CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY STEWART H. BURNHAM FUND Cornell University Library T 825.B1M12 3 1924 021 899 293 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021899293 FROM THE ART GALLERY-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP THE Centennial Exhibition, HELD IN COMMEMORATION OP THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OP AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE.GREAT BUILDINGS AND, ALL THE OBJECrS._OE INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THEM, EMBRACING ALSO A 'Concise History of the Origin and Success of tlic Exliibition, und Biograpies of tie Leading Members of the Centennial Commission, TO WHICH IS ADDED A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. BY JAMES D. MgOABE, author op ths "ckntrnnral history 'of the qnttrd states," ''pathways op the holy land," etc., JJTC. EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BUILDINGS AND SCENES IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION. Issiiea by BubBcription only, and not for sale in tlie book store? RcBidents of any State desirlu^ a C(^y should address the Publishers, and an Agent will vml a^n thtim. See page S7d. JONES BROTHERS & CO., CIXCXXNATI, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO, MEMPHIS, ATLANTA. r Entered according to Act of Congretts, in tbe year 1^0, by In tbe 0£Qce of tbe Librarian of Congress, at Wasbington, D. C. VIEW IN THE MAIN BUILDING, SHOWING THE SPANISH, EGYPTIAN AND DANISH COURTS. PREFACE. HE close of the first century of American Inde- pendence naturally called for some extraor- dinary and imposing commemoration of the great event ; and when it was proposed to cele- brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the American Kepublic should display to the world the triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace during its first century of national existence, and in which these triumphs should be compared in friendly rivalry with those of other and older nations, there was a general and cordial response of approval from the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter- national Centennial Exhibition was born. Foreign nations entered cordially into the competition to which they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for- ward ,to completion with the most gratifying energy and promptness. The International Centennial Exhibition was a grand success. It surmounted its early diflBculties and delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its 4 PREFACE. positive and overwhelming success as compared with the previous great Exhibitions of the world. It is a success of which the American people have especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held, and were fostered with the greatr est care, and every resource of the state was placed at their disposal to insure success. The Centennial Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor by the American Government, which withheld its aid until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced it to come forward and do its share in the work. The Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people of the United States, conceived by them, carried for- ward to its close by them, and made by them the grandest success of the century. The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of our people in their bfeautiful Exhibition. Thousands came from all parts of the Union, and yet other thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition, and all these went away with the acknowledgment that, great as their expectations were, they were more than realized. Believing that such would be the interest of the American people in the Exhibition, the author began at an early day the preparation of this work, in which he has sought to present to the reader not only the history of the great enterprise, from its inception down PREFACE. 5 to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life- like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights and attractions. " Apart from his other labors, he visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record faithfully and accurately the various features and incidents of the great fair which seem to him most likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, and that the work will be found of use and interest by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for themselves the beautiful and instructive display de- scribed herein, as well as by the thpusands who could not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex- hibition only by the reports that reach them through their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit chiefly the author has written these pages, in which he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar with the Exhibition without either the expense or trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed that those who visited the Exhibition will find a perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex- hibition was a world within itself, and the visitor entering its portals was plunged at once into the midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and at- tractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study of this eighth wonder of the world through the medium of some systematic and carefully prepared account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the 6 PBEFACE. ihtelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered him in this work. ' Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, admit the truthfulness of the picture herein presented, whatever they may think of the manner in which the work is executed. The engravings in this work have been prepared especially for it, and at great expense. It is suflBcient to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros., New York, and other \^ell-known houses. Jas. D. McCabe. Philadelphia, December 4■ v ^ "iijSBiswi:. Lgsjni''-^" ij-L. L-.i Jj'OOD FISHES OF THE SEA — EXHIBITED IN THE UNITED STATES GOyEBNMENT BUILDING, LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS. H 170. The Forcing-House, Horticultural Hall page 512 171. Memorial Hall or Art Gallery 519 172. Eagle used in ornamentation of Memorial Hall '. 521 173. Italian Statuary in the Annex to the Art Gallery 53-t 174. Photographic Art Gallery 541 175. United States Government Building... 546 176. Post Hospital of the United States Army 586 177. Women's Pavilion, International Centennial Exhibition. 590 178. Pennsylvania State Building 600 179. Maryland State Building 602 180. The British Buildings : 608 181. Building of the German Empire 611 182. Swedish School-Honse 61.^ 183. The Japanese Dwelling 615 184. The Judges' Hall 619 185. Grand American Restaurant..... 621 ■ 186. The Southern Restaurant 622 187. Restaurant of the Trols Freres Provenjeaux.., 623 188. The Shoe and Leather Building 626 189. Building of the Department of Public Comfort 630 190. Singer Sewing Machine Building 633 191. The Empire Traiis])ortation Company's Building 636 192. Building of the Campbell Press Company 638 193. The American Newspaper Building 641 194. General J. R. Hawley, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission... 650 195. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance 654 196. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition 655 197. Professor J. L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission 656 198. General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Burean of Revenue 658 199. Abbe Bolt Forging Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 660 200. The New Post-Office, Philadelphia 662 20L The Wisconsin State Building 665 202. Women's Centennial Concert Garden, Broad Street 670 203. Boat Houses of the, Schuylkill Wavy; 674 204. Commodore James M. Ferguson ; 679 205. The Baldwin Narrow-Gange Locomotive, used by the West-End Rail- way in the Exhibition Grounds 682 206. The Ice- Yacht, exhibited in Machinery HaU 683 207. The Sellers Slotting Machine, in Machinery Hall 685 208. Johnson's Type Casting Machine, in Machinery HaU 687 209. The Sellers Hydrostatic Wheel-Press, in Machinery Hall 689 210. " The Death of the Elk "—Swedish Group in the Main Building 691 211. Brayton's Hydro-Carbon Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 692 212. Group of Palm Trees in Hortionltural Hall 694 213. Dead-Stroke Power Hammer, in Machinery Hall 696 214. Sevres Vase, in Memorial Hall 699 215. The Vintage Festival, by Alma Tadema, in Memorial Hall 702 12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 216. Langen Otto Gas Motor, exhibited in the German Section of Machinery Hall PAGE 704 217. Flowers' Centennial Oil-Cup, exhibited in Machinery Hall 708 218. Carved East Indian Furniture, in the Main Building 709 ^19. Machinery Section, Agricultural Hall ^'^ 220. Four-Cylinder Soap-Making Machine, exhibited in the French Section, , Machinery Hall ^12 221. Interior of Rotunda of Memorial Hall 714 222. "Aquometer" Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall 715 223. Department of Printing Machinery in Machinery Hall 717 224. Becker's "Rtzpah Protecting the Bodies of her Sons," in Memorial Hall 719 '225. Combination Wood Worker, exhibited in Machinery Hall 720 226. Eastman Johnson's "Old Kentucky Home," in Memorial Hall 722 227. Garlandal's Air-Cooler and Purifying Apparatus, exhibited in Ma- chinery Hall 723 228. The Stevens Parallel Vise, exhibited in Machinery Hall 724 229. The Italian Department, Agricultural Hall 726 230. Slotting Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery Hall... 727 231. The Sewing Machine Section, Machinery Hall 729 232. Chambers, Bro. & Co.'s Archimedean Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 730 233. Power Punching Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery Hall 731 234. Dreaming lolanthe, in Butter, in the Women's Pavilion 733 23.5. " Dug-Out" from British Columbia, in the United States Government Building. 734 236. Steam Hammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall.... 736 237. Ferris & Miles' Shaping Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 738 ' 238. Totem-Post, from Haidahs, Queen Charlotte Islands, in the United States Government Building. 739 239. "Diana." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building 742 240. "Psyche." Figure in Terra-Cotta, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building, 744 241. View of the Interior of the Glass Works 745 242. Chinese Pagoda, in the Main Building 746 , 243. Kiosk of Stuffed Birds, exhibited in the Main Building 748 244. Patent Folding Bed, exhibited in the Main Building..... 750 245. The Whitmore Portable Steam-Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall. 762 246. Perforated Veneer Seats 754 247. View of Section of Fish Exhibit, United States Government Building. 766 248. "The Century Vase," exhibited by the Gorham Company in the Main Building 757 '249. British Museum Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff. 769 250. Tumbler Drainer, and Water-Jet, exhibited by Charles Lippiucott & ■ Co., in Machinery Hall 7gl 251. Palmer Power Spring-Hammer, exhibited in Machinery HalL 763 252. Exhibit of Seeds in Agricultural HaU 7g7 CEEESIONIES AT THE OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. QKNEBAX. VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF TUB ilAlN BUILDING. LIST OP ILLUBTEATION8. 13 253. Ticket-Office of the Pennsylvania Bailroad, in the Exhibition Grounds PAGE 770 254. Soda Fountain, exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery HaU 774 255. Japanese Bronze Vase, in the Main Building 776 256. Bapgh's Sectional Mill for Hard Substances, exhibited in Machinery Hall 779 257. Liberian Ivory Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall 781 258. Malachite Mantel and Ornaments, exhibited in the Bussian Section, Main Building 783 269. Weimer's Suspended Hot-Blast Stove, exhibited in Machinery Hall.. 786 260. The " Warwick Vase," exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building , 787 261. Weimer & Birkenbine's Furnace Charger, exhibited in Machinery Hall 788 262. The Twiss Verticar Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 789 263. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff, in the Main Building ;.. 792 264. Theorell's Printing Meteorograph, exhibited in the Swedish School- House 793 265. Mammoth California Grape Vine, in Agricultural Hall 796 266. Centennial Award Medal (.Obverse) ; 798 267. Centennial Award Medal (Eeverse) 799 268. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graflf, in the Main Building. 803 269. Patent Car Coupler, exhibited in Machinery Hall 805 270. Blank Books, exhibited by W. F. Murphy's Sons, Philadelphia, in ' the Main Building 807 271. The Aquaria, Agricultural Hall 809 272. Alcott's Turbine Wheel, exhibited in Machinery Hall 811 273. Steam Hammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery HalL.... 814 274. Portuguese Government Building j 816 275. View of the Looms, Machinery Hall 8jl8 276. Ehode Island State Building 820 277. Gregg's Impact Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 822 278. Liberian Coffee Huller, exhibited in Agricultural Hall '.. 823 279. " Keystone Soda Water Apparatus," exhibited by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery Hall 825 280. Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited in the Main Building 826 281. SUver Bas-Eelief Plaque, Eepousse, exhibited by the Gorham Co 828 282. Ornamental Pagoda, in the .Chinese Section, Main BuUding. 829 283. Mississippi gtate Building. 831 JlSi. Communion Service, "Gorham Plate," exhibited by the Gorham Manufacturing Company, in the Main Building 833 285. Drum Koller Printing Press, exhibited by Cottrell & Babcock 835 286. The Bunquist Oscillating Governor, exhibited in Machinery Hall.... 836 287. Silver Flower Vase, Bepousse Work, exhibited by the Gorham Co... 837 288. Wagner's Chariot Eaoe, in Memorial Hall 838 289. Makart's "Venice doing Homage to Catharine Cornaro," in Mem- orial Hall 841 14 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 290. Gillinder & Sons' Glass Works in the EKhibition Grounds PAGE 843 291. Upright Drilling Machine, exhibited in Machinery HaU 846 292. Brazilian Government Building 847 293. "Old Virginia" Building. 848 294. Philadelphia City Building 850 295. French Burr Mill,. in Machinery Hall 853 296. Steam-Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall 854 297. Conelly's Statue of Thetis, in Memorial Hall 855 298. Embroidered Screen, exhibited in the Chinese Section, Main Building. 856 299. "Vermont State Building 858 300. The New England Log Cabin and Modern Kitchen 859 301. Planing Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 860 302. Eadial Drill, exhibited in Machinery Hall 861 303. Liberian Coffee Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hall 864 304. Screw-Cutting Lathe, exhibited in Machinery Hall 867 305. Peacock's Feather, containing the famous "Brunswick" Diamond, and oyer 600 Small Diamonds 869 306. China Vases... 871 307. China Vases 872 308. Centennial Award Medal 873 309. Interior View of the Kansas and Colorado Building 310. General View of the Interior of Machinery Hall 311. The Hydraulic Basin, in Machinery Hall 312. View of the Interior of the Women's Pavilion 313. Interior of the United States Government Building 314. Interior of the Brazilian Court, in the Main Building 315. General View of the Interior of Horticultural Hall , 316. The Chinese Court, in the Main Building..... 317. Exhibit of Garden Seed, in Agricultural Hall 318. Ornamental Vase and Flowers, exhibited in Main Building 319. "Exhibition Vase," exhibited in Main BuUding 320. The Starch PavUion, in Agricultural Hall 321. General View of the Interior of Agricultural Hall 322. Pagoda and Group of Vases, in the Chinese Section 323. Japanese Temple in Bronze, Main Building 324. Silver Pitcher, exhibited by the Gorham Co 326. Solid Silver Salver, exhibited by the Gorham Co. Value $3,000 326. Show-Cases in the Chinese Department, Main Building 327. Group of Vases, exhibited in the Chinese Section 328. Bronze Vase, exhibited in the Japanese Section 329. Principal Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad, West Philadelphia... 830. Improved Stop Cylinder Press, exhibited in Machinery Hall GENEKAL VIEW OF THE INTEBIOK OP MACHINERY HAIL. THE HYDBAULIC BASIN, IN MACHINERY HALL, '4 CON'TENTS. CHAPTER 1. THE CITY OP PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL. Foundingof Philadelphia by William Penn— His Treaty with the Indians —Original Plan of the City— Growth of the City— The Revolution- Occupation by the British— Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia — " Its Banking Interests— Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial Census — Population of Philadelphia ■ 17 CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — Its Eegularity — Materials used in Building the Houses — "The City of Homes "—Philadelphia Houses — Mr. Kortwright's Statistics — The Public Squares — Market Street — The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written — ^The National Publishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ Church — Chestnut Street — A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's Hall — The Continental Congress^-The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Offlce — Independence Hall — The Fashionable Prom- enade—Noted Buildings— The Hotels!— The Continental— The United States Mint — Walnut Street — ^The Merchants' Exchange — The Commer- cial Exchange — -An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission — The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch Street^The Grave of Frank- lin — Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Penn- sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Academy of Music — The Colosseum — ^TJnion League Club House — The Public Buildings — The Masonic Temple^Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Railroad Depot- Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old Churches. 24 15 16 CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876— CONCLUDED. Steam Railroads— Their Depots and Ticket Offices— Steamship Lines— The Philadelphia Markets— Prominent Churches— Cathedral— The oldest Presbyterian and Roman Catholic Churches— The old Swedes' Churcli— The Public Schools- University of Pennsylvania— The Medi- cal Colleges— Girard College— The Philadelphia Library— Mercantile Library — Eidgway Library — Academy of Natural Sciences — Learned Societies — The Zoological Gardens— Benevolent Institutions — TliePenu- sylvania Hospital — Insane Asylum — Naval Asylum — Prisons — House of Correction — Places of Amusement — Cemeteries — Newspapers — Banks — Gas and Water— Street Railways— The Water Front — The Delaware Shore — Port Richmond — The Coal Wharves — Ship Yards — Camden — Smith's and Windmill Islands — Docks of the Pennsylvania Railroad — The American Steamship Line — The Old Navy Yard — Greenwich Point — League Island — The Navy Yard — Fort Mifflin — A Reminiscence of the Revolution — The Schuylkill River — The Bridges — The Fairmount and Girard Avenue Bridges — The finest Bridge in America — West Philadelphia — Germantown — Manufactures and Commerce CHAPTER IV. FAIRMOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park — Its History — Improvements — Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill — View from the Hill — The Waterworks — ^The Art Gallery — The Lincoln Monument — Lemon Hill — Reminiscences of Robert Morris— Sedgeley Park — The River Road— The East Park— The Storage Reservoir — Old Country-seats — Mount Pleasant — Arnold's Home — Fort St. David's — Tlie Wissahickon — Romantic Scenery — The Hotels — The Hermit's Well — The Mystics — Washington's Rock— The Monastery— The West Park — Solitude — The Zoological Gardens— The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibition — Lansdowne — George's Hill- Belmont— Judge Peters— The Sawyer Observatory— How to Reach the Park ] CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The First Proposals for the Exhibition— Initiatory Measures— Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia— The Memorial to Congress— The Act of Incorporation— Appointment of the Centennial Commission— Creation of the Board of Finance— Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia- Donation of the Exhibition Grounds— The Formal 'Transfer— Proclama- Uon of the President of the United States— The Invitation to Foreign CONTENTS. 17 Powers — ^The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors' GoftJs — The General Government Takes Part in the Exhibition — The Ground Broken, July 4lh, 1874 — Plans of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General — Begulations for Exhibitors — Order of the Treasury Department — . Work of the Board of Finance — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals— Appropriations by Pennsyl- vania and Philadelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments — Congress Appropriates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition— Third Annual Report of the Board of Finance — Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work — The System of Awards — The Centennial Calendar 167 CHAPTER VI. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION. A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners from Foreign Countries 230 CHAPTER VII. GETTING TO THE EXHIBITION — ACCOMMODATIONS FOB VISITOnS. Euah of Visitors to Philadelphia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Railroads of the United States — Settlement of (he Question of Fares — ^Arrangements of the Railroads leading into Philadelphia — How to reach the Exhibition Grounds from the city — The Pennsylvania Railroad — Magnificent equipment of the Road — The Model Railroad of the Union — Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad — The Schuylkill Steamboats — The Street Railway arrangeraente— Cabs and Carriages — Regulations concerning them — The Philadelphia Hotels — Their Capacity for accommodating Guests — TJie Centennial Lodging- House Agency — Boarding Houses — Suburban Hotels — Circular of the Centennial Commission with reference to Accommodations for Visitors. 240 CHAPTER VIII, THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. Arrangements for the Opening — Programme Isaiied by the Centennial Commission — Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening Day — The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points— The Gates Thrown Open— The Grand Stands— A Brilliant Scone —Arrival of the President of tlie United States— Wagner's Centennial March— Bishop Simpson's Prayer— Whittier's Hymn— Enthusiasm ot the Multitude — Transfer of the E.'sliibition to the Centennial Coramig- 18 COSTEKTS. sion— The Centenn^I Cantata— Address of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhibition Open— The Flag Unfurled — The Presi- dent's Tour Through the Buildings — The Starting of the Great Engine —Scenes in the Exhibition Grounds— Illumination of the City 267 CHAPTER IX. WITHOUT THE GEOUNDS. Rapid Growth of the Centennial Town — The Transcontinental and Globe Hotels — The United States — The Grand Exposition — The Panorama — Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Clkeap Hotels — The Beer-Gar- dens — The Carriage Sheds — The Cheap Museums — The Oil Wells — The Street Car Concourse — A Busy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsyl- vania Bailroad — Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The Largest Soda Fountain in the World — The Eestaurarits — The Tropical Garden — A Delightful Kesort — George's Hill — Belmont — The Steam boat Landing— Centennial Depot of the Beading Bailroad 296 CHAPTER X. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Topography of the Grounds — The Eavines — The Entrances — The Turn- stiles — Styles of Tickets used — The Photograph Regulation — The Cen- tennial Guard — The Fire Department — The Karrow-Gauge Bailway — The Boiling Chair Service — Landscape Gardening — The Flowers — The Avenues — The Brldges^Bartholdi's Fotlntain — The Boman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain — The Centennial Waterworks — Belief Plans 'of Foreign Cities — Statue of Beligious Liberty — Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe — The Hunter's Cami5 — An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train — The American Soldiers' Monument — The Ice-Water Eowntain — The Indian Camp 316 CHAPTER XI. THE MAIN BUILDING. Description of the Main Building — A Monster Edifice — The Interior — A Magnificent Hall — Decorations — The Galleries — A Beautiful and Imposing Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes— Telegraph System— The Elevator— Classification of the Display in the Building— The American Department — The Great Organ — The Massachusetts Educational Exhibit — The Roosevelt Organ — The Paper Makers— The Book Pavilion— The Model Po^t-Offioe— The Cotton and Woollen Good^-The Carpet Rooms — American Pottery — Among tlie Iron Workers— The Fire-Arms Exhibit— Rich Ca'itumes— The Tele- graphic Display— The Gas Fixture Department — A Brilliant Display — CONTENTS. 19 The Jewellers' and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion — A Gorgeous Exhibit of Kare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — ThetSologne Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely Fur- nished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful Instruments — Concerts — Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Silver and Plated Ware — Splendid Furniture and Churcli Ornaments — Beautiful Porce- lains — Superb Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tila Exhibit — Rich Iron Work — Bare Furniture — A Eoyal Pavilion — Grand Display of Cotton and Woollen Goods and Linens— Jewelry — Splendid Carpets— The Book Display— The Graphic's Art Collection— Rich Stained Glass — A Gorgeous Show from India — ^The Canadian JSxIiibit — The Manufactures and Natural Products of the Dominion — ^The Educa- tional Exhibit of Ontario — The Australian Exhibits — ^The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent — Pyramids of Gold — ^Superb Photo- graphs of Australian Scenes — Dust from the Gold Coast — Native Dia- monds — The.West Indian Display — France — The French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics of France — The Silk Court — Beautifiil Laces — Statuary — Religious Groups — ^The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — ^Articles de Paris — Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus. 33'^ CHAPTER XII. THE MAIN BUILDING — CONCLUDED. Germany — ^Location of the German Section — A Superb Display of Porce- lain — Beautiful Vases — Plate Glass — Bronzes — The Silks — Display of the Elberfeld Manufacturers — ^The Ivory Pavilion — The Chemical Dis- play — ^The Velvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorations — Models of an Ocean Steamer — ^The Book Pavilion — ^The Austrian Court — Magnificent Bohemian Glass — The Meerschaum Pipes — Exquisite Carvings — ^Vienna Leather Work — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings — Beautiful Jewelry — Glassware from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Display of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School and Gymnasium — ^The Lace Court — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictures in Tapestry — ^The Netherlands — A Grand Dkplay of the Public Works of Holland — The Woollen Goods— Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — Rare and Beautiful Art Works — Educa- tional Exhibit — The Artisans' School — Switzerland in Miniature — The Watchmakers — Scientific Instruments — The Swiss School System — Rich Laces — The Wood Carvers — Sweden — ^The Peasant Groups— Scenes in the Home Lifeof the Swedes — A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The Bessemer Steelmakers — Display of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasant Groups — The Laplanders — A Fine Collection — The Danish Court — Etruscan Imitations — Esquimaux Houses and Boats — The Span- ish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure — Rich Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish' Industry — The Egyptian 20 CONTEXTS. Conrt— A Rare and Btautifiil Display from tlie Land of the NiTe— The Past and the Present— A Page from the Arabian Nights— Rich Robes- Articles from Central Africa^Egypt's Agricultural Resources— The Japanese Court— A Wonderful Display— Superb Bronzes— The Lacq- uered Ware— What the Island Empire Exhibits— The Chinese Court— A Beautiful and Curious Display— Exhibit of the Orange Free State— Another Sample of Dutch Energy— The Tunisian Court- Eastern Mag- nificence—Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico -r-The Brazilian Pavilion— A Superb Edifice— TJie Empire of Brazil Illustrated— Exhibit of the other South American States— Display from the Sandwich Islands— The Russian Exhibit— Rich and Beautiful Ob- jects from St. Petersburg and Moscow— The Portnguese Court- A Hand- some Collection— Special Portuguese Features— The Turkish Court— The Wonders of the Land of the Sultan- The Mineral Annex— The Carriage Annex 386 CHAPTER XIII. MACHINERY HALL. Description of the Building — The Interior — Conveniences for Visitors — Precautions Against Fire — The Corliss Engine — Distribution of Power — The American Display — Curious and Interesting Machinesi — The Sleam-Engines — The First Steam-Engine in America — The Blast Fur- nace — The Sewing Machines — A Handsome Display — The Suspension Bridge Exhibit — A Monster Cotton Press — Weaving Machines — Making Av'atches by Machinery — Carpet Weaving — The "SVater Motors — The Locomotives — The Railway Exhibit — The Vacuum Pan — The Tobacco Factory — Making India Rubber Shoes — Making* Candies by Machinery — The Massachusetts Marine — Among the Printing Machines — Tlie Old Franklin 'Press — Printing the New Ym-k Herald — The Ice Yacht- American Machine Shops — Nail and Tack Making — The Hydraulic Annex — The Tank — The Cascade — The Hydraulic and Blowing Ma- chines — The British Section— The Road Steamers — Iron Armor Plate — Weaving Machines — Railway Models — The Walter Press — The Sugar Mill — ^The Canadian Exhibit — The German Section — TheKrupp Guns — The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Belgian Machinery — The Well-Borer — The Swedish Section and Exhibits — The Russian Guns — The Brazilian Section — A Handsome and Characteristic Display , 433 CHAPTER XIV. AGRICULTURAL HALL. Description of the Building — Interior Arrangements- Classification of the Exhibit — The American Department — Agricultural Machinery — The Plows— Harvesting Machines— Threshing Machines — The Cider Mill CONTENTS. 21 — ^The Native Winesof America — TheStarcli Makers — TheWiiulmill — The Natural History Collection— The California Biiflet— The Aquaria — Tlie Tobacco Exhibit— A Fine. Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union — Daniel Webster's riow— The Cape Ann Fisheries—" Old Abe "—The British Court— A Small Display — Agricultural Products of Canada — Canadian Machinery — The French Exhibit — A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany's Contribution — The Wines of the Rhine land— Agricultural Products of Austria and Hungary — Exhibit of Eussian Products — Italian Wines and ' Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court — A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain — The Portuguese Collection — ^Holland's Exhibit — The Norway Fisheries — Swedish Exhibit — The Japanese Court — The Tea and Silk Culture — The Brazilian Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A Kemarkable Collection — The Brazilian Silk Culture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Republic — The Liberian Court — The Pomological Annex — The Wagon Annex 470 CHAPTER XV. HOETICULTUEAL HALL. Description of tlie Building — The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall — The Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A Rich Collection of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing 1 louses^The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials — The Electrical Organ — The Horticultural Grounds — The Guano Pavilion — The Tent — Anthony Waterer's Rhododendrons — The Cuban Summer House 507 CHAPTER XVI. MEMORIAL HALL, Description of the Building— Bronze Groups of Statuary — ^The Annex — Classification of tlie Art Exhibit — The Reception and Central Halls — Tlie Paintings and Statues in them — The Art Galleries — Notable Pic- tures by American Artists — ^The English Gallery— Masterpieces of the , Modern English Painters — The Older English Artiste — The Queen's Pictures — The South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures — The German Gallery — The Austrian Collection — A Fine Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian Paintings — The Castellani Collections — Spanish Pictures — Art Gems from Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School — Notable Pictures from Belgium — The Daxiish Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Fliotographio Annex — A Fine Display of Photographs 517 22 CONTESTS. CHAPTER XVII. THE UKITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Description of the Building— The Groniids— Exhibits of the Various Departments Outside of the Building— The Monitor Turretr-The Great Guns of the Army and Navy — The Postal Cars — The Transit of Venus Exhibit — Army Trains — Disposition of Space in the Hall^— Exhibit of the Post-Office Department— A Model Post-Office — The Agricultural Department — A Fine Display — The Interior Department — Exhibit of the Patent Office — Historical Relics — A Eich Display of Indian Curi- osities — The Educational Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Territories — A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution — The Animals and Fishes of the United States — The Mineral Collection — The Treasury Exhibit — The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches — 'The Navy Department — A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and Equipment of an American Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War Department — Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service — The Engineer Corps and its Work — Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post Hospital — The Laboratory — The Light-House 543 CHAPTER XVIII. Description of the Building — Its Cost — A Lady Engineer — ^The Interior of the Builditig — The Exhibit — The Looms — Works of Female Artists — Inventions of Women — Institutions Managed by Women — Splendid Embroideries — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Office.. 5S9 CHAPTER XIX, THE MINOR STRUCTURES OP THE EXHIBITION. The State Buildings — St. George's House — The French Government Building — ^The French Stained Glass Pavilion — ^The German Govern- ment Building— The Spanish Buildings— The Portuguese Building The Swedish School-House— The Canadian Log-House — The Brazilian Building— The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar— The Turkish and Tu- nisian Coffee Houses and Bazaars— The Syrian Bazaars— The Moorish Villa— The Chilian Machinei y Hall— Buildings of the Centennial Com- mission—The Judges' Hall— The Restaurants— The Shoe and Leather Building- The Brewers' Hall— The Butter and Cheese Factory- Department of Public Comfort— Singer Sewing Machine Cottage— "The Centennial Photographic Association— The American Railroad Ticket Office— Empire Transportation Company's Buildins — Starr's Iron Works —The Glass Works— Campbell Printing Press Building— The American CONTENTS. 23 Newspaper Building — The World's Ticket Office — The Palestine Camp — The Women's School-House — The American Kindergarten — The Jfew England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano Company's Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The United States Life-Saving Station— The Elevated Railway— The Windmills 596 CHAPTER XX. BIOGEAPHICAL. General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the United States Centennial Commission — John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Ei- nance — Alfred T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition — Pro- fessor John L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial . Commission — General Charles B. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of Revenue 649 CHAPTER XXI. THE CELEBEATION OF THE FOUKTH OF JULY, 1876, AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration — Independence Hall Decorated — The Centennial Legion — ^The Blue and the Gray — Ceremonies of July 1st — Congresii of Authors — The Great Civic Parade of July 3d — The Midnight Celebration — Dawn of the Fourth — ^The Military Parade —The Exercises in Independence Square — Illumination and Fireworks. 661 ' CHAPTER XXII. THE INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. Arrangements for the Regatta — The Prizes— Sketch of the Schuylkill Navy — Programme of tlie Races —Biographical Sketch of Commodore Jiimes M. Ferguson — Description of the Races — The Winners 673 ' CHAPTER XXIII. THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. Arrangements for the Display of Live-stock — Description of the Grounds —The Horse Show— The Noted Animals— The Dog Show— The Cattle Show — ^A Superb Exhibit — Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats— The Poultry Show 697 CHAPTER XXIV. THE STATE DAYS. Arrangements for the State Celebrations — New Jersey Day — An Inspirit- ing Spectacle — Connecticut Day — ^Massachusetts Day — New York Day — A Grand Ovation to the Governor of the Empire State — Pennsylvania Day — The Grandest Celebration of All — A Gala Day at the Exhibition 24 CONTENTS. —The Pireworks—Rhode Island Day— The Italian Day— Inaugura- tion of the Cohimbas Monument— New Hampshire Day— Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Day— The Fireworks— The Delaware Celebra- , tion— Reception by the Governor of Maryland— The Virginia Celebra- tion—The Tournament— The Ball— Crowning the Queen of Love and Beauty— Ohio Day— The Merchants' Reunion— Vermont Day 725 CHAPTER XXV THE RECORD OF THE EXHrBITION. Statement of Leading Events Connected With and Growing Out of the Exhibition 782 CHAPTER XXVI. THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AWARDS. .Ceremonies at Judges' Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted by the Commission — Character of the Awards — Description of the Medals — List of the Principal Awards in Each Class 791 CHAPTER XXVII. THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION. The Fireworks on the 0th of November — The Closing Day — ^Unfavorable Weather — The Attendance at the Exhibition — Ceremonies in Judges' Hall— The Music— Address of Hon. D. J. Morrell— The Te Deum— Remarks of President John Welsh — Address of Director-General Goshorn — Speech of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhibition Closed — Stopping [he Machinery — Scene in Macliinery Hall. 819 CHAPTER XXViil. STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE. Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exhibition — Gradual Increase in the Attendance — Statement of Admissions — TIio Receipts— Tlie State Days— Other Noted Days— Comparison of the "Centennial" with Other Exhibition!— Statement of Exhibitors 845 CHAPTER XXIX. WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. Benefits conferred upon the American People by the Exhibition— Views of General Hawley — What General Goshorn Thinks the Exhitiitinn has Accomplished— Views of President John Welsh, Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett Landretht Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. Walker Concerning their Respective Departments 852 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. CHAPTER I. THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — ^HISTOBICAIi. Founding of Fhiladelpbia by William Penn — ^His Treaty with the IndianB— Original Plan of the pity — Growth of the City— ^The Bevolution — Occupa- tion by the British — Commercial Prosperity of Philadelphia — Its Banking Interests — Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The Centennial Census — ^Population of Philadelphia. j HEN it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first century of the independence of the United States by an International Exposition, it was admitted that the proper place for the hqlding of such an exhibition was the city of Philadelphia, in which occurred the decisive event which placed the United States among the nations of the world, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to introduce the reader to the great city in which it was held. The city of Philadelphia, in the county of the same name, is the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the second city in the Union, and is classed as the sixth great city of the world. The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn 2 ' 17 18 ' THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY immediately after taking possession of the province of Pennsyl- vania granted to him by Charles II. He sent over a body of colonists in August, 1681, and in 1682 came over himselt and superintended the surveys of the new city. The land was chosen by him because, he declared, " It seemed appointed for a town, because if its ooves, docks,, springs, and lofty land. All thea featsire hiivi long since disappeared before the rapid WII/LIAM PENN. growth of his city. During the year 1682 a large number of colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth. The place at which William Penn first set foot on the soil of his new city was long known as the " Blue Anchor Landing," from a tavern of that name, the first house built within the linaa t tb cii? Xi littls latecj undei a spreading elm at OP THE CENTENNIAI, EXHIBITION. IS Shackamaxon, now Kensington, Penn met the chiefs of the neighboring Indian tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace and friendship with them. This treaty was confirmed by no oath, but it remained unbroken for fifty years, and as neither side sought to evade its obligations, which were simply of peace ind good will, the colony of Pennsylvania escaped in its earlier years the horrors of a savage warfare from which the other settlers suffered. "We will live," said the Indian sachems, " in love with William Penn and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure." They kept their word. " Penn came without arms ; he declared his purpose to abstain PKNNS TEEATT MONTTMENT. from violence ; he had no message but peace ; and not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian." The venerable elm tree which witnessed " the only treaty ever ratified without an oath, and the only 6ne never broken," stood unharmed until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious gale. Its site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite, which stands on the east side of Beach street, a few steps nortL of Hanover. The Second aud Third street cars will convey the visitor to Hanover street, from which he will have but a square to walk ; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone and lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it. On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the 20 THE IJ.L,X7STEATED HI8T0EY Schuylkill, which was purchased from the Swedes, who had on their part purchased it from the Indians, Penii in 1683 laid out the capital of his province, which he named Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love, in token of the principles which he meant should constitute the common law of his possessions. It was abundantly supplied with streams of pure water, and was admirably situated for purposes of trade. He did not wish it to be built after the manner of European cities, but designed it to be a " greene country town, gardens round each house, that it might never be burned, and always be wholesome." Tbe streets were laid oif by marking their course through the primitive forest by blazing the trees, and the building of dwellings was begun. In the .first year of Penn's arrival jn the colony, twenty- three ships with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three years after its foundation Philadelphia contained upwards of ^ix hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm friends of the colonists, and supplied them with wild fowl and venison in return for articles of European manufacture. The original plan of the city was a parallelogram, two miles long, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, by one mile wide. It contained nine streets, running from river to river, crossed by twenty-one running north and south. A grand square of ten acres was laid off in the heart of the city, and in each of the four quarters was a square of eight acres, all for pleasure grounds and promenades. In the main the original plan is still adhered to. The streets running from river to river, with the exception of High street, were named after the native forest trees. They were called Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestnut, "Walnut, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar. Nearly all of these names remain. Sassafras is now called Race; Mulberry is Arch; High is Market; and Cedar is South street. The streets intersecting these were numbered. Philadelphia grew rapidly, and by the early ^art of .the eigh- teenth century was the largest and most flourishing city ia America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadily in wealth. VIEW IN AGRICULTURAI. lIALLj SHOWING THE BRAZILIAN EXHIBltS. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 21 "In 1711 the city was divided into ten wards. In Decenib2r. 1719, a printing press was set up, and Andrew Bradford began to publish the American Weekly Mereury, which was continued until 1746. In 1728 the Gazette was begun, which fell to Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, and the building begun in 1732, and completed in 1735. The bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7th, 1753, the new ' great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the motto, 'Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof^" was raised to its place. This is the bell celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence, PENN LAYING OUT THE PLAN OP PHILADELPHIA. and now in Independence Hall. The first Colonial Congress met in Philadelphia at Carpenter's Hall, a building still in use as a hall, September 4th, 1774. Congress held its sessions at the State House in 1776, and here adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence. The British forces occupied the city from September, 1777, co June, 1778." During the British occupation a census of the city was taken by order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,767 inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city by the enemy. Congress resumed its sessions at the State House, which remained the seat of government of the Union until the close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constitu- tion of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that 22 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY great instrument was adopted in the same building that had witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Upon the inauguration of the Federal government, the national capital was removed to. New York, but in 1790 was restored to Philadelphia, which remained the seat of government until 1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital. In 1800 Philadelphia also ceased to be the capital of the State, which was located at Harrisburg. The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great rapidity between the close of the Revolution and the year 1812. The second war with England almost destroyed this commerce, which did not return with the peace of 1815, and the completion of the Erie canal a few years after the close of the war, gave to New York an advantage which reduced Philadelphia to a secondary place in our foreign trade. "Previous to 1839, the banking capital of Philadelphia was large, and for the most of the period previous to 1836, it was the monetary centre of the country. The first Bank of the United States, established by Act of Congress, in 1791, with a capital of $10,000,000, was located here, and the second Bank of the United States was established here in 1816, with a capital of $35,000,000, The subsequent failure of the bank under its State charter in 1839, and the loss of its large capital, greatly weakened the financial strength of the city, and the monetary centre was permanently transferred to New York. The revul- sion of 1837, and the subsequent financial depression, fell heavily on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apparent until 1844." The city retained its original limits until 1854. In the mean- time the thriving suburbs of Kensington, Germantown, West Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Richmond, Penn, Southwark, Moyamensing, and Passyunk, had sprung up around it, making in the aggregate a city much larger than the parent town, and causing no little confusion and trouble by the number of adjacent and independent municipal jurisdictions. In 1854 the State Legislature consolidated the parent town and all its suburbs in one city under the general name of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 23 Philadelphia. By the same enactment the corporate limits of the city were made to embrace the entire counts of Philadelphia. MONKEY HOUSE, ZOOLOGICAL GARDEKS Since the consolidation the city has grown with marked rapidity. In 1860 the population was 565,529 ; in 1870, 674,022 ; and by the municipal census of the 1st of April, 1876, was 817,448, showing an increase of 21J per cent, in the six years that have elapsed since the last Federal census. CHAPTER II. PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. Location of Philadelphia — Size of the City — ^Ita B^ularity — ^Materials need in Building the Houses — "The City of Homes" — Philadelphia Houses — Mr. Kortwright's Statistics — The Public Squares — Market Street — The House in which the Declaration of Independence was written — The National Pub- lishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ Church — Chestnut Strieet — ^A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's HaU — The Continental Congress — ^The First Prayer in Congress — ^The Custom House — The Post-Office — Independence Hall — The Fashionable Promenade — Noted BuUdings — Tha Hotels— The Continental— The United States Mint— Walnut Street— The Merchants' Exchange — The Commercial Exchange — ^An Interesting Site — Pennsylvania and Philadelphia & Beading Bailroad Buildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission — The Abode of Wealth and Fashion— ^ch Street — The Grave of Franklin — Handsome Churches — Broad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Acad- emy of Music — ^The Colosseum — Union League Club House — ^The Public Buildings — ^The Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Beading Bail- road Depot— Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old Churches. rHE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one hundred miles fr'^m the Atlantic ocean, following the course of the Delaware bay and river. It is one hundred and thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is located in a nearly level plain, elevated above the Delaware and Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the northwest, are built on a fine rolling country, which abounds in picturesque view§ that offer a striking contrast to the uniform flatness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of one hundred and twenty square miles. Its greatest length from north to south is twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from 24 SCENE IN THE ART GALLEKY-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 25 east to west, eight miles. The densely inhabited portion of the city covers an area of about nine square miles, extending for. about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the Schuylkill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans- acted between Vine and Spruce streets, east of Twelfth street. The wealthiest private section, that inhabited by "the fashion," is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above Tenth is considered the most desirable street in the city, and contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the Union. Arch street above Broad, and Broad along its northern portion, are handsome residence streets. Market street is entirely devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union. The suburbs of Philadelphia are noted for their beauty, and are thickly built up with handsome country seate, villas, and cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the vicinity of the Wissahickon. Philadelphia is laid out with great regularity. As we have stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five others at right angles. Broad and Market streets were to divide this city into four nearly equal portions, a considerable area being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site of tiie magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets are usually from fifty to sixty-six feet in width, with a few of greater breadth. Those running from north to south are num- bered, beginning at the Delaware river ; those from east to west are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect. Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The general aspect of the city is bright and pleasing, mingled with a certain degree of primness, due to its Quaker origin. Except MAUKKT STREET BEIiOW SKVKHTH. OBNAMEJJTAI. VASE AND FLOWEBS, EXHIBITED IN MAIN BUIIiDING. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. w in those portions along the rivers it is clean and healthy. Market street divides it into two portions, called North and South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan, one hundred numbers being assigned to each block or square. Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets. This system renders it easy to find a building in any part of the city between the numbered streets. The portion of the city lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old name of West ^(*i^j^_ r-' m- ^' :i 1 'J *S»e ::• 46*. ?! ' ' "" ■gis?:' J t ■* T '^ a T iji I del 'injaji ' • ;. .. * f ''Tw^^^plij NINTH AND MARKET STREETS. Philadelphia. It was in this section that the'Exhibition grounds were situated. As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many edifices of brown and free stone, iron, and marble have been erected, which give to the city a more varied as well as a hand- somer and more substantial appearance. Philadelphia is emphatically a "city of homes." Of its 140,000 buildings, 130,000 are dwelling-houses, a number greater than the whole 28 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Louis- ville in 1870. Of these 60,000 are the homes of mechanics. It is the boiast of Philadelphia that her working classes are better housed, better fed, and better clothed than those of any city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as com- pared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. Louis ; Baltimore? alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing PhiladeW phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country^ They are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts, and white marble steps and trimmings. They have solid white DECLARATION OP INBEPENDEJfCE PROCLAIMED IN PHILADELPHIA. wooden shutters which greatly disfigure them. On the first floor there is a wide hall, a parlor, dining-room, kitchen, and • usually a summer kitchen. On the second floor are two cham- bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third floor, two spare chambers, and one or more servants' rooms. They are lighted with gas, Seated by furnaces in the cellar, and suppli^ with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildings are erected every year. A year ago, Mr. Kortwright, the British Consul at Philadel^ phia, thus summed up the leading features of the city, in one of ' his official reports to his government: " Philadelphia has a population of nearly 800,000, and it THE JAPANESE BAZAAR— CElfflENNIAL EXHIBITION. OP THE .CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 29 lives in an area of 129| square miles. The city has 1000 miles of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of these are paved. It is lighted by nearly. 10,000 gas lamps. The earth beneatli conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over 600 miles of gas mains, and' 546 miles of water pipes. It has over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 1794 city railroad iii,:il.y-"'' MPPIKTCOTT's BTIIIiDIKG. a 'IS-^ cars passing over these railroads daily ; 3025 steam boilers ; over 400 public schools, with ^uitable buildings, and over 1600 school-teachers and over 80,000 pupils. It has over 34,000 bath-rooms, most of which are suppliedf with hot water, and for the use of the water at low rates the citizens pay more than a half million of dollars; it has over 400 places of public worship, and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons ; it has nearly 30 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY .9000 manufactories, with a capital of $185,000,000, employing 145,000 hands, the annual product of whose labor is ovct 384,000,000. It exported in 1873 in value over $24,000,000, and imported in- value over $26,000,000; the amount for duties in gold was nearly $8,500,000 ; the real estate, as assessed &r MARKET STREET ABOVE EIGHTH. taxation, was over $458,000,000, and there was collected nearfl ?9,000,000 for taxes." Public Squares. Penn's original plan, as we have said, contemplated a public square in each of the four quarters of the city. These still remain, pud others have been added. THE CHINESE COUKT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. EXHIBIT OF QABDEN SEED, IN AGRICULTUEAl HALL. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 31 Independence Square, or, as jt was formerly called, j[%e State House Yard, lies immediately back of Independence Hall, ex- tending back td Walnut street, and from Fifth to Sixth streets. It has been put in order for the centennial year, and is now a neat and tasteful ground. The lampposts recently set up at the entrances to the square are not only quite pretty, but appropriate also. On the base of the posts appear the names of the original ' thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of the Independence Bell, is the inscription, " Proclaim liberty throughout the land," etc. Each lamp, of very beautiful design, has four representations of the bell upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. They add much to the appearance of the square. Washington Square lies diagonally opposite Independence Square, and extends from Walnut almost back to Spruce street, and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded by fine old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-place in summer. This square was once a " Potter's field," and here were buried many soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison diseases of the devolution. x Rittenhouse Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets, and extends from Eighteenth to aboVe Nineteenth street. It is a handsome enclosure, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful fountain, and "is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is sur- rounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which are among the handsomest in the Union. Logan Square lies between Kace and Vine and between Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. It is the handsomest square in the city, and a favorite resort. In- 1864 the great Sanitary Fair for the benefit of the Union army was held here. The entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with flooring. The trunks of the trees served as so many pillars for the roof, above which waved the branches of the trees. Franklin Square lies between Eace and Vine streets, and ex- tends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old square, the urincipal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees. 32 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It was originally a burying-ground, and was used as such for many years. Norris 'Square, in Kensington, and Jefferson Square, at Third street and Washington avenue, are very handsome. They are new ; the first four named above constituting the squares de- signed by Penn. The streets of Philadelphia are among the most attractive in the world, and the business streets have few equals. ^t' rr' tM ' n* 1.T11 J' '1 .* '-Sk Market Street Market street is the great thoroughfare of the city. It is the grand entrejM of the domestic and foreign commerce of Phila- delphia, and extends in an unbroken Hue from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, cros- ses that river, and continues its course to the city line. It %vas the High street of William Penn, and has always en- joyed the pre-emi- nence it now holds. It is one hundred feet wide, and is lined with magnificent warehouses from the Delaware almost to the Schuylkill. Some of these are superb edifices, built in the handsomest and most massive manner, and are provided with every convenience for the business transacted within them. Prominent among these are the splendid buildings occupied by the great publishing houses of Lippincott & Co., and Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger; the mammoth warehouse of Hood, if—, COENEE OF MARKET AND SIXTH STREETS. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 33 Bonbright & Co., dry-goods merchants ; the vast clothing ware- house of John Wanamaker & Co., at Sixth and Market, on the site of the presidential mansion of Washington and Adams, perhaps the largest and most complete clothing establishment in the world. The Bingham House, at the corner of Market and Eleventh streets, is an excellent hotel, and a tasteful structure. The great width of Market street allows an immense amount BINGHAM HOUSE. of traffic to be done upon it. In addition to the lines of the street railways, tracks are laid from West Philadelphia down the greater part of the street, connecting with the principal steam railway lines, and merchants are thus enabled to run the cars consigned to them directly into their warehouses. The various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Expre^ Company has its main depot on this street. The scene on Market street is always bright and animated, 3 34 THE ILLUSTRATED HJSTOKY and viewed from any point at any hour of the day the street is thronged with an eager, hurrying crowd of vehicles and pedestrians. Adjoining the southwest corner of Market and Seventh streets is a plain, modest-looking building of brick, now used as a business house. A stranger would pass it by a dozen times without notice, but it is among the most noted edifices in the city, and should be dear to every American heart. It is the House in which the Declamfion of Independence was written. In 1776 this building stood beyond the thickly settled por- THE HOUSE IN WHICH THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS WRITTKNj tion of the city, and in what was known as " The Fields." ^ garden, enclosed by a brick wall, occupied the site of the hctifil which now stands on the corner. The house was new, and the situation was so pleasant, that it at once attracted the attention of that dear lover of nature, Thomas Jeflerson, when he came to Philadelphia to take his seat in the Continental Congress. " I rented the second floor," he tells us, " consisting of a parlor % ^toHi "■''' v»v* til Sl( 13 '\"N. dS'^-^a;" INTERIOR OP THE BRAZILIAN COURT, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. If :k / ^- l-4-.'\J ^i- ■i V \ ■*-* It > < GBNESAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF HORTICULTURAL HALL. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 35 and bedroom, reatly furnished." He paid tiiirty-five shillings a week for his rooms, and in the parlor he wrote the Declara- tion of Independence upon a little writing-desk three inches iiigh, which still exists. MARKET STREET ABOVE SEVENTH. The desk was bcfjueathed by him to a friend, and was ac- companied by a certificate in Mr. Jefferson's own handwriting, fretting forth the place and time of its ])urchase by him, and the fact that he had used it in the preparation of the great and trlorious document with which his name and fame ai'e insepara- bly connected. KATIONAI, PUBIJSHING COMPANY'S BUIiDlNG. On Seventh street, just north of Market, is the splendid iron- front building of the National Publishing Company. The offices, store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., of the Company nre in the building shown in the accompanying engraving. Tiieir extensive printing office and bindery are located in two \ 36 1 PAGODA AND QEO0J? OF VASES, IN THE CHUTESE SECTION. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 37 adjoining buildings in the rear of this one. They are fitted up with every convenience for the manufacture of boolvs, and witii the latest and most improved labor-saving machinery. Every appointment is perfect in its way, and the work of this immense -establishment goes on from day to day with regularity and precision. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the Company enable them to supply large editions of their books with a rapidity which only a great publishing house can command, and tc supply their agents with promptness and regularity. The Company was organized in 1863, under the presidency CHRIST CHITKCH IK 1776. of Mr. J. E. Jones, who remains at its head. Under his able management it has enjoyed thirteen years of remarkable pros- perity, and has taken rank as the largest and most successful subscription book house in the world. Second Street Second street is one of the most peculiar features of the city. It extends in an almost unbroken straight line from the northern ±0 the southern limit of the city, and is to Philadelphia very 38 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY much what the Bowery is to New York. It is lined for miles with retail stores of every description, the customers of which are almost entirely of the humbler class, and it would be hard to surpass the confusion and the utter disregard of " the eternal fitness of things " with which these are thrown together. It is a street which the visitor must see in order to appreciate it thoroughly. The most prominent object on Second street is Gfirisf Church, , Situated north of Market. It stands on the site of the first church erected by the followers of William Penn. It was begun in 1727, and was completed in 1754. It is built of brick, in the old style, and is surmounted by a tall spire, from which he who has the courage to ascend it will be rewarded with a noble view over the city, the Delaware, and the sur- rounding country. The steeple is 196 feet in height, and con- tains a chime of eight bells, said to be the oldest in America. They rang out merriJy upon the Proclamation of Independence one hundred years ago, and will join their voices to the glad chorus of rejoicing that will go up from the great city on the 4th of July, 1876. They were cast in London, and on the tenor bell is inscribed this legend : " Christ Church, Philadel- phia, 1754. Thomas Lester and Thomas Peck, of London, made us all." The interior of the church is tasteful, but is finished in the style of the early part of the eighteenth century, except that the old high-back pews are gone, and the sitting arrangements are altered to suit the needs of a modern congre- gation. In the aisles of the church are buried John Penn, the first member of the Penn family born in America, Dr. Richard Peters, Robert Asheton, and many others who were noted men in their day, but are now remembered only by the scholar. Washington attended divine service regularly in this church, while in the city, during the Revolution, and during his resi- dence in Philadelphia as President of the United States, and the feet of many of the greatest men of our history have trod the hallowed aisles of this venerable edifice. Christ Church is OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 39 the property of the Episcopal Church. In 1772 the Rev. William White, afterwards the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania, was made Assistant Rector, and in 1789 the first general convention, which adopted the Constitu- \0l.><& MENS CHKISTIAN ASSOCIATION ELILDING. tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, met here. The church is opened twice for service on Sunday, and for prayers on Wednesday and Friday mornings, at which time it may be visited. "exhibition vase," exhibited by galloway & GRAFF, IN THK MAIN BUILDING. THE centenn:a.l exhibition. 41 Chestnut Street. Chestnut street is the Philadelphia Broadway. It extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, crosses it by means of a magnificent bridge, and continues its course through West Philadelphia to the corporate limits. From the Delaware to Fifteenth street, it is lined with long blocks of lofty and elegant stores, and beyond this, to within a few squares of the Schuyl- kill, the street is built up with handsome residences. Some of the most noted buildings in Philadelphia are located on this street. Commencing at the Delaware, we find the wharf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers, and the busy crowded Delaware avenue, which lies along the river's bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense torrent of business that pours along it. Climbing the hill which leads up from the river, Front street is reached, "the high and dry bank " that rose above the river in the (Jays of William P^nn. From, Front to Third street, the buildings are massive, very tall, and -below Second street are almost entirely constructed of brick. Above Second street marble and other stores relieve the monotony of the brick fronts. This part of the street is devoted to the wholesale dry-goods trade. On the southeast corner of Third street is the five-story brick building of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with long lines of wires radiating from it in every direction. Third is the Wall street of Philadelphia, and we shall refer to it again. On the south side of Chestnut, above Third, is the handsome brown- stone building of the Bank of North America. This was the first bank established in the United States. It was chartered in 1781, at a time of great financial distress, and one of its prin- cipal originators was Robert Morris. This able financier made a good use of the bank in behalf of the Federal government, and restored the national credit by its aid. Immediately above the bank, and separated from it by an alley, is the new build- ing of the Ghmrardee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. It is one of the handsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two banking rooms are among the most beautiful and convenient in 42 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the Union. The safe deposit vaults are burglar-proof in every sense of the word. A little above this building, and standing back from the street in a court, is a quaint, venerable-looking edifice. This is Carpenters' Hall. The Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia was organized in 1724, and in 1770 began the erection of this structure as a place of meeting. It was finished in 1771. On the 5th of September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the great Congress carpenters' hall. of the Revolution, composed of delegates from all the colonies exce])t Georgia, assembled in this building. It numbered fifty- five members, consisting of delegates from every colony save Georgia, whose governor had prevented the election of delegates. Among the members were many of the most eminent men in the land. From Virginia came George AVashington, Patrick Henry and Eichard Henry Lee ; from Massachusetts, Samuel Adams and John Adams; from New York, Philip Livina;ston, •John Jay and William Livingston; from Rhode Island, the I ''"#5^ ''4 " -"pn- — -I- i!r''^^»j OF THK CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 4S venerable Stephen Hopkins ; from Connecticut, Koger Siiermau ; from South Carolina, Edward and John Rutedge and Christo- pher Gadsden ; and from New Jersey, the Rev. John Witherspoon, the President of Princeton College. The members of this illustrious body were not strangers to each other, though the majority of them met now for the first time. They had corre- sponded with each other, and liad discussed their wrongs so INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1776. thoroughly, that each was well acquainted with the sentiments of his colleagues, and all were bound together by a common sympathy. , The Congress was organized by the election of Peyton Ran- dolph, of Virginia, as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Penn- sylvania, an Irishman by birth, and the principal of the Quaker High School in Philadelphia, was then chosen secretary. It 44 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY was proposed to open the sessions with prayer. Some of the members thought this might be inexpedient, as all the delegates might not be able to join in the same form of worship. Up rROVIDENT MPE AND TRUST COMPAmr. rose Samuel Adams, in whose great soul there was not a grain of sham. He was a strict Congregationalist. " I am no bigot," he said. " I can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue, whatever may be his cloth, provided he is at the same time a OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 45 friend to his country." On his motion the Rev. Mr. Duch^, an Episcopal (clergyman of Philadelphia, was invited to act as chaplain. Mr. Duch^ accepted the invitation. CHESTNUT STREET BELOW THIRD. When the Congress assembled the next morning all was anx- iety and apprehension, for the rumor off-he attack upon Boston, which had reached Putman and aroused Connecticut, had gotten 46 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY as far as Philadelphia. The chaplain opened the session by reading the thirty-fifth psalm, which seemed, as John Adams said, ordained by Heaven to be read that morning, and then broke forth into an extempore prayer of great fervor and elo- quence. At the close of the prayer a deep silence prevailed in the hall. It was broken by Patrick Henry, who rose to open CHESTNUT STREET ABOVE SIXTH. the day's proceedings. He began slowly and hesitatingly at first, "as if borne down by the weight of his subject," but as he proceeded he rose grandly to the duty of the occasion, and ui a speech of masterly eloquence he recited the wrongs of the American colonies at the hands of Great Britain, and declared that all government in America was dissolved, and urged upon f *, 'l||«' a -. ^,4: VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE WOMEN'S PAVILION. INTERIOE OF THE UNITEE STATES GOVERNMENT BUIIDING. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 47 the Congress the necessity of forming a new government for the colonies. Toward the close of his speech he struck a chord which answered in every heart. " British oppression," he ex- claimed, " has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies ; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Vir- ginian, but an American." The deputies were astonished at his eloquence, as well as at the magnitude of the interests with which they were intrusted. Opposite Carpenters' Hall, on the north side of Chestnut street, is the elegant white marble building of the Fidelity Safe Deiposit and Insurance Company. It is built in the Italian style, is one of the principal ornaments of the street, and is the most extensive establishment of its kind in the country. Its vaults are burglar and firfe-proof. Its immense safe weighs one hundred and fifty tons, and was constructed at a cost of $60,000. A handsome iron building, used by the Provident lAfe and Trust Company, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut. The massive granite buildings of the . Jayne estate front on Chestnut street, east of Third.' The central one is eight stories in height. On the south side of Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth, is the United States Custom House. This noble structure was originally built for the second Bank of the United States. It was begun in 1819, and was finished in 1824, at a cost of nearly $.600,000. The bank was char- tered by Congress in 1816, after the close of the second war with England. Its capital was $35,000,000, of which the United States took $7,000,000. It began operations in Jan- uary, 1817. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson ■struck such hard blows. In 1833 he removed the government funds from its keeping, and as he steadily vetoed the acts of Congress for a renewal of its charter, the bank passed out of existence at the expiration of its charter, in 1836. A few years later the building was purchased by the Federal government fw about half of its original cost, and was converted into a 48 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Custom House. It is constructed of wliite marble, and stands upon a platform or dais of stone, isolated from all tlie surround- ing houses. It is an imitation of the Parthenon at Athens, and is one of the purest specimens of Doric architecture in America. It has a front of eighty-seven feet and a de))th of one hundred •..i«il,; J "?;;;SS5<;:" POST-OFncE. and sixty-one feet. It has two massive fagades, one on Chesfei nut street and the other on Library street. Each front consists of a heavy entablature and pediment, resting upon eight large fluted Doric columns. The building contains the offices of the Custom House and the United States Sub-Treasury. MAIN AISI.E IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING THK OLD WINDMILL, ETC. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 49 The Post-Office Is situated immediately above the Custom House. It is built of a bluish white marble, in the French style, with a mansard roof. The business of the Post-Office has long since outgrown its present contracted quarters, and a new building for its use is in course of construction higher up Chestnut street. The pres- ent edifice contains, in addition to the Post-Office, the rooms of the United States District and Circuit Courts and the ofiice of the United States Marshal. On the north side of Chestnut street, opposite the Custom House, is the substantial granite building of the Bank of Phil- adelphia. Just above it is the Farmers' a/nd Mechanics' Bank, a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the Union, its charter dating from 1807. The present banking- house was built in 1855. It stands on the site of a spacious old-time mansion, which was the head -quarters of Admiral Lord Howe during the occupation of the city by the British in the Revolution. The bank is the financial agent of the State of Pennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the depository of the " Philadelphia Clearing House." The Clearing House occupies a portion of the building. Here the banks of the city make their daily settlements. Immediately above the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank is the building occupied by the Pennsylvania lAfe Insurance and Trust Company. This company was established in 1812. It does an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold nearly $100,000,000 in trust. In the same block are the Peo- pled Bank and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe Deposit Qom- pany, both handsome structures. On the south side of Chest- nut street, occupying the entire square from Fifth to Sixth, are the venerable buildings of « Independence Hall. This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the city. