in his command at Gettysburg, I can say with 
 pardonable pride on this occasion that I was always a favorite with 
 General Doubleday. 1 admired him and reverenced him highly, and as 
 1 now look back more than fifty years 1 can say that he had personal 
 charms which were fascinating. Our intimacy was kept up for a long 
 number of years after the war, and I frequently called on him when he 
 resided at Park Avenue in New York City. Then it was that I learned 
 from him how keenly he ever feh the humiliation of the order which 
 
40 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 deprived him of his command in the Arniy of the Potomac, after the 
 Gettysburg campaign, in which none had done more to make it the 
 great success that it was. His heart and soul were in his profession, 
 and his reputation as a soldier was as dear to him as life itself. 
 
 Abner Doubleday was bom at Ballston Spa, N. Y., on June 26, 
 1819. He came of a soldier stock. At the age of eighteen, his 
 grandfather, after whom he was called Abner, was in action at Bunker 
 Hill, and he was also with General Wayne when the assault was made 
 on Stony Point. Having become incapacitated from marching by 
 reason of service in the field and the hardships that he endured while 
 confined in the prison ship "Jersey'', he was transferred to the navy 
 and became an officer on an American privateer. General 
 Doubleday's father, Ulysses Doubleday, was a native of Lebanon, 
 Conn. Coming to New York he settled in Ballston Spa, where he 
 established the Saratoga Courier. Subsequently, he moved to Aubum, 
 where, in 1819, he founded the Cayuga Patriot, the publication of 
 which was continued for twenty years. During that period he was 
 twice elected to Congress as a Jackson Democrat, representing his 
 district from 1831 to 1833 and again from 1835 to 1837. 
 
 The subject of my discourse entered the military academy at West 
 Point on September 1, 1838, and was graduated four years after. 
 Lieut. Doubleday's first assignment was in the Third U. S. Artillery. 
 He fought at Monterey and Buena Vista during the Mexican war. He 
 was in Mexico again in 1854 and 1855, in the movements against the 
 Apache Indians; and after being promoted Captain he took part in 
 expeditions for quelling uprisings in Florida among the Seminole 
 Indians, 1856 to 1858. Assigned to duty in Charleston Harbor in 
 1860, he took a prominent part, as second officer in the garrison, in 
 the defense of Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, firing the first gun in 
 answer to the assault on Fort Sumter, which practically began the 
 Civil War. He was with Patterson before the first Bull Run, and was 
 subsequently engaged on defensive work at Washington, until, in 
 May, 1862, he took charge of a brigade under McDowell at 
 Fredericksburg. His regiments practically received their baptism of 
 fire in the Second Manassas campaign. Succeeding Hatch, who was 
 incapacitated by a wound at South Mountain, General Doubleday 
 commanded a division in Hooker's Corps at Antietam, where he 
 signalized himself holding the extreme right of the Union line. His 
 brigades were actively engaged in Bumside's operations at 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 41 
 
 Fredericksburg, but at Chancellorsville, fought under Hooker, with 
 the rest of the First Corps, they were mostly held in reserve. 
 
 But if the First Corps was comparatively inactive at 
 Chancellorsville, in the next campaign, Gettysburg, it was in the 
 vanguard and bore the brunt of the momentous opening conflict there. 
 This was General Doubleday's greatest, and as it unfortunately turned 
 out, his last battle. 
 
 General Reynolds, who on June 13th at Falmouth was put in 
 command of the left wing of the Union army, the First, Third and 
 Eleventh Corps, with Buford's Division of Cavalry, reached Marsh 
 Creek, five miles south of Gettysburg, on June 30th. He arrived on 
 the battlefield with Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps just as 
 Buford's men were being pushed back by the advancing Confederates 
 the morning of July 1st. He met Buford coming down from the belfry 
 of the Lutheran Seminary. Accosting Reynolds and saying "The devil 
 is to pay, but we can hold on until the infantry gets up," they both 
 rode out together on the Chambersburg Pike, to the point near the 
 McPherson bam, from which they watched the cavalry (dismounted) 
 trying to hold their ground against heavy odds. 
 
 After viewing the field and concluding that the ridge they were on 
 was suitable for infantry action, Reynolds sent his aide, Lieut. S. M. 
 Weld (now General Weld, of Boston), to General Meade, then at 
 Taneytown, some fifteen miles away, to tell him that the Confederates 
 were approaching in great force, and that there was danger of the 
 heights near the town being seized before he could get enough troops 
 to defend them; also, that the streets would be barricaded, if 
 necessary, and the ground contested all possible to keep the enemy in 
 check. Meade's comment on this message was, "just like Reynolds." 
 These heights are what is known as Cemetery Hill, which did not 
 escape the eye of the great soldier as he rode up from his night's 
 bivouac. 
 
 At the same time Reynolds sent an order to General Howard to 
 move the Eleventh Corps to the scene as rapidly as possible and take 
 position on Cemetery Hill. Howard always denied that any mention 
 was made of Cemetery Hill in this verbal order, and claimed that his 
 placmg of the division of Von Steinwehr there on its way to 
 Gettysburg was his own thought, and was in no ways suggested to 
 him. The matter is of importance only in that Howard received a 
 
42 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 vote of "Thanks of Congress" for the foresight and action exercised 
 by him that helped to give the battle of Gettysburg to the northern 
 troops. 
 
 The message to Meade and the order to Howard having been sent, 
 Reynolds rode back to his troops to hurry them forward. On the way 
 he was told by an aide-de-camp that General Doubleday — then on 
 the field in advance of his own division — was awaiting instructions. 
 The answer was, "Tell General Doubleday I will hold on to this road" 
 (the Chambersburg Road) "and he must hold on to that one'' 
 (meaning the Hagerstown Road). These were the last words that 
 passed between them. 
 
 Cutler's Brigade, of Wadsworth's Division, was the first infantry 
 force on the Federal side to reach Gettysburg, and they were put into 
 position by Reynolds himself The Seventy-sixth and One hundred 
 and forty-seventh New York and the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania were 
 posted north of the railroad cut, relieving the cavalry; the Eighty- 
 fourth and Ninety-fifth New York took up positions south of the 
 railroad and between it and the McPherson Woods. About half past 
 nine o'clock the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania fired the first infantry 
 volley aimed at the enemy. 
 
 As Archer's Brigade was seen advancing on the McPherson 
 Woods, Reynolds placed himself at the head of the leading regiment, 
 the Sixth Wisconsin, saying to them, "For God's sake drive these 
 fellows out of the woods.'' Turning his face to see whether the other 
 regiments were close at hand, he was struck in the head by a bullet 
 and died instantly. This happened about a quarter past ten. 
 
 General Doubleday took his place, and proved himself worthy of 
 the tremendous responsibility that devolved on him. No general then 
 in the Army of the Potomac was better qualified than he to direct a 
 corps. In considering his ripe experience and skill in military science, 
 together with his temperament, I am led to put him in the same class 
 with such commanders as General George H. Thomas. Like Thomas, 
 he was imperturbable, had a clear head at critical moments, and 
 possessed the faculty of quick perception as to just what ought to be 
 done in an emergency. The knowledge that General Doubleday was 
 the trusted lieutenant of the great Reynolds had its influence on the 
 men of the First Corps when they heard he was their new leader. They 
 felt at once that it was to be a fight to the end — no wavering on any 
 part of the line. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 43 
 
 After the cavalry withdrew, the three regiments north of the 
 raikoad cut were fiercely assailed by Davis's Brigade, and ere long 
 the attack became so overpowering that Wadsworth ordered his men 
 to fall back temporarily. These instmctions were belated in reaching 
 the One hundred and forty-seventh New York, and in consequence it 
 suffered terribly. Then the Eighty-fourth and Ninety-fifth New York, 
 with the Sixth Wisconsin, came to the rescue and drove Davis's men 
 back beyond Willoughby Run, making a large number of them 
 prisoners. 
 
 Returning to where we left the First Brigade, Meredith's, enter the 
 McPherson Woods to grapple with the advancing Archer. It took 
 sharp fighting to drive Archer's men back, but back they were 
 compelled to go. Archer himself, with a large part of his command, 
 being captured. From eleven to one there was a lull in the battle, 
 which, up to the fornier hour had been decidedly in favor of the 
 Federals, with trophies amounting to one general, two regimental 
 flags and hundreds of prisoners. During this interval each side was 
 getting troops up, and preparing for the long hard fight that was to 
 come in the afternoon. General Doubleday s own division, the Third, 
 had already completed its march, followed by General Robinson's, 
 the Second Division. 
 
 During the lull General Doubleday rectified the lines of the First 
 Corps, and put in position Stone's and Biddle's brigades, placing the 
 One hundred and fifty-first Pennsylvania near the Seminary as a 
 reserve. This same disposition was also at first made of Robinson's 
 Second Brigade, which on its arrival there about noon was ordered to 
 throw up breastworks. This wise precaution served in good stead 
 afterwards when the troops were retreating. The Iron Brigade was 
 brought back from Willoughby Run and placed in the woods in good 
 position for defense, and Cutler's Brigade was advanced to a line 
 where it could take more effective part in the impending struggle. 
 
 The One hundred and fiftieth Pennsylvania regiment — my own 
 regiment — of Stone's "Bucktail" Brigade, composed of regiments 
 from the Keystone State, was posted on the ground first occupied by 
 the Eighty-fourth New York, while the One hundred and forty-ninth 
 and One hundred and forty-third Pennsylvania stood on the 
 Chambersburg Pike, towards the town. Biddle's Brigade was 
 stationed south of the McPherson Woods. 
 
 About one o'clock the Confederate batteries of Pegram and 
 
44 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Mcintosh, at Herrs Tavern, out on the Chambersburg Pike, began a 
 fierce fusilade, with twenty guns, while Heth, with his division now 
 reorganized, advanced to renew his attack which had so signally 
 failed in the morning. Behind Heth's line was Pender's strong 
 division, extended also in line of battle and ready to cover Heth's 
 retreat, if necessary, or to follow up his success if victorious. In 
 Heth's Division there were eleven North Carolina regiments and in 
 Pender's nine; these were considered the best troops in physique and 
 in courage that any Southern State had on the field. Twice did Heth 
 attack General Doubleday's men on the McPherson Ridge, but he was 
 met with such stubborn resistance that his forces drew back, and 
 eighteen fresh regiments taking their place there was a third and a 
 fourth assault. 
 
 At half past one a new element interposed. Guns on Oak Hill, a 
 mile to the north of Stone's Brigade, were commencing to hurl their 
 projectiles upon our men on the fighting line, and back of these guns 
 were Ewell's troops — the divisions of Early and Rodes retuming 
 from the vicinity of Harrisburg and Columbia. This was the first 
 knowledge General Doubleday had of the actual presence of Ewell's 
 Corps on the field, although, earlier in the day, Buford warned him 
 that Ewell's proximity should be reckoned with. Early's infantry 
 threatening Cutler's Brigade, now well to the front. General 
 Doubleday found it expedient to rearrange his lines. 
 
 Accordingly, steps were taken to bring Cutler back to the crest of 
 Seminary Ridge and to send Baxter's Brigade, of General Robinson's 
 Division, then in reserve, to a point three-eighths of a mile north of 
 Cutler, where the Mummasburg Road crosses Seminary Ridge. A 
 little after, Robinson's other brigade — Paul's — was ordered to 
 reinforce Cutler and Baxter. General Robinson himself accompanied 
 Paul. 
 
 General Robinson was a capable and experienced soldier, of great 
 courage. Spending three years at West Point, he received his 
 commission in 1839. In the Mexican War, where a great many Civil 
 War commanders received their first practical training. General 
 Robinson acquitted himself very creditably. Just after Fair Oaks he 
 succeeded to the command of a brigade. This he led in the Seven 
 Days' battles, at the Second Manassas and Fredericksburg, and he 
 commanded a division at Chancellorsville. 
 
 General Howard came to the field before noon, but took little or no 
 part at the time, as the successor of Reynolds, in directing the 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 45 
 
 left wing of the anny. The first and third divisions of his corps, the 
 Eleventh, began arriving about one o'clock. Schurz, to whom Howard 
 had entrusted the immediate charge of his corps, was under orders to 
 occupy Oak Hill, but that point being already in the hands of the 
 Confederates, his men were obliged to take up positions on the open 
 fields, a half mile to the right of Robinson. The ground occupied by 
 the regiments of the Eleventh Corps was extremely hard to defend, 
 but they made a detemiined resistance. The One hundred and fifty- 
 seventh New York, of this corps, sustained a loss of 61 per cent., and 
 the Forty-first, Sixty-eighth, Fifty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Fifty eighth and 
 One hundred and nineteenth New York also suffered severely. 
 
 At half past three, Early came up with an overwhelming force and 
 drove the Eleventh Corps back to the town, from whence it retreated 
 to Cemetery Hill. This left Robinson's Division exposed to attack 
 from the rear and it was compelled to withdraw from its position. 
 This, for the time being, settled the fate of the First Corps. General 
 Doubleday, realizing the danger that confronted his troops, asked 
 Howard for reinforcements, or else pemiission to retire. Howard sent 
 word that none of his regiments could be spared and that when 
 General Doubleday found further resistance impossible he should 
 take his divisions to Cemetery Hill. Howard gave no other order than 
 this to General Doubleday during that day. Earlier in the day, Howard 
 received what might be construed as an official order from General 
 Doubleday, which was that Howard should keep Ewell from assailing 
 the First Corps and that he himself would hold A. P. Hill's Corps at 
 arm's length until the arrival of additional reinforcements. 
 
 As this occasion has to do with General Doubleday principally, we 
 will dismiss Howard fi-om our minds for the present, and revert to the 
 fine work that General Doubleday did directing the movements of the 
 First Corps. 
 
 Rodes seeing Baxter advancing was prompt to take the initiative. 
 He hurled O'Neal's Brigade upon Baxter, but O'Neal was repulsed 
 with heavy loss. Then Iverson's Brigade assailed Cutler, but Baxter's 
 men from behind a stone wall sprang to their feet, and firing upon the 
 enemy well-directed volleys five hundred of them fell, three more of 
 the regiments, about a thousand men, having been made prisoners. 
 
46 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 General Doubleday watching these contests, at once sent Paul's 
 Brigade, accompanied by General Robinson in person, to the 
 assistance of Cutler. While Iverson was making his attack Rodes sent 
 Daniels's Brigade against Stone's regiments on the Chambersburg 
 Pike. Daniels made several fruitless attempts, by a frontal attack, to 
 dislodge Stone, and then tried to accomplish his object by making a 
 detour to strike him on the flank. Each of these endeavors was 
 fmstrated by the One hundred and fiftieth Pennsylvania, which had 
 left its position temporarily, facing Heth towards the west, and, in 
 quick strikes, drove Daniels back to the west end of the railroad cut. 
 
 While this was going on, the enemy made a furious attack upon 
 Biddle's Brigade, posted south of the Iron Brigade in the woods. 
 General Doubleday sent the One hundred and fifty-first Pennsylvania 
 to Biddle's aid, and so gallantly did that nine months' regiment tlirow 
 itself into its first real fight that it sustained a loss of 71 per cent, of its 
 officers and men. 
 
 The records also show that on July 1st, the One hundred and forty- 
 seventh New York lost 70 per cent., the Seventy-sixth New York 62 
 per cent., and the One hundred and fifty-seventh New York 61 per 
 cent., not to mention the great losses sustained by other New York 
 regiments and regiments from Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, 
 Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Ohio. The fighting 
 spirit of General Doubleday had surely animated the men whom he 
 commanded. 
 
 The right of the First Corps line being overpowered for lack of 
 support. General Doubleday gave orders to begin a retreat. After 
 reaching the Seminary, where entrenchments were thrown up early in 
 the day, a further stand was made for half an hour, with the aid of the 
 batteries. Then the retreat was continued to Cemetery Hill. 
 
 Bearing in mind it was intimated in the report sent by Reynolds to 
 Meade in the moming that the day's battle was likely to be against the 
 Federals, the generalship displayed by General Doubleday throughout 
 this tremendous duel was of the highest order. He acted his part with 
 superb skill at every hour until his corps was safely lodged at 
 Cemetery Hill. The splendid defense, also, that he made finally at the 
 Seminary was one of the marked features of the day's contest. 
 
 When the First Corps joined the Eleventh at Cemetery Hill, 
 Howard sent Wadsworth's Division to Gulp's Hill, General Double- 
 day taking the other two divisions to the cemetery, where they 
 rested that night. 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson Al 
 
 Next day, again confined to the command of only one division, 
 for Newton had been appointed to the command of the First Corps, 
 General Doubleday was given position south of the Angle, where, 
 on the third day, during the repulse of Pickett's charge, Stannard's 
 Brigade of his division captured 2,000 of Longstreet's men and 
 several pieces of artillery. 
 
 In the great three-day battle no capture of men in any consider- 
 able numbers was made except those taken by General Doubleday, 
 who accounted for five thousand of the enemy in this manner. 
 
 The field returns of June 30th show that the First Corps 
 numbered 9,403 officers and men, which, of course, included men 
 in the rear with the supply trains, and it may be assumed that 
 among officers and men it had about 8,500 in the battle of the first 
 day. The casualfies of the corps were 3,587 killed or wounded and 
 2,173 captured or missing. To its credit, as before stated, were 
 prisoners of war to the number of 5,000, five regimental colors 
 and one brigadier general. The First Corps lost no colors in the 
 front, but the flag of the One hundred and fiftieth Pennsylvania 
 was taken during the retreat. Jefferson Davis had this flag in his 
 trunk when captured, and it is at present in Harrisburg, in the State 
 flag room. 
 
 The First Corps lost only one piece of artillery, and this was 
 taken during the scrimmages of the retreat. 
 
 General Doubleday was in height and weight considerably 
 above the average. He stood six feet at least. He was a handsome 
 man — a brunette — and so striking in his appearance that, 
 whether riding or walking, he would attract attention anywhere. 
 He was always dignified; his manners were pleasing and he was 
 ever courteous to those who came into contact with him. Notable 
 among his characteristics was the interest that he took in the 
 comfort and welfare of those in his command. His modesty 
 prevented him from having about him an unnecessary number of 
 aides, but he wanted those in his military family to be alert, neat 
 and attentive to their duties. 
 
 I could relate many interesting personal recollections of 
 Genera] Doubleday, but have only room for a few of them here. 
 
 A brother officer m the artillery (who may have been 
 Magruder), on account of an altercation, challenged General 
 Doubleday to fight a duel. This was in his younger days. He 
 
48 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 declined, saying he had no reason for killing any one. Then the 
 challenger averred he would insult Doubleday at the first opportunity 
 and force him to fight. Hearing this Doubleday said if that was to be 
 he knew how to defend himself They met each other many years 
 after on a battlefield in Mexico, and honorable amends were then 
 made when this unpleasant incident was recalled and mentioned. 
 
 General Doubleday was so placid — so free from any sudden 
 impulse — that the members of his staff used to call him "Forty-eight 
 Hours." His habitual composure in a marked degree influenced the 
 officers and men under him. 
 
 As Stone's Brigade was reaching Gettysburg along the front of the 
 grove west of the Seminary they passed General Doubleday and his 
 staff. He was in the saddle, cool and motionless, absorbed in deep 
 thought, and as each of the three regiments went by he called out to 
 them, "Men, General Reynolds has been killed. Today you are to 
 fight in Permsylvania. Do your best." These inspiring words still ring 
 in my ears, and the figure of the general as he spoke them is as clear 
 to me now recalling it as it was fifty-four years ago. 
 
 At one time in the spring of 1863, when our soldiers, employed on 
 expeditions beyond Falmouth, were bringing in large numbers of 
 colored men, while more of them were arriving without any escort, 
 General Doubleday asked me if 1 would not organize a regiment from 
 the best of these escaped slaves. This was in advance of public 
 opinion on the subject, but it was a scheme to which he had given 
 much thought. I did not take to the idea of promotion to a full 
 colonelcy of the kind he suggested, and that was, as far as 1 know, the 
 end of his trying to work out the plan he had in mind. 
 
 On one occasion I was engaged on a tour of duty in the picket line 
 along the Rappahannock, and when making a report of it to General 
 Doubleday he took me to task for allowing some of the men in my 
 detail to milk a herd of cows that they happened to light upon. For 
 defense, I told him it was a kind of " peace move," or compromise, on 
 my part that they did not carry off the cows themselves and drive 
 them into the camp, that I had flattered myself on the way 1 acted as 
 an impartial umpire in the matter, saving the cattle, if less their milk, 
 for the farmer whose fields were invaded. Then the general smiled 
 and said, " I am only telling you what was reported to me." 
 
 An enlisted man captured Archer on July 1, 1863, and brought him 
 to General Doubleday. Holding out his hand as a token of no 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 49 
 
 ill will to a West Pointer, he said, "Archer, I am glad to see you." 
 This cordiality was met with the reply, "Doubleday, I am not a damn 
 bit glad to see you." 
 
 A very delightful and encouraging feature of the dedications that 
 we are conducting today is the participation in them by so many 
 delegations representing the New York commands in the First Corps. 
 And their successors, too, from several States, are with us, I am glad 
 to say, in large and inspiring numbers. If my voice could reach each 
 of the twelve thousand soldier boys in khaki now encamped on the 
 plain near us, preparing for military service in war-stricken France 
 and Belgium, I would tell them that upon returning home, after 
 helping to crush autocracy in Europe, a grateful and appreciative 
 country will have more than thanks in store for them. They cannot 
 help pondering over the fact that they are witnesses today of valor and 
 duty faithfully performed being honored with statues. And I would 
 also remind them that among those who rendered soldier service to 
 their country are the following, who rose in their turn to be Presidents 
 of the United States: Washington, Monroe, Jackson, William Henry 
 Harrison, Taylor, Pierce, Lincoln, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Benjamin 
 Harrison, McKinley and Roosevelt. The same high honor would also 
 have fallen to Scott, Fremont, McClellan and Hancock but for 
 political conditions that debarred their election. 
 
50 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address by Francis M. Hugo, Secretary of State 
 
 Colonel Stegman, men of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 Ladies AND Gentlemen: 
 
 IT happens that for the State which I have the honor to 
 represent on this occasion, this year of 1917 has rounded out some 
 very interesting anniversaries. A hundred years ago, the year when 
 General Robinson was bom — General Doubleday being his junior 
 by two years — it was a mooted question, which was the foremost 
 commonwealth in this country, in point of population and wealth. 
 New York or Virginia. The census returns compiled not long after 
 gave the award to New York, and that it has ever since maintained 
 its pride of place as the Empire State goes without saying. It is also 
 an exact century since the first sod was dug for the construction of 
 the Erie canal, and the most that was predicted of it then as an 
 engineering and commercial project fell short long ago of what it 
 actually accomplished Another item in the history of that year, 
 1817, of which New Yorkers have additional reason to be proud 
 was the enactment, during the administration of Governor Daniel 
 D. Tompkins, of the law ordering the abolition of slavery in their 
 State on and after Independence Day, 1827. 
 
 A little more than half a century since, New York and Virginia 
 were again strenuously competing against each other, notably on 
 this field where we are assembled today, for at Gettysburg New 
 York had the most troops in the Union army and Virginia among 
 the Southern forces. During the three days that that momentous 
 struggle raged the men of the North and the men of the South — 
 noblest representatives of our race — were in a death grip to 
 determine whether this nation should be a Confederacy of separate 
 states or an indissoluble union. The fate of our beloved country 
 then hung in the balance. These rolling hills and plains gave back 
 the echoes of the cannon's roar, the rattle of musketry and the 
 clash of steel. The whole world was eagerly watching the result, 
 and lo! the tide of Southern aggression, after reaching its highest 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 5 1 
 
 wave, began to roll back, when Longstreet's historic assault was 
 repulsed at the Angle. Waterloo was not more fateful for autocracy 
 in Europe on June 18, 1815, than Gettysburg was for the advocates of 
 disunion in America on July 3, 1863. 
 
 We of the Empire State take just pride in commemorating the 
 deeds and perpetuating the memories of its gallant sons who ventured 
 their lives or lost their lives on this and other batdefields, that the 
 nation should remain one and inseparable. We have made this 
 pilgrimage to pay deserved tribute to two of New York's most 
 illustrious Gettysburg heroes — Major-General Abner Doubleday and 
 Major-General John C. Robinson. In them were to be found in a large 
 measure the qualities of indomitable commanders. 
 
 Bom at Ballston Spa, N. Y., educated at West Point, and receiving 
 practical training in the school of warfare during the operations in 
 Mexico, as well as in movements for quelling Indian uprisings, 
 General Doubleday was well equipped by experience and study for 
 the important part he was called on to act in Civil War conflicts. He 
 took a prominent part in the defense of Fort Sumter, firing the first 
 gun in reply to the assault made on it. He served with Patterson before 
 the First Bull Run and marched with Pope from the Rappahannock to 
 the Second Bull Run. His troops were actively engaged at South 
 Mountain, and at Antietam he led a division in Hooker's Corps, 
 posted at the right of the Federal lines. He was also at Fredericksburg 
 and Chancellorsville. 
 
 It was here at Gettysburg that General Doubleday got his first 
 opportunity to command an entire corps. He is the acknowledged 
 hero of the first day's conflict on this field, at any rate on the Union 
 side. By his noble work in that initial contest the way was paved for 
 the repulse of Pickett's charge, which decided the battle in favor of 
 the Federal forces. 
 
 This consecration is symbolic of the manhood which New York 
 gave, in well nigh countless numbers, to the Union from 1861 to 
 1865. We are proud of the splendid achievements and the heroic 
 sacrifices to the credit of our State during the Civil War; and at 
 celebrations such as we are holding today it is fully in order to 
 rehearse and emphasize them. Proud also are we of the big quota the 
 Empire State is contributing to the new army that is being raised, to 
 the end that the cause of democracy may be upheld. New York, there 
 is not the slightest doubt, will be always arrayed and in the forefront, 
 to an effective and exemplary degree, against despotism 
 
52 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 and plundering and in crushing the vicious doctrine that might makes 
 right. 
 
 There is a manifest destiny of this great nation, founded upon 
 important principles and buttressed by a just constitution and 
 equitable laws. Amid the tempests which have tlireatened to 
 encompass its ruin, we glory in the thought that men have been raised 
 up sufficient to meet any emergency, however great. It is the genius, 
 the courage, the will to do, and the self sacrifice, of such men as 
 General Doubleday and General Robinson that have contributed more 
 than anything else to make this nation the greatest democracy in the 
 world. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 53 
 
 Guns of the Old and the New 
 
 Gettysburg, 1863-1917 
 By Joseph I. C. Clarke 
 
 Gettysburg, ground where the deeds that are deathless are singing forever. 
 
 Valley and heights where the battle lines wavered, the fierce armies grappled; 
 
 Men of the Union in shock against men who would rend it asunder! 
 
 Wild was thy charging and stout thy defending, and heavy thy roster of dead. 
 
 Bellowed more guns on thy slopes, in thy hollows than war ever volleyed — 
 
 Gallant old field-guns that ate up their hundreds with grapeshot and canister. 
 
 Field of high fate where the huge iron battle-scales tipped to the Union, 
 
 Never to rise for the foe through the ruck of the dying rebellion. 
 
 Glory sits proud on thee. Valor, devotion, and uttermost sacrifice 
 
 Shout from thy story — valor unshrinking of friend and of foeman. 
 
 Asking a sign in the heavens to answer their passion and strain. 
 
 Answer was given as Lee stole away in the night and the shadows. 
 
 Splendid in blood of thy dead was the mighty decision emblazoned: 
 
 "I am Columbia, your mother; my Union unbroken; my liberty 
 
 Golden and rock-ribbed, to live for mankind till the limit of time." 
 
 Now, with the healing of years rounding out on the centuries' beadroll. 
 
 Tense and united the nation stands blessing and guarding our mother. 
 
 North and South, East and West, one in the throb of delight and endeavor. 
 
 Grim though the call of the hour be, and fateful the roll of the drum. 
 
 Not as aforetime they glanced down on Gettysburg, glance we today. 
 
 Battle-smoke poisonous dims for our gazing the curve of thy parapets. 
 
 Tyrants have risen to darken the sky line with menace of blight. 
 
 Autocrats, soulless invaders and plunderers raping the nations. 
 
 Rage in miasma and stench with their glittering dupes by the million. 
 
 Armed and embattled the nations whose hearts beat for Freedom have risen. 
 
 We of the West in our millions have answered democracy's call — 
 
 Legions of freemen to fight or to die for a world won to Freedom. 
 
 Led by our wisest and bravest, we muster and sail oversea. 
 
54 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 There from the seas to the mountains are battle-fronts writhing and bristling. 
 
 Roaring a hundred times louder than ever broke thunder of battle, 
 
 Rolls out devouring and crashing, the drumfire of Verdun and Flanders. 
 
 Monster of mouth are the cannon through day and night hurling their war bolts. 
 
 Mightier howitzers belching in hundreds and crackling machine guns 
 
 Screeching in chorus, mid bursting and shatt'ring of great shell and shrapnel — 
 
 Hell's diapason tremendous let loose as in salvoes volcanic. 
 
 Seamed is the earth with the guUeys of craters and dugouts and trenches, 
 
 Gashing the greensward with red-edged and sandbag revetment. 
 
 Shudders the ground with the shock of explosions, and tremble the sky-spaces 
 
 Reverberating, where birdmen on lightning wing dart dropping death. 
 
 Suddenly thousands in steel caps with bayonets shining are over the top. 
 
 Cheering and slaying. Falling in win-rows, they reel but press forward. 
 
 Over the No Man's Land, making it bloodily, once again, France! 
 
 Gettysburg! Low sinks thine echo, for all thine artillery rattle. 
 
 Millions strike now for the hundreds of thousands of brave men before. 
 
 Yet while the cause counts and man counts, thy peak of red glory unshaken 
 
 Rises but higher and clearer among the blue realms of the stars. 
 
 How could this nation have risen to take up the sword for a world. 
 
 But for thy days of hot battle? Who would have courage to lead us? 
 
 Meade, Reynolds, Hancock; Doubleday, Slocum; Sykes, Howard, Sedgwick and 
 
 Sickles 
 Give us their lamps for our feet. Beyond them the grim strength of Grant, 
 Vigor of Sherman and Sheridan's lightning are living to guide us. 
 Genius of Lee, too, and spirits of Longstreet and Ewell and Hill 
 Smile from their graves on our swarming battalions in counsel and cheer. 
 Yea, in thy glimmering dusk shines a face sorrow-lighted, appealing. 
 Voicing the psalm of thy heroes who died, yet who perished not. 
 Here on the lap of their mother, that under God's willing the nation shall live. 
 Lincoln's low liptones pealed out the great gospel that leads us today! 
 
 Stand we then here in the sun of September, recalling a day of July; 
 
 Lee, turning baffled from fruitless invasion, was tramping back southward, 
 
 Word of it sifting to westward where hovered the legions of Meade. 
 
 Cavalry, foot and artillery hurrying came up through Maryland, 
 
 Here to encounter them vanguard to vanguard. Thousands the stronger, 
 
 Hill with his fighting men faced us. Cannon roared; Reynolds fell battling. 
 
 Hard through the hours fell on Doubleday summons to ward off disaster. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 55 
 
 Glorious his struggle and skillful his measures, but \ ainly they strove. 
 
 Doggedly back they were pressed, dying bravely and halting and hoping. 
 
 Night saw our armies on-swinging, and morning the Union arrayed. 
 
 Went thence the story of battle in gory besetting to victory; 
 
 Peach Orchard, Devil's Den, Wheat field and Round Top soaking in carnage. 
 
 Pickett in gallant charge failing and drifting back shivered and broken. 
 
 Day of the nation's birth, waved the old banner supreme o'er the field! 
 
 Glory, strong Doubleday! Ever may hours of impending calamity 
 Fall upon shoulders like thine, and before thy memorial I swear it, 
 Holding thee peer of them all who here thundered to fame and reward. 
 Robinson, thou who in manfulness checked the fierce onset, thy statue, 
 Bronze-breasted, finds 'mong the heroes none clearer of bronze than wert thou. 
 
 Gettysburg, shrine where the prayers of the battle-dead cry out unceasing. 
 Borne from thine altars of marble that rise in long lines where they bled. 
 Pray as the nation onmarching forth flashes its sword from the scabbard. 
 Glory enough if our serving win on to humanity's goal. 
 Guns of the old and the new roaring rhythmic their war-song together. 
 
56 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address of Colonel Meredith L. Jones, 
 of General Doubleday's Staff 
 
 Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, and comrades: 
 
 THE invitation to speak at these ceremonies for dedicating the 
 statue to my old commander is an honor that I appreciate very much. I 
 served on General Doubleday's staff in the battle of Gettysburg, and 
 previously, and it vi'as my privilege to be included in his circle of 
 friends for a long number of years. You will therefore be able to 
 realize my feelings now as I am about to contribute my share of 
 respect to his memory. 
 
 I have almost as clear a recollection of the troubles and trials 
 centered around this spot on that morning and afternoon of July 1, 
 1863, as I had when the battle was ended. Recalling the great struggle 
 staged here I maintain now, as I have always maintained — and the 
 orator of the day. General Huidekoper, I have not the least doubt, will 
 bear me out in this, for he was there, too — that General Doubleday's 
 was the ruling spirit in opposing and delaying the Confederate 
 advance on Gettysburg. It is only an eye witness and participant that 
 is able to gauge accurately the difficulties and dangers encountered in 
 that terrible ordeal. Eventually, of course, General Doubleday's 
 troops were forced to give way, with the regiments of the Eleventh 
 Corps cooperating with them on the right; how else could it be with 
 such odds against them? but as it turned out in the end — the end of 
 the third day — they were virtually vanquished victors; for by 
 occupying and holding Cemetery Hill, where they had retreated, until 
 further reinforcements arrived on the scene, they prevented the 
 Confederates from securmg the choice of positions for the ensuing 
 conflicts. 
 
 It IS true that General Reynolds, than whom no commander m the 
 Amiy of the Potomac enjoyed a higher reputation, did not fail to 
 realize at the very beginning the great advantage of possessing 
 Cemetery Hill and its environments; and it is recorded to his credit 
 that while making disposition of his division first in action and 
 sending orders to hurry the rest of the troops to the front he kept those 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 57 
 
 important places constantly in his mind's eye; but it is no less tme 
 that General Doubleday, with his own sagacity and foresight, grasped 
 the situation equally well, and his action all day long can be adduced 
 in proof of this fact. 
 
 Even a week before Meade secured his victory of the "highwater 
 mark" General Doubleday pointed Gettysburg out on the map as a 
 place offering rare strategical advantage. This he did to his staff, and 
 my own recollection of it can be confimied by a document at present 
 in my possession. Well do I remember his saying when we finished 
 our march to the field, "We must hold this line to the last man." 
 
 Early that morning he ordered me to ride to the McPherson Woods 
 to observe the strength of the enemy and their doings on the 
 Cashtown, or Chambersburg, Road. And what I told him on returning 
 was not very encouraging I assure you. The Confederates were 
 massed beyond Willoughby Run in numbers so much in excess of 
 ours that the outlook appeared nothing short of appalling. It would 
 seem as if we could not help being driven back, if not surrounded, 
 before there was time to offer much resistance. It was not so, 
 however, notwithstanding the disparity in numbers of the two 
 opposing vanguards; at least not for some time yet to come. For the 
 first two hours or so, during which time General Doubleday held the 
 chief command in the field, the advantage was clearly in our favor, 
 and Heth's two brigades, after hundreds of them being captured, beat 
 a hasty retreat beyond the ridges at Willoughby Run. 
 
 Two divisions of A. P. Hill's Corps were reinforced by two 
 divisions of Ewell's Corps for the big battle of the afternoon. The 
 stubborn resistance offered them by the First Corps and the Eleventh 
 for hours was abandoned at last and the Union forces retreated to 
 Cemetery Hill. For every two men we had there were more than three 
 against us. The retreat on the whole was made in good order. The 
 losses suffered by the Union forces reached awful figures; but we had 
 enough men left, I believe, and certainly sufficient determination, to 
 give a further good account of ourselves had Ewell made up his mind 
 to follow us farther and assail Cemetery Hill. 
 
 As we reached the cemetery we tumed in through the portal, on 
 the west side of the road, and General Doubleday lost not a moment 
 in making preparations for a possible renewal of the fighting. I was at 
 that time under instructions from him to direct the officers of 
 
56 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address of Colonel Meredith L. Jones, 
 of General Doubleday's Staff 
 
 Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, and comrades: 
 
 THE invitation to speak at these ceremonies for dedicating the 
 statue to my old commander is an honor that I appreciate very much. I 
 served on General Doubleday's staff in the battle of Gettysburg, and 
 previously, and it was my privilege to be included in his circle of 
 friends for a long number of years. You will therefore be able to 
 realize my feelings now as I am about to contribute my share of 
 respect to his memory. 
 
 I have almost as clear a recollection of the troubles and trials 
 centered around this spot on that morning and afternoon of July 1, 
 1863, as I had when the battle was ended. Recalling the great struggle 
 staged here I maintain now, as I have always maintained — and the 
 orator of the day. General Huidekoper, I have not the least doubt, will 
 bear me out in this, for he was there, too — that General Doubleday's 
 was the ruling spirit in opposing and delaying the Confederate 
 advance on Gettysburg. It is only an eye witness and participant that 
 is able to gauge accurately the difficulties and dangers encountered in 
 that terrible ordeal. Eventually, of course. General Doubleday's 
 troops were forced to give way, with the regiments of the Eleventh 
 Corps cooperating with them on the right; how else could it be with 
 such odds against them? but as it turned out in the end — the end of 
 the third day — they were virtually vanquished victors; for by 
 occupying and holding Cemetery Hill, where they had retreated, until 
 further reinforcements arrived on the scene, they prevented the 
 Confederates from secunng the choice of positions for the ensuing 
 conflicts. 
 
 It is true that General Reynolds, than whom no commander in the 
 Anny of the Potomac enjoyed a higher reputation, did not fail to 
 realize at the very beginning the great advantage of possessing 
 Cemetery HiII and its environments; and it is recorded to his credit 
 that while making disposition of his division first in action and 
 sending orders to hurry the rest of the troops to the front he kept those 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 57 
 
 important places constantly in his mind's eye; but it is no less tme 
 that General Doubleday, with his own sagacity and foresight, grasped 
 the situation equally well, and his action all day long can be adduced 
 inproof of this fact. 
 
 Even a week before Meade secured his victory of the "highwater 
 mark" General Doubleday pointed Gettysburg out on the map as a 
 place offering rare strategical advantage. This he did to his staff, and 
 my own recollection of it can be confirmed by a document at present 
 in my possession. Well do I remember his saying when we finished 
 our march to the field, "We must hold this line to the last man." 
 
 Early that morning he ordered me to ride to the McPherson Woods 
 to observe the strength of the enemy and their doings on the 
 Cashtown, or Chambersburg, Road. And what I told him on returning 
 was not very encouraging I assure you. The Confederates were 
 massed beyond Willoughby Run in numbers so much in excess of 
 ours that the outlook appeared nothing short of appalling. It would 
 seem as if we could not help being driven back, if not surrounded, 
 before there was time to offer much resistance. It was not so, 
 however, notwithstanding the disparity in numbers of the two 
 opposing vanguards; at least not for some time yet to come. For the 
 first two hours or so, during which time General Doubleday held the 
 chief command in the field, the advantage was clearly in our favor, 
 and Heth's two brigades, after hundreds of them being captured, beat 
 a hasty retreat beyond the ridges at Willoughby Run. 
 
 Two divisions of A. P. Hill's Corps were reinforced by two 
 divisions of Ewell's Corps for the big battle of the afternoon. The 
 stubborn resistance offered them by the First Corps and the Eleventh 
 for hours was abandoned at last and the Union forces retreated to 
 Cemetery Hill. For every two men we had there were more than three 
 against us. The retreat on the whole was made in good order. The 
 losses suffered by the Union forces reached awful figures; but we had 
 enough men left, I believe, and certainly sufficient determination, to 
 give a flirther good account of ourselves had Ewell made up his mind 
 to follow us farther and assail Cemetery Hill. 
 
 As we reached the cemetery we turned in through the portal, on 
 the west side of the road, and General Doubleday lost not a moment 
 in making preparations for a possible renewal of the fighting. I was at 
 that time under instructions from him to direct the officers of 
 
58 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 the different regiments where he wished them to post their men. 
 Schurz, who had immediate command of the Eleventh Corps, was, as 
 I remember well, also busy that hour finding positions for his troops. 
 It did not take General Doubleday long to end all confusion and put 
 his units in the best of order. He had the situation, as far as his own 
 command was concerned, well in hand when Hancock rode up to 
 consult him in the evening. 
 
 The time that it is possible to allow me in the course of these 
 exercises is not long enough to dwell on the contest of the first day; 
 and anyway it forms a chapter in the story of the great battle with 
 which you must all be more or less familiar; certainly, all my 
 comrades present who were with the Army of the Potomac at 
 Gettysburg are fully acquainted with it. One incident, however, I 
 cannot forbear relating, for I was of the audience when it took place. 
 In the scrimmage of the first morning a Confederate general was 
 captured. General Doubleday and he were oldtime friends and as 
 brother officers had met many a time and oft during piping times of 
 peace; and now they had met as commanders of forces in strife with 
 each other. "Why," exclaimed General Doubleday when he saw the 
 prisoner being led towards him, "there is Archer," and a moment after 
 he greeted him. "Why, how do you do. Archer, I am glad to see you." 
 The response made to this salutation was, "Well, I don't know that I 
 am so damned glad to see you." 
 
 As well as being eminent in his profession and remarkably well 
 versed in all its branches. General Doubleday's culture covered a 
 wide field of attainments. 
 
 It can also be well said of him that he was kindly, just and true. 
 His manner was never assuming or harsh, and he was never 
 unnecessarily severe towards those under him. He was a gentleman of 
 exemplary habits. Words of profanity ever remained strangers to his 
 lips. Tobacco or liquor he never indulged in; but he did not object to 
 others using them, provided they did not abuse them by going beyond 
 the bounds of moderation. 
 
 One night when 1 was on duty at Belle Plain, where we had 
 headquarters, an officer, bareheaded, dashed toward me on a charger 
 that seemed to me at first sight as uncontrollable as the horse that ran 
 away with John Gilpin. Without dismounting, he demanded an 
 interview right away with General Doubleday, who at that hour was 
 fast asleep. It was easy to tell that our nocturnal visitor had been 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 59 
 
 imbibing freely. His impatience and his persistency to accomplish his 
 object, as well as his speech, left no doubt in my mind as to that. 
 After a while advisory words softly spoken had their desired effect, 
 and he galloped away as fast, if not faster, than he came. When I saw 
 General Doubleday the next morning I told him about this incident. " 
 
 Well, Mr. Jones, this was probably Captain , from your 
 
 description of him, and if that is the case I have only to say that an 
 officer with his brilliant record may get drunk once in a while if he 
 wants to." 
 
 In his writings General Doubleday is not only lucid, but 
 remarkably so; and he was the same in speech. After issuing 
 instructions to us seldom or never was it necessary for him to repeat 
 himself We always knew exactly what he wanted done and where he 
 wanted us to go. He had a very retentive memory and this was often 
 shown during campaigns. There was not a thing pertaining to the 
 units of his command and his officers that he wanted to know but was 
 at his fingers' ends. While on marches one of his aides generally rode 
 with him, and he used to shorten the hours and the distance 
 considerably by telling stories, of which he had an inexhaustible fund. 
 Reciting extracts from his favorite poets was another frequent pastime 
 with him. 
 
 It is most becoming that his own State should show its 
 appreciation as it has shown today, of General Doubleday 's great 
 services to his country; and the survivors of his command present at 
 these ceremonies best know how deserving his memory is of the 
 honor implied in them. 
 
 I have just said that General Doubleday was wont to recite 
 passages fi-om the works of his favorite poets; and I will conclude my 
 remarks at the dedication of the statue to my commander on the 
 battlefield of Gettysburg, with four lines by one of my own favorite 
 authors. Bayard Taylor: 
 
 "Sleep, soldier, still in honored rest — 
 Your truth and honor wearing. 
 The bravest are the tenderest — 
 The loving are the daring." 
 
60 
 
 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 NEW YORK MONUMENTS COMMISSION, 191B. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 6 1 
 
 Major-General Abner Doubleday 
 
 TO have been second in command defending Fort Sumter — 
 firing the first shot in reply to the attack made on it — and to have 
 been the mainstay of the heroic resistance made to the Confederate 
 advance on Gettysburg, are two of the distinctions that have earned 
 for Major General Abner Doubleday a prominent place among Civil 
 War commanders. 
 
 "He was nerved to great deeds by the memory of his ancestors, 
 who in former days had rendered service to the republic," these words 
 from a passage in a book by General Doubleday, alluding to General 
 Webb's part in repulsing Pickett's charge at the Angle, in Gettysburg, 
 aptly enough suggest a motive that may have been often present in his 
 own mind during crucial hours in battlefields where his skill and 
 valor were put to severe tests. 
 
 His grandfather. Captain Abner Doubleday, was a patriot soldier 
 and fought at Bunker Hill and Stony Point. After being released from 
 the prison ship "Jersey" he was transferred to the navy and became an 
 officer on a privateer. He was a native of Lebanon, Conn. 
 
 ft was there also that Ulyses Freeman Doubleday, the father of 
 General Doubleday, was bom, on December 15, 1792. Coming to 
 New York, he settled in Ballston Spa, and established the Saratoga 
 Courier. From there he moved to Auburn and started another 
 newspaper, the Cayuga Patriot, which ran its course for twenty years. 
 During that period he was elected to Congress twice, as a Jackson 
 Democrat, representing his district from 1831 to 1835 and from 1835 
 to 1837. For fourteen years, until 1860, he followed the business of 
 bookseller and stationer in New York City. He died in Belvidere, 
 Illinois, March 10, 1866. His wife, Hester Donnelly Doubleday, was 
 bom in Newburgh, N. Y., on August 30, 1788. They were married in 
 1814. Mrs. Doubleday died in New York, on November 14, 1859. 
 
 Two other sons of Ulysses Freeman Doubleday, besides the 
 subject of this sketch, were also in the Civil War, Ulysses Doubleday 
 and Thomas D. Doubleday. Ulysses joined the volunteers in 1861. He 
 
62 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was made major in the Fourth N. Y. Heavy Artillery in January, 
 1862; lieutenant-colonel in the Third U. S. Colored Infantry in 
 September, 1863, and colonel in the Forty-fifth U. S. Colored Infantry 
 in October, 1864. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Five 
 Forks, Va., and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for 
 distinguished gallantry at Five Forks," in April, 1865. After the war 
 he was a banker and broker in New York City, and in 1 882 he moved 
 to North Carolina, as offering a climate better adapted to his health. 
 There, at Asheville, he was engaged in the lumbering and building 
 business. He died at Tryon, N. C, on February 11, 1893. It was his 
 granddaughter. Miss Alice Seymour Doubleday, the daughter of Dr. 
 Stewart Doubleday, of Quogue, L. I., who unveiled General 
 Doubleday's statue at Gettysburg. 
 
 Thomas D. Doubleday, General Doubleday's elder brother, was 
 appointed colonel of the Fourth N. Y. Heavy Artillery in November, 
 1861; a few months after he received a commission in that rank, and 
 left the service early in 1863 on account of being disabled. His son, 
 Stephen Ward Doubleday, now living in Mamaroneck, N. Y., also 
 served with him in this regiment as lieutenant. He was wounded at 
 Spotsylvania in May, 1864, in consequence of which he resigned 
 from the army the following October. 
 
 Doubleday is a name of Huguenot origin, and was originally 
 spelled Dubaldy. Abner Doubleday, the member of the family who 
 attained the highest military honors, was bom at Ballston Spa on June 
 26, 1819. He attended school at Auburn, where his father was then 
 residing, and attracted attention as a diligent and bright student, 
 completing a course in civil engineering. After practicing his first 
 profession for a brief period in Canada, as well as at home, he entered 
 the military academy at West Point on September 1, 1838; and 
 received a commission as brevet second lieutenant in the Third U. S. 
 Artillery on July 1, 1842. Lieut. Doubleday was on duty in Fort 
 Johnson, N. C, from 1842 to 1844; Fort McHenry, Md., m 1844; Fort 
 Moultrie, S. C, 1844 and 1845. He was transferred to the First 
 Artillery, at Fort Preble, Me., in 1845. 
 
 As an artillery officer he took part m the "Military Occupation" of 
 Texas, 1845-1846. During the Mexican war he fought at Monterey, in 
 September, 1846, and at Buena Vista (Riconda Pass) in February, 
 1847. On March 3, 1847, he was promoted to be second lieutenant. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 63 
 
 In 1849 and 1850 he was stationed at Fort Columbus, N. Y., from 
 whence he conducted recruits to Florida. He was assigned to duty at 
 Fort Hamilton, N. Y., in 1850; and for two years after that served 
 again in Fort McHenry, Md. In 1852, at the instance of the U. S. 
 Senate, he served as a member of a commission appointed to 
 investigate the matter of the Gardner mine claim in Mexico, and 
 received the "Thanks of Congress" for his work on it. 
 
 Sent to Fort Duncan, Texas, in 1854, that year and the following 
 year his regiment was engaged with the troops that quelled uprisings 
 among the Apache Indians. He was advanced to the rank of captain 
 on March 3, 1855, and that year and 1856 he was at Fortress Monroe, 
 Va. Captain Doubleday participated in the actions against the 
 Seminole Indians in Florida from 1856 to 1858. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 At the end of 1 859 and the early part of 1 860 Captain Doubleday 
 was absent from duty for a considerable time enjoying a vacation. 
 The summer of 1860 found him stationed at the headquarters of his 
 regiment, the First U. S. Artillery, at Fort Moultrie, in Charleston 
 Harbor. 
 
 "Charleston," he writes in one of his books, "at this period was far from being 
 a pleasant place for a loyal man. Almost every public assemblage was tinctured 
 with treasonable sentiments, and toasts against the flag were always warmly 
 applauded. As early as July there was much talk of secession, accompanied with 
 constant drilling, and threats of taking the forts as soon as a separation should 
 occur." 
 
 The garrison at Charleston Harbor at that time had only eighty 
 men. The work there called for at least three hundred. Captain 
 Doubleday was the second officer in charge. Colonel Gardner, a 
 native of Boston, was superseded in the supreme command by Major 
 Robert Anderson. As the Presidential contest of that year drew nigh, 
 the disunion propaganda in the South was prosecuted with increased 
 vigor and the threats to seize the forts became more violent. The 
 agitation at Charleston had already reached such a stage that the 
 soldiers of the garrison could not go to the arsenal for fear of being 
 attacked. Not many weeks after President Lincoln was elected. South 
 Carolina seceded, and a few days after its secession Major Anderson 
 moved to Fort Sumter, as it offered better protection and was farther 
 
64 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 from the mob than Fort Moultrie. Following is General Doubleday's 
 description of Fort Sumter, from his volume entitled "Forts Moultrie 
 and Sumter:" 
 
 "The first thing that attracted the eye of the stranger, upon approaching 
 Charleston from the sea, was Fort Sumter. It was built on an artificial island made 
 of large blocks of stone. The walls were of dark brick, and designed for three tiers 
 of guns. The whole structure, as it rose abruptly out of the water, had a gloomy, 
 prison-like appearance. It was situated on the edge of the channel, in the 
 narrowest part of the harbor, between Fort Moultrie and Cummings Point, distant 
 about a mile from the former place, and twelve hundred yards from the latter. The 
 year before, it had been used by us as a temporary place of confinement and 
 security for some negroes that had been brought over from Africa in a slaver 
 captured by one of our naval vessels. The inevitable conflict was very near 
 breaking out at that time; for therjs was an eager desire on the part of all the 
 people around us to seize these negroes, and distribute them among the 
 plantations; and if the government had not acted promptly in sending them back 
 to Africa, I think an attempt would have been made to take them from us by 
 force, on the ground that some of them had violated a State law by landing at 
 Moultrieville." 
 
 The removal of the garrison to Fort Sumter was constmed by 
 Governor Pickens of South Carolina as a pretext for engaging in war. 
 He was bold enough to claim for his State then the status of an 
 independent nation, and was fully determined already to have and to 
 hold all its forts. Forthwith, he seized the evacuated fortifications, 
 with the arsenal, as well as the Charleston post office and custom 
 house. 
 
 Attention far and wide was now anxiously and constantly focused 
 on Fort Sumter. Even dramas representing the plight of the garrison 
 there were being produced in New York and Boston. But while this 
 brought them distinction from outside it did not bring them what they 
 were most in need of, troops for reinforcement. 
 
 President Buchanan was very solicitous to complete his term of 
 office without a collision occurring between the garrison and the 
 newly organized forces around Charleston, though, on the other hand, 
 he announced his determination to prevent the property of the 
 government falling into the hands of the agitators. The responses 
 made to Major Anderson's repeated application for additional troops 
 were not encouraging: they have been characterized as little better 
 than dillydallying. Major Anderson's position was becoming more 
 and more untenable; in fact, it was anomalous as well, for while he 
 was under instmctions to cling to his island fortress at all hazards 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 65 
 
 at the same time he was told not to molest his unfriendly neighbors, 
 who were strenuously preparing to oust him by force. He saw them 
 day after day hard at work constructing batteries in his vicinity, at 
 Fort Moultrie, Cummings Point and Morris Island. 
 
 Washington at last woke up to the necessity of reinforcing and 
 revictualling Fort Sumter. For this purpose, the " Star of the West," 
 an imarmed steamer, was chartered; but on reaching its destination, 
 on January 9th, it was fired on from Morris Island and compelled to 
 steam back. This brought a remonstrance from Major Anderson. 
 Govemor Pickens infomied him that he assumed full responsibility 
 for the act complained of, and also said that inasmuch as South 
 Carolina was completely independent the retention of any of its forts 
 by outside authority constituted in itself "an act of positive hostility." 
 Then he made a formal demand for the surrender of the fort. 
 
 President Buchanan was nonplussed by this turn of affairs to a 
 degree that can easily be imagined. Floyd, the Secretary of War, 
 resigned. An envoy representing Major Anderson and another to 
 speak in behalf of Govemor Pickens went to see the President. But 
 protests and parleys resulted in nothing except further inaction and 
 procrastination. The government was influenced above everything 
 else by its anxiety to avoid any pretext for a general uprising. 
 
 Whether in their immediate vicinity or at the capital of the 
 Confederacy in Montgomery, Ala., or else at Washington, there was 
 hardly a day when something did not happen calculated to make the 
 garrison despair of any relief reaching them. Meantime, they were 
 busy preparing for the worst. As General Doubleday says: 
 
 "We were hard at work, mounting guns, preparing shells to be used as hand 
 grenades, stopping up surplus embrasures and removing the debris which 
 encumbered the passages from one part of the work to another. Amidst all this 
 turmoil our little band of regulars kept up their spirits, and determined to fight it 
 out to the last against any force that might be brought against them." 
 
 Relief, or else an ending of some kind to their suspense and trials, 
 hovered in sight when President Lincoln relieved President 
 Buchanan. Like his predecessor. President Lincoln was unwilling to 
 resort to violence, seeing what would be the consequence. At this 
 time there was no mistaking the eamestness of the recalcitrants at 
 Charleston. 
 
66 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 A letter from Major Anderson was read at the first meeting of the 
 new cabinet. He explained that his supplies were fast dwindling, and 
 that in order to keep Charleston Harbor safe for the government an 
 army of 20,000 would be necessary. Captain Doubleday put the 
 number at 10,000, with the help of the navy. After much deliberation 
 and consultation the President came to the conclusion that the 
 garrison must be provisioned. Accordingly, on April 8th he informed 
 Governor Pickens that an attempt would be made to revictual the fort, 
 and that if no resistance was offered nothing would be done to land 
 arms or ammunition there without further notice. The Confederacy 
 immediately resolved on resisting any attempt to send provisions to 
 Fort Sumter. 
 