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, who also planned Christ Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in 1734. 4 INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELJ?»UA, IN 1876. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 51 The builder was Edmund Wooley ; the wings were not added until 1740. The glazing of the windows was done by Thomas Godfrey, since known to fame as "the inventor of the quadrant. The original cost of the building was £5,600. The building is of brick, with marble trimmings, and has an air of stately dignity and repose, which offers a striking contrast to the hurry and bustle of the busy street. The central building is the handsomest, the wings being much plainer as well as smaller. A tasteful steeple, ornamented with a clock, rises from the cen- tre of the main building. It was erected in 1828, in place of the original steeple, which was taken down in consequence of INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. being decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of Washington of white marble, the gift to the city of the children of the public schools. The building was erected by the province of Pennsylvania for the purposes of a State House. The Continental Congress, composed of delegates from the thirteen colonies, assembled here 52 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY at the opening of its adjourned session on the lOth of Maj, 1775; and here was signed the Declaration of Independence, which has made this venerable edifice for all time the very shrine' of American patriotism. The interior decorations remain as originally designed by the architect. Over the doors of the main halls on the first floor are medallions containing the head of one of the G€orge6. The eastern hall — the one on the left of the visitor as he enters from Chestnut street — is "Independence Hall." It was in this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions, an^ that the Declaration of Independence was signed. The hall is substantially unchanged, the only repairs that have been made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs from the ceiling. The walls of the room are adorned with portraits of the Signers of the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart, Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush's statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and the table on which the Declaration was signed. At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall formerly used by the Court of Common Pleas. It is now a Museum of National Relics, and c6ntains many rare and curious articles of historical interest. The collection is being constantly enlarged. On the ground-floor of the steeple stands the old bell which, in 1776, "hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed liberty to the people of America. It was cast in England, especially for the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in testing it. It was then recast by Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia, who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, "Pro- claim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." On the morning of the 4th of July, 1776, vast crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tower ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an- ME.^rORIAl, BUrUJlNG OR ART GALLERY — INTEHNATIOMAL EXHllUTION. 365 feet in length and 210 feet in width. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 53 tionnced to him, and had posted his little son at the door of the hall to await the signal of the door-keeper. When tlie an- nouncement of the vote was made, the door-keeper gave the signal and the boy ran quickly to the tower. The old man lieard him coming, and clutched the bell-rope with a firm grasp. The next instant the glad cry of the boy's voice was heard. "Ring! ring!" he cried; and then the deep, sonorous tones of the bell went rolling out of the tower, and were answered with a mighty shout from the assembled throng without. A few days later the Declaration of Independ- ence was formally read by order of Congress, from the doorway of Independence Hall to the people assembled in the square in the rear of the hall, and was received by them with overwhelming enthusiasm. At the close of the reading the crowd tore the royal decorations from the hall, and carried them into the square and made bonfires of them. A broad stairway leads to the second floor, on which are located the chambers used by the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia. The hall at the western end was used as the Senate chamber during a part of the sessions of the First Congress. At the time of the Revolution, the lobby extended from this hall to tlie eastern end of the building. The American officers captured by the British at the battle of Germantown Avere confined here. The eastern wing is now occupied by the Municipal Govern- ment, and contains the offices of the Mayor of the city, and the Police Department. The western wing is known as "Congress OLD BELL OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. 54 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Hall." On the eastern wall of this wing is a marble tablet bearing this inscription : " In this building met the FiBST Senate and the FiKST House of Kepkesentativbs of the United States of America; and herein Geokge Washington was inaugurated President, March 4, 1793, and closed his official career ; where, herein also, John Adams was inaugurated the Second President of the United States, March 4, 1797." The House of Representatives occupied the first floor, now used by the Court of Quarter Sessions and tho Highway PUBLIO LEDGER BtTILDING. Department, and the Senate, upper floor, at present devoted to District Courts No. 1 and No. 2. Thomas Jefferson, as Vice- President, presided over the Senate during Mr. Adams' ad- ministration. Congress sat here from 1792 to 1799. Immediately opposite Independence Hall are the American SCENE IN AGRICULTURAL HALL, SHOWING THE TOBACCO AND OTHER EXHIBITS OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. S5 Hotel, the rooms of the Philadelphia Press Club, and the office of the Adams Expvess Company. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth streets is the splendid brown-stone building of the Public Ledger. It is one of the most perfectly appointed newspaper offices in the world, and is a noble monument to the energy and ability of Mr. George W. Childs, its proprietor, who has made the Ledger one of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals in the Union. On the northwest corner is the office of The Day, and a few doors above is the office of the Evening Bulletin, the oldest afternoon paper in the city. Almost immedi- ately opposite the Bulletin is the office of the German Democrat, a showy build- ing ; and on the southwest corner of Seventh and Chestnut is the office of The Press. A few doors above Seventh, on the north side of Chestnut, is the office of The Times. At the northeast corner of Seventh is Guy's Hotel, a handsome building of white marble. The hotel is conducted on the European plan, and is an excellent house. The heavy business of the street may be said to end at Seventh street, at which point the fashionable promenade begins. Above this, the stores are chiefly retail establishments, and in the next eight squares are collected the handsomest and most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-furnishing, carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are palatial structures, and in the majority the display of goods i." aEBMAN DEMOCRAT BUILDING. 56 THE IL.LUSTRAT£D HISTORY. rich and beautiful. The windows are dressed with great taste, and afford a constantly changing series of pictures unsurpassed by any street in the world. The scene on the street is always brilliant. The whole fashionable world turns out here to see and be seen in fine weather, and from two to six in the after- noon the street is thronged with elegantly dressed people, and showy carriages and other vehicles. On the north side, above Seventh, is the elegant front of the gut's hotel. CAd Maffonio Temple. It is a conspicuous object on the street, and at the time of its erection was considered the most elegant structure of its kind in the country. It is now eclipsed by the new Temple on Broad street, and having been deserted by tlie brethren, is being converted into a hotel. At the southeast corner of Ninth and Cliestnut is the Gonii- nenial Hotel, the largest in the city, and esteemed by experi- enced travellers the best in the Union. It is six stories in height, and covers an area of 41,536 square feet of ground. CI.D MASONIC TEMPLE, CHESTNUT STRKET. 57 58 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY The Chestnut street front is built of Albert and Pictou sand- ,stone, and is elegant and tasteful in design. The Ninth and Sansom street fronts are of a fine quality of pressed brick. The hotel was opened in February, 1860, and has done a steady and prosperous business ever since. It has accommodations for 1000 guests, and is famous as setting a better table than any American hotel. All of its appointments are elegant and sub- stantial, and combine solid comfort with beauty. Elevators convey guests and their luggage from the ground-floor to the CONTINENTAL HOTEL. sixth story ; telegraph wires radiate from the hotel to all parts of the world ; the traveller may purchase his ticket to his destination and check his baggage before leaving the house; and most of the necessities and many of the luxuries of life may be had from the stores under the same roof. The cost of the building was $1,000,000. Immediately opposite the Continental is the Girard House, a stately edifice of brown-stone, erected at a cost of $500,000. It is considered the second hotel in Philadelphia, and is a for- GROUP OF VASES, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUIUJINCi. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 59 midable rival to the Continental. It has accommodations for 800 guests. The eastern half of the square, bounded by Chestnut, Market, and Ninth streets, is the site on which the new Post-Office is being erected. An appropriation of $3,000,000 has been made for this work, and the Post-Office will be a splendid and per- fectly arranged building. It will be constructed of granite, and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of $6,000,000. At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the " Burd Block," built of white marble, and consisting of three beautiful and magnificent stores — the handsomest on the street. At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the building of the -— - a J - ■ ' ' r t ; ; " ■ ; . . SUM ifiiiji! ; ; =.•-■'=-:::=..:;; - *JM. i ' GIKARD HOUSE. Mew York Mutual Life Insurance Company. It stands on the site of the old Keene mansion, and is a magnificent structure of light Rhode Island granite, in the Renaissance style. It is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and one of the handsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was $1,000,000. On the north side of Chestnut, above Tenth, is the American Theatre, better known as Fox's. It is a gaudy si ructure, stands on the site of the old Academy of Fine Arts, and will seat 2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number of elegant stores. The American Sunday-School Union occupies a handsome granite edifice on the south side of the street, between Eleventh 60 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and Twelfth. It was erected in 1854, and is the head-quarters and central office of this vast organization. Girard Row, on the opposite side of the street, contains a number of handsome stores. One of these is occupied by the art galleries of C F. Haseltine, a place which no lover of art should fail to visit. Bailey's Jewelry Store, at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Twelfth, is a superb edifice of white marble. It is the largest establishment of its kind in the city, and is richly worth CHESTXl'T STREET AT TWELFTH. a visit. The building' is owned by Dr. S. S. White, manufac- turer of dental materials, who occupies all the upper floors. On the north side of the street, above Twelfth, are the Chrsfimf Street Theatre, the leading society theatre of the city, and Concert Halt. The United States Mint Stands on the north side of Cliestnut street, above Thirteenth. The building is jirincipally of brick, faced in front with white marble ashler. It is in the Ionic order, and the front is orna- mented with a wide portico of beautiful design, supported by OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 61 six large pillars, and approached by a flight of wide steps. The United States Mint was established by Act of Congress, in April, 1792, and in 1794 David Eittenhouse was appointed by President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh street, near Market, was first used, and there copper cents were A fHEST"TUT STREFT Dr'i f )0D^ '^TOPE coined in 1793. Silver dollars were coined the next year, and gold eagles in 1795. Until 1826 all the work of coining was done by hand, but in that year steam machinery was introduced. The present structure was begun in 1829, and was finished in 1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others 62 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY being merely branches of this establishment. It is one of the most complete and perfectly equipped institutions of its kind. The steam-engine and the coining a-nd milling machinery are exceedingly intricate and costly. The steam-engine used for driving the coining machinery is one of the most perfect and beautiful pieces of machinery in existence. The largest scale used in the mint will weigh 6000 ounces of metal, and the smallest one-thirteenth-hundredth part of a grain. Of late years the mint has been largely engaged in coining money for China and Japan. The probable resumption of specie pay- ments at an early day will no doubt restore to this institution its old time activity. The operations of the mint are con- ducted with the most scrupulous integrity. The government has never lost a cent's worth by the dishonesty of any of the officials or employes since the institution was established. Visitors are admitted from 9 to 12 each day, and the officers of the mint take pleasure in explaining the coining and other processes. There is a valuable and extensive cabinet of rare and curious coins attached to the mint. Some of the coins are of -a date 700 years before the Christian era. Nearly opposite the mint is the new building of the Presby- terian Board of Publication. It is built of white granite, with trimmings of polished Aberdeen stone. At the southeast corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth streets is the magnificent new building of the Yowng Men's Christian Association. The ground-floor is devoted to stores, but the upper floors are used by the Association. It is the handsomest building owned by this society in the United States. At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the Golonna^^ Hotel, a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in height. It is a first-class hotel, and has accommodations for 700 guests. At the northwest corner is the Episcopal Church of the Epiphany. Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Reform Clvh House, a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitted up in superb style. THE STAKCH PAVILION, IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. '. ^ T. >■ " \ 1 1 GENEEAI, VIEW OT TttB INTBBIOB OF AGRICTJIXCBAL HALt. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 63 Beyond Fifteenth, Chestnut street is lined with handsome residences, to within a short distance of the Schuylkill. The most beautiful and costly of these is the mansion built by the late Dr. Jayne, at the southeast corner of Nineteenth street. On the north side of Chestnut, above Eighteenth, is the Taber- nacle Baptist Church. The Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge of iron, with stone piers. Beyond the river the street is built COLONNADE HOTEL. up regularly for a few squares, but then gives way to a series of elegant villas. ^ Walnut street The lower part of "Walnut street is devoted entirely to business. At the corner of Second and "Walnut is a large four-story brown- stone building known as "Anthracite Block," as it is occupied entirely by persons engaged in the coal trade. This part of the street is principally devoted to the same interest. Jas<- abcvf Secon«? stree% Dock street intersects "Walnut THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 65 obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and Walnut streets stands The Merchants' Exchange. This is the most conspicuous feature of this portion of Phila- delphia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania marble. It is used for the purposes indicated by its name ; and the large rotunda ou its eastern side has lately been fitted up at MERCHANTS EXCHANGE. great expense for the daily sessions of the Philadelphia Board of Brokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream of running water. In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of the Exchange, is the Commercial Exchange. It is a handsome building of brick and brown-stone, with a tower. The lower hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their daily meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOBY United States Signal Service. The building stands on the site of the "Old Slate Roof House," which was so called because it was at that time the only house in Philadelphia provided with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his family with him, and John Penn, the only native American of the family, was' born here. General Forbes, Braddock's successor, died here, and General Henry Lee, the famous " Light-Horse Harry " of the Revolution, was buried from here. John Adams, John Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here for a while. Washington was a frequent visitor to the house. At the southeast corner of Walnut and Third streets is the building of the Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Company, one of the handsomest in the city. On the opposite corner of Third street is the office of the Sunday Dispatch. Between Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal offices. On Fourth street below Walnut are the offices of the Penti^ sylvania and the Philadelphia & Beading Railroad Companies. The Pennsylvania Company controls more miles of railway than any other organization in the world. The building of this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy granite. The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in the State, and controls the bulk of the transportation from the rich coal-fields of Pennsylvania to the seaboard. Independence Square lies on the north side of Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth; and diagonally opposite, at the corner of Sixth, is Washington Square, both of which have been already described. This is a region of lawyers' and real estate agents offices; a number of insurance offices are also located here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Washington Square is the handsome bank building of the Philadelphia Sav- ings Fund Sodety, the first savings bank established in America. It began in a small way in 1816, and its depositors now num- ber 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000. On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the A(aMI©¥MrW]llAI/ IMII/DIIIK^ AGRICUI^TURAL HALL INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION. 820 feet in length and 540 feet in width. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 67 Walnut Stred Theatre, once the leading theatre of the Union. It was the scene of many of the most memorable triumphs of Kean, Kemble, Forrest, Macready, and the elder and younger Booth. Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth is the EESIDENCE OF GEO. W. CHILDS, WAMSTUT STREET. building occupied by city offices of the United States Centennial Commission. Immediately opposite is the office of the Cen- tennial Board of Finance. On the north side of the street, just below Tenth street, is the Irving House, a fashionable hotel, with accommodations for 200 guests. The business portion of Walnut street may be said to end SILVER PITCHER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORIIAM MANUFACTURING CO. SOLID SILVER SALVER, EXHIBITED BY THE GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. VALUE^3,000, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 6» the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere and modest virtues of the Quaker -will always command the grateful reverence of the people. At the southeast corner of Fifth and Arch streets is Old Christ Church Graveyard. It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the same time the ground on which Christ Church stands was ac- quired, and the first in- termerit was made here in 1700, five years after- wards. Many prominent men are buried here. Here lie the bones of Peyton Randolph, the President of the first Con- tinental Congress ; Fran- cis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of In- dependence; and Major- General Charles Lee. Close by the Arch street wall, at the upper end of the cemetery, are the graves of Benjamin Franklin, and Deborah, his wife. In 1858, a portion of the wall was removed, and an iron railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and states- man, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last resting-place, bearing an inscription dictated by Franklin him- self, with the exception of the date. It reads thus : " Benjamin- "| and >■ Feanklin. Debobah J 1790." ;;K't»i'4U'J!«ii"iiiii' '«ttj rt I III I i'Hii HI i CORNEK OF ARCH AND SIXTH STBEETS. What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous 70 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBT inscriptions in Laurel Hill ! Franklin needed no monument over his tomb, no epitaph, to keep his memory green in Phila- delphia.' His monuments lie all over the city. Among the most prominent are the Philadelphia Library, the American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and Christ Church. Adjoining the grave of Franklin is that of his daughter BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Sarah, and her, husband, Richard Bache. It is marked by s similar slab. At the southwest corner of Fifth and Arch is an ancient building, erected during the latter part of the last century for the use of the Free Quakers. It is now occupied by the Appren- tices' Library Company, which was established in 1820, "for the use of apprentices and other young persons, without charge of any kind, for the use of books." On the north side of Arch street, above Sixth, is the Arch Street Theatre, a handsome marble front building. The interior is one of the best arranged and most comfortable in the city. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 71 On the same side, above Seventh, is the St. Ghud Hotel, a handsome building, with a brown-stone front, with accommoda- tions for 400 guests. At the northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel Wood's Museum, a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmon^ and Slocum's Opera House. ST. CLOUD HOTEL. On Arch above Tenth, on the south Side, are the Methodist Booh Rooms. At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the ^rc/i ^eet Methodist Episcopal Chwreh, one of the stateliest church edifices in the city. It was completed in 1873, is constructed entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style, 72 THE ILLTTSTEATED HIS'TORY with a spire rising to a height of 233 feet. Its cost was over $250,000. At the northwestern corner is St. John's iMtheran Church. It is built of serpentine stone, with gray sandstone and Hummel-stone dressings. The tower, which is not yet completed, will be massive in its proportions, and very beauti- ARCH STREET METHODIST CHURCH. fill. The interior decorations are very rich, and the altar is one of the handsomest in this country. The church is built in the florid German Gothic style, and will cost when completed about $300,000. At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the First Baptist Church, one of the oldest organizations of that de- SHOW-CASES IN TIIK CHINK-E OEl'ABT.MUNT, MAIN IUn,:):.NG. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 73 nomination in this country. The congregation was formed in 1684. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 226 feet in height. The interior is very handsome. Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences, many of which are very handsome. Many of the " solid men " of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is the West Arch Street Pres- byterian Chwrch, a splendid edifice, much admired by the people, of the city. Broad Street. Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an un- broken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet along this entire length. The southern terminus of the street is at League Island, a low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard. Work was begun upon it almost immediately, and about a year ago the Navy Yard was transferred to it from its old quarters higher up the river. We shall refer to it again in another por- tion of this work. For some distance north of League Island, Broad street is bordered by truck ferms,arid is ornamented with a double row of trees. Several handsome churches and some fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At the northwest corner of Broad street and Washington avenue is the Depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington amd Baltimore RaU- rootZ, or, as it is more commonly called, "the Baltimore Depot." It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs of this prosperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, to which we shall refer again. At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvania, 74 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. This noble charity was or- ganized in 1820, by Bishop White, and in 1821 was incor- porated by the State. The building presents a front of cut stone, with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a BETH-EDEN BAPTIST CHURCH. frontage of 200 feet. The State of Pennsylvania makes a lib- eral appropriation every year towards its support, and the States of Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to it, and send their deaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits. At the northwest corner of Spruce street is Beth-Eden Church, the property of the Baptists. It is a superb edifice, and when OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 75 its spire is completed, will be one of the most perfect specimens of church architecture in America. On Broad street above Ijocust is Horticultural Hall, the prop- erty of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which was in- corporated in 1827. HOETIOUI.TTIRAL TTAT/Ti. Immediately above Horticultural Hall, and separated from it by a space of a few yards, is the American Academy of Music, The most capacious and elegant opera house in the country. It was completed on the 26th of January, 1857, and was opened with a notable ball. It is still used for the grand balls of the Philadelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridge is thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticul- tural Hall, and the two buildings are nsed in common. The Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trim- mings, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but 76 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior. The stage is 90 feet wide, nearly 50 feet high, and nearly 100 feet deep. The proscenium is richly ornamented, and the boxes which it contains are situated between six splendid Cor- inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up- holstered. The parquette and its accompanying circle are very large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which are rows of private boxes, the family circle, and the amphitheatre. r* ^ jC fV H niSh II ii, [.| ,,'iilNIH'^', Mf ACADEMY OF MUSTC. ,' . 1 The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoed to represent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobbv, hand- somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms, etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony, which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer, -"^5^1776 >^^i^- TBMMATIBHAt WXHiaiTIPM. MAIN BUILDING OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTENNU.L EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA., 1876. 1880 feet in length and 464 feet in width. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 77 which is located immediately over the main lobby. The build- ing will comfortably seat 3000 persons, and has held as many as 4000 sitting and standiiig. Its estimated value, with iis scenery and other appointments, is $800,000. On the southeast corner of Broad and Locust streets is The CQlosseum. It stands directly opposite the Academy of Music, and is one of the most noticeable buildings in the city. It was originally erected at "the corner of Broadway and Thirty-fifth street, in New York, but was taken down, transferred to Phila^ delphia, and rebuilt here in the spring of 1876. As it con- stitutes one of the most prominent places of interest in the city the whole year round, a brief description of it will be of interest to the reader. The building is cylindrical in form, and -has a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and 126 feet at the eaves. The height from the pavement to the under side of the roof is 77 feet. The foundations are of masonry, capped with granite blocks. The walls are constructed of wrought-iron frame work. T irons, 3J by 3J inches, are set upright, 6 feet apart at the base, and 3 feet apart at the top, and are connected at in- tervals of 7 feet 6 inches by T and angle-irons bolted to them, the whole forming a kind of ladder. There are twenty- eight of these ladders placed round the circumference, all se- curely joined together. Wooden braces are added to the panels of the ladders. The outside, 405 feet in circumference, and 75 feet high, is covered with corrugated iron. Being constructed in this way it can be seen how it was possible to take the building down in New York and ship it to Philadel- phia, although the undertaking was a laborious one, and at- tended, by tenormous expense. The roof is covered with tin, and contains forty-eight skylights. Within the building is a promenade 94 feet in diameter, and 300 feet in circumference. It is fitted with ornamental columns and pilasters, and has fif- teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beauty. The main entrance to the building is at the corner of Broad and Locust streets, the fagade of ornamental galvanized iron stand- ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The fagade is 32 feet wide, and 65 feet high. The whole building is beauti- 78 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY fully frescoed in bright colors. The engine for working the elevator is in the basement at the centre of the structure, anHI^ tr.S. AfrtGIlICA MACHINERY HALL — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 1402 feet in length and 360 feet in width. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 99 edifice. This was pulled down by the soldiers by order of the colonial authorities, was rebuilt, and pulled down a second time. A third time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers came to destroy it. This time the fathers interposed tlic plea that the building was their dwelling, as well as a church, and that as sucli they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suc- QETHSEMANE BAFTIST CHURCH. ccssful, and the house was sjiared. The old church stood until 1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and the Continental Congress assembled iiere in it, at the close of the Eevohition, to return to France, tiirough Lafayette, the thanks of the country for her aid in the Revolution. The present structure was erected in 1838. At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is 100 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY The Third Presbyterian Church, Generally called "The Old Pine Church." It was organized in 1760 by a number of families who withdrew from the First Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn. The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768. During the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dragoons. Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David Eitten- house, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edi- fice in the city, the Gloria Dei, or Swedes' Church. It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadel- phia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn's colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river. A year or two later they built log huts on the plateau beyond the river. " They were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk, too ; gave their open hand to the English, /who asked leave to settle on the land, and shut it against the Dutch, who claimed the land as a right. . . Nothing can be more pathetic than the letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager to Europe, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging that ' godly men might be sent to them to instruct their chil- dren, and help themselves to l^ad lives well pleasing to God.' It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival of Rudman and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the Swedish king. . . Immediately after the arrival of Rudman nnd Bjork, Gloria Dei Church, known now in Philadelphia as OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 101 old Swedes', was built. It stood upon a green bank of the quiet river, Swan Swanson's being the only hut near by. On Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the women's horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even fer- away Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or shirts of wolfskin on the branches of the trees before they went THE OLD swedes' CHUECH. ID. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, half believing, and wholly afraid. . . The church itself was built in a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the best articles out of his house when the money did not come in 102 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY fast enough, and carrying the hod every day himself." Tha original church was built of logs, and served as a blockhouse as well as a place of worship. It was built in 1677. The present edifice was erected on the same site in 1700. It is built of brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from Sweden. In the churchyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist. It may be added here that William Penn scrupulously respected the rights of the Swedish settlers, and purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city of Philadelphia. On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is St Mark's Episcopal Church. It was erected in 1849, is built in the decorative Gothic style, and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully pro- portioned churches in the city. It is built of freestone, so nicely laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 1 50 feet in length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is very beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among the finest in the country. The church is the property of one of the wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are graud and impressive. St. Clement's Church, at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme ritualistio establishment in the city. On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church. The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism was estab- lished in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Tliomas Webb, who held liis meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets. He succeeded in forming the germ of the present congregation. In 1769 Richard Boardman and Joseph Pillmore were sent OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 103 over by John Wesley to take charge of the Philadelphia clnu-ch. They preached in the present building, which liad just been erected, and was known as " Our Preaching House." Francis Asbury, afterwards tlie great bishop, named it St. George's, in 1781. In March, 1770, tiie first love-feast held in America was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied the church as a riding-school. The church has iiad amona; its pastors four who became bishops in the Methodist Episcopal CEIITKAL CONGREGATIONAL CHUKCH. Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat, Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott. The Central Congregational Church, on Eighteenth street, at Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late Norman style, erected at a cost of $100,000. St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church is at the cprner of Girard avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure, with a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The 104 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of Philadelphia. There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different denominations : DENOMINATION Number of Chnichea. Advent Christian Church 3 Baptist 63 Bible Christians 1 Christian Evangelist. 1 Christian Independent 2 Church of God 1 Congregational 2 Disciples of Christ 2 Evangelical Association 8 French Protestant EpiscopaL 1 Friends (Orthodox) 6 " (Hicksite) 8 " (Primitive) 1 Hebrews 11 Lutheran (English) 14 " (German) 12 " (Independent) 2 Mennonite 3 Methodist Episcopal 89 " African 9 Methodist (Free) 1 Moravian 4 New Church (Swedenborgian) 3 Presbyterian 75 " (Reformed Synod) 3 (Original 1 " (General Synod) 8 (United) 12 Protestant Episcopal 90 Beformed Episcopal 3 " Church in the United States 16 Boman Catholic 43 Unitarian 2 UniTersalist 3 Total 503 OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 105 Educational Estabiishments. The public schools of Philadelphia have long been famous for their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 396 school-houses in the city ; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year 72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was $900,819; the whole amount paid for school purposes was $1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by 8,587 pupils. The private schools and academies are numerous and well attended. There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of these is the University of Pennsylvania. This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy, founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments or schools, namely : the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, and the Law Schools, The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia, at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and Locust street. The University buildings are constructed of serpentine stone, with the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio stone. When all are erected they will comprise a complete square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and conve- nience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes: The buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science, the Medical School, and the Hospital attached to the Medical School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure, three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital 106 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY is situated to the south of the School of Arts and Science, and stands iu a lot given to the University by tlie city on condition of its maintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law School is located in the first building mentioned. UNIVERSITY OP PEXNSYLVAKIA. The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty includes in its number some of the most eminent men in the Union. Jefferson Medical College Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at Cunnonsburg, Pa. It owes its existence principally to the exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its faculty tlie most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was rapid, and it lias long been considered one of the first medical schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every part of the Union. The college building is a handsome structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class institution. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 107 The Honiceopathio Medical College is situated on the north side of Filbert street, above Eleventh. Attached to it is a large and well-conducted hospital. The college is regarded as one of the best sciiools of this branch of medicine in existence. The Colkge of Pharmacy is on the east side of Tenth street below Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the education of chemists and apothecaries. Thanks to its eflbrts the drug business of the country has been placed mainly in the hands of educated pharmaceutists. The College of Physicians Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising physicians, and its object is the investigation of " the diseases and , remedies which are peculiar to this country." The members are divided into two classes : Fellows, or practising physicians residing in the city; and Associates, who are eminent physicians in other parts of the country. The college publishes a quarterly journal of its transactions, which is highly valued by the pro- fession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the sciences of medicine and surgery. Girard College Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whoso name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of forty- five acres, fronting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junc- tion with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and strengthened with pilasters. By the terms of his will, Mr. Girard left the sum of six millions of ddllars to trustees for the purpose of founding and maintaining a college for the free educa- tion and support of white male orphans. The cost of the build- ings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of $1,933,821 has been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of the vast legacy was to be kept as a fund for the support of the college, the interest only being used. The trustees in a recent 108 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, " it will soon be ample to maintain as many orphans as the entire plot of ground can accommodate." The number of pupils in the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $190,000 is annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades. The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept. The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front. GIRARD COLLEGE. The college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the United States. It is constructed of pure white mdrble, and the general design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners. The building rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps, which extend around the entire edifice, thus giving to it an air of greater solidity and splendor. The building has a length e - — ^^^^ ®"«^i. '^'^e' -'B^^ 'US''*' V . I OF THE CBNTENNIAIi EXHIBITION. 10» of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform between the outer walls and the ranges of columns. The archi- tecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The columns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and are surmounted by capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance from the top of the capitals to the apex of the pediment is 34 feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each side contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room, and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with mar- ble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weighs 969J tons. The building is divided into three stories, and is used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace of the last material is anywhere visible to the eye. A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of the founder, and a room in the building known as " Girard's Room " contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects. A number of fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height, with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of the pupils. Mr. Girard's will contained the following restrictions upon visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics are his own : " I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minis- ter of any sect whatsoever, shall hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college : nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever ; but as there is such a multitude of sects, 110 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and such a diversity of opinion amongst them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, wlio are to derive advantage from tliis bequest, free from tlie excitement which clashing doc- trines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce ; and my desire is, tliat all the instructors and teachers in the college shall take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest p-indples of morality, so that, on their entrance into active life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince benevolence towards tlieir fellow-creaturea, and a love of truth, sobriety, and indudry, adopting at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may enable them to prefer." " When Mr. Duane had written this passage at Girard's dicta- tion," says Mr. Parton, "a conversation occurred between them, which revealed, perhaps, one of the old gentleman's reasons for inserting it. ' What do you think of that ? ' asked Girard. Mr. Duane being unprepared to comment oh such an unexpected injunction, replied, after a long pause, ' I can only say now, Mr. Girard, that I think it will make a great sensation.' Girard then said, ' I can tell you something else it will do, — it will please the Quakers.' He gave another proof of his regard for tlie Quakers by naming three of tliem as executors of his will ; the whole number of the executors being five." The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery is located at Tenth and Arch streets, and the Philadelphia Dental College at 108 North Tenth street. Both are flourishing institutions. The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania is at Twenty-first and North College avenue. The Polytechnic College of the Stafe of Pennsylvania is on Market street above Seventeenth. The churcli institutions are the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, at Locust and Juniper streets; the Theologi- cal Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, at No. 216 Franklin street ; St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) Co^egre, at 317 Willing's alley ; and the Seminary of St. Cliarles Borroineo, at Overbrook station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond Hestonville. The building of the last-named institution is a magnificent specimen of the Italian style of architecture. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. Ill LIBRARIES. The principal library of the city is the Philadelphia Library. It was founded in 1731, by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hop- kinson, Thomas Cadvvallader, and several other gentlemen, Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan became interested in the enterprise at an early day, and instructed Mr. Hopkinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase books to the value of ^£65. This was done, and the boolvs were *-nr SEMINARY OF ST. CHABLES BOEROMEO. received in 1732. The library was made free to the public, but none but subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logan, were allowed to take the books from the building. Tliis rule is still observed. The library grew slowly, and in 1782 tlic heirs of James Logan presented the trustees with the valuable Loganian Library, which is still kept as a separate collection. The two collections now number about 100,000 volumes. The library 112 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed and occupied by the library in 1790. The Mercantile Library Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut. It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers, and in 1826 was made a stock company. The building used by the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with MEECANTILE LIBRARY. the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, $230,000. It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the prin- cipal newspapers and magazines of this country and Europe. It has also a cliess-room with twenty-four tables. It is managed upon the most liberal plan, and has a membership of 12,000. Ue Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 113 in the centre of the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by a stone wall, except on the Broad street front, vhcre the wall gives place to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid off in the most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage of 220 feet, and an extreme depth of 105 feet. The principal fagade faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to the central building and one to each of the wings. The porticos are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all, eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a platform which is reached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building. The main entrance is from the central portico, and leads into a vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 14 feet high, which opens into the main hall. This hall is cruciform, 84 feet in length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. Tlie main, hall will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etc. The wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wife. The building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush, who at his death bequeathed the land on which it stands, and the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. When completed the Philadelphia Library Conapany will most likely «xercise control over the " Ridgway Branch." The building is in all respects one of the most massive and superb edifices of its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and will always form one of the noblest pf Philadelphia's publio institutions. 8 114 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows : NAME. LOCAtIoN, American Baptist Historical Society 530 Arch Street. American Mechanics' Library Fourth and George Streets. Athenaeum Library Sixth and Adelphi Streets. Apprentices' Library Association 500 Arch Street. American Protestant Hall and Library Asso'n . . 1415 Locust Street. Friends' Library 304 Arch Street. Germantown Library 4838 Gerraantown Avenue. James Page Library Company 208 East Girard Avenue. Library Association of Friends Race and Fifteenth Streets. Library of the German Society 24 South Seventh Street. Library of the Law Association 532 Walnut Street. Mechanics' Institute Library 1110 South Fifth Street. Moyamensing Library Eleventh and Catharine Sts. Odd-Fellows' Library 806 North Third Street. Philadelphia City Institute Library Eighteenth and Chestnut Sts. Spring Garden Institute 1349 Spring Garden Street. South wark Library Company 765 South Second Street. Wm. Brotherhead's Library 205 South Thirteenth Street ' West Philadelphia Institute Library 4050 Market Street. Wagner Free Institute of Science Seventeenth and Montgomery. The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number 3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONSr Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the Academy of Natural Sciences. This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentle- men for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period a museum and a library were established. These have been steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000 volumes. The museum contains over 250,000 specimens. Among these are " more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000 fossils, 70,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes, 2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell- bearing mollusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles, 37,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs of 1500 species, 1000 mammals, and 900 skeletons and pieces of osteology." The BAPTIST BOAED OF PUBLICATION, CHESTNUT STB.EET. 115 116 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruction is furnished to a number of students. Visitors are admitted on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents. The money is devoted to the purposes of the building fund. The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of Chestnut, but a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was begun at the southwest corner of Nineteenth and Race streets. It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nine- teenth street, and a depth of 198 feet on Race street. It will be in the collegiate Gothic style, and will be constructed of ACADEMY OF NATUBAL SCIENCES. serpentine stone with trimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the north wing has been completed, and into this the collections of the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire building with all its appointments will cost over §700,000. The American Philosophical Society Occupies a quaint old building in Fifth street, immediately in the rear of Independence Hall. The society occupies the second floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Ben- jamin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia, OF THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 117 paving become interested in scientific studies, established a society of kindred spirits, which he called " The Junto." Its membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. Out of this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743. Among its members have been some of the greatest men of our history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000 volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789. Among the most precious possessions of the society is the original draft of the Declaration of Independence in the hand- writing of Thomas Jefferson. The Pennsylvania Historical Society At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Penn- Bylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society was established in 1825, and for a number of years struggled onward in the face of great difficulties. It has now a member- ship of 600, a library of 12,000 volumes, and 80,000 pamph- lets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical per- sonages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of engravings and manuscr'pts, among which are William Penn's papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of American antiquities. The Franklin Institute Was incorporated in 1824, "for the promotion and encourage- ment of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts by popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of models and minerals, offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions sub- mitted to them." The membership is open to all persons friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The building occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiments. 118 'rHE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There ia also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock con- structed by David Rittenhouse. The Institute has done and is doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in this country. The Zoological Socieiy of Philadelphia. , After an existence of many years, has but recently become prominent among the learned associations of Philadelphia. It has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract was originally known as " Solitude," and was the residence of John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn. The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania* is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoo- logical Society have fitted up their garden with a number of handsome improvements, consisting of a monkey-house, a beaver- dam, deer and bufiklo parks, a winter-house for animals from the tropics, three large stone bear-pits, njid an aviary. The col- lection of animals is already very large, and is being increased. It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to none in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twenty- five cents for adults, and ten cents for children. Besides the above associations are the American Entomologi- cal Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Gerniantovm Sdentifio Association, at 4836 Germantowu avenue ; the Numis- matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets ; and the Wagn^ Free Jnstiiutef at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue. Benevolent Institutions. The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union. We can mention here but a few of the more prominent. OF THE CENTENNIAIi KXHIBITION. 119 The Pennsylvcmia InstUutitm for the Deaf and Dvmh has been noticed in our account of Broad street. The Pennsylvania Hospital Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the institution for " the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure of lunatics." The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall, except in the centre of the Pine street front. Through this open space the group of venerable buildings can be seen from the street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in 1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients were removed to the new hospital in West Philadelphia. The Wilh' Hospital, in Race street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by a bequest of the late James Wills, for the treat- ment of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind Is at the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged build- ing, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils, many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay for their instruction and support. The Municipal Hospital For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof. Adjoining it is the " Potter's Field," with its rows of nameless graves. The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been already mentioned in connection with the University. The 120 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Blockley Almshouse Lies south of the University and faces the Schuylkill. It con- sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high. Puh.^jH ll.,UJAf< ISUARU OF PlIELKATION, CHESTNUT ST. These are arranged as the four sides of a square. The number of inmates is about 3000, of whom 600 are in the insane depart- ment, and 200 more in the children's asylum. The buildings OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 121 themselves cover an area of ten acres, and stand in a tract of 179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asylum. The city of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thou- sand dollars in the support of this institution. On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets, in West Philadelphia, is the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, Which was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with a central edifice and wings, with Doric porticos, and a fine dome over one hundred feet high. One of these buildings is occupied by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400. The Preshytetnan Hospital, at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets ; the Hospital of Christ Church, on Belmont avenue, near the Park entrance ; the Jeimsh Hospital, on the OIney road in the Twenty-third ward; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of Philadelphia, at Haddington ; the Burd Orphan Asylum, on the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market street; the Preston Retreat, the House of Industry, and the House of Refuge, are noble institutions. The United States Naval Asylum Is located on Gray's Ferry road below South street. It was built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of infirm and decrepit officers and seamen of the navy and the marine corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in height, and is approached by a flight of marble steps. There are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the govern- ment. The Commodore's quarters stand north of the asylum. In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the late war by the government for the care of the sick and wounded sailors of the navy. The grounds are handsomely laid out. 122 THE- ILLUSTKATED HiSTOBY PRISONS. The prisons of Philadelphia are well conducted, three in number. The They are Philadelphia Gounfy Prison Is located on Passyunk road, just below Eeed street. It is a massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding wings on either side. At the end of each wing is a heavy octagonal V .'«.' =l=v-t ^8 ^1 -^^"'^™:^»«ii«™™, ,„„j« . **'„^ PHlIiADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON. tower, and on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in a bastion. The architecture is in the English-Gothic style of the iifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite, and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the Union. About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison is generally known as the " Moyamensing Prison," from the former name of the district in which it stands. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 123 The Eastern Penitentiary, Or, as it is better known, " Cherry Hill Prison," occupies the entire square bounded on the south by Fairmouut avenue, and lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance, a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows. The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all of which space is occuj)ied by the buildings. Within the enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors like the points of a star. They are so arranged that the warden, sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors, and to each cell is attached a small walled yard, in which, at certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the solitary plan. The plrisoners are furnished with work enough to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells. They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners.' It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage of preserving the prisoner from association with the other criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the danger of meeting with other prisbners after his release, and being by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are about 500 convicts confined here. 134 THE ILLUSTRATED mSTOEY. ii,e House of Correction Is at Holmesburg, in the northern part of the city. It contains two thousand cells, and answers the purpose of a work-house and a prison. Places of Amusement. The most prominent places of amusement have already been noticed in our account of the city. Philadelphia has one first- class opera-house — the Academy of Music, at Broad and Locust streets — and three first-class theatres. These are the Chestnut Street Theatre, on Chestnut street, between Twelfth and Thir- teenth ; the Arch Street Theatre, on Arch street between Sixth and Seventh streets; and the Walnut Street Theatre, at the corner of Walnut and Ninth streets. During the centennial season there will be two first-class concert gardens, viz. : Theodore Thomas' Garden, at Broad and Master streets, and Kiralfy's Alhamhra Palace Garden, on Broad street below Locust. The Colosseum, at Broad and Locust streets, affords a first- class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris. The other places of amusement are, Foa^s New American Theatre, on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central Theatre, on Walnut street above Eighth; the New National Theatre, at Callowhill and Tenth streets ; and Mioch's Varieties, on Seventh street below Arch — all devoted to variety entertain- ments; the Arch Street Opera House, on Arch street above Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera House, both of which are negro minstrel halls, and well patronized ; and Colonel WooCPa Museum, at Arch and Ninth streets. Cemeteries. The principal cemetery of Philadelphia is Lawel HUM, on the east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid tombs, some of which are noted as works of art. The other m 126 THE illusteAted history cemeteries are, Glenwood, Mmvament, Woodlands, BonaMson's, Odd Fellows, and Mmmi Moriah. Newspapers. There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of these, seven are E,epublican, four Democratic, and sixteen inde- pendent. About fifty periodicals are published in the city, which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business of the United States. Banks. There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate capital of $20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National banks, and eleven continue to do business under the State laws. The National banks hav^ a capital of $16,235,000, and the State banks a capital of $4,000,000. Gas and Water. Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, which is supplied at a reasonable i-ate to the citizens. The gas works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extor- tions of private companies. The total length of street mains is over 600 miles. The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill river. The water works are at Fairmount, on the east side of the Schuylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was intro- duced into the city in 1827. Since then additional reservoirs have been constructed within the limits of the Park, and addi- tional pumping houses have been erected at Belmont, Rox- borough, and other points on the Schuylkill. The works are supplied with the most approved and complete machinery, the engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours. In order to preserve the water of the Schuylkill pure and fit for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years OP THE CENTENNIAIi EXHIBITION. 127 ago, purchased the land on both sides of the river to the Falls, and along the Wissahickon for several milesfrom its mouth. These VIEW OF FAIRMODNT WATEB WOBKS. - - Streams are thus prevented from being made the receptacles for the refuse of factories, which would render their waters impure. About 546 miles of water pipes have been laid through the 128 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY city, and all the modern, and the most of the older houses, have water introduced into them. The average amount used per day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir has been recently constructed in the East Park, at a cost of $2,000, 000. It has a capacity of 760,000,000 gallons. Street Railways. There are about twenty-two main lines of street railv^ay ift Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best system of street transportation in the Union, and convey pas- sengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents. A number of these lines run direct to the entrances to the exhi- bition grounds. The Water Front The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is washed on three sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a forest of masts, representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point can he as perfectly acquire a correct idea of the vast commerce which yearly enters and leaves this j)ort. An excellent plan would be to engage a boat at Tacony, descend the river to the mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend that stream to the exhibi- tion grounds. Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the "sights" of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive in the world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate length of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and boats. The shipping piers are 23 in :number, and their aggre- gate length is 4J miles. They are provided with lOJ miles of single track, and in addition to this are connected with each OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 129 other and with the main line of the road by 22 miles of track. The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is emptied into schutes 169 feet in length, which convey it directly into the holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are em- ployed here, and the daily shipments of coal amount to 30,000 tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the trans- portation of coal from Port Richmond to other points, and intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other vessels are enjployed in this trade. Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island, a spot dear to the hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen. A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of William Cramp & Son, said to be the most extensive establish- ment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels were built here for the navy during the civil war, among others the New Ironsides. The four iron steamers of the Ame:rican Line, plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also built here. Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delaware Water Works, and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling mills, iron foundries and forges; and beyond these still, occupy- ing the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to South America and the "West Indies. Immediately below' Noble street are the freight depots and piers of the North Penn- sylvania and Reading Railroads. Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and separated from it by the Delaware, is Camden, the sixth city of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied in crossing the river is five minutes. 9 ^llll 130 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 131 In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market Bta-eet, is Smith's Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through which the Camden & Amboy Railroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill Island, also a pleasure resort. At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the rear of these docks is the enormous JElevator of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and every facility for prompt and economical shipment. Immediately adjoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard, covering a tract of eighteen acres. It was purchased by the government in 1801 for $37,500, and was sold about a year ago to the Pennsylvania Kailroad Company for about $2,000,000. Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to League Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware. This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers, which vessels lie at its docks and receive apd transfer passengers and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary. At Gremvnch Point, at the foot of Packer street, are the coal wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad, second only in extent and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the Reading road at Port Richmond. Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is League Island, Now occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The island was presented to the government by the city of Phila- delphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the ex- tensions in contemplation are completed, will have a firontage of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average depth of water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish- 132 THE ILI.USTEATED HISTOKY ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in his report for 1871 : "A navy yard so ample in its proportions, in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of accass to our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to our country." Just below League Island is Mud Island, on which stands old Fort Mifflin. This work was begun at the outbreak of the Eevolutlon, and consisted then of an embankment of earth. It was known as the " Mud Fort." Upon the occupation of the city by the British in 1777 it became necessary to capture the defences on the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Eed Bank, on the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been held by the Americans the enemy must have evacuated the city. On the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same time a picked force of twelve hundred Hessians was sent to storm the works at Red Bank, The latter attack was repulsed with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander, Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re- pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire upon Fort Mifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom- bai'draent was continued until the night of the 15th. Fort Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Hed Bank, on the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now the obstructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phila- OF THE CENTENNIAIj EXHIBITIOH. 133 delphia. The present work was constrncted after the close of the Revolution, and is strongly armed. The Schuylkill river flows into the Delaware immediately below League Island. This river was so named by the early Dutch navigators, and the name is said to mean " a hidden river," from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers ascending the Delaware until the junction is reached. A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore, are the new docks and the grain elevator of the International) or Red Star, Steamship Line, plying between Philadelphia and Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of the most prominent shipping points of the city. " The Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia's 're- serve forces,' With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Schuyl- kill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines in the coal regions; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce on the Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be required — a time which cannot be far distant." The principal objects of interest on the Schuylkill are the bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the op- posite sides of the river. Some of these are among tiie finest in the world. The first of these, after passing the mouth of the river, is the Penrose Ferry Bridge; above this is the Gray's Ferry Bridge, a double structure, used for the passage of the trains of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Higher up is the new Sowth Street. Bridge, begun in 1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of $865,000. With its approaches, which rest upon massive stone arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun- 134 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 135 dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, except at the draw span, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This gives a roadway of thirty-five feet, and two footwalks, each ten, feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier. Chestnut Street Bridge lies next above. It was begun in 1861 and completed in 1866, at a cost of $500,000. It is one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite. At Marhet street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the place of the old wooden Widge that crossed the river at this point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is used for the Market Street Railway, by vehicles and pedestrians, and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Fairmount, or Oallowhill Street, Bridge stands on the site of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fair- mount. It is one of the handsomest and most substantial bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial Exhibition was used by a large part of the visitors. There is a span over Callowhill street of eighty feet ; then follow five arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one hundred and five feet ; then the main span of three hundred and fifty feet over the Schuylkill ; then ten arch colonnades on the west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet ; then the bridge over Thirtieth street, ninety feet long ; then seven spans of plate girders, three hundred feet in length, and finally the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and forty feet long ; making a total length of one thousand two hun- dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways, the upper one thirty-two feet above the lower. The upper floor is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks on each side. The bridge is constructed of iron with stone piers and foundations, and is ornamented with a double row of mag- nificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor. 136 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTOEY and are used by a number of street car lines running direct to the exhibition grounds. The cost of this magnificent structure was 11,200,000. Above the bridge are the dam and water-works at Fairmount, dnd higher up still are the boat-houses of the Schuylkill navy, to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work. Higher up still is the finest of all the Philadelphia bridges, the now famous Girard Avenue Bridge. Which spans the Schuylkill at the main avenue of approach to VIEW ABOVE THE DAM, FAIRMOUNT. Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the most magnificent bridge in the United States, and will always be one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city. It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hun- dred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height of the roadway above low water is fifty-five feet. The girders rest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following description of the bridge is taken from Tlie Sdentifio Amerioan: " The masonry of the piei-s and abutments is rock-faced ashlar OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 137 of Maine granite laid in mortar of one part Coplay cement to two parts of sand. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rock- faced granite work. "Superstructure. — There are seven lines of trusses or girders placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal and vertical bracing. " These trusses are of the well-known Phcenixville pattern of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and the vertical posts are Phoenix-flanged columns, united by cast- iron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phoenix weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic pressure. Upon the tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch beams placed two feet eiglit inches apart. These are covered transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick, corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide. These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt concrete is placed. " The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of oue hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000 pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds per square inch as tlie compressive limit on parts. "All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pins are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this bridge is double refined, or of ' Phoenix best best ' brand, cap- able of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as fol- lows : Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per square inch ; no permanent set under 27,000 pounds to 30,000 pounds per square inch ; average reduction of area at point of fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees, or hammered flat. 138 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 139 "Boadway. — The corrugated iron plates which cover the bridge are themselves covered by four inches to five inches of asphalte, making a water-tight surface. The one hundred feet of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-half feet of carriage- way and two sixteen and one-half feet sidewalks. The roadway is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next the sidewalks for horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways, made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-feet gauge. The gutters and curbstouea are of fine cut granite. The sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square, laid diagonally. "On each side of t;he slate tiles are spaces two feet wide, which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one winter's frost these tiles became so much shattered that they were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place. The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder of the sixteen and one-half feet. " The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornanients, and are sup- ported by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth standard is prolonged into a lamp-post. There are eight refuge bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the support- ing shaft rising through an octagonal seat, which forms its base. The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner. " The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze cast under a pressure of sixty pounds per square inch, which ■forces the metal into all the finest lines and makes an extremely sharp casting ; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this pro- cess from an electrotype has been used to print engravings from. There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame. " It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will 140 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOKY be gained through the arched openings in the abutments, and this spot has been selected as a proper place for a drinking fountain. Tiie bridge is painted salmon color, relieved by blue and gold ; the cornice and balustrade are green and gold. " The construction of the permanent new bridge began May 11th, 1873, and July 4th, 1874, it was formally opened for public travel, and has remained in use ever since. PENNSYLVANIA EAILEOAD BRIDGE, PAIRMOUNT PARK. "This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pump- ing out that water; second, to the fore^^hought displayed in making the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured through a freshet which increased the deptii of Avater from thirty feet to forty -six feet; third, to the peculiar construction of the girders (which contain over three thousand five hundred tons OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 141 of iron), which were made at Phoenixviile from the ore, entirely by machinery, and without any hand labor; and, lastly, to the rapidity and facility of erection allowed by the pin-connected mode of construction." Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connect- ing Bridge of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over which the road from West Philadelphia to New York passes. Above this is the Columbia Bridge, a wooden structure, used by the Reading Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the THE BATTLE OP GEPwMAXTOWX— CHEW's HOUSE. Sohnylkill is a picturesque stone bridge of six arches, which is also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, the trains of which pass over it. West Philadelphia. West Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas and cottages, -which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it possesses every advantage and convenience of the cit" p'r>per. 142 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the visitor. Germantown Is the principal and most beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It is reached by the Germantown branch of the Philadelphia and A CJERjrANTOWN VILLA. Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled in 1683 by emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms a OF THE CENTENNIAL KXHIBITION. 143 part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several his- torical mansions, chief among which is the old " Chew Mansion," which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle of Germantown, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phila- delphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a lib- eral expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the homes with which it is filled. Manufactures and Commerce. The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia is 8184. They employ a capital of $174,016,674, and 137,496 hands ; they pay out $68,780,130 annually for wages ; consume raw material to the amount of $180,325,713 ; aad yield an an- nual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns were as follows: Vessels arrived, American, 503; tonnage, 185,727 ; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews, 6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911; crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 343; tonnage, 153,- 845 ; crews, 3741 ; foreign, 547 ; tonnage, 251,467 ; crews, 6526. Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890; tonnage, 405,312; crews, 10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21 were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 were steam vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign. In the same year the imports amounted to $20,383,853;. and the exports to $21,016,750. Of the latter sum $20,982,876 were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports. Such is the great city in which the Centennial Exhibition was held. CHAPTER IV. FAIEMOUNT PARK. Dimensions of the Park— Its History— Improvements— Old Fairmonnt and Lemon Hill— View from the Hill— The Waterworks— The Art Gallery— The Lincoln Monument— Lemon Hill— Keminiscences of Eobert Morris— Sedgeley Park— The River Eoad— The East Park— The Storage Reservoir —Old Country-seats— Mount Pleasant— Arnold's Home— Fort St. David's— Tlie Wissahickon— Romantic Scenery— The Hotels^The Hermit's Well— The Mystics— Washington's Rock- The Monastery— The West Park- Solitude— The Zool6gical Gardens— The Grounds of the Centennial Exhibi- tion— Lansdowne— George's Hill— Belmont— Judge Peters^The Sawyer Observatory — How to Reach the Park. JAIRMOUNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of Philadelphia, is the fourth park in size in the world. It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by Epping and Windsor forests, in England, and the' Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the Schuylkill, from Callowhill street bridge to the Falls of Schuyl- kill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and along the Wissahickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a further distance of seven and a half miles. The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to pre- serve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that -were being erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the convic- tion in the minds of the Philadelphians that their great and growing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoy- ment of its people. The Park is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures i: the world. ^ It has not yet received the care and taste ■that have been lavished upon the "Central" of New York, but improve- 144 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 145 ments are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will, before many years, be the most magnificent park in existence. It is generally divided into four sections, known as Old Fair- mount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park, and Wissa- hickon Park. Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill. Fairmount and Lemon Hill begin at Callowhill street bridge, and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the ^ . ^'•^"A* = 'ja«^*>'i**^ ■-=M, THE SCHUYLKILL, AT PHILADELPHIA. x-ennsylvania Eailroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly impressed with its beauty. The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the 10 M-> >^- -^ « r Mali? ^'T f . i& «1 *-J3.^ i!i«;.^- 146 BEAR PITS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL QAKDEN. THE CENTENKIAIj EXHIBITION. 147 waterworks on the river shore below pump diiUir by steam and water power the enormous quantity of thirty-five million gallons. The reservoirs are four in number, and frojn them the visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained in the Park. "At the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass, above which you are standing, you have the Reservoir Park, with its cascades, wallis and plots ; and turning west- ward your eye em- braces the lake-like Fairmount dam, with its broad and bright-falling sheets of foam ; its head- race, forebay, and beautiful terraces ; the fairy-like little steamers that ply up and down the Schuylkill ; the tem- ple-like pier at the dam; the boat- houses of the * Schuylkill Navy and their little fleets with waving streamers ; the grand Lincoln monument, and beyond this, the arboreal and floral commencement of Fairmount Park proper, with its broad and beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles ; its fountains ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and historic groves." Near the base of the standpipe on the cliff overlooking the forebay are "Leda and the Swan," a group of statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the intersection of Broad and Market streets. FOUNTAIN NEAK MINERAL SPUING, LESrON HILL. 148 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTOKY Not far from the Green street entrance to the Park is the Art Gallery, a rough-cast building, containing a number of fine works of art, among which are KothermeFs " Battle of Gettys- burg," painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost of $30,000, and Benjamin West's "Christ Rejected." The gallery is free to visitors. The " Battle of Gettysburg " held a place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibition. Passing the Art Gallery, and following the main drive, the MONUMENT TO ABKAHAM LINCOLN IN PAIEMOUNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA. visitor reaches the Lincoln Ilonument, which stands in the open space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents the martyred President seated in his chair, holding in his right hand a pen, and in his left the scroll of the Emancipation Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite. On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: "To Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people ; " on the east, these OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 14^ words : " Let us here highly resolve that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the fece of the earth ; " on the north : " I do order and declare, that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion^ are and henceforth shall be free ; " on the west side : " With malice towards none, with charity towards all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in." The statue is the work of Bandolph Rogers, the artist of the famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $33,000. It is colossal in size, being 9 feet 6 inches in height. It was dedicated in 1870. Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the centre of a large basin, known as the Gold-fish Pond. From this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to the top by the stone steps which lead up from the successive terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of Lemon Hill, And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older mansion, which constituted the country-seat of Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, the raan to whose fertile brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris' country- seat was generally known as " The Hills." His residence was simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was his "dearly loved" home, and here he resided from 1770 to 1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt. The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for his indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for want of funds to carry on the war. At the critical moments, however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the necessary funds, and often when no other way would answer 150 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great sufferer from the financial ' troubles caused by the war, but had the happiness in the end, of seeing the triumph of the cause for which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of the Kevolution he formed a new private business enterprise, EAST TERRACE, lEMON HILL, FAIRMOUKT PARK. which resulted in a failure and caused his ruin. He had always advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to meet his liabilities, was obliged to suffer that penalty. He was offered his liberty iu consideration of the great services he had rendered to his country during the Eevolution, but refused to accept it, saying that " a law-maker should not be a law-breaker." OP THE CENTEaJNIAL' EXHIBITIOK. 151 He remained in prison for four years, and was released in 1802, upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly after this, he died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. His beautiful home at " The Hills " was sold at the time of his ruin, and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the site of the old one. The house is now used as a restaurant. Beyond the plateau on which the house stands is another, once called "Sedgeley Park." Here is a plain wooden building known as " Grant's Cottage," from the fact that it once stood at City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed to Fairmount Park after the close of the civil war. From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road sweeps around the foot of Lemon Hill, and skirts the shore of the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park, and passes under the Girard avenue and Pennsylvania Railroad bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually from the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, which it crosses at Mifflin Lane. The East Park. The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauphin street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the mouth of the Wissahickon. Above South Laurel Hill Ceme- teiy the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width. Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its extreme length is about four miles. In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built upon what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most picturesque portions of the East Park. The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beauti- 152 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ful portions of Fairmount Park. It comprises a series of ra- vines and hills of the most picturesque character, stretching northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schuyl- kill in bold and beautiful cliffs and promontories, which are the delight of the artist. At every turn the visitor is confronted ■with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag- GLEN FERN, WISSAHICKON. nificent and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect. Within the limits of the East Park are several of the old time country-seats, which were once so thick in this region. Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of these is Fountain Green, near the lower end of the reservoir. It was OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 153 once the residence of Samuel Meeker, and was built in the latter part of the last century. North of this, between the reservoir and the Reading Railroad, is Mount Pleasant, a fine stone mansion, built some years before the Revolution by Cap- tain John McPherson. During the wars between Great Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth SCHUYI^KILL BLTJFF, FAIKMOUNT PAKE. century, Captain McPherson commanded several privateers be- longing to the port of Philadelphia. He was a bold and suc- cessful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes as " the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania." McPherson sold 154 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the house soon after the opening of the Eevolution, and it was purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command at Philadelphia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children, retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his treason, the State of Pennsylvania confiscated his life-interest in the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 1796, the new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant officer of the Eevolution, and subsequently the first Superin- tendent of the Militaiy Academy at West Point. From the fall of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house was the head-quarters of Baron Steuben, of the American army. Just south of Laprel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a park restaurant. It is a popular place of resort for the people of Philadelphia, and is admirably conducted. The view from the heights on which the mansion is located is magnificent. Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. Davids, a fishing club-house, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timber which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects. The Wissahickon Park Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from the mouth of Wissahickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance of seven and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along both banks of the river, and is less than an eighth of a mile in width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of the park. Nature has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that there is nothing for art to do in its behalf. The Wissahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise . up steeply on either shore and in some places almost overhang it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by heavy rains or the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely any motion at all. "Along the whole course of this romantic OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 155 stream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appear- ance. The waters leap along seeking the great river by devious courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic THE hermit's well. impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and lofity trees which shade the pathway or let occasional gleams of brightness flash through the gorges." A short distance above the Falls is Wissahichon Hall, a house well known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Above this are the Maple Spring, Valley Green, and Indian Roch 156 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOET. hotels. , Above Maple Spring is Washington's Boek, a favorite resort of the father of his country during his residence in Philadelphia as President of the United States. On the opposite side of the Wissahickon, and beyond the limits of the park, is " The Hermit's Well," dug by Johann Kelpius, a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar, sect here towards the close of the seventeenth century. "Johann Kelpius emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, aiid with him forty others ; they settled on the Eidge, the range of hills on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millen- nium. But he was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his followers — the rest having disbanded— were afterwards known as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed them. "A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit's Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover's Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred feet above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelpius. It is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive here." The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above Washing- ton's Rock, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, on the west side of the creek. A short distanee above the bridge the stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a small creek " which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the Wissahickon. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular descent of about twenty feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Ritten- house was born, and near its source the first paper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond these points the road reaches a bridge — ^the Red Bridge over which it crosses to the opposite bank of the stream. About a mile THE WISSAHICKON. 167 168 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY further, another i-oad leaves the park road and, crossing the stream by a bridge, takes you to the Monastery. When and by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears to have been built about 1750. It stands ou high ground on the brow of a hill, with a- range of hills towering above it. A lane winds round the bend of the bluff and, climbing its steep side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and the uplook from the romantic dell below ai'e magnificent. In the valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known as the Bap- tistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their dead. "A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them was excavated by miners seeking for treasures ; the other caves are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond — three and a half miles above its mouth: — the stream is crossed by a beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in ma- sonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden bridge spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The Devil's Pool, where Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down, forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near ; upon moonlight nights nothing; can equal the numerous fairy-like figures and grotesque outlines and shadows thai play in the silent and fantastic light. "It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood ; a- portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still be seen in close proximity. "A short distance further on is VaUey Green, with its hotel OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 159 Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has only one arch, and its reflection is so per- fect that on fine days we see an entire oval of masonry instead of a single arch. " Proceeding a short distance through a deeper and more mountainous course of the stream, we reach a point of celebrity, known as Indian Rock, the abode and hunting-grounds of the last tribe of the Indian race in this region. Upon a lofty and peculiarly shaped rock is seen the figure of their chief, Todyas- cuny, or Todawskim, who, with the remains of his people, left for the hunting-gi'ounds of the West above an hundred years ago."* Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the park is reached, in the bright, open country about Chestnut Hill. The West Park. The West Park commences at Spring Grarden street, on the west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the Falls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow strip, a large part of which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been HEMLOCK GLEN ON THE WISSAHICKOH. Mage^s lUuatrated Qmde to Philaddphia, pp. 103, 104. 160 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY assigned to the Zoological Society for their Zoological Garden. This is the portion formerly known as Solitude, the country-seat of John Penn, to which reference has been made in another part of this work. Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching >''^ f •SK f liMUHiniiiiiihniii niiiiiii»iii>iiiiiMiiMi i> ENTRANCE TO PAIBMOTJNT PARK AT EGGLESFIELD. away from the entrance at the bridge to George's Hill, two miles distant. This is its widest portion. The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fsdr- mount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania Kailroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known as Egglesfield. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 161 Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at on? time a member of Congress from Philadelphia. Farther on, about a mile and a quarter from Girard avenue bridge, are Lansdowne Plateau and Lansdowne Concourse, the grounds lately occupied by the Centennial Exhibition. The Lans- downe Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1854. It stood near tlie group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to Belmont and George's Hill. The mansion was built by John Penn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided in it during the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great, Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated by the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained the Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it to his widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief-Justice Allen. In 1797 it was purchased by William Bingham, the first United States Senator from Pennsylvania, He lived in great style, and the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashbur- ton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from whom it was purchased by the Park Commission, Beyond ^Lansdowne is George's HiU, a beautiful elevated tract of eighty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George and his sister, well-known and respected members of the Society of Friends, The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateau, the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater. The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower part of the park On both sides of the river is in sight, with the city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the - capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water. The road from George's Hill leaves the reservoir on the right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to Belmont, one of the most prominent points within the limits of the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose 11 I. L.I lA k. iiiiLjL-™ „ i.-_l _^ 162 THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 163 father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and built the first house which stood there. This venerable build- ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies' restaurant of the present establishment. Richard Peters, the son of the founder of the estate, was born there in June, 1744, and resided there until his death in 1828. He served with distinction as an offi- cer of the American array during the Revolution, was subse- quently a Commissioner of the War Office, and after the estab- lishment of the present government of the United States was a member of Congress, and a Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. He was one of the most prom- inent men of his day in Pennsylva- nia, and was the in- timate friend of Washington, Jeffer- son, Hancock, the Adamses, and others of the "fathers of the republic." He was as well known for his wit as for his more solid attain- ments, and his resi- dence was the resort of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners of distinction who v/ere his guests were Lafayette, Steuben, Chas- tellux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe. The mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river, and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant city. A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to DRINKING-rOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHICKON. 164 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTORY the shore of the Schuylkill. Here the visitor is shown a small cottage which was the summer residence of Thomas Moore, the poet, during his stay in this country in 1 804. Adjoining the Belmont Mansion is the Savryer Observatory, one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory rises from the Belmont plateau, which is over 200 feet above tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the highest point of 'the Centennial buildings. It was constructed by the inventor, Mr, L. B. Sawyer, of Boston. The trunk of the obser- vatory is a wrought-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at the bottom and three feet in diameter at the top, constructed by the Whittier Machine Company of Boston. This tower is set in a foundation of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet deep, laid in cement and dressed with granite. On the upper dressing of granite, which is one foot thick, there is ribbed iron plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fast- ened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a half. This ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observatory. The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attached to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also riveted to the central shaft. The top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered, and is capable of accommodating comfortably about thirty pas- sengers. The sides are almost entirely of glass and small iron bars, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the surroundings while they are ascending. The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine', by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These ropes pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, connected with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inch cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The ropes pass up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels OF THE CENTENKIAIi EXHIBITION. 165 or shives, and down outside the shaft. They are attached to the car at four points. Outside the shaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the same diameter at the top as at base, and intended to serve the two-fold object of guiding and supporting the car and strength- ening the tower. The car runs ou four guides, or points, which form a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total strength of eighty-eight tons. The car and its thirty passengers are estimated to weigh about six tons. Tlie car itself is counter- balanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons, and the total weight to be raised, therefore, is about three tons. Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly fcur times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of alio? the ropes there are four separate "checks" provided, any one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward passage of the car. on the instant. By means of a powerful spring the breakage of the rope itself is made the means of throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wrought- iron clutch to the guide, which will stop the car immediately. The car when near the top encircles a gallery two and a half feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with a wire net work. From this gallery/ the visitors ascend by means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also enclosed with a wire netting, thus excluding the possibility of any one falling or jumping from it. From this point a flagstaff, thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or 130 persons comfortably. At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building about sixty feet square, of -an ornamental style of architecture, after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwartzman, architect of the Cen- tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices, engine-room, reception-rooms for ladies, etc. It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security, and* to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is 166 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. braced by eight guys of galvanized iron rope, an inch and a quarter in diameter, and each capable of sustaining twenty tons, anchored in masonry ten feet deep. The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total cost was $40,000. The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adults, and 10 cents for children. Beyond Belmont the main road passes through one/of the finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount Prospect, a point from which a most extensive view of the park, the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond this the road passes to Chamouni, at the northern limit of the park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Falls bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickon. During the Exhibition, the park was reached from the city by the Pennsylvania and Keadiiig Railroads, the depot of the former line being at the Elm avenue entrance to the Exhibition grounds, and those of the latter at the foot of the hill on which stood Memorial Hall, and at the foot of Belmont hill. A num- ber of street railway lines also led to the park and the Exhibition grounds. Steamboats plied regularly on the Schuylkill between Fairmount, just above the dam, aud the various landings within the park limits below the Falls. CHAPTER V. THE HE3TORY OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. The First Proposals for the Exhibition — ^Initiatoiy Measures — Action of the City Councils of Philadelphia — The Memorial to Congress — The Act of In- corporation — Appointment of the Centennial Commission — Creation of the Board of Finance — Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation of the Exhibition Grounds — The Formal Transfer — Proclamation of the President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers — The Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors' Goods — The General Government Takes Part in the Exhibition — The Ground Broken, July 4th, 1874 — Plans of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General — Regulations for Ex- hibitors — Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of Medals — Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia — Refusal of Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action of .the States — Appropriations by Foreign Governments— rCongress Appro- priates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition — Third Annual Report of the Board of Finance — ^Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work — The System of Awards — The Centennial Calendar. 1 S the close of the first century of the independence of the United States drew near, it was'generally regarded as the duty of the nation to celebrate it in a manner worthy of the great fame and wealth of the republic. Various plans for accomplishing this object were sug- gested, but none met with a national approval. In 1866 a number of gentlemen conceived the idea of celebrating the great event by an exhibition of the progress, wealth, and general con- dition of the republic^ in which all the nations of the world should be invited to participate. The honor of originating and urging this plan upon the public belongs to the Hon. John Bigelow, formerly minister from the United States to France; General Charles B. Norton, who had served as a commissioner 157 4 » 168 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 169 of the United States at the Paris exposition of 1867 ; Professor Jolin L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana ; and Colonel M. Richards Muckl^, of Philadelphia. The plan proposed by these gentlemen was not generally received with favor at first. It was argued in opposition to it that the great exhibitions of Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in which they were held; that under our peculiar system the government could not take the same part in our ex^iibition ; and that it would thus be thrown into the hands of private parties and would result in failure. The city of Philadelphia was desig- nated as the place at which the exhibition should be held. This feature of the plan aroused considerable opposition growing out of local jealousies. It was argued by the friends of the scheme that Philadelphia was fairly entitled to the honor, inasmuch as it had been the scene of the signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; and that the city was also admirably located for such an exhibition, being easily accessible from all parts of the Union and from Europe. The. friends of the scheme labored hard to overcome the ob- jections urged against it, and had the satisfaction of seeing their plans become more popular every day. The matter was ably discussed in the press of the country, and at length was taken in hand by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, which body petitioned the municipal authorities to grant the use of a portion of Fairmount Park for the purposes of a centennial celebration. This petition was laid before the Select Council by Mr. John L. Shoemaker, one of that body, who offered a resolution provid- ing for the appointment of a joint commission of seven members from each chamber to take the subject into consideration. The resolution was adopted, and Mr. Shoemaker was appointed president of the joint commission. After a careful consideration of the subject, the commission decided to lay the plan before Congress, the Legislature of Pennsylvania now came to the assistance of the commission, and adopted a resolution requesting the Congress of the United States to take such action as in its judgment should seem wise in favor of an international celebration in the city of Philadel- 170 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY phia of the one hundredth anniversary of American independ- ence. The Legislature also appointed a committee of ten to accompany the Philadelphia commission to Washington to present a memorial upon the subject to Congress. The memo- rial of the committees was presented to Congress by the Hon. William D. Kelley, a representative from Pennsylvania, who urged its adoption by that body, and the selection of Philadel- phia as the scene of the celebration, as that city had witnessed the adoption, signing, and proclamation of the. Declaration of Independence. Early in March, 1870, Mr. Daniel J. Morrell, of PennsyK vania, presented a bill in the lower House of Congress making provision for the proposed exhibition. The bill was several times amended, and was finally adopted by Congress on the 3d of March, 1871. It provided for the appointment by the Presi- dent of the United States of a commissioner and alternate com- missioner from each State and Territory of the Union, who were to be nominated by the Governors of the States and Territories from which they were appointed. Philadelphia was selected as the place at which the exhibition should be held ; and it was expressly declared that the United States should not be liable for any of the expenses attending the exhibition. The Act of Congress was as follows : An act to provide for celebrating tlie one hundredth anniverHary of the American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. Whereas, The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadel- phia ; and, whereas, it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the Centennial anniver- sary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the Fourth Day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation; and, whereas, it is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 171 national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in compari- son with those of older nations ; and, whereas, no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate; and, whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanc- tion of the Congress of the United States ; therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress asserfibled, That an ex- hibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufac- tures shall be held under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. Section 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding an exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate limits of the said city where the exhibition shall be held. Sec. 3. That said commissioners shall be appointed within one year from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories respectively. Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one commissioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of such commissioner and commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the commission. Sec. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the city of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power to make all needful rules for its government. Sec. 6. That the commission shall report to Congress, at the first session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 173 and for closing the exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate cere- monies for ojjening or dedicating the same ; a plan or plans of the buildings; a complete plan for the reception and classifica- tion of articles intended for exhibition ; the requisite custom- house regulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition ; and such other matter as in their judgment may be important. Sec. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the commissioners or other officers provided by this act from the treasury of the United States ; and the United States shall not be liable for any expenses aitending such exhibition, or by reason of the same. Sec. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the commission herein pro- vided for, of the proposed exhibition, the President shall, tlirough the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition, will open and the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communi- cate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the jommissioners for publication in their respective countries. Approved March Sd, 1871. The President having approved the bill it became a law. During the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners provided for by the act of Congress. They were invited to assemble at Philadelphia on the 4th of March, 1872; and on that day com- missioners from twenty-four States, three Territories, and the District of Columbia, met at the Continental hotel in Philadel- phia. A temporary organization was effected by the election of David Atwood, of Wisconsin, as chairman, and J. N. Baxter, of Vermont, as secretary. The commissioners then repaired in a body to Independence Hall, where they were officially received and welconied by Mayor Stokley. General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, responded to this address on behalf of the com- missioners, who then repaired to the chamber of the Common K— -< THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 175 Council. After a prayer by the Rev. Dr. Hutter, the commis- sioners proceeded to business. On the 5th a permanent organ- ization was effected, officers were elected, niiie standing com- mittees were appointed, and the United States Centennial Com- mission was definitely organized. Several changes have been made since 1872, and at present the commission is constituted as follows : Pkesident— Hon. Joseph E. Hawley. Vice-Presidents — Hon. Orestes Cleveland, Hon. JoHn Dunbar Creigh, Hon. Robert Lowry, Hon. Eobert Mallory, Hon. Thos. H. Cold well, Hon. John McNeill, and Hon. Wra. Gurney. Secretary — Professor John L. Campbell. Director-General — Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn. Counsellor and Solicitor — John L. Shoemaker. The members of the Centennial Commission for 1876 are: Alabama — Richard M. Nelson, James L. Cooper. Arizona — Richard C. McCormick, John Wasson. Arkansas — George W. Lawrence, George E. Dodge. California — John Dunbar Creigh, Benjamin P. Kooser. Colorado — J. Marshal Paul, N. C. Meeker. Connecticut— Joseph R. Hawley, William Pliipps Blake. Dakotah — J. A. Bnrbank, Solomon L. Spink. Delaware — John K. Kane, John H. Rodney. District op Columbia — James E. Dexter, Lawrence A. Gobright. Florida — T. H. Osborn, J. T. Bernard. Georgia — George Hillyer, Ric^hard Peters, Jr. Idaho — Thomas D6naldson, C. W. Moore. Illinois — Frederick L. Mathews, Lawrence Weldon. Indiana — John L. Campbell, Franklin C. Johnson. Iowa — Robert Lowry, Coker F. Clarkson. Kansas — John A. Martin, GeOrge A. Crawford. Kentucky — Robert Mallory, Smith M. Hobbs. Louisiana — John Lynch, Edward Pennington. Maine — Joshua Nye, Charles H. Haskell. Maryland — J. H. B. Latrobe, 8. M. Shoemaker. Massachusetts— George B. Loring, William B. Spooner. Michigan — James Bimey, Claudius B. Grant. Minnesota — J. Fletcher Williams, W. W. FolwelL Mississippi — O. C. French, M. Edwards. Missouri — John McNeil, Samuel Hayes. Montana — J. P. Woolman, Patrick A. Largey, 176 THE U.LUSTUATED HISTORY. Nbbbaska— Henry S. Moody, E. W. Furnas. Nevada— William Wirt McCoy, James W. Haines. New Hampshire— Ezekiel A. Straw, M. V. B. Edgarly. New Jersey— Orestes Cleveland, John G. Stevens. New Mexico— Eldridge W. Little, Stephen B. Elkins. New York— N. M. Beckwith, Charles P. Kimball. North Carolina— Samuel F. Phillips, Jonathan W. Albertsoa. Ohio— Alfred T. Goshorn, Wilson W. Griffith. Oregon— James W. Virtue, Andrew J. Dufur. Pennsylvania — Daniel J. Morrell, Asa Packer. E.HODE Island- George H. Corliss, Koyal C. Taft. South Carolina — William Gurney, Archibald Cameron. Tennessee— Thomas H. Coldwell, William F. Prosser. Texas— William H. Parsons, John C. Chew. Utah— William Haydon, Charles E. Gilchrist. Vermont — Middleton Goldsmith, Henry Chase. Virginia — F. W. M. HoUiday, Edmund E. Bagwell. Washington Territory- Ellwood Evans, Alexander S. Abernethy. West Virginia — Alexander E. Boteler, Andrew J. Sweeney. Wisconsin — David Atwood, Edward D. Holton. W^yoming — Joseph M. Carey, Eobert H. Lamborn. In order to provide the necessary funds for tlie exliibition, Congress, on the 1st of June, 1872, adopted a bill creating a "Centennial Board of Finance," which was authorized to issue stock in shares of ten dollars each, the whole amount issued not to exceed ten millions of dollars. The commissioners adopted rules for the organization and government of this board, and directed that the books for subscriptions to the stock should be opened on the 21st of November, 1872^ and should remain open for one hundred days. At the same time the President and Secretary of the Centennial Commission issued an address to the people of the United States, setting forth the objects of the exhibition, and asking their support and assistance in carrying the enterprise through to success. The members of the Centennial Board of Finance were ap- pointed by the stockholders at a meeting held in April, 1873. A majority of the members of the board were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, these gentlemen being residents of the city, there might always be a quorum for the transaction of business present at the meetings of the board. The board was authorized to issue bonds to an amount not to exceed the capi- THF WTosAHICKON AT t!HE°T?TOT 77 178 THE ILLUSTBATBD HISTOKY ta], to be secured upon the exhibition buildings and other- property in possession of the commission, and upon its pros- pective revenues. The. board was also ordered to begin at once the work of preparing the grounds and erecting the necessary- buildings for the exhibition. The city of Philadelphia, with the liberality which has char- acterized its whole treatment of the exhibition scheme, at once set apart the portion of Fairmount Park lying below Belmont and George's Hill, and constituting the old Lansdowne estate, for. the purposes of the exhibition. This magnificent domain was formally transferred to the Centennial Commission on the 4th of July, 1873. It comprises a tract of four hundred and fifty acres, and is in all respects the best suited to the needs of the exhibition of any location in the Union. The transfer was made in presence of an immense throng of citizens, and with imposing ceremonies in which the military and civic organiza- tions of Philadelphia took part. The ceremonies were opened with a prayer by Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, after which Hon. Morton McMichael, President of the Park Commission, formally surrendered the grounds to General J. E. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, in an appropriate address. After reciting the reasons which had in- duced the city to make this grant, Mr. McMichael concluded as follows : "General Hawley : To you, sir, as the_ representative of the Centennial Commission of the United States, in the con- structive presence of the Chief Magistrate of the nation and the actual presence of his constitutional advisers — in the presence of. the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and his official staff — in the presence of the Mayor and the Councils of Philadelphia — in the presence of these dignitaries gathered from all parts of the Union to -mark the national character of the ceremony — in the presence of this multitude of my fellow- citizens, who are here to sanction and approve the act — in behalf of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, to whom its legal custody has been confided, — I now, publicly and formally, transfer to your keeping all the land designated and described OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 179 in the maps and papers herewith presented. And in the same behalf I hereby confer on the Centennial Commission full power to hold and possess and employ this land, for so -long and in such manner as the needs of the International Exposition, instant and prospective, may require. And, sir, this transfer, which ful- fils an essential provision of the law creating your commission, ■ being thus made, who shall doubt that — stirred by memories of the turbulent past, urged by knowledge of the flourishing present, inspired by anticipations of the promising future — the people of the several States, and the States themselves in their sovereign capacities, as well as the Congress of the United States and all the branches of the Federal Government, will so assist your endeavors that in 1876 you will be enabled to pre- sent to the world a' spectacle which, while typical of the skill and culture and ingenuity of the older nations, will conspicuously demonstrate what the thrift, intelligence, enterprise and energy of our own, under the beneficent rule of free institutions, and with a due sense of reverence for Almighty God, have achieved in a single century of existence." General Hawley responded in an eloquent address of accept- ance, at the conclusion of which he said, " In token of the United States Centennial Commission now takes, possession of these grounds for the purpose we have described, let the flag be unfurled and duly saluted." The stars and stripes wei'e then raised, and at the same moment the trumpeter of the City Troop gave a signal which was answered by a salute of thirteen guns from the Keystone Battery. When the applause had subsided, the Hon. John F. Hart- ranft. Governor of Pennsylvania, spoke as follows : "By the act of Congress creating a commission charged with the holding of the Centennial Exhibition in this city in the year 1876, it was made the duty of the Governor of Pennsylvania to certify to the President of the United States the fact that provi- sion has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for said Exhibition, whenever he became satisfied that such result had been achieved. " I hold in my hand a joint certificate, signed by General 180 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY Joseph E. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, and Mr. John Welsh, Cliairman of the Finance Committee of said Commission, to the effect that such provision has been made. Knowing, as you all know, the wisdom and integrity of these gentlemen, I have felt it to be my duty to certify to the Presi- ON THE WISSAHICKON. dent of the United States, as required by the act of Congress, and the certificate reads as follows : "'To the President of the United States : " ' Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of Con- gress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Cele- bration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ- ence, a copy of which act is appended hereto, the undersigned, OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 181 Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, has the honor to inform the President that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purposes of the International Exhibi- tion of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in Philadelphia, in the year 1876, and for the exclusive control of the said Exhibition by the United States Centennial Commission. " ' The undersigned makes this announcement to enable the President, in accordance with the requirements of the act above mentioned, to issue his proclamation concerning the said Exhibi- tion, and to cause official invitations to be given to foreign governments to participate therein. "'John F. Haeteanpt. " 'Harbisbtibo, June 2ith, 1873.' "So far, this grand project has, to some extent at least, appeared local — necessarily so by the conditions imposed ; but henceforth it will be purely national. If a failure, it will be a national failure. If a success, a national success. " We have assembled here to dedicate a portion of this beauti- ful Park to the uses of this great International Exhibition, which is to commemorate the anniversary of our country's birth. Upon the threshold of the century to expire in 1876, thirteen poor and feeble colonies, with no common ties other than their love of liberty and their hatred of oppression, declared their independ- ence. These thirteen colonies, with their offspring, now increased in number to thirty-seven, stretch their empire across a continent, and afford the grandest exhibition of a nation's progress in the world's history. In all ' the wondrous changes wrought in the nineteenth century, none are so wondrous and conspicuous as the industrious, moral and physical growth of this our native land. With those powerful auxiliaries, steam and the telegraph, both of which our country gave to mankind, we are striding with majestic steps toward a dominion unrivalled by any nation on the face of the earth. Let us, then, from every State — ^north, south, east and west — bring to this great city, the consecrated place where our liberty was born, the evidences of 182 THE ILLTJSTEATED HISTOKT our culture, the proofs of our skill, and our vast and varied resources, that the world may have a glimpse of our enlargement, , industry, wealth and power. And to the myriads who will gather here from every clime we must be ready to accord a welcome in keeping with the dignity and magnitude of the country. " To this city, then, and to the Exhibition the public bids welcome the people of every nationality, assuring them of a cordial reception, and just and generous recognition. And here, too, let our own people gather, and garnering new and fresh ideas from a survey of the world's arts and industries, let us dedicate ourselves to a higher civilization, to more extensive fields of development, to more liberal and more diffused education, to the purification of our institutions, and the preservation of the liberty which is the foundation-stone of our happiness and prosperity as a people." The following is a copy of the certificate referred to by Gov ernor Hartranft: < , " The undersigned has the honor to report to the President, in order that it may be oflScially announced in such proclama- tion as he may be pleased to issue, under the provisions of sec- tion 8 of the act of Congress, approved March 3d, 1871, relating to the International Exhibition, to be held in Philadelphia in 1876, that it was decided by the United States Centennial Com- mission, at a meeting held on the 24th of May, 1872, that the Exhibition shall be opened on the 19th of April, 1876, and closed on the 19th of October, 1876. "The undersigned has also the honor to transmit, for the information of foreign governments, a copy of the General Eegulations adopted by the Commission on the 24th of May, 1872. " Eespectfully submitted, "J. E. Hawley, " President of the United States Centennial Commission. "Philadelphia, June 20tA, 1873." OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 183 Hon. Morton McMiohael then . introduced Hon. George M. Eobeson, Secretary of the Navy, who appeared as the delegated representative of the President of the United Stateg. He said : " Prevented himself from being present on this interesting •occasion, only by the calls of imperative personal duty, the President of the United States has directed me, as his represent- ative, and as the representative of the State Department for the occasion, to make by his authority and in his name the fol- lowing proclamation : "By the President of the United States of America. "a. peoclamation : " Whereas, By the act of Congress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the United States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, it is provided as follows : " That whenever the President shall be informed by the •Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection of fiuitable i buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the proposed Exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held; and he will communicate ~ to the •diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Com- missioners, for publication in their respective countries ; and " Whereas, His Excellency, the Governor of the said State of Pennsylvania, did, on the 24th day of June, 1873, inform me that provision had been made for the erection of said buildings, and for the exclusive control, by the Commission provided for in the said act, of the proposed Exhibition ; and "Whereas, The President of the United States Centennial Commission has officially informed me of the dates fixed for the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the placg at which it is to be held ; 184 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY " Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, Presi- dent of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim that there will be held, at the city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manu- factures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on DRI%E IN FAIRMOUNT PARK. the 19th day of April, Anno Domini 1876, and be closed on the 19th day of October in the same year. "And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and international friendship and intercourse, I commend the cele- bration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 185 " In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. " Done at the city of Washington, this 3d day of July, 1873, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ninety-seventh. "U. S. Geant. "By the President, " Hamilton Fish, Seoretary of State." "GENERAL EEGpLATIONS. "1. The International Exhibition of 1876 will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. " 2. The date of opening the Exhibition will be April 19th, 1876, and of closing will be October 19th, 1876. " 3. A cordial invitation is hereby extended to every nation of the earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress and development, ' "4. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested pre- vious to March 4th, 1874. " 5. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to appoint a Commission, throjigh which all matters pertaining to its own interests shall be conducted. For the purpose of con- venient intercourse and satisfactory supervision, it is especially desired that one member of each such Commission be desig- nated to reside at Philadelphia until the close of the Exposition.. " 6. The privileges of exhibitors can be granted only to citi- zens of countries whose governments have formally accepted the invitation to be represented and have appointed the afore- mentioned Commission, and all communications must be made through the Governmental Commissions. " 7. Applications for space within the Exposition buildings, or in the adjacent buildings and grounds under the Control of the Centennial Commission, must be made previous to March 4th, 1875. " 8. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur- pished to the Commissioners of the different nations which shall accept the invitation to participate. 186 THE ILLTJSTEATED HISTORY " 9. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper position £ind classification, must be in Philadelphia on or before January 1st, 1876. " 10. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regula- tions, duties, etc., together with all special regulations adopted by the Centennial Commission in ref- erence to transpor- tation, allotment of space, classification, motive power, in- surance, police rules, and other matters necessary to the proper display and preservation of ma- terials, will be promptly commu- nicated to the ac- credited representa- tives of the several governments co-op- erating in the Ex- position." The ceremonies concluded with a grand military review, and were followed at night by a display of fireworks in the park. On the 5th of July, 1873, the Secretary of State of the United States forwarded the President's proclamation to the various ministers from foreign countries residing at the national capital, together with the following official note : ON THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE. "Department op State, ) "AVashington, D. C, July 5th, 1873. ) "Sir: — I have the honor to enclose, for the information of the government of , a copy of the President's procla- mation, announcing the time and place of holding an Interna- tional Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the OF THE CENTENHIAIi EXHIBITION. 187 Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. " The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration of the Independence of the United States, on the one hundredth anniversary of that interesting and historic national event, and at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display of the results of art and industry of all nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances attained, and the successes achieved, in the interest of progress and civilization daring the century which will have then closed. " In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition, Congress directed that copies of the proclamation of the Presi- dent, setting forth the time of its opening and the place at which it was to be held, together with such regulations as might' be adopted by the Commissioners of the Exhibition, should be communicated to the diplomatic representatives of all nations. Copies of those regulations are herewith transmitted. " The President indulges the hope that the government of will be pleased to notice the subject, and may deerii it proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention ■of the people of that country, and thus encourage their co-opera- tion in the proposed celebration. And he further hopes that the opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the interchange of national sentiment and friendly intercourse betweea the people of both nations may result in new and still greater advantages to science and industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship which already happily subsist between the government and people of • and those of the United States. " I have the honor to be, sir, " With the highest consideration, " Your obedient servant, In June, 1874, the following bill requesting the President to invite foreign nations to take part in the Exhibition was passed 188 THE ILLTJSTEATED HISTORY. by both Houses of Congress and approved by the President on the 5th of June : " Whereas, At various International Exhibitions which have been held in foreign countries, the United States have been represented in pursuance of invitations given by the govern- ments of those countries, and accepted by our government^ therefore, "JBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President be requested to extend, in the name of the United States, a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of other nations to be represented and take part in the Interna- tional Exposition to be held at Philadelphia, under the auspices of the government of the United States, in the year 1876. Provided, however, that the United States shall not be liable, directly or indirectly, for any expense attending such Exposi- tion, or by reason of the same." The invitation was duly extended by the President to the various nations of the world to take part in the Exhibition. The nations which accepted this invitation and have taken part in the Exhibition are as follows : Argentine Confederation. Italy. Austria. Japan. Belgium. Liberia. Bolivia. Mexico. Brazil. Netherlands. Chili. Norway. China. Nicaragua. Denmark. Orange Free State— Africa. Ecuador. Persia. Egypt. Peru. France, including Algeria. Portugal. German Empire. Bussia. Great Britain, including her Siam. Colonies, Spain. Greece. Sweden. Gautemala and Salvador. Switzerland. Hawaii Tunis. Hayti. Turkey. Honduras. Venezuels United States of Colombia. I. «?r^ ■•'. r ■? 190 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY In order to .remove all difficulties in the way of the complete success of the international character of the Exhibition, Congress enacted the following bill, which was approved by the President on the 18th of June, 1874, for the purpose of enabling foreign exhibitors to enter their goods free of duty : "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all articjes which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi- tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the payment of duty or of customs, fees, or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe? Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after such importations, shall be subject to the duties, if any, imposed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation : And provided further, That in case any article imported under the provisions of this act shall be withdrawn for consumption or shall be sold without payment of duty as I'equired by law, all the penalties prescribed by the revenue laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and against the persons who may be guilty of such withdrawal or sale." Previous to this the general government of the United States had decided to take part in the Exhibition as an exhibitor, and on the 24th of January, 1874, the President issued the follow- ing order directing the various executive departments of the- government to take the necessary measures for their proper representation : "EXECUTIVE OKDER BY THE PEESIDENT OP THE UNITED- STATES. " Whereas, it has been brought to the notice of the President, of the United States that in the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be- held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, for the pur- pose of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Inde- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 191 pendence of the United States, it is desirable that from the Executive Departments of the Government of the United States in which there may be articles suitable for the purpose intended, there should appear such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people : Now, for the purpose of securing a complete and harmonious ar- rangement of the articles and materials designed to be ex- hibited from the Ex- ecutive Department of the Government it is ordered that a board, to be composed of one person to be named by the head of each of the Execu- t i V e Departments which may have ar- ^ tides and materials to be exhibited, and also of one person to be named in behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, and one to be named in the behalf of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, be charged with the preparation, arrange- ment, and safe-keeping of such articles and materials as the .heads of the several Departments and the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution may respectively decide shall be embraced in the collection ; that one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the Presi- dent, shall be chairman of such board, and that the board appoint from their own number such other officers as they may BRIDGE OVBK THE WISSAHIOKON AT VALLEY GREEN. 192 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY think necessary, and that the said board when organized shall be authorized under the direction of the President to confer with the executive officers of the Centennial Exhibition in relation to such matters connected with the subject as may per- tain to the respective departments having articles and materials on exhibition, and that the names of the persons thus selected by the heads of the several departments, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution, shall be submitted to the President for designation. " By order of the President : "(Signed) "Hamilton Fish, "Secretary of Stace. " Washington, January 23fl!, 1874." In accordance with the above order, the President appointed a board composed of a representative from each of the Executive Departments of the Government, except the Department of State and the Attorney-General's Department; but including the Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution. The board is composed as follows : War Department— Col. C. S. Lyford (Chairman), Ordnance Bureau. Tbeasuky Depabtment — Hon. B. W. Tayler, Isl Controller of the Treasury. Navy Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins, U. S. Navy. Interior Department — John Eaton, Gommissioner of Education. Post-Ofeice Department — Dr. Chas. F. McDonid, Chief of Money Order Department. Agricdlturai, Department — Wm. Saunders, Superintendent of Propa- gating Garden. Smithsonian Institution— Prof. S. F. Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and U. S. Fishery Commissionei: This board was charged with the duty of perfecting a collec- tive Exhibition, that shall illustrate the functions and adminis- trative faculties of the government in time of peace and its resources as a war power. On the 4th of July, 1874, the ground was formally broken in Fairmount Park for the Exhibition buildings. The occasion was celebrated with the most imposing demonstration ever OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 193 witnessed in Philadelphia, and in which thousands of the citi- zens toolc part. The celebration being also the ninety-eighth anniversary of the independence of the United States, was largely national in its character, and drew vast crowds from other parts of the Union to witness it. It will long be remembered by Philadelphia as one of the most memorable days in her history. The work being now fairly begun, the following regulations were issued by the Director-General. They so fully describe the purposes of the projectors of the Exhibition that we quote them'entire : "GENERAL EEGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED STATES. " The Exhibition will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following. " The ten departments of the classificatipn which will deter- mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition— except in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction— and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows : " I. Raw Materials — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal. " II. Materials and Manufactures used, for Food, or in the Arts, the result of Extractive or Combining ProcesReo. " III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for the person. " IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in. dwellings. " V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes. " VI. Motors and Transportation. " VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase . and diffusion of. knowl- edge. " VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc. " IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts. " X. Objects illustrating efforts \for the improvement of the Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man. "Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto should be addressed to the Director-General, International Exhibition, Philadelphia, Penna. 13- 194 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY " Exhibitors will not be charged for space. "A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup- plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled defin- itively at the time of the allotments of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur- nished by the Commission at a fixed price. Demands for^ such excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment of space. " Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require ; and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans- mission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall. All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in con- formity with the general .plan adopted by the Director-General. " Special constructions of any kind, whetlier in the buildings or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the Director-General. " The Commission will take precautions for the safe preserva- tion of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating. " Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors may insure their own goods. "Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their OAvn choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is open to the public. Appointments of such watchmen will be subject to the approval of the Director-General. " Exhibitors, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking, and arrangement of objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the Exhibition. " The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor. "The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations should, by special arrangement, be begun as soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will permit. The general re- ception of articles at the Exiiibition buildings will be commenced OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. li95 on January Isl, 1876, and no articles will be admitted after March 31st, 1876. " Space not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-Greneral for reassignment. " If products are not intended for competition, it must be so stated by the exhibitor ; and they will be excluded from the ex- amination by the International Juries. " If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern. " Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex- hibition. " The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to tha close of the Exhibition. " Sketches, drawiiigs, photographs, or other reproductions of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions of the building may be made upon the Director-General's sanction. " Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall remove their effecte, and complete such removal before December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the direction of the Commission. " Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowl- edges and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations estab- lished for the government of the Exhibition. " Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, the sale of special articles within the buildings, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions. "An OiBcial Catalogue will be*published in four distinct versions, — viz., English, French, German and Spanish. TJic •ale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission. 196 THE ILLUSTRATED III3TOKY " Communications concerning the Exhibition should be ad- dressed to 'The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1876y Philadelphia, Penna.' " The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces- sary for the interests of the Exhibition. "A. T. GosHOEN, Biredor- General. " John L. Campbell, Seexeiary. "Philadelphia, Jiiij/ 4eA, 1874." "GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS. " The Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following. " All governments have been invited to appoint Commis- sions, for the purpose of organizing their departments of the Exhibition. The Director-General should be notified of the appointment of such Foreign Commissions before January 1st, 1875. " Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur- nished to the Foreign Commissions on or before February 1st, 1876, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, subject, however, to revision and readjustment. "Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be conducted with the Commission of the country where the article is produced. " Foreign Commissions are requested to notify the Director- General, not later than May 1st, 1875, whether they desire any increase or diminution of the space offered them, and the amount. " Before December 1st, 1875, the Foreign Commissions must furnish the Director-General with approximate plans showing the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and also with lists of their exhibitors, and other information necessary for the preparation of the Official Catalogue. " Products brought into the United States, at the ports of New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt,, Suspen- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 197 sion Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago, Piiiladelphia, Baltimore, Norfollc, New Orleans and San Fran- cisco, intended for display at the International Exhibition, will 1)3 allowed to go forward to the Exhibition buildings, under j)roper supervision of customs officers, without examination at puoh ports of original, entry, and at the close of the Exhibition will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, un- less entered for consumption in the United States. " The transportation, receiving, unpacking, and arranging of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor. "The installation of heavy articles requiring special founda- tions or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will . permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition building will commence on January 1st, 1876, and ao articles will be admitted after March 31st, 1876. " Space assigned to Foreign Commissions and not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General for reassignment. " If products are not intended for competition, it must be so stated by the exhibitor, and they will be excluded from the examination by the International Juries. "An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct versions, — viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission. "The ten departments of the classification which will deter- mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction — and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows : " I. Kaw Materials — ^Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal. " II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arti, the result of Extractive or Combining Processes. " III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for the pe.rson. 198 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY " IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction end in dwellings. " V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes. " VI. Motors and Transportation. " VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl- edge. " VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, etc. " IX. Plastic and Graphic -Arts. " X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man. " Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their re- spective sections. " Exhibitors will not be charged for space. "A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup- plied gratuitously; The quantity of each will be settled defini- tively at the time of the allotment of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur- nished by the Centennial Commission at a fixed price. De- mands for such excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment of space. " Exhibitors must provide at their own cost, all show-eases, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require* and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans- mission of power from the main shafts in the Machinery Hall. All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the general plan adopted by the Director- General. " Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the Director-General. " The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the safe preservation of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents 'by fire or otherwise, however originating. " Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods. " Foreign Commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is OF THE CEli?rENNIAL EXHIBITION. 