 Major Anderson, like his masters in Washington, felt very anxious 
 all along to preserve peace. He had cherished the hope that the 
 garrison would receive orders to withdraw quietly from their 
 untenable position, but did not neglect for a moment putting the fort 
 in the best condition for defense as far as this could be done. When at 
 last the die was cast the officers and the men instead of being 
 downcast felt jubilant. 
 
 "The news," writes General Doubleday, "acted like magic upon them. They 
 had previously been drooping and dejected; but they now sprung to their work 
 with the greatest alacrity, laughing, singing, whistling, and full of glee. They 
 were overjoyed to leam that their long imprisonment in the fort would soon be at 
 an end. They had felt themselves humiliated by the open supervision which South 
 Carolina exercised over us, and our tame submission to it. It was very galling to 
 them to see the revenue cutter, which had been stolen from the United States, 
 anchored within a stone's cast of our walls, to watch our movements and 
 overhaul everything coming to or going from the fort, including our mail-boat." 
 
 On the 11th of April, 1861, Beauregard (of Bull Run and Western 
 fame), who had been on the scene since inauguration day, completing 
 arrangements for bombarding the fort, sent a formal demand to Major 
 Anderson for its surrender. This was courteously, but firmly refused. 
 At dawn the next day the Confederate batteries opened fire. On the 
 13th the barracks were set on fire by the red hot shot coming from 
 different directions. The conflagration caused the magazine to be 
 closed, depriving the gunners of a sufficient supply of powder to 
 continue the defense. Major Anderson was thus compelled to 
 surrender. The honor of the flag was well maintained during the siege 
 of thirty-four hours. Considering the smallness of its number the 
 garrison made a spirited resistance. No one was killed at Fort Sumter 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 67 
 
 during tlie bombardment. Following is General Doubleday's 
 description of conditions at the fort shortly before the surrender: 
 
 "By 11 a. m. the conflagration was terrible and disastrous. One-fifth of the 
 fort was on fire, and the wind drove the smoke in dense masses into the angle 
 where we had all taken refuge. It seemed impossible to escape suffocation. 
 Some lay down close to the ground, with handkerchiefs over their mouths, 
 and others posted themselves near the embrasures, where the smoke was 
 somewhat lessened by the draught of air. Every one suffered severely. I 
 crawled out of one of these openings, and sat on the outer edge; but Ripley 
 made it lively for me there with his case-shot, which spattered all around. 
 Had not a slight change of wind taken place, the result might have been fatal 
 to most of us. Our firing having ceased, and the enemy being very jubilant, I 
 thought it would be as well to show them that we were not all dead yet, and 
 ordered the gunners to fire a few rounds more. I heard afterward that the 
 enemy loudly cheered Anderson for his persistency under such adverse 
 circumstances. 
 
 "The scene at this time was really terrific. The roaring and crackling of 
 the flames, the dense masses of whirling smoke, the bursting of the enemy's 
 shell, and our own which were exploding in the burning rooms, the crashing 
 of the shot, and the sound of masonry falling in every direction, made the fort 
 a pandemonium. When at last nothing was left of the building but the 
 blackened walls and smoldering embers, it became painfully evident that an 
 immense amount of damage had been done. There was a tower at each angle 
 of the fort. One of these, containing great quantities of shells, upon which we 
 had relied, was almost completely shattered by successive explosions. The 
 massive wooden gates, studded with iron nails, were bumed, and the wall 
 built behind them was now a mere heap of debris, so that the main entrance 
 was wide open for an assaulting party. The sallyports were in a similar 
 condition, and the numerous windows on the gorge side, which had been 
 planked up, had now become all open entrances." 
 
 On Sunday, the 14th, after Major Anderson saluted his flag with 
 fifty guns, the garrison was conveyed to the fleet in the harbor. 
 Unbounded enthusiasm was awaiting them at New York, where they 
 arrived on the 19th. The passenger steamers welcomed them with 
 echoing whistles, and cheer after cheer went up from all the craft in 
 the harbor. Several distinguished visitors boarded the steamer to give 
 them a hearty greeting. For weeks after when a member of the 
 garrison was recognized in the streets it became the signal for an 
 ovation. 
 
 It was none other than Captain Doubleday who made first answer 
 to the bombardment, and on this incident he writes: 
 
68 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 "In aiming the first gun against the rebellion I had no feeling of self- 
 reproach, for I fully believed that the contest was inevitable, and was not of 
 our seeking. The United States was called upon not only to defend its 
 sovereignty, but its nght to exist as a nation. The only alternative was to 
 submit to a powerful oligarchy who were determined to make freedom 
 forever subordinate to slavery. To me it was a contest, politically speaking, 
 as to whether virtue or vice should rule." 
 
 Captain Doubleday in particular among the garrison was an object 
 of marked attention by his neighbors ashore during the troubles at 
 Charleston Harbor. He it was of all the officers who incurred their 
 displeasure most. With the better element there he seems to have been 
 on friendly enough terms. He was the only officer in the fort who 
 favored the candidature of Abraham Lincoln. His anti slavery 
 sentiments were well known at Charleston. Articles denouncing the 
 authors of secession which had been erroneously attributed to him 
 heightened the bitter feeling against him. Apparently, it was often 
 well for Captain Doubleday in those days to be at a safe distance from 
 Charleston whenever his name was mentioned there. 
 
 Major Anderson, though, they regarded as a mild type of Unionist. 
 He was a pro-slavery man and had close Southern ties. His brother-in- 
 law in fact took part in the assault on Fort Sumter. But nothing could 
 persuade or prevent Major Anderson from fulfilling his duty 
 conscientiously as guardian of the government fortifications. Says 
 General Doubleday: 
 
 "Major Anderson was neither timid nor irresolute, and he was fully aware 
 of his duties and responsibilities. Unfortunately, he desired not only to save 
 the Union, but to save slavery with it. Without this, he considered the contest 
 as hopeless. In this spirit he submitted to everything, and delayed all action 
 in the expectation that Congress would make some new and more binding 
 compromise which would restore peace to the country. He could not read the 
 signs of the times, and see that the conscience of the nation and the progress 
 of civilization had already doomed slavery to destruction. If he had taken this 
 view of the situation, he would have made more strenuous efforts to hold on 
 to the harbor of Charleston, and the one hundred and twenty millions of 
 dollars, more or less, spent to regain it might still have formed part of the 
 national treasury. 
 
 "The applause which, both in the North and the South, greeted his 
 masterly movement of the 26th of December (transferring the garrison from 
 Fort Moultrie to Fori Sumter) made him feel more like an arbiter between 
 two contending nations than a simple soldier engaged in carrying out the 
 instructions of his superiors. To show the spirit in which he acted, it is only 
 necessary to quote from his letter to Governor Pickens while the rebellion 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 69 
 
 was still pending. ' My dear Governor, my heart was never in this war.' This 
 sentiment was repeated by him in letters to other parties, and, strange to say, 
 was actually sent in the form of an official communication to the adjutant- 
 general of the army. 
 
 "The difficulties he experienced in his unavailing attempts to defer 
 hostilities impaired his health and spirits, and ultimately brought on the 
 disease which kept him almost entirely out of service during the remainder of 
 the war, and in all probability hastened his death.' 
 
 Of the other officers of the garrison, he says that they were all true 
 to their trust tluoughout. Only one of them, Meade, joined the 
 Confederacy afterwards. 
 
 The authority that the Governor of South Carolina assumed to 
 himself and his confidence in the cause he had so warmly espoused. 
 General Doubleday sums up in words of Louis XIV of France, "L'etat 
 c'est mois." 
 
 Horace Greeley's early pronounceinents on the right of the South 
 to do as it pleased found an echo in Charleston embarrassing and 
 discouraging to Major Anderson and his men. Fernando Wood, 
 mayor of New York, especially astounded them when he expressed 
 himself so much in favor of the propaganda then in vogue in the 
 Palmetto State as to maintain that Manliattan Island would be also 
 justified in proclaiming itself a separate entity, if a majority there 
 desired to do so. 
 
 The arch zealot in the days of beseeching and besieging at 
 Charleston, as he appeared to General Doubleday, was Edmund 
 Ruffin, a native of Richmond. Of him he says that "his love of slavery 
 amounted to fanaticism." His speeches were extra fiery; and just as it 
 was Captain Doubleday who fired the first shot in response to the 
 bombardment, it was Edmund Ruffin who aimed the first shot at the 
 fort. When it looked to Edmund Ruffin in the course of the Civil War 
 that the South could not succeed he ended the debate by committing 
 suicide. 
 
 Describing the attitude of the promoters of the agitation, generally, 
 towards the government. General Doubleday writes: 
 
 "Although the secession leaders were preparing to meet coercion, if it 
 should come, I will do them the justice to say that they determined to commit 
 no overt act against the Union so long as the State formed an integral part of 
 it. They soon found, however, that the mob did not recognize these fine 
 distinctions. It was easy to raise the storm, but, once under full headway, it 
 was difficult to govern it. Independent companies and minutemen were 
 everywhere forming, in opposition to their wishes; for these organizations, 
 from their very nature, were quite unmanageable. The military commanders 
 much preferred the State militia, because they could control it by law." 
 
70 InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 General Doubleday's wife remained at the forts for many months 
 during the defense. While the garrison was at Fort Moultrie she often 
 helped them on sentry duty. At a time when Fort Sumter was 
 practically without any lights, tlirough her exertions a gross of 
 matches and a box of candles were smuggled there. When finding it 
 best, eventually, to leave South Carolina she went to Washington. 
 President Lincoln paid her visits to read the letters that she used to 
 receive from Fort Sumter, so as to form a better opinion of the 
 conditions of affairs there, more especially in regard to the garrison's 
 resources. Devotion to his wife, who was Miss Mary Hewitt, daughter 
 of Robert Morton Hewitt, a Baltimore lawyer, was one of General 
 Doubleday's best traits. 
 
 On April 14, 1865, four years after Fort Sumter surrendered, the 
 United States flag was hoisted there again, and General Doubleday 
 was present at the ceremonies therefor. 
 
 After Fort Sumter, Captain Doubleday spent a short time at Fort 
 Hamilton, N. Y. He was then promoted to be a major in the regular 
 army. Without getting much leisure for "buckling on his armor" for 
 the future frays, he was put in charge of a battalion of artillery and 
 infantry in the Department of Pennsylvania, under Patterson, who was 
 then assembling troops at Philadelphia and Harrisburg for an advance 
 on Harper's Ferry and Baltimore. He took part in the maneuvers 
 preceding the evacuation of Harper's Ferry by Joseph E. Johnston. 
 
 Major Doubleday was also with Patterson in the Shenandoah 
 Valley when his troops failed to prevent Johnston from marching 
 from Winchester and joining Beauregard at Bull Run, where, in 
 consequence, the Union forces under McDowell were defeated on 
 July 21, 1861. In the official correspondence of this period Major 
 Doubleday's name is frequently mentioned. Bull Run cost Patterson 
 his command and it was given to Banks. Major Doubleday served 
 under him for a couple of months. On August 30th, by command of 
 McClellan, he was put in charge of the defenses from Long Bridge to 
 Fort Corcoran, near Washington. On February 24, 1862, tliree weeks 
 after being commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, he was 
 assigned to duty as inspector of defensive works at the capital and to 
 the immediate charge of those on the Maryland side. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 71 
 
 McCLELLAN AND POPE IN VIRGINIA 
 
 On May 21, 1862, General Doubleday took charge of a brigade at 
 Fredericksburg, under McDowell, consisting of the Fifty-sixth 
 Pennsylvania, Seventy-sixth New York and the Second Battalion, 
 New York Artillery, Battery B. (These two infantry regiments 
 belonged to his corps at Gettysburg, and it was their temporary retreat 
 in the initial contest there which misled Howard when reporting that 
 the entire corps was giving way.) 
 
 General Doubleday's active service as a brigadier-general dates 
 from a very critical juncture in the history of the Army of the 
 Potomac. McClellan was then at the Chickahominy, after having 
 expelled the Confederates from Yorktown, Williamsburg and West 
 Point, and waiting to be reinforced by McDowell's Corps of about 
 40,000 men for an advance on Richmond. McDowell, most anxious 
 to begin his march south, was to have left his base near the 
 Rappahannock on May 26th, but the activities of Stonewall Jackson 
 in the Shenandoah Valley caused so much anxiety in Washington that 
 the order for the troops at Fredericksburg to join McClellan was 
 countermanded. Instead, one-half of them was detained there and the 
 other half detailed to help Banks and Fremont against Stonewall 
 Jackson, and to assist in cutting off his retreat south. Then on May 
 31st and the following day McClellan and Joseph E. Johnston fought 
 a stubborn battle at Fair Oaks, with the result in favor of the Northern 
 Army. Johnston being wounded, Robert E. Lee succeeded him and 
 began his historic career as chief commander in the Army of Northern 
 Virginia. One of his first important orders resulted in J. E. B. Stuart's 
 Cavalry riding round the Federal army on both sides of the 
 Chickahominy. 
 
 Except that he was worsted by Shields at Kemstown, on March 
 23d, Stonewall Jackson had remarkable success, and continued 
 working fearful havoc in the Shenandoah Valley and farther afield. 
 On May 31st he defeated Milroy and Schenck at McDowell; he 
 surprised and captured a garrison of about a thousand men at Front 
 Royal on May 24th; the following day he overcame Banks at 
 Winchester and drove him across the Potomac. These successes he 
 followed up with a victory over Fremont at Cross Keys on June 8th 
 and the following day he got even with Shields by defeating him at 
 Port Republic. Nor Banks, nor Fremont, with McDowell aiding them, 
 could prevent Jackson, after weeks of destructive raiding, returning 
 
72 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 to the main army. His principal object, and much besides, was 
 accompHshed — stopping McDowell from going to McClellan. 
 Leaving his pursuers behind him, he made the start for Richmond on 
 June 17th and rejoined Lee on the 26th, in time for the Seven Days' 
 battles. 
 
 During these operations by Jackson, General Doubleday, posted at 
 Falmouth, conducted some reconnoitering expeditions, and 
 detachments from his brigade had a few encounters with the 
 Confederate cavalry about the middle of June. 
 
 On the approach of Jackson, McClellan decided on transferring his 
 base from the White House, near the Pamunkey River, to the James 
 River. This movement brought on what is known as the Seven Days' 
 battles. Beginning with Oak Grove, on June 25th, the fighting was 
 continued next day at Mechanicsville, to McClellan's advantage. Lee, 
 however, got the upper hand at Gaines Mill on the 27th. The 29th at 
 Savage Station and White Oak Swamp McClellan was forced to 
 fierce resistance, and at Fraser's Fami on the 30th there were other 
 severe encounters. The last of the Seven Days' battles, and the most 
 destructive, was fought on July 31st at Malvern Hill, near the James 
 River, twelve miles below Riclimond, and almost midway between it 
 and Petersburg. Here Lee charged the Union army repeatedly and 
 desperately, but could not dislodge it. 
 
 McClellan withdrew his arniy to Harrison's Landing and proposed 
 making another attempt on Richmond, capturing Petersburg at first as 
 a means towards this end. Halleck, who was given general control 
 over all the land forces early in July, opposed McClellan in his new 
 resolve. This veto saved Richmond for nearly two years more from 
 the disturbance of a Union army fighting fiercely in its vicinity. 
 
 A new army, called the Army of Virginia, composed of three 
 corps, led by McDowell, Banks and Sigel, was organized on June 
 26th, with Pope in supreme coinmand. The result of McClellan's 
 Peninsular enterprise compelled a revision of the work at first 
 designed for Pope. Early in August he received further orders to cross 
 the Rappahannock and threaten Gordonsville, from whence he hoped 
 to be able to begin an aggressive movement on Richmond. Lee now 
 was ready to launch another campaign. The advance wing of his anny 
 under Stonewall Jackson marched to Gordonsville and meeting 
 Banks at Cedar Mountain, coming from Culpeper, he 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 73 
 
 attacked him there on August 9th. After a fierce battle, though having 
 superior forces, Jackson retired to Gordonsville. Thereupon Pope 
 resolved to concentrate his troops at Culpeper to give battle once 
 more to Jackson, but his cavalry discovering that Lee's main army 
 had already reached Gordonsville, he altered his plans and 
 commenced a retreat to the Rappahannock. Meantime McClellan was 
 under orders to hurry his troops ft-om Harrison Landing. They began 
 to move north on August 17th. Lee tried hard to engage Pope in a big 
 battle before reinforcements could have time to reach him. He 
 overcame Pope's endeavors to prevent him from crossing the 
 Rappahannock. 
 
 This was on August 21st, and it was then, at Rappahannock 
 Station, that General Doubleday's regiments received their baptism of 
 fire. In Pope's army his command was the Second Brigade of the 
 First Division, King's, Third Corps, McDowell's, consisting of the 
 Fifty sixth Pennsylvania and Seventy-sixth and Ninety-fifth New 
 York. 
 
 Halleck had calculated on the two Union armies being able to 
 effect a junction at the Rappahannock, and it was decided that they 
 should be led by Pope. There was considerable delay before the 
 troops coming from Harrison's Landing reached their destination. 
 After vainly trying for several days to turn Pope's flank, Lee ordered 
 Jackson and Stuart to take a circuitous route across the Bull Run 
 Mountains, at Thoroughfare Gap, post themselves in Pope's rear and 
 desfroy the railroad there. While Jackson, with 24,000 men, was 
 engaged on this hazardous venture Pope abandoned the 
 Rappahannock as his base and sought to entrap Jackson. He was 
 reinforced by a large contingent from the Army of the Potomac on the 
 27th. Skirmishes and actions took place at Silver Springs, Bristoe 
 Station, Manassas Station and Manassas Junction on the 26th, and on 
 the 27th at Bull Run Ridge, Salem, Sulphur Springs and Janesville. 
 Pope in his endeavor to interpose himself between Jackson and the 
 rest of Lee's army discovered on nearing Manassas that Jackson had 
 fled from there, after getting possession of immense quantities of 
 supplies. 
 
 The first big conflict in these complicated and momentous 
 operations took place on August 29th at Groveton. The line of battle 
 extended from Bull Run to Gainesville, a distance often miles. Pope, 
 to his great bewilderment afterward, did not know that Jackson 
 
74 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was able to unite his forces with Lee's main army. The Federal troops 
 were handicapped by being entirely too far apart when going into 
 action. Strenuous efforts were made by McDowell, Porter, Sigel, 
 Reynolds, Hooker and Reno. Their lines formed a curve, while the 
 Confederate line was almost straight and protected by the 
 embankment of an unfinished railroad. By noon the whole of Lee's 
 army confronted Pope's forces. Repeated attempts were made to 
 dislodge Jackson from his position behind the embankment, all 
 ending in failure and disaster. There was a semblance of Federal 
 success in sight when McDowell charged Jackson's line, but the latter 
 being strongly reinforced by a division that Porter was expected to 
 take care of, this charge also ended in heavy loss. Evening found the 
 Confederates triumphant along their entire line. 
 
 Pope early in the afternoon of the following day, the 30th, massed 
 his troops, under McDowell, Porter and Heintzelman, for an attack on 
 the Confederate left. The attack was made with determination, but it 
 was repulsed by the enemy's artillery, with fearful loss. Lee then 
 advanced his whole line and literally crushed the Federal forces. 
 
 Pope made good his retreat to Centreville, where he was joined by 
 Franklin's Corps that had come from Alexandria. Jackson giving 
 pursuit, attacked the Union troops at Chantilly on September 1st. At 
 first repulsed, Jackson came back to the attack and dislodged the 
 Union troops, under Hooker. Kearny and Stevens were killed in this 
 engagement. Jackson's advance, however, was checked, and Pope's 
 army continued its march to Washington, where it arrived on 
 September 3d. 
 
 Pope, who began his disastrous campaign with the highest 
 expectations, and with what is called braggadocio, complained that 
 some of the generals, especially Porter, were lethargic and disloyal 
 toward him. 
 
 In his report he said that General Doubleday rendered him 
 enlightened and generous service. McDowell also said of his part in 
 this campaign that it was creditable. General Doubleday's Brigade 
 was hotly engaged at Gainesville late in the afternoon of August 28th, 
 in support of Gibbon. His regiments that evening lost half their 
 number. Nearly all his men were under fire for the first time, and he 
 reported of them that they behaved with commendable courage. He 
 was active in the front during the big battles of August 29th and 30th. 
 At Gainesville, on the 28th, Hatch superseded King as division 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 75 
 
 commander, and on the 30th, when Hatch was wounded, the 
 command devolved on General Doubleday. General Doubleday's 
 report on the Second Manassas campaign, the first appearing over his 
 name as a brigadier-general, is characterized by the same scholarly 
 and lucid style that has made all his official reports models for that 
 class of writing. 
 
 SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANTIETAM 
 
 Scarcely had Pope reached Washington, after Chantilly, than Lee 
 projected plans for another daring campaign, with Pennsylvania as his 
 objective, if initial success encouraged its invasion. Accordingly, 
 Jackson's Corps crossed the Potomac on September 5th, reaching 
 Frederick the following day. Lee himself crossed the Potomac soon 
 after, and from Frederick, on September 8th, issued a proclamation 
 calling on Maryland to join the Confederacy. He cherished the hope 
 that this border State would prove a fruitful recruiting ground for his 
 army. The Confederates lost no time in replenishing their 
 commissariat in wholesale style. Early success greatly strengthened 
 their confidence. A fortnight after the last of the battles of the Second 
 Manassas was fought, at Chantilly, Harper's Ferry, with its garrison 
 of 12,000 men, was taken by Stonewall Jackson. For more than four 
 weeks now Lee and Jackson were counting a series of triumphs on 
 both sides of the Potomac that might well make them think they were 
 invincible. Practically, since McClellan stopped them at Malvern Hill, 
 on July 1st, there was no effective opposition to their onslaughts. 
 
 After the Second Manassas, McClellan assumed command of the 
 Army of the Potomac, the Army of Virginia being then incorporated 
 with it. His reputation as an able organizer was fully sustained by his 
 immediate success in turning chaos into order and raising the morale 
 of the troops. They felt that in him they had a leader more reliable as 
 to caliber and caution than Pope. Leaving Washington under the 
 protection of Banks, McClellan set out in pursuit of Lee. Passing 
 through Rockville on the 7th of September he reached Frederick on 
 the 12th. Here he had the good luck to discover a copy of Lee's 
 general order, dated September 9th. The design on Harper's Ferry 
 was clearly revealed in this important document, but notwithstanding, 
 reinforcements were not sent there in time to prevent Jackson from 
 capturing it. The left wing of the Federal amiy overtook the 
 
76 In Memoriam: Doubleday- Robins on 
 
 Confederates under D. H. Hill at South Mountain. Here, at Turner's 
 Gap, Fox's Gap and Crampton's Gap, on the 14th, there were lively 
 encounters, much in favor of the Union forces, which, however, was 
 poor consolation for the loss of Harper's Ferry the following day. 
 
 Lee now contemplated recrossing the Potomac instead of 
 marching north, but changed his mind again and concentrated his 
 troops near Sharpsburg and the Antietam Creek for a big battle, 
 Jackson fully concurring in this decision. Evidently, they expected to 
 be attacked on the 16th, but the vanguard of McClellan's army did 
 not come within striking distance until the evening of that day, when 
 Hooker engaged them in a skirmish that lasted until darkness set in. 
 
 With the first blush of dawn on the 17th, Hooker, holding the right 
 of the Union line, renewed his attack. Jackson opposed him. Soon on 
 both sides all divisions were falling into line or holding themselves in 
 readiness for orders. Porter was placed on the left of the Union line in 
 reserve, and Bumside was posted at the Bumside Bridge. Mansfield, 
 Sumner and Franklin were within supporting distance of Hooker's 
 First Corps. Longstreet's Corps formed the right wing of the 
 Confederate army. D. H. Hill's and Hood's divisions were in the 
 center. 
 
 One of the most bitterly contested spots at Antietam was the 
 Cornfield, an enclosure of some thirty acres. The persistent, obstinate 
 and concentrated efforts to get possession of it are almost without 
 parallel. Before night, it was literally soaked in carnage. Ricketts, 
 Meade and Doubleday first drove Jackson out of it; Mansfield coming 
 up to reinforce the Federal line was fatally wounded; Hooker rallying 
 his own and Mansfield's divisions was put hors de combat by a 
 painful wound in the foot. Sumner now personally brought 
 Sedgwick's Division of his own corps with him, but he was thrice 
 wounded and compelled to retire. Franklin then arrived with fresh 
 troops and retaking the Cornfield it remained in Federal possession. 
 
 When Hooker's Corps was compelled to fall back its place was 
 taken, by the Twelfth Corps, led by Mansfield, who fell mortally 
 wounded as his troops were deploying for action. They fought Hood's 
 and D. H. Hill's men, and both sides suffered heavily. The 
 Confederates gave way and retreated to the Dunker Church. Greene's 
 Division of the Twelfth Corps pushed through the Cornfield 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 11 
 
 and established itself beyond the Dunker Church, in the west woods. 
 
 Bumside made a successfiil attack on Bumside Bridge, and held the 
 heights between it and Sharpsburg for some hours until the portion of 
 the Confederate army that he fought was reinforced late in the day by 
 the troops which took Harper's Ferry, when he was halted, but 
 retained his general line, and Bumside Bridge remained in his 
 possession. 
 
 Jackson in the course of the afternoon was ordered by Lee to turn 
 the Union right and attack it in flank and rear; but after making a 
 reconnaissance for this purpose he concluded that it was too strongly 
 defended to hope for any success. 
 
 Hooker said of the tussles in the Cornfield: 
 
 "Every stalk of com in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as 
 closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows as 
 they had stood in their ranks a few moments before." 
 
 Lee marched his troops back across the Potomac on the 18th. 
 
 Returns of the actual forces engaged on both sides vary widely. 
 One authority states that the battle was fought by the Confederates 
 with 45,000 men the early part of the day and an aggregate of 70,000 
 later. McClellan states his strength as 87,164, including the cavalry, 
 which was not of much account on such ground. Couch's Division, of 
 5,000, was absent in the direction of Harper's Ferry. A large number 
 of other Federal organizations were also held in reserve, so that the 
 disparity between the forces that did the fighting was not very great. 
 
 The Union loss, as reported by McClellan, was 12,469. Lee 
 reported a loss of 10,000, while his division commanders accounted 
 for casualties numbering 13,533. 
 
 Proportionately, the Confederates suffered the most. 
 
 Though the battle was indecisive, both annies established new 
 records there. It was the severest one-day struggle ever known in this 
 country. 
 
 Among the Northern states. New York had the most troops, with 
 an aggregate of eighty-seven organizations, or 28 per cent, of the 
 commands present. Its losses were 3,762, or 30.3 per cent, of the 
 entire Federal casualties. Of the twenty regiments from eight states 
 suffering most at Antietam seven were from this State, or 35 per 
 
78 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 cent. Of the 191 officers of the Union army killed outright or dying 
 subsequently of wounds 62 were from New York, or over 32 per cent, 
 of the total. Adding New York's losses at South Mountain to those at 
 Antietam, this State's entire losses in the Maryland campaign 
 amounted to 4,185. New York was also represented at Harper's Ferry 
 by one regiment of cavalry, two batteries of artillery and six infantry 
 regiments. 
 
 Due to Hatch being wounded, General Doubleday took command 
 of the First Division of Hooker's Corps, the First, at South Mountain, 
 where, at Turner's Gap, his men routed Longstreet's forces. He 
 arrived with Hooker at Antietam the evening before the big battle, 
 taking part in the opening contest. His division, comprising the four 
 brigades of Patrick, Gibbon, Phelps and Hoffman, held the extreme 
 right of the Union line. In those memorable encounters with 
 Stonewall Jackson a destructive musketry fire cut down 800 of his 
 men. He was in the thick of the fierce struggle centered at the 
 Cornfield. The fire from the Confederate batteries beginning at dawn 
 was answered by his division. 
 
 Three weeks after Gainesville, where his brigade was first actively 
 engaged, as commander of a division sustaining a large part of the 
 brunt of the fighting against the left of the Confederate lines at 
 Antietam, General Doubleday proved conclusively that he had 
 already measured to the requirements of any responsibility on a big 
 field. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG 
 
 Three days after Lee returned to Virginia from his Maryland 
 campaign. President Lincoln issued his preliminary proclamation of 
 emancipation. On the whole, it got an indifferent reception at first. 
 Notwithstanding the extent to which the Antietam result relieved the 
 situation, there was considerable disquietude at Washington yet. A 
 further setback to Confederate aggression and a decisive victory in 
 another big battle was anxiously desired. It was shown by Stuart's 
 cavalry raid in Pennsylvania and Maryland early in October, when he 
 rode round the Union anny, successfully eluding the forces employed 
 to intercept him, that Lee had not yet taken his eyes off the north. In 
 answer to the impatience evinced for another campaign, McClellan 
 pleaded that his army wanted to be reorganized and equipped anew. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 79 
 
 The Federal forces began crossing the Potomac at Harper's Ferry on 
 October 26th. By November 7th they were concentrated at 
 Warrenton, getting ready for an advance on Culpeper, whither Lee 
 had removed from Berryville and Winchester. The dissatisfaction felt 
 for some time at Washington with McClellan on account of his 
 alleged "over-cautiousness" at last resulted in his being superseded. 
 This happened on November 7th. He had the satisfaction of knowing 
 that his successor, Bumside, took command of the army with 
 considerable reluctance, and that the rank and file were deeply 
 affected when he took his departure from them. Political expediency, 
 it is stated widely, was not without its influence when McClellan was 
 deprived of his command. Whatever may have been his merits or 
 demerits, it has been often said and written that he was the best-liked 
 leader the Army of the Potomac ever had. 
 
 Richmond via Fredericksburg was the ambitious aim that Bumside 
 at once fomiulated and amiounced. McClellan's plans were thus 
 reversed. Halleck did not approve of Bumside's plans. President 
 Lincoln gave them his consent. A week after the new commander 
 took charge of it, the army was marching along the north side of the 
 Rappahamiock towards Fredericksburg. But Lee reached that 
 objective before the Union troops could get there. Then concentrating 
 at Falmouth strenuous preparations were begun by Bumside for the 
 impending battle. 
 
 Lee leaving Culpeper and taking a parallel line to the Northern 
 army, along the south side of the Rappahannock, arrived at 
 Fredericksburg on November 21st. Jackson coming from the 
 Shenandoah Valley joined him on the 30th. The Confederates set to 
 work at once strengthening their defenses. 
 
 Bumside's preparations for attack were completed by December 
 10th. The following day the engineers were busy laying the pontoon 
 bridges that had been brought from Acquia Creek. The Confederate 
 sharpshooters made the task of crossing the river difficult and 
 perilous. 
 
 The battle began before noon on December 13th. Sumner's Grand 
 Division held the right. Franklin's the ground in front of the lower 
 bridges, and Hooker was posted on the north side of the river. 
 Franklin, facmg Jackson at the weakest end of the Confederate lines, 
 ordered Reynolds' Corps forward to seize one of the heights held by 
 the Confederates. Meade's Division penetrated Jackson's line, but 
 being reinforced the Confederates rallied and Meade and 
 
80 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robimon 
 
 Gibbon were forced back, witliout being able to regain their ground. 
 Sumner six times in succession made desperate efforts to capture 
 Marye's Heights, defended by Longstreet, and though he was 
 supported in the end by Hooker it remained impregnable. In one of 
 these desperate endeavors to capture the heights 2,000 of Hancock's 
 men (including 156 commissioned officers), out of a total of 5,000, 
 went down. 
 
 At the end of the day's fighting the Federal casualties were 12,653, 
 those of the Confederates only 5,377. This was one of the most 
 decisive and the least costly of all the Confederate victories. Lee did 
 not realize at first the full extent of his success and expected that the 
 battle would be renewed the following day. It would, too, had 
 Bumside not been persuaded by his officers to withdraw from the 
 field. The Federals though defeated in this battle displayed 
 extraordinary steadiness and gallantry throughout. The persistent 
 storming of Marye's Heights was hardly ever surpassed for heroism 
 and sacrifice. 
 
 General Doubleday, who was advanced to the rank of major 
 general two weeks before Fredericksburg, took a prominent part in 
 that conflict. He commanded the First Division of the First Corps, 
 under Reynolds. His brigades, preceded by those of Meade and 
 Gibbon, crossed the river the day before the battle and formed the left 
 flank of the army. As the battle progressed they were subjected to 
 heavy and continuous firing. General Doubleday in his report says: 
 
 "However deplorable the results of this battle may be considered, I have 
 the satisfaction of knowing that my division drove the enemy before it for 
 three miles, and held all the ground it had gained. For the good conduct of 
 the men I feel myself much indebted to Colonels Gavin, Phelps, Cutler and 
 Rogers, commanding the brigades, who set an example of coolness and 
 heroism that never wavered under any emergency." 
 
 Late in January, 1863, acting on his own responsibility, and 
 without notifying Washington, Bumside sought to retrieve his 
 reputation by making an attempt to turn Lee's left flank at the upper 
 fords of the Rappahannock. This movement, on account of the 
 inclemency of the weather and the state of the roads, is known as the 
 "mud march." It has been called a farcical failure. A few days after, 
 Bumside was relieved of his command and Hooker appointed in his 
 place. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 8 1 
 
 The estimated number of the Federal forces at Fredericksburg 
 is given as 1 16,000; that of the Confederates 78,000. 
 
 CHANCELLORSVILLE 
 
 When on January 26, 1863, Hooker took charge of the Union 
 troops, then encamped near Falmouth, they were not in the best of 
 spirits. The grueling that they had been subjected to six weeks before 
 while under orders to do the impossible, capture Marye's Heights, 
 and the fiasco of the " mud march," fi^om which they had just 
 retumed, left their palpable effects on them. Hence it was that 
 desertions were rife; for reasons not known, more Union soldiers 
 were absent from their organizations, it was said, than Lee had in his 
 entire army. But Hooker, to his great credit, with commendable 
 energy, and administrative ability of the first order, ere long 
 succeeded in restoring the morale of the army to a high standard, hi 
 two months all the troops were together again, their numbers greatly 
 increased. Their apparent efficiency made Hooker himself say that he 
 had the finest army on the planet. Nor was he sparing in promise of 
 what he intended accomplishing with it. With infantry over a hundred 
 thousand strong, ten thousand in the artillery and cavalry forces not 
 less than thirteen thousand, his confidence was justifiable. The 
 Confederates at the same time had hardly half that total. They were 
 posted at Fredericksburg, both armies being well within sight of each 
 other. Chancellorsville, where they were next to fight, is about twelve 
 miles west of Fredericksburg. 
 
 The Union commander's maneuvers and plans for carrying out his 
 operations have been accorded high praise. The cavalry, under 
 Stoneman, two weeks before the battle, was ordered to cross the 
 Rappahannock at the upper fords and destroy Lee's communications 
 with Richmond. The river being swollen, Stoneman was much 
 delayed in fording it. The movement on Chancellorsville began on 
 April 27th and the main army was drawn up there on the Confederate 
 flank on May 1st. Two of the Union corps, the First and Sixth, were 
 left at Falmouth and Fredericksburg. That same day the Con federates 
 led by Jackson marched in the direction of Chancellorsville. Strong as 
 his position was and big as his army was. Hooker now decided on 
 fighting a defensive battle. Lee and Jackson determined on attacking 
 
82 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 the Federal forces in detail. While deliberating on the question as to 
 which was the most vulnerable of the positions occupied by Hooker's 
 men, Stuart arrived and satisfied them that this was the right, guarded 
 by Howard's Eleventh Corps. Accordingly, early on May 2d, Jackson 
 taking half the army with him, started on a long march through the 
 Wilderness. His purpose was as well concealed as it was daring. The 
 Federal generals thought he was retreating in the direction of 
 Gordonsville. After a wide detour of fifteen miles, that took over half 
 a day to travel, Jackson at five in the evening fell on the Eleventh 
 Corps, whom he had surprised. After trying hard to resist the 
 onslaught made on them, Howard's men, unprepared and vastly 
 outnumbered, gave way. As soon as Jackson began his attack, Lee 
 made a series of demonstrations against other parts of the Federal 
 line, thus diverting attention from the havoc that was being wrought 
 on the right of it. Jackson was fully intent on following up his 
 advantage, and continued his vigorous advance towards 
 Chancellorsville until darkness set in. Even then and well on to 
 midnight the fighting was continued. 
 
 The Confederates in the first encounter at Chancellorsville had 
 gained a great victory. They had, however, sustained a big loss also, 
 for Stonewall Jackson had fought his last fight. Riding back at dusk 
 from the front of his line, where he had gone to make a 
 reconnaissance, a company from one of his own regiments, the 
 Eighteenth North Carolina, mistaking his party for Federal cavalry, 
 fired on them and three of the bullets struck Jackson, from the effects 
 of which he expired ten days later. This memorable incident recalls 
 Schiller's words on the fall of Gustavus Adolphus, "But oh how dear 
 a victory! how sad a triumph!" Lee aided by Jackson was almost 
 invincible. After Chancellorsville the flowing tide was no longer with 
 the Confederates. 
 
 The attack begun by Jackson was renewed by Lee early the 
 following day; and, according to his own report, by 10 a. m. he was 
 "in full possession of the field." An hour previous, as the battle was 
 raging. Hooker while leaning against a pillar was stunned by the 
 impact of a ball that struck the Chancellor House. There were more 
 than enough reserves to check the Confederate onset, but none of the 
 commanders present when Hooker was temporarily unnerved and 
 disabled cared to assume the responsibility of ordering them to the 
 rescue, and hence Lee was triumphant again the second day. 
 
 Sedgwick who had done good work near Fredericksburg by 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 83 
 
 capturing important heights there was driven from his position on the 
 4th. 
 
 The operations of the Union cavalry, strong as it was, were 
 ineffective during the Chancellorsville campaign. Stoneman, who led 
 it, had principally in mind all along cutting off Lee's retreat and 
 wasted his time and his forces scouring the country as far south as 
 Richmond. 
 
 Both armies were back in their old places by May 7th. 
 
 The Federals lost 17,000 and the Confederates 13,000. 
 
 At Chancellorsville, General Doubleday's command was the Third 
 Division of the First Corps. It was held mostly in reserve. When the 
 Eleventh Corps was driven from its position the First Corps had 
 completed a long march to the United States Ford, from whence on 
 account of the communications of the army being endangered it was 
 ordered forward to take up a position on the right flank at Elys Ford. 
 The Third Division, General Doubleday's, was conunanded by 
 Meade before he was put in charge, in January, of the Fifth Corps. 
 
 GETTYSBURG 
 
 Gettysburg was General Doubleday's last campaign and also the 
 one in which he earned the highest distinction. On account of the 
 position held by him at Fort Sumter, he was of necessity prominent in 
 the Civil War at its very inception; and though no longer leading 
 troops on a field after Gettysburg he had the satisfaction of knowing 
 that just as his active battlefield career ended the tide of Southern, 
 aggression began to roll back. 
 
 Before this great battle was fought reverses and disappointments 
 kept falling heavily for two years on the Federal forces in the East. In 
 the Shenandoah Valley, the Peninsula, Manassas, Fredericksburg, and 
 Chancellorsville, in their turn, Fremont, Banks, McClellan, Pope, 
 Bumside and Hooker were baffled or beaten by Lee and Jackson, as 
 well as McDowell by Jolinston and Beauregard in the beginning. 
 Antietam was a drawn or indecisive battle. 
 
 On the other hand in the West at most times the trend of the 
 fighting was against the Confederates. Battles fought in Missouri left 
 that State practically under Union control at the end of 1861. In 
 January, 1862, Thomas gained a victory at Mill Spring, in Kentucky. 
 Fort Donelson, m Tennessee, defended by Buckner, fell to Grant in 
 February, as did Fort Henry a few days before. Pittsburg Landing 
 
84 InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was defended with signal success by Grant in April. It was in this big 
 battle that Albert Sidney Jolmston, the pride and the hope of the 
 South, was killed. Island No. 10 and New Madrid yielded to Pope 
 about the same time. Curtis held his ground against the Confederates 
 at Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, in March. New Orleans surrendered to 
 Farragut in April. In September, Grant, assisted by Rosecrans, 
 defeated Price at luka, in Mississippi, and Rosecrans was successful 
 against Price and Van Dom at Corinth in October. That month also a 
 sharp and indecisive battle was fought at Perryville, in Kentucky; and 
 at Stone River, in Tennessee, Bragg was beaten by Rosecrans, the end 
 of December, 1862, and the beginning of January, 1863. Vicksburg 
 surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863, and a few days after Port 
 Hudson surrendered to Banks. 
 
 There were many setbacks, of course, to Federal progress during 
 this time in the West, such as at Lexington, Columbus and Belmont, 
 in Missouri, Chickasaw Bayou and Holly Springs, in Mississippi, 
 Riclimond, Lexington and Frankfort, in Kentucky, and Munfordville, 
 in Tennessee, but these notwithstanding the odds were heavily against 
 the Confederates in the Western conflicts. 
 
 The almost invariable success of Confederate arms in the East 
 might well have caused anxiety when, not many weeks after 
 Chancellorsville, Lee determined again on trying to invade 
 Pennsylvania. This movement caused the Governor of Pemisylvania 
 to call for an emergency militia of 60,000 men and Philadelphia also 
 took prompt measures to defend itself. The march for the intended 
 invasion began on June 3, 1863, from Fredericksburg. A week after, a 
 lively cavalry encounter took place at Brandy Station. Advancing 
 down the Shenandoah Valley, the Confederates took Winchester, with 
 4,000 prisoners, on June 13th. That date Hooker's amiy left its 
 headquarters at Falmouth and marched along the east of the Blue 
 Ridge mountains. As the Federals proceeded in their pursuit further 
 skinnishes took place between the cavalry forces. 
 
 The vanguard of Lee's army, under Ewell, crossed the Potomac on 
 June 22d, and his other two corps. Hill's and Longstreet's, two days 
 after. By the 27th, Chambersburg, York and Carlisle were taken. 
 Hamsburg was only saved by the burning of the bridge that spanned 
 the Susquehanna at Wrightsville and Columbia. 
 
 Hooker, with the left wing of his amiy, the First, Third and 
 Eleventh Corps, reached Frederick on June 26th. Meade succeeded 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 85 
 
 him on the 28th. The high pitch of efficiency, and what should have 
 been effectiveness, to which Hooker had brought the Union army 
 remained with it still, in spite of the disaster at Chancellors ville. His 
 action thus far, to the extent that he was permitted to act, in coping 
 with the new threatened invasion, displayed, it is freely conceded, 
 commendable foresight and sound judgment. 
 
 Meade at once withdrew the garrison of twelve thousand men 
 from Harper's Ferry. It was the refusal from Washington to have this 
 done at first that made Hooker resign his command. 
 
 It probably did not surprise Lee very much to learn that he had a 
 new antagonist to deal with, as he was used to such tidings now for a 
 whole year. When this happened, June 28th, apparently he had 
 already made up his mind to conduct a defensive campaign, with 
 Cashtown as the rallying point for his three corps. Meade forthwith 
 decided on Pipe Creek as base for his operations. The Confederate 
 cavalry, under Stuart, made wide raiding detours away from the 
 routes and locations of the main army. In Stuart's absence, Lee was 
 unable to keep himself sufficiently advised of the movements of the 
 Federal troops. Stuart had a sharp encounter with the Union cavalry 
 under Kilpatrick at Hanover and Littletown on the 30th, and then he 
 rode to York, only to find that Ewell was no longer there. Stuart did 
 not reach Gettysburg until the afternoon of July 2d. 
 
 On the 30th of June, the day before the battle began, the 
 disposition of the two armies was as follows: The Federal First Corps, 
 Reynolds', was at Marsh Run, the Eleventh, Howard's, at 
 Emmitsburg, the Third, Sickles', at Taneytown, the Second, 
 Hancock's, at Uniontown, the Twelfth, Slocum's, at Littlestown, the 
 Fifth, Sykes', at Union Mills, and the Sixth, Sedgwick's, at 
 Manchester, thirty miles away. 
 
 Ewell's Corps, of Lee's army, was at Heidlersburg, with the 
 exception of Johnson's Division, which was at Greenwood; two 
 divisions of Longstreet's Corps were at Fayetteville, and another, 
 Pickett's, at Chambersburg. Hill's Corps had reached Cashtown and 
 Mummasburg, all but Anderson's Division, which was at the 
 mountain pass on the Chambersburg road. 
 
 Following is General Doubledays account of the battle, 
 reproduced from "Gettysburg Made Plain," by permission of James 
 Drummond Ball, of Boston, Mass.: 
 
88 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 This was granted by Halleck, but instead of using this force to act against Lee's 
 rear, Meade posted seven thousand of them at Frederick, Md., and sent the rest to 
 Washington. 
 
 Under the impression that Lee's army was spread out along the Susquehanna 
 from Carhsle to York, Meade threw out his own forces fan-shaped to march in 
 that direction. 
 
 Stuart was intercepted at Hanover by Kilpatrick's Division of Cavalry, but 
 managed to disengage himself from the contest and continue his journey to join 
 Ewell at York. The latter was, however, on his way to Gettysburg, and Stuart 
 passed almost within sight of him. Finding that Ewell had left York, Stuart 
 proceeded to Carlisle, hoping to find the main body there. He was again 
 disappointed, and as he learned that a battle was going on at Gettysburg, he rode 
 night and day to join Lee there. When he finally reached the field in the afternoon 
 of the 2d, his horses were in bad condition from overwork, and his men were 
 utterly exhausted. 
 
 On June 30th Buford's Cavalry, and the First Corps, under Doubleday, were 
 in a perilous position at Marsh Creek, six miles south of Gettysburg and about 
 twice that distance southeast of Cashtown, where Hill was posted. General 
 Reynolds commanded the left wing of the Union army, composed of the First, 
 Eleventh and Third corps. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE FIRST DAY 
 
 The Union corps on June 30th occupied positions wide apart from each other 
 and they were still marching and getting farther away that day; while Lee was 
 then concentrating his forces. The advance of Hill's Corps on the morning of July 
 1st struck Buford's Division of Union cavalry a short distance to the west of 
 Gettysburg, and in spite of a stout resistance forced it slowly back towards the 
 town. 
 
 The First Corps at this time was five miles south of Gettysburg. General 
 Reynolds went to the support of Buford with the nearest division of the First 
 Corps — Wadsworth's — and directed that the others follow. While forming his 
 line of battle he was killed. General Howard succeeded to the command of the 
 field but did not issue any orders to the First Corps until the afternoon. In the 
 meantime General Doubleday continued the contest, captured a great part of the 
 forces that had assailed him, and cleared his immediate front of all enemies. 
 
 Before the Eleventh Corps came up the enemy could have walked right over 
 the small force opposed to them, but owing to the absence of Stuart's Cavalry 
 they had not been kept informed as to the movements Meade was making, and 
 fearing that the whole Union army was concentrated in their front they were 
 overcautious. 
 
 There was now a lull in the battle for about an hour. The remainder of the First 
 Corps came up and was followed soon after by the Eleventh Corps under General 
 Schurz. About the same time the Confederate corps of General Ewell arrived and 
 made a junction with that of Hill. General Howard assumed command of the 
 Union forces. 
 
 Repeated attacks were now made against the First Corps by Ewell from the 
 north and Hill from the west; but the Confederate, charges were successfully 
 repulsed In one of these assaults the Confederate brigade of Iverson were nearly 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 89 
 
 all killed, wounded or captured. Ewell's attack also struck the Eleventh Corps on 
 the right and front with great force. The continued arrival of fresh Confederate 
 forces — for the whole country to the north and west was covered with troops, 
 and Longstreet's Corps was in sight — rendered further resistance unavailing. 
 
 Two small corps and Buford's cavalry could not contend with the whole 
 Confederate army. 
 
 The First Corps divisions were in a perilous condition at the close of the 
 action. They were almost cut off from Cemetery Hill, which had been chosen by 
 General Howard as the rallying point for the two corps, and had been partly 
 occupied in advance. It was about half a mile south of Gettysburg. 
 
 General Meade when he heard of Reynolds' death was fourteen miles from 
 Gettysburg at Taneytown, preparing to form line of battle along Pipe Creek. He at 
 once sent General Hancock forward with orders to assume command of the field. 
 
 Hancock, perceiving that Cemetery Ridge was an admirable position for a 
 defensive battle, determined to hold it if possible. This was not an easy thing to 
 do, for the enemy were in overwhelming force, and the feeble remnants of the 
 First and Eleventh Corps were not in a condition to make a prolonged resistance. 
 Hancock, too, was embarrassed by the fact that General Howard did not 
 recognize his authority, but General Howard approved his dispositions. General 
 Doubleday carried out Hancock's plans in regard to the First Corps, and the 
 Ridge was held, by strategy. Leaving the First and Eleventh Corps in the centre 
 Hancock directed Doubleday to send a force to Gulp's Hill on the right, while he 
 instructed Buford to parade up and down on the extreme left with his cavalry. 
 
 The enemy were thus led to suppose that the Union line was a long one and 
 had been heavily reinforced. As the losses on both sides had been tremendous, 
 probably not exceeded for the same number of troops during the war, the enemy 
 hesitated to advance, particularly as some movements of Kilpatrick's Cavalry 
 seemed to threaten their rear. They therefore deferred action until Meade 
 concentrated the next day. 
 
 On General Hancock's recommendations General Meade ordered his entire 
 army to Gettysburg. 
 
 By dusk part of the Third Corps had arrived, and soon after the Twelfth Corps 
 and the Second Corps were close at hand. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE SECOND DAY 
 
 In the choice of positions secured for the continuance of the fighting the 
 advantage was largely in favor of the Union troops, who were sheltered by a 
 curved ridge. If it was desired to reinforce any part, it could be done by short 
 lines — chords of the arc — and its movements behind the ridge would be hidden 
 from the view of its enemies. 
 
 As the Confederate army acted on the offensive it had to descend into a plain 
 where all of its important operations were in full view of the Union signal 
 stations on the heights, where were officers with powerful glasses. To reinforce 
 any part of the Confederate line required a long march around, on the 
 circumference of the circle, which consumed much valuable time. 
 
 On the other hand the nature of the ground made the fire from the Union 
 
90 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 batteries diffusive, while the Confederate batteries were able to concentrate a 
 heavy fire upon almost any point in front of them. 
 
 Most of the troops, though worn out with hard marching, arrived by midday of 
 July 2d. The Sixth Corps had thirty-four miles to march, and came later in the 
 afternoon. 
 
 The Confederates on the right of their line took the aggressive the second day 
 by attacking the Third Corps, commanded by Sickles, who had moved his men 
 three-quarters of a mile forward from the low ground they at first occupied, for 
 better defense as he thought. Meade did not like the disposition Sickles had made 
 of his divisions, but before there was time to rectify their positions they were 
 fiercely assailed by Longstreet's Corps, and although Sickles was reinforced by 
 two divisions of Sykes' Corps, the Fifth, and by Caldwell's Division of the 
 Second Corps, all were forced back behind the main line, after very heavy 
 fighting and severe losses on both sides. Longstreet followed up the pursuit, but 
 the firm front of the Sixth Corps, which had now formed in line, and a brilliant 
 charge by the Pennsylvania Reserves discouraged him from making any further 
 attempts. 
 
 General Warren, who was on General Meade's staff, was sent on his own 
 suggestion to Little Round Top to see how the battle was going. He saw the 
 enemy advancing to seize the peak he was on, and knew if they did so they would 
 fiank General Meade's position and render it untenable by their artillery fire. He 
 rode down at full speed and succeeded in bringing back reinforcements in time to 
 save the position, which was really the key of the battlefield. The struggle there, 
 however, was very severe and cost the lives of several distinguished leaders. 
 
 The attack as ordered by General Lee was to begin with Longstreet on the 
 right and be made en echelon. That is, as soon as Longstteet was fairly engaged. 
 Hill's Corps was to take up the fight and go in, and as soon as Hill was fairly 
 engaged, Ewell's Corps on the right was to attack. The object was to keep the 
 whole Union line in a turmoil at once, and prevent reinforcements going from 
 any corps not engaged to another that was fighting; but Hill did not act until 
 Longstreet's fight was over, and Ewell did not act until Hill had been repulsed. 
 This was not carrying out Lee's program. 
 
 When Longstreet's battle with Sickles, Sykes, and Caldwell was dying away. 
 Hill's Corps, preceded by R. H. Anderson's Division, assailed the Second Corps 
 in front of Webb's Brigade, and the two Confederate brigades in advance — 
 those of Wright and Wilcox — succeeded in penetrating the Union line and in 
 gaining temporary possession of some guns. It is possible that if the remainder of 
 Hill's Corps had come up promptly to their support they might have made a 
 permanent lodgment, and thus cut the Union army in two; but no one came 
 forward to help them, they were soon driven back by part of the First Corps under 
 Doubleday, and by other reinforcements sent by General Hancock, who on this as 
 on other occasions was always present wherever there was danger, or a weak spot 
 rn the line to be defended. 
 
 General Meade was so startled by the fact that his centre had been pierced, 
 that he took away nearly all the troops and batteries that held the extreme right — 
 Slocum's Corps — and led them in person against the enemy. 
 
 As the thunder of the guns repelling Hill's attack died away, two brigades of 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 91 
 
 Early's Division of Ewell's Corps made a desperate assault against the Eleventh 
 Corps under Howard on Cemetery Hill and captured several batteries but were 
 driven back, with the help of CarroH's Brigade of the Second Corps, which 
 Hancock had sent to aid Howard to repel the attack. 
 
 Finally, the last echelon, General Edward Johnson's Division of Ewell's 
 Corps, assailed the extreme right of the Union line at and south of Culp's Hill. 
 
 General Meade, as has been already stated, had taken away the Twelfth Corps 
 troops and batteries from that part of the line with the exception of one small 
 brigade under General Greene. Greene, backed by what remained of 
 Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps, firmly held the line previously assigned 
 to Geary's Division, but could not prevent the enemy from occupying the vacant 
 entrenchments south of the hill which had been recently used by Ruger's 
 Division of the Twelfth Corps. 
 
 The enemy had so far failed in every attack against Meade's main line, with 
 the exception of that portion south of Culp's Hill. Elated by the fact that he had 
 made a lodgment there, Ewell determined to hold on at all hazards and sent heavy 
 reinforcements during that night to aid Johnson to make an attack in the morning. 
 
 Johnson's position was one of serious import to the Union army, for it was 
 near the reserve artillery, and not far from Meade's headquarters, but it was 9 p. 
 m. when he took possession of the entrenchments; the night was dark, he did not 
 know exactly where he was and he preferred to wait until moming before making 
 an advance. 
 
 Upon the return of Slocum's Corps to their former position at Culp's Hill, 
 they were amazed to find Johnson in possession. They also waited till daylight 
 before making an attempt to dispossess him. 
 
 So ended the battle of the second day. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE THIRD DAY 
 
 At day-dawn General Warren, acting for General Meade, established a cordon 
 of troops and batteries which drove Johnson out of his position on the right. The 
 enemy fell back a short distance but still menaced the force on Culp's Hill. 
 
 Lee having failed in his attacks both on Meade's left and right had to decide at 
 once whether he would give up the contest and retreat, or make another attempt 
 to force the Union line. 
 
 As he had been reinforced by Stuart's Cavalry and as a fresh division under 
 Pickett was available, he determined to try to pierce the left centre of the Union 
 Army and disperse the force opposed to him. 
 