199 open to the public. Appoiutfflents of such watchmen will be subject to the approval of the Director-General. " Foreign Commissions, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrange- ment of objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the Exhibition ; but no person shall be permitted to act as sucii agent until he can give to the Director-General written evidence of his having been approved by the proper commission. " Each package must be addressed ' To the Commission for [name of country] at the International Exhibition of 1876, Philadelphia, United States of America,' and should have at least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each case, arid giving the following information : " (1) The country from which it comes ; (2) name or firm of the exhibitor ; (3) residence of the exhibitor; (4) department to which objects belong ; (5) total number of packages sent by that exhibitor; (6) serial nnnlber of that particular package. " W-ithin each package should be a list of all objects. "If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern. "Articles that, are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex- liibition. " The removal of goods will not be permitted priot to the close of the Exhibition. ''Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions of the building may be made upon the Director-General's sanction. "Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or other- 200 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY wise disposed of under the direction of the Centennial Com- mission. "Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and undertakes to keep tiie rules and regulations established for the government of the Exhibition. " Special regulations will be issued concerning the Exhibition of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of prizes, and sale of special articles within tiie buildings, and on other points not touched upon in these preliminaiy instructions. "Communications concerning the Exliibition should be addressed to ' The Director-General, International Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.' "The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or iamend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interests of the Exhibition. "A. T. GoSHOEN, Director- General " John L. Campbell, Secretary. " Philadelphia, July Ath, 1874." On the 3d of October, 1874, the Secretary of the Treasury issued the following order prescribing the mode of the free admission of goods for the Exhibition : "REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE FREE IMPORTATION OF GOODS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 187C, AT PHILADELPHIA. "Treasury Department, ) " Washington, D. C, October 3rf, 1874. J "An act of Congress approved June 18th, 1874, entitled 'An act to admit free of duty articles intended for the International Exhibition of eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' provides- as follows : " ' Be it enacted by the Senate and Home of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Tliat all articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi- tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of Philadelphia in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the payment of duty or of customs fees or charges, under such OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 2G1 regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe : Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after such importation shall be subject to the duties, if any, im- posed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation: And provided further, That in case any articles imported under the provisions of tiiis act shall be with- drawn for consumption, or shall be sold without payment of duty as required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the revenue laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and against the person who may be guilty of such withdrawal or sale.' " In pursuance of the provisions of this act the following regulations are prescribed : . "1. No duty or customs fees or charges being required on any such importations, a new form of entry is prescribed, which will be employed in all cases at the port where such goods are received. " 2. The ports of New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burling- ton, Vt., Suspension Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich,, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and San Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which importations for said Exhibition will be made free of duty. " 3. All articles designed for such Exhibition must be for- warded, accompanied by an invoice or schedule of the numbers, character, and commercial value of each shipment, which states ment shall be attested before a consul of the United States or a civil magistrate of the country in which they are produced or from which they are shipped to the United States. Such veri- fied bill of contents and values will be transmitted in triplicate, one copy to the collector of customs at the port where it is desired to make entry, which will be retained for the files of his office ; one copy to some duly authorized agent, either of the owners, or of the Foreign Commission of the country from whicli shipment was made, which agent must in all cases be recognized by the Director-General of the Exhibition, who will, by virtue of that authority, verify the goods and made entry ; and one 202 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTORY copy to the collector at the port of Philadelphia ; aud all pack- ages and enclosures containing goods destined for such Exhibi- tion must be plainly and conspicuously marked with the words Tor the International Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia.' "4. All goods arriving so marked and represented, either at the time of arrival or at any time while remaining in the custody of the collector of customs at the port of arrival on general order, will, when entered at the port of arrival, be delivered without examination to such recognized agent or agents, to be by him or tliem forwarded from the port of arrival by bonded line of transportatioa to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to the custody of the collector of that port. " 5. Entry for warehouse will be made for all such trans- ported packages on arrival at the said port of Philadelphia, and original entry for warehouse will be made of all goods directed, by first shipment to Philadelphia. Warehouse entry having been made, the packages will be held in the custody of the said collector until the Exhibition building, or some building erected by and in the custody of the officers controlling the said Exhi- bition, and suitable for secure custody as a warehouse under the authority of the United States, is ready to receive them. " 6. Separate and complete records of all packages so trans- mitted and received by the collector at Philadelphia will be made by the storekeeper at the port of Philadelphia in a book prepared for the purpose, in which will be entered, so far as known, the Qjvner's name, the agent's name representing the articles, the country from which shipped, the date of such ship- ment, the name of the importing vessel, and the date of arrival, the general description and value of the goods, and the specific marks and numbers of the packages. Such record will also be kept in duplicate by a special inspector of customs who, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be appointed to identify, forward, and ojire for packages so properly marked, and intended in good faith for the Exhibition, but which may not be properly represented by an owner or agent. " 7. When the said Exhibition building, or a warehouse suitable for secure custody of articles intended for the Exhibi- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 20S tion, duly authorized for receiving bonded goods, shall be ready to receive articles then in the custody of the collector of the port of Philadelphia, descriptive permits, in duplicate, shall be issued by the said collector to the storekeeper of the port, directing the delivery of packages as required by the owner or agent, or by the officers of the said Exhibition — one copy of which permits shall be preserved by the said storekeeper, the second copy to be delivered with the goods to a proper officer of the customs stationed at the said Exhibition building or warehouse, to be there kept as a record of goods entered for such Exhibition in addition to the duplicate required to be kept in a book of proper form as before referred to. And all packages shall be opened in presence of an officer of the customs, who shall verify the contents from and upon such descriptive list, correcting and completing it as the facts may require. "8. In case of receipt by the collector at Philadelphia of packages imperfectly described or verified, or in regard to which information may be received questioning the good faith of the persons forwarding the same, the said collector may direct an examination, in proper form, for the purpose of determining, the question, and if, on conference with the Director-General, the goods are found to have been forwarded not in good faith for said Exhibition, they will be charged with duty, according to their value and classification, and held by the said collector, subject to appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury, to await proper claim and payment of duty by their owners. "9. All charges for transportation, drayage, and freight, accruing on goods arriving for the said Exhibition, will be required to be paid by the owner ®r agent at the time of their delivery into the custody of the collector of customs at Phila- delphia, or if on packages of small bulk or weight, not accom- panied by the owner or agent, or consigned to a foreign com- missioner, and not exceeding $5 in amount, will be charged against the goods as so delivered into the custody of the col- lector at Philadelphia, to be paid with other charges subse- quently accruing- before the permit is issued for their delivery to the Exhibition building; and on all packages exceeding 204 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY fifty pounds in Weight, half storage, as provided by regulation . for the storage of ordinary merchandise in the public warehouse at the port of Philadelphia, will be charged against the goods received and stored therein from the time of receipt to the time of delivery to the Exhibition building. No fees for entry, permit, or other official act, and no duties will be charged upon or against such packages until after their wit|idrawal from such Exhibition, for sale, at its close or during its continuance. " 10. All articles received and entered at such Exhibition in the manner hereinbefore provided may, at any time consistently with the regulations controlling said Exhibition, be withdrawn for sale or delivery to other parties than the owner or agent concerned in their importation, on payment of the duties prop- erly accruing on said goods according to the laws in force at the time of the importation thereof; and for the purpose of assessment and determination of such duties, and for proper identification of the articles, an officer of the appraiser's department of the port of Philadelphia shall be detailed to make due examination of the articles so withdrawn or sold, verifying them by the record of their introduction, and charg- ing upon a proper form, to be prepared for such purpose, the said rate and amount of duty ; and on payment of the duty so charged, but without fee or .other expenses, the owner or agent shall receive a permit for their removal from the Exhibition. " 11. Articles designed to be returned to the foreign country from which the same were imported, or to be removed from the United States, will, at the close of the Exhibition, or at such time as shall be directed by the officers of such Exhibition, be verified by the customs officer in charge at the Exhibition, re- enclosed, duly marked, and forwarded, under permit of the collector at Philadelphia, to any other port for export, or may be directly exported to Philadelphia. Export entries for such use will be prepared, corresponding to the import entries under which the goods were originally received. " 12. A special inspector of customs will, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, report at intervals to the col- lectors of the ports of Philadelphia and of New York, or of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIsfTION. 205 such other ports as he may be directed to visit, for the purpose of applying the regulations herein provided. "[Signed.l ^ ^ -■ "B.K.Bristow, Secretary. Immediately after the passage of the act of Congress estab- lishing the United States Centennial Commission, the work of l)reparing for the Exhibition was begun. It was understood irom the first that the most difficult portion of this task would be the providing of the funds necessary for carrying on the work. Congress had expressly stipulated that the general government should not be responsible for any of the debts contracted on account of the Exhibition, and had given the friends of the scheme to understand that they need not expect any aid from the treasury of the United States. Whatever money was to be provided must come from private individualsj or from the various States and cities of the Union. It was necessary, therefore, in order to inspire the people of the coun- try with confidence enough to induce them to contribute to- ward the enterprise, that the management of the financial part of it should be placed in the hands of proper parties, who should be vested with certain powers and brought under cer- tain restrictions. Accordingly, the friends of the Exhibition obtained the passage of an act of Congress, which was approved by the President on the 1st of June, 1872, establishing the Centennial Board of Finance. The following are the principal sections of this bill : " Whereas, Congress did provide by an act entitled ' An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence by holding an International Exhibi- tion of Arte, Manufactures, and Producte of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of Com- missioners to promote ajid control the exhibition of the national resources and their development, and the nation's progress in arts which benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appro- priate ceremonies by which the people of the United States 206 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOr.Y may commemorate that memorable and decisive event, tbe Declaration of American Independence by the Congress of the United Colonies, assembled in the city of /Philadelphia, on the fourth day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and seventy-six ; and, whereas, such provisions should be made foi- procuring the funds requisite for the purposes aforesaid, as will enable all the people of the United States, who have shared the common blessings resulting from national independence, to aid in the preparation and conduct of said International Exhibition and memorial celebration under the direction of the Commis- sioners of the United States : Therefore, "Jie it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created a body corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of Finance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the object for which it is formed shall liave been accomplished ; and it shall be competent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended in all courts of law and equity in the United States ; and may make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have, and liold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all such real and personal estate as may be required in carrying into effect the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled 'An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence by holding an International Exhibi- tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' approved Marcli third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and an act supple- mentary thereto. "Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority, and is hereby empowered to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into shares of ten dollars each, and to issue to the subscribers of =aid stock certificates therefor under the corporate seal of said cor- poration, which certificates shall bear the signature of the Presi- dent and Treasurer, and be transferable under such rules and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 207 rf-gulations as may be made for the purpose. And it shall be lawful for auy municipal or other corporate body existing by or under the laws of the United States to subscribe and pay for shares of said capital stock ; and all holders of said stock shall become associates in said corporation, and shall be entitled to one vote on each share. "Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have authority to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and secure the payment of the same, principal and interest, by mort- gage upon its proper- ty and prospective in- come. . "Sec. 9. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the ^ Treasury of the United / States, as soon as prac- ticable after the pas- ? sage of this act, to ~, cause to be prepared, in accordance with a design approved by the United States Cen- tennial Commission and the Secretary of the Treasury, a suffi- cient number of certificates of stock to meet the require- ments of this act; and any person found guilty of counter- feiting, or attempting to counterfeit, or knowingly circulating false certificates of stock herein authorized, shall be subject to the same pains and penalties as are or may be provided by law for counterfeiting United States currency ; but nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or ob- ligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Centennial Inter- BKIDGE OVER WISSAHICKOIir, NEAB MOTJNT AIRr. 208 - THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY national Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the treasury of the United States, in support or liquidation of any debt or obli- gations created by the corporation herein authorized: And provided, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override or interfere with the laws of any State; and all con- tracts made in any State for the purposes of the Centennial International Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof: And provid!ed further, That no member of said Centennial Board of Finance assumes any personal liability for any debt or obli- gation which may be created or incurred by the corporation autiiorized by this act. " Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said Exhi- bition shall have been closed, it shall be the duty of said cor- poration to convert its property into cash, and, after the pay- ment of all its liabilities, to divide its remaining assets among its stockholders, pro rata, in full satisfaction and discharge of its capital stock." Under the above act the Centennial Board of Finance was organized, and as now constituted is as follows : CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. President — John Welsh, Philadelphia. Vice-Pbesfdents — William Sellers, Philadelphia ; John S. Barbour, Vir- ginia.- Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley. Auditor — H. S. Lansing. Directors— Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ; Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wetherill, Phila- delphia ; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia ; ■ Henry Lewis, Philadelphia ; Amos R. Little, Philadelphia ; John Baird, Philadelphia ; Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler, Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama ; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George iiain, Missouri. Financial Agent— William Bigler. In the organization of the Board of Finance a majority of its OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 209 members were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, being on the ground, they might be able to devote their whole time to the work intrusted to them. The Board of Finance was authorized by the act of incor; poration to issue certificates of stock to the amount of ten mil- lion dollars. It was estimated that apart from the subscrip- tions of the various States and cities, it would be. necessary to sell stock to the amount of ^3,500,000. The shares were fixed by the board at ten dollars each, a sum suited to the means of all classes, and calculated to make the subscriptions to the stock of the Exhibition popular in character. The holder of each cer- tificate is entitled to a share in the profits of the Exhibition. -All the net income of the six months' display, together with the proceeds of the sale of all the available property remaining at the close of the Exhibition, will be divided proportionately among the holders of the stock. The act of Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury to cause certificates of the stock of the Exhibition to be engraved and printed at the treasury of the United States and delivered to the Board of Finance. These certificates were duly delivered to subscribers to the stock of the Exliibition, and each is to> re- main forever the property of its holder as a memorial of the great enterprise and of the liberality with which the American people carried it through to success. The certificate' is in all respects a beautiful specimen of the highest branch of steel en- graving. "The plate is twenty-four by twenty inches, on the best bank-note paper. The design is pyramidal, America form- ing the apex, with Fame and Art personified sitting at her feet ; the busts of Washington and Grant on either side, typical of the commencement and end of the century. America is repre- sented as welcoming the representatives of foreign nations, who bear symbols of their national industries and resources. Inder pendenee Hall and the National Capitol are in the background. Beneath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with their steam- boat models, and under the latter are Franklin and Morse, with electric and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the figure of America, is Howe offering his sewing-machine, also a 14 210 THE ILLTTSTEATED HISTORY shipwright with a model of a clipper. The freedman, Conti- nental and Federal soldier, and mechanic, form a group on the right, and the farmer, planter, miner, trapper and Indian, all presenting symbols of their avocations, the group on the left. The centre of the base is Trumbull's paintingof the 'Signing of the Declaration of Independence,' on the right of which is exemplified progress^the busy manufacturing city in contrast with tjie neglected windmill. To the left of the base is repre- sented civilization, combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship and reaping-machine, in contrast with the Conestoga wagon, mail rider, sailing vessel and laborer with a sickle. Tlie legend in the body of the certificate was engi'aved by a new and inge- nious process, the invention of G. W. Casilear, Superintendent of the Engraving Department of the Treasury, and is most creditable, as is also the printing — the department being deter- mined to make the work worthy of the nation and the grand commemorative occasion. The designs and arrangement are due to Messrs. Ferris and Darley, American artists." The efforts of the Board of Finance to dispose of the stock of the Exhibition succeeded but slowly at first. The stock had to contend in the market with that of a hundred other schemes which promised a larger rate of interest and a quicker return. Still, it did not go begging. The adjacent State of New Jersey gave new life to the eifort by a subscription of $100,000, and was followed by subscriptions from New Hampshire, Connect- icut and Delaware for $10,000 each. The city of Wilmington, Delaware, subscribed for $5000, and in a short time a subscrip- tion of about $250,000 was made up in the city of New York, This did not meet the demand, however, and as it was found impossible to carry on the work of raising iiinds tiirough the agency of the banks, as was at first proposed, it was decided by the Board of Finance to create a Bureau of Revenue, which should devote all its energies to the task of raising funds, thus leaving the Board of Finance free to attend to its other duties. The Bureau of Revenue was, therefore, duly organized on the 1st of July, 1874, and was constituted as follows : OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 211 Clement M. Biddle, Chairman Philadelphia. William Bigler, Financial Agent Pennsylvania. , Edmund T.Steel Philadelphia. Amos E. Little. " John Wanamaker " Daniel M. Fox " James M. Eobb " John Baird '. : " I Thos. H. Dudley New Jersey. J John Cummings Massachusetts. William L. Strong. New York. George Bain Missouri. C. B. Norton, Secretary. The work which was thus intrusted to the Bureau of Revenue was important and laborious in the highest degree. The panic of 1873 had almost paralyzed the finances of the country, and the people had become timid and hesitating in supporting schemes of any kind which required an outlay of money. It be- came necessary for the Bureau of Revenue to win the confidence of the people in the scheme they were aske4 to assist, as the basis of all its operations. It had by this time become evident that the various States of the Union could not be depended upon to furnish their respective proportions of the funds, and that the Exhibition must depend for its success mainly upon private subscriptions. The Bureau of Revenue at once set to work. Its efforts to popularize the stock of the Exhibition were systematic and well directed. How well they have succeeded is shown by the mag- nificent sum subscribed by the people of the Union in response to their appeals — a sum amounting to nearly three million dol- lars. To each member of the bureau is due his share of praise for this splendid success, but the credit is chiefly due to the able and efficient Secretary, General Charles B. Norton, upon whom has devolved the principal portion of the labor of the board, and whose wide experience and fertile genius have suggested the happiest and most successful methods by which this success has been won. As a means of facilitating the work in hand, and of securing as nearly as possible the exact quota originally assigned to each 212 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOUY State by the Board of Finance, auxiliary boards were organized by the bureau iu States, counties and districts. These were composed of volunteers, whose patriotic interest in the Exhibi- tion induced them to give their services gratuitously to the cause. One of their duties was to select responsible and ener- getic men in their respective communities for the sale of stock and medals. The plan was eminently successful. As a further means of obtaining a revenue, and at the same time of providing a permanent, appropriate, inexpensive and yet handsome memorial of the Centennial year, the Board of Finance obtained the passage of an act of Congress, approved June 16th, 1874, author- izing the board to have coined at the United States Mint at Phila- delphia a series of Memorial lie dais in bronze and gilt, and silver. These medals were furnished by the mint at cost, and were sold by the Bureau of Revenue and its agents at a fair profit. Persons ■whose means did not permit them to purchase the ten dollar certificates of stock were thus enabled by the purchase of one or more of these medals to contribute towards the success of the great enterprise, and at the same time to possess a beautiful and enduring memorial of the Centennial year and Exhibition. These " Memorial Medals " are of four descriptions, to bring them within the taste and means of all, viz. : In large bronze, at $2 ; large gilt, at |5 ; small silver, at $3 ; and small gilt, at $1. In addition, the four medals can be had neatly arranged in. one case, price $11. Tlie fac-simile annexed is of the size of the first and second of these, the small silver and gilt being the size CENTENNIAL MEDAL — REVERSE. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 213 of the American dollar, with the same obverse design, but bearing on the centre of the reverse the inscription : " In Com- memoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde- pendence, 1876," surrounded by the words: "By authority of the Congress of the United States." The design of the " obverse " on all of the medals represents the Genius of American Independence rising from a recumbent position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to enforce her demands, a-nd raising her left in appealing pride to the galaxy of thirteen stars, which, indicating the original col- onies and States, are blazing in the firma- ment. Beneath is the date, 1776. The "re- verse " on the large medals displays the Genius of Liberty, with the now ornamental sword buckled to her girdle, the shield of the stars and stripes leaning at rest, while with either hand she extends a wel- come and' a chaplet to tlie Arts and Sciences assembled with evi- dences of their skill and craft to do honor to the date 1876, which is inscribed upon the platform. The history of our great nation is depicted in these two designs; and as a work of art, a memento of the Centennial, or as a means of contributing to its celebration, these Memorial Medals should be objects of universal appreciation. The State of Pennsylvania at an early day came forward to the assistance of the Exhibition with an appropriation of J^1,000,000. This was followed by appropriations by the city of Philadelphia amounting to $1,600,000. Besides these ap- propriations, the city of Philadelphia may be regarded as a CENTENNIAL MEDAL — OBVERSE. 214 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 215 contributor to the success of the Exhibition in the erection of the magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill at Callowhill street and Girard avenue, at a cost of over ^2,500,000 ; in the various improvements it has made in Fairmouut Park on account of the Exhibition ; and in its splendid donation of the Exhibition grounds. Apart from all this, however, the direct appropria- tions of the iState and city, together with the subscriptions of private individuals to the stock of the enterprise, sucJl the contribution ot Pennsylvania to the Exhibition ito more th m four million dollar.^ — fully one-half of the en- tire cost of the prep:uj tion and adrainistrai ion of the Exhibition. Tn spite of the clan of the act of Congic-^ incorporating the E.-^ hi bition, which stipulate <1 that the United State should not be respon- sible for any of the ( x- penses of the enterprise, the Centennial Commis- sion, in the spring of 1874, made an appeal to Congress for an appro- priation in behalf of the scheme. A bill was introduced in .the House of Representatives appropriating the sum of three million dollars to the Exhibition. It was argued by the friends of the scheme that as the United States had by its invitations to foreign powers to participate in the Exhibition given to it an international chara,cter, and had become responsible for its .ft ^■:-^^v^* *' m-. MONSTER PINES, WEST PAEK. 216 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY success, Congress was morally bound to aid the enterprise by a liberal appropriation, if for no other reason, for the simple purpose of sustaining the credit of the country in the eyes of the world. It was also argued that as the siilgle State of Pennsyl- vania had voluntarily assumed fully half of the cost of the Exhibition, Congress might reasonably be expected to con- tribute the sum asked for on account of the nation at large. The bill was put upon its final passage on the 6th of May, 1874, and was defeated by a vote of 139 against it to 90 in its favor. The defeat of the bill was owing chiefly to the Western States, which cast their votes almost solidly against it. The vote of the various sections stood as follows: The Eastern States, for the bill, 43 votes ; against it, 27 votes ; the Smthem States, for the bill, 36 votes; against it, 22 votes; the Western States, for the bill, 11 votes; against it, 90 votes. The Western vote against the bill thus equalled the combined vote in its favor. The defeat of the appropriation bill by Congress, instead of disheartening the friends of the Exhibition, merely stimulated them to fresh exertions. Tiiey were resolved that the scheme should not fail in their bands. Thanks to the liberal action of the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, and the cordial manner in which the people of the country responded to the appeals of the Board of Finance and the Bureau of Revenue for aid, tiie Avork upon the great Exhibition buildings was promptly begun, and steadily carried forward. On the 1st of December, 1875, the Board of Finance was able to make the following encouraging showing of its work : SUMMAEY OF RECEIPTS. Total stock Bubscriptions, reliable $2,357,750 In which are included : New Jersey $100,000 Delaware 10,000 Connecticnt 10,000 New Hampshire 10,000 Wilmington, Del 6,000 $135,000 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 217 Gifts, concessions and interest ' $230,000 Furthei' receipts from concessions 100,000 Appropriation by Pennsylvania ., 1,000,000 Appropriation by Philadelphia 1,500,000 Deficiency . . . v 1,537,100 Total cost of preparation to May 10th, 1876 $6,724,850 EXPENDITUEES. The expenditures have been as follows : Main Building, or Industrial Hall $1,113,793 22 Memorial Hall 834,218 80 Machinery Hall .^ 577,637 25 Horticultural Hall 231,466 60 Agricultural Hall 26,641 14 Administration offices 25,787 48 Boundary fence. 8,638 55 Water supply 35,331 87 Lansdowne and Belmont bridges 20,821 00 Judges'.Hall 7,047 50 Grading and drainage 163,801 29 Railroads 11,166 16 Women's Pavilion 5,750 00 Engineers and architects 53,780 56 Insurance and police 1,258 55 Fire Department 2,348 13 Ceremonials on Fourth of July, 1873, and 1875.. . . 6,003 56 Advertising and printing ■ , 31,043 17 Expenses of the Centennial Board of Finance 91,456 07 Expenses of the United States Centennial Com- mis.sion 1^9,027 70 Medals .■ ■- 9.227 56 Available means on hand • 367,926 03 $3,824,172 19 Wiiich were provided from the following sources : Payment on subscriptions to stock $1,852,649 30 Gifts 58,015 91 Concessions for privileges 146,050 00 Intere.'it on deposits 24,374 71 State of Penn.sylvania towards Memorial Hall. . . . 456,890 73 City of Philadelphia toward.s Memorial Hall 302,812 24 City of Philadelpiiia towards Machinery Hall 490,795 37 City of Philadelphia towards Horticultural Hall . . 191,082 29 Percentage retained to secure the fulfilment of contracts 301,431 64 $3,824,172 19 218 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. ESTIMATED FUTURE EXPENDITURES. Estimate of tJie sum required for the completion of the grounds and buildings up to the lOtli of May, 1876, when the International Exhibition will be opened. The Memorial, Machinery and Horticultural Halls being provided for by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, are not included : For the Main Industrial Hall $600,000 Agricultural Hall 275,000 Administration offices ; 20,000 Judges' Hall 25,000 Lansdowne and Belmont bridges 60,000 Women's Pavilion 25,000 Four additional buildings to meet enlarged de- mands 190,000 Grading, draining, metaling roads and walks, preparations for gardens, fountains, and other ornaments, including gas and additional water supply - 400,000 Boiler-house creation and distribution of power, shafting, etc , 110,000 Expenses of the United States Centennial Commis- sion, and those of all its bureaus up to May 10th. 400,000 Expenses of the Board of Finance 40 000 Retained percentages to be paid on completion of contracts, not including those to be paid by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia. 160,000 Contingencies. 200,000 Total requirements up to May 10th, 1876 $2,505,000 RESOURCES. Available means on hand $367,900 Subscriptions to stock yet to be paid 500,000 Probable receipts from concessions 100 000 967,900 Deficiency $1,-537,100 This Statement is submitted with confidence that it is as close an approximate as can be made. John Welsh, President Centennial Board of Finance. Philadelphia, December 1st, 1875. 219 220 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY In the meantime the sales of the stock and medals was car- ried on steadily, and it became at length apparent that the Exhibition would be financially a success. The work, of prep- aration was paid for by the Board of Finance as it progressed, and no heavy and embarrassing debt was allowed to accumulate. It was the aim of the managers of the scheme from the first to open the doors of the Exhibition /»-ee from debt, and this pur- pose has been steadily adhered to. It was found that the Exhibition could not be opened on the 19th of April, 1876, the day originally ajipointed, and the opening day was changed to the 10th of May. A correspond- ing change of the date of closing the Exliibition was also made from October 19th to November 10th, 1876. The success of the Exhibition being secured, the Congress of the United States appropriated the sum of $505,000 to enable the general government to erect a building of its own on the Exhibition grounds, and to exhibit in it the articles necessary for the proper illustration of " the functions and administrative faculties of the government in titne of peace and its resources as a war power." Many of the States also made appropriations for the erection of State buildings on the Exhibition grounds, and for defraying tiie expenses of their State Boards of Centennial Managers. These appropriations amount in the aggregate to over $400.- 000. The principal were as follows : Pennsylvania ^ $50,000 Massachusetts 50,000 New York 25,000 Ohio 13,000 Nevada 20,000 (gold) Illinois 10,000 Delaware 10,000 Indiana 10,000 Michigan 7^500 West Virginia 20,000 New Jeraey 10,000 Arkansas 5 qqq Kansas 5000 Maryland I5 000 Colorado • 4000 Arizona 5^000 Montana 5^000 Oi' THE CEJ;TE^•NIAL EXHIBITIOJS^. 221 The foreign powers to whom the invitations of the Govern- ment to participate in the Exhibition were addressed, re-r sponded cordially and favorably, as we have stated. Their appropriations for the purpose of defraying the expenses of their share of the display were largely in excess of the most sanguine expectations of the friends of the enterprise. The appropria- tion of Great Britain (including Australia aud Canada) was $250,000 in gold ; that of France (including Algeria) $120,000; Germany, $171,000; Austria, $75,000; Italy, $76,000, of which $38,000 is from the government, and $38,000 from the Chamber. of Commerce; Spain, $150,000; Japan, $600,000; Sweden, $125,000; Norway, $44,000 ; Ecuador, $10,000 ; and the Argentine Confederation, $60,000. Egypt, China, Brazil, Chili, Vienezuela, Russia, and other nations, have made appro- priations for the expenses of their exhibitors, the exact amount of which is unknown. In all about forty governments have contributed to the expenses of the Exhibition. Their total outlay will exceed two million dollars in American money. This sum, it should be remembered, is distinct from the eight millions and a half, estimated as the proper cost of the Exhibi- tion. Each government taking part in the Exhibition is repre- sented by a board of commissioners appointed by it, and con- sisting of a number of its most distinguished citizens. They are charged with the management and display of the exhibits of their respective countries. The success of the Exhibition being now assured, the' Centen- nial Commission resolved to make a final appeal to Congress for aid. Soon after, the opehing of the session of 1875-76, a bilJ was introduced appropriating one million five hundred thousand dollars in aid of the Exhibition. There was a general demand from the press and people of the country that the bill should pass. The Exhibition had been carried so nearly to success by private and State subscriptions, that it was felt that the honor of the nation required that the general government should make up the sum which was still needed to place the Exhibi- tion on an assured basis of success. After considerable discus- sion, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved by the President on the 16th of February, 1876. 222 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY The bill required the sum of one million five hundred thou- sand dollars to be paid by the Treasurer of the United States to the President and Treasurer of the Centennial Board of Finance BUILDING OP THE NEW YORK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. as follows : one-third immediately after the approval of the act by the President, and the remainder in four equal monthly pay- ments. Before any portion of the appropriation could be paid OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 223 out of the Federal Treasury,, the President and Treasurer of the Board of Finance were required to give security for the proper use of the money paid them in a bond of five hundred thousand dollars. The bond was given on the 3d of March, 1876, and the sureties affixed to it consisted of the names o^ one hundred prominent citizens of Philadelphia, whose aggregate wealth amounted to over $60,000,000. The act of Congress required that the general government should be reimbursed out of the first profits of the Exhibition, thus placing it in the position of a preferred creditor, an act worthy of tlie Forty-fourth Congress. The million and a half dollars appropriated by Congress placed the Centennial authorities in possession of the full sum needed by them to carry out their grand idea of opening the Exhibition free from debt. This amount was sufficient, to- gether with the sum. already obtained^ from other sources, to pay the cost of preparing the grounds, erecting the buildings, and making all the necessary preparations for the opening of the Exhibition. After the opening of the doors to the public, the "running expenses" were to be defrayed from the daily receipts. The third annual report of the Board of Finance, dated April 19th, 1876, gave the following gratifying statement : " So many agencies are in action, drawing the various parts of our preparatory work to a close, that it is impossible to speak other than approximately of the outlay. We see no reason to vary the estimate heretofore made, which was eight million five hundred thousand dollars, from the beginning to the final wind- ing up. It must be borne in mind that the expenditure incident to an Exhibition on so large a scale can, in advance, only be given conjecturally. " The whole outlay will be provided from the following sources ; State of Pennsylvania $1,000,000 City of Philadelphia 1,500,000 Concessions, gifts, and interest 500,000 Stock subscriptions 2,500,000 Appropriation by the United States 1,500,000 $7,000,000 224 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY "As this shows a deficiency of one million five hundred thou- sand dollars, that amount must be supplied from admission fees. "Assuming that our present assured means are equal to the payment of everything up to the opening, and that for the expenses of the Exhibition until the final winding up of its affairs there will be required one million five hundred thousand dollars from the receipts for admission fees, then whatever sum beyond that shall be realized from admissions, together with the value of the materials after its close, will be applicable to the repayment of the capital stock and the United States appro- priation ; the interests of the State ox Pennsylvania and the City of Philadelphia being represented by their respective buildings, the Machinery, Memorial, and Horticiiltural Halls." The item given as concessions in the above report comprises the sales by the Board of Finance of the privilege of selling various articles upon the grounds of the Exhibition. The total sum received for these privileges was $450,000, and was made up as follows : The Centennial Catalogue Company, exclusive right of printing and selling the Official Catalogue $100,000 Narrow Gauge Railway '..... 20000 French Restaurant 6 000 (Jerlnan Bestaurant '. '. . . . . 6 000 Eoyalty on beer, $3 per barrel, to be collected at the gates ; estimated at 50 QOO Exclusive right to sell soda water 52 000 " " " cigars and tobacco 18,000 " " " pop corn 7^000 Glass factory for supplying exhibitors 3 000 Telegraph ^nd messenger service 35 000 Department of Public Comfort 16 150 Other prJrrUeges 136^850 $450,000 The great, work was at length completed, and the Centennial Exhibition was an accomplished fact. It had been throughout a series of triumphs for those engaged in it. The singleness of purpose, the systematic energy, and the rapidity with which its projpctors carried it through to success have no parallel even OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 225 in the history of our own enterprising country. It is fittiiic that the enterprise destined to commemorate the great ac;hieve- ments of the American people in the arts of peace should be in itself one of the most remarkable of those achievements. The work on the great buildings was pushed forward steadily from the time of ita commencement. It was watched with the deepest interest by thousands who daily visited the grounds, and ev2K to those who belield its daily pro- gress it seemed almost incredible that so much should have been done in so short a time. Machinery Hall was the first completed, and this was followed by the Main Building, the Horticultural, Agri- cultural and Memo- rial Halls. All things being in readiness the re- ception of articles for the Exhibition was begun on the 5th of January, kavine in western pakk, sweetbkiak vale. 1876. This work was greatly facilitated by the co-operation of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company. A line of track was laid from the main line of that road into the Exhibition grounds, and was carried into each of the principal buildings. By this means the cars loaded with the materials for the construction of the buildings were enabled to discharge their contents on the exact spot, and when the structures were completed the articles intended for 15 226 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY exhibition were transported to the proper buildings on the cars and unloaded within a few yards of the location assigned to them, Goods arriving from abroad were transferred from the steamer in which they were originally shipi^ed to the cars along- side the vessel, and transported direct to the Exhibition build- ings. The work of installation was pressed forward with vigor, and it was hoped that it would be ended by the time appointed for the opening of the Exhibition. Sp great and so numerous were the delays on the part of the exhibitors that the Exhibition, like its predecessor at Vienna, was opened before this work was completed. The opening ceremonies were held on the 1 0th of May, 1876, and will be noticed at length in another chapter. The Exhibition being competitive in character, great care was given by the Centennial Commission to the preparation of a system of awards. At a meeting of the executive committee held on the 13th of October, 1875, a report was made with reference to this matter and a system of awards finally decided upon. We quote the following extract from the report : "Awards have generally been made by an international jury of six hundred members. The apportionment of jurors to countries was tried on various bases, but was usually made on the basis of relative space occupied by products of each country respectively in the Exhibition. The great jury was divided into numerous small juries, who examined the products and prepared lists of names of persons whom they proposed for awards, and the proposals thus made were confirftied or rejected by higher juries. This system brought together, unavoidably, many individuals unqualified for the work. The basis of rep- resentation was apparently fair, but its results were delusive. The countries nearest the Exhibition occupied the largest space. Numerous remote countries filled smaller spaces. The number of jurors allotted to the latter body left them in many instances without jurors on many classes, and thus in voting on awards they had no voice, and the awards were in effect decreed by the few contiguous countries. Written reports were not usually made by juries, and if made, were not printed, consequently no OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 227 person outside the jury knew on what ground awards were made. Medals, when distributed, were silent verdicts, and^ awards thus made conveyed little useful information. Awards were based upon anonymous reports or reports not published, and final decisions were recorded in vague and mystic language not satisfactory to producers or public. " The method of awards adopted by the Centennial Commis- sion differs from this system. It dispenses with the interna- tional jury, and substitutes a body of two hundred judges, one- half foreign, chosen individually for high qualifications. It dispenses also with the system of awards by graduated medals, and requires of the judges written reports on the inherent and comparative merits of each product thought worthy of award,, setting forth its properties and qualities, and presenting the con- siderations forming the ground of the award. Each report has the signature of its author. The professional judginent and moral responsibility of the judges being thus involved, the integrity of the reports is assured. The success of this method absolutely depends upon the judicious selection of judges, and to this point I desire to call particular attention." The following is the SYSTEM OF AWARDS: " 1. Awards shall be based upon written reports attested by the signatures of their authors. " 2. Two hundred judges shall be appointed to make such reports, one-half of whom shall be foreigners and one-half citizens of the United States. They will be selected for their known qualifications and character, and will be experts in departments to which they will be respectively assigned. The foreign members of this body will be appointed by the commis- sion of each country and in conformity with the distribution and allotment to each, which will be hereafter announced. The judges from the United States will be appointed by the Centen- nial Commission. " 3. The sum of one thousand dollars will be paid to each commissioned judge for personal expenses. 228 THE ILLUSTEATKD HI8T0HY "4. Reports and awards shall be based upon merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work- .raauship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, economy, and cost. " 5. Each report will be delivered to the Centennial Commis- sion as soon as completed, for final award and publication. "6. Awards will be finally decreed by the United States Centennial Commission, in compliance with the act of Congress, and will consist of a diploma with a uniform bronze medal and a special report of the judges on the subject of the award. "7. Each exhibitor will have the right to reproduce and publish the report awarded to him, but the United States Cen- tennial Commission reserves the right to publish and dispose of all reports in the manner it thinks best for public information, and also to embody and distribute the reports as records of the Exhibition. "A. T. Goshorn, Director-General. "John L. Campbell, Secretary." The following is the Exhibition Calendar determined upon by the Executive Committee : Keception of Articles commences January 5th. Reception of Articles ends April 19th. Unoccupied space forfeited April 26th. Main Exhibition opens May 10th. Grand Ceremonies on Exhibition Grounds, July 4th. Trials of Harvesting Machines, June and July. Trials of Steam-Plows and Tillage Implements, September and October. Exhibit of Horses, Mules, and Asses, September 1st to September 15th. Exhibit of Homed Cattle, September 20th to October 5th. Exhibit of Sheep, Swine, Goats and Dogs, October 10th to October 25th. Exhibit of Poultry, October 28th to November 10th. Main Exhibition closes November 10th. Exhibits must be removed by December 31st. There will also be a number of celebrations during the year, connected with and growing out of the Exhibition. The most important are as follows : Knights Templar (Masons), Annual Conclave, May 30th. Knights Templar (Masons), Grand Parade, June Ist. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 229 Order of Good Templars, Special Gathering, June 13th. Interuational Eegatta (New York Harbor), June 22d. Yacht Eegatta, Delaware Eiver, in June. Sons of Temperance, Special Gathering, June. International Series of Cricket Matches, June and September. Congress of Authors iu Independence Hall, July 2d. Parade of Irish Socieiies (Dedication of Fountain), July 4tli. Parade of Military Organizations, July 4th. United American Mechanics, Parade, July 8th. Knights of Pythias, Parade, August 22d. International Eowing Eegatta, August 20th to September 15th. International Eifle Matches, in September. International Medical Congress, September 4th. Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Parade, September 20th. JOHN wanamakek's itew orxjTiriNO housis — makkkt bt. CHAPTER VI. THE MANAGEMENT OP THE EXHIBITION. A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissionerg from Foreign Countries. OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Pbesident — Joseph E. Hawley, Colonnade Hotel, city. Vice-Presidents:— Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City, N. J.; John D. Creigh, San Francisco, Cal.; Robert Lowry, Davenport, Iowa; Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelbyville, Tennessee; John McNeil, St. Louis, Mo.; William Gurney, Charleston, S. C. Dibectoe-Genebal— Alfred T. Goshorn, Continental Hotel, city. Seceetaey — John L. Campbell, 318 South Broad street, city. Assistant Secbetaeies — Myer Asch, Doxsey Gardener. C0UNSELI.0E AND SouciTOB — John L. Shoemaker, Esq., 611 Vine st,, city. Office op the Commission— No. 903 Walnut street. BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION. Chiefs of Bureaus. Foeeign — Direction of the foreign representation, A. T. Goshorn, Myer Asch. Installation — Classification of application for space, allotment for space in Main Building, supervision of special structures, Henry Pettit. Tbanspoetation — Foreign transportation for goods and visitors, transpoi^ tation for goods and visitors in the United States, local transportation, ware- housing and customs regulations, Dolphus Torrey. Machineey — Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building, including allotment of space to exhibitors, John S. Albert. Agkiculture — Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Burnet Landreth. Hoeticultuee— Superintendence of Horticultural Department, conserva- tory, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Charles H. Miller, Fine Aets — Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and buUding, including allotment of space to exhibitors, John Sartain. 230 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 231 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Daniel J. Morrell (Johnstown), PennBylvania, Chairman; Alfred T. Gos- horn (Continental Hotel), Ohio; N. M. Beckwith (New York city), New York; Alexander E. Boteler (Shepherdstown), West Virginia; Bichard C. McCormick (Washington, D. C), Arizona; John Lynch (New Orleans), Louisiana; Charles P. Kimball (Brewster & Co.), New York city; Samuel F. Phillips (Was)iington, D. C), North Carolina; George B. Loring (Salem), Massachusetts; Frederick L. Matthews (Carlinville), Illinois; William Phipps Blake (Philadelphia), Connecticut ; James E. Dexter (Washington), Dist. of Columbia ; J. T. Bernard (Tallahassee), Florida. Myer Asch (Philadelphia), SecteUiry. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION— CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. President — John Welsh, Philadelphia. Vice-Pbesidents — William Sellers, Philadelphia ; John S. Barbour, Vir- ginia. DiEECTOBS — Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ; Thomas, Cochran, Philadelphia; Clement M.Biddle, Philadelphia; N.Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Eobb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, Phijadelphia;- John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wefherill, Phila- delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos K. Little, Philadelphia; John Baird, Philadelphia; Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings,- Massachusetts; John Gorham, Ehode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Bigler, Pennsylvania; Kobert M. Eatton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, Illinois; George Bain, Missouri. Secretary and Treasurer— Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia. Financial Agent— Hon. William Bigler. Chief Bureau of Eevenue — Getieral C. B. Nortpn. Auditor — H. S. Lansing. Engineers and Architects— Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, H/ J. Schwarzmann. OFFICEES OF THE WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Mrs. E. p. Gillespie, President; Mrs. John Sanders, Vice-Pre.sident ; Mrs. Frank M. Etting, Secretary ; Mrs. S. A. Irwin, Treasurer. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD. War Department, Ordnance Bureau— Col. S. C. Lyford, Chairman. Treasury Department- Hon. E. W. Taylor, First Controller of the Treasury. 232 SCENE NEAR TYRONE, ON THE PENKSYLVANIA RAILROAD. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 233 JfAVY Department — Admiral Thornton A. Jenkins. Intekiob Depaetment — Hon. John Eaton, Commissioner of Education. Post-Officb Department — Dr. Charles F. McDonald, Chief Money- Order Department. Agricdltural Department — William Saunders, Superintendent of Propagating Department. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Prof. S. F. Baird, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution an^ United States Fishery Commission ; William A. DeCaindry, Secretary. BUILDING COMMITTEE. Thomas Cochran, Chairman; John Baird, Clement M. Biddle, William Sellers, Samuel M. Felton, James M. Eobb. TELEGRAPHIC DIRECTOE, W. J. Phillips. DIRECTOR FIRE DEPARTMENT, Atwood Smith. CHIEF BUREAU OP AWARDS, Dr. C. J. StilW. COMMITTEE ON CONCESSIONS. John Price Wetherill, Chairman ; N. Parker Shortridge, Henry Winsor. CHIEF BUREAU OF ADMISSIONS, David G. Yates. FOREIGN COMMISSIONS ACCREDITED TO" THE INTERNA- TIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. Argentine Republic — Carlos Carranza, President, New York ; Edward Shippen, Vice-President, Philadelphia ; Edw. T. Davison, Treasurer, Consul General, New York ; Diego de Castro, Secretary, New York ; Deputy Member, E. Mara Davison. Central Committee — Ernesto Oldendorf, President, Buenos Ayres ; Eduardo Olivera, Buenos Ayres; Onesimo Leguizamon, Buenos Ayres; Diego de la Fuente, Buenos Ayres ; Lino Palcois, Buenos Ayres ; Ricardo Newton, Buenos Ayres ; Leonardo Pereyra, Buenos Ayres ; Jose M. Jurafdo, Buenos Ayres ; Erailio Duportal, Buenos Ayres ; Julio Victorica, Secretary, Buenos Ayres. Austria — Rudolf Isbary, Vice-President of the Chamber of Commerce, President, Vienna; Franz Ritter von Liebig, member of the Chamber of Com- merce, First Vice-President, Reichenberg; Micliael Matscheko, Manufac- turer, Second Vice-President. Members: Eugene Felix, President of the Society of Arts ; Edward Kanitz, member of the Chamber of Commerce ; Karl von Oberleitner, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Olrautz ; Otto von Bauer, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Brunn ; Ernst von Pontzen, Engineer ; Dr. Emil Hornig, Counsellor ; Dr. F. Migerka, Imperial and Royal Counsellor; Theo, A. Havemeyer, Austro-Hangarian Consul-General, New York. 234 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTOET Afbica — Obanoe Feee State — Charles W. KUey, ConBul-Geueral, Philadelphia. Belgium — Baron Gustave de Woelmont, Senator, President, Brussels; Alexander Kobert, Historical Painter, member of tlie Belgium Academy of Fine Arts, Letters and Sciences, Vice-President, Brussels ; Oh. de Smet-de Smet, Manufacturer, President of the Industrial and Commercial Society, Vice-Presi- dent, Ghent ; I. Clerfeyt, Chief of Bureau, Ministry of the Interior, Secretary of the Upper-Consul of Industry and Commerce, late Secretary of the Belgian Commission and Juries of the International Exhibition of Paris, London, and Vienna, Secretary, Brussels; Alfred Ancion, Manufacturer of Arms, Liege; A. J. Belpaier, Inspector-General of Railways and Telegraphs ; L. de Curte, Architect, member of the Royal Commission of Monuments, and Council for the Improvement of the Arts of Design, Brussels ; Felix Duliayon, Lace Manu- facturer, Judge of the Tribunal of Commerce, and member of the Chamber of Commerce, Brussels; E. Duisberg, Director of the Paper Manufactories of Messrs. Godin & Co., at Huy, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Liege; Jos. Fayn, Mining Engineer, Consul of the Netherlands, Liege ; P. F. Ghys- Bruneel, Lace Manufacturer, Grammont ; Jules Havenith, Ship-Owner, Counsel of Austria, Hungary, Antwerp ; J. Kindt, Inspector-General of Industry, Minis- try of the Interior ; Eugene Meeus, Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of Representatives, Antwerp ; Alph. Morel, Director of the Gla.sa Works, Lodelin- sart, Charleroi ; Henri Morel, Flax Manufacturer, Gand ;. Remy Paquot, Director of the Company of Bleyberg-es-Montzen, Verviers ; Edm. Parmentier, Manufacturer, Brussels; Ferdinand Pauwels, Historical Painter, Antwerp; Aug. Ronnberg, Director-General of Agriculture and Manufactures, Ministry of the Interior ; E. Sadoine, Director-General of Works, Seraing-lez-Liege ; Jules Sauveur, Director-General of Public Instruction, Ministry of the Interior ; E. E. A. Schaar, Chief Engineer, Director of the Arsenal and Railways of the State, Malines ; Alfred Simonis, Cloth Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of Representatives, Verviers. Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia — Count d'Oultremont, Director-Gen- eral ; Mr. J. Van Bree, Chief of Fine Art Department ; Mr. J. Gody, Ministry of Public Works ; Mr. J. Beco, Engineer, Brussels. Brazil— His Highness Gaston d' Orleans, Conde d' jEu, Marshal of the Army, President ; Viscount de Jaguary, First Vice-President ; Viscount de Bonn-Retiro, Second Vice-President ; his Excellency A. P. de Carvalho Borges, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Majesty the Em- peror of Brazil, Washington, D. C. ; Viscovmt de Souza Franco Jpaquin An- tonio de Azevedo. Chili— Mr. Rafael Lorrain, Mr. Maxiraiano Errazuriz, Mr. Ignacio Dom- eyko, Mr. Armando Philippi, Mr. Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga, Mr. Euge- nic Figuerad, Mr. Lamo Barros, Edward Shippen, Esq., Philadelphia, Jaseph P. Root, Esq., Francisco Gonzalez, Esq., J. Patterson Burd, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer, Philadelphia. China— Edward B. Drew, Commissioner of Customs, Chefoo ; Gustave Diet- ring, Commissioners of Customs, Ningpo; Charles Hannen, J. L. Hammond, Commissioner of Customs, Swatou. OF THE CBNTENMTAIi EXHIBITIOX. 235 Denmark— Jacob Holmblad, Manufacturer, President ; Olaf Hansen, U. S. Yice-Consul, Vice-President ; Joh Hansen, Austrian Consul-General, Treasurer ; C. 0. Burmeister, Manufacturer; V. Cliristesen, Manufacturer; V. Fieldskon; Sculptor; Cliarles Hansen, Manufacturer; William Hammer, Artist; Thomas Schmidt, New York ; Th. Green, Secretary. Ecuador— Edward Shippen, Esq., Consul, President, Philadelphia ; Gabriel Obarrio, New York ; J. J. Bibon, New York ; J. M. Muhoz, New York ; J. E. de la Espriella, New York. , ' Egypt — His Highness Prince Mohammed Tawfio Pacha, President, Cairo; Hjs Excellency Cherif Pacha, Minister of Commerce, Vice-President, Cairo; H. Brngsch Bey, Commissioner-General, Cairo. Commissioners— General Stone, Cairo ; M. Mahmoud Bey, Astronomer, Cairo ; M. Mariette Bey, Director of the Museums of Antiquities, Cairo ; M. G^tinel Bey, Professor in the Medical School, Cairo; M. Rogers, Director in the Ministry of Public Instruction, Cairo; M. Acton, Chief of Division, Ministry of Commerce, Cairo; M. Baudry, Architect, Cairo ; M. Delchevalerie, Attach^ Cairo. BesideiU Members in Philadelphia — H. Brugsch Bey, Cairo, Commissioner- General ; Brugsch, Cairo, Chief of Transportation and Installation ; Behmert, Attach^, Cairo, Secretary; Edward Elias, Cairo, Secretary and Interpreter; M. Danninos, Attache, Cairo. France — M. M. Ozenne, Counsellor of State, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Commissioner-General of International Exhibitions ; Du Sommerard, Director of the Museums of Thermes and Cluny, Commissioner-General of International Exhibitions. Committee— Organized under the Presidena/ of the Minister. of A(/rieidture and Commerce — M. Duclerc, Vice-President of the National Assembly, member of the Committee on International Exhibitions ; Marquis de Talhouet, Deputy ; Baron de Soubeyran, Deputy ; Mr. Wolowski, Deputy ; Marquis de Lafayette, Deputy ; M. Bonnet, Deputy ; M. Flotard, Deputy ; M. Laboulaye, Deputy ; M. Dietz-Monin, Deputy ; M. Count de Bouille, Deputy ; Viscount d'Haussonville, Deputy; M. De Chabrol, Deputy ; M. JuUien, Deputy; the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Director-General of Customs, the Director of the Academy of Fine Arts, the Director of Consulates and Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; M. Outrey, Minister Plenipotentiary ; M. Du Sommerard, Director of the Museum of Thermes and Olnny, the Assistant Director of Foreign Commerce, the President of the Paris Chamber of Commerce ; M. Guillaume, member of the Institute ; Marquis de Bochambeau, Baron Alphonse de Eothschild, M. Sieber, M. Mame (Alfred), M. Laveissiere (Jules), Dealer in Metals ; M. EouUeaux Dugage, Secretary ; M. de Fallois, late Chief of Bureau, Ministry of Public Works, Assistant Secretary. Beddevi Commissioners — Mr. de Laforrest, Consul-General of France, Commissioner-General, New York ; Mr. Eavin d'Elpeux, Vice-Consul, Philadelphia ; Capt. Anfrye, Military Attach^, French Legation, Washington. German Empire — Dr. Jacobi, Eoyal Prussian Actual Privy-superior Gov- ernment Counsellor and Ministerial Director, President ; Dr. Stnve, Eoyal Prus- sian Privy-Government Counsellor and Counsellor in the Ministry of Commerce ; Dr. Wedding, Eoval Prussian Counsellor of Mines : Mr. Eeither, Eoyal Bava- 236 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY rian Counsellor of Legation ; Mr. Von Nostitz-Wallwitz, Eoyal Saxon Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenjpotentiary ; Baron Von Spitzemberg, Eoyal Wurtemburg Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; Dr. Neid- hardt, Grand Ducal Hessian Ministerial Counsellor ; Mr. KaufFmann, Eoyal Prussian Counsellor of Commerce ; Dr. Kruger, Hanseatic Minister Eesident ; Mr. Von HoUoben, Eoyal Prussian Superior Tribuijal Counsellor ; Mr. Nieber- ding, Counsellor in the Office of the Chancellor of the Empire; Baron Von Zedlitz, Eoyal Prussian Provincial Counsellor. Resident Commissioners — John D. Lankenau, Esq., Piiiladelphia ; Charles H. Meyer, Esq., Consul, Philadelphia ; Gustavus Eemak, Esq., Philadelphia ; Dr. Fred. Voick, Baltimore. Great Britaikt and Colonies — His Grace the Duke of Eichmond, K. G., Lord-President of the Council. Joint ExecutiVi Commissioners — Col. Herbert Sandford, E. A., Professor Thomas C. Archer, F. E. S. E., A. J. E. Trendell, Esq., Secretary, Philadelphia. Superintendents — T. A. Wright, Industrial Depart- ment ; John Anderson, LL. D., Machinery Department ; B. T. Brandretli Gibbs, Agricultural and Horticultural Departments ; J. M. Jopling, Fine Art Depart- ment; J. H. Cundall, Engineer, Philadelphia. Clerical Assistants — Hugli Willoughby Sweny, Ernest Charrington, Philadelphia ; Ernest E. Cooper, Phila- delphia ; John M. Brett, Philadelphia. Canada — Senator-Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of' Agriculture, Presi- dent, Ottawa. Honorary Commissioners — Hon. Adam Crooks, Provincial Treasurer, Ontario ; Hon. P. A. Garneau, Minister of Agriculture, Quebec; Hon. P. Carteret Hill, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. J. J. Eraser, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. L. C. Owen, Attorney-General, Prince Edwards Island ; Hon. W. J. Armstrong, Minister of Agriculture, Britisli Columbia ; Hon. Mr. Nolin, Minister of Agriculture, Manitoba. Executive Com- missioners—Ron. E. G. Penny, Senator, Montreal, Quebec ; Hon. E. D. Wilmot, Senator, Sanbury, New Brunswick ; D. Macdougall, Esq., Berlin, Ontario ; J. Perrault, Esq., Secretary, Ottawa. New South Wales— His Honor Sir James Martin Knight, Chief Justice^ President; Hon. John Hay, President of the Legislative Council, Vice-President; Hon. George Wigram Allen, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Vice-Presi- dent; Hon. Sir Edward Deas Thomson, C. B., K. C. M. G., M. L. C, Vice- President. Commissioners— T]^& Eev. Charles Badham, D. D., Samuel Bennett, Esq., James Byrnes, Esq., R. W. Cameron, Esq., The Hon. G. H. Cox, M. L. C, J. E. Fairfax, Esq., Andrew Garran, Esq., LL. D., Hon. S. D. Gordon, M. L, C, Henry Halloran, Esq., Edw. S. Hill, Esq., Hon. Thomas Hoet, M. L. C, P. A. Jennings, Esq., G. W. Lord, Esq., M. P., Hon. Sir William Macarthur, Knight, M. L. C, William Macleay, Esq., F. L. S., T. S. Mort, Esq., Benjamin Palmer, Esq., Mayor of Sidney ; Commander Thomas Stackhouse, R. N., Alexander Stuart, Esq., M. P., George Thornton, Esq., J. P., William Wallia, Esq., James Watson, Esq., M. P., Hon. J. B. Watt, M. L. C, Fitz William Wentworth, Esq., J. H. Williams, Esq., John Williams, Esq., W. C. Windeyer, Esq., Robert Wisdom, Esq., M. P., John Woods, Esq., William Wolfen, Esq., Charles Eobinson, Esq., Secretary. Victoria— Sir Redmond Barry, Acting Chief JWstice of the Supreme Court, President ; Hon. J. J. Casey, M. P., Hon. J. F. Sullivan, M. P., Hon. C. J. Jenner, OF THE CBNTENNIAT. EXHIBITION. 237 M. L. C, James Munro, Esq., J. Mellwraith, Esq., L. J. Sherrard, Esq., Count de Castelnau, Hon. S. H. JBindon, James Boslslo, Esq., M. P., James Gatehouse, Esq., Mayor of Melbourne ; J. I. Bleasdale, D. D., Hon. Sir John O'Shanassy, K. C. M. G., Hon. Sir James McCuUoch, M. P., Hon, John Alexander Mac- pherson, M. P., Hon. John Thomas Smith, M. P., Leslie James Sherrard, Esq., John Banks, Esq., George Collins Levey, Esq., Secretary. South Australia (Adelaide)— ills Excellency, A. Musgrave, Esq., C. M. G., Chairman ; Hon. W. Everard, Commissioner of Crown Lands ; Hon. H. E. Bright, M. L. C, J. P., Commissioner of Public Works ; Hon. John Crozier, M. L. C, J. P., Hon. Wentwood Cavanagh, Esq., M. P., J. P., Hon. Josiah Boothly, Esq., J. P., Hon. E. W. Andrews, Esq., J. P., Hon. S. Davenport, Esq., J. P., Hon. Josepli Crompton, Esq., J. P., Hon. George McEwan, Esq., J. P., Dr. Schoraburg, D. P., J. P., Caleb Peacock, Esq., J. P., E. D. Eoss, Esq., M. P., J. P., E. S. Smith, Esq., M. P., J. P., Walter Hackel, Esq., I. A. Hoklen, Esq., J. P., S. V. Pozey, Esq., C. J. Coates, Esq., F. G. Waterliouse, Esq., C. I. Coates, Honorary Secretary. Cape of Good Hope — Mr. C. Crawford Coates, Executive Commiiisioner and Agent, Philadelphia. Gbeece — Dr. Botassis, Special Eepresentative, CoMul-General, New York. Guatemala and Salvador — His Excellency Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. Honduras — Governor Don Francisco Bardales, General Don E. de Salignac, Don Jose Maria Fiallos, Don Juan Eamon Valenzuela. Resident Commissioners — Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. ; T, Ansoatigin, Consul, New York. Italy — H. E. Baron Blanc, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, D. C. ; Count B. Litta, First Secretary of Legation, Washington, D. C. ; M. Angelo Gianelli, Agent, Philadelphia. Japanese Empibe — His Excellency Okubo Toshimichi, Minister of the Interior and Privy Counsellor, President ; His Excellency Lieutenant-General Saigo Yorimichi, Imperial Army, Vice-President; Mr. Kawase Hideharu, Vice-President Bureau of Agriculture and Industry, Commissioner-General ; Mr. Tanaka Yoshio, Minister of the Interior ; Mr. Sekizawa Akekio, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Yamataka Nobuakira, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shioda Masashi, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishihara Toyoya,su, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishida Tametake, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Yamao Tsunetaro, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Knbo Hiromichi, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Notomi Skejiro, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shibata Hircshi, Bureau of Industiy; Mr. Makiyama Kohe, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishii Yoshitaka, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Asahi Notori, Ministry of the Interior ; Mr. Kawara Noritachi, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Sasashe Motoakira, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Takeda, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; Mr. Sugiyama Katsunari, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Hitaka Giro, Lieutenant Imperial Army ; Mr, Omori Ichiu, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Asami Tadatsune, Bureau of Agri- culture and Industry ; Mr. Fukui Mokoto, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry ; Mr. Fritz Cunlifle Owen, Attach^, Philadelphia. Liberia — J. S. Payne, Fsq., Monrovia; Edward 8. Monis, Esq., Consul, Philadelphia. 