 To this end he directed Longstreet to form a strong column of attack to be 
 composed of Pickett's Division and Pettigrew's Division and two brigades of 
 Pender's Division, under Trimble, of Hill's Corps. To create confusion and 
 prevent General Meade from sending reinforcements to the menaced point, Stuart 
 was ordered to ride around the right of the Union army and make an attack in 
 rear. And still more to facilitate the attack 135 guns were to concentrate their fire 
 against the Union centre and disperse the forces assembled there. 
 
92 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 About 1 p. m. the terrific cannonade began and lasted for two hours, by which 
 time the Confederate ammunition was nearly exhausted. This fire disabled 
 several of the Union batteries that were opposed to it and killed or wounded 
 many of the cannoneers. 
 
 Eleven caissons were blown up, and as the dense column of smoke from each 
 rose high in air the enemy's yells of exultation resounded for miles along their 
 line. 
 
 Stuart's cavalry attack proved abortive for it was met and frustrated by two 
 brigades of Gregg's Cavalry aided by Custer's Brigade after a severe battle, 
 which was hotly contested on both sides. Stuart's further progress was checked 
 and he was forced to retreat. 
 
 Kilpatrick with two brigades of cavalry charged the right of the enemy's line 
 west of Round Top, to prevent Longstreet from weakening his right to aid 
 Pickett. Pickett formed his great column of attack and came forward as soon as 
 the fire from the Union batteries slackened. 
 
 General Hunt, General Meade's chief of artillery, had withdrawn the batteries 
 which had suffered the most, and sent fresh guns to take their place. The latter 
 soon swept the ground over which Pickett moved, with fatal effect. 
 
 Hancock rode along the line and made prompt dispositions to meet the coming 
 storm. Gibbon's Division, of the Second Corps, received and repelled the shock, 
 while part of Doubleday's command, principally Stannard's Vermont Brigade, 
 struck the right flank of the main body and doubled it up in confusion so as 
 greatly to impede its progress. 
 
 General Hancock was wounded by the side of Stannard. 
 
 Wilcox's and Perry's brigades which should have guarded Pickett's right flank 
 became separated from it and attacked the First Corps commanded since the night 
 of the first day by General Newton. Stannard turned about and took this second 
 column in flank, drove it back and again captured a large number of prisoners. 
 
 Still Pickett's main column pressed on in spite of all obstacles and the harvest 
 of death it was reaping, and its advance under Armistead took temporary 
 possession of one of the guns on the Ridge, but there its course was stayed. 
 
 In the hand-to-hand fight that ensued within our lines General Armistead was 
 shot down, Pickett's left wing, which was much more exposed than the right, 
 melted away, and as Union reinforcements were coming forward and Pickett's 
 supports did not advance, he was soon compelled reluctantly to give the order to 
 retreat, which indeed had already commenced. 
 
 The whole plain was soon covered with fugitives, but as no pursuit was 
 ordered General Lee in person succeeded in rallying them and reforming the line 
 of battle. 
 
 THE RETREAT 
 
 The next day, July 4th, General Lee drew back his flanks and at evening began 
 his retreat by two routes — the main body on the direct road to Williamsport 
 through the mountains, the other via Chambersburg, the latter including the 
 immense train of the wounded. 
 
 Gregg's Division (except Huey's Brigade) was sent in pursuit by way of 
 Chambersburg, but the enemy had too much the start to render the chase 
 effective 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 93 
 
 Kilpatrick, however, got in front of the main body on the direct route, and, 
 after a midnight battle at Monterey, fought, during a terrific thunderstorm, 
 succeeded in making sad havoc of Eweli's trains. 
 
 Buford's Division of cavalry, aided by that of Kilpatrick, came near capturing 
 Williamsport, defended by Imboden, with all the Confederate trains, and the fresh 
 ammunition so much needed by Lee, which had been galloping from Winchester 
 almost without an escort, to meet him. 
 
 The opportune arrival of Stuart's Cavalry backed by infantry forced Buford 
 and Kilpatrick to fall back. 
 
 Lee concentrated his army in the vicinity of Williamsport, but as French had 
 destroyed his pontoon bridge, and as the Potomac had risen, he was unable to 
 cross. He therefore fortified his position. 
 
 Meade did not follow Lee directly but went around by way of Frederick. After 
 considerable delay the Union army again confronted that of Lee and were about 
 — under orders from President Lincoln — to make an attack, when Lee slipped 
 away on the night of July 14th to the Virginia side of the Potomac. 
 
 This ended the campaign of Gettysburg. 
 
 The Union loss was 3,072 killed, 14,497 wounded and 5,434 missing, a total 
 of 23 ,003. 
 
 The Confederate loss was 2,592 killed, 12,709 wounded and 5,150 missing, 
 total 20,451. 
 
 General Doubleday acted a great and distinguished pail at 
 Gettysburg, and he has been long since accorded a high place among 
 its foremost commanders. When on June 13th, at Falmouth, Reynolds 
 was placed in charge of the left wing of the Union army, General 
 Doubleday relieved him of the immediate command of his own corps, 
 the First. General Doubleday reached the field in advance of his 
 division, the Third, and in time to help put part of Wadsworth's 
 Division into action at the McPherson Woods. The opening contest 
 had not been in progress above an hour when, on account of Reynolds 
 falling mortally wounded, the chief command on the field temporarily 
 devolved on him. His own words describing the situation at that 
 juncture are: " The whole burden of the battle was thus suddenly 
 thrust upon me." The fighting that developed in that struggle — the 
 prelude to the three-day battle — was characterized by the utmost 
 severity. For the two hours or so that it lasted General Doubleday 's 
 resources were sorely tried. Only two brigades were then at his 
 disposal. Forces numerically superior opposed him. But he managed 
 with superb skill and dogged detemiination to over come them. 
 The Confederate vanguard was driven back in signal fashion, 
 and hundreds, including a brigadier - general, were made 
 
94 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 prisoners. The first triumph scored at Gettysburg was thus the work of 
 General Doubleday and his men. 
 
 On the renewal of the fighting the afternoon of the first day, the 
 First Corps and the Eleventh, Howard's, numbering between them 
 about 18,000 men, had to give battle to forces estimated at not less 
 than 30,000. Of valor and endurance the Union forces gave ample 
 proof, but they were finally forced to yield their ground and fall back 
 to Cemetery Hill. The brunt of the fighting in this unequal and violent 
 conflict was borne by the First Corps, and their casualties were the 
 heaviest. Coming to the field in the morning with 8,200 men when the 
 sun went down not half their number was available for further action 
 in the Gettysburg campaign. A mountain of difficulty and a furnace of 
 danger confronted them all day long. A. P. Hill, by whose corps they 
 were attacked, as well as by part of Ewell's, said he had never seen 
 the Federals fight as well as the First Corps did that day. 
 
 The opening conflict at Gettysburg, by reason of its abrupt 
 commencement, the disparity in numbers of the forces engaged in it 
 and the doubt and delay that obsessed the victors at the close, robbing 
 them of full fruition of the great advantage they had gaiiied, together 
 with the question of generalship and judgment cof those in high 
 command there, constitute a phase in the story of the entire battle 
 around which the keenest interest has always centered. The 
 maneuvers on either side that preceded hostilities; what should have 
 been done then and what should not have been done; the dramatic 
 unexpectedness of that first minor collision between Buford's cavalry 
 and two of A. P. Hill's brigades which precipitated the great battle 
 and compelled Lee and Meade forthwith to abandon the places they 
 had previously set their minds on for a concentration of their troops; 
 the intensity of this early struggle and its outcome, resulting in 
 Confederate success, but with the choice of positions for continuing 
 the fighting won by the Federals, — these as facts in themselves or 
 topics for speculation (a frequent diversion) lend much of its charm to 
 Gettysburg's story. 
 
 The first day's battle also brought a mixture of praise and blame to 
 its commanders over which there has been much controversy. A. P. 
 Hill and Heth have been taken severely to task for provoking, on their 
 own responsibility, the early morning skirmish west of Willoughby 
 Run, thus forcing Lee to alter his plans for defensive 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 95 
 
 operations at Cashtown. The decision and action of Buford in 
 interposing his small band of cavalry between the advancing 
 Confederates and Seminary Ridge were also, apparently, whether 
 right or wrong, contrary to the wishes of Meade, who had Pipe Creek 
 primarily in mind for effecting a concentration of his troops. 
 Reynolds shortly after bringing infantry reinforcements to the relief 
 of Buford' s hard-pressed cavalry fell from his horse mortally 
 wounded, beyond the reach of praise or blame for his part in meeting 
 the emergency that confronted him as soon as he came to the 
 battlefield. Ewell has been censured for his failure to follow up, while 
 practicable, the advantage he had gained, by pursuing the Federal 
 forces farther and driving them from Cemetery Hill. Howard's 
 handling of his own corps, the Eleventh, and his not ordering, as the 
 commanding general then on the field, all the troops to withdraw 
 from their untenable positions much earlier in the evening than he 
 did, seeing that they were hopelessly outnumbered, have also been the 
 subject of considerable animadversion. 
 
 So far, however, Ewell, except that he did not make the venture of 
 capturing the valuable heights in his vicinity, proved himself a worthy 
 successor to Stonewall Jackson; and A. P. Hill, who co-operated with 
 him, had made full amends in the evening for the disappointments 
 and reverses that worried him in the morning, when a detachment of 
 his corps, on reconnaissance bent, was worsted by Wadsworth's 
 Division of the First Corps. Howard, too, though otherwise taxed with 
 serious error the first day, was given full credit for his foresight and 
 action that helped save Cemetery Hill for the Union army. 
 
 The first day's trial at arms at Gettysburg was an anxious ordeal 
 for the four corps commanders engaged in it; and among them all the 
 one leader who emerged from it with the highest honors to his credit, 
 for splendid achievement, sterling ability and intrepid gallantry, was 
 General Doubleday. The law was once facetiously, if not seriously, 
 defined as the last guess of the supreme court, and battlefield 
 conclusions are also often far from being satisfactory on the score of 
 unanimity; but in the case of General Doubleday at Gettysburg, 
 veterans of the battle and many of the ablest historians who have 
 written at length on it have been so much in agreement in 
 emphasizing his noble work on Seminary Ridge that the verdict in his 
 favor is well nigh irreversible. Contending against overwhelming 
 
96 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 odds for seven arduous hours, all the time contesting every inch of his 
 ground with desperate determination, until almost surrounded towards 
 the end, he accomplished marvels — everything but the impossible. 
 Encomiums in plenty came to him for this brilliant exploit. Says 
 Samuel P. Bates, a Permsylvania historian: 
 
 "It must be evident that the maneuvering of Doubleday was admirable and 
 that it stamps him as a corps commander of consummate excellence. Where in 
 the whole history of the late war is this skill and excellence of the commander or 
 this stubborn bravery of the troops matched ?" 
 
 And Col. Wm. F. Fox, in "New York at Gettysburg": 
 
 "The last stand made by Doubleday and his men was marked by the same 
 soldierly action that had characterized the First Corps throughout this remarkable 
 battle of the first day. But Pender's men were American soldiers, too, and 
 Doubleday, beaten in the unequal contest, reluctantly gave orders for his corps to 
 fall back through the town to Cemetery Hill." 
 
 Francis Marshall in his book on the battle also says: 
 
 "From 9 a. m. until 4 p. m. the Federal First Corps was left under the 
 command of Major-General Doubleday without one superior order. With this 
 attenuated and flanked line of battle covering one and one-quarter miles of hills 
 and valleys of open woods, with a considerable stream threading. General 
 Doubleday fought and maintained his position intact for seven hours, this entire 
 time fighting off a superior, and constantly increasing enemy, with his own force 
 rapidly dwindling. The rate may be judged from the fact that the First Corps 
 brought on the field in the morning 8,200 men, and at 4 p. m. nearly four 
 thousand of them lay dead and wounded on the field, most of the remainder 
 prisoners in the keeping of the Confederates, with an unusually small proportion 
 of missing. The battle made by the Federal First Corps on July 1st was as notable 
 a feat of arms as its commander's action was of generalship. Doubleday was 
 steady, alert and resourceful to a marked degree under most difficult and 
 unnecessary conditions, forced upon him by the faulty handling and placing of 
 the Eleventh Corps. These facts, in no manner chargeable to Doubleday, but to 
 Schurz and Howard, forced Doubleday ceaselessly to shift the positions and 
 formations of his fighting units — a feat of generalship!" 
 
 To almost the point of redundance, it has been repeated that the 
 indirect outcome of Confederate success the first day redounded 
 ultimately to the benefit of the Union commanders. General 
 Doubleday's own words on this question are often cited in support of 
 it: 
 
 "The preliminary battle, however, had the most important bearing on the result 
 of the next two days, as it enabled the whole army to come up and reinforce the 
 admirable position to which we had retreated." 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robimon 97 
 
 As well as the First Corps and the Eleventh being much inferior in 
 numbers to the forces arrayed against them, they were not able to act 
 in effective concert in resisting the onslaught made on them. Also, it 
 is well established that excessive and useless perseverance and 
 sacrifice were demanded of them, especially the First Corps. The 
 Comte de Paris and Schurz, to whom Howard had entrusted the 
 immediate command of the Eleventh Corps in the opening conflict, 
 are two of the authorities that conform to this view. And in allusion to 
 it General Doubleday has said: 
 
 "Nor could I have retreated without the full knowledge and approbation of 
 General Howard, who was tny superior officer, and who had now Eirrived on the 
 field. Had I done so, it would have uncovered the left flank of his corps. If 
 circumstances required it, it was his place, not mine, to issue the order. General 
 Howard, from his commanding position on Cemetery Hill, could overlook all the 
 enemy's movements as well as our own, and I therefore relied upon his superior 
 facilities for observation to give me timely warning of any unusual danger." 
 
 The smoke of the battle had scarcely vanished firom the horizon of 
 Gettysburg the evening of the first day when a cloud of 
 misunderstandings began to hover around Cemetery Hill which put 
 several generals in high command at odds with each other, and full 
 Ught has not yet been shed on some of the obscurities that followed in 
 the wake of those misunderstandings. Ewell, evidently, had not done 
 what Lee wished (when subsequently pining over the lost 
 opportunity) he had ordered, instead of recommended, him to do, the 
 capture while, as is thought, they could be taken, of the heights in his 
 immediate front, where the First Corps and the Eleventh were 
 entrenching themselves after being driven from their first positions. 
 Howard was at odds with Hancock on the question of supreme 
 command on the field, to which Meade had just appointed the latter 
 pending his own arrival from Taneytown. Misunderstandings at that 
 juncture or shortly before also put Howard at odds with General 
 Doubleday, and as a consequence with Meade as well, with the result 
 that General Doubleday was adjudged unequal to the responsibilities 
 of handling an entire corps; Newton was appointed in his place, and 
 for the other two days General Doubleday was relegated to the 
 position of division commander. 
 
 Wadsworth, exercising his best judgment, at a critical moment the 
 morning of the initial contest, ordered three of his regiments to 
 withdraw temporarily toward the Lutheran Seminary, to prevent 
 
98 InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 their being surrounded and captured, and one of them, the One 
 hundred and forty-seventh New York, narrowly escaped that fate — 
 what was left of it. Howard, misapprehending on the spur of the 
 moment — he had only just come to the field then — this retreat of 
 the two regiments, the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and Seventy-sixth 
 New York, came to the conclusion that the First Corps was giving 
 way thus early in the day. This he reported to Hancock, and in all its 
 inaccuracy it was conveyed without delay to Meade, who forth with 
 deprived General Doubleday of the command of his corps. The 
 evening of the second day when the Union center was temporarily 
 dented by the brigades of Wright and Wilcox, of A. P. Hill's Corps, 
 General Doubleday conjointly with Webb drove them back from 
 Cemetery Hill, retaking four of the guns that had been lost and 
 capturing two of the enemy's guns. In the repulse of Pickett's charge, 
 the third day. General Doubleday took a notable and effective part. 
 The following is taken from his book, "Chancellorsville and 
 Gettysburg": 
 
 "Before the first line of rebels reached a second fence and stone wall, behind 
 which our main body was posted, it was obliged to pass a demi-brigade under 
 Colonel Theodore B. Gates, of the Twentieth New York Militia, and a Vermont 
 brigade under General Stannard, both belonging to my command. When Pickett's 
 right became exposed in consequence of the divergence of Wilcox's command 
 Stannard seized the opportunity to make a fiank attack, and while his left 
 regiment, the Fourteenth, poured in a heavy oblique fire, he changed front with 
 his two regiments, the Thirteenth and Sixteenth, which brought them 
 perpendicular to the rebel line of march. In cases of this kind, when struck 
 directly on the flank, troops are more or less unable to defend themselves, and 
 Kemper's Brigade crowded in toward the centre in order to avoid Stannard's 
 energetic and deadly attack. They were closely followed up by Gates' command, 
 who continued to fire into them at close range. This caused many to surrender, 
 others to retreat outright, and others simply to crowd together. Simultaneously 
 with Stannard's attack, the Eighth Ohio, which was on picket, overlapping the 
 rebel left, closed in on that flank with great effect. Nevertheless, the next brigade 
 — that of Armistead — united to Garnett's Brigade, pressed on, and in spite of 
 death-dealing bolts on all sides, Pickett determined to break Gibbon's line and 
 capture his guns. * * * 
 
 "While this severe contest was gomg on in front of Webb, Wilcox deployed 
 his command and opened a feeble fire against Caldwell's Division on my left. 
 Stannard repeated the maneuver which had been so successful against Kemper's 
 Brigade by detaching the Fourteenth and Sixteenth Vermont to take Wilcox in 
 flank. Wilcox thus attacked on his right, while a long row of batteries tore the 
 front of his line to pieces with canister, could gain no foothold. He found himself 
 exposed to a tremendous cross fire, and was obliged to retreat, but a great portion 
 of his command were brought in as prisoners by Stannard and battle-flags were 
 gathered in sheaves." 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 99 
 
 Towards the close of Pickett's charge General Doubleday was 
 struck by a shell, but not seriously wounded. 
 
 As well as being deprived of the command of the First Corps on 
 the evening of the opening conflict and reduced to the rank of 
 division commander during the other two days, by a special order 
 dated July 5th, General Doubleday was relieved from duty with the 
 Army of the Potomac and instructed to report to the Adjutant General 
 of the Army at Washington. 
 
 "Truth crushed to earth shall rise again." After the real facts 
 bearing on the achievement and sacrifice of the First Corps on 
 Seminary Ridge were revealed at headquarters and Howard's 
 erroneous version of the affair that misled Meade was exploited and 
 exploded, Meade sought to make full amends for the injury he had 
 done General Doubleday at Gettysburg. Interviewing him some time 
 after at Washington, just before Grant's overland campaign was 
 launched at the Wilderness, Meade not only expressed his sense of 
 the humiliation to which he had unintentionally subjected General 
 Doubleday, but as well urged him then and there to accept another 
 important command in the Army of the Potomac. Encouraged 
 thereby, General Doubleday made application to go to the front once 
 more. He would have been with Grant and Meade in the overland 
 campaign begun in May, 1864, had not the War Department refused 
 his application to go back to the Army of the Potomac, on the ground 
 that his services could not then be spared from Washington. 
 
 It is a singular coincidence that the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and 
 Seventy-sixth New York, on whose temporary retreat the first day at 
 Gettysburg Howard made an erroneous report, composed the infantry 
 part of the first brigade which General Doubleday commanded when, 
 in May, 1862, he joined McDowell at Fredericksburg. 
 
 After Gettysburg, General Doubleday was engaged on defensive 
 work at Washington, serving also on military commissions until the 
 end of the war. On July 12, 1864, he was detailed to organize and 
 command the loyal leagues of Washington City; and during Early's 
 raiding close to the capital at that time he was assigned to command 
 the defenses south of Anacosta Creek. 
 
 General Doubleday was mustered out of the volunteer service on 
 August 24, 1865, just after having been brevetted brigadier general 
 and major-general, U. S. A., "for gallant and meritorious services 
 during the war." 
 
100 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 It is worthy of note that he served in the same regiment with 
 Stonewall Jackson and A. P. Hill before the war. His command 
 fought the formers forces at Antietam and the latter's at Gettysburg. 
 
 General Doubleday was in command of the United States forces at 
 Galveston, Texas, in 1 866, where he remained on duty in connection 
 with the Freedman's Bureau until August, 1867. He was in New York 
 in 1865, serving on the retiring board of the United States arniy; and 
 from 1869 to 1871 he was at San Francisco on recruiting duty. Wliile 
 at San Francisco, he originated and obtained a charter for the first 
 street railway operated by the cable system in the United States. He 
 was in charge of the Twenty-fourth Infantry Regiment at Fort 
 McKavett, Texas, from April, 1871, to August, 1872, when with his 
 regiment he was transferred to Fort Brown, Texas, remaining there 
 until June, 1873. He retired from the anny on December 11, 1873. 
 
 General Doubleday died on January 26, 1893, at his home, Sumter 
 Cottage, in Mendham, N. J., from whence his remains were first 
 carried to the City Hall in New York, and from thence to Arlington 
 Cemetery, near Washington. Lafayette Post, G. A. R., No. 140, of 
 New York, of which he was a member, took charge of the remains en 
 route to Arlington. 
 
 General Doubleday was a member of the Union League Club for 
 nearly twenty years before his demise. General Doubleday, as well as 
 being uncommonly well versed in military science, was a man of 
 large attamments in the general field of knowledge. He can well be 
 styled an accomplished writer and scholar. He was extensively 
 acquainted with French and Spanish literature and deeply interested 
 in the study of Sanskrit. In addition to articles on military subjects, he 
 contributed a good deal to the magazines on scientific and economic 
 matters. His official reports during the war are models of 
 composition. His two books entitled "Forts Moultrie and Sumter' and 
 "Chancellorsville and Gettysburg'' are among the best known 
 standard works deahng with the Civil War. They have, too, a style 
 that for clearness, force and precision is hardly excelled by any 
 American historical work. His disagreements with Meade and 
 Howard at Gettysburg and his opinion of their commanding qualities 
 are reflected with a tinge of bitterness in " Chancellorsville and 
 Gettysburg." 
 
 In fact General Doubleday was never able to dismiss from his 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 101 
 
 mind the chagrin and disappointment that he suffered when deprived 
 of his command at Gettysburg, and it cannot be wondered at that he 
 should feel somewhat vindictive at times towards the two 
 commanders by whom this humiliation was inflicted on him. That he 
 contributed as much as General Meade himself or any other 
 commander in the Gettysburg campaign towards the fmal result 
 achieved there is now one of the undisputed facts in the story of that 
 great battle. 
 
 Exception has been taken not infrequently to some of the 
 comments and conclusions contained in General Doubleday's book 
 on Gettysburg where he refers to General Meade. A well-known 
 pubUcation criticizing General Doubleday somewhat severely on this 
 score drew from him the following refutation that appeared as a letter 
 addressed to the New York Times in April, 1883: 
 
 "A short time since a quotation was given in The New York Times from the 
 appendix to Swinton's 'History of the Army of the Potomac', to the effect that 
 there is not 'a scintilla of evidence' to sustain my statement that General Meade 
 contemplated a retreat at Gettysburg. As this is calculated to discredit the account 
 of the battle given in my work on Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, I hope you 
 will allow me a few words by way of reply. 1 would have answered it in the 
 second edition of my book but, unfortunately, that was already in print before I 
 saw the article which reflects so seriously on my fairness and generosity. 
 
 "Mr Swinton takes the ground that it is an attack on General Meade's 
 reputation to assert that he ever thought of falling back. 1 am aware that it may 
 seem ungracious to speak thus of General Meade's intentions. As he did remain 
 to fight it out, he is entitled to the credit of doing so. 1 therefore would not have 
 mentioned the subject at all if it had not been for a circumstance that has escaped 
 Mr. Swinton's notice. The desire to retreat was supplemented by acts which form 
 part of the history of the battle. He sent for General Pleasanton on the 2d of 
 July — his chief of cavalry — and directed him, late in the afternoon, to collect 
 what cavalry and artillery he could, proceed with it to the rear, and take up a 
 position to cover the retreat of the army. As a faithful historian, if 1 refer to 
 General Pleasanton's movement at all, I must state the origin of it. 
 
 "Mr Swinton forgets that the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the 
 War reported that there was evidence that General Meade designed to retreat. 
 
 "On the evening of the second, after sending Pleasanton off. General Meade 
 called a council of war and put the question to the corps commanders whether 
 they were in favor of remaining on the ridge or retreating. Our losses had been 
 heavy and the enemy were then attacking our right, which was denuded of troops. 
 Nevertheless the council voted to remain and endeavor to hold the ridge. General 
 Meade dissented from the conclusion and expressed his strong dissatisfaction. 
 Mr Swinton and others deny this. They seem to assume that such action on his 
 part must needs denote timidity or bad generalship, it does not necessarily 
 
1 02 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 indicate anything of the kind. As the right of the enemy overlapped our line for a 
 considerable distance, it is stated that Longstreet was in favor of turning that 
 flank. This would not only force the Union army from the ridge, but would 
 enable Lee to intervene between Meade and Washington. Meade feared that this 
 would be done. He was doubtless apprehensive that Lee would steal a march on 
 him in the night and thus endanger the safety of the capital. I do not suppose that 
 Mr. Swinton in his zeal to defend General Meade will assume that Pleasanton's 
 movement is a myth. The statement is sworn to before the Committee on the 
 Conduct of the War, but as it is in a different volume from the mass of the 
 testimony, it has probably escaped Mr. Swinton's notice. The following letter 
 addressed to me by General Pleasanton, written from Washington under date of 
 February 8, 1888, reiterated this statement: 
 
 '"Your note of the 6th instant is received. In answer to your question, I have to 
 state that General Meade on the 2d of July, 1863, at Gettysburg, about five 
 o'clock in the afternoon, gave me the order to get what cavalry and artillery I 
 could as soon as possible, and take up a position in rear to cover the retreat of the 
 army from Gettysburg. I was thus occupied until ten o'clock at night, when I was 
 recalled by an order from General Meade. This absence accounted for my not 
 being at the council of war held at Meade's headquarters early in the evening.' 
 
 "By way of rebuttal, Mr. Swinton parades the following declaration of 
 General Meade. A very slight examination will show that it refers to a different 
 period of the battle, to the morning of the second, and not to the evening. General 
 Meade says: 
 
 '"I utterly deny, under the full solemnity and sanctity of my oath, and in the 
 firm conviction that the day will come when the secrets of all men shall be made 
 known — I utterly deny having intended or thought for one instant to withdraw 
 that army, unless the military contingencies which the future should develop 
 during the course of the day might render it a matter of necessity that the army 
 should be withdrawn.' 
 
 "1 will now give the reason for this emphatic declaration on the part of 
 General Meade. On the morning of the second he directed his chief of staff 
 General Butterfield, to study and mark out the lines of retreat. It was 
 subsequently asserted that this was a positive order for the army — which had just 
 formed on the ridge — to withdraw before the enemy assailed it. General Meade 
 denies that it was any thing of the kind; it was merely a necessary precaution to 
 avoid confusion in case he lost the position and was driven back. 
 
 "I did not make the statement that he intended to retreat at that time, nor did I 
 refer to his desire to do so in the evening of the second in either a carping or 
 accusing spirit. 1 am astonished that it should be criticized so harshly. Mr. Swin- 
 ton states that the only foundation which I have for asserting it is the evidence of 
 General Butterfield before the Committee on the Conduct of the War. He then 
 assumes that General Butterfield had a grievance; that he had been displaced as 
 chief of staff to General-Meade, and had made up this story to Injure the latter. 
 General Butterfield is fully capable of taking care of his own reputation. As, 
 however, he is absent in South America, I will state for the information of non- 
 military readers that the office of chief of staff is not a permanent one. Whoever 
 fills it must necessarily hold the most intimate and confidential relations to the 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 103 
 
 commander of the army. Hence, a personal friend is always selected for the 
 position. General Butterfield, who had been chosen for this position by General 
 Hooker, never for a moment supposed that he would be retained in the same 
 capacity by General Meade, and, therefore, offered his resignation at once. It was 
 not accepted until the battle was over. It is as absurd to suppose that he cherished 
 animosity on this account as it would be to imagine that an ex-secretary of state 
 would be bitterly hostile to a new administration because he was not continued in 
 office. 
 