238 THE ILLTJSTEATED HISTORY Mexico— Mr. Romero Eubio, President, city of Mexico ; Ramon y Alcaraz, city of Mexico ; Gabriel Mancera, city of Mexico ; Rafael Martinez de la Torre, city of Mexico ; Julio Zarate, city of Mexico ; Antonio del Castillo, city of Mexico ; Sebastian Camacho, city of Mexico ; Eduardo E. Zarate, Secretary, city of Mexico. Special Commissioner, Mr. E. Avila, Washington, D. C. Netherlands — Dr. E. H. von Baumhauer, Honorary Professor, Secretary of the Dutch Society of Sciences, Director of the Society for the Advancement of Industry in the Netherlands, President, Haarlem ; F. de Casembroot, Rear Admiral Aid-de-camp in Extraordinary Service to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, and Member of the States General, Second Chamber, The Hague ; A. H. Eigeman, Industrial President of the Society of Dutch Indus- trials, Leiden ; P. Harsten, Chairman of the Amsterdam Board of Commerce, Amsterdam; J. E. Van Heemskerck Van Beest, Dutch Royal Navy, The Hague ; Dr. W. T. A. Jonckbloet, President of tlie Committee of Superin- tendence of the Academy of Imitative Arts, Amsterdam ; D. Van der Kel- len, Jr., Member of the Administration Society Arti et Amicitice, ^Amsterdam; L. C. Van Kerkwyk, Pensioned Lieutenant-Colonel Corps of Engipeering, Member of the Council of Administration of the Royal Institution of En- gineers, The Hague; M. M. de Monchy, President of the Board of Commerce, Rotterdam; Dr. J.'Th. Mouton, Vice President of the Society to Promote Manufactures and Trade-Industry in the Netherlands, The Hague ; C. T. Van der Oudermeulen, President of the Dutch Society of Agriculture, Tlie Hague; Baron W. G. Brantsen van de Zyp, LL. D., Lord in Waiting to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, Arnheim ; Dr. M. W. C. Gori, Doctor of Medi- cine, late Medical Officer of the Netherlands Army, Ophthalmic Surgeon, Amsterdam; E. C. Burlage, Consul-General of the Netherlands, New York; L. Westergaard, Consul of the Netherlands, Philadelphia; C. Muysken, Civil Engineer, Secretary, Haarlem. Norway— Herman Baars, Bergen; William C. Chrisfopherson, Buenos Ay res; Gerhard Gade, United States Consul, Christiania. ' Peku— Jose Carlos Tracy, President, New York; Frederick L. Barreda, Edward Villena, Charles Nasy. Russia— Privy Councilloi- Butoffsky, President; Privy Councillor Kobeko, Director ; Councillor of State Yermakof, Vice- Director of the Department of Commerce and Manufactures; Councillor of State Vijshnegradsky, Director of the Technological Institute; Councillor of State, Beilsky, Special Official Department of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General; Coun- cillor of State Podobiedof, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures ; Councillor of State Ilin, Professor in the Technological Insti- tute; Councillor of State Behr, Special Official, Ministry of Finance; Coun- cillor of the College Timiriazef, Director of Section Department of Commerce and Manufactures. Sandwich Islands— Hon. S. G. Wilder, Mjnister of the Interior, Honolulu ; Hon. J. U. Kawainui ; Elisha H. Allen, Jr., New York. SiAM— J. H. Chatidler, Commissioner, Bangkok, SpAiN-^Colonel Lopez Fabra, Royal Commissioner-General ; Don Joaqum Oliver, Secretary ; Don Alvarado de la Gandara, Director of the Industrial OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 239 Department ; Count del Donadio, Director of the Department of Fine Arts ; Don Jose Jordana y Morera, Director of the Agricultural Department. Chiefs of Bureavs — Don Enrique Brotons, Don Alfredo Escobar, Don Enriqjie Borrell. Cld^s of Installation — -Don Bernardo Forzano, Don Francisco Foranzo, Don Francisco Parody, Interpreter; Don Juan Morphy, Consul-General of Spain, Member of the Commission ; Don Julian A. Principe, Vice-Consul, Attach^; Don Miguel Gonzales, Attachfe ; Don Jose Fonrodona, Attach^. Sweden — P. A. Bergstrom, late Minister of Interior, President Board of Domains, President, Stockholm ; C. O. Troilius, Director-General of Govern- ment Railways, Vice-President, Stockholm ; F. L. von Dardel, Director- General Board of Public Buildings, Stockholm ; Ch. Dickson, M. D., Goteborg ; Baron A. H. E. Fock, Chief of Board of Controls, Stockholm ; Professor F. W. Scholander, Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm ; C. F. Lundstrom, Manufac- turer, Stockholm ; N: H. Elfving, Consul-General, Stockholm ; S. Stenberg, Professor Carolinian Medico-Chirargical Institution, Stockholm ; A. K. Acker- man, Professor of School of Mines, Stockholm ; J. Bolinder, Manufacturer, Stockholm ; J. Lenning, Manufacturer, Norrkoping ; C. L. Lundstrom, Manu- facturer, Goteborg; Ch. G. Breitholtz, Colonel of Artillery, Stockholm; K. Peyron, Captain in the Navy, Chamberlain, Stockholm ; E. Widmark, Chief .of the Board of Public Education, Stockholm ; H. Widegren, Superintendent of Fisheries, Stockholm ; P. E. Sidenbladh, Secretary of the Central Board of Statistics, Stockholm; V. Norman, Captain of Engineers, Secretary, Stock- holm ; E. Brusewitz, Engineer, Mining and Metallurgy. Beddent Commiasioner-i in Philaddphia—C. Juhlin Dannfelt, Commissioner- General, Stockholm ; L. Westergaard, Consul, Assistant Commissioner, Phila- delphia ; Dr. J. Ph. Lindahl, Secretary, Lund ; M. Is^ns, Architect, Stock- holm ; W. HofTstedt, Engineer, Stockholm ; A. E. Jacobi, Engineer, Stock- holm. Special Ommisdmers—C. J. Meijerberg, Superintendent of Primary Schools, Educational Department, Stockholm; G. W. Bergman, Captain of Artillery, Army Department, Stockholm ; Baron O. Hermelin, Fine Art Department, Stockholm. SwiTZEEi,ANi>— Colonel H. Eieter, Commissary-General, Winterthur; Dr. Emile Schumacher, Assistant Commissioner ; N. I. Andersson, Professor Koyal Academy of Science, Educational Department; Arnold Steinmann, Secretary of Commerce, Zurich; Dr. Adolph Hirsch, Director of the Observatory, Neuf- chatel ; Colonel Siegfried, Chief of the Federal Topographical Bureau, Berne ; Dr. Frederic de Tochudi, St. Gall ; Mr. Edward Gnyer, Secretary-General, Zurich; Mr. John Icelr, Engineer, Basle; Mr. End. Koradi, Consul, Eesident Commissioner, Philadelphia. Tunis— His Excellency Sidi Heussein, General of Division, Minister of Instruction and Public Works, President. Turkey— His Excellency G. d'Aristarchi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Wash- ington, D. C. Venezuela— Mr. Leon de la Cova, Consul, 218J Walnut street, Philadel- phia i Dr. Adolphus Ernst, Professor University at Caracas. CHAPTER VII. GETTING TO THE EXHIBITION — ACCOMMODATIONS FOR VISITOES. Rush of Visitors to Philadelphia— Arrangements for Transportation of Visitors by the Bailroads of the United States— Settlement of the Question of Fares- Arrangements of the Kailroads leading into Philadelphia— How to reach the Exhibition Grounds from the city— The Pennsylvania Eailroad— Mag- nificent equipment of the Road— The Model Eailroad of the Union- Arrangements of the Philadelphia & Heading Eailroad— The SchuylkiU Steamboats— The Street Eailway arrangements— Cabs and Carriages— Reg- ulations concerning them— The Philadelphia Hotels— Their Capacity for accommodating Guests— The Centennial Lodging-House Agency— Boarding Houses— Suburban Hotels— Circular of the Centennial Commission with reference to Accommodations for Visitors. ^//HE opening of the Centennial Exhibition has naturally III drawn thousands of visitors to Philadelphia. As thou- * ■ sands are yet to come, it will be both interesting and useful to glance for a moment at the means provided by the various railroad lines of the country for reaching Philadelphia, at the means of reaching the Exhibition grounds from the city, and at the arrangements that have been made, for accommoda:ting the vast throng of strangers who will crowd the city of Philadelphia during the continuance of the Exhibition. The arrangements for transporting visitors from the various parts of the country to Philadelphia are admirable. The bulk of the passenger traffic is controlled by the Pennsylvania Rail- road, the most perfect organization of its kind in this country. By its main line visitors are brpught from all parts of the West, and are set down at the Exhibition dooi's. By its New Jersey Division visitors froyi New York and the Eastern States are brought to the same spot. This company has granted the 240 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 241 use of tlie new depot it has erected opposite tlie Exhibition grounds to the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail- road, by which visitors from South . and Southwest may reach the Exhibition. The Philadelphia & Reading E^ailroad Com- pany have erected a new passenger station within the limits of the Park, at the foot of the hill on which Memorial Hall stands. Passengers from central Pennsylvijnia and the West tan reach the Exhibition gates by this road, without loss of time. The officials of all the railroads terminating in Philadelphia were busy for months preparing for the, increased amount of travel which the Exhibition would draw to that city. Their tracks were overhauled and put in order; new cars were built; and every arrangement made by which the comfort and safety of large bodies of travellers could be secured. By the arrange- ments now in force 145,000 visitors can be transported daily from the various points of the Union to Philadelphia. , A few months before the opening of the Exhibition a meeting of the General Ticket Agents of the great trunk lines: between Philadelphia and the W^st was held at Louisville, Kentucky, to consider the question of fares. Nearly every principal road in the Union was represented, one hundred agents being in attendance. They agreed upon a rate which may be generall- stated as follows : To tfewTork. riiila. Pliila. via N. Y. Keductiou. Seduction. Increase, From Detroit 25 p. i: $1 $1 " Toledo. ..25 p. c. 1 1 « Cleveland 25 p. c 1 1 " Crestline 25 p. c. 1 1 « Columbus 25p.o. 1 1 " Cincinnati 25 p. c. 1 1 The round-trip tickets to New York from the above places may be sold at points west thereof, and east of Omaha, and at eompetitive points south of the Ohio river, at a reduction of 25 per cent, from convention rates ; to Philadelphia at $1 less than rouiid-trip rates to New York ; to PTiiladelphia via New York at $1 more; and from territory cast of those points the bagis of 16 242 SCEKE AT AI.LEGBIPPAS, PENKSYLVAKIA RAILROAD. THE CEXTEXNIAL EXHIBITION. 243 reduced rates and limit for i'oimd-trip tickets is to be fixed by trunk lines, and from competitive points between trunk lines in said tei-ritory tlie rate to Philadelphia via New York is to be two dollars less than rates to Philadelphia by direct or short line. Fares from the principal points in the East have been reduced twenty-five per cent, for the round trip. The Pennsylvania Eailroad, in order to accommodate the enormous traffic between that city and Philadelphia, will run on the New York and Philadelphia branch, during the continuance of the Exhibition, two r^ular excursion trains daily, in addition to the usual express and mail trains; and will also sell round-trip tickets good for all trains, except "(he limited express," at reduced rates. Tickets, good only for.tlxe day of issue, will be sold at ^4 for the round trip; tickets good for fifteen days at $5. The first daily Centennial excursion -traiu is second-class, and leaves New York at 5.25 in the' morning, arriving at the Exhibition grounds at 9.30 A. M. Second-class round-trip tickets for this train cost $3. Third-class tickets will also be issued for this train, the round trip costing $2. Third-class passengers will be supplied with box cars provided with hard seats, and will not have an opportunity to start on the return trip until after 7 p. m. Thiey ^yill thus have nine hours of daylight for the Exhibition. The first-elass excursion train, to which will be attached second-class cars, will leays New York daily, at 6.25 A. M,^ J arriving at the Exhibition grounds daily at 9.30, the returning time being an hour les^ than that of the second-^lass excursion train. First-elass round tickets, good only on the day of issue, will be $4;; second-class tickets, $3. Half-rate excnrsion tickets are to be sold for chil- dren between the ages of five and twelve years. The new line from New York to Philadelphia, by way of the North Pennsylvania and New Jersey Central roads, will not run excursion trains, but round trip tickets will be sold, good for one day at $4 ; good for fifteen days at $5. This road does not extend to the Centennial grounds, but passengers by it can connect with the cheap trains of the Penysylvania road between 244 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Kensington and the Exliibition. The connection is made at the North Peun junction on the Pennsylvania Eaih'oad. The Philadelphia, AVilmington & Baltimore Railroad will run an excursion train from Baltimore daily during the Exhibi- tion. The train will leave Baltimore at 6 o'clock A. ii., and will arrive at. the Pennsylvania Railroad depot opposite the Exhibition gates at 9.30. Returning, it will leave the Penn- sylvania depot at 6.55 P. M., and will reach Baltimore abou. 10.30 p. M., giving visitors an entire day at the Exhibition. The round trip fare by this train will be $4. By the regular trains round trip tickets good for two days will be $5. The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad will also run several daily excursion trains from Reading, Allentown, Bethleliem, and other points on the main line at reduced rates. Thus it will be seen tliat there is ample accommodation for all wiio choose to visit Philadelphia during the Exhibition. Tlie most interesting question to the stranger iu Philadelphia is how to reach tlie Exhibition grounds. From what follows it will be seen that the transportation facilities are fully equal to any demand that may be made upon them. The Exhibition buildings are located on the west bank of the ^Schuylkill, about two and a half miles from the centre of the city. The Schuylkill is crossed by ten bridges, all of which can be used as approaches to the Centennial grounds. Four of these are used exclusively by steam railroads, a fifth by a steiam railroad and horse vehicles,"and the remaining five by horse vehicles and pedestrians. The Pennsylvania Railroad will run excursion trains from the Kensington depot as follows : PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. Centennial Accommodation Trains. On Wednesday, May 10th, and thereafter, trains will be run from Kensington to the Centennial Depot, as follows : Leave Kensington at 6, 6.25, 7, 7.30, 8, 8.30, 9.05, 9.30, 10, 10.45, and , 11.55 A. M., and at 12.30, 1, 1.35, 2, 5.40, 6.10 and 6.40 p. m. Leave Germantown Junction at 6.23, 6.48, 7.23, 7.53, 8.23, 8.53, 9.28, 9.58, 10.23,. 11.08 A. M., and ISJS,' 12.53,- 1.-23, 1.58, 2.23, 6 and 7 P. M. OF THE CENTENiflAL EXHIBITIOX. 245 Arrive Centennial Depot at 6.35, 7, 7:35,, 8.05, 8.35, 9.05, 9.40, 10.05, 10.35 and 11.20 a. m., and 12.30, 1.05, 1.35, 2.10, 2.35, 6.10, 6.40 and 7.10 p. m. Beturning, leave Centennial Depot at 6.45, 7.45, 8, 8.15, 8.45, 9.15, 10, 10.30 A. M., and 12 M., and 12.30, 1.15, 4.50, 5.20, 5.50, 6.20, 6.50 and 7.4C y. m. These trains stop at Frankford road and Eidge avenue. Fare for single trip, 15 cents ; round trip, 25 cents. Children between the ages of five and twelve, single trip, 10 cents; round trip, 15 cents. Tickets sold at Kensington, Genuantown Junction, and at Centennial Depot. Conductors sell tickfets from sti)tions where there are no agents. Exchange tickets sold on street cars at 20 cents ; children, 15 cents, goOd in either direc- tion on Centennial trains. The same road will also run excursion trains from the south- ern part of th<5 city, leaving Washington street wharf, and stopping at Broad street, the United States Arsenal, and West Philadelphia, as follows : PENNSYLVANIA KAILROAD. Wasldnglon Avenue Centennial Accommodation Trains. On and after Wednesday, May 10th, trains will run from TYsshington street wharf to the Centennial Depot as follows: Leave Washington street wharf at 8, 8.30, 9, 9.30, 10, 10.30 A. M., and 12 M., and ], 1.30, 2, 3, 3.30 p. m. Trains stop at Broad street. United States Ai-senal and West Philadelphia. Eeturning, leave Centennial Dopot at 8.55, 9.25, 9.55,10.25,10.55,11.25 A. M., and at 12.55, 1.55, 4.30, 4.55, 6.25, 5.55, 6.30 and 7 p. m. Rates of Fare : Single trip, 15 cents ; round trip, 25 cents. Children between five and twelve year.'?, single trip, 10 cents ; round trip, 15 cents.' Exchange tickets are sold on street cars, full rate, 20 cents; half rate, 15 cents, good in either direction on Centennial trains. Tickets between Washington platform. West Philadelphia and Centennial Depot, 7 cents, or ten tickets for fifty cents. Tickets are sold at all stopping-places of trains, Five cents additional to above rates charged when fare is paid on the cai-s. The extraordinary arrangements made by the Pennsylvania Railroad for transporting passengers from all parts of the Union to Philadelphia will warrant a brief reference to this great " American institution," at this point. It was begun in 1846 and completed in 1854. "It was," says Mr. Sipes, in his inter- esting account of the road, "constructed in a superior manner, iind with the improvements since made, is undoubtedly the niost perfect road in America. Notwithstanding it had to overcome .215 THK ILLUSTRATED HISTOEV. the great Allegheny mountains, a barrier which for a quarter of a century had been considered insurmountable by a railroad without inclined planes^yet it was carried aci'oss by engineering skill with a facility really astonishing. The road commences a gradual ascent at Harrisburg, where it is 310 feet above tide, and rises regularly. At Lewistown it is 480 feet above tide; at Huntingdon it has ascended to 610 feet; at Tyrone it has climbed to an altitude of 886 feet; and at Altoona, where it reaches the base of the mountain proper, it is at an elevation of 1168 feet. Up to this point the heaviest gradient per mile has not exceeded twenty-one feet. From a short distance west of Altoona this gradient is increased to ninety-iBve feet per mile on straight lines, and eighty-two feet per mile on curves. Thus ascending, it reaches its culminating point at the west end of the great tunnel, where its altitude above tide is 2161 feet. Its maximum gradient is twenty-one feet per mile less than the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is equalled by several rail- roads in the New England States. The highest gradient west of the tunnel is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per mile, and the average gradient on that end is twenty-six and four-tenths feet per mile. At Johnstown the elevation above tide is 1184 feet; at Greeiisburg it is 1091 feet; and at Pittsburgh it is 748 feet, being 4S8 feet higher at its western terminus than at Harris- burg, where it commences to overcome the barrier presented by the mountains." The Pennsylvania Railroad extends from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, with a number of Ifranches, giving it a total mileage of 888 miles. By the purchase of the New Jersey, Camden & Amboy, and Pliiladelphia & Erie Railroads, an additional mile- age of 763 miles was gained, making the total number of miles owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1651, and giving it outlets at New York and upon Lake Erie. A number of branches or feeders had been acquired west of Pittsburgh, by lease and purchase, extending the line of the road to Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Louisville. In order to simplify and render: more efficient the management of these western connec tions, a charter was procured Vvm the Legislature of Pennsyl- p < c >> m «>4 o O K o 248 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY vania incorporating the "•Pennsylvania Company," to wUich all the interests of the Pennsylvania Eailroad west of Pittsburgli. were transferred on the 1st of March, 1871. The Pennsylvania Eailroad retained a controlling interest in the new company. Tlie total number of miles of road owned and controlled by the "Pennsylvania Company " is 1715. The Pennsylvania Rail- road has also a controlling iiiterest in the Pittsburgli, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, better known as ^'The Panhandle Route," which with its connections embraces a total of 1150 miles, and in the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indian- apolis Railroad, with a mileage of 238 miles. Thus the total number of miles of railroad owned, operated, or controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is 6615. It will be seen from this showing that the Pennsylvania Railroad Comiiany is the largest and most powerful corporation in the world. The main line of the Pennsylvania road is in all respects tlie most splendid piece of railroad engineering in America. The road-bed is perfect and the track is laid with a solidity and care that render a high rate of speed compatible with safety. The discipline is of the most rigid aiid thorough character, and a faithful performance of duty is exacted from every employ^. The rolling stock is mainly constructed at the company's shops at Altoona. The passenger trains are supplied with the " West- inghoiise Air-brake," and are lighted with gas. The cars are handsome and are luxuriously upholstered. The sleeping and parlor cars are of the Pullman class, and "Pullman Hotel Cars," in which meals are furnished passengers while the train is in motion, have recentlj'' been placed on the line. The "Wharton Patent Switch" is used on the entire line, and furnishes a perfect guard against accidents from misplaced switches. "Another improvement in use upon the road is the Track Tank, which enables a locomotive to supply itself with water while the train is in motion. This is an English invention, and in practice here is found to work satisfactorily. Hereto- fore much time has been lost by the frequent stoppages neces- sary to fill the water-tank j and, in consequence, express trains OF THE CEKTEKNIAL EXHiBITIOX. 249 had to acquire an extremely high rate of speed between stations to make up for this loss. As now arranged, but two stoppages are necessary between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh — at Harris- burg, after a run of one hundred and live miles, and at Al- toona, after a run of one hundred and thirty-two mileSj leaving a run of one hundred and seventeen miles to Pittsburgh." The tank is a trough of wood laid in the centre of the track, and is about eighteen inches in width and six inches in depth, with an inclined plane at each end from the bottom to the top TRACK TANK, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. of the tank. It is filled with clear water. As the locomotive reaches the first end of the tank, a pipe is let down whicii slides down the inclined plane into the trough. The momentum of the train forces the water through this pipe u[) into the reser- voir of the tender. As the end of the tank is reached tlie pipe slides up the incline, and is caught up in its place in the tender. The great number of fast trains which pass over the main 250 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY line and the New Jersey Division daily have induced the com- pany, as an additional measure of safety, to adopt the system of Mock Signals. As this system will be of the deepest in- terest to the thousands who will this year owe their safety to it, we present an account of it as conducted on the New York Division, merely adding that the system is the same oil the main line. "The whole line is divided into sections of two or three miles in length, and each subdivision is sup- plied with telegraph operators and signal men on constant duty. At the commencement of each section is jilaced a frame or api)aratus for displaying signal-targets or lights, and by these the engineers are guided with perfect safety, when other- wise it would be necessary to intrust the lives of the travelling public to the probabilities of all trains 'being on time, or all conductors knowing the full extent of their duty. The manner in which these signals are classified and read is exceedingly simple. When the section is entirely clear, a white light or target is shown ; but when the train enters a section — or ' block,' as it is termed — a red one is displayed, and this indi- cates that no other train can follow until the white color shows that the division is again clear. Presuming that a train has just entered a 'block,' and the red light debars all others from immediately following, let us in imagination whirl along with the moving cars and note the next movement. Only a few moments are required to pass over the block, and as the white liglifc at the next section is displayed the iron horse speeds rapidly on from the first division to the second. The instant it passes the line the fact is telegraphed back to the commence- ment of the block, the red light is superseded by the white, and tlie next train dashes in. -Before the rear train has cleared the first block the first engine has passed into the third section, and, as the telegraph says and the white light indicates that the second block is again clear, the rear train can speed along into the second without danger. Thus section after section is occu- pied by train ?ifter train, and as they dash onward there is a constant pulsation of intelligence all along the line between the two cities, of which the passengers on the trains are totally OP THE CEXTENNIAL EXHIBITION'. 25L" unconscious. They do not realize, as they sweep on with the speed of the wind, that their every movement is recorded by the finger of electricity, shooting back and forth with the velocity of light. Should any delay occur the trains would bo obliged to stop on whatever block they happened to occujiy, and, as every subdivision of the road belongs to the train which is in it at the time, there can be no possibility of collisions or danger from trains in the rear. When the obstruction is re- moved the delayed eugine passes on, the telegraph notes the fact, white lights take the place of rod, and again all are whirl- ing along to their destination. Besides the numerous passenger trains, there is a great number' of freight trains constantly in motion. These have to make their way along as best they can, being careful to keep always out of the way of passenger trains. Knowing just what time they can make, and also when the passenger trains are due at any point,, the conductors and engineers always manage to make some convenient side-track in time to escape collision. When a freight train is running on any block or section, a green signal is shown, which indi- cates that succeeding trains may follow Avith caution. If the next train carries passengers, it is the business of the freight to get out of the way ; if it is also a freight train, it will probably not overtake its predecessor. Some of tlie principal side-tracks. have telegraph stations at both ends, so that no time need l)«y lost by the train hands. There are probably more than fifty telegraph offices scattered along the ninety miles of road. The arrangements usually work so perfectly that it is seldom neces- sary for any train to halt before entering a block. Signal follows signal in quick succession along the line, indicating perfect safety upon the crowded highway. At the superin- tendent's office, in Jersey City, a large chart is kept, on wliicli is marked a record of the progress of each train upon the road as recorded by telegraph. The offices are thus able to see tiie position of affiiirs at all times. A train cannot be a minute behind at any station without the fact being instantly known at head-quarters. It will be seen from this that not only are all the engineers and conductors in constant cognizance of ihs 252 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY movement of the trains both ahead and behind tliem, but their own position can be determined at a glance by those to whom they are directly responsible. When, in addition to all these precautions, it is remembered that, as a general thing, con- ductors and engineers are intelligent and experienced men, some adequate idea can be gained of the marvellous progress BLOCK SIGNAI, STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. •ecently made in the management of the great railroads of the country." The scenery on the main line of the Pennsylvania road ha.i long been famous for its beauty. The road is in all respects the "Model Railroad of America," and as such will constitute one of the greatest objects of interest to visitors to the Ex- hibition. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 253 Tlifi Philadelphia & Reading Railroad constitutes one of the main lines from the city to tlie Exhibition grounds. Its trains start daily from its three depots as follows : PHILADELPHIA AND READING EAILROAD. Steam TraiTis to and from Centennial Exhibitum daily, commencing May 7th, 1876. Leave Broad and Callowhill every fifteen minutes, from 8 a.m. to 7.45 p. M. Leave Ninth and Green every fifteen minutes, from 8 A. M. to 7.30 p. M. Leave Riclimond street every thirty minutes, from 8.10 a.m. to 7.10 p.m. Trains will leave Centennial Station at similar intervals. Broad street trains stop at Eighteenth street. Twenty-third street and Brown street. _ Ninth street trains stop at Girard and Columbia avenues. Eichmond trains stop at Trenton Crossing, Frankford road, Kensington avenue, Second street, Tioga street, Nicetown. Single fare, 15 cents. Package tickets, five for 50 cents. Exchange tickets with street car lines, 15 cents. A line of steamboats has been established on the Schuylkill between the landing at old Fairmount and the Exhibition grounds. The boats run at intervals often minutes during the day, and land passengers at the foot of the hill below the Hor- ticultural building. A broad plank Avalk has been constructed from the river to the entrance to the grounds, The fare is ten cents each Avay, or fifteen cents for the round trip. This is one of the pleasantest routes to the Exhibition. The Street Railroads. — The street railway system of Phila- delphia is admitted to be the most perfect in the world. AH the prominent lines have extended their tracks to the entrances to the Exhibition grounds on Elm avenue, and transport pas- sengers thither from the various parts of the city. . A weH- devised system of tracks has been laid on Elm and Belmont avenues, by which all crowding is prevented, and the cars arrive and depart without confusion. It is estimated that three hun- dred cars per hour may arrive and depart from this point. The various street car lines transported on the day of the opening of the Exhibition over 200,000 people without an accident. The rates .of fare are as follows: Single fares, seven cents; four tickets, twenty-five cents, these tickets being good on all the 25-4 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTOKY city roads; children under ten years, four cents; exchange tickets, nine cents. Exchange ticlcets are sold by all the conductors (except those of the Union and Kidge avenue lines) ; so that a person going north or south can exchange with a car going east or west (or vice versa) and thereby avoid paying two full fares. All roads having branch lines give transfer tickets or "passes" without additional charge. Night cars are run on the Chestnut and Walnut streets, Tenth and Eleventh streets. Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets and Union lines after midnight. The Market street line also run cars from the West Philadelphia depot upon the arrival of trains after midnight. The fare is ten" cents, and no exchange tickets are sold or received on the night cars. Lines of omnibuses, hacks and other vehicles have been established between the city and the Centennial grounds. The following is the city ordinance relating to the rates of fare : The rates of fare, except when otherwise expressly agreed upon before starting, are to be as follows : For carrying one passenger any distance not exceeding one mile, the sum of seventy-five cents; two passengers, one dollar and twenty-five cents; and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents. For conveying one passenger any distance more than a mile, and not exceeding two miles, one dollar and a quarter; two passengers, one dollar and seventy-five cents, and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents. For carrying a passenger any distance over two miles, for any additional mile or part of a mile, the sum of fifty cents in ad- dition to the fare for the first two miles, and for every additional passenger, fifty cents. For the use of a carriage by the hour, with one or two pas- sengers, for the purpose of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, one dollar and a half per hour, and for each additional passenger, twenty-five cents. Where the hiring of a hackney-carriage or carriages is not at the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by Off THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 255 the mile ; but in case the distance shall be more than four miles, the rate to be charged for each additional mile' shall be fifteen cents for each passenger, as herein provided. A mile shall be taken and construed to mean twelve blocks of one hundred numbers on numbered streets. Whenever any hackney-carriage or carriages, not engaged by • the hour, shall be detained by the passenger or passengers, the owner or owners, or driver, shall be allowed at the rate of leventy-five cents per hour, in addition to the rates hereby established. For children between five and fourteen years of age half price is only to be charged, and for children under five years of age no charge is to be made, if not more than one such child to two adults. Every driver, or owner or owners, of a hackney-carriage shall carry, transport, and convey in and upon his carriage,, in addi- tion to the person or persons therein, one trunk, valise, saddle- bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau, or box, not exceedipg one hun- dred pounds in weight, if requested to do so, without charge or compensation therefor ; but for every additional trunk, or other articles above enumerated, shall be entitled to demand and re- ceive ten cents. It is further provided, that on a card to be conspicuously placed in each carriage must be printed in English, French, Spanish and German, the above rules, the registered number of the coach, and also the name and residence of the owner. In section eighth of the ordinance it is provided, that if any owner or driver of a coach shall demand or receive any greater sum than he or they may be legally entitled, all claim for compensa- tion shall be forfeite>l. The Exhibition Trmiafer Company run a line of fifty or sixty handsome coaches from the depots and principal hotels to the main entrance to the Exhibition. Fare fifty cents. The Hamilton Omnibus Company run also about fifty vehicles from the principal points in the city to the Exhibition grounds. Fare fifty cents. It is estimated tl^at the Transfer and Omnibus 256 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY companies and the hacks, cabs and coupes can transport about 50,000 people daily. Thus it will be seen that the facilities for transporting visitors at moderate rates fronr any point in the city to the Exhibition gates are equal to any demand that may be made upon them. BKYN MAWR STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. ' With regard to the accommodations for visitors in Phila- delphia, the most ample arrangements have been made. At least 150,000 visitors can be provided with comfortable quar- ters in Philadelphia, at moderate rates. The following is a list OF THE CEXTEXKIAI. EXHIBITIOX. 257 of the hotels of Philadelphia, with their locations, capacity for accommodating visitors, and the prices announced by their proprietors : Number that Tenns Hotel. Location, Number canbeaccom- per of rooms, modated. day. Continental 9th and Chestnut sts 500 1500 $4.50 Girard House 9th and Chestnut sts .... 400 1500 3.50 Colonnade 15th and Chestnut sts.... 314 500....;.... 3.50-5.00 Trans-Continental Elm and Belmont avs..... 500 1200 5.00 Globe • Elm and Belmont avs....l000 4000 5,00 La Pierre Broad near .Chestnut st. 130 325 3.50-5.00 St. Cloud ....Arch ab. 7thst 165 350 3.00 United States '....42d and Columbia av. ... 325 600 4.00 Hotel Aubrey 33d and Walnut sts 400 3000 European Alias Elm av. op. Machinery- Hall 1500...;.... 3000 1.00-3.00 Grand Exposition...... Girard & Lancaster avs..l32o 4000 European Masonic Hall Chestnut ab. 7th st 1000 3.00 St. Stephens' Chestnut ab. 10th st 118 350 3.60-5.00 Bingham lith and Market sts 150 400 3.50 Merchants' Fourth bel. Arch st 300 850.... 3.00 Washington. Chestnut ab. 7th st 200 450 3.00-3.60 American Chestnut ab. 5th st 800 600 3.00 St. Elmo 317 and 319 Arch st 225 500 2.S0-3.00 Merchants' House 413 N.3d st 90 300 European Mansion House 621 Arch st 100 300 3.00-3.50 Irving House 915 Walnut st 140 200 3.00-5.00 Central Avenue 831 MarUetst 125 300...... ...European Alleghany 814 Market st .... 150 300 2.00-3.00 SiDenis... 13th and Walnut sts 100 1.60-2.50 Arch Street House 1 Arch st '75 200 2.50-3.00 Montgomery 6th and Willow sts 75 '.. 150 2.50 Kidgway House I Market st 150 260 2.00-3.00 Revere House 923 Chestnut st 126 200 2.00-3.00 Commercial 826 Market st ISO 300 2.00-2.50 Clarendon 8th bel. Chestnut st 50 150 1.00-2.00 Red Lion 472 2d st 125 250 2.00-2.50 Keystone Broad st. opposite New- Masonic Temple .60 100 European St. George Broad and Walnut sts... 125 300 6.00 Petry's N. W. cor. Broad and Walnut sts........ 60 European West End ....Chestnut ab. 16th st...:.. 90 180 " Guy's 7th and Chestnut sts .... 60 150 " Marble Terrafie 23d and Chestnut 15 50 " Eagle ; 227 N. 3d St...' 400....;.... 600. ; 2.50 Bald Eagle '.....416 N. 3d st ....< ■ 75..;....;; T75 1.7.6n2--'' Barley Sheaf '. 257 N. 2d st 125 1.75-2.00 Philip Hohl's Hotel„ Callowhill st. bel. 5th 300 European 17 258 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOEY Hotel. Iiocation, Number of ruoms. Numbpr thnt can be accuiu- modated. Fenn Hanor 8th & Spring Garden sts. 80.. Sorrel Horse 268 N. 4th st 35., 300.. 150.. 150... 80., 20.. 30.. 50.. TeniiB per , day. 2.50 2.50 1.75-2.50 1.50 1.75-2.50 Sniedley House 1227 Filbert st 50.. AVliite Bear 5th and Bace sts So. White Horse 316 N. 3d st 10.. National House 1404 S. Penn Square 10.. Howard House 2001 Chestnut st 20.. Johnson's Hotel 1115 Market st 150 1.76-2.60 Germania 2330 Market st 150 Mercantile 23 S. 10th st 100 European New Market 1G19 Market st 54 150 William Penn .....3317 Market st 33 150 Pennsylvania Farniers'....346 N 3d st 60 150 1.75-2.50 Lincoln House 319 N. 4th st 15 40 1.75-2.50 London 15 and 17 Darby road.... 33 100 European Zeiss' Hotel 820Wa]nutst 70 150 Markoe House 919 Chestnut st 50 150 1.50-4.00 Allen House 1220 Market st ; .' 100 Black Bear 425 N. 3d st 63 150 2.00 Black Horse 352 N. 3d st 100 300 2.00 Bull's Head 1205 Market st 200 Binder's Hotel 312 Eace st 60 125 Columbia House Ill N. Broad st 48 150 2.50 Clinton House 1608Kidgeav 45 175 2.00-3.00 Davis' Hotel .......6 and 8 S. Delaware av. 50 200 2.00 Union Hotel 1314Archst 100 3.60 Faivmount Avenue Hotel.701 N. 4th st Tiger 327 Vine st 50 160 2.00 The coaches of the Exhibition Transfer Company run between each of the above-named hotels and the Exhibition grounds. In addition to the hotels, Philadelphia is provided with numerous boarding-houses, in which thousands will find com- fortable and cheap accommodations. The Centennial Lodging- house Agency {Limited), of Philadelphia, has been organized to provide visitors with a ready and expeditious means of securing board in the city. Arrangements have been made by this company with the various boarding-houses of the city to fut- nish accommodations at a fixed rate. The agency will have tickets on sale at all the leading railroad offices of the country, securing the purchaser comfortable accommodations at Phila- delphia. Upon reaching the city the purchaser Avill be met on OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 259 board the train by the agents of the company, who will give the necessary information as to the location of the lodgings and the best means of reaching them, and will attend to the delivery of baggage. The office of the agency is at 1010 Walnut street. In addition to the hotels and boarding-houses of the city, the vicinity of Philadelphia contains numerous suburban hotels and summer resorts, situated on the main lines leading direct to the Exhibition grounds. These offer a delightful place of abode to summer visitors, and will furnish accommodations at from $3.50 to $5 per day, with fair discounts to weekly and monthly boarders. SUBTJBBAN HOTELS. Pennsylvania Bailroad. Capacity. Bryn Mawr Hotel, Bryn Mawr 250 Baum's House, Ardmore 75 White Hall Hotelj Bryn Mawr 80 Summit Grove House, Bryn Mawr 80 Old Buck House, Bryn Mawr. 40 Corbin House, Bryn Mawr 25 Broqkfleld House, Bryn Mawr 20 Shallioll House, Bryn Mawr 15 Bullock House, Bryn Mawr 25 Carr's Boarding-house, Eosemont 50 ■ Barman's Boarding-house, Bosemont 40 Arthur's Boarding-house, Kosemont 25 Warner's Boarding-house, Kosemont 15 Eachus' Boarding-house, Kosemont 25 McKee's Boarding-house, Villa Nova 7 Deal's Boarding-house, Villa Nova 5 Marsh's Boarding-house, Wayne 12 Garrett's Boarding-house, Wayne 35 Zeiss' Boarding-house, Wayne 15 Jones' Boarding-house, Overbrook 10 Maxwell's Boarding-house, Overbrook 15 Smith's Boarding-house, Overbrook 25 Dnffield's Bearding-house, Merion ,7 Wild Wood Boarding-house, Elm ,10 Wayne Hotel, Elm 30 Ardmore Hotel, Ardmore 3D I Morgan's House, Ardmore ^8 Wildgoss House, Haverford College. 20 Eagle Hotel,EBgle •■■••• ,3P 260 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY SITBURBAN HOTELS, PENNSYLVANIA R. ■R.—Omtimud. Capacity. Eagle Boarding-house, Eagle 50 Eockwood House, Eagle 12 Wild's House, Eagle 10 Cleaver's House, Reeseville 35 Leeds' House, EeeSeville 10 Stetson's House, Eeeseville 20 Ixjbb's House, Eeeseville 40 Paoli Hotel, Paoli 12 Eavenson's House, Paoli .' 20 Coates' House, Paoli 12 Thompson's House, Paoli 25 Ogden's House, Paoli 15 Beale's House, Green Tree 25 Thomas' House, Malvern 12 Williams' House, Malvern 10 Dunwoody House, Glen Loch 50 Stone's House, Glen Loch 15 Doan's House, Glen Loch 20 Barry's House, Glen Loch 15 Oakland Hotel, Oakland 40 Lionville Hotel, Lionville ^ 20 Lionville Boarding-house, Lionville 10 Pennsylvania Eailroad Hotel, Downingtown 50 Hines' House 20 Eoberts' Honse, Downhigtown 12 Total 1170 West Chester Sailroad. Gapacily. Swarthmore College, Swarthmore 350 White Horse, Moore's station 2o Lamb Hotel, near Clifton station 50 Cherry-Tree House, Baltimore turnpike 25 Wallingford station, West Chester 40 Heckley's House, Media 150 Total 640 North Pennsylvania Railroad. Capacity. Old York Eoad Hotel (York road station) 25 Lady Washington (York road station) 20 Eagle (York road station) 22 Sorrel Horse (York road station) 20 Eagle, Jenkintown 25 OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 261 SUBUKBAN HOTELS, NORTH PENN. R. R.— Omttnarf. Capacity. Union, Jenkintown 20 Welden House, Abington 25 Montgomery House, Abington , 25 Eagle House, Abington , 25 Filzwater House, Edgehill 25 Jarrettown House, Edgehill 25 Fort Washington House 100 Clifton House, Fort Washington 50 Ambler Park Hotel 60 William Penn Hotel, Gwynedd.. 100 Franklin ville Hotel, Gwynedd 50 Lukens' Hotel, North Wales 85 Philadelphia Hotel, North Wales 50 Central Hotel, North Wales.. 50 Junction Hotel, Lansdale SO American Hotel, Lansdale 30 Sackett Hotel, Lansdale 30 Kulpsville Hotel, Lansdale .30 Hatfield Hotel, Hatfield 25 Franconiaville Hotel, Hatfield 25 Sender's Hotel, Sender's 20 Franconia Square, Souder's 25 County Line Hotel, Telford 20 Telford Hotel, Telford ' 22 Washington Hotel, Sellersville 25 Sellersville Hotel, Sellersville , 25 White Horse Hotel, Sellersville 25 Bridgetown Hotel, Sellersville 20 Perkasie Hotel, Perkasie 20 Bush House, Quakertown 70 Bed Lion, Quakertown 50 Eagle Hotel, Coopersburg 40 Baldwin Hotel, Coopersburg 35 Total 1404 Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. Capacity. Ridley Park Hotel 150 Pa.schalville Hotel 75 Drove Yard Hotel, near Darby 100 Blue Bell Hotel, near Darby 30 Crnm Lynn Hotel 75 Total 430 262 THE ILLtrSTKATED HISTORY In addition to the arrangements already made, or being per- fected, by our city and suburban landlords for the reception and proper entertainment of the expected throng, the country for miles around is awakening to the importance of assisting as far as possible in making the Centennial a success by con- tributing to the welfare and comfort of those who may over- run our built-up limits and overflow the surrounding region. Within a radius of sixty miles from Philadelphia 75,000 per- sons can be comfortably lodged, housed and fed at the almost numberless rural homes on the several lilies of railway entering the park from all directions. The facilities afforded by these lines will permit visitors to enjoy the delights of a summer residence in the most beautiful portions of the Chester and Lancaster valleys, and yet be within easy reach of the Cen- tennial grounds, to which they can be conveyed in almost as short a space of time as from the heart of the city. The fame of such charming country-side resorts as Bryn Mawr, Ridley Park, Media, West Chester, Chester, Haddonfield, Beverly, Burling- ton, Norristown, etc., etc., and their elegant and spacious hotels, is known to every Philadelphian, and is suggestive of good fare, prompt and polite attendance, pleasant company and a hearty desire on the part of the whilom host to make his guests feel perfectly at home. The Centennial Commission, at their recent session, in order to put an end to the reports of insufficient accommodations for visitors, issued the following notice to the people of the Union: "Philadelphia, Pa., May 4th, 1876. "To the Public: "The United States Centennfal Commission, charged with the duty on behalf of the United States of preparing and exe- cuting a plan for holding the United States Centennial Cele- bration and Exhibition of 1876, notify the public: That the hotels of Philadelphia will accommodate (ahove the present regular occupancy) (guests) . . 150,000 The Centennial Lodging-house Agency 20 000 Accommodations by relatives and friends 40 000 Boarding-houses. j 3 qqq OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 263 Patrons of Husbandry (for Grangers) 5,000 Camp Scott (for military organizations) 5,000 Camp in Fairmouht Park (for military) 5,000 Suburban hotels 20,000 " There is no doubt of Philadelphia being able to entertain, if necessary, at reasonable prices, 100,000 persons, and, if further pressed, to comfortably lodge and care for 200,000 persons. Hotel prices, from $5 to $1.50 per day; boarding- houses, from $1 to $2.50 per day ; Centennial Lodging-house Agency lodgings, $1.25 per day ; breakfast, supper and lodg- ings, $2.50 per day. " Patrons of Husbandry Camp at Elm Station will accom- modate 5000 persons of that order at $1.50 per day; three miles, by Pennsylvania Railroad, from Exhibition grounds. Fare, round trip, 15 cents. Address V. E. Piolett, Elm Station, Pa. "Camping-ground for military organizations in Fairmount Park, under the laws of Pennsylvania, near Exhibition grounds. Address Adjutant-General J. .W. Latta, Harrisburg. " Camp Scott, for civic and military organizations, one mile from Exhibition ; fare same as street-car rates. Horses cared for and furnished, and meals provided. Postal and telegraphic facilities. Address J. V. W. Vandenburgh, Camp Scott, Phila- delphia, Pa. "As an instance of the preparations for the accommodation of visitors, the Centennial Lodging-house Agency is mentioned. It has rooms for 20,0(X) guests, which can be increased to 50,000. Tickets for lodgings and meals will be sold at all im- portant points in the country and on all passenger trains approaching Philadelphia. Persons who have purchased such tickets will be furnished a card by the train agent, assigning them to proper quarters. This agency is in the hands of com- petent managers. Address Wm. Hamilton, General Superin- tendent, No. 1010 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. "By steam and horse cars, with present facilities, 20,000 persons per hour can reach the Exhibition from any part of the city of Philadelphia. If it is necessary, 40,000 persons per hour can be moved. Fares, 6| and 9 cents. 264 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 265 " The Exhibition Transfer Company (Limited), whose agents will be on all passenger trains, transport by carriage passengers within limits of four or five miles for 50 cents each ; baggage at like reduced rates. Hundreds of hackmen and omnibus com- panie's, as well as private individuals, will perform the same service at same rates. ■ "One minute af^r the arrival of trains on all main lines entering Philadelphia, passengers can be within the Exhibition. We confidently expect that during the. year the railroads of the United' States will make such further reductions in their rates as will enable every person who desires to visit the Exiiibition at a very small expenditure, and thus put the opportunity within reach of all. Incidentally we note as an evidence of this the fact that the Pennsylvania Railroad has ordered a train between Kew York and Philadelphia at the rate of $2 for the round trip. " The sanitary condition of Philadelphia is good. Rational amusements haye been provided. Arrangements for protection from fire, thieves, etc., are as nearly perfect as it is possible in a great city. Within the Exhibition every precaution has been taken for the safety, comfort, happiness and pleasure of the public. " The buildings of the Exhibition are in order. The Exhi- bition will promptly open on the 10th of May, and is an assured fact. All preparations have been made on a gigantic scale. Philadelphia and her citizens have sj)ent millions in preparing for the reception and care of guests. There is no disposition or evidence of extortion. Increased business at usual rates is considered sufficient compensation for the vast amount of capital and labor expended. Living is as cheap, if not cheaper, than in any large city in America. Accommoda- tions are unsurpassed. All grades of society can be accommo- dated. Railroad and transportation facilities are unequalled. It now needs but the presence of the public to crown with triumph the greatest International Exhibition in history, com- memorating the one hundredth year of the nation's life. "Acting for the government and the people we invite all to 266 ' THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. aid by their presence no less than by their exhibits, and to come from all parts of the world and meet us at this assemblage of the nations of the earth. "J. E, Hawley, President, " For the Commission." The accommodations are ample for all who will come. No one need stay away for fear there is not room for him, or that he will not be comfortable. There is abundant room, as we have shown ; the accommodations are excellent, and there is a hearty welcome for each and all. Since these pages went into the printer's hands many rumors have been circulated throughout the country that the visitor to the Centennial Exhibition is sure to fall a victim to extortion of all kinds, and that his expenses while iu Philadelphia will average at least ten dollars per day. This is far from being th« case. Good board can be obtained for from six to eight dollars a week at a comfortable boarding-house ; the admission to the Exhibition is fifty cents, and covers everything ; so that one can visit Philadelphia, see the Exhibition comfortably, and have something left for amusements, for from two and a-half to three dollars per day. These prices are for comfortable but plain ac- commodations and fare. Those wlio are able can of course increase them according to their means. CHAPTER VIII. THE OPENING OP THE EXHIBITION. Arrangements for the Opening— Programme Issued by the Centennial Com- mission—Scenes in Philadelphia on the 9th of May— The Opening Day— The Bush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points— The Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene— Arrival of the President of the United States — Wagner's Centennial March — Bishop Simpson's Prayer — Whittier's Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude — Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial Commission — The Centennial Cantata — Address of General Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhi- bition Open— The Flag Unfurled— The President's Tour Through the Buildings — The Starting of the Great Engine^Seenes in the Exhibition Grounds — Illumination of the City. HE 10th of May, 1876, was the day appointed for the opening of the International Exhibition. On the 8th the Centennial Commission issued the following order : UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, Iniemaiional Exhibiiiim, 1876, Philadelphia. Philadelphia, May 8«A, 1876. The United States Centennial Commission announces the following orders and programme for the opening of the Inter- national Exhibition on the 10th instant. The Commission, with the concurring counsel of the Board of Finance, instructed its officers to give formal invitations only to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with the Exhibition and to members of the press, by reason of the impossibility of discriminating among the numerous and gen- erous supporters of the enterprise. All the gates, except those at the east end of the Main Build- ing, will be open to the public at 9 A. M. at the established rate of admission. 267 268 THE ILLTTSTEATED HISTOEY The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall will be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion of the ceremonies, about 1 p. M., when all restrictions will be withdrawn. The President of the United States will be escorted to the Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, with a division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage concourse at the east 'end, or by the south-middle entrance on Elm avenue. The doors will be open to them at 9 A. M. They will pass to the platform in front of Memorial Hall through the north-middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy their places before 10.15 A. m. All the space in the vicinity of the platform, save what may be needed for passage, will be open to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession if they choose. The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus of 'one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck. PEOGEAMME. 1. 10.15 A. M. — National Airs by the Orchestra. 2. 10.30— Arrival of the President of the United States. 3. Centennial Inauguration March, by Eichard Wagner. 4. Prayer, by the Eight Eeverend Bishop Simpson. 6. Hymn, by John Greenleaf Whittier. Music, by John K. Paine, of Massachusetts. Organ and Orchestral accompaniment. 6. Presentation of the Buildings to the Commission by tlie President of th« Centeanial Board of Finance. 7. Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of Georgia. Music, by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. Basso Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of Bcston. 8. Presentation of the Exhibition to the President of the United States by the President of the Centennial Commission! 9. Address by the President of the United States. 10. Unfurling of the Flag, Hallelujah Chorus, Salutes of Artillery and Ring- ing of the Chimes. 11. Procession through the Main Building and Machinery Hall. 12. Eeception by the President of the United States in the Judges' Pavilion. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 269 No flags or ensigns, except such as are permanently fixed in the buildings, will be displayed on the morning of the 10th until the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments and the bells will await the same notice. When the President of the- United States declares the Exhi- bition open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George's Hill, and the singing of the Hallelujah Choru§ of Handel by the chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment. Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commis- sioners will pass into the Main Building and take places upon the general aveime opposite their respective sections. The President of the United States, conducted by the Director- General of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of the day, will pass through the Main Building. As the President passes the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and the whole body will move to Machinery Hall. On his way the President will be saluted by his military escort^ formed in two lines between the buildings. In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as pos- sible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the machinery connected therewith. No further formal order of procession will be required: The President, and such of the guests as may choose to fol- low, will be escorted by way of the north main aisle of Ma- chinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the Judges' Pavilion, The passage in return to the Main Building will be kept for half an hour. The President of the United States will hold a brief reception in the Judges' Pavilion. Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exer- cises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building, and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be communicated to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 271 IS announced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear blue sashes. By order of the Centennial Commission. Joseph R. Hawley, President. John L. Campbell, Secretary. Philadelphia was in a whirl of excitement for several days previous to the 10th. The hotels began to fill up as early as the 7th, and by the night of the 9th were full to overflowing. On the 9th of May a steady rain fell during the day, but in spite of this Chestnut street was alive with people eager to be- hold the arrivals of distinguished visitors and the various visit- ing military organizaticjns that came in during the day. Great anxiety was manifested lest the storm should continue through the next day and interfere with the opening ceremonies. To- wards nightfall the rain increased, and it seemed almost useless to hope for fair weather the next day. The dawn of Wednesday, May 10th, found the rain still fall- ing and the sky covered with heavy clouds in which no rift was visible. In spite of this, however, the city was lavishly and beautifully decorated with flags and streamers. Chestnut, Market and Walnut streets, and all the principal thoroughfares, were ■ literally alive with flags. The stars and stripes were naturally the most prominent, but every nation of the globe was represented in the display. As the morning advanced the rain ceased, and about eight o'clock the sun shone out and soon scattered the clouds across the sky. From an early hour in the morning the street cars, steam cars and other conveyances to the Exhibition grounds were crowded, and long before nine o'clock, the hour for opening the gates to the public, arrived, the entrances were surrounded by dense throngs eager for admission. All through the morning excur- sion trains from New York, Baltimore, and points along the railroads leading to Philadelphia, were arriving at the Centen- nial depots of the Pennsylvania and Beading Railroads and 272 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY discharging thousands of visitors to siyell the crowds in tlie Exhibition grounds. " Hundreds of those who waited at the gates, which were so soon to admit them to an assembled world, had not before been near the grounds since the enclosure had consisted only of a half-erected fence and the skeletons of a few of the larger build- ings ; and their looks of glad surprise and expressions of aston- ishment can easily be imagined by those who have had the good fortune to gaze upon the mighty cosmos in all its completed per- fection. The picture presented even from the outside of the grounds was interesting from its peculiarity, entertaining from its novelty, and bewildering from its dazzling variety. The inconceivable expanse of the Main Building, enriched through- out all its acres of length and breadth with the most brilliant decorations, was yesterday rendered doubly magnificent by the addition of myriads of flags of all colors, shapes, sizes and na- tions, and from every inch of available space floated red-white- and-blue streamers. The national and international insignias over the entrances were almost covered with the grouped banners of every nation, and even the golden motto, ' Virtue, Liberty, and Independence,' seemed to have grown brighter since the dawn of the 10th of May. Machinery Hall was less elaborately decorated than its neighbor, and the larger banners, like those on all the other buildings, were kept furled until the formal opening of the Exhibition. There were, however, myriads of miniature flags and streamers dancing in the breeze, and the great structure in which had been collected the triumphs of the inventive ingenuity of all races presented a gala appear- ance well befitting the occasion. The chaste, imposing beauty of Memorial Hall was enhanced by the gracefully-intertwined colors which decked the southern fa9ade, while far into the grounds could be seen countless thousands of furled standards and waving streamers. The arriving trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad came in quick succession, bringing thousands of pas- sengers from the Kensington and "Washington avenue stations to swell the crowd already assembled, and the handsome depot south of Machinery Hall soon became a scene of fascinating OF TltE CENTENXIAI. EXHIBITION. 273 animation as the increasing visitors hastened out of the numer- ous cars and poured in living streams of humanity to the still- closed entrances. The arrival of trains at the same structure from points along the main line and its connections, bringing guests from New York, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and interme- diate stations, added new interest to the inspiriting scene, and the plateau between the building and the Centennial offices became almost immediately packed with men, women and chil-, dren, all waiting anxiously for the hour of nine. The Philadel- phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad trains also landed at the Pennsylvania depot, bringing car after car loaded with pas- sengers. At the new depot erected by the Reading Railroad Company, at the foot of the bluff on which stands Memorial Hall, long trains of cars every few moments dashed in loaded with passengers from Broad and Callowhill streets. Ninth street and Columbia avenue, and Ninth and Green streets stations, in addition to the thousands of visitors from Germantown, Norris- town, Reading, Pottsville, and more distant points. The wide platform of over fifteen hundred feet in length was continually covered with visitors, none of whom lost a moment in pressing onward to the various entrances. On these trains arrived al- most all of the one thousand choristers who had so long been preparing for their important part in the opening ceremonies, and so complete had been all the arrangements that all the singers were conducted to the seats they were to occupy without material delay. As the hour of nine approached, the throngs of visitors increased still more rapidly ; and from the eastern end of the Main Building to the western boundary of the passenger railroad concourse the Elm avenue tracks were for the next half hour filled with incoming and outgoing street cars, and the roadway was crowded with rapidly-driven vehicles hastening to or returning from the carriage concourse. In spite of tliis con- stant danger to pedestrians, thousands of persons of both sexes, all ages and classes abandoned the closely-packed sidewalks and made their way along the street towards the main entrance. Every moment this method of locomotion became more difficult and more dangerous, until the once quiet avenue was converted 18 274 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY into an indescribable confusion of restive horses, yelling drivers, moving street cars, frantic old ladies, rumbling wagons, dis- tracted women, enthusiastic gamins and laughing children. The little foliis were, of course, present in full force, and no amount of physical discomfort or personal danger seemed to INTERIOR OF A PAKLOR CAR— PENNSVI.VAMA RATLROAD. disconcert tliem. They were out for a grand holiday, and, on the principle of ' the more the merrier,' they seemed to have found the height of juvenile felicity in the midst of this general melee. Belmont avenue presented much the same appearance, but as on this thoroughfare everybody was hastening in the same direction there was less eonfiisL.>n. The thousands assembled OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 27,0. and assembling represented every possible class of society, every profession, trade, or vocation in the world, and almost all the nations on the globe. Hundreds of men who had come from Qther countries, either as exhibitors or as worknien, werC: mingled with the thrOng, and as most of them had again donned their national costumes in honor of ,the occasion, the moving spectacle was ijjideed one of rare interest. Americans and Eng- lishmen, Geirmans and French, "Norwegians and' Turks, Irish- men and Japanese, red Indians and dark-skinned Moors, Chinamen and Mexicans, Egyptians and Arabs, were all to be found mingled with the heterogeneous collection of humanity, and here,,there, and everywhere at orice were heard innumerable fakirs loudly expatiating on the incomparable virtues of their, articles of merchandise. A certain proportion of the visitors so olosfely packed together were, of course, obliged to submit to no, little personal inconvenience and more bi' less physical discom- fort ; but the pleasure of being among the thousands who were to witness the final blossoming of the nation's Centennial plant, and the general excitement and ever-changing variety of the wondrous display, overcame for the time the selfishness of weak human nature, and as the few churlish entities who at first scowled at the closed gates, growled at the heat, and sullenly glared at the incoming crowds, had eitheir moved ofi^ to more congenial quarters or be6n compelled to forget their acerbity by the magnetic sympathy of exultant multitudes, the scene soon became one cif universal good nattircj pleasant, anticipation, and general rejoicing." At nine o'clock the entrances to the groilnds wei'e opened, and : the people were admitted upon payment by each one of a fifty: cent note or a silver half dollar. Thie multitude passed in rapidly, and soon the grounds were thronged. The crowds pressed up eagerly around the stands which had beeh erected for the accornmodation of those who were to take part in the opening cei'emonies. The site splected for the opening ceremonies was the open Rpace between the Main Building and Memorial Jlall. A plat- form for the. Centennial authorities^ the Pl'fisident of the Uriiied 276 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY States and other distinguished guests was erected in front of the latter building, and another, rising like an amphitheatre from the level of the terrace in front of Memorial Hall to the second row of arches in the central pavilion of the Main Building, was provided for the accommodation of the orchestra and chorus of a thousand voices which were to render the musical portion of the exercises. The reserved places were jealously guarded by a detachment of the Centennial guard, and only persons provided with com- plimentary tickets were admitted to them. Every place was filled before the hour for the commencement of the ceremonies struck, and every available foot of ground without the enclosure was occupied by the public generally. On the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall were assembled the Congress of the United States, the Governors of a number of the States, officers of the army and navy of the United States, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, the Ministers from foreign countries, and a large number of distinguished persons from our own and other lands. The display of uniforms was brilliant, and the rich toilettes of the ladies on the stand gave to the scene a pleasing and picturesque aspect. The Emperor and Empress of Brazil were given seats on the central platform on the right of the chair reserved for the President of the United States. The decorations of the grand and orchestra stands, which were located directly opposite each other, were of the simplest description, consisting only of the colors of the United States and the various European nations. Hundreds of flags fluttered from the pinnacles of the Exhibition buildings, but the larger ■flagstaffs were conspicuously bare. As the distinguished guests were seated, there was a slight commotion on the orchestra stand, and immediately Theodore Thomas took his place at the conductor's desk, and waved his baton as a signal for the music to begin. Under the leadersliip of this master the orchestra rendered in fine style the national airs of all the nations represented in the exhibition. "After having stated," says the Philadelphia Press, in its admirable account of the opening ceremonies, " that the immense OP TfiE CENTKNNIAL EXHIBITION. 277 multitude was composed of representatives of all civilized coun- tries on the globe, it is scarcely necessary to describe the effect of this succession of hymns which, in times past, had roused whole nations to activity, called to the defence of their country millions of brave men, sustained the drooping energies of soldiers on forced marches, stimulated them in battle, comforted the dying, infused new courage after defeat, and celebrated the most brilliant victories — national hymns which had been learned in childhood, loved in youth, and venerated in old age. Nor need it be added that as the first familiar strains of each air were touched by the orchestra more than one face became illuminated with looks of joyous recognition, and more than one mind reverted to times and scenes when the simple air sent the warm blood thrilling through his veins and made him worship the country he had already learned to love. The second selection, the Austrian national hymn, has long been familiar to eitizefls of all European and American governments, as it is much used in church music. But how widely different must have been the thoughts suggested by its sweet melody to different auditors ! To English and American citizens it recalled, not some great national occasion, but the holy sanctuary where on the concordant voices of devout worshippers paeans of praise were wafted heav- enward ; to the Austrians the same strains doubtless brought vividly to mind their country's trials, dangers, and triumphs, and perhaps to not a few its harmonies were overpowered by the memory of terrfble conflicts with their country's foes, long hours of almost mortal suffering, rewarded at last by the consciousness of having been one of the few who bravely fought and yet lived to celebrate a glorious victory. When the Brazilian national hymn was played both the emperor and empress gave to the orchestra a look of glad surprise in recognition of the compli- ment, and then, aa the musicians glided into the stirring ' Mar- seillaise,' Americans and Frenchmen clasped hands, in spirit if not in reality, for this peerless national hymn is almost equally loved in both countries. Its martial measure and exciting strains are always infectious, but when played as the Thomas orchestra yesterday performed it the effect was irresistible. 278 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Among the throng were thousands who had either come direct from France or had been brought up in the land of the ' Mar- seillaise/ and it was easy to see that, as the old familiar summons to the defence of Liberty was being grandly repeated, hundreds of the impulsive Frenchmen within sound of the orchestra would have danced for joy had there been room enough. But there was not, and the lovers of the noble hymn were compelled to content themselves with waving their hats, shouting ' Yive la France,' and looking volumes. The Germans who had been anxiously waiting for the ' Wacht am Ehine' were surprised though not disappointed when the familiar melody of ' Was ist CENTBAL DOME, VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING. (les Deutschen Vaterland ' readied their ears, and the beaming faces of hundreds who yeare and years ago had heard the same air sung as a lullaby by the long-silenceti lips of a hallowed mother told how sacred the beautiful air had become. Grand old ' Hail Columbia,' of course, met with the heartiest possible reception, and for the first time during the waiting hour the l)ressing, surging mass of humanity ceased their efforts to push their way still further forward, and stood silent and motionless, enjoying to the utmost the life of recollections and flood of emotions which this hymn had so suddenly called into new existence." As the music ceased, a loud cheer rising from the entrance to OF THE CKXTENNIAL BXHlBltlON. 279 tlie grounds in the rear of Memorial Hall, proclaimed the arrival of ithe .President -of the United . States and his Cabinet. The President was escorted from the city to the Exhibition by a division of 4000 troopsJ, made up of the volunteers of the city and visiting detachments from other parts of the Union. The President was reoeival with considerable enthusiasm as hfe reached the grand stand, and at once took the place reserved for him. He was followed by- the members of the Cabinet and the distinguished persons who had come from the city with him. . As the President, after acknowledging the greeting of the multitude, took his seat, there burst from the orcliestra at a sign" from Theodore Thomas the first strains of the grand Centennial Inariiguraiian, .March composed for the occasion by Richaird Wagner. This magnificent composition was rendered with a fervency and thoroughness which only a leader and an orchestra' who understand and love the great composser as perfectly as do Theodore Thomas and his band, could impart to it, It was listened to with breathless attention by the vast throng of over 100,000 people, and at the conclusion was greeted with lotid and enthusiastic cheers. The music had scarcely ceased when Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, advanced to the front of the stand, and lifting op his hands, offered up the following impressive prayer : "Ahii'ghty and everlasting (rod, our heavenly Father. Heaven is thy throne and the earth is thy footstool. Before thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faces, and the spirits of the just made perfect bow in humble adoration^ Thou art the creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist, whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike ^ifsk the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy sway. ■ ' ■ ■, ■ . "Thou alone art the sovereign fnler of nations. Thou raiseth up one and casteth down a;nother, and thou givest the kingdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The past with all its records is the unfolding of thy counsels and the' 280 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY realization of thy grapd designs. We hail thee as our rightful ruler, the King eternal, immortal, and invisible, the only true God, blessed forever more. " We come on this glad day, O thou God of our fathers, into these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise. We bless thee for thy wonderful goodness in the past, for the land which thou gavest to our fathers, a land veiled from the ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own right hand through the billows of the deep, to a land of vast extent, of towering mountains and broad i>lains, of unnumbered products and of untold treasures. " We thank thee for the fathers of our country, men of mind and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who braved multiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. " We praise thee for the closing century, for the founders of the republic, for tlie immortal Washington and his grand asso- ciates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firm- ness and heroism,, which, under thy blessing, led them to trium- phant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their pillar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. " We thank thee for social and national prosperity and pro- gress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools, free as the morning light for the millions of the rising genera- tion, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God , according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered by the trammels of State. " Bless, we pray thee, the President of the United States and his constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme Court, the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of nnr several commonwealths, the officers of the army and navy, and all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide OP THE OENTENKIAL EXHIBITION. 281 them, we pray thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may tbey evfer rule in righteousness. "We ask thy blessing to rest upon the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and upon those associated with them in the various departments, who have labored long and earnestly amidst anxieties and diffi- culties for the success of this enterprise. " May thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant lands. We welcome them to our shores, and we rejoice in their presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, or research, orwhether they come to exhibit the triumphs of genius and art, in the development of industry and in the pro- gress of civilization. Preserve thou them, we beseech thee, in health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by loved ones again to their own, their native lands. " Let thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. May the lives and health of all interested be precious in thy sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble. Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. Hereafter, we pray thee, may all disputed questions be settled by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever cease among the sons of men. " May the new century be better than the past — more radiant with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations of a world-wide sympathy. May capital, genius and labor be freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diver- sified interests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of society. "We pray thy benediction especially on the women of America, who for the first time in the history of our race take so conspicuous a place' in a national celebration. May the light of their intelligence, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, until, in distant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech theCj mAiMi a tn ■ H M SO >- 308 THE ILLXJSTEATED HISTORY road, on Elm avenue, opposite the main entrance to tlie Exlii- bition grounds, is reached. This is a large and handspme wooden structure, tastefnlly painted to harmonize with tlic great buildings across the street, and is orna,mented with pic- turesque towers at its four corners. It is provided with all the conveniences of a first-class railroad depot, and is in all respects worthy of the great road to which it belongs. The depot building is devoted to offices, ticket-offices, waiting and baggage rooms, etc. The waiting-rooms are large and airy, and are abundantly supplied with comfortable seats. News and refreshment stands are established at convenient points, and several ticket-offices are attached to these rooms. The doors on the north side of the building lead out upon Eln) avenue. Those on the south side open upon a series of platforms provided with three lines of track, each of which is enclosed with a picket fence separating it from the others. The ; tracks enter the depot enclosure at one end, pass around in a semi-circle, and. leave it at the opposite end. This arrangement allows the use of the depot by a l^rge number of trains without confusion. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad is but a few hundred yards distant, and all western trains of this road pass through this depot, thus landing their passengers at the very gates of the Exhibition. Trains also arrive at this station from New York, Baltimore, and Washington, so that passen- gers from all parts of the Union by the Pennsylvania Kailroad and its southern and eastern connections can be set down here, and may here take the trains for their distant homes. The depot is a busy place. Trains are constantly arriving and departing, and each one brings in or takes out its load of human freight- So perfect are the arrangements, and so strictly are the tracks guarded against the intrusion of persons not con- nected with the road, that in spite of the constant moving of trains and the vast crowd of passengers, accidents are impossible. Above the Pennsylvania Eailroad Depot, the line of restaur- ants, beer-saloons and bar-rooms begins again. These establish- ments are inferior to those below Belmont avenue, but the sSime reckless use of wood is found here, and the same lavish use of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 309 flags and paiii,ted canvas is seen. The danger of fire Is even greater here than below Belmont avenue, for here the buildings are generally of wood, and of the flimsiest character. One square back of Elm avenue, on Viola street, and extend- ing from Fifty-second to Forty-eighth street, is the Atlas Hotel. It consists of a number of frame buildings connected by covered galleries. The hotel contains fifteen hundred rooms, and can provide accommodations for three thousand peoi)le. Returning to Belmont avenue, we pause once more to gaze upon the busy scene at the intersection of -this thoroughfare with Elm avenue. On the one hand are the main entraiices to the Exhibition grounds, with the eager throng around them ; to the east and west stretches away the long line of Elm avenue, gay with flags and alive with music and, the sharp rattle of passing vehicles. ' Facing Belmont avenue the scene is equally attractive. To the right is the large open space occupied by the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its constantly arriving and departing trainSj with the main line beyond it, and farther on the towers and flags of the huge Grand Exposition Hotel are seen rising above the trees. On the left is the Transcontinental Hotel, about the entrance of which a crowd is always collected. A constant stream of street cars and carriages pours along Bel- mont avenue, which is the main route froni the Exhibition into the city, and the street is as busy, as bustling and as gay as its neighbor, Elm avenue. About one hundred yards back from Elm avenue is the Globe Hotel, which has been described. It stands opposite the Transcontinental and fronts on Belmont avenue. It is an immense structure, the prevailing colors of which are gray and brown, and its long galleries offer a delightful promenade, and remind one of the great watering-place hotels. In the open space between the upper end of the Globe and Elm avenue are two structures, which from their peculiar ap- pearance are sure to attract the attention of strangers. One of tliese is a large building erected as a soda water saloon by Mr. James W. Tufts, of Boston, the well-known mannfacturer of soda water fountains and apparatus.. Mr.. Tufts has some thir- . 