 "Mr. Swinton says that Butterfleld's evidence is not confirmed by any 
 member of the council of war. The fact is, they were not questioned as to the 
 specific language quoted by General Butterfield, and no subordinate will 
 volunteer information which may seem to reflect on his superiors. Facts of this 
 kind are usually drawn out in cross-examination. 
 
 "General Slocum, who commanded the right wing of the army at Gettysburg, 
 ought to be pretty good authority as to what occurred at the council. The 
 following letter by him to me under date of February 19, 1883, sustains General 
 Butterfleld's statement in its essential particulars: 
 
 "'Your favor of the 14th i/istant received. I have not read what Swinton says- 
 in his new edition of "The Army of the Potomac", and having thus far avoided 
 being drawn into any of the controversies about the events of the war, I feel 
 averse to writing anything on the subject. 
 
 "That a council of war was called by General Meade on the evening of July 
 2d is well known. The names of all present are well known. The question 
 submitted was: "Is it advisable for the army to remain in its present position or to 
 fall back?" The opinion of each corps commander was asked, commencing with 
 the junior in rank. A majority were of the opinion that we should remain in the 
 position then held by us. When each officer had expressed his views. General 
 Meade said: "Well, gentlemen, the question is settled. We will remain here, but I 
 will say that I consider this no place to flght a battle." I do not believe any offlcer 
 who was present at this important meeting has forgotten General Meade's 
 words.' 
 
 "This statement of General Meade's views does not by no means rest solely 
 upon the testimony quoted above. There is additional evidence to the same effect 
 which 1 might give, but that several witnesses are averse to coming to the front 
 and being pelted with partisan mud. I have no hesitation, however, to affirm that 
 General Birney, as he rode home from the council that night with his staff offlcer. 
 Major J. B. Fassitt, commented upon Meade's statement that Gettysburg was no 
 place to flght in. He subsequently made the same remark to General Sickles when 
 the latter was convalescing from his wound. Both Major Fassitt and General 
 Sickles reside in New York. 
 
 "Mr. Swinton assumes that I am unable to write an impartial story owing to 
 the hostile relations which he supposes to have existed between General Meade 
 and myself, founded on my criticism of the latter in my testimony before the 
 Committee on the Conduct of the War. I freely admit that I was unnecessarily 
 harsh in my language at that time The fact is that before the battle of Gettysburg 
 I was applied to by an officer of high rank, a confldential friend of General 
 Meade, to give him a list of such officers of my division as had made strong 
 demonstrations when General McClellan was removed from command. The 
 
104 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 object of the inquiry was to promote these men over the heads of others equally 
 deserving. I looked upon this as a plot to change the army of the Union into a 
 partisan force, which was to become the personal appanage of an individual. 
 Believing General Meade to be a party to this arrangement, I thought he intended 
 to carry out this policy, and testified accordingly. I afterwards ascertained that 1 
 was mistaken in this respect; that he had no intention of reorganizing the army in 
 the interest of General McClellan. Indeed, he could not have done so without 
 displacing himself When I understood the circumstances I did not blame him for 
 his action towards me at Gettysburg. Nor is it true that he was not willing that I 
 should serve under him again. Indeed, I applied to go down to the army to resume 
 command of a division, and I never would have done so if I had not been certain 
 that I would be welcome. General Meade frequently made friendly inquiries 
 concerning me of a relative who was there. I also received a message which came 
 through Lieut. Lambdin, formerly of my staff, to the effect that I would be well 
 received by him in case I returned to the army. The War Department refused my 
 application to go, on the ground that my services could not be spared from 
 Washington at that time. 
 
 " Mr. Swinton's rose-colored narrative of the war might properly be called the 
 'History of the Army of Northern Virginia.'" 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 105 
 
 Order of Exercises 
 
 at 
 
 General Robinson Monument 
 
 Robinson Avenue, Gettysburg 
 September 25, 1917, 4:00 P.M. 
 
 1. Music, U. S. Military Band. 
 
 2. Prayer, by Rev. Wm. T. Pray, 102nd N. Y. Veteran Volunteers. 
 
 3. Introductory Remarks by Chairman of Board of Commissioners, 
 Colonel Lewis R. Stegman. 
 
 4. Music, Citizens Band of Gettysburg. 
 
 5. Unveiling of the Monument, by Mrs. Robert A. Hall, Daughter 
 of General Robinson. 
 
 6. Oration, Corporal James Tanner, 87th N. Y. Vols., Robinson's 
 Brigade, Kearny's Division, Third Army Corps. 
 
 7. Music, U. S. Military Band. 
 
 8. Address, Colonel Hilary A. Herbert, 8th Alabama, A. P. Hill's 
 Corps, C. S. A. 
 
 9. Music, Citizens Band of Gettysburg. 
 
 10. Address, Colonel Samuel M. Morgan, Assistant Adjutant 
 General of General Robinson's Division, Army of the Potomac. 
 
 11. Music, U. S. Military Band. 
 
 12. Poem, by Colonel John H. Cochrane, 83rd N. Y, Vols. 
 
 13. Remarks by Dr. Lewis S. Pilcher, Past Commander U. S. 
 Grant Post, G. A. R., Department of New York. 
 
 14. Benediction, by Rev. Wm. T. Pray. 
 
106 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address by Corporal James Tanner 
 
 87'" N.Y. Vols. 
 
 I PLACE you men in khaki in the front, because you are there — 
 you are the fi-ont of the nation today; our hearts are with you; our 
 prayers are with you; our hope is in you; and when you go over the 
 top "over there" our cheers will be with you; and when you return 
 home triumphant our thanks will be tendered you, with vociferous 
 cheers. 
 
 I hold it a great honor, sir, to be invited by the New York 
 Monuments Commission, of which you are chairman, to deliver an 
 address at the exercises for dedicating the statue erected on the 
 field of Gettysburg to the memory of my old commander, Major- 
 General John C. Robinson. 
 
 It was during the Peninsular campaign, ending with Malvern 
 Hill on July 1, 1862, that the regiment in which I served was 
 introduced to General Robinson. I was then a mere soldier 
 stripling and probably about as verdant a country lad as could be 
 found m the Army of the Potomac. The first railroad train that I 
 ever boarded was the one that took me from my home when, as a 
 boy of little more than seventeen, I started in search of a uniform 
 and a gun to put on my shoulder. In due course, I got the desired 
 training and had the good fortune to belong to a regiment, the 
 Eighty-seventh New York, that was part of the First Brigade of the 
 Third Division, Third Corps. The division commander was none 
 other than the renowned and valorous General Kearny. Up to Fair 
 Oaks, fought the end of May, 1 862, our brigade was led by an 
 officer from the State of Maine, General Jameson. He was a 
 splendid soldier, and in that battle was injured so seriously, on 
 account of his horse falling on him, that he was obliged to return 
 home; to recuperate, as we all earnestly hoped, but alas it was not 
 so, for death ere long put an end to his sufferings. 
 
 Those were stirring days near Richmond, and I might say not 
 far from Washington also. A few days before our new commander 
 received his appointment, the early part of June, a very important 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 107 
 
 event in the history of the Civil War took place. General Lee 
 succeeding General Joseph E. Jolinston as commander of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia. General Robinson succeeded General Jameson. I 
 was with him in many a strenuous encounter until, at the Second 
 Manassas, on August 30, 1862, I was mustered out of service, never 
 to go back again, by Stonewall Jackson's artillery. 
 
 The last time 1 saw General Robinson was when my comrades 
 were carrying me to the rear that day. Years afterwards it was my 
 good fortune to meet him again, and this was the begimiing of a 
 renewed acquaintanceship and a friendship that lasted until he died. 
 After Spotsylvania, in May, 1 864, when General Robinson lost a leg, 
 he was retired from active duty on the field and placed in command 
 of the district of Northern New York, with headquarters at Albany. 
 Wlien in the capital one day I ventured to call on him, and, 
 introducing myself as one of the members of the old brigade, told him 
 about the incident that compelled me to leave it. He recalled it 
 immediately, and the first thing he said was, "My God, the last time I 
 saw you was when they carried you by me in a blanket." 
 
 After General Robinson was retired from the army his friends in 
 Broome County brought him forward as a candidate for lieutenant 
 governor, on the ticket headed by General John A. Dix, in 1872. That 
 time I had left my own county of Schoharie and was a resident of 
 Brooklyn. 1 had, I am glad to say, an opportunity to be of some help 
 to my brigade commander in that election. Though no longer in my 
 native county 1 was in close touch with prominent politicians there, as 
 well as with the Brooklyn leaders. Revisiting Schoharie, I pleaded as 
 best I could the cause of my choice for lieutenant governor, and 
 succeeded in securing Schoharie's delegates to the State convention. 
 Through them and the co-operation of Albany, both forming one 
 Congressional district, we managed to win the Albany delegation. 
 This was quite an important result, as Albany took the lead in the roll 
 call. In Brooklyn subsequently I was subjected to some close 
 questioning as to what 1 knew about the general. They wanted to 
 blow how much he knew about politics. 1 told them frankly that 1 did 
 not think he was much more of an adept at the political game than an 
 eighteen-year-old boy, and said further: " But I can vouch for the fact 
 that he is conscientiously devoted to the principles of our party; he 
 holds it his duty to support it energetically; and 1 can say that all 
 
108 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 through his career he has never swerved from the straight path of 
 duty, whether in mihtary or civil life." I also told them that General 
 Robinson was not long over us on the battlefields when we gave him 
 the complimentary sobriquet of "Old Reliable"; that he was ever 
 trustworthy and capable leading a brigade or a division; that I felt sure 
 he would be no less so as a contestant in a political fight, and that if 
 elected he could be depended on to give a good account of his 
 stewardship. Well, he was elected, and when his temi of office 
 expired friends and opponents testified to his integrity. 
 
 In 1877 General Robinson stood as candidate for another office, 
 that of cominander-in-chief of the Grand Army: and veterans still 
 with us who were familiar with the affairs of that organization then 
 will not charge me with any egotism or exaggeration when 1 say that 1 
 did much towards having that honor conferred on him. 
 
 To have been helpful or instrumental in conferring any honor on 
 General Robinson was always an honor in itself; it is a pleasure and 
 an honor to have the privilege of participating in the ceremonies for 
 dedicating his statue here today. To have served under him and his 
 division commander. General Kearny, in the Peninsular and Second 
 Manassas campaigns, is a distinction that 1 always feel proud of when 
 recalling it. The day after Stonewall Jackson mustered me out of 
 service General Keamy was mortally wounded. A few years ago his 
 own State, New Jersey, woke up to the fact that her greatest soldier 
 had not yet been accorded a grave by the country for which he gave 
 up his life. His remains rested for fifty years in the vault of a kinsman 
 in Trinity churchyard. New York City, from whence New Jersey had 
 them transferred to Arlington Cemetery. The ceremonies incident to 
 the re-interment were attended by the President of the United States, 
 Woodrow Wilson, members of his cabinet, members of the Congress 
 and the Senate, and a large concourse of people from far and near. I 
 had the honor on that occasion of pronouncing a eulogy over the 
 remains of General Keamy at Arlington Cemetery, and felt that I was 
 engaged on one of the most important duties of my whole life. 
 
 And today 1 find myself here helping to dedicate the statue to 
 General Robinson. He was my brigade commander from the 10th of 
 June until the 30th of August, 1862, one of the most strenuous and 
 momentous periods in the long struggle between the two great armies 
 contending against each other in the East. So you will realize. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 09 
 
 my friends, what emotion must be mine addressing you on this 
 occasion. 
 
 Everywhere and at every time General Robinson won the respect 
 and the admiration of all who came into contact with him, whether in 
 military or civil life. As a commander, he continued without 
 interruption, until dangerously wounded, to play an important part in 
 the Civil War. After retiring from the army he was recognized in 
 Binghamton and Broome county as their most important citizen, and 
 hosts of fhends all over the State believed in him implicitly. In 
 veteran circles, he was always regarded as one of the idols of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 General Robinson was bom at Binghamton, New York, on April 
 10, 1817; so that the span of an exact century covers the time since he 
 first saw the light and the erection of a statue to his memory on a 
 battlefield. His parents, natives of Connecticut, settled in Binghamton 
 in 1810. Dr. Tracy Robinson, his father, was prominently identified 
 with Binghamton's growth and prosperity for forty years. General 
 Robinson's military career of thirty years carried him from cadet to 
 major-general. The battlefields in which he served ranged from Palo 
 Alto, in Mexico, to Grant's great struggle in the Wilderness and 
 Spotsylvania, where his leg was shattered. He was frequently 
 commended by his superior officers for gallant conduct and 
 commanding ability. 
 
 On this field, the morning of that historic day of July 1, 1863, he 
 heard the beckoning call of Doubleday's guns thundering on 
 Seminary Ridge while at Marsh Creek, six miles away. He rushed his 
 division to Doubleday's assistance and so consummately did he 
 handle his troops that for four hours he held vastly superior forces at 
 bay. Two horses were shot under him during that ordeal. 
 
 For the purpose of this day, I epitomize General Robinson's 
 military career by saying that from every field on which he trod he 
 plucked the flowers that yield to valor's touch. 
 
 We stand here on a field where, a little more than fifty-four years 
 ago, one of the greatest scenes in the history of the nation was staged. 
 The victory achieved at Gettysburg did not completely insure the 
 perpetuity of the integrity of the United States, but it went a long way 
 towards it. The gratitude of our people towards those who fought so 
 gallantly here, an immense number of them "giving the last full 
 measure of devotion," is finding constant expression. The 
 
110 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 splendid array of monuments, markers, memorials and tablets all 
 around us, and farther than our eyes can reach, furnish evidence 
 indisputable that the great work done here and the sacrifices sustained 
 here will always be remembered. Put all the monuments erected in all 
 the battlefields of Europe in one place and after counting them you 
 would not have a total half as big as the number of monuments in the 
 Gettysburg National Military Park. 
 
 Memorials and statues count for but little if they do not convey to 
 succeeding generations lessons valuable in public and private life. Go 
 over this battlefield where you will, and wherever you see a memorial 
 you will find that the true import is to commemorate character in the 
 individual or individuals honored. This is true of the votive stone and 
 bronze erected here to the memory of the Gray no less than to the 
 memory of the Blue. 
 
 The numerous monuments with which this far-famed field is 
 adorned furnish a large measure of inspiration. They are reminders of 
 what was achieved and endured during that tremendous period of 
 strife in the early sixties. It strikes me forcibly as I gaze on the boys in 
 kliaki now before me, happily participating in these ceremonies — 
 the boys who are getting ready for the frays to come — that they can 
 contemplate dedications such as these with great advantage to them 
 selves. Spectacles such as these cannot help but give them 
 considerable inspiration and enthusiasm, which are never found 
 wanting in the brave soldier. We exhort our young friends in khaki to 
 be resolved and prepared to do their utmost, as their fathers and 
 forefathers did, for maintaining and perpetuating the principles of 
 democracy and the freedom of mankind the world over. We call, and 
 call confidently, on the American youth of today to do their full duty 
 to the nation and its leaders, as we, who were the youth of the early 
 sixties, feel that we did ours when our turn came and when we were 
 able to serve. The government of the day demands of them the same 
 devotion and sacrifice that we in our youthful days gave the then 
 government. To the appeal of President Wilson they should respond 
 with the same alacrity and loyalty that we did when President Lincoln 
 asked the nation to help him. 
 
 It is worthy of note, too, that we have today some of the adverse 
 conditions that were a handicap to the government of President 
 Lincoln. At that time we were cursed by the indifference, and even 
 opposition, of a class of individuals who were of us but not with us. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 1 1 
 
 They had but httle love for the nation's cause, and many of them who 
 favored the cause ostensibly had not the pluck to wear a unifomi and 
 defend the flag. We styled them Copperheads, and this name is still 
 used by writers of American history. I have heard people of the 
 younger generation express surprise that they were not called 
 Rattlesnakes ; but, my friends, you must not forget that a rattlesnake 
 is a somewhat gallant and fair-minded reptile. He never strikes until 
 he has sounded a preliminary warning. We have now their lineal 
 descendants to contend with. They are variously designated as 
 pacifists, anarchists, socialists, I. W. W.'s — the I won't work 
 workers — individuals who as a class strike in the dark and who do 
 not hesitate at murder to accomplish their foul designs. I sincerely 
 trust if it turns out to be at all necessary to do it that President Wilson 
 will not hesitate to pursue the same course deemed advisable by 
 Abraham Lincoln, that is, suspend the writ of habeas corpus and 
 declare martial law in districts found to be infested. Then I would 
 have him seize these despicable creatures, hale them before a military 
 court, give them a fair trial, and, if convicted, give them forthwith 
 their deserts. 
 
 The one thing I deem of supreme importance is to arouse the 
 American people to a consciousness of the fact that the world war 
 now raging in the European fronts is as much our war as if it were 
 being fought within our own shores. It is the cause of mankind the 
 world over. I have no doubt of the ultimate result. The cost will be 
 mighty in blood and treasure, but the happy result will be to crush and 
 end autocracy in Europe, and in that devoutly-to-be wished-for 
 consummation America will act its part. 
 
 I have enough faith to believe that among our hosts of soldiers to 
 cross the water there will develop many an aspirant to the honors and 
 distinction won by John Cleveland Robinson — many a man who 
 will be stimulated by the single idea of absolute loyalty to the cause 
 for which he is to fight, and fully determined to do his best and strike 
 his hardest, with no thought whatever of personal consequences to 
 himself 
 
112 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address by Colonel Hilary A. Herbert 
 
 8'" Alabama, A.P. Hill's Corps 
 
 WHEN I last met you, veterans in blue, on this battlefield, we 
 were enemies. That was four and fifty years ago. Today I am here 
 calling you "comrades," helping you to honor two of the great 
 soldiers against whom I was then in arms. Colonel Stegman, 
 whom I sincerely thank, as I do Comrades Stedman and Tanner, 
 for the privilege of being here today, has introduced me as a 
 former head of the navy of the government I was trying here in 
 1863 to dismember. How strange to you — how impossible to 
 me — all this would have seemed in July, 1863! Here are twenty- 
 two square miles of as neat and well-kept a park as the sun ever 
 shone on. Here are driveways, leading to the various positions 
 occupied during the great battle by the Union army and by the 
 Confederate army. Here are tablets, as neat and costly for one 
 army as for the other, marking the position, and telling as fairly as 
 may be, the exploits of every brigade, squadron and battery in both 
 armies. These markers have been put up by the government whose 
 solidarity was at stake here in 1863. And here are monuments 
 erected by States, proud of their sons, and by other organizations, 
 proud of their leaders. Here on this side, where his headquarters 
 was, is the statue of General Meade, the commander-in-chief of 
 the great Army of the Potomac. Over there where his position was, 
 is the statue of Lee. Of that I can speak, for 1 was one of the 
 followers and worshippers of Lee, and I believe with Theodore 
 Roosevelt who said that, without any disparagement of those 
 world-famous soldiers, Grant and Marlborough, Lee was the 
 greatest general the English speaking race has produced. There, on 
 Seminary Ridge, sits Lee on Traveler, man and horse just as they 
 were when, after Pickett's repulse, General Lee rode slowly along 
 our line, with a single orderly following him, calm and as 
 imperturbable as is that bronze statue today. Colonel Roosevelt is 
 not singular among Northerners in his admiration of the great 
 Confederate leader. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 113 
 
 Years ago General Lee was put up by Northerners among the great 
 Americans whose names were entitled to be enrolled in the "Hall of 
 Fame," and it was that brave Union soldier and courageous historian, 
 Charles Francis Adams, who said that the government of the United 
 States ought to erect a monument to Robert E. Lee for this: that to his 
 decision, his influence, his advice and his example was due the 
 amazing fact that after the surrender of Johnston's army, quickly 
 following Appomattox, the many thousands of Confederates who 
 were then in arms, instead of continuing the fight as guerrillas, at the 
 behest of their commanders quietly disbanded, took the oath of 
 allegiance to the United States and kept it from that day to this. The 
 unanimity with which the Confederate armies, at the command of 
 their leaders — Lee and Johnston — turned from war to the arts of 
 peace, has no precedent in history. The spectacle amazed the world, 
 but it was distinctly American. To abide by the decision of the 
 tribunal to which we have submitted our cause is the law of our 
 civilization. The American stands by decisions made, whether at the 
 ballot box, by a court of justice or on the field of battle. 
 
 So absolute was the submission of the Confederates to the results 
 of the war, so faithfully did they follow the advice of their great 
 leader to become good citizens, that Charles Sumner, of 
 Massachusetts, carried away by enthusiasm, introduced a resolution 
 in the United States Senate to bum all battle flags to enable our 
 country to come together and forget forever the war and all its 
 horrors. That was all very fine for sentiment, but the American 
 people, and particularly those of us who fought each other, knew 
 better than Senator Sumner how to secure a lasting peace and a 
 perfect union. That way we took soon after the war closed, and we 
 have traveled it ever since. 
 
 It was absolutely impossible for either the South or the North to 
 forget the sacrifices that had been made by its soldiers and its citizens 
 for its ideals. The one way to bring the two sections together was, for 
 each to recognize fully the sacrifices made by the other, do justice to 
 the motives that had prompted these sacrifices, and to witlihold no 
 just meed of praise from the citizens and the soldiers who had upheld 
 the ideals of its adversary section. In this great movement, the 
 soldiers of the two sections, they who had tested each others mettle 
 on the field of battle, were in position to lead. They have led, and our 
 Union is now more perfect than it was even in the era of good 
 
114 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 feeling when Monroe was President. But the credit for this does not 
 all belong to our soldiers. 
 
 Congress blazed the way long ago when it provided for the 
 publication of all the official records of our great war, both Federal 
 and Confederate, that all the world might know fully of the deeds of 
 the American soldier, and Congress was pursuing that same policy 
 when it afterward provided for these memorial battlefields. Here, 
 even the wayfaring man who never stops to read history, will read as 
 he passes and talk to his children of the valor of his countrymen. 
 
 Grover Cleveland was helping to bring his countrymen together 
 when, in both his first and his second administration, he threw the 
 doors wide open and called on Confederate and Federal soldiers, alike 
 and without distinction, to serve their govermnent in judicial and 
 executive offices, at home and abroad. And it was Grover Cleveland 
 who first brought together as one man in the House and Senate every 
 member. Northerner and Southemer, Democrat and Republican. That 
 was in 1896, in answer to his Venezuela message. Every man then 
 stood up for the Monroe Doctrine, democracy in America, just as 
 Woodrow Wilson has called upon them in 1917 to stand up in this 
 world war for democracy against autocracy. 
 
 William McKinley, the soldier-president, was bringing the South 
 and North together when he appointed Gates and Fitzhugh Lee and 
 Wheeler, who had been Confederate officers, to be Federal officers in 
 the Spanish-American war. And again, when, in a speech in Atlanta, 
 after the close of that war, he said the time had come when the United 
 States government should take care of the graves of the Confederate 
 dead. That speech brought into existence the beautiful monument 
 erected by the Daughters of the Confederacy to the Confederates who 
 are now sleeping side by side with the Union dead in the national 
 cemetery at Arlington. 
 
 When the comer-stone of the monument was being laid in 1912 1 
 was master of ceremonies. Seeing Comrade Tanner sitting among the 
 spectators, I called him to my side to put his spadeful of mortar on the 
 comer-stone, asked him then and there to speak briefly after the 
 orator of the occasion, and in a five-minute extempore speech he 
 carried away from us all, as his habit is, the laurels of the day. 
 Roosevelt in all his writings, and when he was President, and Taft 
 when he was President, used all their great powers to help forward 
 the growth of kindly feeling between the two sections. So also for 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 1 5 
 
 many years now have broad-minded historians and writers for the 
 press. But behind all this mighty onward movement and making it 
 possible has been the soldier who fought the battles, not the horse 
 holder or the slacker, but the real soldier — Federal and Confederate. 
 I have no time here to enumerate the numerous reunions of the 
 Blue and the Gray. I mention now only the great fiftieth anniversary 
 of the battle on these grounds, and one other that is absolutely unique 
 in history. In 1906, the survivors of the Twenty-third New Jersey put 
 up on the field where the brave fight of Salem Church, part of the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, took place in 1863, a monument on one 
 side of which was a just tribute to their own gallant dead, and on the 
 other a brass plate with this inscription: 
 
 "To the brave Alabama boys who were our opponents on this field and whose 
 memory we honor, this tablet is dedicated." 
 
 The mortuary literature of the world furnished no parallel to this 
 magnanimous tribute. I commanded a regiment of the Alabama boys 
 thus commemorated and some of the results of this monument were 
 visits between General Grubb, the head of that association, and 
 myself, a contribution by that association to the Confederate 
 monument at Arlington, and my election as an honorary member of 
 the Twenty-third New Jersey Survivors Association. Comrade Taimer 
 here with us, was, so far as I know, the first veteran of the war to be 
 elected honorary member of an association composed of his former 
 enemies. That occurred many years ago in Richmond, Virginia, and 
 was the result of services he had rendered to Confederates. I should 
 have called him "Corporal." That was the title he held when, at the 
 Second Manassas, he was mustered out of active service by Stonewall 
 Jackson. He has made the title since held by him as famous by his 
 eloquent speeches for comradeship between the Blue and the Gray as 
 Napoleon made the title "Little Corporal" on the battle fields of 
 Europe. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, 1 find that I am talking, and further on will he 
 impelled to talk more about myself and it seems that, if not an 
 apology, at least an explanation is necessary. So far, 1 have been 
 speaking chiefly of what Union soldiers and Union Presidents have 
 done. 1 am, I believe, the only Confederate here, and am now to 
 contend that the Confederates have also done their duty fully in 
 bringing about present happy conditions. It has been my good 
 
116 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 fortune to have many opportunities to help forward in this cause. If I 
 had not availed myself of them, I should have misrepresented the 
 constituents who gave me these opportunities and for whom 1 am 
 speaking now. They stood by me and kept me in Congress for sixteen 
 consecutive years, because they approved my course and especially 
 my determination (and 1 adhered to it) to indulge in no debates that 
 would keep alive the passions of the war. Twelve of the best years of 
 my life, 1 devoted to the building up of the navy, eight consecutive 
 years in the naval committee of the House of Representatives, which 
 originated naval appropriation bills, and four succeeding years as 
 Secretary of the Navy, superintending the construction of ships, when 
 authorized. When 1 became chairman of that committee, in 1885, the 
 new navy consisted of three little ships. When I turned over that navy 
 to my successor in 1897, it was the navy that in two battles crushed 
 the naval power of Spain. Every naval vessel that fought the battle of 
 Manila, under Admiral Dewey, except one, I had a hand in, either as 
 helping in the naval committee to authorize, or else supervising its 
 construction as Secretary, and in some cases, in both authorizing and 
 constructing; and so of every single ship that fought at Santiago, with 
 the single exception of the little converted yacht Gloucester. Not a 
 dollar for the building, equipping, or provisioning of that navy was 
 going South, yet my constituents at home approved my course and 
 my southern colleagues in the House followed me all the while we 
 were demonstrating to the people of the North that the country had no 
 stauncher friends than the ex-Confederates. 
 
 After all, Mr. Chairman, it is not strange that when the war was 
 over all the good soldiers. North and South, those who had learned on 
 the battlefield to respect each other and admire each other, earnestly 
 desired that we should all become one people again. Slavery, about 
 which we had quarreled, was eliminated, and the question of 
 secession, about which we honestly differed, had been settled, and 
 there was nothing left to divide us. You were some what inaccurate, 
 Mr. Chairman, when you said in introducing me that we Confederates 
 had framed a constitution for ourselves. We took One already framed, 
 the old constitution of the fathers, and changed it only enough to 
 make it read as we understood Madison and Jefferson had expounded 
 it. You were fighting for that same constitution as you thought 
 Washington and Jackson understood it. We were all fighting for 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 117 
 
 democracy. No American has ever shouldered a gun for the right of 
 kings to rule since the last amiy of George III surrendered at 
 Yorktown. 
 