310 THE ILLUSTRATED IHISTORY- " teen or fourteen soda water fountains in operation within the Exhibition grounds, but his greatest display is reserved for this building. The exterior of the edifice is neat and tasteful, and the interior is fitted up very handsomely and adorned with elaborate frescojes. In the centre stands a splendid fountain of variegated marble> with silver trimmings. It is forty feet in height, and was erected at a cost of between twenty-five and thirty thousand dollars. It is the largest fountain in the world, and is by far the handsomest. It is capable of supplying an almost unlimited demand for soda water, as it has seventy-six syrup, eight soda, and twenty mineral tubes. Immediately adjoining the soda water hall is a showy pavilion constructed mainly of colored glass set in a tasteful frame work. This is the Oigar Pavilion of M. Salomon & Co., importers of Havana cigars, whose wholesale houses in Phila- delphia and New York have long been known to the trade. On the east side of Belmont avenue, immediately in the rear of the Transcontinental Hotel, is Wiley's Restaurant, with a- handsome entrance and an open-air saloon in the secofld story. Next door to it is Doylis Restaurant, a large and sulistantial edifice of brick, wilh a spacious dining-hall, a cafe, and a' bar- room oh the first floor. Here are also telegraph offices, writing and wash-rooms, and a private parlor for ladies. The second floor contains numerous suites of rooms, private parlors, ban- quet-rooms, etc., which may be engaged by private parties. There are also lodgings here for two hundred men at moderate rates. The house is the property of Mr. John Doyle, late of the Continental Hotel. Next below Doyle's is Tiscliner's Restaurant, a handsome private dwelling altered to suit the demands of the times. It stands in the .midst of its own grounds and is shaded by fine trees, and constitutes one of the prettiest features of the street. At the entrance to these grounds is a handsome pavilion con- taining a beautiful marble soda fountain, from which cooling drinks are dispensed for the refreshment of weary passers-by. The east side of Belmont avenue, from Columbia avenue to Tefferson street, is taken up with the stables and depot of the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 311 Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, tasteful and substantial buildings of pressed brick. Immediately opposite, and adjoining the Globe Hotel, is a huge building of wood, covered with corrugated iron and painted in light colors. This is Operti's Tropical Garden, one of the handsomest places of amusement in Philadelphia. It is light and airy as befits a summer garden, and is handsomely decorated with frescoes and other paintings. Long lines of col- ored globes, each containing a gas jet, stretch across the interior DOYLE S RESTAURANT. beneath the ceiling, and shed a brilliant light upon the scene below. At the back a large waterfall dashes over the painted rocks, forming a beautiful cascade, and giving to the air on the hot nights of the summer a delicious coolness. The orchestra stand is in the centre of the hall, and is profusely decorated with flowers and shrubbery, which are also scattered lavishly through the hall. The chairs of visitors are arranged around the orchestra on the lower floor, and in a large gallery which extends entirely around the ball. 31^ THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY The scene within the hall during the performances is veiy beautiful. Rocky nooks and beds of rare and beautiful flowers invite the visitor on every hand. The splendid cascade dashes down its rocky height, glittering in the radiance of a powerful lime light shed upon it from an invisible point. Different colored lights flash down from the lamps overhead, and the air is laden with the rich perfume of the flowers and the delicious coolness of the waters. The music is furnished by a superb band of over sixty per- formers led by Signor Guiseppe Operti. The uniform of the musicians consists of a military cap, a dark blue coat with red and gold trimmings, and wbit« panbs and vest. As the concert begins the water is .turned off from the cascade, which is silent during the performance; but the moment the music ceases it springs into life again. The garden and the performances will compare favorably wit^ any in the country, and every effort will be made by the management to render it a place of amusement suited to the demands of the most fastidious taste. The admission fee is half a dollar; and in order to prevent the intrusion of improper characters the management announce that they will deny admis- sion to ladies unaccompanied by gentlemen. Below the Tropical Garden the line of cheap restaurants and bar-rooms commences, and continues unbroken to Girard avenue. These are mostly of brick, and altogether Belmont avenue has a more substantial and respectable appearance than Elm avenue. The two great hotels, the musical garden and the solid appearance of its buildings give to it more of the aspect of a street of a great city, and the picture, as one surveys it from Girard avenue, is enhanced by the great buildings of the Exhibition and the long reach of Exhibition grounds, which stretch away from the head of the street to the hills of the Park. At Girard avenue a fine iron bridge carries the line of Bel- mont avenue over the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and a similar structure at an oblique angle to the first continues the line of Girard avenue unbroken to the westward. From this bridge a fine view may be obtained of the main line of the OF THE CENTKNKIAL EXHIBITION. 313 Pennsylvauia Railroad, for a distance of several miles, aud of its Centennial branch and depot. The constant moving of trains, which pass this point at a high rate of speed, renders this view one of the most interesting to be had in the vicinity of the Exhibition. At Girard a,venue the temporary town which has grown up about the gates of the Exhibition ceases, and a long, sparsely huilt region intervenes between it and Philadelphia proper. No one should fail to obtaiu a view of this "Centennial town "from some commanding point at which tlie wliole picture can be taken in at once. The central towers of the Main Ex- hibition Building afford a capital place from which to view this curious panorama, as from them both Belmont and Elm avenues, and the distant line of Girard avenue, with the intervening cross streets, may be seen. The contrast between the splendid and imposing structures within the Exhibition grounds and the cheap and tawdry buildings which lie beyond them is striking indeed. Still, the scene is curious and interesting, and not tlie least among the "sights" of the Exhibition. Scarcely less interesting is the scene within the Park beyond the enclosure of the Centennial grounds. At the prominent points, such as George's Hill and Belmont, crowds assemble to view the busy scene within the Exhibition grounds. One can- not I'ealize the extent and variety of the Exhibition until he has viewed the buildings and grounds from one of these points. A tall observatory of frame- work has been erected on George's Hill, from which a view of the " Centennial " and the surround- ing country may be had. A similar view can be obtained from the Sawyer Observatory at Belmont. Those who do not wish to soar so high as the summit of this structure may sit in the balconies of the restaurant or nnder the trees and enjoy the magnificent view, which embraces the Centennial grounds, the river with its bridges, the Park and the distant city beyond. The Centennial, with its multitude of restaurants, has not robbed Belmont of its popularity, and on fair days one is sure to find this favorite resort thronged with guests. Two prominent points of interest are situated on the river THE CEXTENNIAt EXHIBITIOX. 315 shore. . The first of these is the landing-place of the Schuylkill steamboats, which ply between the Falls and the city, making regular landings here. Broad flights of stairs lead from the water to the summit of the hill above, and aiford an easy means of reaching the entrances to the Exhibition grounds. The other and last point of interest without the enclosure is the depot of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It is a tasteful frame building, painted in colors which harmonize well with the luxuriant foliage in which it is embowered. The de- pot is provided with ticket offices, waitipg-rooms, private rooms for ladies, and all the conveniences of a first-class railway station. The tracks of the main line lie alongside the station, and a long platform affords the means of entering and leaving the cars. A plank walk-way leads up an easy ascent from the depot to the entrances to the Main Exhibition Building. The depot is situated in one of the loveliest sections of the Park, and there can be nothing more charming and delightful than the view which greets the wearied sight-seer, returning from the Exhibi- tion to the cars, as he descends the hill towards the river. The luxuriant foliage seems to enwrap the depot building, so thickly does it cluster about it ; and through the opening in the trees can be seen the broad and beautiful river, with the picturesque arclies of the bridge in the distance, and the bold, bluff-like shores of the East Park across the water. CHAPTER X. THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. Topography of the Grounds— The Kavines— The Entrances— The Turnstiles- Styles of Tickets used- The Photograph Begulation— The Centennial Guard —The Fire Department— The Narrow-Gauge Kailway— The Kolling Chair Service— Landscape Gardening— The Flowers— The Avenues— The Bridges — Bartholdi's Fountain— The Eoman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain— The Centennial Waterworks— Relief Plans of Foreign Cities— Statue of Re- ligious Liberty— Statues of Christopher Columbus and Elias Howe— The Hunter's Gamp— An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train— The American Soldiers' Monument— The Ice-Water Fountain— The Indian Camp. ^HE Commissioners of Fairmount Park transferred to the United States Centennial Commission, for the pur- poses of the International Exhibition, a tract of 450 =J acres. Of this tract 236 acres have been occupied by the Exhibition buildings and the open spaces between, them, and have been enclosed with a stout picket fence. The tra,ct thus enclosed is admirably adapted to the purposes of the Exhibition. It is an elevated plateau, with three spurs jutting out toward the river, separated from each other by deep, wooded ravines, through which flow small streams. The ravine nearest the southern end of the grounds is called the Lansdowne valley, the other the Belmont valley. The Lans- downe valley is spanned by two handsome bridges, the Belmont valley by one, these bridges affording an easy communication between the various portions of the grounds. The Exhibition plateau stands 120 feet above the Schuylkill, and is always swept by a delightful breeze. The view from either of the spurs is exquisitely beautiful, embracing as it does the river, the park, and the distant city. The most northern of these spurs is occupied by the Agricultural Building, the 316 THE CESTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 317 central one by Horticultural Hall, and the southern by Memorial Hall. The three unite in a broad plain, which con- tains the Main Building, Machinery Hall, the United States Government Building and a number of smaller structures. The sides of the ravines and the spaces between the more promi- nent edifices are also thickly covered with buildings. Tiiirteen places of entrance and exit to and from the grounds have been selected by the Board of Finance. These are located at points convenient to the main roads and nearest to the places at which the horse and steam railways and steamboats will set down their passengers. " The entrances nearly all have four gates : one for visitors proper to the Exhibition, that is, those who pay to go in; another for persons bearing complimentary tickets ; a third for exhibitors, representatives of the press, and employes, in fact, for all not belonging to the two classes jiist named ; and another for wagons. At these points of entrance, so called, are also placed the exits. Based upon a careful calculation of the traffic over each of the roads surrounding the Exhibition grounds and leading to the entrance points selected, have been placed from one to thirty-three gates or turnstiles. Of these altogether there are one hundred and six. The exits, in their vicinity, are forty- two. On page 318 will be found a detailed statement of their number and position. " The turnstiles, which have the usual four arms, are in twos at the end of passage-ways ten feet long, separated by another passage-way to be afterward described. These lead slantingly from the dborway,,so as to prevent a direct crowd pressure upon the head of the line of visitors. Other means have also been adopted to prevent this pressure. Each turnstile is under the control of a keeper, who sits or stands behind a short countei* and receives from each visitor the admission fee — a fifty cent note — before the visitor passes the arm of the stile, which is, by a mechanical contrivance, operated by the keeper's foot. As the stile turns for each entrance it registers itself as well at the gate as electrically at the manager's office, with which each has electrical communication. 318 THE II-!.USTRATED HISTOHY. 8 LOCATIO:!?. East end of Main Building Centre of Main Building, facing Elm avenue.. Main entrance, ir^tersection of' Belmont and Elm avenues Centre of Maoiiinery Hall, on Elm avenue...... On Fifty-second street, where it intersects Fountain and Elm avenues George's Hill, western entrance of " Avenue of the Republic." -.,.., At the intersection of Belmont drive and Bel mont avenue .' , .» Glen Entrance, on Lansdowne drive JJelmont VaiUey (eutrance for visitors arriving by steamboat), on Lansdowne iilrive.,, Horticultural Hall (entrance for visitors a^rriv- ing by steamboat), on Lansdowne drive Lansdowne "Valley (entrance for visitors by steamboat and Reading Railroad), under bridge at Lansdowne drive Memorial Hall, Lansdowne drive, s'.iuth of the former.entranoe ,..i Old River road, at the intersection of the Lans- downe drive 15 6 33 2 2 2. 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 76 .S« 2.2 K Pi 63 -g 24 U 42 KECAPITULATION. Money gates Complimentary Exhibifbrs;.emplQy6s, press, etc.. Total number of entrances., 76 6 24 106 " The money, when received l)y the gate-keeper, is deposited in a box plaeed under the connter, .which also by a mechanical contrivance locks itself as it is pulled from the position which it occupies when in use. Its opening can only be effected by the bank officers. " Between the two counters and entrances stands an officer, who, with his back to the middle passage-way previously referred to, watches both lines as they enter. On the happening of the least disturbance he will draw the disturber from the line and pass him down thi.9 passage and out beyond the fence. " The exits are of ingenious, contrivance, and, while permit- ting freely the departure of persons from the grounds through 320 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY turnstiles of rather different construction than those described above, absolutely prevent re-entrance, although no officer is re-, quired to watch them. They resemble small roofed sheds, with two gates opening inward or backward from a centre post on the fence line. One of the sides of the shed is extended or con- tinued in an arc till its inner limit is opposite the centre of the gate-post. At the other side, opposite the spot at which the are (or fender) starts, and rising one above another, extend out, at riglit angles with the side, a series of fixed lateral bars or arms nine feet high.. On a line witl^ this, and also on a line with the end of the fender opposite the gate-post, rises another post on which another turnstile revolves, the four arms of which repeated, rise as high as the top of the lateral bai-s, between which they pass on each quarter revolution. This latter works with a ratchet, and always outward. " It will be seen from this that when a visitor desires to leave the ground he has to place himself in a triangle formed by two of the turnstile arras and the fender. As he moves forward and outward the turnstile moves with him until he finds himself at the gate. He cannot change his mind and get back, this being prevented by the outward movement controlled by the i-atchet, nor can he come in again without the payment of another fifty cent note, this being prevented by the fixed lateral bars. " Tiie designs of all the entrances are very neat and tasteful. The wagon entrances, ten feet high, being necesi^arily the widest and highest, admit of the greatest scope for ornamentation. Tiiey are surmounted with American trophies, shields, flags, eagles, etc. A flagstaff rises at each side, and the name ' Inter- national Exhibition ' is over the door. A similar style of orna- mentation is upon the pedestrian entrance gates and exits. Oa, j)anels over the gates are gilt signs indicating whether they are for eniploy&s, etc., or are complimentary, or pay entrances." No tickets are used for the pay admissions. The visitor is. required to come provided with a fifty cent note or a silver half- .lollar. There must be a separate fifty cent note or half-dollar for each visitor. The gate-keepers have no authority to accep| notes or silver pieces of a larger or smaller denomination, and OF THE CENTENUIAL EXHIBITION, 321 do not furnish change. At each entrance an office will be found to furnish change for large bills. There are but two kinds of tickets issued or used — compli- mentary tickets, and those issued to exhibitors, members of the press, employes, etc. Complimentary tickets are issued only to persons whose high official stations entitle them to the privilege, and the number will therefore be limited. These tickets are printed on heavy bond paper in square note-size sheets. The design is on the first page, a female figure of America seated on a globe, with a palm branch in her hand, and by her side a cornucopia. Beneath are the words, "United States Interna- tional Exhibition, Philadelphia, opening May 10th, closing November 10th, 1876. Complimentary." They are signed by the President of the Board of Finance, the President of the Com^ mission, and the Director-General. On the third page there is a request to the holder that he will deposit his card on entrance as a basis for future statistics of the Exhibition. The envelope containing these is worded as the note, but without the figure of America. The tickets for exhibitors, employes, etc., are on fine card, in the form of a two-leaved book. Kound the centre space on the inner pages is a border of geometrical lathework- cutting, while around that are three rows of numerals, corre- sponding in number with the number of days the Exhibition will be open. Around these again is another lathework border. It is intended that one of these numbers, and the appropriate one, shall be punched on the first daily entrance of the holder. Each time he leaves the ground after his first entrance he will receive a pass or return-check. This is noted on the left leaf of the ticket. On the right inner page there is an oval in the centre surrounded by stars and ornamental lathework. In this oval the holder will be required to insert his photograph before the 1st of June, and he is reminded of this by the words in this space, " Not good after June 1st unless the regulation photograph of the holder be inserted in this place." Under the photogrfiph space are the words, " Not transferable, forfeited if presented by any hut the proper owner." On the first or title page outside is the title, " International Exhibition," with the holder's namCj 21 322 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY iiis class, his country, and serial number. On the fourth or last page there is a lathework medallion with the warning, ""This ticket will not be renewed if lost." The border on these two pages, as well as on the inner pages, is elaborate lathework. For the protection of the buildings and the large and valu- able collection gathered within them a special police or guard has been provided by the Commission. The force consists of 600 men, uniformed, and placed under rigid military disci- pline. They are quartered in barracks erected at the upper and lower ends of the Exhibition grounds, and are on duty day and night. They are organized as a regiment, under the command of a colonel, and are divided into companies, each with its proper officers. They are charged with the duty of guarding the buildings and their contents, and preserving order within the enclosure. They have full power to arrest oflFenders and convey them to the station house provided for their recep- tion and detention until they can be turned over to the courts for trial. A special fire department has also been provided. Several first-class steam fire-engines are located at convenient points within the grounds, and a system of telegraphic signals has been arranged by which the exact location of a fire can be instantly communicated to the engine houses. A number of Babcock Fire Extinguishers, ready for instant use, are placed in the various buildings, and every possible precaution against fire has been taken. To visit the distant parts of the grounds on foot would be a slow and tedious undertaking, and would greatly interfere with the comfort and pleasure of visitors. As no carriages' are allowed within the enclosure, a pleasant and speedy means of transit between the various portions of the grounds is provided in the West End Railway, a narrow-gauge railroad about four miles in length, which, beginning at the lower end of the Main Building, makes the circuit of the grounds. The road is laid with a double track, and is finely equipped with ten narrow- gauge locomotives and forty cars. The road with its equip- ment is a special exhibit by the West End Railway Company, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 323 who have also purchased the sole right to transport passengers within the grounds. . Passenger stations, consisting of enclosed platforms, are provided at convenient points along the line. Passengers purchase tiqkets at the offices at these stations, and deliver them to the guard upon entering upon the platform. They are then at liberty to take the train when it comes along^ and may leave it at any station, or may make the circuit of the grounds for a single fare. The trains run at an average speed of eight miles an houf. The fare is five cents. No one visit- ing the Exhibition should fail to make the circuit of the grounds by means of this railway, as it is only by doing so that a comprehensive idea of the size and arrangement of the Exhi- bition can be obtained. i Eolling chairs are kept for hire at designated stations within the principal buildings, and may be used to pass from point to point within the grounds. They may be hired with the ser- vices of an attendant to propel them, or without, as one may desire. The charge, with an attendant, is sixty cents an hour, or $4.50 a day. If hired without an attendant the charge. is $1 for three, hours, subject to a drawback of thirty cents for eacli hour in which the chair is unused. These chairs are comfort- able vehicles, in which one may sit at ease and make the tour ■of the buildings without fatigue. They are excellent for ladies or persons who are not able to endure the long and steady tramp through the buildings, and their construction and shape are such that they may be wheeled through the narrowest passage-ways of the enclosure, except within the special pa- vilions, and close up to the articles the , occupant wishes to inspect. Chairs and settees are scattered through the buildings and grounds, for the accommodation of visitors. No charge is made for the use of these. Many of the exhibitors have handsome sofas and other seats within their spaces, which are at the visitors' service. The grounds are handsomely laid off, and are in many places well shaded by, the native forest trees. The ravines which iieparate the spurs on which the principal buildings, stand give 324 THE ILLUSTBATED HISTORY to them a picturesqtxeness which nothing else cpuld impart. From almost any point a beautiful landscape stretches out before the gazer, and affords a pleasant and grateful contrast to the lines of buildings which stretch away on every hand. At the north side of Machinery Hall a pretty lake, covering about five acres of ground, constitutes a pleasant feature of the scene, and from its centre a fine jet of water springs up, cooling the air with its moisture. Other fountains there are to be noticed hereafter. The spacious grounds in front of Horticultural Hall are dotted with parterres of flowers and are traversed by a sunken garden leading up to the portals of the hall. Wherever it was possible to save any ground for ornamentation, there the landscape gardeners have been busy, and fresh grass swards and beds of flowers afford new delights to the lovers of the beautiful. The fine old trees of the park add greatly to the beauty as well as to the comfort of the scene. The grounds are traversed by five main avenues, and by many miles of walks which are nameless. The first of the main "thoroughfares is the Avenue of the Eepublic, which com- mences at the eastern end of the grounds and runs north of the Main Building and Machinery Hall to the E.oman Catholic Fountain. It is 100 feet in width. Belmont avenue extends from the main entrance on Elm avenue, between the Main and Machinery Halls, to Belmont, crossing the grounds obliquely. Fountain avenue extends from the Roman Catholic or Tem- perance Fountain to Horticultural Hall. Agricultural avenue extends from the Avenue of the Republic, near the western end of the Main Building, to Agricultural Building. State avenue skirts the base of George's Hill. All the avenues and walks are paved with asphaltum. To furnish direct communication between the various parts of the grounds at their eastern end a fine bridge is thrown over the Lansdowne ravine, just north of Meniorial Hall. The bridge consists of twelve spans, and has a total length of 515 feet. The roadway is 60 feet wide, and the footwalks 10 feet wide each, making the total width of the bridge 80 feet. The foundations are masonry throughout, trestles of timbers being OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 325 erected on the piers. The trestles are formed with cbmbination posts, the pieces firmly bolted and mortised together, forming a stiflF, rigid system. The masonry is of the best Conshohocken stone, that in the foundation being laid with good flat beds, the stone of good size and shape, none averaging less than 6 cubic feet, and the footing courses projecting 6 inches on all sides. The masonry above ground is rock-range work, pointed with dark mortar. The wrought-iron work is specified of the best quality, and all the lumber throughout the structure is of the first quality white pine, except the upper flooring and curb, which is of white oak. All parts of the bridge, except the flooring and floor-joist, are painted in three coats of oil of ap- proved tints. The fence which encloses the Exhibition grounds ' passes along the centre of the bridge, thus reserving one part of it to the Exhibition and devoting the other to the public drive through the park. Another bridge has been built higher up, over the Lansdowne valley, and Belmont valley is also bridged in several places. The Esplanade, at the main entrance between the Main and Machinery Halls, has been handsomely laid off with grass plots and beds of flowers. In the centre is a large bronze fountain, with statues of Light and Water, "the twin goddesses of cities," by Bartholdi. At the west end of Machinery Hall is the Centennial Foun- tain, erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America. It is constructed entirely of marble and granite, and is one of the finest works of art in America. The design is by Herman Kirn, a young sculptor of Philadelphia, a pupil of the celebrated sculptor Steinhauser, of Carlsruhe. It consists of a granite platform in the form of a Maltese cross, and approached by steps which extend entirely around it. In the centre is a large circular basin, 40 feet in diameter, from the centre of which rises a mass of rook work, on the summit of which a colossal statue of Moses is placed. He stands with one end of his rod resting on the rock which he has just struck, and from which the water gushes in streams about his feet and flow8 pper floors in towers. 26,344 " ■ ■ • • .60 " Total ,..936,008 " ... .21.47 " The ground-plan shows a central avenue or nave one huur dred and twenty feet in width, and extending eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. This is the longest avenue of that width ever introduced into any building. On either side of the nave there is an avenue one hundred feet in width by eighteen hundred and thirty- two feet in length. Between the nave and the side avenues are aisles forty-eight feet in width, and on the other sides of the building smaller aisles twenty-four feet in width. In order to relieve the monotony which would have resulted from the continuation of the roof in an unbroken line, three cross avenues or transepts have been introduced of the samQ widths and in the same relative positions to each other as tha nave and avenues running lengthwise, viz. : a central transept one hundred and twenty feet in width by four hundred and six- teen feet in length, with one on either side of one hundred feet by four hundred and sixteen feet, and aisles between of forty- eight feet. The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the central portion of the building result in dividing the ground floor into nine open spaces free from. supporting columns, and covering in the aggregate an area of four hundred and sixteen feet square. Four of these spaces are one hundred feet square; four one hun- dred feet by one hundred and twenty feet, and the central space or pavilion one hundred and twenty feet square. The intersec- tions of the forty-eight feet aisles produce four interior courts forty-eight feet, square, one at each corner of the central space. - The main promenades through the nave and central transept are each thirty feet in widthj and those through the centre of the side avenues and transepts fifteen feet Kich.. All other walks are ten feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors. The foundations of the building consist of piers of masonry 336 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY set solidly in the earth, and more than equal to the task of sus- taining the immense weight which rests irpon them. The superstructure is composed of wrought-iron columns, which support wrought-iron roof trusses. " These columns are com- posed of rolled channel bars with plates riveted to the flanges. Lengthwise of the building the columns are placed at the uni- form distance apart of twenty-four feet. In the entire structure there are six hundred and seventy-two columns, the shortest being twenty-three feet and the longest one hundred and twenty- five feet in length. The aggregate weight is 2,200,000 pounds. " The roof trusses are similar in form to those in general use for depots and warehouses, and consist of straight rafters with struts and tie bars. The aggregate weight of iron in the roof trusses and girders is 5,000,000 pounds. " This building being a temporary construction, the columns and trusses are so designed that they may be easily taken down and erected again at another site. " The sides of the building for the height of seven feet from the ground are finished with brickwork in panels between the columns ; above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of the sash are movable for ventilation. The roof covering is of tin upon sheathing boards. The ground flooring is of plank upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space under- neath. "All the corners and angles of the building upon the ex- terior are accentuated by galvanized iron octagonal turrets, which extend the full height of the building from the ground level to above the roof. These turrets at the corners of the towers are surmounted with flag^stafls, at other places with the national eagle. " The national standard, with appropriate emblems, is placed over the centre of each of the four main entrances. Over each of the side entrances is placed a trophy showing the national colors of the country occupying that part of the building. " At the vestibules forming part of the four main entrances variegated brick and tile have been introduced. " The building stands nearly due east and west, and is lighted OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 53ft almost entirely by side light from the north and south sides. Louvre ventilators are introduced over the central nave and each of the avenues. Skylights are introduced over the central aisles." The edifice was erected by Mr, R. J. Dobbins, one of the most eminent builders of Philadelphia. He was the constructor of the Public Ledger Building, and his two great works in the Exhibition grounds, the Main Building and Memorial Hall, are enviable monuments of his skill and energy. In the construd- tion of the Main Building 7,000,000 fee^ of lumber, and nearly 8,000,000 pounds of iron were used, and the services of three thousand men were employed. Underneath, and extending through the edifice, are four miles of water and drainage pipeB, the service in this respect being perfect. Gas pipes are intro^ duced through the building, which is lighted at night by "reflectors" suspended from the roof, and placed beyond the possibility of communicating fire to the structure or its contents. Hydrants are placed at numerous points in the hall, and are so arranged that the water can be turned directly upon a fire;, which can be extinguished before it has gained any advantage. The light in the building is excellent, and all exhibitors are placed on an equality for showing their goods by the admirabla arrangement of the hall in this respect. The cost of the Main Building was $1,580,000. The engin-' eers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilsoo. The wrought and cast-iron work was manufactured by William Sellers & Co., of the Moor Iron Works ; the wrought-iron was furnished by A. & P. Roberts, of the Pencoyd Rolling Mills ; the cast-iron was furnished by Morris, Tasker & Co., of the Pascal Iron Works; and the iron work Avas erected by the Watson Manufacturing Co. The foundations of the building were begun in the autumn of 1874. On the 8th of May, 1875, the erection of the iron work was begun, and was completed on the 2d of December, 1875. The other work was carried on with rapidity, and the building was completed early in Feb^ ruary, 1876, and on the 14th of that month was delivered by the contractor to the Board of Finance. 22 338 ^ THE ILLirSTEATED HISTORY ■ -» ■ The Main, Building is; in all respects the most imposing structure of the Exhibition. It is not as beautiful as Memorial Hall, but is superb in its massiveness and in the perfection of its details. In spite of its immense size, it is light and graceful in appearance, and seen from any commanding point, with its thousands of flags and streamers fluttering in the air, its beauti- ful proportions rising grandly and clearly against the sky, it constitutes an object which long holds the gazer's eye and elicits his warmest praise. The exterior is painted in light-brown colors, with tasteful ornamental lines in red and other harmo- nizing hues. • The interior is decorated handsomely. The prevailing colors fire the lightest shade of blue and cream-color, and the decora- tions are in bright, cheerful tints which blend well with these hues. There is nothing sombre or gloomy about the edifice, and the taste displayed in the selection and arrangement of colors is highly to be commended. „ , Around the inner cornice small circular panes of stained glass have been set, decorated Avith the arms of the United States, the various States and Territories of the Union, and the differ- ent nations of the world, and with subjects relating to the arts and sciences. The four sides of the central transept are ornamented with elaborate pieces representing America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Each of these paintings is forty feet in width and fifty feet in height, and embodies a group emblematic of one of the four quarters of the globe. At the east end of the transept is the American group. Am^jica is represented by Columbia holding in her hand the staff surmounted by the Liberty Cap, while beneath is the word America and the numerals MDCCLXXVI. On the right is the bust of Washington, on the left that of Franklin. As a background the national colors are most promi~ nent, and on either side are the flags of the old original thirteen States. The whole forms a very pretty picture, and cannot but attract great attention. Immediately opposite, on the west side of the transept, is the European group. Europe is represented by a female figure at OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 339 the top,- while beneath, on the right, is the bust of Shakespeare, , and on the left that of Charlemagne. A horse and lion arc , conspicuous objects, and back of all are the flags of the Great Powers. At the south end of the transept is the Asiatic group. Asia is represented by a female figure, seated between the busts of Confucius and Mahomet. Chinese and Japanese emblems are conspicuous, and the flags of the Asiatic nations are tastefully grouped. At the north end of the transept is the African group. Africa is represented by an Egyptian female, and beside her are the busts of Eameses and Sesostris. Characteristic oriental scenes and the flags of the African states make up the back- ground. In each of the groups the products of the respective great divisions of the world are conspicuously displayed. The eflect of the pictures is very fine, and they harmonize well with the grand assemblage of beautiful objects in this portion of the building. At each end of the building and at convenient points on the sides, galleries are provided from which the visitor may survey the brilliant scene below. From the gallery on the south side, or from the towers at the centre of the building, one may, enjoy at leisure the magnificent view which the hall and its contents afford. Before him and on either hand is the vast interior of the hall stretching away for hundreds of feet, brilliant and imposing with its rich decorations, and astounding and delight- ing the gazer with its vastness and its perfect adaptation to the purposes of the Exhibition. At the north and east ends the magnificent organs which occupy the main galleries constitute two of the most beautiful ornaments of the hall. The scene on the floor below is enchanting. The long lines of magnificent show-cases, the sumptuous pavilions of the various foreign nations, the gorgeous display of objects of use and beauty, the infinite variety of forms and colors, all tend to-make up a picture to be remembered for a lifetime. At various points fountains send their dear jets of water into the air,, the strains of music 340 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY come floating uj) to you from below, or the deep tones of the great organs hill your senses into a delicious repose, and the perfumes of the cologne-fountains fill the air with a luxurious languor. You hear the sharp click of the telegraph telling of the restless busy energy that lias produced all this luxury, and are reminded DELAWARE STATE BUILDING. by ,t that you are not yet in Fairyland. The aisles and passage- ways are thronged with sightseers, and as you lean over from your lofty perch you may see the costumes of many nations mmgled in the crowd. The stalwart Indian stalks through the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 341 hall, as emotionless as a stone, and copcealing his wonder at uli this magnificence beneath a stolidity which you may admire but cannot equal. The small but alert Japanese, with his loose dress caught up as if it were an obstacle rather than a con- venience, the "Heathen Chinee," with his almond-eyes and long pig-tails, his comical dress, and his "ways that are dark and tricks that are vain," the turbaned Turk iii his gay cos- tume, the Egy])tian with his red tarbtish, and the brilliantly uniformed attaches of the European Commissions, all jostle each other in the throng below you. From your elevated stand you look down upon the wealth of the world. All the nations have sent their rarest and choicest objects here, and in this vast collection you may study the civilization and customs, and read the history of the dominant part nf the human race. The biiildirig is provided with every possible comfort for visitors. Seats are scattered through the aisles, and in many of the pavilions and enclosures, chairs and cushioned settees are furnished by the exhibitors. At each end of the main aisle and at the ends of the central transept are water-closets and ' wash-rooms for visitors. These are in charge of attendants and are kept scrupulously clean. They are free to all. Cloak-rooms and umbrella-stands, provided by the Department of Public Com- fort, are located under the arcades at the four main entrances to tl^e building. Umbrellas, water-proofs, o'r parcels of any kind are received at these stands, ^nd taken care of for a small sum. The owner is given a metal check for his property, and this must be presented when the article is claimed. Restaurants are located at the north and south ends of the central transept. They are provided with lunch counters as well as with tables, and those who desire merely a light liinch can be accommodated at moderate prices. Several fountains are located in the main aisle. One of these is a tall, ugly series of iron basins from which the water flows down into the pool below. It is the largest fountain in the building, and does not reflect much credit upon the taste that provided it. Soda-water stands are established at several prominent points 342 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY in the main aisle and the central transept. The foUntair.s, as a rule, are very handsome, being constructed of white or colored inarhle with silver mountings. Soda is sold at the national j)rice of ten cents a glass, and the fountains all appear to do a good business. Wheel-chair stations are located at each end, and near the centre of the main aisle. In the main aisIe,'also, are stands for the sale of the official catalogues and guide books. Telegraph offices are established at one or two points in the main aisle, from which messages may be sent to any part of the Avorld. The American District Telegraph Company have the sole privilege of operating these offices,- and have, introduced their admirable messenger service system into the grounds. Scattered through tlie building are a number of iron letter boxes, established by the United States Post-iOffice Departnoient, i'roni which collections are made at stated times. These boxes are to be found in all the main buildings and at prominent points in the grounds. A separate mail service is provided for the Exhibition, which lias its own postmaster and officials, and letters are received and despatched by the Centennial Post- Office, Avhich is located in the Government Building, with the greatest promptness. In the centre of the building a large music-stand has been , erected. Concerts are given here' daily by the finest bands in the country. ' Concerts are also given by the proprietors of the great organs at stated times during the day, and theSe, with the performances of the eminent musicians engaged by the various manufacturers of pianos to show the merits of their respective instruments, furnish a rich treat to the lover of music. On the south side of the main aisle, about lialf-way between the eastern entrance and the transept, is the establishment of the Centennial Safe Deposit Company. It is enclosed with u stout iron cage, and contains a number of large safes and desks and tables. The company receive on deposit valuables and papers, and guarantee their safe' return upon demand. A charge is made for the keeping of each article according to a fixed tariff. The safes of the comparty are fire-proof. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 343 lu one of the central towers a steam elevator conveys visitors, wlio may wish to make the ascent, to the roof or to the galleries of the tower. Stairways are provided for those who do not wish to use the elevator. The elevator is of the most approved con- CONNECTIC'UT STATE BUILDING. struction, and is exhibited as one of the most perfect specimens of its kind. The greatest care and forethought have been exercised to render the Exhibition buildings perfect in the conveniences they offer to visitors. Advantage has been taken in this respect fe; S44 THE ILLUSTBATED HJSTOEY of the experience of all the other great World's Fairs, and it may he safely asserted that our own presents improvements upon each and ^U. In a work like this it is simply impossible to describe each feature of the Exhibition in detail. We can only refer to it in general terms, dwelling merely upon the objects which constitute its principal attractions. Tiie Centennial Commission at an early day divided the objects to be exhibited into seven departments, as follows : 1. Mining and Metallurgy. 2. Manufactures. 3. Education and Science. 4. Art. 5. Machinery. 6. Agriculture. 7. Horticulture. These Avere assigned to the five principal buildings, the first ihree being included in the Main Building. The classification ftud grouping of these is as follows : I.— Mining and Metallurgy. Classes. Groups. MO — 109 Minerals, Ores, Stones, Mining Products. 110—119 Metallurgical Products. 120 — 129 Mining Engineering. II. — Manufactures^ 200—205 Chemical Manufactures. 206—216 Ceramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc. 217—227 Furniture, etc. 228-234. . . .Yarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Material 235—241 Woven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc. 242—249. . . .Silk and Slk Fabrics. 250—257 Clothing, Jewelry, etc. 258—264 Paper, Blank-Books, Stationery. 265—271 Weapons, etc. 272—279 Medicine, Surgery, Protliesis. 280-284. . ..Plardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery, and Metallic ProdnetSL 285—291 . . . .Fabrics of Vegetable, Animal, or Mineral Materials. 292—296 Carriages, VehicleR, and Accessories. III. — Education and Science. 300—309 Educational Systems, Methods, and Libraries. 310 — 319. . . .Institutions and, Organizati<>n.s. S20— 329 Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Metko^ 830—339. . . ^Engineering, Architecture, Maps, etc. 340—349. ; . .Physical, Social, and Moral Condition of Man. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 345 At least one-third of the tweuty-one and a half acres of the floor-spaee of the Main Building is occupied by the United States. These seven acres are filled with a rich and beautil'ul display, and the national pride of the native visitor is sure to find satisfaction in the imposing and splendid appearance made by his country. In one department especially, the show-cases in which the articles on exhibition are displayed, the United States lead the world. " Wandering through the long avenues, lined by cases of strikingly novel designs and elaborate work- manship, one may be wearied by the endless variety, and may find the simple uniformity of the French section a relief; but he cannot fail to be impressed by the fertility of resource, the original genius for decorative effects, and the evidjent liberality of expenditure displayed ; and he will remark a certain unstudied harmony in dissimilarity produced by the kaleidoscopic mingling of diverse colors and forms, and may find in it a faithful reflex of our copaposite Anjerican life." The United States. We begin our inspection of the contents of the Main Building in our own country, and in doing so glance first at the great gallery which crosses the eastern end over the entrance doors. Stairs ascend to this gallery from either side of the entrance. A sign over the doorway at the foor of the stairs informs us that the gallery is occupied mainly by the Educational Department of the State of Massachusetts. This display occupies the northern and southern sections of the gallery, tlie central portion being given to the well-known Boston organ-builders. Hook & Hastings, who display here one of their grand organs and a number of smaller instruments. The great organ is one of the " features " of the Exhibition, and, as seen from the floor below, forms a beautiful ornament of the great hall. It M'as erected at an expense of $15,000, and is intended as an exposition of the art of organ building as practised by its makers, who stand confessedly in the front rank of their class. It embodies the latest improvements and the highest excellence of an instrument of this style, and comprises 346 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY four manuals, each of 58 notes, 47 Speaking-Stops, 12 mechanV cal registers, including couplers ; 10 pedal movements for com- binations, etc., including a crescendo pedal controlling the full power of the organ. The total number of pipes used in it is 2704. There are three bellows. The two main ones have vertical feeders, and can supply 3600 cubic feet of compressed air per minute. The bellows are blown by an hydraulic engine located on the main floor beneath the organ. Frequent concerts are given by the organist in charge, and tliese performances never fail to draw crowds of enthusiastic and appreciative listeners. The organ is 40 feet high, 32 feet wide and 21 feet deep. Passages traverse it in every direction at different alti- tudes, and are connected by stairways giving ready access to every part for inspection and adjustment. In the two rooms on the right and left of the great organ, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts displays her public school system, and does so by exhibiting models and specimens of the furniture, apparatus, and text-books used in her schools of all grades, and by showing the actual work of the pupils of the various schools as set forth in their examination papers. These papers are bound in handsome volumes, each of which is pre- faced by a sketch of the system used in the various classes, and the questions propounded to the pupils at the examinations. The result is highly creditable to the State. A good display of drawings from the Boston High and Ei^ening Schools is to be seen here. .Plans and models of the principal schools of the State are also exhibited, and the workings of the industrial schools is shown in the apparatus used, and some of the achieve- ments of the pupils. Harvard contributes a volume of fine photographic views of the various departments of the univei-sity, ^iid several of the leading colleges of the State are shown in the same way. The public libraries of the State are also to be seen here in photography, and with pardonable pride the Bay State offers for insj)ection a series of finely executed photographic views of its principal cities. A handsome case is filled "with volumes of reports, showing the present condition of the various public institutions of the State. W':"^:'': OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 347 For some reason a series of fiue etchings by Mrs. Eliza Greatorex, of New York, have been placed in this portion of the building. They are justly admired by visitors, and should be included in the art collection in Memorial Hall. The gallery at the south end of the central transept contains OHIO STATE BUILDING. the educational departments of a number of tlie States. These are Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Iowa, Wisconsin, Tennessee and Connecticut. The system adopted for showing 348 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY the workings of their schooi systems is similar to that of Massa- chusetts. Nearly all the States mentioned show models, plans, or photographic views of their public schools of various grades. Samples of school furniture are also shown, and some of the States exhibit models of their educational buildings so constructed as to display the interior as well as the exterior arrangement. At the eastern end of the gallery the colored schools of the South make a creditable showing of their progress. Their examination papers evince a success in the work of imparting education to the negro race which is gratifying in the highest degree, and a presage of greater triumphs in the future. In this department is a large oil-painting of the jubilee singers of Fiske University, Nashville, whose concerts have made them familiar to the people of this country and Great Britain, and have earned - for their school a sound basis of financial success. -The gallery at the north end of the transept is occupied by the second of the great organs of the Exhibition. Tliis is the Roosevelt Organ, and was built by Hilborne L. Roosevelt, of New York, whose magnificent instruments have made him famous throughout the country. The organ in the Chickering Music Hall, in New York, is of his make, and is acknowledged by lovers and professors of music to be one of the most perfect and delicious instruments in existence. The organ exhibited here has fifty-six stops and pedals, and has three manuals and a pedal bass. It embodies a number of im])rovements peculiar to the organs of this maker, notable among which is the mechanism placed directly over the key-box by which the organist can readily change the combination on any of the pedals. By this novel arrangement, from one stop to tlie full organ can be set on any pedal. The organ is threefold in its construction, and consists of tlie Main Organ in the north gallery, the Electric Echo Organ, and the Electric Suspended Or^an, all played from one key-board. The Electric Echo Organ is placed in the Englivsh Tower, and is connected by about 200 feet of wire cable to the keys of the great organ ; its bellows being blown by an elec- tric engine. The Electric Suspended Organ is suspended from the roof about twenty feet in front of the organ gallery. This OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 349 is connected also by a cable of insulated Wires to the keys of the great organ ; and its bellows are blown by an electric engine. The main bellows are blown by two of Jaques' Improved Bra.ss llyraulic Engines, situated directly under the organ gallery, This instrument is exhibited as a specimen of the American school of organ-building, and is intended to illustrate the ad- vancement made in the art "in this country. Though founded on the best schools of modern European organ-building, still tlie improvements introduced are for the most part entirely new and American in their origin. Though there are several larger instruments here and in Europe, still it is claimed that none so complete, musically, and in the application of pneu- matic, tubular and electric action, has been constructed hitherto. In the matter of voicing, the builder's school has been carried out as heretofore, and it is to be hoped with equal success. It aims at individuality in the different stops, and at the same time a perfect blending. So that when the full organ is used there will be a powerful united body of tone, in which the foundation stops are not lost and the mixtures are not too prominent. The reeds in this organ (which were made here) may be said, in character of tone, to be between the French and English schools, and are remarkably effective. The effect of the celebrated Vox Humana in the Chickering Hall Organ (by same builder), New York, is here reproduced in the Electric Echo Organ, which is placed in the English Tower, as hitherto described. The wonderful imitation this makes of a chorus of voices singing in the distance is perfect. The cost of the organ was $20,000. The gallery over the western entrance is occupied by the American Society of Civil Engineers, who make a fine display of engineering, drawings, photographs and models, the object of the display being to show the progress and triumphs of the science of engineering in this country. Having finished our glance at the galleries, we now descend to the floor and begin our inspection at the eastern end of the American Department, Which is also the eastern end of the building. 350 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Near the eastern doors the manufiicturers of paper displa^ their wares. The exhibit is very good, and the articles are arranged in the most tasteful and attractive manner. The yhow-cases used are beautiful specimens of skill in cabinet- making. The Philadelphia and New York' stationers also exhibit fine specimens of book-binding. Close by, Lange &. Little, of New York, exhibit some beautiful specimens of fine printing. Immediately under the gallery the State of Maine displays her cotton goods, and here a register is kept in which' visitors from the Pine Tree State may inscribe their names and ad- dresses as a means of enabling their friends to find them. At the southeast end of the hall is a large two-story pavilion, constructed of black walnut, and towering high above the line of show-cases. It is one of the handsomest pieces of M'ork in the building, and is a model of neat and systematic arrange- ment. It is divided into sections, each of which is fitted up with convenient cases, in which the various leading publishing houses of the United States display their wares. All the great houses, such as the Harpers, Appletons, Scribner, Osgood and Houghton are represented, and a number of minor firms help to swell the representation. The Harpers and otliers display handsomely bound sets of their standard works, and the Apple- tons make an imposing display of their magnificent illustrated publications. The bindings shown by this house are sum))- tuous, and exhibit this branch of American industry in its highest form. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, has a superb case of black walnut, with cushioned seats around it, just without the pavilion, and displays many fine samples of printing and binding. Near the western end of the pavilion the American Bible Society have erected a beautiful case of polished oak, in which they exhibit copies of the Scriptures printed in every language. The work is done at- the Bible House in New York, from which millions of copies of the Word of God have been scattered over the world. Versions in twenty-nine different languages are shown. Some rare and valuable copies of old Bibles are also shown, OF -THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 351 among which are the Bibles owned, by the great poet John Milton and the martyr John Rogers. A copy of the first Bible printed in the English language in America is also shown. It was printed by Robert Aitken, in Philadelphia, in 1781. Prior to the Revolution all English Bibles used in the colonies were brought from England. During the war they became very scarce. In 1778 Robert Aitken undertook the production of an American edition of the Scriptures. In March, 1782, the Pennsylvania Assembly loaned Mr. Aitken .£150 to assist in carrying out the enterprise. September 10th, 1782, Congress recommended this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the United States, "as subservient to the interest of religion and progress of arts in this country." The paper was made in Pennsylvania, and the Bibles were printed and bound in Philadelphia. Merriam & Co., of Springfield, Massachusetts, have a case in the second story of the book pavilion containing an interesting collection of the works of Noah Webster, with copies of the various editions of the great dictionary. Close by the proprie- tors of the famous Riverside Press, of Cambridge, Massachu- setts, exhibit specimens of their fine printing, including an exquisite portrait of Longfellow. Descending to the floor again we soon find ourselves opposite the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. Here are to be seen beautiful specimens of this famous lock, including a superb chronometer bank-safe lock. The company have erected a large and complete model of a post-ofSce, provided with several hundred of their patent lock-boxes, such as are used by the government in the post-ofiices of our principal oities. The office on exhibition here is complete in every respect, antd could be put into operation at any moment. Immediately opposite is a large case in which James W. Scott & Co., of New York, display a classified collection of all , the postage stamps of the world. Returning eastward, but still keeping south of the main aisle, we notice a beautiful assortment of floor cloths by the American Linoleum Company, of New York. The designs of these 352 THE IM.USTKATED HISTORY goods are very beautiful. The fabric is manufactured by a peculiar process out of cork and linseed oil. It is softer and more durable than oil-cloth, and the foot falls as noiselessly upon it as upon a carpet. It is as yet a new industry, but bids fair to become an important one. We now reach the main aisle, near the eastern doors. Here is collected the display of cotton, woollen and silk goods of American manufacture. In all three departments the exhibit is very fine. Nearly all the great New England factories are represented — in some cases by separate exhibits, and in otiiers by collective exhibits of the products of all the mills in a single town. Great praise is due the exhibitors for the handsome and liberal manner in which they have displayed their goods. The show-cases in this section are among the finest in the building, and the arrangement of the goods is tasteful and striking. The group is the largest in the building, and, with the exception of a few from Philadelphia, the exhibitors are mainly from New England. The cotton and Avoollen mills of the West and South are but poorly represented, and this is all the more to be regretted, as they have made such marked progress of late years as to render them formidable rivals of the Eastern mills. A contrast between the articles displayed here and those exhibited in similar sections by the foreign countries cannot fail to be gratifying to the American visitor. To the north of this section the carpet-makers of New Eng- land, New York and Pennsylvania have erected a triple row of pavilions, open on one side, in which an extensive and beautiful collection of American-made carpets is shown. Except in the most costly styles, woven in a single piece, this young American industry compares more than favorably with its older competitors from Europe. The designs are liandsome and tasteful, the workmanship good. On the south side of the main aisle, above the department of textile fabrics, the hardware and cutlery firms of the country make their display. The collection of cutlery compares well wHh that of the great English manufiicturer^, and few visitors will fail to notice the immense Centennial knife and fork ex- OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 353 hibited by the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company, of Pennsylvania. The exhibit of tools and hai'dware of all kinds is complete anci attractive, and merits a careful study. Alongside of the hardware men Mr. Charles W. Spurr, of Boston, has erected a small but handsome pavilion, lighted by MASSACHUSETTS STATE BUILDIN&, a crystal chandelier. The inner walls are decorated with polished woods prepared by a patent process. The wood is sawed to the thinness of so'ft paper and is then glued to harder paper, which is pasted on the walls, in, the usual mannerj after 23 354 THE ILLUSTKATKD HISTOEY which the wood surface is subjected to a high polish. This system of house decoration is very beautiful, and is rapidly be- coming popular in this country. On the south side of the hall, near the eastern end, is the display of American pottery and porcelain. It is creditable on the whole, but does not compare with the display made by either of the leading European nations, or by China or Japan. The exhibits in this line are therefore modestly placed in a corner. They include excellent white stoneware from Trenton, New Jersey, and some excellent terra cotta specimens from the same State, and an abundance of rich browuAvare from Liver- pool, Ohio. The collection also contains some fine animal specimens from Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, The Greenwood Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, show a small model of a brick pottery, and specimens of the clay in the various stages of manufacture. Below the pottery collection are a number of tall marble and granite shafts and monuments, and beyond these are the care- fully executed maps and charts of the Geological Survey of New Jersey, with a number of specimens of the geological formations of the State. Close by, the Stephens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken, New Jersey, displays an interesting collection of scientific apparatus. The iron, steel and slate men of the country make an impos- ing display of ores and manufactured metals. The Cambria Iron Works of Pennsylvania has a stately Masonic arch constructed of solid T rails ; and close by the famous Lucy Furnace, of Pittsburgh, is shown in a small but complete model. The dis- play of ores, pig-metals, manufactured articles, nails, bars and other products is extensive and interesting. The Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, exhibit alongside of the irons a fine model of the famous draw-bridge constructed by them over Earitan bay for the Central Eailroad of New Jersey. Crossing towards the main aisle again, we notice a handsome case in which the American Watch Company, of Walthara, OF THE CENTENNIAL KXHIBITION. 355 Massachusetts, display an extensive assortment of handsome watches in gold and silver cases. A few feet north of this case the Elgin Watch Company, of Elgin, Illinois, exhibit their watches and a number of samples of the wheels and other move- ments used in them. In Machinery Hall we shall see the process by which these watches are made by machinery. Our country is rapidly taking rank with the older nations for the excellence and beauty of its watches, and the accuracy and rapidity with which they are made by machinery has challenged the admiration of the civilized world. The two companies mentioned above are the most prominent parties engaged in this branch of our industry, and are the best prepared to show it to the thousands who gaze in wondering admiration at the process as shown in Machinery Hall, and at the results as ex- hibited here. , Crossing the main aisle we notice along its northern side a formidable row of Catling, Parrott and breech-loading guns. The cannon are all fine specimens of the classes to which they belong, and attract much attention. The display of small arms is also very fine, and shows some interesting improve- ments in sporting weapons. North of the arms collection are the burglar and fire-proof safes. All the principal safe makers are represented, and the display is exceptionally good and interesting. Close by the safes, Ives, Blakeman & Co., of Bridgeport, Connecticut, have a large stand with an extensive collection of mechanical toys. Several persons are kept busy displaying the operations of these ingenious contrivances, and a crowd of delighted little folks is always gathered abont the stand. To the west of this stand is a large case containing a hand- some display of military uniforms and ornaments, exhibited by Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, of New York. The most con- spicuous object of this collection is a figure of the Emperor William, of Germany, in a superb uniform. We now enter a region of ready-made clothing and ladies' costumes. The principal display here is made by the well- known houses of John Wannamaker & Co., of Philadelphia, 356 THE II.LUSTRATED HISTOEY Devlin & Co., aud Madame Demorest, of New York, and Homer, Colladay & Co., of Philadelphia. The last-named house exhibits a number of wax figures dressed in the most beautiful and costly costumes. Continuing on the north side we notice a handsome display of terra cotta ware. Galloway & Graff, of Philadelphia, exhibit some beautiful vases, tazzas, pedestals and fountains. The col- ' lection of articles for homelier uses is also very good. Along the western end of the American department on the north side is a capital exhibit of ropes and cordage, from the most delicate pack-thread to the stoutest cables. We have now reached the extreme limit of the American department on the north side, and returning to the main aisle cross to the south side at the soda fountain which stands opposite the Mexican court. In the front line 6n the south side of the main aisle are the vaults of the Centennial Safe Deposit Company, looking the very picture of strength and security, and next above this the Seth Thomas Company, of Thomaston, Connecticut, display a large collection of American clocks. The clocks of this com- pany are admitted to be fully equal to the best French time- pieces, and the writer can testify to their excellence from many years' use of them. The designs are tasteful and handsome, and the clocks being made by machinery, are sold at about half the cost of a first-class foreign clock. Immediately above the clocks is the Telegraph Department, fronting also on the main aisle. Here are telegraphic and elec- trical instruments of every description. The Western Union Telegraph Company have here a handsome case of French Avalnut, showing the workings of a " telegraphic switch," for shifting the magnetic current from wire to wire. A complete collection of telegraphic apparatus is to be seen here, and a thorough illustration is given of the system by which the exten- sive lines of this company are operated. On the main isle, just west of this section, are handsome models in silver of the palace cars ctf the Pullman and Wood- ruff Companies. The display of glassware along the main aisle is very beauti- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 357 ful and quite extensive. The fiuest specimens of cut and ground glass are to be seen here, This department extends southward from the main aisle, and embraces also a large collec- tion of plainer and more substantial articles of glass. Wheel- NEW TORK STATE BtTItDING. ing, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the two principal seats of American glass manufacture, are well repre- sented, and New Jersey and Massachusetts also make excellent displays. 358 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOET Just beyond the glassware, on the main aisle, is a magnificent display of fine gas fixtures by the leading manufacturers of New York and Philadelphia. This is one of the most notable features of the American department, and many of the articles exhibited are exceedingly beautiful. The collection takes up a great deal of room, and shows to what a surprising extent the taste of our people for luxury and variety has gone in the single direction of apparatus for light. No foreign country has any- thing to compare with us in the extent of the display in this line. The next department is that of the silver and plated ware. The firms represented here are principally from the Eastern States, and the display of the finest grades of plated ware is large and magnificent. The various manufacturing firms repre-* seated appear to have exhausted their ingenuity in the produc- tion of rare and beautiful articles for display at tiie great .; Exhibition. The cases are rich and massive, and are in strict accordance with the beautiful objects they contain. The Meri- den Britannia Company and Eeed Barton have exceptionally fine displays, many exquisite bronzes being among that of the former firm. The show-eases of these firms are the most ele- gant in the whole American section. The jewellers make a fine exhibit of their wares, Bailey & Co., of Philadelphia, being the first whose display attracts us. They have a handsome pavilion, in which is a large and beautiful col- lection of jewelry and precious stones. At the intersection of the main aisle with the central transept is a crescent-shaped Moorish pavilion of beautiful design, and ornamented in warm, rich colors. It iS in all respects the most beautiful structure in the Exhibition, and is occupied by Messrs. Tiffany & Co., and Starr & Marcus, of New York, Caldwell & Co., of Philadelphia, and the Gorham Manufacturing Company, of Providence, R. I. These houses display the richest and most costly articles to be seen in the Exhibition. The finest jewels are to be seen here in profiision. , The cameos exhibited by Starr inscribe on the tablet the progress made in literature, science, music, painting, sculpture, and architecture. On the reverse panel, genius is ready to record the advancement in commerce, niiuing and manufactures. The cover of tlie vase bears the group in whic)i the story culminates. The figures denote Europe, Asia and Africa, while the central figure, America, is inviting and wel- coming all nations to unite with her in celebrating the triumph , of her Centennial year. The .cost of tlie vase was $7000. Passing to tlie southward we find near the central transept an extensive display of chemicals and paints. These aregroujied tastefully, and with their brilliant hues constitute one of the most attractive features of the American department. Conspic-. uous in this collection is the exhibit of John Lucas & Co., of Philadelphia, one of the largest and best known houses in the Union, whotic extensive works are located at Gibsboro', New Jersey. The display of this house embraces a fine exhibit of white leads and zincs, colors, paints, varnishes, and windowr, glass, both white and colored. Some magnificent specimens of zinc ore are displayed, and the processes of manufacturing white lead and white zinc are shown in the simplest and clearest manner. The high reputation enjoyed' by this house, and the extensive display made by it, render it one of the most conspicu- ous "features" of the Exhibition. To visitors interested in or familiar with this branch of American industry it is unnecessary to add that this is the representative house of the Union in this line. Close by is the handsome exhibit of printing inks made by Charles Enu Johnson & Co., of Philadelphia, the largest and best known manufacturers of these articles in America, The goods are displayed tastefully, and a crowd of the members of the " fourth estate " may always be seen gathered around tli* stand, inspecting the wares which experience has taught thejli are unexcelled by any of their class in the world. Going eastward again we notice the handsome display of the cologne and perfume makers of this country. The firms rej)re- Bented are from New York and Philadelphia chiefly. Burnett OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 361 has a pretty black marble fountain which sends up a constant jet of cologne water, and where the tired visitor may enjoy the delightful privilege of bathing his forehead with the refreshing liquid. Wench, of New York, has a handsome bamboo pavilion, from which perfumed sprays are thrown, filling the air with their delicious fragrance. Lundborg, of New York, has a tall, gayly decorated Moorish pavilion, in which he makes an exten- sive and attractive show of his perfumes. Going eastward still we enter the furniture department, and it requires but a glance to see that the West has offered a sharp competition to the East in this, its specialty.' There are some fine specimens of furniture from the West, the State of Michigan being especially well represented in this respect. The display . of furniture is very large, and some of the finest specimens are from Columbus, Ohio. The makers of the finest grades of fur- niture in New York and Philadelphia have gone to great ex- pense in setting up their exhibits. Many of them have con- structed rooms of the usual size, which are handsomely carpeted, provided with curtains, doors, frescoed ceilings and walls, and superb gas fixtures and mantel-pieces. The rooms are open on one side. With the homelike surroundings thus provided the furniture shows to the best possible advantage. It is of the most elaborate description, and is richly upholstered. Smith & Campion, of Philadelphia, exhibit a suite of four rooms, consist- ing of a parlor, library, dining-room and chamber, fitted up magnificently and furnished with the most costly articles. Some rich specimens of interior decoration are also shown by the firms represented here, prominent among these being the decorations furnished by Marcotte & Co., of New York. George J. Hen- kels, of Philadelphia, has a fine chamber suit of maple, made from the wood of an old maple tree that grew in Independence Square. It was over 200 years old when it was cut down. North of the furniture collection is the display of philosophical and surgical instruments. It is quite large, and the articles compare well with those in the English, French and Swiss dopartments. Among the most conspicuous objects of this col- S62 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOEY lection is tlie fine equatorial transit instrument exhibited by Messrs. Fouth & Co., of Washington, D. C. ■ From the scientific department we pass on and find ourselves in the piano-forte collection. All the principal firms are repre- STUDIO OF THE NATIOXAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COMPANY. sented. Steinway, Chiclvering, Weber, Knabe, and a score of well-known names greet us at every turn. Each maker has sent his best instruments, and the highest skill has been exercised in the construction of the beautiful frames in which these are placed. All the spaces occupied by the piano makere are en- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.. 