 Our family dispute settled, peace and prosperity came to us. Fifty 
 years of luxurious living have, unfortunately, bred among us 
 pestilential broods of cowardly pacifists and envious anarchists, but in 
 this hour of peril, thank God, we can rely upon the stalwart 
 Americanism that has come down to us from the Blue and the Gray 
 and is standing solidly behind Woodrow Wilson. 
 
 The climax in this story of the brotherhood of the Blue and the 
 Gray today was the armual reunion of the Confederate veterans held 
 in the Capital of their country on the 5th, 6th and 7th of June last, the 
 hearty and generous welcome extended to them by those who 
 represented the nation and the genuine rebel yell of delight with 
 which that welcome was greeted. I have no time to expand upon it. 
 Congress will print all the speeches that were made and a description 
 of the reception, that the nation may see for itself. That reunion was 
 the conception of Colonel Andrew Cowan, commander in 1863 of the 
 famous battery now commemorated over there on Cemetery Hill. 
 Among the welcoming speakers was Corporal Tanner. The President 
 and somebody representing everybody else spoke, but Corporal 
 Tanner had to speak again at night. 
 
 Thousands of Confederates had been provided for, but thousands 
 more than had been expected came. The exigencies of the war 
 prevented to some extent the government aid that was expected, but 
 in spite of a rainstorm and other difficulties the Washington reunion 
 was the most successful and enthusiastic of all those ever held by the 
 Confederates. 
 
 1 was grand marshal at that reunion, aiding in the arrangements, 
 and, of course, very anxious about what might be the results of the 
 parade. The veterans were old and the weather was likely to be hot. 
 Physicians were in attendance, ambulances were on hand, and every 
 provision was made for sicknesses and deaths that might occur, but 
 there was not a single death. On the contrary, there were marriages — 
 three of them it is said — one of the veterans bringing his intended 
 with him. There is nothing that attracts the girls like the gay old 
 soldier boy. 
 
118 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Address of Colonel Samuel M. Morgan 
 
 Assistant Adjutant General in General Robinson's Division 
 
 Mr. chairman, ladies and gentlemen, and comrades: 
 
 I appreciate indeed very much this opportunity to say a few 
 words at the dedication of the statue to General Robinson. 1 was 
 on his staff from the time that he took charge of a brigade, at 
 Newport News in May, 1862, until he was wounded at 
 Spotsylvania two years after. In the battle fought on this field I 
 was assistant adjutant-general of his division. The difficulties and 
 perils that General Robinson's regiments encountered on this 
 ground on July 1, 1863, are therefore well known to me. For four 
 hours on that day his two brigades had to bear the brunt of the 
 attack made by five Confederate brigades. We are now in a part of 
 the field where some of the most intense fighting of the opening 
 contest took place. 
 
 On the whole, the first day's conflict at Gettysburg was seldom 
 surpassed for intensity and casualty during the Civil War. The 
 First Corps was the first to go into action on this field and the 
 heaviest part of the resistance made to the Confederate advance 
 fell on its three divisions, one of which was commanded by 
 General Robinson. I verily believe that if it had not been for the 
 gallant defense made by our corps that day on Seminary Ridge, 
 from the Hagerstown Road right up to the place where the 
 monument we are now dedicating stands, the battle of Gettysburg 
 would have been claimed as a Confederate victory. 
 
 With less than 8,500 men, the First Corps, I have authority for 
 saying, was, the afternoon of that day, attacked by forces four 
 times as numerous. In 1867, it was my privilege to accompany 
 General Robinson and others with him when they were trying to 
 locate the posifions of the First Corps regiments on Seminary 
 Ridge. It happened that a Confederate participant — a staff officer 
 — was here the same day. We had very interesting talks with him 
 on the battle. He asked General Robinson how many men were 
 holding the Federal positions on Seminary Ridge the first day. 
 When told not more than 8,500, he turned round with an air of 
 
In Mentor iam: Doubleday-Robinson 119 
 
 surprise, and said: "I do not wish to contradict you, but how could 
 that be, for you held from thirty to forty thousand men at bay for 
 several hours." He also made the remark then that Lee attributed his 
 failure at Gettysburg to the losses suffered by A. P. Hill's Corps in 
 the first day's fight. 
 
 General Robinson's Division was made up of Paul's and Baxter's 
 brigades. They were in the thick of the fierce encounter of the 
 evening of the first day, from start to finish. Well do I remember 
 seeing part of Ewell's Corps coming down the Murmnasburg Road — 
 a little to the north of where we are at present assembled — and 
 attacking our right flank. That was about three o'clock. Our division 
 was last on the retreat to Cemetery Hill. Finally, and after battling 
 away to the bitter end, the enemy rushing on us in swarms from the 
 Mummasburg Road, we fell back under this hill. Just then Captain 
 Stewart, commanding Battery B, Fourth U. S. Artillery, rode up to us 
 saying that the troops on the left had all gone and asking what he was 
 to do, as his battery was still holding its ground. General Robinson 
 instructed him to withdraw his men as soon as possible and at the 
 same time sent him assistance. When we saw Stewart's men hurrying 
 away to the rear the Second Division continued its retreat, with the 
 enemy in hot pursuit. 
 
 Up to the time of receiving orders to fall back, we lost but few 
 prisoners, but our list in killed and wounded was a terribly long one. 
 And so was that of the brigades we fought. In the retreat to Cemetery 
 Hill the brigade of Coulter — first led by Paul, who was wounded — 
 took position on the left and rear of Baxter's. Then Baxter's men 
 were withdrawn and as the last of his regiments had passed to the rear 
 of Coulter's the enemy again came to the attack, but they were held in 
 check by a well-directed fire. The last formation in our division was 
 made by the Ninety-fourth New York at the railroad cut. As we were 
 approaching the town Confederate troops were massed on our right 
 and left. When we came within sight of the streets we saw that large 
 numbers of the Eleventh Corps were thronged there and so were 
 obliged to march through a lane that led to Cemetery Hill. We 
 remamed a little to the left of Ziegler's grove that night. The next 
 morning early we were relieved by Hays's Division of the Second 
 Corps. About midnight a roll call was ordered, and it was found that 
 the casualties in our division numbered 1,667, of which 124 were 
 commissioned officers. 
 
120 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 The First Corps by its stubborn resistance to A. P. Hill's Corps and 
 part of Ewell's the first day paved the way for Federal success the 
 second day and the third day at Gettysburg. 
 
 General Robinson was a grand man and a brave and able 
 commander. I take great pleasure in stating now before his statue, as 
 one o"f the veterans present here who served under him, that he 
 invariably exercised the greatest care in looking after the comfort of 
 his men. In battle he was always up with his troops. Two horses fell 
 under him the first day at Gettysburg. I loved General Robinson as a 
 man and I admired him as a soldier. 
 
 Comrades, we should feel very proud and very thankful that after 
 fifty odd years we are enjoying today this magnificent reunion of 
 First Corps survivors. We have come here to pay tribute to two of the 
 finest generals of the Civil War. I thank God for you and myself for 
 being spared to avail ourselves of this opportunity to meet each other 
 and greet each other once more on the famed field of Gettysburg. 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 121 
 
 Major General John Cleveland Robinson 
 
 JOHN CLEVELAND ROBINSON was bom in Binghamton, 
 N. Y., on April 10, 1817. He came of a good New England 
 colonial stock. He was a lineal descendant, in the seventh 
 generation, of the Reverend John Robinson, the pastor of that body 
 of Puritan exiles which, after having first found refuge in Leyden, 
 Holland, landed on the shores of Massachusetts in 1620, and 
 founded the colony of the Pilgrim Fathers. 
 
 His parents. Dr. Tracy and Sarah (Cleveland) Robinson, natives 
 of Cormecticut, settled in Binghamton, N. Y., in 1810. From the 
 time of making it his adopted home until his demise, forty years 
 after. Dr. Robinson was prominently and continuously identified 
 with Binghamton's growth and development. As well as practicing 
 his profession, he opened a drug store there. He was made 
 associate judge and justice of the peace; and the honor of being the 
 first judge appointed from Broome county was also his. Dr. 
 Robinson was one of the founders and one of the first members of 
 Christ Church in Binghamton; and for a dozen years after Andrew 
 Jackson became President he was postmaster there. 
 
 The fact that it was exactly a hundred years from the date of 
 General Robinson's birth to the erection of a statue to his memory 
 on the battlefield of Gettysburg, invites a little retrospection at the 
 beginning of this sketch. It was in the year 1817 that James 
 Monroe was inaugurated President. Daniel D. Tompkins resigned 
 the Governorship of New York to become Vice-president in his 
 administration. One of his last acts as Governor was the signing of 
 the bill whereby slavery was to be abolished in New York after 
 Independence Day, 1827. Immediately on succeeding him, 
 Governor DeWitt Clinton signed the act authorizing the 
 construction of the Erie Canal, work on which was begun on July 
 4, 1817. In that year also it was a mooted question as to which was 
 the premier State, New York or Virginia. The census returns 
 issued shortly after showed that New York had won the title of 
 Empire State, by becoming first in population and wealth. 
 
 Binghamton, picturesquely situated at the confluence of the 
 
122 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Susquehanna and Chenango rivers, and now one of the most 
 important cities in the State, being the county seat of Broome county, 
 with extensive manufacturing interests, handsome pubhc buildings, 
 and parks, and a busy railroad center, was but a small place a century 
 ago. Known as Chenango Point when founded, in 1787, it got its 
 present name in 1800, and was not incorporated as a village until 
 1834. 
 
 The school that John C. Robinson first attended had the distinction 
 of being conducted by a teacher who was also an author. One of the 
 text books used in his classes was his own work — "John Olney's 
 School Geography and Atlas." His studies were continued at home in 
 a more advanced school, from whence he went to Oxford Academy, 
 at that time one of the principal educational establishments in the 
 State. 
 
 In 1835, when eighteen years old, John C. Robinson entered the 
 military academy at West Point. Three years after he left West Point, 
 intent on studying law, but a military career ere long re-allured him 
 and he relinquished jurisprudence for it. 
 
 Among the cadets at West Point while he was there, and who held 
 important commands during the Civil War, were Halleck, Hooker, 
 Sedgwick, Ricketts and Stevens; and Ewell, Early and Edward 
 Johnson, of the South. 
 
 Receiving a commission as second lieutenant in the United States 
 Infantry on October 27, 1839, he served in Madison Barracks, 
 Sacketts Harbor, from November of that year to April, 1840. He was 
 at Fort Howard, Wis., from May, 1840, to August, 1841; Fort 
 Crawford, Wis., to September, 1841; at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., to 
 October, 1841; Fort Brady, Mich., to June, 1842; on leave to August, 
 1842; at Fort Brady, Mich., to July, 1843; at Fort Mackinac, Mich., to 
 May, 1845, and at Fort Brady, Mich., to June, 1845; on leave to 
 September, 1845. 
 
 During the troubles preceding hostilities in Mexico, he was 
 ordered to the Rio Grande, and joined "The Army of Occupation," 
 under General Taylor, at Corpus Christi, Texas, in September, 1845. 
 In Mexico, he took part m the engagements at Palo Aho, Reseca de la 
 Palma, Monterey and Vera Cruz. He was honorably mentioned for 
 distinguished service in the battle of Monterey. On June 18, 1846, he 
 was promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 He was engaged in recruiting service to April, 1 848; and with 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 123 
 
 his regiment in Mexico to July, 1848; in Mississippi to October, 1848. 
 At Fort Smith, Ark., to January, 1849, and at Fort Gibson, Indian 
 Territory, to July, 1850. He was at Clear Fork of the Brazos, Texas, to 
 September, 1853, and in the field in Texas to November, 1853. On 
 leave to May 6, 1854, and at Ringgold Barracks in Texas to 
 September, 1854. Scouting in 1855. On leave to April that year. With 
 his regiment at Ringgold Barracks, Texas, to February, 1856, and on 
 leave to August that year. In Florida to June, 1857. En route and at 
 Fort Bridger, Utah, to April, 1858, and at Camp Scott to September, 
 1859. 
 
 In 1850, when he was promoted captain, his regiment, the Fifth, 
 went to the headquarters of the Brazos river, in Texas, and built Fort 
 Belknap and Fort Phantom Hill. Tliree years later it marched across 
 the country to Laredo, on the Rio Grande, serving there from 
 headquarters at Ringgold Barracks against hostile Indians until 1856. 
 Subsequently, he commanded an expedition to the Everglades, 
 Florida, during which he made a trip of tliree hundred miles against 
 rebellious Indians. About this period also he led three companies in 
 an expedition through the Big Cypress Swamp. 
 
 In the summer of 1857 Captain Robinson's regiment was ordered 
 to Utah, with the Johnston expedition. This march took him through 
 Fremont's route and tlirough the South Pass. That winter being 
 severe, he remained in Fort Bridger, Wyo., with three companies, 
 having the army supplies in his charge, while the rest of the regiment, 
 under General Johnston, encamped in the vicinity at a place called 
 Black Fork. 
 
 Captain Robinson, who had now come east, was on leave until 
 February 12, 1861, when he was ordered to Fort McHenry, Md., to 
 take charge of the garrison. This was two months prior to the 
 bombardment of Fort Sumter. The impending struggle found him 
 with twenty years of military training, which included considerable 
 active service, in Mexico and at various places putting down Indian 
 insurrections. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment on its way to Washington was 
 attacked in the streets of Baltimore on April 19, 1861. Three of the 
 soldiers were killed and the troops firing on their assailants killed 
 eleven of them. The rioters then contemplated seizing Fort McHenry. 
 
124 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 Notwithstanding that it had but a garrison of sixty, Captain Robinson 
 feh able from the beginning to defend himself In an advice to the 
 Adjutant-General at Washington, dated April 20th, he said; "I shall 
 probably be attacked tonight; 1 believe 1 can hold the post." This 
 coolness and confidence were fully justified. Many years after, in a 
 published letter by him on the subject, he told of that tlireatened 
 attack and the means taken to cope with it: 
 
 "I felt confident the next movement would be an attempt to get possession of 
 Fort McHenry, and although it was scarcely in a defensible condition, I 
 immediately prepared for an attack, determined to hold it as long as possible. I 
 also sent as many men as I could spare, with two pieces of artillery, to take 
 possession of Fort Carroll. The same evening I received a call from Police 
 Commissioner John W. Davis, who brought a letter from Mr. Chas. Howard, 
 president of the Board, stating that I would be annoyed that night by disorderly 
 and unauthorized persons and proposing to send the 'city military' to help protect 
 the fort. It did not require a second reading of this letter to see through it, and I 
 said to the bearer, 'Mr. Davis, I am aware that I am to be attacked tonight. I 
 received notice of it before dark. In the meantime, I have not been idle. If you 
 will walk out on the parapet with me you can see that I am ready. You will find 
 men standing at the guns, and every gun loaded. I intend to hold this fort against 
 the whole city of Baltimore. I shall not allow your city military to come here, for 
 I am acquainted with some of the officers of the Maryland Guards, and know 
 what their principles are.' 'Why, Captain,' said he, ' we are anxious to avoid a 
 collision.' 
 
 '"Very well, sir; if you wish to avoid a collision place your city forces any 
 where between Federal Hill and that Roman Catholic chapel about half a mile 
 off, but if a man steps this side of there 1 shall fire on him.' 
 
 "He laughingly asked, 'Would you fire into the city of Baltimore?' 
 
 "I replied, 'I should be sorry to do so, sir, but if it becomes necessary in order 
 to hold this fort, I shall not hesitate about it one moment.' 
 
 "He then became angry, and shaking his fist, said, 'I assure you. Captain 
 Robinson, if there is a woman or child killed in that city, there won't be one of 
 you left alive here, sir.' 
 
 '"Well, sir,' said I, "of that I will take the chances. Now, I assure you, Mr. 
 Davis, if your Baltimore mob comes down here tonight, you will not have 
 another mob in Baltimore for ten years to come, sir.' He then left, apparently 
 satisfied that 1 meant what I said. 
 
 "During the night the steamer Spaulding came into the harbor and anchored 
 under the guns of the fort. She had been carrying troops from New York to 
 Fortress Monroe, and did not dare to run up to the city, where a perfect reign of 
 terror existed, and where no man dared to open his mouth in favor of the Union. I 
 took advantage of the arrival of this vessel, and caused a report to be circulated 
 that she had brought me a reinforcement of eight hundred men. I closed the gates 
 of the fort, established a picket guard on the causeway leading to Baltimore, and 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 1 25 
 
 cut off all communication with the town. I collected and put up all the tents I 
 could find, set my men at work, mounting and dismounting guns, and made as 
 great a display of force as possible. 
 
 "Ten days after, the citizens learned for the first time that no reinforcements 
 had been received. I had, however, by that time attained my object. A reaction 
 had taken place — the reign of terror was over; Union men began to show 
 themselves, and Baltimore became a quiet and orderly city. When this trouble 
 commenced I had not more than a week's rations on hand, but by a-successful 
 ruse, succeeded in getting into the fort a three months' supply of provisions. 
 Many interesting incidents occurred during this time which I cannot relate in this 
 sketch. For more than a week I slept only during day time. Had the rebel elements 
 been able to get possession of Fort McHenry, Washington must have fallen; 
 Maryland would have passed an ordinance of secession and would have been the 
 seat of war instead of Virginia." 
 
 On May 5, 1861, two days after President Lincoln's second call 
 for volunteers, Captain Robinson was sent West on mustering duty — 
 in Ohio and Michigan. In the latter State he was on familiar ground, 
 having been there on duty when a lieutenant. He had considerable 
 success on this recruiting mission, and was made colonel of the First 
 Michigan Volunteers in September. Henceforth, further promotion 
 and increased responsibility came to him in quick succession. He was 
 raised to the rank of major in the regular army in February, 1862, and 
 was appointed two months after a brigadier general of volunteers, just 
 a year following his tour de force at Fort McHenry. When advanced 
 to be a general he was at Portsmouth, in the Department of Virginia. 
 
 THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES AND SECOND MANASSAS 
 
 General Robinson was transferred to the Army of the Potomac on 
 June 10, 1862, and at once took command of the First Brigade, Third 
 Division (Kearny's) of the Third Corps (Heintzelman's), succeeding 
 Jameson who was dangerously hurt at Fair Oaks. At that time, the 
 Peninsular campaign was in full swing. McClellan was feeling the 
 disappointment of not being reinforced by McDowell's Corps, which 
 was to have marched south from Fredericks burg on May 26th. Fear 
 at Washington that Stonewall Jackson would be more than a match 
 for Banks and Fremont in the Shenandoah Valley resulted m half of 
 McDowell's Corps being detained at Fredericksburg, the other half 
 being detailed to help stop Jackson's raiding and cut off his retreat to 
 Richmond; Lee was now commanding the Southern troops in the 
 
126 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 East, having succeeded Joseph E. Johnston, who was wounded at Fair 
 Oaks. The Confederates were being reinforced and concentrated at 
 Richmond, awaiting Jackson. A detaclinient of the Union amiy had 
 been within sight of the spires of the Southern capital. The 
 Confederate cavalry commander, J. E. B. Stuart, made a successful 
 raid around McClellan's army, capturing numbers of prisoners, 
 destroying much property, and returning in safety to his chief, with 
 much valuable information. 
 
 Jackson nearing Riclimond, as if on regular schedule time, in the 
 absence of support from McDowell, McClellan made up his mind to 
 change his base from White House near the Pamunkey river to 
 Harrison's Landing on the James. Lee now took the offensive and 
 fighting was resumed on June 25th at Oak Grove — the first of the 
 Seven Days' battles. All along their line of retreat the Federals were 
 pursued vigorously and destructive encounters took place for a whole 
 week, ending with Malvern Hill, on July 1st. Advantage of good 
 defensive groimd enabled McClellan to compel Lee to cry halt to his 
 pursuit at Malvern Hill, and a week after Lee marched his troops back 
 to Richmond, McClellan in the meantime making his headquarters at 
 Harrison's Landing. 
 
 In the fierce conflicts of tlie Seven Days battles General Robinson 
 acquitted himself manfully. His brigade fought at Oak Grove, 
 Glendale, Frazier's Farm and Malvern Hill. General Kearny wrote in 
 his report of the engagement at Frazier's Farm, June 30th: 
 
 "I have reserved General Robinson for the last. To him this day is due 
 above all others in this division the honors of this battle. The attack was 
 on his wing. Everywhere present by personal supervision and noble 
 example he secured to us the honor of victory. Our loss has been severe, 
 and when it is remembered that this occurs to mere skeletons of 
 regiments there is but one observation to be made — that previous 
 military history presents no such parallel." 
 
 After Malvem Hill, the Army of the Potomac remained encamped 
 at Harrison's Landing for six weeks, and then it was ordered north to 
 participate in the new campaign, launched under Pope. Meantime, 
 Lee was leaving Richmond to join the vanguard of his army, under 
 Stonewall Jackson, who, on August 9th, encountered Banks at Cedar 
 Mountain, the forces engaged being 20,000 Confederates against 
 9,000 under Banks. 
 
 Lee and Jackson were now to match their skill and daring against a 
 new commander, for Pope was given McClellan's place as 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 127 
 
 commander of all of the forces in Virginia. Forthwith, there was 
 strenuous concentration of the units of both contending armies, with 
 intermittent fighting as they were drawn in the direction of Manassas. 
 Pope was instructed to make a stand at the Rappahamiock, where it 
 was thought at Washington he could be strengthened soon enough by 
 the troops that had left Harrison's Landing. The Confederate leader 
 was in a hurry to precipitate a big battle before all the Union troops 
 could effect a concentration and he pressed Pope hard at the 
 Rappahannock. Failing in this then, Lee ordered Jackson and Stuart to 
 place themselves in Pope's rear. In this hazardous movement Jackson 
 reached Manassas and seized large quantities of supplies there. Then 
 leaving Manassas, just as Pope was nearing it, he succeeded in 
 coming within supporting distance of the rest of Lee's army. In the 
 fighting that ensued, the Second Manassas campaign, the Union 
 troops were worsted. Pope, who began his operations with what has 
 been styled braggadocio, resigned on reaching Washington, and 
 McClellan was restored to his command. Lee throughout this 
 campaign had not more than 55,000 men, of whom 10,000 fell, and 
 Pope's forces finally numbered from 70,000 to 75,000, of whom 
 7,000 were taken prisoners, the killed and wounded amounting to 
 over 13,000. The Confederates also captured thirty guns and 20,000 
 rifles. 
 
 In this campaign, at Bristoe Station, Groveton and Bull Run, 
 General Robinson's regiments were hotly engaged. Pope, who had 
 not many good words for some of the commanders that came to him 
 from Harrison's Landing, Porter especially, who was dismissed fi-om 
 the service not long after, said of General Robinson that "he 
 commanded his troops with zeal and gallantry." In another report on 
 these battles — an unsigned document — by one of the victims of the 
 engagement at Chantilly, on September 1st, General Kearny, General 
 Robinson is also favorably mentioned: 
 
 "It makes me proud to dwell on the renewed efforts of my generals of brigade, 
 Birney and Robinson." And again, "I must refer to General Hooker to render 
 justice to the part taken by my first brigade under General Robinson, and 
 Randolph's Battery, in the affair of the 27th at Bristoe Station." 
 
 In an encounter at Bull Run General Robinson was struck by a 
 shell, though not injured. 
 
 General Robinson did not participate m the battle of Antietam, 
 September 17,1862. This was the only important field in which he 
 
128 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 was not with the Army of the Potomac during the time that he held 
 commands in it. On that occasion his brigade was with Banks 
 guarding the defenses at Washington. But he was in Maryland a 
 month later, in pursuit of Stuart when he raided Chambersburg on 
 October 10th, afterward making a circuit round the Federal army and 
 escaping unmolested to Virginia. 
 
 FREDERICKSBURG 
 
 At Fredericksburg, where a disaster similar to that which befell 
 Pope at the Second Manassas was repeated under Bumside, the 
 middle of December, 1862, General Robinson was in the thick of the 
 fighting, his horse having been shot under him. In his report of this 
 battle he says: 
 
 "Entering the field at double quick, I formed line of battle in rear of 
 Livingston's and Randolph's batteries, toward which the enemy was still moving, 
 and which were in danger of being captured. As soon as I had two regiments in 
 line, I pushed forward to meet him. These regiments, the 1 14th Pa. Vols. (Collis' 
 Zouaves) and the 63d Pa. Vols., advanced beautifully, delivering a galling fire 
 into the face of the enemy, and, cheering at double-quick, drove him in 
 confusion, back to his works. The other regiments were now drawn up, and 1 
 formed my brigade in line on the crest of the hill fronting the enemy's 
 entrenchments, and, sending a party of skirmishers as far as the ditch in front of 
 my line, captured in it one colonel, one captain, and sixty non-commissioned 
 officers and privates of a Georgia regiment. This capture was made by Captain 
 Eliot, of the 1 14th Pa. Vols. Other prisoners were taken and among them Captain 
 Lawson, assistant adjutant-general to Major-General Ewell." 
 
 In this battle General Robinson's Brigade was part of the 
 reinforcements that Bumside sent to Sumner while he was bravely, if 
 vainly, trying to oust the Confederates from their impregnable 
 positions at Marye's Heights. When his men went into action the 
 battle was raging in all its fury. 
 
 Says Bimey, the division commander, in his report: 
 
 "I have to mark out for the high commendation of the general in chief, 
 Generals Berry and Robinson and Ward. To the reputation they have established 
 on other fields they have added great lustre." 
 
 And the corps commander, Stoneman: "A portion of Ward's Brigade, under 
 its general, was sent by General Birney to the support of General Meade, and 
 they in their tum were driven back, but immediately re-formed in rear of 
 Robinson's Brigade, which had arrived and was just then deploying in line of 
 battle in front of the batteries of Livingston and Randolph. The enemy was now 
 advancing in strong force, but the brigades of Berry and Robinson, together with 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 129 
 
 the three regiments of Ward's Brigade, on the extreme right, by a well-directed 
 fire, first checiced the advancing foe, and then drove him back into the wood 
 beyond the railroad, taking a considerable number of prisoners." 
 
 Fredericksburg was the last battle in which General Robinson's 
 command was confined to one brigade. By order of Bumside, he was 
 put in charge of the Second Division of the First Corps, Reynolds' 
 This took effect on December 29, 1862. 
 
 CHANCELLORSVILLE 
 
 Notwithstanding the high casualty list and the utter failure that it 
 was Bumside's painful duty to record when writing his report of 
 Fredericksburg, it did not take long for the Army of the Potomac to be 
 in splendid fighting trim again, both as to strength and morale; and 
 none of its commanders so far entertained higher hopes of success 
 than Hooker, who succeeded Bumside, when, early in April, 1863, he 
 had formulated his plans for new operations. 
 
 Hooker was one of the officers that Bumside wanted to be 
 dismissed for disloyalty towards him at Fredericksburg. There was a 
 strong sentiment at Washington against his promotion to the chief 
 command. Reynolds, it is believed, was consulted as to his 
 willingness to lead the army, but declined because he asked more 
 freedom of action, if appointed, than the War Department wished to 
 give him. Meade was also mentioned as a likely successor to 
 Bumside. Hooker was finally selected. 
 
 He began his campaign with commendable cleverness and kept 
 Lee guessing for a considerable time as to his real intentions. 
 Chancellorsville, twelve miles from Falmouth, on the opposite side of 
 the Rappahannock, was his ultimate objective, and by May 1st his 
 main army was concentrated there. 
 
 Perhaps if, as was the case with his successors. Hooker did not 
 have to contend with the indomitable and almost invariably victorious 
 Stonewall Jackson, he would have a different and better story to relate 
 of his soldiership at Chancellorsville. In one of his greatest, as it was 
 his last, maneuvers, Jackson swooped down unawares on the right of 
 the Union amiy the evening of May 2nd, after having made a 
 roundabout march of fifteen miles, and drove the corps posted there, 
 Howard's, before him in confusion. The infantry and artillery 
 interposed themselves between Jackson's men and Hooker s 
 
130 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 headquarters and checked their advance. In returning from a 
 reconnaissance that he made toward dusk Jackson was wounded by 
 his own men, and died ten days after. 
 
 The battle was renewed on May 3rd, with the odds still in favor of 
 Hooker if his superior forces were adroitly handled. From the very 
 beginning Hooker in this campaign seems to have been obsessed by 
 indecision and hesitation. He started from Falmouth intent on taking 
 the offensive, and no sooner had he reached Chancellorsville than he 
 made up his mind to act on the defensive. Lee in this conflict of the 
 3rd of May took the aggressive vigorously and just as it was raging 
 Hooker was stumied by the concussion of a ball from one of the 
 Confederate batteries that struck a pillar of the Chancellor House 
 against which he was leaning. 
 
 While incapacitated from this shock, none of his subordinates 
 ventured to give directions on his own responsibility, with the result 
 that the Confederates were able to claim another decisive victory. 
 While the fighting was going on at Chancellorsville a portion of the 
 Union army under Sedgwick achieved considerable success at Salem 
 Church and Fredericksburg, but being attacked on the 4th Sedgwick 
 was compelled to recross the Rappahannock. Lee then decided to 
 attack Hooker again, but by this time the latter was discouraged, and 
 disinclined for further action, and he marched his troops back to their 
 old positions at Falmouth. Here they were entrenched on the 7th. The 
 Confederate forces also withdrew to their former ground at 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 General Robinson's Division, on account of the First Corps being 
 principally held in reserve and the positions it occupied remaining 
 comparatively immune from attack, was not actively engaged at 
 Chancellorsville. His pickets seized about a hundred prisoners. The 
 casualties of the First Corps in this engagement were only 292, of 
 which 75 were sustained by General Robinson's Division, the 
 Second. Wadsworth commanded the First Division and Doubleday 
 the Third. 
 
 GETTYSBURG 
 
 But if the First Corps was inactive at Chancellorsville and suffered 
 little there, in the movement on Gettysburg, the next battle, it was in 
 the vanguard, and bore the brunt of the opening conflict. 
 
 As a hero of Seminary Ridge, where the First Corps cooperating 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 131 
 
 with the Eleventh on its right, gave battle the first day at Gettysburg 
 to vastly superior forces, General Robinson is worthy of high honor. 
 Marching his men to the sound of cannon from Marsh Creek, six 
 miles away, his two brigades came on the scene just as the initial 
 contest between Wadsworth's Division and the two brigades of 
 Heth's Division was ended. In the memorable struggle of the after- 
 noon of that day General Robinson's Division, posted far out in the 
 firing line in the northern part of the field, held the right of the corps 
 line. He defended a position that was particularly prominent in the 
 zone of danger. There his two brigades contending against parts of 
 five Confederate brigades, for four hours, encountered opposition and 
 sustained casualties that were hardly surpassed during the three days 
 that the battle raged. No more, considering the handicap of numbers 
 that beset him, could any other division claim better achievement than 
 his. Early characterized the onslaught of the first day and the 
 resistance made to it as "an obstinate and bloody conflict." This was 
 well exemplified by General Robinson's Division. As one of his feats 
 of generalship, five hundred fell in one of the brigades opposed to 
 him and a thousand were made prisoners: this, in open-field fighting. 
 One of his brigades, the Second, was led by five successive 
 commanders, four of them having become incapacitated by wounds. 
 General Robinson himself had two horses shot under him. When 
 finally ordered to retreat his men were all but outflanked right and left 
 and in imminent danger of being surrounded. His last act before 
 withdrawing to Cemetery Hill was thoroughly characteristic. 
 Observing that Stewart's Battery, of the Fourth U. S. Artillery, hard 
 pressed and liable to be captured, he fonned his men in line and sent 
 them to its rescue. 
 
 Following is General Robinson's official report of this battle: 
 
 "On the morning of Wednesday, the 1st, the division marched from 
 Emmitsburg, bringing up the rear of the column, and when about three miles 
 from Gettysburg, hearing firing in front, it was pushed rapidly forward, and, 
 arriving on the field, was placed, by order of the major-general commanding First 
 Corps, in reserve, near the seminary. Almost immediately after taking this 
 position, I received notice that the enemy was advancing a heavy column of 
 infantry on the right of our line, when I sent the Second Brigade, under Brigadier- 
 General Baxter, to meet it. Orders being received at this time to hold the 
 seminary, the First Brigade, under Brigadier-General Paul, was set to work to 
 entrench the ridge on which it is situated. 1 then rode to the right of the line, to 
 superintend the operations there. On my arrival, 1 found my Second Brigade so 
 placed as to cover our right flank, but with too great an interval between it and 
 
132 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 the line of the First Division. I at once directed General Baxter to change front 
 forward on his left battalion, and to close this interval, toward which the enemy 
 was making his way. By the time this change was effected, the whole front of the 
 brigade became hotly engaged, but succeeded in repulsing the attack. The enemy, 
 however, soon after brought up fresh forces in increased masses, when, finding 
 the position so seriously threatened, I sent for and brought up the First Brigade, 
 and placed part of it in the position first occupied by Baxter's Brigade, and the 
 remaining battalions as a support to his second position. The enemy now made 
 repeated attacks on the division, in all of which he was handsomely repulsed, 
 with the loss of three flags and about a thousand prisoners. 
 
 "In one of these attacks I was deprived of the services of the veteran 
 commander of the First Brigade, Brigadier-General Paul, who fell, severely 
 wounded, while gallantly directing and encouraging his command. 
 
 "The division held this position on the right — receiving and repelling the 
 fierce attacks of a greatly superior force, not only in front, but on the flank, and, 
 when the enemy's ranks were broken, charging upon him and capturing his colors 
 and men — from about noon until nearly five P. M., when I received orders to 
 withdraw. These orders not being received until all other troops (except Stewart's 
 Battery) had commenced moving to the rear, the division held its ground until 
 out-flanked right and left, and retired fighting. 
 
 "From the nature of the enemy's attacks, frequent changes were rendered 
 necessary, and they were made promptly under a galling fire. No soldiers ever 
 fought better, or inflicted severer blows upon the enemy. When out of 
 ammunition, their boxes were replenished from those of their killed and wounded 
 comrades. 
 
 "The instances of distinguished gallantry are too numerous to be embodied in 
 this report, and I leave it to the brigade and regimental commanders to do justice 
 to those under their immediate command. Where all did so well, it is difficult to 
 discriminate. As, however, they came under my personal observation, I 
 cheerfully indorse the remarks of General Baxter in commendation of Colonel 
 Coulter, Eleventh Pennsylvania; Colonel Wheelock, Ninety-seventh New York; 
 Colonel Lyie, Ninetieth Pennsylvania; Colonel Bates and Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Alien, Twelfth Massachusetts; Lieutenant-Colonel Moesch, Eighty-third New 
 York, and Major Foust, Eighty-eighth Pennsylvania. 
 
 "After the fall of General Paul, the command of the First Brigade devolved 
 successively upon Colonel Leonard, Thirteenth Massachusetts, Colonel Root, 
 Ninety-fourth New York, and Colonel Coulter, Eleventh Pennsylvania, all of 
 whom were wounded while exercising the command. 
 
 "After withdrawing from this contest, I took up a position on a ridge to the left 
 of the cemetery, facing the Emmitsburg road, and remained there until after-noon 
 of the next day, when 1 was relieved by a division of the Second Corps, and 
 ordered to the support of the Eleventh Corps. In the evening I was ordered to the 
 left of our line, but was soon after directed to return. 
 
 "On Friday moming, 3d instant, the division was massed, and held ready to 
 push forward to the support of the Twelfth Corps, then engaged with the enemy 
 on our right. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 133 
 
 "About noon, I was informed by the major-general commanding the army 
 that he anticipated an attacic on the cemetery by the enemy's forces massed in the 
 town, and was directed to so place my command that if our line gave way I could 
 attack the enemy on his flank. I proceeded to make this change of position at the 
 moment the enemy commenced the terrific artillery fire of that day. Never before 
 were troops so exposed to such a fire of shot and shell, and yet the movement was 
 made in perfect order and with little loss. 
 
 "Later in the day, the enemy having made his attack on our left instead of the 
 center, 1 was ordered to the right of the Second Corps, which position I held until 
 Sunday, when the line was withdrawn. 
 
 "My thanks are due to Brigadier-Generals Baxter and Paul for the able and 
 zealous manner in which they handled their brigades. The officers of my staff 
 were actively engaged during the whole of the three days' engagements. 
 Lieutenant Samuel M. Morgan, acting assistant adjutant-general; Lieutenant 
 Frederick M. Hallock, aide-de-camp, and Lieutenants Bratton and Mead, acting 
 aides, were at all times distinguished for their gallantry and good conduct. 
 Captain John G. Hovey, acting assistant inspector-general, was wounded and 
 taken from the field early in the fight. Lieutenant Smith, ordnance officer, was 
 diligent in the performance of his duty, and collected and turned in 2,231 muskets 
 and a large number of equipments. 
 
 "It affords me pleasure to call special attention to the gallant conduct of one of 
 my orderlies. Sergeant Ebenezer S. Johnson, First Maine Cavalry, whose 
 chevrons should be exchanged for the epaulette. When we make officers of such 
 men, the soldier receives his true reward and the service great benefit. 
 
 "This division went into battle with less than 2,500 officers and men, and 
 sustained a loss of 1 ,667, of which 124 were commissioned officers." 
 
 Like General Doubleday, General Robinson had occasion to 
 complain against belated action in giving himself and his division 
 proper credit for what they accomplished and endured in the 
 Gettysburg campaign. Under date of November 18, 1863, he 
 addressed the following letter to General Meade: 
 
 HEADQUARTERS, SECOND DIVISION, FIRST ARMY CORPS 
 
 November 15, 1863. 
 
 Major-General George G. Meade, 
 Commanding Army of the Potomac: 
 
 General: I feel it is my duty to inform you of the intense mortification and 
 disappointment felt by my division in reading your report of the battle of 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 For nearly four hours on July 1st we were hotly engaged against 
 overwhelming numbers, repulsed repeated attacks of the enemy, captured three 
 fiags and a very large number of prisoners, and were the last to leave the field. 
 
 The division formed the right of the line of battle of the First Corps, and 
 during the whole time had to fight the enemy in front and protect our right fiank 
 
134 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 (the division of the 1 1th Corps being at no time less than half a mile in rear). We 
 went into action with less than 2,500 men and lost considerably more than half 
 our number. We have been proud of our efforts on that day, and hoped that they 
 would be recognized. It is but natural we should feel disappointed that we are not 
 once referred to in the report of the commanding general. Trusting that you will 
 investigate this matter and give us due credit, I am, general, very respectfully, 
 your obedient servant. 
 
 JNO. C. ROBINSON. 
 
 Official recognition, in full measure, if delayed, was given to the 
 tliree divisions of the First Corps for what they dared and did at 
 Gettysburg, and they and their commanders are rightfully classed 
 among the most courageous and effective agencies in Meade's 
 successful operations against Lee in that battle. 
 
 FROM GETTYSBURG TO SPOTSYLVANIA 
 
 Lee had a more anxious tasic on hand effecting a retreat from 
 Gettysburg and crossing the Potomac than when withdrawing to the 
 other side of that river from Antietam, some nine months before. The 
 effort to overtake him and intercept him, however, was not pushed as 
 vigorously as might be expected. Ten days after turning southward 
 his forces were on Virginia soil again. The Federal army after 
 crossing the Potomac in its pursuit occupied the northern passes of 
 the Blue Ridge, threatening the Confederate communications with 
 Richmond, while at the same time guarding Washington from attack. 
 Lee continued his march to Culpeper and remained there for a while. 
 Then he moved to a position behind the Rapidan and Meade 
 entrenched his amiy at Culpeper. Early in October an attack by the 
 Confederates caused Meade to recross the Rappahannock. A few days 
 after Lee's troops were at Warrenton. The Confederates endeavored 
 to get in rear of one of the Federal Corps, but were repulsed with 
 heavy loss. This made Lee abandon the pursuit and he marched back 
 to the south bank of the Rappahannock, where, at the Rappahamiock 
 Station, on November 7th, a portion of his army was assailed and 
 driven off by a Federal Division. Followed by Meade, Lee went to 
 Culpeper Court House and then crossed the Rapidan. The end of 
 November, on account of wide clamoring for another strenuous 
 engagement, Meade began a movement with that end in view. A 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 135 
 
 corps from each of the contending armies fought a heavy duel on the 
 27th. The following day the two annies were confronting each other 
 on the opposite side of Mine Run. Meade planned a grand attack for 
 the 30th on the Confederate entrenchments, but it did not materialize. 
 Lee now seeing that Meade's army was in a difficult country and a 
 considerable distance from its base, at an unfavorable season, decided 
 to take the offensive. The attack was to be made on December 2nd, 
 but during the night of the first Meade withdrew his whole army to 
 the north bank of the Rapidan and the campaign was thus ended. Both 
 armies then went into winter quarters, the Confederates to the south 
 bank of the Rapidan, with headquarters at Orange Court House, while 
 Meade's army encamped near Culpeper. 
 
 During these various movements and skirmishes in Virginia the 
 last five month of 1 863 Meade compared very favorably with Lee in 
 skill and judgment. 
 
 General Robinson's Division was engaged in the affair at Liberty 
 on November 21st, in the Mine Run maneuvers and in the actions 
 following them. 
 
 When, in March, 1864, Grant was made lieutenant-general and the 
 Army of the Potomac reorganized, the First Corps became part of the 
 Fifth, under Warren. General Meade retained the immediate 
 command of the Army of the Potomac. Having conferred with 
 Sherman to lay out plans for the march to Atlanta from Chattanooga, 
 Grant returned to Virginia, and at the Wilderness began the overland 
 campaign to Richmond. He encountered Lee's forces on May 5th. 
 Here for three days a vigorous attack was made on the Confederates, 
 but they could not be driven from their entrenchments. Grant's first 
 trial at arms with Lee resulted in heavy casualties. Quite a number of 
 Gettysburg commanders were wounded during those three days, and 
 three of them, Wadsworth, Jones and Jenkins, were killed. Grant 
 continued his drive on the 7th, intent on capturing Spotsylvania; but 
 the Confederates arrived there in advance. Earthworks that Lee had 
 thrown up were taken, and five separate charges were made to regain 
 them, but without success. In prisoners alone, the Confederate 
 suffered a loss of five thousand at Spotsylvania. Lee withdrew his 
 army to other ground in the vicinity and fortified it. It was at 
 Spotsylvania, on May 8th, that Sedgwick, commanding the Sixth 
 Corps, was killed. Notwithstanding the setbacks and the heavy losses 
 
136 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 suffered, Grant declared in a dispatch sent to Washington on May 
 1 1th, "1 propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." 
 
 Advancing further south, the armies encountered each other again 
 on the 1st of June, at Cold Harbor, where in a terrible tliree-day 
 engagement the Union forces came perilously near suffering a defeat. 
 Up to this time the Union anny had lost 60,000 men and the 
 Confederates 35,000. Reinforced by the Anny of the James from 
 Fortress Monroe, Grant detennined to advance against Petersburg, 
 which McClellan would have tried to take two years before if 
 permitted. The first assault on it failing, a regular siege was begun, 
 which lasted all fall and winter. Meantime, hoping to draw Grant's 
 attention from Petersburg, Lee sent a large detachment of his army 
 under Early to tlireaten Washington. A series of raids occurred, and 
 then Grant sent Sheridan after Early. He defeated Early at Winchester 
 on September 19th. While away from his headquarters, at Cedar 
 Creek, his forces were taken by surprise on October 19th. Retuming 
 in time, he rallied them and routed the Confederates. On April 2, 
 1865, the works at Petersburg were carried. The following day 
 Riclimond was occupied by the Federals. The Confederate army fled 
 to Famiville, on the Appomattox, pursued by Grant. Here Grant 
 proposed that Lee should surrender and avoid further bloodshed. On 
 the 9th of April the two leaders met and agreed on ternis of surrender. 
 
 In the meantime, Sherman was completing his march northward 
 from Savannah, the Confederates vainly trying to stop him. Columbia 
 yielded on his approach and Charlotte was abandoned the same time. 
 Shemian pressed on to Charlotte, N. C, and took possession of it on 
 March ll'^ On April 13*' he entered Raleigh. Here Johnston being 
 notified of Lee's surrender also agreed to end hostilities, which closed 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Spotsylvania was General Robinson's last battle. His division led 
 the Fifth Corps in its strenuous march to that place the night of May 
 7'\ In his report of the battle he says: 
 
 "At 9 P. M. on the V"" the army commenced the flank movement to the left, the 
 Fifth Corps leading, with my division in advance. Our march was nnpeded by 
 darkness, bad roads, small streams, and fallen timber; yet, knowing the 
 importance of reaching Spotsylvania Court House before the enemy, the troops 
 were urged forward as rapidly as possible. At daylight on the morning of the 8"" I 
 overtook the advance guard of the cavalry, which was engaged with the enemy. 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 137 
 
 I immediately deployed two brigades, holding the third in reserve, pushed by the 
 cavalry (commanded by Brigadier General Merritt), and drove the light troops 
 and artillery of the enemy from one position to another, through woods and 
 across open fields about three miles. Coming to another field I could plainly see 
 the enemy's line in the edge of timber beyond. I here halted and reformed the 
 division, and again advanced to the attack. The division was soon checked, and it 
 became evident that here was the enemy's main line, but his strength was 
 undeveloped. Knowing that my brave men would follow, wherever I led the way, 
 I placed myself at their head and led them forward to the attack. At this moment a 
 part of Griffin's Division advanced out of the woods on my right. Cheering my 
 men on, we had arrived within fifty yards of the works when I received a musket- 
 ball on the left knee, resulting in amputation of my leg. This unfortunate wound 
 caused the result I feared, for as I was borne off the field I saw that our troops 
 were repulsed and the attack had failed. Our loss this day was heavy.'' 
 
 Of this action Warren, the corps commander, reported as follows: 
 
 "In the flank movement to the left, begun at dark of the 7th of May, the Fifth 
 Corps again had the lead, with General Robinson's Division again in the advance. 
 Delayed as we were by darkness and bad roads, crowded with troops, until it was 
 probable the enemy had anticipated us in reaching the desired point, yet urged by 
 the importance of time to our success. General Robinson marched rapidly on, 
 driving the light troops of the enemy before him, till charging directly the desired 
 position, himself animating the advance by leading in person, he fell dangerously 
 wounded and his command was repulsed by the opposing infantry, arrayed in 
 strong force." 
 
 Meade in his report of this battle, mentioning General Robinson, 
 said: 
 
 "Warren immediately attacked with Robinson's Division — that gallant 
 officer being severely wounded early in the action — pushing the enemy back 
 and taking position in front of him at the Block House.' 
 
 From Alsop's Farm General Robinson was carried in an 
 ambulance to Acquia Creek, from whence, with four hundred others 
 who were wounded, he was taken to Washington. There he was met 
 by his brother, Henry L. Robinson, in whose house he remained 
 during convalescence. His leg was amputated by Surgeon-General 
 Barnes, U. S. A. Immediately following the operation he became so 
 weak that much anxiety was felt for his recovery. President Lincoln 
 called on him often and those kindly visits afforded him much 
 consolation during his suffering. It was not very long, however, until 
 he was able to go to Binghamton. 
 
138 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 He returned to duty on September 24, 1864, having been 
 appointed to the command of the district of Northern New York. 
 After the war he was transferred to the district of Northern and 
 Western New York. In 1866 he was commander of the State of North 
 Carolina, and the same year he was commissioner of the Bureau of 
 Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. He was commander of 
 the South in 1867, and in 1868 commander and judge advocate in the 
 Department of the Lakes. He was in command of Fort Wayne, 
 Michigan, a regiment being under his charge there, in 1869, the last 
 of his many assignments, extending over a period of tluee decades. 
 On May 6, 1869, General Robinson retired from the United States 
 Army, with the rank of major-general. 
 
 When free to go back to civil life, he made his home in 
 Binghamton, where he was bom, and where his parents had settled 
 sixty years before. Here as a citizen it can be well said of him that he 
 followed the example of his father. For a great many years before his 
 demise he was accorded the honor of being Binghamton's most 
 distinguished resident. 
 
 It was not long after settling down in Binghamton that General 
 Robinson was "'ordered" to bestir himself for another strenuous 
 campaign — this time a political one — no less an ordeal than trying 
 to beat Chauncey M. Depew in an election for the important post of 
 lieutenant-governor, and he won the battle too. This was in 1872, 
 when General Dix was returned as governor. General Robinson 
 served his term of two years in office with credit, and his integrity 
 was recognized by all who came into contact with him. He was 
 renominated in 1874 and opposed by William Dorsheimer, in the 
 ticket headed by Samuel J. Tilden, whose party received a majority of 
 the votes. 
 
 After completing his two years of office in Albany General 
 Robinson was nearing three score years, and assuredly worthy then of 
 enjoying some rest and leisure. During the remainder of his life he 
 thought it wise for him 
 
 "To husband out life's taper at the close, And keep the flame from wasting by 
 repose." 
 
 In his declining years — outside of his family — his greatest interest 
 was centered in veterans and their associations and reunions. 
 Binghamton and its vicinity were well represented in the Civil War, 
 so he had frequent opportunities to meet his comrades, and it was 
 
InMemoriam: Doubleday Robinson 139 
 
 they among all his youth's compeers that cheered him most. He was 
 deeply interested in the Society of the Army of the Potomac, of which 
 he was president in 1879. In 1877 he was chosen commander- in- 
 chief of the Grand Anny of the Republic. Gazing once from a 
 platform on a large reunion of veterans, he exclaimed, as his face 
 beamed with delight, " What a grand assembly of the dear old boys." 
 General Robinson was a man of striking appearance. As he advanced 
 in years his beard turned as white as snow. Towards the end his sight 
 became dim and finally he was totally blind. Many surviving 
 members of the Loyal Legion have still a vivid recollection of a 
 pathetic scene at one of their banquets held in New York City, when 
 General Robinson, standing with sightless eyes, bid his old- 
 companions-in-arms a last farewell, and with hearts softened by 
 emotion the six hundred veterans present cheered him loudly. He died 
 a few months later, on February 18, 1897, at his home in Binghamton, 
 having reached the age of seventy-nine years. The funeral services 
 were held in Christ Church, of which his father was one of the 
 founders. Several veteran organizations were represented. The 
 ceremonies were conducted with military honors. Full justice was 
 paid to his exemplary career and sterling qualities at a special meeting 
 held not many days after he was laid to rest. The esteem in which he 
 was held was ardently and eloquently set forth at that gathering of his 
 friends, comrades and admirers. The following tribute, among others, 
 was paid to his memory by Senator Edmund O'Connor, of 
 Binghamton: 
 
 "General Robinson was our most eminent and esteemed citizen. He acted a 
 conspicuous and glorious part in an important epoch; in fact, the most important 
 since the struggle of combined Christendom with the Turk to determine whether 
 Europe should belong to the followers of Christ or Mahomet. The contest in 
 which he participated with so much credit to himself and honor to his native city 
 and State was not only to determine whether the nation should live and freedom 
 instead of slavery be the heritage of its people, but whether the experiment of a 
 'government of the people, by the people and for the people, should perish from 
 the earth.' 
 
 "It is indeed fitting that we should assemble in public meeting when one of 
 these grand personalities passes away and recount his great achievements and 
 personal merits, not so much to extol the dead as to impress the living with the 
 example of his life and to inspire them to emulate his virtues. 
 
 "General Robinson was indeed every inch a thorough soldier; he was modest, 
 kind hearted, patriotic, loyal, obedient and brave. Like Lord Cardigan at 
 Balaklava, had his superior officer ordered him to assault the battlements of the 
 
140 In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 
 
 infernal regions, he would have led the charge with the same heroic and sublime 
 courage he displayed in leading his forces on the bloody field of Spotsylvania. In 
 the soldier, obedience and courage are twin sisters. Neither is of much value 
 without the other. 
 
 "General Robinson knew how to obey as well as to command. He possessed in 
 an eminent degree, in addition to courage and a disciplined mind, the other 
 qualities so characteristic of all great soldiers, viz., modesty, a generous heart and 
 a firm belief in the Christian religion. It was next to impossible to induce him to 
 talk of his own important services during the war. It was only after the most 
 persistent examination that you could extract anything like an admission from 
 him that he personally had anythmg to do with suppressing the rebellion. 
 
 "A man without strong convictions will be a coward in war, a failure in peace 
 and a hypocrite everywhere. General Robinson was the reverse of all these. 
 
 "As a citizen. General Robinson was ideal. With a proper amount of civic 
 pride he was earnest and interested in the prosperity of his native city. He took an 
 active interest in all public improvements, and although not possessed of great 
 means he cheerfully voted for any tax which was designed to improve the beauty 
 and further the prosperity of Binghamton. He never had any of the spirit of 
 commercial greed, the vice so characteristic of our age and which is surely 
 sapping our patriotism and love of country. Long years of patriotic service had 
 secured him a modest competence, with which he was contented. He never 
 indulged in vulgar or unseemly display. He was a simple, unassuming Christian 
 gentleman. He loved God and his fellow men. He was loyal to his country, to his 
 party, to his church, to his family and to his neighbors. His life was an example 
 and an inspiration to those who knew him. He filled to the brim the measure of 
 every duty. He died as he lived, in peace with God and mankind. He left as a 
 legacy to his children and their descendants an untarnished name and a splendid 
 record as a soldier, a statesman and a Christian gentleman. This is a heritage in 
 which they have a right to take just pride, because neither rust can corrode, moths 
 consume nor the ill winds of fortune scatter it — a legacy that should and will be 
 more precious to them than the wealth of all the Caesars." 
 
 General Robinson was one of a family of ten, six of whom grew to 
 maturity. His sister Ambrosia was the wife of Major Augustus 
 Morgan. His four brothers, Sidney P Robinson, Erasmus D. 
 Robinson, Henry L. Robinson and Charles L. Robinson, attained 
 good positions in business or professional life. Henry L. Robinson 
 was brevetted brigadier-general during the Civil War and served in 
 the quartermaster's department. 
 
 General Robinson's wife was Sarah Pease Robinson, daughter of 
 Judge Loram T. Pease, a native of Hartford, Conn., and sister of 
 Governor Elisha M. Pease of Texas. They were married at Green Bay, 
 Wis., on May 12, 1842. Mrs. Robinson was bom on September 10, 
 1822, and educated at the Hartford Female Seminary. She died on 
 March 28, 1892. 
 
In Memoriam: Doubleday-Robinson 141 
 
 Seven children were bom of this marriage. Of these, Lieut. Jolin 
 Marshall Robinson, was in the United States Navy, having received 
 his appointment from General Grant in 1869. He was retired with the 
 rank of commodore in 1908, and died on November 27, 1910, at 
 Washington, D. C. It is there that his widow, Mrs. J. Marshall 
 Robinson, and daughter, Miss Katherine Robinson, now reside. 
 Cleveland Robinson, another son of General Robinson, died at his 
 home in Binghamton on June 20, 1916. His daughter, Julia M. 
 Robinson (Mrs. Clinton Collier) and widow, Mrs. Cleveland 
 Robinson, reside in Binghamton. Caroline Pease Robinson, who 
 unveiled her father's statue at Gettysburg, is the wife of Robert 
 Atherton Hall, of Whitehall, N. Y. They have four children, Elizabeth 
 Hammond Hall, Marion Marshall Hall, Eleanor Morgan Hall and J. 
 C. R. Hall, who is now serving as a lieutenant in the United States 
 Army. 
 
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