363 dosed, and many of them are covered with elegant pavilions richly carpeted, and provided with seats for visitors. Several of the leading firms have engaged distinguished performers to show off their instruments, and one is sure of always hearing some brilliant pianist while lingering in this department. The collection covers a large area and is very complete. In the col- lection of Wm. Knabe & Co., of Baltimore, there is a harpsi- chord made for Charles Carroll of CarroUton, a century ago. Alongside of the pianos is the display of cabinet organs, which, though smaller, is quite as handsome as that of the stringed instruments. George Wood & Co. and Mason & Hamlin exhibit some beautiful instruments, and, as far as exterior ornament goes, are certainly in advance of their com- petitors. Two pipe organs are on exhibition close by. We have now completed our survey of the American departs ment of the main hall, and must turn our attention to the dis- play made by foreign countries. Great Britain and Ireland. First among these nations is the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the mother land of our young republic. The space occupied by the British section lies north of tlie main aisle and west of the central transept, and is not enclosed by a pavilion or any other structure. Each exhibitor was obliged to provide and set up his own show-case, and these, while always executed in a thorough and workmanlike manner, are as simple and, unadorned as possible. They are painted black with gilt mould- ings. Professor Archer, of the British Commission, states as a reason for this, that his country has learned from its great expe- rience in international exhibitions, that too great a display in the furniture detracts from the appearance of the exhibits proper. A banner of red, with the words " Great Britain and Ireland," is suspended from the roof over the entrance. At the entrance, opposite the music stand in the central ti'an- sept, is a rich display of silver and plated ware by Elkington & Co., silversmiths, of Birmingham. The collection embraces inany articles- of great value and beauty, and is the gem of thff 364 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Britieili exhibit. Some splendid bronzes are included in it, and one may pass hours iu inspecting the objects displayed by this enterpriiiing firm, whose exliibit is valued by the London Times at $500,000. One of the most beautiful articles to be seen here is the " Helicon vase," in reponss6 and richly enamelled, which is valued at $30,000. The reproductions in electro-deposit of ancient works of art from the South Kensington and Bi'itish Museums are especially interesting. Adjoining this splendid display is the space occupied by Messrs. Cox & Co., of London, who exhibit a large and hand- some collection of church plate, wrought-iron and brass work, church furniture of various kinds, and some fine ebonized and carved oak furniture. Going north, along the eastern end of the British section, we reach the display of porcelain, pottery and majolica ware. In her porcelain England fairly rivals France, the first nation in Europe in the extent and beauty of tiiis manufacture, and in pottery and majolicas leads the world. The display of porcelains made by A. B. Dahiell & Son, of London, is extensive and very beautiful, including ornamental vases, candelabra, splendid dinner, dessert, and tea sets. Brown, Westhead, T. C. Moore & Co., of Staffordshire, also make an elegant display. In pottery, England excels all the nations in her display. The collection includes vessels of all kinds for household, scientific and commercial uses, drainage and objects of orna- ment, statuary, etc. Some of the statues and busts are remark- ably fine, and the display, on the whole, is beautiful and creditable in the highest degree. One of the most complete and conspicuous displays is that of Bates, Walker & Co., of Burslem, in Staffordshire,' from whose circular we take the following account of the process of the manufacture of the articles dis- played here, which is identical with that followed in all pottery establishments. "The raw materials of the manufacture are commonplace enough — certain clays from Devon and Cornwall, China stone and flint being the principal. The latter is calcined, broken up, and ground with water in a large cylindrical tub, lined at the OP THE CENTENOTAL EXHIBITION-, 365 bottom with hard siliceous stones. From the central vertical shaft working in this tub project arms between which large loose stones are placed, and the mill being, set going, these move round on the bed-stone, grinding the flint until it forms with the water a creamy fluid. The China storte is treated sepa- rately, but in a similar manner, and the clay is mixed up with water and then made to pass through silk sieves of exceeding fineness, having a reciprocating movement, and which arrest impurities in the clay, as also the coarser particles. Next the ingredients, in their semi-fluid state, are mixed by measure in large underground tanks, from whence the 'slip,' as the mix- ture is now called, is pumped into long bags of a coarse cotton fabric. A number of these bags being filled, they are placed side by side in a press actuated by powerful screws, and thus subjected to powerful compression the water filters through the bags in a perfectly pure and limpid state, the solid clayey com- pound being left behind. The dough-like masses removed fi-oni the bags are thrown into a pug mill with an internal spiral arrangement of knives, which cut up the clay, and it is gradu- ally forced through an opening in the mill in a perfectly homo-, geneous and workable condition. Having now seen how the fine plastic material which is to form the body of the ware is prepared, the next thing is to follow it into the potters' domain pure and simple. There are two methods by which the clay is made to assume the required shapes, viz., by throwing and moulding. The former operation requires considerable manual dexterity, and is accomplished by the aid of the potter's wheel, the essential part of which is simply a horizontal revolving disc. The potter places on it a lump of clay, and while it revolves, fashions it with his fingers into any shape that may be desired. Articles thus formed in the rough are, M-hen partially dried, finished by turning them in a lathe. A less expensive method of fashioning the clay is that which involves the use of plaster of Paris moulds. Such things as teacups, which require to be of a uniform thinness, are made by pressing thin sheets of clay into the moulds, which absorb the superficial moisture of the paste, and allow the articles to be removed without injury. 366 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTOEY Ewers, jugs, teapots, and articles of somewhat intricate shape are formed in moulds which are in several parts. Spouts, handles, etc., are moulded, and afterwards joined to the body of the vessel by liquid 'slip.' Coming now to that part of the factory where plate making is going on, we notice that the plan adopted combines both the processes of throwing and. moulding. A mould turned to the shape of the upper surface of the plate is placed on the revolving disc of the potter's wheel, and a thin sheet of paste is pressed on to it ; then, while in movement, the potter places in position a tool representing a section of the plate, and this pares down and shapes the clay to its own out- line. Their edges having been finished off, the plates, still on the moulds, are placed in a hot closet on shelves which slowly revolve, and by this ingenious arrangement the drying of the goods to the desired degree is well accomplished. Being formed, the articles, of whatever kind, must be ' fired,' and they are ac- cordingly packed in coarse earthenware vessels called saggers, and these are piled one on the other in the oven until it is quite full. The furnaces are uow lighted, and an intense heat kept up for about forty hours ; the oven is then allowed to cool, and when the saggers are withdrawn they contain the ware in the state known as 'biscuit.' At this stage we are introduced to the decorative processes of the manufacture. The patterns are printed on peculiarly soft and thin tissue-paper from copper- plates, and are transferred to the ware by applying the printed tissue-paper to its surface and rubbing it on. The biscuit being of a highly absorbent nature, readily receives the pattern, and the paper is got rid of by the application of water. Gilt dec- oration is largely used, and the patterns are printed on the ware in a kind of size, the gold alloy being afterwards dusted on. Before heating the gold -is quite dark ; during that process it changes to a dirty yellow, and is only brought out in all its resplendency by the operation of burnishing with agate. The more elaborate patterns are hand-painted on the ware, and there is scope here for the display of the most artistic execution. Each color has to be separately applied, and the many heatings the ware has to undergo to bring out the tints exposes it to such OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 367 risk of injury that other manufacturers are disinclined, in con- sequence, to apply this variety of decoration to their goods. After the biscuit has received its ornamentation, it is dipped in a glaze, and the final heating it undergoes vitrifies the latter, and calls up the natural vividness of the colors forming the patterns." The tile makers have a fine collection. Several of tlie struc- tures enclosing the spaces of the exhibitors are constructed entirely of tiles bearing handsome paintings, and finished in the most perfect style of the art. The famous house of Minton & Co., of Stoke-upon-Trent, have perhaps the most perfect col- lection in the group. The designs are fine, and the workman- ship of the highest class. Maw & Co., and Craven, Dunnill & Co., of Shropshire, also make a fine show of geometrical mosaic, encaustic, and majolica tiles, among which are a number of fine reproductions of ancient works, as well as modern designs. The collection of tiles is chiefly near the north side of the British section, at its eastern end. Returning from this to the front line, we notice, near the collection of Elkington & Co., the exhibit of ornamental iron-work, made by Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Norwich. The most prominent object of this col- lection is the fine pavilion of iron-work filled with the wares of the firm. The South Kensington Museum has purchased duplicate portions of this building as specimens of the finest styles of ornamental iron-work of the nineteenth century. Just above this collection a superb crystal chandelier, sus- pended over a fine display of cut glassware, attracts our atten- tion. It is the handsomest in the building. • Passing northward, we reach the collection of furniture. A special feature of this department consists of the handsome and comfortable-looking brass bedsteads, of which quite a number are displayed. Messrs. James Schoolbred & Co., of London, have one of the handsomest pavilions in the Exhibition. It is divided into a number of chambers furnished with exquisite taste in the Anglo- Indian style. These cozy apartments are exceedingly attractive, 368 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and visitors are loud in tlieir praise of their arrangement. TIiis house also exhibits some fine furnitui'e of the Jacobean and Queen Anne styles. A fine display of decorative furniture is also made by W. Scott Morton, of Edinburgh. The furniture exhibit includes many beautiful specimens of interior decora- tion and adornment, and is a fair representation of a school from which our own decorators might learn much. The collection of ornamental mantels, fire-places, and heating apparatus stands in the rear of the furniture. It is handsome, but in point of convenience and completeness is inferior to that displayed by our own country in the annex to the Main Building. A conspicuous feature of the British collection is the mag- nificent tent, or booth, constructed of purple velvet hangings, and ornamented with a superb collection of specimens of era- broidery and needlework. An exquisitely worked scroll over the entrance tells us that this is the pavilion of the "Royal School of Art and Needlework." This school is under the especial patron- age of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, and the greater part of the embroideries displayed are the work of the royal family or of ladies of noble birth. A screen worked by the Princess Christian attracts much attention from visitors. The hearty interest displayed by the Queen of England in our Exhibition, and the generous manner in which she has personally taken part in it, merits and should receive the cordial acknowlalg- ment of our people. Against the northern wall of the building are suspended two seamless pieces of oil-cloth, each about twenty-five by forty-five feet in size. They are from Kirkaldy, in Scotland. Returning once more to the main aisle, we enter the depart- ment of cotton and woollen goods. The exhibit in these lines is immense, and extremely varied. The articles are of the best quality, and are displayed in the most artistic manner. Linens also abound here, and excite, as they well deserve, the praise of all visitors. A case of magnificent Irish poplins is exhibited by Pim Brothers, of Dublin. They are among the most beau- tiful fabrics on exhibition in the Main Hall, and a crowd of OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 369 visitors is always colkcted around them. The famous Bal- briggan Hose Manufacturers make an interesting and complete exhibit near by. The display of laces, silks, ribbons and silk fabrics is also very fine. The department of textile fabrics includes England, Scotland and Ireland, and fully sustains the claims of the British kingdom with regard to this branch of her manufactures. A conspicuous portion of this exhibit is the handsome display of satteeus and cloths for tailors' use, made by Ferguson Brothers, of the Holme Head Works, near Carlisle. These goods are of the most supe^-ior class, and are considered unequalled in the Exhibition. The well-known house of William F. Read, of Philadelphia, is the American representative of this firm. Hitchcock, Williams & Co., of London, display a case of handsome and complete toilettes for ladies, elegantly set off on wax figures. Farther north is the collection of jewelry. This is handsome in many respects, but is not such a display as was hoped for from Great Britain. One or two cases are especially noticeable. James Aitchison, of Edinburgh, has a prettj'' exhibit of Scottish jewelry in gold and silver, Highland ornaments, and precious stones found in Scotland; and William Gibson, of Belfast, has a fine display of Irish bog-qak jewelry. , The exhibit of cutlery, tools, and hardware is large, and includes London, Slieffield, and Biriningbain. The articles offered. are of the finest quality, and are tastiefully arranged. In this department the Telegraph Construction and Maintain- ence Company exhibit a collection of specimens of the differ- ent submarine cables lajd by them in various parts of the world. , 'The display , of scientific and philosophical instruments is extensive and unusually good. All the leading makers are represented, and the specimens on exhibition are among the very best in the building. Some fine watches and chronome- ters and a number of musical instruments are to be seen near by. In the ^alcoves along the northern wall of the building the carpet makers display their finest products. Here are to be 24 370 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY seen the most beautiful Ax minster, Wilton, and Indian carpets and rugs that Great Britain has ever sent to this country. The larger ones, woven in a seamless piece, are suspended against the wall, and may be examined readily by the lovers of these beautiful fabrics. NEW JEKSEY STATE BUILDING, A fine collection of fire-arms is to be seen near by, together with apparatus for hunting and fishing, a collection deeply interesting to sportsmen. At the western end of her section Great Britain has grouped OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 371 the exhibits of her publishers, and her educational display. The latter is not large, and does not do justice to the country which has done so much for the cause of knowledge. He:" great universities are not represented at all, and her excellent school system is scarcely shown, a circumstance much to be regretted. The book-men have but a slight representation. Cassell, Petter & Gralpin, of London, show a good collection of their illustrated works, and Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., of London, the proprietors of Pwnch and the British Encydopcedia, have a handsome pavilion, at the entrance to which Mr. Punch stands, bowing a welcome to his visitors. The publications of this house are well displayed, and the lover of books will not fail to notice with especial pleasure the rich and exquisite editions of Shakspeare to be seen here. Immediately opposite, the London Illustrated News and the London Graphic unite in an enclosure along the sides of which are displayed specimens of their illustrations and fine cut- printing. The Graphic exhibits a number of original sketches and complete drawings of scenes and incidents in the late Franco-German war, and a series of blocks showing the difier- ent stages of the process of wood engraving. A small printing press worked by a gas-engine is used to strike off the illumin- ated circulars of this firm. The display of stained glass windows is more complete and beautiful than has ever been made by England at any Internjk- tional Exhibition. These exhibits are to be found chiefly in the windows of the gallery at the south end of the transept, where they show to the best advantage. One-fifth of. the entire space of the Main Building is taken up by Crreat Britain and her colonies. Of this, Great Britain and India occupy one-half. /fidia. The exhibit made by British India is under the control of the British Commissioners, and is chiefly from the India Museum in London. It is neither as extensive nor as fine as 372 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY the exhibit made at Vienna. Specimens are exhibited, showing everything the natives eat, wear or use. The grains of India, the cotton, and other products are arranged in cases according to a regular classification, and are deserving of a careful study. Native dyes are also shown, together with a quantity of silks, raw, floss, spun, and woven, and the cocoon from which the silk is obtained. Some of the silks are beautifully embroidered, and some fine specimens of gold and silver cloth are to be seen here. The collection of laces and shawls is very attractive. A set of magnificently carved black furniture is included in the collection, and attracts much attention. Jewelled weapons and native arms are among the showiest features of the display. A collection of native pottery and metal work, lacquered ware, boxes made of porcupine quills and sandal wood, some mag- nificent native fans inlaid with ivory and precious stones, some singular drawings in mica, and a number of Hindoo antiquities are also to be found in this department. Some fine. India car- pets are displayed. Delhi sends some handsome embroidered work, and Bombay a rich collection of jewels. Along the sides of the space are photographs of scenes in India, and of the native races of that country. From the display made here one may gather a fair idea of the people of India and their habits, and contrast them with those of other lands. This, indeed, should be the main object of the intelligent visitor, and the various Commissions have arranged their exhibits for the pur- pose of facilitating this study. The Dominion of Canada. Canada occupies almost as much space as the mother country. The exhibit is made under the direction of three Commissioners from the Dominion and one from each of the Provinces. The collection is made up of articles from the Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Nova Scotia,' New Brunswick and British Columbia. The Dominion contributed the sum of $100,000 to the expenses of the Exhibition, and the Provinces an equal sum. The goods are displayed in neat uniform walnut cases, but little expense having been gone to on this account. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 373 Tlie extent and variety of the exhibition of Canadian manu- factures will surprise even those who suppose themselves well versed in these matters. Cotton and woollen goods, hosiery, boots and shoes, drugs and chemicals, sewing machines, hard- ware, saws, pianos, and wearing apparel of all kinds, are dis- played in profusion and of admirable qualities. The leading ship-builders on the coast send models of the vessels they have constructed, and Quebec and Toronto send fine specimens of furniture. The Canadian potters send handsome specimens of stoneware, which they claim, is equal to the best Staffordshire ware; and from Montreal there are finely wrought marble mantels, which the exhibitors assert are equal in quality and workmanship to anything produced in Italy. A large display of furs is made, the Hudson Bay Company taking the lead in this respect. A specialty is the exhibit of the geological department, in which the ores and petroleum of the Dominion are most prominent. A lump of plumbago, six feet by four in size, is exhibited. It is said to be the largest ever mined. New Brunswick contrib- utes some fine specimens of red granite. A case of clothing of skins ornamented with bead-work, and articles of adornment of bead-work, made by the Indians of Canada, attracts mucii attention. The Province of Ontario displays with great pride and mi- nuteness her educational system. The plan adopted is similar io that of the States of the American Union, and no pains have been spared to make the showing complete. Models and draw- ings of the principal educational establishments are exhibited, together with the text-books used, and specimens of the pupils' work. A -handsome collection of philosophical apparatus and maps is embraced in the exhibit. Altogether Canada has good cause to be satisfied with her display, and the careful observer may learn much that is new to him of the progress of our northern neighbor. The British Colonies. Of the space allotted to the dependencies of Great Britain, 374 THE ILLU8TEATED HISTORY Cauada has three-sixths, the Australian colonies two-sixths, and the remainder is divided among the African and American colonies. New South Wales. The Australian colonies exhibit many interesting objects^ New Sovith Wales, which lies in the southeastern portion of that conJ)inent, has endeavored to show by her display the extent and variety of her resources. Fine photographs of Sidney, the capital, said to be the largest ever taken, constitute a prominent part of the exhibit, and show to the visitor what a stately city has grown up in the far-off country which but a generation back was almost unknown. The exhibit of wool is very large, and fairly represents the, extent and importance of this branch of Australian industry. An extensive collection of mineral specimens, including copper, antimony, iron, gold and kaolin, is shown, among which is a pyramid formed of blocks of coal and samples of all the carbon- iferous specimens discovered in the country. A number of lumps of tin ore, and blocks of refined tin, show what New Zealand can do in the mining of this metal, and a lofty obelisk of gilt shows the amount of gold that was taken from the country from 1851 to 1874, which was 8,205,232J ounces, valued at $167,949,355. Samples of silk and silk cocoons, and a number of specimens of the work of the natives of the country, are shown. The fine timber which forms so prominent kpart of the exports of the colony is shown in a number of exc^ent specimens of sections of trees. A large block of kerosene shale is to be seen, from which the kerosene oil used in the colony is manufactured. The whole exhibit is deeply interesting and instructive. It is arranged with great care and judgment, arid is a fair showing of the resources and progress of the country it represents. Queensland. The exhibit from Queensland is contained in an enclosed apartment, on the north side of the British space, immediately OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 375 opposite the New South Wales section. It is in charge of Mr, Angus Mackay, of the Queenslander (the leading journal of the colony), a gentleman who has identified himself closely with the progress of this far-ofiF country. It is in all respects one of tlie most interesting in tlje building, and is so admirably arranged that it does not fail to attract throngs of inquiring and apprer ciative visitors. Queensland occupies the northwestern part of Australia, and is a rapidly-growing and thriving colony. It originally formed a part of the colony of New South Wales, but was separated from it and given an independent administra- tion some years ago. The visitor's attention is at once drawn to a tall obelisk covered with gilt, which shows the amount of gold exported from <^ueensland between 1868 and 1875. It was sixty-five tons forty-one pounds and six ounces, and was valued at $36,- 000,000. A fine collection of gold-bearing quartz is arranged : around this obelisk. The coHeotion of minerals is very com- plete, and embraces all that are found in the colony. There are specimens of tin, copper, arrowroot, woods, oils, silk, timber and antimony. The production of tin is increasing every year, and now exceeds that of gold. Indeed, the principal supply of the tin used by the civilized world is now drawn from Queensland. Several lumps of copper ore are exhibited, weighing five tons in the aggregate, and twenty-two different kinds of wood'" are shown. The botanical collection is very rich. Some fine native sugars are exhibited, and the display of wool is large and of an excellent quality. A case of native implements and clothing, exhibiting the dress and habits of the native Australian, forms an interesting part of the collection. Black wall tablets are suspended around the enclosure showing the Mining, grazing, agricultural and geological statistics of the colony, and below these is an extensive array of paintings and photographs illus- trative of the country and its inhabitants. The wliole exhibit is so arranged that the colony and its resources can be under- stood almost at a glance. 376 THE ILI.USTEATED HISTOKY Victoria. The colonj of Victoria occupies the southeastern comer of Australia, and covers an area of about 88,198 square miles. It ^.. 'l/ T '- >v f ^ g H ■ a S tl o THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 437 sash are movable for ventilation. Louvre ventilators are intro^ duced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles. The building is lit entirely by side liglit, and stands lengthwise nearly east and west." Machinery Hall was the first completed of the Exhibition structures. The contract for its erection was made on the 27t!i of January, 1875, and the work was immediately begun. It was completed on the 1st of October, 1875, and was turned over to the Board of Finance about the close of the year. The cost of the building was $542,300. The engineers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, and the contractor, Philip Quigley, of Wihnington, Delaware. Tlie wrouglit and cast-iron work used in the building was furnislied by Pusey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, 'Delaware. The building is fitted up with especial care for the comfort and convenience of visitors. Water-closets are placed at tiie east and west ends, with attendants. Rolling-chair stations are located at the main entrances, and telegraph offices are estab- lished at prominent points. Stands for the sale of the official catalogue are placed in the central aisle, and letter-boxes are scattered throughout the building. The fire service is perfect, alarm stations being placed at regular intervals, each with its proper number, and Babcock extinguishers are scattered over the building ready for instant use. At the north end of the transept is a restaurant, the proprietor of which promises to fur- nish a good dinner for the moderate sum of fifty cents. Ad- joining the restaurant is a confectionery, and by the side of this the pop-corn man has a tasteful stand, from which he does a thriving business in this peculiarly American eatable. Soda- fountains are placed at several points in the building, and are under the same management as those in the other halls. The interior decorations are simple, the roof and pillars being painted in light colors, the object being to render the interior as light as possible. From the gallery one looks down upon a busy scene. The great engine in the centre drives several miles of shafting and 438 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY belting, and the hall resounds with the hum and click of the machinery in motion. No fires or farnaces are allowed in the hall. The boilers of the great Corliss engine are placed in a separate building on the south side of the hall, and steam is introduced into the hall by a service of pipes. The motive power for all the machinery in motion in this vast hall is a double-acting duplex vertical engine, erected by Mr. George H. Corliss, of Providence, Khode Island, its in- ventor. It stands in the centre of the hall, and is built upon a platform fifly-six feet in diameter, and three and one-half feet above the floor of the hall. The engine rises to a height of forty feet above the platform, and is the most conspicuous object in the hall. " It has cylinders of forty-four inches in diameter and ten feet stroke, the peculiar variable cut-off arrangement being actuated by the governor, as common in the Corliss engines. Between the vertical engines is a fly-wheel of fifty-six tons weight, thirty feet in diameter and twenty-four inch face ; it makes thirty-six revolutions per minute, the rate being kept equal by means of the governor cut-off, which immediately responds to any change in duty, owing to the throwing off or on of machines either singly or embraced in a whole section of the building. The tubular boilers are twenty in number, in a separate building, and each represents a nominal power of seventy horses, the work of the engine at sixty pounds pressure being about fourteen hundred horse-power. The fly-wheel has cogs on its periphery, which match Avith cogs on a pinion which rotates a line of underground shafting, and this by means of mitre-gearing rotates other underground shafts, so that motion is communicated to eight points in the ground-plan at the tran- sept, at which are pulleys from which belts rise through the floor and thence pass around primary pulleys on the eight principal lines of shafting,, which reach from the transept to the extremities of the east and west end of the building. The sunk shafting, its mitre-gcars, pillow-blocks and pulleys, weigh two hnndred tons." The work on the engine was completed on the 10th of April, the day promised by its inventor, and the entire OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 439 cost of its construction — 1200,000 — was borne by Mr. George H. Corliss. Eight main lines of shafting are provided for the machinery iu the avenues and aisles, the larger portion being speeded to one hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and one line THE CORLISS ENGINE IN MACHINERY HALL. to two hundred and forty revolutions per minute, principally for the wood-working machines, which occupy the larger part of the west end of the southern aisle. With the subsidiary lines, tlie length of shafting is estimated at 10,400 feet, each main line of six hundred and fifty feet transmitting one hundred and eighty horse-power to the various machines connected with it. 440 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY The exhibit displayed in Machinery Hall is classified by the Centennial Commission as follows : t Depaetment v. — Machineey. 500 — 509 Machines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Chemistry, etc. 510 — 519 Machines and Tools for working Metal, Wood and Stone. 520—529 Machines and Implements of Spinning, Wearing, etc. 530—539 Machines, etc., used in Sewing, making Clothing, etc. 540 — 549 Machines for Printing,- making Books, Paper Working, etc, 550 — 559. . ..Motors, Power Generators, etc. 560 — 569. . . .Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus. 570—579. . . .Railway Plant, Rolling Stock, etc. 580 — 589. . . .Machinery used in preparing Agricultural Products. 590 — 599. . . .Aerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation. Machinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the require- ments of the Exhibition. The United States. The space occupied by the United States covers about three- fourths of the area of Machinery Hall, and extends from the western end entirely across the hall to a point nearly half way between the transept and the eastern doors. Being at home, the American exhibitors were naturally the first to have their machinery in readiness. The machinery displayed covers a wide range, extending from the most delicate machines for the manufacture of watches to the most powerful trip-hammers and rolling-mills. We begin our inspection at the west end of the building, and start from the western end of the south aisle and pursue our way eastward along this aisle. On the south side we notice an extensive collection of gas meters and kindred machines. These are very handsome and complete in every detail, and the visitor can but wonder that such pretty and attractive things should be such ah unending source of trouble to every householder. The whole system of registering the consumption of gas is shown, but we are not treated to an exhibit of the method of making a meter register OF THE CENTENNrAL EXHIBITION. 4il more gas than is burned. That is a secret which the gas com- panies do not care to make public. A large collection of machines for making illuminating gas from naphtha is shown beyond the gas meters, the largest ex- hibit being made by the Springfield Gas Machine Company, of Massachusetts, whose machines are admitted to be the best and safest in use. Beyond the gas machines the Hagner Drug Milling Com- pany, of Philadelphiaj exliibit a pair of double-run flaxseed chasing mills, which attract considerable attention by their size and excellent workmanship. To the east of this is a large frame model of an anthracite coal-breaker, showing the pro- cess of crushing coal and separating the different sizes for the market. A fine display of steam-drills comes next, and below these is a blast-furnace, with plans showing its operation. A cai)ital display is made of steam-engines, stationary and portable. The Atlantic Mills, of Philadelphia, show some powerful machin- ery, and below these the scroll-saw men are at work with their machines cutting out scroll work in M'ood. Some of these saws are driven by steam and some by foot-power. A handsome specimen of their work is a "Centennial clock," the frame of which is made of wood sawed in this way. We have now reached the transept, and turn back to ex- amine the display along the north side of the aisle. We are attracted at once by the exhibit of barrel, hoop and stave- making machinery in operation. These machines cut out the staves and hoops and set up the barrels and head them in an exceedingly short space of time. Close by is an automatic shingle-maker, which can turn Out 25,000 shingles in a day; and next to it is a "Dovetailing, Carving, Moulding and Panelling Machine," exhibited by the Battle Creek Machinery Company, which is one of the curi- osities of the Exhibition. ^Beyond these machines William Cramp & Son, of Philadelphia, exhibit two fine marine engines. In the next space J. W. Griffiths, of New York, exhibits a 442 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY machine for bending wood, and shows by its operation the process of bending stout wooden beams for ships' frames, or for arches. We are at the west end once more, and pass into the soutli avenue. As we move down this avenue we confine our in- spection to its south side, and ncjtice first a large road steam- engine of American make. It is the invention of George W. Fitts, of Philadelphia, and compares favorably with tlie English steamers at the other end of the hall. Adjoining this space is one occupied by Wm. Andrews, of Williamsport, Pennsyl- vania, who exhibits a number of circular and straight saws of the best workmanship. Here is to be seen the first saw-maker's anvil ever brought to the United States. It was brought from London in 1819, by an uncle of its present owner, who had used it in the old country, and has been in steady use for over seventy years in this family. It looks 'as if it was good for seventy years more of work. We now reach an extensive collection of saws, moulding- machines and steam engines, noticeable among the latter being the splendid automatic cut-off and throttling steam-engines of the Buckeye Company, of Salem, Ohio. In the midst of this group Cornell University displays some of the results of her department of meclianical engineering in the work of her students and in a fine collection of machinery. Here are a foot-lathe, magneto-electrical machine, measuring machine and steam-engine, all of which are handsome pieces of work- manship. Having reached the end of the avenue, which is here closed in by the space assigned to an exhibitor, we notice on the north side a section of the first steam-engine ever introduced into the United States. This venerable relic is exhibited by Messrs. D. M. Meeker & Son, of Newark, New Jersey. Its history is so interesting that we give it here as related by IV^r. Justice Brad- ley, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in a letter to Mr. D. M. Meeker : OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 443 .,^ , , , , " Washington, September 20th, 1875. "David M. Meeker, Esq.: "Dear Sir: The steam-engine of which you possess a relic was, as you suppose, the first ever erected on this continent. It was imported from England in the year 1753 by Colonel John Schuyler, for the purpose of pumping water from his copper mine opposite Belleville, near Newark, New Jersey. The mine was rich in ore, but had been worked as -deei) as hand and horse power could clear it of water. Colonel Schuyler, having heard of the success with which steam-engines (then called fire- eugines) were used in the mines of Cornwall, determined to have one in his mine. He accordingly requested his London correspondents to procure an engine, and to send out with it an engineer capable of putting it up and in operation. This was done in the year named, and Josiah Ho rnb lower, a young man, then in his twenty-fifth year, was sent out to superintend it. The voyage was a long and perilous one. Mr. Hornblower expected to return as soon as the engine was in successful opera- tion. But the proprietor induced him to remain, and in the course of a couple of years he married Miss Kingsland, ivhose father owned a large plantation adjoining that of Colonel Schuyler. The late Chief-Justice Hornblower was the youngest of a large family of children which resulted from this marriage. Mr. Hornblower's father, whose name was Joseph, had been engaged in the business of constructing engines in Cornwall from their first introduction in the mines there, about 1740; and had been an engineer and engine-builder from the first use of steam-engines in the arts, about 1720. The engines con- structed by him and his sons were the kind known as New- comen's engines, or Cornish engines. That brought to America by Josiah was of this description. Watt had not then invented his separate condenser, nor the use of high pressure. But it is generally conceded that, for pumping purposes, the Cornish engine has still no superior. "After 1 760 the Schuyler mine was worked for several years' l)y Mr. Hornblower himself. The approach of the war, in 1775, caused the operations to cease. Work was resumed, 444 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ■however, in 1792, and was carried on for several years by successive parties. It finally ceased altogether early in this century, and the old engine was broken up and the materials disposed of. The boiler, a large copper cylinder, standing upright, eight or ten feet high, and as much in diameter, with a flat bottom and a dome-shaped top, was carried to Phila- delphia. The relic in your possession was a portion of the cylinder, and was purchased by some person in Newark. "In 1864 I met an old man named John Van Emburgh, then a hundred years old, who had worked on the engine when it was in operation in 1792. He described it very minutely and, I doubt not, accurately. It is from iiis description that I happened to know the kind of. engine it was ; although, from the date of its construction and the use to which it was put, there could have been but little doubt on the subject. "What changes have been wrought in one hundred and twenty-two years ! What mighty power has been created on this continent, in that time, by the multiplication and improve- ment of the steam-engine! We may well look upon this relic with a sort of superstitious veneration, and, looking forward as well as backward, wonder what another century will bring forth ! Respectfully, your obedient servant, "Joseph P. Bradley." Leaving the south avenue at its western end, we pass around into the central aisle and continue our inspection on the south side of that aisle. We pass a number of vertical and other steam-engines, and pause to examine the immense high speed blowing engine erected by the Weimar Machine Works, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania. This fine engine has a capacity of 5000 cubic feet per minute at ten pounds pressure. The same company also exhibit a section of an apparatus for charging a blast furnace. Below this Is a display of fire-engines, three of which are handsome steamers, and a case of firemen's hats, overhauls, etc. Beyond the engines a fine hook and ladder carriage is placed. Several old-fashioned hand^cngines are included in the display, OF THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 445 and look odd indeed beside the glittering steamers. Passing on we come to the display of chemical fire-extinguishers, the largest and handsomest exhibit being made by the Babcock Fire-Extinguisher Company, whose machines .are used in the Exhibition buildings. Farther on, I. P. Morris & Co., of the Port Eichmond Iron Works, Philadelphia, exhibit a large and complete blast furnace which towers to the roof, high above all the surrounding objects. Near the intersection of the aisle with the transept, E. M. Boyntou, of New York, has a handsome pavilion of black walnut, velvet and gilt, ornamented with specimens of his saws. It is one of the most conspicuous objects in the hall, and is admirably suited to the display of the articles it contains. Turning westward again, and crossing to tiie north side of the aisle, we notice a handsome display of paintings and models of the steamers of the American Line, from Philadelphia to Liverpool, made by the steamship company. The north side of the central aisle, from the transept west- ward, is taken up almost entirely by the exhibit of the sewing macin'ne manufacturers. All the sewing machines of the country are represented here, and the display made by them is one of the most attractive features of the Exhibition. The spaces occupied by the various manufacturers stand side by side, and are fitted up in the handsomest style. Rich native woods and costly hangings are used in the construction of the en- closures and pavilions of the various manufacturers, and neither expense nor taste has been spared to render these as byilliant and imposing as possible. Each firm exhibits its best machines, finished in tiie handsomest style, and displays conspicuously samples of fine needlework done by its operators. The ma- chines are operated by a number of young ladies, and are shown to all who are disposed to examine them. The handsomest displays are made by the Wilson, Weed, Wilcox & Gibbs, Howe, Domestic and Home Companies. The Howe pavilion contains a portrait of Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, and the pavilion of the Home Machine is the richest and most beautiful structure in Machinery Hall. 446 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY To the west of the sewing machines are the knitting ma- chines, the workings of which attract much attention; and Beyond these is a handsome model of a steam tug, with an exhibit of improved screw propellers for steam vessels, and we enter once more the space devoted to steam-engines. Among these we notice a machine for ditching and draining, exhibited by Eandolph Brothers, of New Jersey. Several ^zes of this machine for horse and steam power are made. The largest size will dig eight cubic yards per minute in clay soil, or as much as a single man can dig in a day. A two-horse machine, weighing 1600 pounds, will do the work of forty men. The next space is occupied by Pnsey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, Delaware, with a large display of machinery of various kinds ; and just beyond N. W. Twiss & Co., of New Haven, exhibit a number of beautiful vertical engines. The yacht engine ex- hibited here is one of the prettiest and most complete machines M the building. We are at the west end of the aisle, and pass around to the north avenue, at the western end of wiiich, on the south side, Messrs. Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore, have a large display of machines of various kinds. Eastward of this exhibit, on the same side of the avenue, the steam-engines stretch away for a considerable distance. Beyond these the American Iron Works of Pittsburgh, make an extensive display of wheels, shafting, pulleys, bar, sheet, plate iron, and T rails. Immediately to the south of this exhibit a loom is at work weaving suspenders for the National Suspender Company, of New York. You may have a pair woven with your name while you wait for them. Below the American Iron Works, is one of the handsomest displays in the hall. It is the exhibit of the John A. Koeb- ling's Sons Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, manufacturers of wire rope and suspension bridge cables. Here are shown sec- tions of the cables of the suspension bridges over the Niagara at Niagara Falls, and those over the Ohio at Pittsburgh and Cin- cinnati, which were made by this firm. Handsome drawings of these bridges are displayed. A splendid plan of the suspen- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 447 sion bridge now in course of construction over the East river, at New York, forms one of the most conspicuous objects of the collection, and beneath it is a section of the cable for this bridge now being made by this firm. It is composed of six thousand, No. 7, galvanized steel wires. The ultimate strength of this cable is 22,300,000 pounds. A model of a large merchant ship rigged with wire rope is exhibited, and samples of the wire ropes and other articles made by the company are to be seen also. Beyond this space is an enormous direct acting steam and hydraulic cotton press, from the Taylor Iron Works, of Charles- ton, S. C. It is constructed entirely without pumps, and has but a single valve. It is the most powerful cotton press in the world, and among its other feats is said to have recompressed a bale of cotton into two-thirds of its original size. We now enter a region of looms a„d cotton machinery, and pause to notice the process of making and winding spool cotton as shown by the Willimantic and Hopedale Companies, of Con- necticut and Rhode Island. Beyond these machines a large power-loom is weaving corsets for the United States Corset Company. A lady operates the machine, and a number of her sex are generally interested lookers-on. Next door, a larger sized loom is weaving jute cloth. Both of these machines are the Lyall Positive Motion Loom, the accuracy and rapidity of the work of which are wonderful. In the next stand on the east, the Pyramid Pin Company, of New Haven, Connecticut, have a machine, in charge of a little girl, at work sticking pins in papers. This machine is capable of sticking 180,000 pins per day in this way. Next below is one of the most interesting exhibits in the hall. The American Watch Company, of Waltham, Massachusetts, have a work-shop, in which a number of their most experienced and skilful workers are engaged in the manufacture of watches by machinery. Every part of the process is illustrated by the work done here. The machines used are of the most delicate and perfect character, and the operations are marked by an accuracy and skill which elicit the warm praise of the inter- 448 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ested spectators who surround the workshop. The Waltham watches have long been regarded as the best of American manufacture, and the universal testimony of all who have used them is that they are unexcelled by any in the world. Adjoining the shop of the AValtham Company is a curious machine for engraving patterns for embroidery and laces. The transept is reached again, and we turn back westward again. On the right, opposite the Waltham shop, the Nono- tuck Silk Company, of Florence, Massachusetts, show the pro- cess of labelling spools and winding machine twist and sewing silk for the market. In the next space beyond William Wood & Co., of Philadelphia, have a loom at work weaving cotton cloths ; and above this the Monitor Carpet Mills, of Philadel- phia, have a power-loom at work weaving carpets without the use of a shuttle. Two power-looms are engaged beyond this one, weaving Brussels carpets. The Falls of Schuylkill Carpet Mills operate one of these looms, and thus illustrate the process by which the beautiful carpets displayed by them in the Main Building are woven. Going westward we pass several looms engaged in weaving cloth, and a number of wool-carding machines, and notice a fine Murkland power-loom at work weaving ingrain carpets for Messrs. John Bromley & Sons, Philadelphia. The rapidity with which this loom does its work is surprising. With a competent operator it will run off thirty-five yards of carpeting in a working day. Beyond this is tiie Garnett machine, which takes the waste of woollen facto- ries and works it up into fibre again, washing it clean at the same time. An interesting display is made of meters for registering the consumption of water; and the exhibit of steam-gauges is both large and handsomely arranged. Here is seen a little register- ing apparatus which records every revolution of the Corliss engine at the distant centre of the hall. Near the door is a hydraulic ram of novel construction, exhibited by the Dexter Spring Company of Pennsylvania. It furnishes its own power and is a perfect automatic pump. From the western end of the avenue we have been travei-sing OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 449 we pass into a small aisle to the north of it. The first notable exhibit is that of the Stillwell & Bierce Manufacturing Com- pany, of Dayton, Ohio. They exhibit a boiler for use in lime- stone countries, wliich removes the deposit of lime from the water and prevents it from encrusting the interior surface of the boiler. Beyond this space is the Backus Water Motor, which' would seem to be the long desired motive power for running sewing machines. Beyond this is a most interesting exhibit of asbestos, a mineral which has the peculiar property of being a non-conductor of heat. Farther on the Westinghouse Air-brake and Henderson's Hydraulic Brake for railroad oars make large and interesting displays of the merits of their respective ma- cliines. At the lower end of the aisle, on the south side, is a tall machine for drying paper-collar stock, and below this machines for drying cotton and worsted dyed goods. We have reached the transept once more, and enter upon the section devoted to the display of locomotives, which is one of the most prominent as well as one of the most attractive features of the Exhibition. About ten locomotives built by the Baldwin Works, the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad Companies, and other well-known manu&cturers, make up the collection, in which the latest improvements and the highest skill in this branch of the mechanic arts are shown. A narrow gauge locomotive and one for mining purposes are included in the collection. The fin- ishing of these splendid machines is handsome, but substantial. They are no finer in appearance than is usual, and represent faithfully the superior appearance as Well as construction of the American locomotive. Leaving the locomotives behind, we prass to the north aisl6, where we notice a large display of machinery for mills by J. T. Noye & Son, of Buffalo, New York, beyond which is an im- mense hoisting engine for mines, and a display of mining machinery, including a powerful Cornish pumping engine made by the Dickinson Manufacturing Company, of Scranton, Penn- sylvania. Both sides of the aisle are now occupied by the display of the scale makers. All the principal manufacturers are represented, 29 450 ' THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY. and this department is one of the largest and handsomest in the hall. The various styles of scales, are shown — platform scales, those for counters, letter scales, and balances. Every article is finished in the handsomest and showiest manner, and with a generous disregard of expense. A number of the makers show platform scales adjusted to the standards of the principal nations of Europe, Then follows, on both sides of the aisle, a collection of car- wheels, strucks, springs, railroad iron and rails, switches, seats for cars, and other railroad material, in the midst of which the Wharton Patent Switch makes an interesting showing of its workings. It is claimed for this switch that it is automatic in i{s movements, and that where it is used accidents are impossible. On the left liand side, above the Wharton Switch, the Baxter Steam-Engine Company make a handsome exhibit of their famous engines; and on the opposite side of the aisle is a hand- some arch made of lapwelded wrought-iron tubes, ornamented with the names of the States, and exhibited by the National Tube Company as specimens of their workmanship. On the north side of the aisle, at the western end of the building, is a huge vacuum pari for clarifying sugar, exhibited by tlie Colwell Iron Works, of New York. It towers to a height of thirty-five feet above the floor of the hall, and the vacuum pan has a diameter 6f ten feet. There are two plat- forms or stories one above the other. On the ground floor is a powerful horizontal engine working an air-pump to make the vacuum in the pan. The air-pipe connecting with the top is some eighteen inches in diameter, of iron, and has several drums. Underneath the pan is a large circular valve to run off the product of evaporation. There are also connected with this drying pan sugar boxes to receive the sugar and moulds for moulding the sugar loafs. The whole apparatus is of the most complete description, .and is a fair sample of the vacuum pans used in the largest sugar refineries in Cuba or Louisiana. We pass around into the north aisle and start eastward again, noticing first, on the right, or south side of the aisle, a large collection of washing, wringing, and mangling machines 452 THE ILLTTSTEATED HISTORY . of every kind and description, to run by hand or by steam-power. On the opposite side of the aisle a large machine for printing wall paper is shown by Messrs. Howell & Brothers, of Philadel- phia, the largest manufacturers of wall paper in the United States. Diagonally opposite this machine a number of glass- blowers are at work making fancy articles of glass by means of the blow-pipe. The left hand side of the aisle is taken up for a considerable distance by machinery for making paper in oper- ation, and on the other side a cracker-making machine is at work. Below the last are several machines engaged in the manufacture of fine candy bon-bons, and beyond these, on both sides of the aisle, we notice machines for butchers, bakers, and flour mills. Opposite these, on the north side of the aisle, is a small model of an old Virginia tobacco factory. All the operations of manu- facturing chewing tobacco are shown here, with the exception of the flavoring process. Four negro men are at work twisting the rolls from the leaves, and these rolls are pressed into the plugs of commerce while the visitors look on. The negroes, as they wor'k, sing* the songs and hymns Avhich are familiar to those who have visited the tobacco fectories of the South. The establishment is the exhibit of Mr. Albert Ordway, of Elch- mond, Virginia. Below the tobacco factory is a pretty display of small mills for grinding coffee and spices, below which the butchering machinery greets us again, and still farther east, on the north side, the process of making India rubber shoes is illustrated by machinery at work. The various stages of the process of work- ing up the soft mass of rubber and moulding it into shoes is exceedingly interesting, and the visitor may order a pair of shoes here and have them made under his own observation while he waits for them. The south side of the aisle, opposite the tobacco and India rubber works, is occupied by an exhibit of French burr mill- stones and wheat-cleaning machines. Below these is a large centrifugal sugar draininoj and drying niachine in operation, exhibited by H. W. & R. Lafferty, of Gloucester, New Jersey. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 453 Diagonally opposite, on the north side of the aisle, below the rubber works, Messrs. Whitman & Son, the well-known Phila- delphia cont'ectioners, make a practical exhibit of their process of preparing their bon-bons and fine candies. These are made and sold here daily. At the intersection of the aisle with the transept is a restau- rant, which appears to be doing a thriving business, and which offers good hot dinners for fifty cents. Immediately in front of the locomotives, and before the door of the restaurant, is the stand of the pop-corn man, already referred to in another part, of this chapter. We cross the transept, and continue on our way down the north aisle. On the east side of the transept and extending eastward along the north aisle for some distance is the exhibit of the Massachusetts marine prepared by the Commissioners of tliat State. It occupies a large stand handsomely draped with flags and streamers, and consists of models of allthe various kinds of sailing and steam vessels, both old and new style, owned in the ports of Massachusetts. Here is a fishing schooner, with her crew holding the lines which have been thrown overboard, a graceful yacht, a clipper ship, man-of-war, and whaler, each one complete in its way. The collection includes models of keels, fixtures of various kinds for vessels, steering gear, diving armor, and life-saving apparatus. The articles are arranged with great taste, and the collection consti- tutes one of the most conspicuous displays in Machinery Hall. On the opposite side of the aisle the type-writer, an ingenious machine for printing letters or manuscripts instead of writing tliem with the pen, is at work, and beyond it the system of setting up music type is shown. Passing on we enter the department of printing machinery. Here are presses of all kinds and of every make, from the little hand press designed for amateurs, to the great Bullock machines which strike ofi' 20,000 copies of the New York Herald in an hour. The presses stand on both side^ of the aisle, and extend over to the north avenue. In a prominent space near the northern wall we notice a splendid 451 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY six roller stop cylinder press, a roller-drum press, and a perlt'cting pres§ for illustrated cut work, all made and exhibited by Messrs. Cottrell & Babcock, of New York. These presses attract great attention, and are pronounced by competent judges the best of their kind in the world. The perfect distribution of tlieink, the registering apparatus, which does its work with a mathematical exactness, and the uniformity and beauty of its impressions, con- stitute it the most perfect printing machine for fine book work ever made. The publishers of tiiis book have long used it in the printing of their finest illustrated works, and have found it superior to any press they have ever used. Tiie drum cylinder press is provided with Charles Eneu Johnson's automatic paper feeding machine, which dispenses with the services of a feeder, for the press. We are now at the end of the American dei)artmcnt, and pass into the north avenue to complete our examination of the print- ing machinery. We notice two large jiresses at the eastern end of that avenue made by the Bullock Printing Press Company. They are in daily operation, and evciy afternoon a number of copies of the New York Herald and Sun are struck off from stereotype plates sent over fi?om New York in the morning. The papers are distributed among the visitors. These presses have a capacity of 20,000 impressions per hour. Paper cutting macliines stand on the north side of the avenue, and in this department are book binders' machinery, presses for «teel and copper plate and lithographic printing, and machinery for stereotyping and electrotyping and for type founding. On the north side of the aisle Messrs. R. Hoe & Co., of New York," show several of their improved presses, one of which is engaged in printing the fine illustrations contained in "Pictur- esque America," thus giving a practical demonstration of its excellence ; and at the western end of their space is the venerable hand press at which Benjamin Franklin worked as a journey- man printer daring his first visit to London. On the south side of the avenue opposite these presses is a fine ice yacht, a peculiarly American institution, and above it un American double life-boat with its equipments, beyond whicii OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 455 is a collection of boats and shells, and a half-size model of the famous Monitor life raft, which, it will be remembered, made a successful voyage across the Atlantic a few years ago, and has since been adopted by the navy of the United States. Beyond this is a full-sized steam yacht exhibited by Baird & Huston,, of Philadelphia, showing an improvement in the arrangement of the propeller. On the opposite side of the avenue, the New York Safety Engine Company exhibit a fine upright engine. At the head of the north avenue, and along the transept, John Roach & Sons, the famous shipbuilders of New York and Chester, Pennsylvania, exhibit a handsome collection'of models of the noted iron steamships they have built for the Pacific Mail Company and other shippers, and models of the ironclads Puritan and Miantonomoh built by them for the IJuited States. They exhibit also a sample of armor plating, and other work for iron vessels. Passing along the transept into the central aisle, we notice a number of models of vessels, life-saving apparatus, rafts, etc., and turning into the central aisle pause to notice the glass cutters and engravers at work at the head of the aisle, orna- menting glassware by engraving designs upon it by means of small grindstones worked by the foot. To the eastward of this stand we enter a region of machinery of various kinds for weaving cotton, woollen and silk cloths. On the left hand side of the aisle the Phoenix Manufacturing Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, have a Jacquard loom at work weaving Centeunial badges in silk, with the arms of the United States and a portrait of Washington woven on the face. These are beautiful pieces of work, and large numbers of them are purchased by visitors as souvenirs of the Exhibition. Opposite the loom A. F. Prentice & Co., of Worcester, Mas- sachusetts, exhibit a fine collection of machinists' tools, with a number of presses, dies, and other machines for working in metal. On the left hand side of the aisle, the Danforth Machine Company, of Paterson, New Jersey, exhibit three fine machines for spinning silk thread. All the stages of the manufacture of 456 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY this article, from the ra\»^ silk to the complete thread, are shown here. Below this W. E. & E. D. Lockwood, of Philadelphia, make an interesting exhibit of a self-feeding machine for the manu- facture of paper envelopes. The machine is almost entirely automatic, arid cuts, folds, gums and counts 120 envelopes per minute. By the side of this machine is another for printing envelopes, wliich prints 60,000 per day. A third machine is engaged in making paper collars. On the next space below, the process of making paper boxes by machinery is shown, and farther on is a brick-making ma- chine which works the clay, moulds the bricks and turns them out ready for baking. The machine takes the clay direct from the bank, tempers it in water, moulds it into bricks of uniform size with sharp angles and smooth surfaces, the bricks being stiff enough to wheel and stack in the sheds immediately with- out sun-drying.. The largest size of this machine is capable of producing from 25,000 to 40,000 full-sized bricks in ten hours. The machine is exhibited by Chambersi, Bro. & Co., of Phila- delphia, and always draws a crowd about it to witness its opera- tions. At the end of the aisle, William Sellers & Co., of Philadel- phia, make an extensive exhibit of powerful machinery for certain lines of work. They have a complete machine shop, ■ which could at any moment be started upon the most difficult and the heaviest work. Among the articles included in their collection is the largest machine tool in the hall. It is a plan- ing machine of eighty-one tons weight, having a bed weighing fifteen tons and a traverse of forty-four feet. In the next space Pratt & Whitney, of Hartford, Connecticut, exhibit a number of machinists' tools,, somewhat similar to, but of a smaller class than, those of Sellers & Co. Some of these tools are remarkable adaptations to certain classes of work, and exhibit the highest skill in their designs and construction. We are now at the end of the American department, and pass over to the south avenue, and work our way westward along it. On the right is the machine shop of Sellers & Co., and on the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 457 left an extensive exhibit of valves and steam pipe connections^ steam fittings of various kinds, and nuts, bolts and screws. Immediately on the west of the Sellers machinery, the Mid- vale Steel tV"orks, of (Nicetown) Philadelphia, make a splendid display of specimens of steel, including large axles and shafts of finely forged metal, and twisted and cold chilled bars. An sxle is shown which was tested at the United States navy yard at Washington, D. C, and which required a strain of 122,300 pounds to the square inch to snap it. Diagonally opposite, on the south side of the avenue, the Pittsburgh foundry shows some fine rollers of chilled iron for rolling brass, -with a broken section of a roller, showing the depth of crystallization. Above this, on the sputh side of the avenue, is a tall Tuscan column, built of thirty-eight different kinds of grindstones used in tlie mechanic arts, surmounted by a'^bronze eagle. It is tlie exhibit of J. E. Mitchell, of Philadelphia. Diagonally opposite a wood-turner is at work with a lathe, turning out handsome ornamental wooden boxes, and in the next space on the west, Hoopes & Townsend, of Philadelphia, have a handsome and unique pavilion ornamented with a large display of bolts, screws, and nuts. On the opposite side of the aisle is another stand with glassblowers at work making fancy articles for sale, and next above this a soda fountain. Opposite the soda fountain is a striking display of files of various kinds and sizes in a handsome show-case, and immediately opposite this exhibit is one of Otis &- Co.'s finest elevators with the lift- ing machinery. Having reached the transept again we turn into the south aisle, and notice on the right, within a few feet of the transept, a corkmaking machine at work, cutting out corks of various sizes from the bark. Here is a section of the bark of a cork tree, said to be the largest in the world. On the opposite side of the aisle Steinway & Sons, of New York, show metal frames for pianos, the mechanism of that in- strument, and specimens of the machinery used in its manufac- ture. 458 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY Both sides of the aisle are now taken up with a collection of machinery of various kinds. On the north side of the aisle the Pennsylvania Tack Works, of Norristown, have six of their machines at work cutting tacks out of thin strips of metal. The machines used are " Weaver's patent," which make 400 tacks per minute, and over 2500 different kinds and sizes. In the next space below, the Duncannon Iron Company of Philadelphia show the process of making nails by a machine operated by a nail cutter. Immediately back of this is an auto- matic nail cutter, which does not require the services of a man to turn tlie metal plate as in the ordinary machine. The remainder of the aisle is taken up with machinery for charging soda fountains. Having now finished our inspection of the American depart- ment in the main hall, we go back to the Corliss engine, and examine The Hydraulic-Annex, wiiich is a prolongation of the south transept, as we have stated elsewhere. Immediately south of the Corliss engine is a collection of brass and nickel plate stop-cocks, and another of machinists' vises and tools. On the west side of the main aisle of the annex is an exhibit of files in a handsome case. The principal object of this collection is a large file-blade of polished steel suspended in the case. It is ornamented with a series of fine etchings, representing the workshops of Alexander Krumbhaar, of Philadelphia, by whom the exhibit is made. On the other side of the file is etched a fine view of Philadelphia. The etchings are by C. P. Pluemacher. On the right hand of the aisle, just beyond the files, the Silsby Manufacturing Company, of Seneca Falls, New York, display several handsome steam fire-engines, and horse and hand hose- carriages, and close by the same company have one of their famous rotary steam-pumps. The central portion of the annex is occupied by a sunkea tank, 106 feet long by 60 feet wide, which is filled with water to a depth of about ten feet. At the south end of this tank is a OF THB CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 459 smaller tank raised about forty feet from the floor of the hall, from which a steady sheet of water pours in a cascade down into the pool below. The water is raised by two rotary pumps, driven by a steam-engine of 150 horse-power, which raise 30,000 gallons of water per minute to the upper tank. The pumps and engine were made by Robert Wetherill & Co., of Chester, Penn- sylvania. The fall has a weir depth of about four inches and a width of thirty-six feet. The effect is very fine, and the cascade forms one of the principal attractions of the hall. The pumps and hydraulic machines are grouped around the lower tank, and discharge steady streams of water into it. Here are hydraulic rams, presses, steam and hand pumps, pumps for 'mines, sugar refineries, and other special uses, turbine water- wheels and blowing machines and ventilating apparatus. Great Britain and several foreign nations participate in the axhibit, their machines being located on the east side of the annex. ' With the Hydraulic Annex, we conclude our inspection of the American department, and turn our attention next to the exhibits of the foreign nations. Great Britain and Ireland. The space assigned to Great Britain and Ireland covers about one-third of the area occupied by the foreign exhibits. Banners of red with letters of white suspended from the roof mark the British section. We begin our tour tli rough it in the southern aisle, at its eastern end, just above the German section. On the south side of the aisle are two of the famous traction engines made by Aveling & Porter, of Rochester, England, They attract much attention, and have no superiors in the world. Across the aisle Messrs, Howard & Bullough exhibit some fine cotton machinery, including a large carding machine. In the next space is a display of submarine armor and diving apparatus, made by Siebe & Gorman, of London, We. cross now to the south avenue, on the soiith side of which several steam-hammers are displayed by B. & S. Massey, of Man- chester. This firm exhibit also steam-stamps, and circular-saws 460 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY for cutting Jipt iron and steel. A section of niue-inch iron armor-plate is also exhibited, in which are several deeply-indented shot holes, which show the severity of the test to which it was subjected. On the opposite side of the avenue is another section of iron plate, 21| inches in thickness, which is polished on one face. The outer edge shows the manner of building up plate upon plate to gain the required thickness. Armor of this kind is doubtless designed for land batteries and forts rather than for vessels. Wehaveno rolling-mill plants in thiscountry capableof making such heavy plating, and this is therefore without a jival. On the south side of the aveuue we pass a group of machinery for weaving cotton cloths, and come upon two immense steam- cranes made by Appleby Brothers, London. These have done good service since tluir arrival at the hall, their exhibitor hav- ing generously allowed them to be used in lifting and placing heavy articles in position. Opposite the cranes, Thomas Gadd, of Manchester, has a fine machine for printing calicoes, which prints eight colors at once, and an engine for running it ; and below this, Clarke, Stanfield & Co., of London, show a pretty model" of a floating dry-dock, with a steamship drawn up on one, to illustrate its workings. We are at the eastern end of the British section once more, and pass northward into the central aisle, and turn westward again. On tJie north side of the aisle Messrs. Newton & Wil- son, of London, make a large display of their sewing machines, many of which are operated by the hand instead of the foot, a style very popular in England. The machines are handsome, and are displayed in an attractive manner. On the opposite side of the aisle, a Jacquard loom is weaving badges of silk, and above the loom is another exhibit of sewing machines, these being the " Kimball & Morton machine." They are made in Glasgow, and are famous in the united kingdom as the machine that broke up the combination monopoly, and compelled the trade to lower the price of sewing machines. Immediately on the west of these machines, the well-known cottonrspinners, J. & P. Coats, of Paisley, Scotland, have machines, at work wind- ing and spooling cotton thread, which finds a ready sale to visitors to the hall. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 461 At the west end of the British section in this aisle we notice a large table on which Messrs. Brierly Sons & Reynolds, of London, have a beautiful model of d railway junction, by ineans of which they illustrate the English system of managing railway switches and signalling the movements of trains. A similar exhibit is made immediately north of this one by Messrs. Saxby & Farmer, of London, who also show photographs and drawings of the workings of the switch system of the great depots of Lon- don. These two exhibits are among the most interesting objects in Machinery Hall. They show the practical workings of the " block system " of running trains, which has been adopted by a number of our leading railroad lines, and embody some valua- ble features which our roads generally might adopt with advan- tage to the public. Adjoining Saxby & Farmer's model, the Inman Steamship Company exhibit a full-rigged model of their fine steamer, the City of Berlin. To the east of the railway model, Mr. John Walter, of the London Times, exhibits the printing press which bears his name. It is a fine machine and a worthy rival of the great American presses. It prints a daily edition of the New York Times, and attracts much attenti^on from visitors. On the east of the Walter press, Messrs. Mirlees, Tait & Watson, of Glasgow, make an extensive display of machinery in motion, consisting of a sugar .mill, and a valveless engine working an air-pump for a vacuum-pan, and driving centrifugal machines. This is one of the largest exhibits in the hall, and the machinery is all of the largest class. Though the English display of machinery does not fairly represent the capacity of Great Britain for dealing successfully with the heaviest as well as the most delicate branches of the mechanic arts, it is still deeply interesting, and is in many par- ticulars unequalled by anything in the hall. Canada. \ Canada, New Brunswipk and Nova Scotia make a collective exhibit under one general title, as above. They have planing and moiilding machines, two kinds of turbine wheels, horizontal 462 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 463 and radial boring mills, from Dundas, stationary, vertical, hori- zontal, and portable steam-engines, and seamless "lead trap machines from Montreal; car-wheels, soda-water apparatus, and marbles, from Toronto; and railway .signals from Belle- ville, in Canada, jTova Scotia sends quartz-crushers from - Halifax; and New Brunswick, vertical steam-engines and circu- lar-saws from St. John's. Lathes, drills, brick-making machinery, a steam fire-engine, sewing machines, from Canada, canoes, and boats of various kinds, make up the remainder of the exhibit, which is very interesting, and fully sustains the views we have expressed with reference to the enterprise and skilfulness of our northern neighbors, in our account of the Canadian display in the Main Building. The Canadian section is at the eastern end of Machinery Hall, and in the centre of the building. Gsrmany. The German section occupies the southeast corner of Machinery' Hall, and is about one-half as large as that assigned to Great Britain. The German display is neither very large nor very varied, and does not give the visitor a fair idea of the resources of Germany, or the progress made by her in mechanics. Upon entering the southeastern doors of Machinery Hall, the visitor's attention is at once drawn to two immense breech- loading siege guns that are mounted on carriages of a peculiar construction. These are the famous 1200-pounder breech-load- ing Krupp guns, from the foundry of that maker, at Eisen. These guns have been adopted by the German government for the fortifications of the empire and . for siege purposes. They were well tested during the Franco-German war a few years ago in the sieges of Strasburgh, Metz, and Paris, and are considered among the most formidable and effective weapons in the world. A immber of smaller rifled steel-guns of the same maker, for field uses, are grouped about the i)ase of the monsters Avhich frown down from their lofty position upon the peaceful assem- blage about them. 464 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY On the north of the Krupp guns is a tall column of iexhibits from the iron mine from which the metal for these guus is drawn. The base of the column is of crude iron ore, and the shaft of the smelted ore. It is a conspicuous object in this part of the hall. To the north of it is a fine collection of copper and iron wire piled in pyramidal form. On the south side of the space occupied by the Krupp guns a large machine is at work making full-sized bricks of a fine ■ quality. It is exhibited by C. Schlickeysen, of Berlin. Prussia makes a fine exhibit of sulphur and copper ores, and on the south of this are a number of railroad car-wheels, a rail- road switch, and machinery for railroad cars. Along the south aisle several gas-engines of a peculiar construction are in opera- tion, showing how a steady motive power is derived from the ex- plosive'force of ordinary burning gas. They are exhibited by the Gas Motor Factory, of Deutz. At the eastern end of the German section a collection of steam gauges from Hamburg and Magde- burg is shown. The German sewing machine manufacturers make a collective display, and Aix la Chapelle shows her needles in handsome style. There are printing presses from Leipzig, steam-engines from Bremerhaven, and machinery of various kinds from Hamburg and Berlin in the rerriainder of the collection. . France. Tiie French section occupies the northeastern corner of Machinery Hall, and is equal in size to that of Germany. At the eastern end of the north avenue of the building, A. Guinet & Co., of Lyons, have a loom, for the illustration of the process of weaving silk ; and beyond the loom E. Secretan, of Paris, has an exceptionally elaborate pavilion, constructed of brass and copper, in which he exhibits specimens of his work in those metals. To tiie north of this pavilion, the French choco- late and bon-bon makers are at work, making and selling their finest confections ; and the same firm, Beyer Brothers, of Paris, have a set of machines turning out their fine soaps, which find a ready market. ^ On the north side of the aisle, near the east door, F. Arbey, OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 465 of Paris, exhibits a collection of wood-working macliinery, and to the west of this Morane, of Paris, exhibits some adniirabk machinery for making stearine candles. In the north aisle, near the western end of the French sec- tion, P. Alanzet & Co., of Parisj have a series of lithographic printing machines. One of these is a railway printing machine, the bed of which is carried on wheels, which run on tracks. Around the sides of their space are displayed specimens of their lithographic printing. The remainder of the French exhibit consists of a variety of machines. A fine apparatus for making beet-root sugar is shown by Beyer Brothers, of Paris. A Charleville house ex- hibits 'portable forges ; Sascole, of Paris, has an interesting machine for making illuminating gas ; D. Segat, of Paris', cix- hibits a machine for sewing straw hats; E. Cornely, of Paris, a machine for embroidering; E. Carr6, also of Paris, a macliine for making ice ; and Leon Edoux, of Paris, a special system for mountain railways. The machines of the French exhibit are made with a neatness and display a completeness of workman- ship that challenge the admiration of all who examine them. Belgium. The Belgian exhibit is small, but very complete, and occu- pies a space about one-third as large as that of Great Britain. It is situated on the north side of the hall, immediately west'of the French section. One of the largest single machines in the liall is a Belgian wcIl-borer, exhibited by Joseph Chaudron, of Brussels. It is an enormous leg of iron, with a foot having a row of chisels on the side, used to stamp holes into the ground. " It weighs- 20,000 pounds, and, being rotated six inches after each stroke, makes a circular hole ten feet across. Claws and valved buckets lift up stones and mud respectively, for the creature delights in water; and when a hole is made a certain depth another still larger shaft, with a foot fifteen inclies long, and weighing 30,000 pounds and having chisels to match,, is 30 466 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY Stamper! up and down to enlarge the hole, which is then cased with cast-iron pipe." Loiivain sends a fine exhibit of railway car-wheels and axles; Mariernont, railway stock of various kinds; Verviers, wool- cleaning and carding machines and looms ; and Brussels, em- broidering and sewing machines. Auguste De Tomboy, of' Marcinelle, near Charleroi, exhibits the model of a trip-hammer and one of steam shears, and close by is a collection of machin- ery for making bolts. Emile Van Flaecht, of Haeren, near Brussels, shows some beautiful models of fat-rendering works, with samples of stearine and oleine. One of the finest of the Belgian exhibits is that of P. Van der Kerchove, of Ghent, and consists of a beautiful horizontal Cor- liss engine, built for the Belgian mint, at Brussels, and a smaller one with Rider valves. Verviers sends beautiful machines for working in wool ; and Celestine Martin, of the same city, has a ring and traveller spinner. Brussels, Namur and La Louviere send multitubular filters, rotary pumps and punching machines. From the above description it will be seen that but a few of the great Belgian manufacturers take part in the display in Machinery Hall, a circumstance much to be regretted, as there is no country in Europe which could offer such a varied, in- teresting and valuable mechanical exhibition as the " Republi- can kingdom." Sweden. The Swedish space is less than a third as large as that of Belgium, and lies along the north side of the north aisle, im- mediately opposite the Belgian space. The tall stoves of the country form conspicuous portions of the exhibit. The ma- chines for working in wood and metal are among the very best in the hall, and there are quite a number of them. Norway has some fine machinery for the same purpose, her collection being shown with that of Sweden. There are several trip- hammers in this section, and machines lor making bricks of peat ; also two stationary horizontal, and one vertical steam- engine. Sewing machines, a fire-engine, railway axles and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 467 springs, and ■fire-escaping apparatus are exhibited. A small narrow gauge locomotive, called the "Nyhammer," stands at the western end of the Swedish space, and is a singular-looking machine. Russia. Russia does not make much of a display in Machinery Hall. She has two sections, one of which is situated on the north side of the north aisle, on the west of the Swedish space, where she displays some fine brass mortars and naval guns ; and another between the central aisle and northern avenue, and between the American and British sections, in which some interesting ma- chinery is shown. Brazil. The Brazilian section lies between the north avenue and north aisle, to the west of the Belgian space. It contains one of the most complete displays made by any of the foreign nations in this hall. One c^ the most conspicuous objects of the collection is a stationary engine of very peculiar construO- tion, which can he constructed for either high pressure or low pressure, and is said to be very simple and easy to keep in order. There are also several models of marine engines. "There are three models of men-of-war, representing differ- ent styles. One of these is to represent a ship carrying a square battery amidships, being almost as wide as the vessel itself, and pierced for four guns, one on each face. The second carries amidships a turret that is flat on the sides and circular on the ends, at one of which is the porthole for the single gun it carries. The third model is for a gunboat of ordinary construc- tion. The models in elevation showing the lines of the vessels are some fourteen in number, and are representations of vessels of various sizes, from a large sloop-of-war to an ordinary si^d gunboat. They are all well made and will bear inspection. " The machine shop at the arsenal of Marinha, at Bahia, is here beautifully represented by a miniature nlodel, in which are represented the engines and boilers and all the ilifferent pieces of machinery. There are three boilers and two engine?, i68 ' THK ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY and a complete line of shafting, with couplings, counter-shafting and hangers, all complete. Here we can see, all arranged in methodical order, planes, upright drills, boring machines and several lathes. Small as these latter are, and all are made to scale, they show every part as perfect as in the larger machines. Besides the engines and toilers and the shafting, there are twenty-one different machines represented, and also tlie rail tracks with the two turn-tables and two trucks. There are also two models of stone dry docks, being made to scale from those at Santa Cruz and the Imperial dry dock. These are also complete, and give a very good idea of those important govern- ment works. A very handsome model of a stone casemate, with gun and carriage, is also a very prominent piece in this section. •It is very accurate and complete to the most minute details, every part of the carriage and the training tackle being shown, as well as the rifling in the guns. "A pin-making machine is shown, completed, and a series of the different pieces are also shown, both complete and in section, so as to give a perfect idea of tlie entire construction. It is worked by hand, and makes the ordinary solid-headed pin, and is apparently very simple and effective in construction. It is not a large machine, being not over two feet in length and a foot in width, and so constructed as to be placed upon any table. A couple of the machines used in the Imperial mint are also shown, one of which is for stamping the coin. " The army and navy of Brazil are represented by full suits of the uniforms of the several grades of the service, and also a large case full of the various small arms, rifles, carbines, swords and pistols. One of the latter is a silver and gold-plated re- volver of very handsome make. A very handsome model of a brass field-piece, all limbered up with caisson and everything complete, is a fine piece of workmanship. There are here also three bronze mortars of the sizes used in the service. They are mounted on their carriages, or beds, all ready for service. One field-piece of Bronze is mounted and in position. It is about the size of one of our twelve-pounders. There is a larger one dis- mounted, and also a specimen of a howitzer. These pieces are OF THE CENTEXXIAI^ EXHIBITION. 469 very highly finished in every part. A couple of small camp- clicsts of leather, and also of amraunitiou-buckets of the same material, are shown. "Quite a number of brass pumps are here on exhibit, as well as two or three stationary fire-engines. The specimens of brass eocks are some of them rather unique in shape to us, but they are all of fine workmanship. We find also some specimens of shafting hangers and pulleys, a gear wheel and propeller, and also some specimens of carpenter tools, the planes having a sort of horn in the rear of the handle. A case of coins shows the different kinds of money used in the empire, and gives the gold, silver and copper coins of the several denominations," A small space across the north aisle is devoted to a showing of the silk culture of Brazil, which is as yet in its infancy. Tlie habits of the silk worm are exhibited in a most interesting manner, and a loom for spinning silk thread is in operation. On the south side of Machinery Hall, and west of the Hydraulic Annex, are three substantially built structures, smaller than, but similar in outward appearance £o, the principal edifice. These are the Annexes for the display of boilers and quartz- crushing machinery, which may be seen in operation here. CHAPTER XIV. AGEICULTUKAL. HALL. Description of the Building — Interior Arrangements — Classification of the Exhibit — The American Department — Agricultural Machinery — The Plows — Harvesting Machines — Threshing Machines — The Cider Mill — The Native Wines of America— The Starch Makers — The Windmill — The Natural History Collection — The California Buftet — The Aquaria — The . Tobacco Exhibit — A Fine Display — Collective Exhibits of the Agricultural Products of the States of the Union — Daniel Webster's Plow — The Cape Ann Fisheries — " Old Abe " — The British Court — A Small Display — Agri- cultural Products of Canada — Canadian Machinery — TLe French Exhibit— A Fine Display of French Wines — Germany's Contribution — ^The Wines of the Khine land — Agricultural Products of A'^ritria and Hungary — Exhibit of Bussian Products — Italian Wines and Oils — Bologna Sausages — The Spanish Court — A Complete Exhibit of the Products of Spain^The Portu- guese Collection — Holland's Exhibit — The Norway Fisheries^Swedisli Exhibit— The Japanese Court— The Tea and Silk Culture — ^The Brazilian Court — The Cotton Pavilion — A Remarkable Collection — ^The Brazilian Silk Culture — Exhibits of Venezuela and the Argentine Bepublic — The Liberian Court — ^The Pomological Annex — The Wagon Annex. HE Agricultural Bui]f)".,g stands on the third of the spurs or ridges which break the Exhibition enclosure, and is situated to the north of tie Belmont valley, and on the eastern side of Belmont avenue. It is the third in size of the Exhibition building?; and is constructed principally of wood and glass. Tlie exterior is painted a dark brown, and the roof is a dark greer broken only by the sky- lights which are placed at numerous points in it. The building consists of a nave 820 feet in length and 100 feet in width, extending from north to south. This nave is, crossed by three transepts running east and west, each 540 feet long, the central transept is 100 feet in width, the side transepts 80 feet in width. At the point of intersection of the 470 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITlOiJ. 471 nave and central transept a handsome cupola rises fi-om the roofj sunnountey the sergeant who bore him at the head of the regiment during the war. Between the court and the central transept the space along the nave is occupied by the collective exhibit of the pork- packers of Cincinnati. We pass into the central transept, on the south side of which is the Spanish exhibit. On the north side D. Landreth & Sons, of Philadelphia^, make an extensive and handsome display of their famous seeds for the garden and farm. Mr. B, Lan- dreth, one of the partners in this well-known house, is the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture, The zeal and skill with which he has conducted his department are shown in theii highest light in the grand exhibition of the products of the world collected within the Agricultural Building. The transept is here occupied by a confectionery stand, beyond which, on the north side of the transept, is Renter's Restaurant, the principal eating-house in this hall. Beyond the restaurant the State of Iowa makes a beautiful display of her agricultural products, a prominent feature of which is a large and complete collection of fruits under glass. Beyond this is an exhibit of the niinerals of Nevada, and at the west end of the transept Iowa exhibits specimens of her soils in tall glass columns. We are now at the end of the American d^ipartment, and in turning our attention to the exhibits of fofeign nations give the first place to the mother country. Great Britain and /re/and. The British section is in the southeast corner of the hall, and «xtends from the nave to the eastern wall, and from the south- east transept to the south wall. The display is small, and does not compare favorably with the splendid showing made by Great Britain in the Main Building. Scarcely any of the English agricultural machinery is to be found here, and the exhibit is far from doing justice to England as an agricultural country. OF THE CENTENNUL EXHIBITION. 489 The post of honor, on the front line of the section, is given to the makers of pickles, potted meats, mustards and extracts. Crosse & Blackwell, the famous Chow-Cbow makers, have a lofty case of black and gilt, semicircular in shape, at the inter- section of the uave and transept, in which they show their goods, and immediately behind them Keen & Robinson, of Xiondon, have a handsome case of mustard. On the front line, immediately south of Crosse & Blackwell, T. & H. Smith, of Edinburgh, have a handsome display of extracts of various kinds. The most conspicuous portions of their exhibits are two fine white crystallized substances, looking exactly alike. One of these is coffeeine, or the active principle of the coffee bean ; the other, theine, the active principle of tea. Adjoining this exhibit is a case of fine extracts by John MackayS, also of Edinburgh. To the south of the extracts is an exhibit of bee-hives and bee-furniture, by, George Neighbor & Sons, of London, and in the adjoining space John L, Bowes & Brother, of Liverpool, exhibit samples of wool from all parts of the' world. At the south end of the front line the Cork Distilleries Company, of Cork, Ireland, have a tasteful pavilion in which they show some superior Irish whiskeys in wood and glass. Having finished the front line along the nave, we go back to the southeast transept and continue our examination along its south side. Adjoining Keen, Robinson & Co.'s exhibit Emile Menier, of London, makes a handsome display of fine choco- lates and cocoas. Farther on, on the south side of the transept, John McCann, of Drogheda, Ireland, exhibits a fine article of Irish oajtmeal, and shows the appearance of the meal at the different stages of grinding. To the right of the oatmeal is an exhibit of meat extracts, soups and potted meats. The Colonial Produce Company, of London, exhibit specimens of their patent tea, milk and sugar, and patent coffee, milk and sugar. These are reduced to a powder and wrapped, in air-tight gelatine en- velopes, which readily dissolve with the powder in hot water. A package will make three cups of tea and toffee. This is a capital preparation for travellers or for persocs camping out for pleasure or from necessity. 490 THE II.LUSTEATED HISTOSY An exhibit of ginger ales and aerated waters now follows, beyond which John Coope & Co., of Burton-on-Treut, display iheir well-kJiown Burton ale. In the next space is one of Aveling & Porter's road steam-engines which we noticed in Machinery Hall. By the side of it is a large wagon for road ' locomotives. Farther on Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Nor- wich, exhibit a collection of ornamental iron work for farm and stable use. From the east end of the transept we pass to the next court on the south. Half way down this is a portable engine for farm use, different in style from those used in this country and occupying less space. Below it the exhibit of ales is continued. On the south or opposite side of the court James Fussell & Sons, of Somersetshire, have a collection of reaping hooks and other edge tools used in agriculture. Lower down are the confectioners, who show their goods in handsome cases, and to the south of them Lea & Perrin have a case of ebony and gilt, in w^hich they exhibit their world- famed Worcestershire Sauce. Passing to the most southern court of all we notice a hand- some case of walnut, containing a large display of ales, Dublin stout and whiskey, by E. & J. Burke, of Dublin. Farther eastward is an apparatus for suckling young calves, •sheep and pigs. It is a wooden trough, which is filled with milk when ready for use. A number of tubes project from the •side, each with a rubber nipple. Beyond this a potter, too late for a place in the Main Building, exhibits a collection of por- celain and plain whiteware. Then follow some ornamental work, ditching tiles, drains, etc., in terra cotta, and several French burr millstones for hulling rice and grinding flour. Canada. The Canadian section lies in the southwest quarter of the hall, opposite that of Great Britain, and extends from the nave back to the Liberian section. The front line along the nave is taken up with an extensive display of the agricultural products of the Dominion, consisting OF THE CBNTENlSriAL EXHIBITJOX. 491 of the grains, beans, peas, roots and flour grown and made in Canada. Immediately back of these is an exhibit of Canadian wool. The qnality is very fiiie, and the length of the wool is notable. In the next line, going eastward, is a row of tall cases, in which are shown prepared specimens of the birds, animals and insects of Canada. The exhibit of insects is by the Entomo- logical Society of London, Ontario ; the birds and animals are exhibited by individuals from London, Toronto and Halifax. In the rear of these collections John Harvey & Co., of Hamil- ton, Canada, have a number of fine fleeces, showing a remark- able length and thickness of wool. Then follows an exhibit of vinegar in barrels, native fruits, macaroni, flour, salt, pickles, cheese, cured fish and canned goods of various kinds, which take up considerable space, and show the progress of the efforts of our Northern cousins in this direction. . A pyramidal stand, of considerable size, contains a display lofthe agricultural products of British Columbia. Some very 'fine wheat is included in this exhilnt, and samples of this grain .and oats on the stalk show the size and vigor which they attain in this high northern latitude. Specimens of the woods and barks of the country are also shown, and there are two blankets of variegated colors, woven by the Indians. We now enter the department of agricultural machinery, in which over one hundred exhibitors take part. The collection is similar to that in the American department, and is particu- larly rich in reapers, mowers, plows, harrows, root and straw- cutters and horse-powers. The variety in plows is, if anything, greater than our own, but the number of plows is much smaller. The most conspicuous exhibits of plows are made by George Ross, of Chatham, Ontario, and T. Spardle, of Stratford, On- tario. The " Yeondle plow," exhibited by the latter, is the finest in the Canadian collection, and one of, the very best in the hall. The Hamilton Agricultural ^\'■orks show a fine speci- men of the Iron-clad Adjustable Table and Platform Eeaper, a worthy rival of the best American reapers. A machine which forms a conspicuous part of this exhibit is the turnip-drill. 492 THE ILLUSTBATEI) HISTORY which does not appear in our own collection. The Canadian climate is not suited to .corn, and turnips and peas are raised in place of it. The collection includes also portable engines, cider- presses, potato-diggers, snow plows for breaking winter roads, graiu'drills and hay-loaders. Some of the threshing machines exhibited Jiere are among the largest and best in the hall, and are handsomely ornamented. France. The French section lies west of the nave and along the southwest transept. It extends on the south side of the tran- sept from the nave to the Dutch court, and on the north side of the transept from the nave to the west wall. It adjoins the Brazilian section on the north and the German section on the south. The most prominent feature of the French exhibit is the dis- play of wines. Every grade of wine made within the limits of the French republic is shown here. We find champagnes in abundance, and the dainty and delicious wines of the south of France are well represented. Here are Burgundies, clarets, red and light wines, and brandies and liquors of every description. The front line along the navo is occupied by a row of hand- some show-cases, principally of dbony and gilt, in which are displayed champagnes, brandies, liquors and olive oils. On the south side of the transept Menier & Co., of Paris, have a hand- some case of ebony and gilt, filled with a collection of fine chocolates. In the sides of the case are set photographs of the Menier establishment and the people employed in it. On the north side of the transept, Meunier, of Paris, has a beautiful case of carved ebony, ornaniented with lithographs of his fac- tory in 1785 and 1876, in which is a collection of fine chocolates. These firms are the principal chocolate-makers of France. The house of Meunier was founded in 1760, and is the oldest now in existence ; and its rival, Menier, claims to do an annual trade in chocolates of 25,000,000 francs. On the south side of the Frenph court, near the nave, C. Du- OP THE CENTEKNIAL EXHIBITION. 493 moiitlei?, of Claville, makes an exhibit of the agricultural pro- ducts of the de[)artraetit of the Eure. Immediately back of the front line, the south side of the section is occupied for some distance by a triple row of hand- some oak stalls, in which the great Paris seedsmen, Vilmorin & Andrieux, exliibit photographs of flowers, vegetable, and plants, and samples of seeds. Passing this we reach the principal exhibit of wines, brandies, ' liquors, cordials in glass bottles and srpall stone jugs, which takes np the entire space south of the transept, back to the Dutch section. On the north side of the transept is an extensive collection, by a number of exhibitors, of the famous pdti de foi gras of ytrasburg, pickles, preserves, mustards, jellies and prepared food of various kinds. Preserved fish and sardines in oil form a prominent part of the collection, and candied fruits, dried fruits, and vegetables, and prepared soups are extensively displayed. On; the north side of the court D. Gazaubon, of Paris, exhibits a fine collection of machinery for making and bottling mineral waters, and syphon bottles of a handsome pattern; and near the west end of the court several makers display machines for bottling and corking champagnes and other sparkling wines. A number of French burr mill-stones of a fine quality are shown near the northern border of the court, and near these are some fine crucibles, and specimens of various kinds of cements, hydraulic lime and artificial stone. The Roquefort cheese factory, exhibits specimens of its famous cheese; the tan- ners have an extensive exhibit of leather ; and the silk^growers of sonthern France show their raw silk and cocoons. Artificial manures, phosphatef?, and animal charcoal are also shown. Germany r The German section lies on the south of France and extends to the south wall of the building. It front? .a the nave and extends westward to the Austrian couft At the nave llie Rhenish Sparkling Wine Company of 494 THE IIJ.USTRATED HISTORY Schielsteiu have a large pavilion made of wine boxes^ and siir-- mounted by an immense wine bottle of glass at each of the four eorhers, in which they display their famous wines. Back of this pavilion is the collective exhibit of Rhine wines, in which the finest as well as the ordinary grades are shown. Alongside of these wines the German brandies, liquors, extracts and essences are displayed. A fair exhibit is also made of Bavarian and Prussian beer and hops, and of samples of the malt from which these are made. The confectioners, makers of wax, and manufacturers of smok- ing and fine-cut tobacco for chewing, cigars and cigarettes, make a large display; and there is a fair exhibit of prepared mustard, sugar and starch. Frankfort sends samples of curled hair, and Prussian Silesia some fine wool. The Royal Steel Works of Predericksthal, Wurtemberg, have a large stand representing a ]ialm tree. The trunk is of wood, and the branches are scythe blades arranged in a ;.icturesque manner. The wines are the strong feature of the German exhibit, and no eifort has been made to show the agricultural system or resources of that country. Austria and Hungary. The Austrian section is situated immediately west of the German court. The display is not large, but is interesting. On the eastern border of the court, fronting Germany, Johann Michael Schary, of Prague, exhibits a collection of raisins and other dried fruits, beer, wine, vinegar and mustards from. Bohemia. Beyond this space is an exhibit of Austrian and Hungarian wines; and at the north end of the court Marks & Weyden, of Buda-Pesth, Hungary, exhibit a fine collec- tion of the fruits and nuts of Hungary and the Danubian provinces. To the north of this collection is a display of candied fruits from Vienna, near which are specimens of hemp of an excellent quality grown in Hungary. Samples of fine Hungarian wool are also shown ; and near the west end is a col- lection of the grains of all the different provinces of the Aus- trian empire. Specimens of flax from Austria and Hungary OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 495 are included in the exhibit, and a number of samples of leather from Austria and Bohemia. Russia. The Russian court lies on the south side of the central transept, immediately west of the Spanish court, and extends back to the western wall. It is unenclosed, and occupies about one-third as much space as France. It is filled with one of the handsomest and most interesting collections in the Agricultural Building, and one that is richly worth studying carefully. The wheat, oats, barley, rye and other grains of the empire are shown in the most tasteful manner. They are arranged upon pyramidal stands, bags of the grains being collected about the base of the stands, while stalks with the ripened ears are placed in handsome majolica vases at the top. Large frames are filled with hemp suspended from the top of the frame in order to show the length of the fibre. The agricultural products of the various portions of the empire are shown according to a systematic classification, and many illustrations of Eussian farm-life are given. A number of the agricultural implements of the country are exhibited, and two large farm-wagons from Poland constitute a principal feature of the collection. Candied and dried fruits, preserves, crackers and confections are ex- hibited in glass case?, and the liquors and wines of the country are also shown. At the western end of the space, a number of exhibitors who were crowded out of the Russian court in the Main Building display a collection of rich and beautiful wares in large cases of oak and plate glass. As in the Main Building, Russia was one of the last countries to have her exhibit in readiness. Italy. The Italian court is situated in the southeast corner of the hall, and covers but a small space. Along the east wall are samples of raw and combed hemp exhibited by P. F. Facchini & Co., of Bologna, and adjoining these are a number of speci- mens of leather and boots and shoes. 496 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY The principal portion of the exhibit consists of wines, liquors,, cordials and olive oil, representing all the grades of these articles made in the Italian Peninsula and in Sicily. They are exhibited in bottles, and make an attractive display. In the southeast corner of the court the soap-makers have a creditable display. Large blocks of Castile and olive oil soap are among the most conspicuous objects in the court. A collection of grains, peas, beans and nuts, principally from Sicily and central Italy, is arranged along the southern side of the court, and rice from Piedmont is also shown here. It will be remembered that it was from a small quantity of rice obtained in Piedmont and sent to America by Mr. Jefferson, at the close of the last century, that the finest grades of our own rice have been pro- duced. There is a handsome display of confectionery and candied fruits from Turin ; and a case of the minerals found in the Peninsula is shown near the centre of the court. At the western end of the court are a number of specimens of man- ganese and iron ores from the mines of Kae Brothers, at Monte Argentine in Tuscany. Both minerals are of a fine quality and the ores are exceedingly rich. Milan sends Parmesan and Gor- gonzola cheese ; Ancona and Turin, leather and hides ; Palermo, Rome and Sienna, honey ; Bologna, her world-renowned sausages and salted meats; Naples and Sicily, macaroni and dried fruits; Syracuse, nuts ; and the other Sicilian cities, oranges, lemons, olives and figs. Sicily also makes an exhibit of a case of the essential oils of fruits, and of some fine liquorice. Sardines are to be seen here in quantities, and in glass and tin, in oil and pickled. Along the northern side of the court are several plows from Ancona, Cremona and Pisa, and a harrow from Venice. They are heavy and clumsy in appearance, and in striking contrast with the fine plows to be seen in the American or Canadian departments. Spain. The Spanish court is situated on the south side of the central transept, and extends from the nave back to the Russian section. As in the Main Hall, Spain makes here one of the hand- somest exhibits in the building. Her section is surrounded with OF THE CENTENNIAIj EXHIBITION. 497 a liigli wail of yellow wood, in the sides of which are set small glass-covered panels, which are filled with collections of the grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and other agricultural products of the Spanish kingdom. The entrance to the court is through a lofty gothic archway decorated with the arms of the kingdom and the national colors. Entering the court we find ourselves in the midst of one of the most extensive and best arranged collections in the hall. Immense logs of mahogany and rosewood lie on the ground, and festoons of tobacco leaves and sheaves of grain ornament tlie pillars, while from the roof along the sides of the court are sus- pended specimens of skins and Spanish leather. On each side of the entrance stand pyramids of the finest wools of Spain, and along the sides of the court the rich wines of the country are displayed in bottles arranged on shelves rising one above another. At the eastern end are several barrels of the famous Duff" Gordon sherries. At the southeast corner of the court the Valencian Society of Agriculture show a collection of the agricultural products of that province. There is a large display of Manilla hemp, and cordage made from it, from the Philippine islands. In the centre of the court is a rustic struc- ture of rough wood, containing specimens of resinous pine and the gums and resins extracted from it ; and to the east of this the agricultural products of the Philippine islands are exhibited in glass jars. Near the south end, the cigar-makers of Havana and Manilla have a large and handsome exhibit of cigars, cigarettes and tobaccos. They are displayed in ornamental cases of mahogany mounted upon standards. A large collection of chocolates occupies the northwest corner of the court, and close by it is a tall metal stand containing large jars and bottles of olive oil. The skill and ingenuity with which the articles are displayed is as noticeable as the completeness and excellent character of the exhibit. Portugal. The Portuguese exhibit feirly rivals that of Spain both in size and variety. It is distributed in two parts of the hall. The principal section assigned to Portugal lies on the south and west 498 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOEY of the Spanish cour,t, and is filled with a large and varied exhibit of the products of the kingdom. In the section on the south of the Spanish court, the little kingdom displays her oils and wines ; the south side of this section being entirely taken up with bottles of Port and Madeira wines. Here also are to be seen the raw silk and cocooas, which form a part of the Portu- guese exhibit. In the section to the west of the Spanish court is a very extensive collection of the agricultural products of the kingdom, arranged on shelves and in glass jars. These consist of the grains, roots, fruits, nuts, olives, raisins, dried fruits, and spices of the different provinces of Portugal. Some very large potatoes and turnips are preserved in alcohol. Pickles, preserves, and canned meats, vegetables, and fish are exhibited in large quantities. The products of the Portuguese colonies are displayed in a similar manner, in a small court in the southeast corner of the hall, between the Italian and English sections. The NetherlandSi The section assigned to the Netherlands lies south of the south- west transept, and extends from the west wall of the building to the French section on the east, and from the transept to the Austrian and Venezuelan sections on the south. AVith charac- teristic industry the Dutch were among the first to have their exhibit ready, and have arranged it with admirable system and neatness. Starting from the west end of the section we'' notice the colleo- tive exhibits by the agricultural societies of Guelderland and Zealand, of the products of those provinces, including seeds, specimens of grain, plants, dye-woods, photographs of cattle, beans and peas, and a model of a thatched hay-cock. In this exhibit are shown the wooden shoes worn by certain classes of the Dutch j)easantry. Close by is an exhibit of a peculiar kind of flour wiiich has the property of keeping pure and sweet for years. Adjoining this is the exhibit of the makers of chocolate and ood-liver oil. A collection of round Edam cheeses is shown to the east of these; and then come specimens of fine flax. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 499 Opposite the flax is the exhibit of cigars and manufactured tobacco. On the north side of the court are a number of models of old and new style Dutch fishing vessels, from Scheveningen, with a collection of fishing tackle. Large seines for deep-water fish- ing are suspended overhead. We come next to the collection of pickles, canned meats, fish, and vegetables, which is large and M-ell displaj-ed. Adjoining this are jars containing samples of different grades of beet-sugar from the Beet-Sugar Factory of Arnhem. The remainder of the section is taken up with the exhibit of Holland gin, cordials and liquors, which is very large. Tlic principal display is made by the liquor-makers, who occupy a handsome pavilion of wood ornamented in maroon-color and gilt. Here are shown the finest grades of anisette, curagoa, ordme de mocha, noyau, and a hundred other odorous and pun- gent drinks not much used in this country, but which are very popular in Holland, and especially among the lladies. Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the section, the Dutch agricultural society make a collective exhibit of all the agricultural products of Holland. The entire exhibit speaks eloquently of the skill, taste, energy, and thrifty industry of the Dutch. Norway. The Norwegian court lies immediately west of that of Brazil, and is enclosed with a light and tasteful railing. Along the front line is a colleation of heavy, clumsy-looking plows, such as are used for breaking the rugged soil of this northern land. The exhibit is small, but consists of pale ales and a strong liquor called punch, which is much used in Norway and Sweden, as a stimulant against the intense cold of those countries. "Wines, brandy, cordials, tobacco, cigars, confectioneries, essences, and canned meats and fish make up the display. There is a fine exhibit of leather at the back of the court, and specimens of the water-birds of Norway are shown. In the northwest section of the building, Norway has another space enclosed with a light railing and handsomely draped with 500 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY seines and the national colors. Here she makes an exhibit of the products of her fisheries, and shows models of her fishing vessels of all kinds and their equipments, specimens of fishing- tackle, and samples of dried and preserved fish, anchovies, etc., as they are prepared for the market. For the purposes of this display, some of the larger kinds are preserved in alcohol. Sisoeden. The Swedish court lies immediately west of that of Norway. Along the north side are a number of fine plows, every part being of metal. They are intended for deep plowing, and seem capable of doing good work. The liquors, especially bottled punch, are a strong feature of the display. Here are also confections, prepared coifee, crackers, snuffs, and chewing tobacco. A chemist from Stockliolm has a case of phosphates and other preparations of agricultural chemistry. Towards the west end of the space are models of the various kinds of vessels used in the Swedisli fisheries, with samples of fishing-tackle, and overhead are suspended the seines used by the Swedish fishermen. Specimens of the fish gf the country are exhibited in alcohol. A number of samples of leather hang against the wall. The exhibit of native woods is complete and interesting. The grains of the country are shown in glass jars and also in the stalls and ear, and close by are a number of covered earthen jars containing samples of flour made in Sweden. Sardines, anchovies, herrings, and potted meats, scythes, and dairy utensils complete the collection. Denmark. The Danish section lies west of the Norwegian and south of the Swedish court. It is small, and the exhibit is made up of Danish punch, grains in the blade and in small canvas bags, brandies, pickles, preserves, and potted meats and fish. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHiBITION. 501 Belgium. - The Belgian section lies west of the nave, and immediately east of the Spanish and Portuguese courts. The exhibit is very small, but thirty-eight persons taking part in it. It comprises chiccory, raw, in the pod, and manufactured, chocolate, and the details of chocolate manufacture, specimens of fine leathers and kid, candies, cordials, gin, flax, wool, and millstones. Japan. The Japanese court is situated in the southwest corner of the hall, immediately west of the Austrian section, and is divided into small passage-ways by canvas screens. Each passage-way is provided with long rows of shelves on which the articles exhibited are arranged. Along the soutit wall, samples of native tobacco are shown ; but the greater part of this section of the court is devoted to an exiiibit of the teas of Japan. Specimens of tea are shown, and the process of tea-culture is illustrated by a number of drawings of the different stages of the growth of the plant. Along the west wall is a display of the fishing-tackle, nets, etc., used in Japan, with specimens of cured fish, some of which are put up in canvas, lilce bacon. Fishing-nets dre suspended overhead, and a part of the space along the west wall is given to an exhibit of the ie^ simple agricultural implements used in Japan, a primitive-looking plow and harrow, a scythe and cradle. On the north side of the south aisle of this court is a beautiful exhibit of the culture of silk as carried on in Japan. It is shown by specimens of the worm and cocoon, and of floss silk, and by models and drawings with explanations in English. In the next aisle on the north is a large collection of skins of fish and animals, and of shells, also samples of cotton from the government manufactory. The south side of the next aisle on the north is taken up with a display of tackle for hand-fishing, very much like our own, but made with the neatness that characterizes everything of Japanese workmanship. On the north side of this aisle is a 502 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY collectiou of sauces made from vegetable substances, and con tained in stone bottles. In the last aisle on the north the grains and other agricultural products of Japan are shown according to a systematic classifica- tion, and on the southern wall of this aisle is a display of the native woods of the empire. Each block of wood has affixed to it a specimen-leaf or twig of the tree from which it was taken. Brazil. The Brazilian section lies west of the nave and extends back to the Norwegian court. The French section bounds it on the south and the Portuguese on the north. Brazil was one of the very first of the foreign nations in this hall to have her exhibit in readiness, and it is fully in keeping in thoroughness and beauty with her display in the Main Building. In front of the court in which the principal display is made stands one of the most unique structures in the building. It is a rustic pavilion, the posts and rafters of which are wrapped in native cotton, giving to it at a distance the effect of an immense house of snow. The diffesent grades of Brazilian cotton are shown in bales arranged around the sides of the pavilion. The annual production of cotton in the empire amounts to about $14,902,443. Within the pavilion the different grades of Brazilian coffee are shown in jars and boxes of fanciful design, the Mocha and Rio being conspicuous among the other grains. The annual product of coffee in Brazil is $64,047,481, thus making its culture the principal and most profitable industry of the empire. Samples of native leaf lol)acco are also shown in this pavilion. The principal court lies immediately in the rear of the cotton pavilion, and is enclosed by a brilliantly ornamented railing, decorated with streamers of green and yellow and national flags. The collection of native woods is astonishing in the number and richness of the specimens displayed. It comprises over one thousand different woods, among which rosewood and niahogany are conspicuous, and is arranged along the entire court. A con- siderable display is also made of leather and skins, which are OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 503 suspended overhead around the court. The wines and liquors of the empire are shown, tliough these do not as yet constitute a very proaiiueut Brazilian industry. The annual product of sugar in Brazil amounts to $15,403,- 151, making it the second industry of the empire. Twelve different kinds of sugar are shown in this court, and will com- pare favorably with the sugars of our own Southern States and the West Indies. The exhibit includes cocoa in the nut and prepared for the market ; rice from Maranhao ; starches ; rubber, ready for the market and in the crude gum ; ninety different varieties of edible beans ; Brazilian teas, the culture of which is as yet in its in- fancy; gums, resins, canned goods, hemp; vegetable fibres for making rope, and a finer fibre which can be worked up into a sort of wool ; wax, pickles and preserves. The tobacco exhibit is large, and, besides smoking tobaccos, cigars and cigarettes, includes fourteen different kinds of snuff. The Brazilian si Ik- worm and its habits are shown in an ad- mirable manner. The Brazilian worm winds itself in such a way with its silk threads that in utilizing the silk the grower does not have to kill the worm, as is the case with the Asiatic worm. This worm is abundant in nearly all parts of the Bra- zilian empire, and produces in each generation an average of two hundred and forty cocoons of silk ; each cocoon weighing two and one-half drachms and containing thirty grains of good silk. The Brazilians take great pride in their silk culture, and every effort is made to extend and improve it from year to year. Venezuela. The Venezuelan exhibit arrived so late that it could not be given a place in the Main Exhibition Building, and was assigned a section in Agricultural Hall. This section lies in the southwest quarter of the hall, north of Japan and west of Austria. It is enclosed by a tasteful railing, ornamented in red and blue. The collection is almost entirely agricultural in its character, and includes the grains, vegetables, fruits and barks of the re- 501 THE ILLUSTEATED HIST03Y public. A large exhibit of coffee is made, and cochineal forms a considerable part of the display. A collection of oils, balsams, rum, and the famous Angostura bitters, is also exhibited. The skins of the native animals of Venezuela are suspended over- head, and samples of native tobacco are affixed to the pillars of the court. Pine-apples and other large fruits are shown in alcohol. A cabinet of very rich gold-bearing quartz and other minerals stands on the north side of the section, and on this side are also exhibited specimens of Venezuelan printing and book-binding, chocolates, boots and shoes, fruits in wax, embroideries, leather, and flowers made of the feathers of native birds. A portrait of Washington, surrounded by national emblems, made of human hair, is also shown. Samples of sugar and dye-woods complete the collection. The ArgenfiKe Republic. The section assigned to the Argentine Republic lies back of Portugal and south of the Russian court. It is enclosed with a light wooden railing, ornamented with the national colors. Festoons of the leaf of the native tobacco are hung about the court, and the skins of the native wild animals of the country are suspended overhead. The collection is very large, and includes over six hundred exhibitors. It comprises the native woods, barks, gums, resins, dye-woods and seeds of forest products; the grains, sugars, beans, peas, fruits, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, wines, dried fruits, nuts, liquors, leather, starch, flour, wax, honey, cotton and wool of the country. An exhibit is made of the silk grown in the republic, and several grades of sugar are shown. Liberia. The Liberian section is located at the east end of the hall, north of the southeast transept, and to the east of the Canadian section. It is the only display made by Liberia in the entire Exhibition, and is due entirely to the energy of Messrs. E. S. Morrii? & Co., of Philadelphia, who are extensive growers of Of the centennial exhibitio.v. 50'a coffee iu tliat far-off land. The members of this firm have assumed the entire expense of the exhibit, and deserve praise for their generous conduct. It may be said that they have been the principal means of developing the culture of coffee in Liberia, which is now one of her most prominent industries. They have also given themselves heart and soul to the work of civilizing Liberia by educating its people, and have caused a number of native African boys to be educated at the Lincoln University, at Chester, Pennsylvania, and intend sending them back home next year to establish schools among their own people. AH the proceeds of the sales of Liberian coffee at this stand during the Exhibition are devoted 'to the building of school-houses. Messrs. Morris & Co. intend to supply the de- ficiency from their own means. They will establish the schools as soon as possible, and require each pupil to pay for his tuition by planting and cultivating a small patcli of coffee at his own borne. Thus they hope to make Liberia a great coffee-growing eountry, and to extend the production of that article among the native tribes of the interior of Western Africa. The collection exhibited here consists of coffee principally. Tliis is of an excellent quality, as the writer can testify from a personal knowledge of it. Palm soap is the next exhibit in importance. Palm oil is shown in glass jars hermetically sealed. Lime-juice, chocolate, arrow-root, sugar, indigo, ivory and iron ore, make up the list of Liberian products. Messrs. Morris & Co. have their own indigo works in Liberia, the only establish- ment of the kind on the Avest coast of Africa. A coffee-hulling machine forms a part of the exhibit, and there are a good many curiosities in the way of implements and clothing made by the native tribes. The cap and robes of an African king are also shown. Ten native African boys, taken from the biish, and destined to serve as teachers, as mentioned above, are 0:1 duty in this department. The Pomological Annex. To the east of Agricultural Hall is a large wooden building intended for the various displays of ripe fruits and vegetables 506 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBV. which are to be made from time to time during the progress of the Exhibition. The Wagon Annex Is situated to the north of Agricultural Hall, and is simply a series of rough sheds, whitewashed. It contains a fine display of farm wagons and carts, bakers' and milk carts and ice wagons. These represent the highest degree of skill in wagon making, and show an admirable combination of lightness and strength, which is particularly characteristic of American work- manship in this department. They are handsomely ornamented, as a rule. Amerioan-made wagons have long commanded a high reputation in the markets of Europe for their admirable workmanship and beauty of design, as well as for their marked superiority over European vehicles in the combination of light- ness, strength and durability, to which we have referred. CHAPTER XV. HOKTICULTUKAL, HALL. Description of tlie Building — The Grand Conservatory — A Beautiful Hall — Tlie Fountain — Cost of the Building — Classification of the Exhibit — A Kich Colleetion of Tropical Plants — A Beautiful Scene — The Forcing Houses — The East and West Rooms — Exhibit of Gardening Materials — The Electri- cal Organ — The Horticultural Grounds — Tlie Guano Pavilion — The Tent — Anthony Waterer's Ehododendrons — The Cuban Summer House. r|| HE Horticultural Building is tlie smallest of the five 11 principal edifices of the Exhibition. It stands on the Lansdowne terrace, a short distance north of the Main Exhibition Building, from which it is separated by the Lansdowne valley. It is located a short distance back from the brow of the hill which rises from the Schuyl- kill, and commands a fine view of the river, the city and tiie surrounding country. The design of ths building is in the Mauresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, tlie edifice being constructed principally of iron and glass. Seen from a distance the effect is charming. The exterior is painted in variegated colors, which give to the building a light, fairy- like aspect, in perfect keeping with its graceful design. Tire length of the building is 383 feet, the width 193 feet, and the height, to the top of the lantern, 69 feet. The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this principal room are four forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with curved roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two forcing-houses in 507 508 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY each of these sides is a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre of the east and west ends are similar vestibules, on either side of which are the restaurants, reception room, offices, etc. From the vestibules ornamental stairways lead to the internal gal- leries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external gal' lerics, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries are connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the ground-floor, which has a superficial area of 1800 square yards. HOKTICULTUKAL BUILDING. The east and west entrances are approached by flights of blue marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet. In the centre of each stands an open kiosque, 20 feet in diameter. Each entrance is adorned with ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles of the main conservatory are provided with eight ornamental fountains. Tlie basement is of fire-proof construction, and contains the kitclien, the heating apparatus, store-rooms, coal-houses, etc. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 509 Mounting the marble steps and passing through the vestibule to which they lead, the visitor finds himself in the main con- servatory, a spacious and beautiful hall, which elicits the ad- miration of every beholder. The roof is of glass, and the iron framework in which the glass is set is tastefully decorated in fresco. A light gallery, with railings of open fretwork, extends around it, and opens at each of the four sides of the hall upon tlie external galleries to which reference has been made. It is supported by horse-shoe arches of black, white and red bricks. Two superb chandeliers hang from the roof, affording the means of brilliantly illuminating the hall at night. In the centre of the hall is a large fountain of marble, exe- cuted by Miss Margaret Foley, an American artist, in Rome. It is a tall structure, the water falling from several successive basins into the pool below, in which is a group of statuary in marble, of quaint design. It represents a group of children bathing from a reedy bank. One joyous little one is blowing a shell, and another, half reluctant to plunge into the cold water, upon which she gazes down, leans lightly on the chubby shoulders of a third child. From the fountain walks radiate to the north, east, west and south, and divide the floor of the conservatory into beds. Around the hall is a row of corridors, from which the arches which support the inner gallery open into the conservatory. ' The Horticultural Building is the property of the city of Philadelphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of the park after the close of the Exhibition. It cost $300,000, which sum was defrayed by appropriations by the City Councils. The ground was graded and the foundations laid on the 1st of May, 1B75, and the building was completed April 1st, 1876. It covers an area of about an acre and a half. The architect was H. J. Schwarzmann ; the contractor, John Rice, both of Philadelphia. The wrought-iron was furnished by the Key- stone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh ; the cast-iron by Sanuiel J. Cresswell, of Philadelphia ; the painting was done by Joseph Chapman, of Philadelphia ; and the masonry by Moore & S'-at- tergood, Philadelphia. 510 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY The collection exhibited in the Horticultural Building is classified as follows by the Centennial Commission : Depabtment VII.— Horticulture. 700—709 Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. 710 — 719. . . .Hpt-houses, Conservatories, Graperies. 720 — 729. . . .Garden Tools, Accessories of Gardening. 730 — 739. . . .Garden Designing, Construction and Management. The conservatory, or main hall, of tlie building is filled with a superb collection of rare and luxuriant tropical trees and shrubs. Tlie side spaces of the hail are filled with statuary, the most important work being a colossal Diana in plaster com- position from the famous Doulton potteries in England, The collection of, plants in the conservatory is deeply inter- esting, and is deserving of careful study. Here are the broad fan palm, the sago, date and cocoa palms, all of full size, and as graceful as a dream of Eastern romance. The orange and lemon trees, with their rich golden fruit, the camphor tree, with its luxuriant growth of .sharply cut leaves; the eucalyptus, which is said to have the property of neutralizing the malarial poisons of the air ; the guava ; the mahogany, and the India rubber tree, with its thick, heavy leaves, all make up a rich and beautiful display of foliage, which is charming from what- ever part of the hall it is viewed. A banana, with its fat, sturdy branches of fruit, forms a conspicuous object of the collection, and a number of fine cacti are scattered- through the hall. It would not be possible to give a complete account of the plants gathered within this hall, without making a copy of the catalogue, and we must content ourselves with the brief summary given above. The green-houses, which extend on either side of the con- servatory, are sunken eight or ten feet below it. These, as has been said, are four in number, and are covered with curved roofs of glass. Each is 100 by 30 feet in size, and is intended for the propagation of young plants. In one of these forcing- houses is a collection of tree-ferns gathered from almost every OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXIllBITIOX. 511 country oa the globe, and a number of rare plants from an English green-house, which were sent to this country carefully packed in moss. Among the curious specimens gathered within these forcing-houses are a number of fragrant azalias from Belgium, the flower of which is of a pale cream color ; and close by them is a maple from Japan with crimson shadings in STAIRWAY IN HOETICULT0BAL HALL. its fine cut leaves. There is also a group of pitcher plants from the South Sea islands, which bear a blotched greenish cup, which looks as if it were made for a frog to drink out of A flamingo plant {Authurium WUliamsii) is a notable member of the stately assemblage, its blossoms of deep rich scarlet being in form simply a broad curled leaf Close by it stands a deli- 512 THE II-r,USTHATED HISTOUY cate fairy-like Norfolk Island pine ; and the Sandwich islands send some fine specimens of fern, which spread out from the stem like a broad umbrella. A most interesting tree is a sago palm, about ten feet high. It was once the property of Robert Morris, the great fii)ancier of the Revolution, and is said to be *?'***>:-*. THE FOECING-HOUSE, HORTIOULTDRAI, HALL. from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty years old. ^ The lover of the beautiful in nature may spend hours in this rich collection. One of the green-houses contains a superb collection of ferns, belonging to a gentleman of South Araboy, New Jersey, and valued at $10,000. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 5li3 The rooms at each end of the building are handsomely frescoed and are filled with a variety of horticultural appliances. The room on the north side of the western entrance is the office of the chief of the Bureau of Horticulture. That on the opposite side is used for the display stands and frames for flowers, aquaria, and wax-flowers, and along the walls are arranged a number of designs for landscape-gardening. The room opening into this contains a similar display, and a number of handsome garden vases, and garden tools, watering-pots, and hanging-baskets. At one side of the room Henry A. Dreer, of Philadelphia, makes a handsome exhibit of garden and flower seeds, garden tools and implements and flower stands. In a room on the north side of the west entrance, adjoining the office of the Bureau, is an exquisite display of cut flowers by Pennock & Bro., of Philadelphia; a case of natural flowers and fruits preserved by a new process ; and a large collection of flowers and fruits in wax. At the eastern end the rooms adjoining the entrance contain apparatus for heating green-lious6s, furniture for them, garden tools, iron furniture and ornamental work for gardens and lawns. There is also a large collection of lawn-mowers and of garden vases. The view from the Avest end of the building is very beautiful. It embraces the Main and Machinery Halls on the left hand, and a number of smaller buildings to the north of them. To the westward are the United States Building, the Woman's Pavilion and the State Buildings, while to the left the towers of Agricultural Hall rise through the trees. Almost the entire expanse of the Exhibition grounds can be seen at a glance from this point. The view from the eastern end is as interesting, but different. It embraces the Schuylkill with the East Park, Laurel Hill, and the country beyond, and in the distance oJio can see the towers and spires of the cit)-. To the right the eastern ends of the Art Gallery and Main Hall fill up the picture, with the wooded depths of I^ansdowne Valley lying between them and the gazer. In the eastern gallery of the conservatory is one of the most 33 514 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY remarkable machines to be seen in the Exhibition. It is the " Electro-Magnetic Orchestra," and is exhibited by the inventors, Wm. F. & H. Schmoele, of Philadelphia. It consists of an " Orchestrion," which is supplied with wind in the ordinary way from a bellowSj but which reads the music it is to perform and executes it by the action of electricity. " The automatic reading is based upon the idea that if tlie music notes be printed on paper in metallic or conducting marks (such as printers style illuminated work), the electricity will distinguish the conducting characters thus formed from the non- cqnducting surface of the paper, and will thus be made to feel or * read ' the notes. If, in place of this printed musjc, the notes be cut as perforations in the shejet, and a metallic plate be placed beneath, over which the sheet is drawn, this plate, which shows through the paper wherever the perforations exist, answers practically the same purpose as the marks on the printed sheet, being in fact but an additional modification of the same principle. The perforated notes have been preferred for the music of the present instrument, because the sheets can thus be prepared by hand, thereby obviating the otherwise costly necessity of setting up type and going to press for single copies of the pieces desired. Such notes bear the same relation to the printed or gilt ones that manuscript does to printed matter. " The music sheets are in the forms of rolls, which are drawn under a row of charged feelers or ' readers,' whose office is to distinguish the notes. They are moved by passing between two gum-covered rollers, rotated by a mechanism called a ' wind- engine.' The motor power of this is the compressed air or ' w'ind ' of the bellows of the instrument ; and it contains, in its construction, all the necessary elements of a steam-engine, represented, however, in such different forms, that no resem- blance to the latter is left. It is a double engine, each pair of opposite wind-pockets being equivalent to a steam-cylinder ; and the alternate movements of their swinging leaves are the counter- parts of the push and return of the piston-head. The noise or puff is prevented by a peculiar construction of the valves, and the manner ol" working of the cut-off; and the expanding gussets OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 515 of tlie pockets take the place of the 'packing' iu a steaiii- I cylinder, over which they have the great advantage that they consume no power in friction, so that the wind-engine is exceed- ingly economic, using the whole force of the wind without waste. These advantages, and the cheapness of construction of this wood and leather engine, render it au admirable motor for low pressures. "The present instrument has several hundred 'readers 'or feelers, standing close together iu order that a great many may be placed in a small space. The electricity, which may be called a hundred-fingered performer, pervades them all, ready to pass at a moment wherever a note occurs. The various instruments, representing a band of twelve pieces, besides the drums, etc., have their appropriate spaces allotted them on the music sheet; and the connections between their ' readers ' and the performing parts are made by wires, which, when grouped together, form the cable running from the reading apparatus to the main case. Each note, as soon as detected, is telegraphed to the corresponding performing magnet ; and as a great number may be simultaneously read, it follows that the music may be exceedingly varied." About t^venty-five acres of ground immediately around the. Horticultural Hall have been laid off as an ornamental garden by Mr. C. H. Milk-r, the Chief of the Bureau. These grounds are filled with a beautiful display of native and foreign flowers, which give to them an exceedingly brilliant and charming appearance. A broad sunken garden leads from Belmont avenue to the western door of the Horticultural Building. It is bright with flowers of a thousand different hues, and sparkles witli handsome fountains. The flowers of England, France, Germany,- and the tropics grow side by side with those of our own country in the beautiful garden, in the midst of which the grand Con-^ servatory stands like a central jewel in the midst of a thousand gems of various hues. At the western end of the Horticultural grounds the Pacific Guano Company^ of Boston, Massachusetts, have a beautiful Moorish pavilion, in which they display samples of their fertilizer. The grounds immediately around this pavilion are 516 THK II.I.USTBATED HrStOKY. planted with tobacco, and a number of tropical plants, wiiich thrive admirably in this soil, which has been fertilized with the guano of this company. At the north side of the Horticultural Building is a large tent-like structure, consisting of a series of wooden arches covered with canvks. It is designed for the exhibition of flowers in bloom, and was first used for the display of a mag- nificent collection of rhododendrons by Mr. Anthony J. "Waterer, of the famous Knapp Hill Nurseries, in England. A large exhibit is made of rustic furniture, seats, fencing, etc., which is scattered through the grounds. At the south side of the hall, on the slope of the Lansdowne Valley, Cuba exhibits a collection of rustic work and flowers in a tasteful summer-house, and back of this is a fisherman's hut of bark, such as is every- where to be seen on the coasts of the West India islands. CHAPTER XVI. MEMOKIAL HALI.. Description of the Buildiiig^Bronze Groups of Statuary — The Annex — Clas- sification of the Art Exhibit — The Eeception and Central Halls — The Paintings and Statues in them — The Art Galleries — Notable Pictures by, American Artists — The English Gallery— Masterpieces of the Modern'- English Painters— rThe Older English Artists — The Queen's Pictures — The South Kensington Exhibit — The French Pictures — The German Gallery-^ The Austrian Collection — ^A Rue Collection ■ of Italian Statuary — Italian .Paintings — The Castellani CoUectioiis — Spanish Pictures— Art Gems from Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modern Dutch School — Notable Pictures from Belgium — The Danish Gallery — Brazilian and Mexican Art — The Photographic Annex — ^A Fine Display of Photographs. fEMORIAL HALL is the most substantial of all tlie Exhibition buildings. The materials of which it is 'constructed are stone, iron and glass. It was built at a cost of $1,500,000 by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia, and is designed as 'd permanent memorial of the Centennial year of American independence. It is placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission to be used during the Exhil)ition as an art gallery, after which it is designed to make it the receptacle of the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art, an institution similar to the South Kensington Museum, at London. The building stands on the plateau on which the Main Exhi- bition Building is located, and is about two hundred to two hun- dred and fifty feet north of that structure. It is planted upon a broad terrace six feet above the general level, the banks well turfed and bordered with shrubbery, to wliicli the visitor ascends by broad alid easy steps in front, or smaller ones at the side. At ofteh side of the front i-ow of steps Are enormous bronzo 517 518 THE ILLUSTEATED HISTORY figures of horses held in check by womeu in flowing drajjcry. On the right of the building is a fine group of bronze, represent- ing the firing of a shell from a large mortar. The shell has been fired, and an officer of the naval service, glass in hand, is' leaning forward watching its course, A sailor has sprung on top of the mortar, and is shading his eyes with his hand and looking in the same direction. Another stands on the right of the mortar and is similarly engaged. The expression of the figures is excellent. The group on the left of the hall represents a lioness dying in the midst of her whelps. The arrow of the hunter is deeply imbedded in her shoulder, and she is "in the agonies of death. Her whelps are gathered about her in mute astonishment, and the male lion, who realizes the full extent of the misfortune, is standing ready to defend or avenge his mate. Memorial Hall is three hundred and sixty-five feet long, two hundred and ten feet wide, and fifty-nine feet high over a base- ment of twelve feet. It is built of granite, with an iron and glass roof, iron being altogether used" in the place of wood, and is entirely fire-proof. The design is a modern renaissance. The general plan is a right-angled parallelogram, relieved by square towers at each of the four corners, and by projecting vestibules and steps in the centre of each of tlie long sides. It is crowned by a central four-sided dome, rising one hundred and fifty feet above the ground and capped by a colossal ball, from which rises the figure of Columbia. At the base of this dome are seated four figures representing the four quarters of the globe. " The main front looks southward ; it displays three distinc- tive features : " First. A main entrance in the centre of the structure, con- sisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimensions. "Second. A pavilion at each end. " Third. Two arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre. The central section is ninety-five feet long, seventy-two feet high ; the pavilions are forty-five feet long, sixty feet high ; the arcades each ninety feet long and forty feet high. OF THE CENTEKNIAl; EXHIBITION. 519 " The front of the south face of the central section displays a rise of thirteen steps to the entrance seventy feet wide. The entrance is by three arched doorways, each forty feet high and fifteen feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches of the doorways are clusters of columns terminating in emblenjatic designs illustrative of science and art. " The doors, which are of iron, are relieved by bronze panels, having the coats of arms of all the States and Territories, lu tiie centre of the main frieze is the United States coat of arms. MEMORIAL. HALL, OB ART GALLERY. The main cornice is surmounted by a balustrade with cande^ labra. At either end is an allegorical figure representing science and art. "Each pavilion displays a window thirty feet high and twelve feet wide ; it is also ornamented with tile-work, wreaths of oak and laurel, thirteen stars in the frieze, and a colossal eagle at each of its four corners. " The arcades, a general feature in the old Roman villas but entirely novel here, are intended to screen the long walls of the gallery. 520 . THE ILLUSTKATKD HJSXOKY "These eacli consist of five groined arches — these arcades form promenades looking outward over the grounds aud inward over open gardens, which extend back to the main wall of the building. These garden-plats are each ninety feet long and thirty-six feet «leep, ornamented in the centre with fountains and designed for the display of statuary. A stairway from the gardens reaches the upper line of thesq arcades, forming a second promenade thirty-five feet above the ground. Its balustrade is ornamented with vases, and is designed ultimately for statues. The cornices, the atticas, and the crestings throughout are highly oi'uamented. " The walls of the cast and west sides of the structure display the pavilions and the walls of the picture galleries, and are re- lieved by five niches desigjied for statues ;■ the frieze is richly ornameuted — above it the central dome sliows to great ad- vantage. " The rear or north front is of the same general character as the main front, but in place of the arcade is a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in all, thirteen openings above, in an unbroken line, extending the entire length of the structure ; between the pavilions is the grand balcony — a promenade two hundred and seventy-five feet long and forty-five feet wide, and elevated forty feet above the ground, overlooking noVthward the whole panorama of the park grounds. " The main entrance opens on a hall eighty-two feet long, sixty feet wide and fifty-three feet high, decorated in the modern renaissance style j on the farther side of this hall three door- ways, each sixteen feet wide and twenty-five feet high, open into the centre hall ; this hall is eighty-three feet square, the ceiling of the dome rising over it eighty feet in height. "From its east and west sides extend the galleries, each ninety-eight feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and thirty-five feet in height. These galleries admit of temporary divisions for the more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and galleries form one grand hall two hundred and eighty-seven feet long and eighty-five feet wide, capable of holding eight OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 521 thousand persons, nearly twice tlie dimensions of tlie largest hall in the country. From the two galleries doorways open into two smaller galleries, twenty-eight feet wide and eighty- nine feet long. These open north and south into private apart- ments which connect with the pavilion rooms, forming two side galleries two hundred and ten feet l«ng. Along the whole length of the north side of the main galleries and central hall extends a corridor fourteen feet wide, which opens on its north line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number, designed for slndios and smaller exhibition rooiiid. "All the galleries and central hall are lighted from above; the pavilions and studios are lighted from the sides. The pavilions and central hall are designed espec- ially for exhibitions of sculpture." The work on Memorial Hall was begun on the 4th of July, 1874, and the building was com- pleted on the 1st of March, 1876. The archi- tect was H. Ji Schwarz- mann ; the contractor R. J. Dobbins, both of Phila- delphia. The iron-work was furnished by t h e lEdgenioor Iron Company, the Pencoyd Rolling Mills, and the Kittredge Cornice Company. The stone-work was furnished l)y Sargent & Co., the Westham Granite Company, the Con- shohocken Stone Company, S. F, Prince & Co., and the Ex- celsior Brick Company. The glass was furni.^hed by Shoemaker & Co., Ward & Co., and J. M. Albertson. At an early period of the work on Memorial Hall it was found that the. applications for space in it were so numerous that the buildinsr would not accommodate the works of art to EAOT,B r'lTD IN ORNAMENTATION OP MKMORIAI, HALL. 522 THE IIXUSTRATED HISTORY be- exhibited in it. An extension, or annex, was therefore built immediately north of the hall. It is of brick and iron, and harmonizes well with the principal building in design and color. It is intended to be permanent. The principal building gives 75,000 feet of wall space for painting, and 20,000 feet of floor space for statuary, etc. The annex afibrds 60,000 square feet of wall space ibr paintings, and contains thirty galleries, each forty feet square, besides lour galleries each one hundred feet long by fifty-four feet wide, and two transverse central corridors twenty feet wide. The exhibit of works of art contained in these buildings is thus classified by the Centennial Commission : Department IV. — Art. 400—409 Sculpture. 410—419 Painting. 420 — 429. . . .Engraving and Lithography. 430—439 . . . .Photography. 440 — 449 .... Industrial and Architectural Designs, etc. 450 — 459. . . .Ceramic Decorations, Alosaics, etc. The exhibition of photographs is so large that a third build- ing was provided for it. It will be described at the close of this chapter. From the main euttance the visitor passes into the south hall or vestibule of the building. The wainscoting is of colored marble, but the remainder of the hall is finished in simple white. It is in tiie modern renaissance style, and is elegant and tasteful. A magnificent crystal chandelier, exhibited by Corneljus & Sons, manufacturers of gas fixtures, Philadelphia, hangs from the ceiling. At the north side three massive arches open into the central hall, and at the east and west sides doors lead to the gardens lying within the arcades of the southern front of the building. The hall is filled with statuary in marble and bronze. Against the arches of the north wall is a colossal bust of Washington, by Pietro Guarnerio, of Milan, Italy. The col- lection of statuary is very good, and we shall allude to it again in oiH' remarks upon the Italian section. OF THE CBNTENNIAl, EXHIBITION. 523 The gardens and arcades on the east and west aides of the main entrance are prettily ornamented with flowers, and con- tain a small collection of statuary. In the eastern arcades is a fine bust of Dante, and another of Michael Angelo. In the garden on the west side are some interesting specimens of statuary and vases in spelter. Passing through the arches at the north end of the south hall, we enter the central hall, a spacious and beautifully pro- ])ortioned apartment, lighted from the dome overhead. It is finished in simple white, arid it is to be regretted that its beauties were not enhanced by a judicious use of color in its decorations. In the centre, under the dome, is a copy in terra cotta of the large group representing "America," from the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London. At the south- side of the hall is a life-size bronze statue of Professor Morse. He is represented in the act of examining his first telegraphic message. On the same side is a bronze statue of Robert. R. Livingston, of New Yoi'k. At the southeast corner, fronting the German depart^ inent, is a fine colossal statue of Prince Bismarck. At the southwest corner is an equestrian statue in plaster of President Bianco, of the republic of Venezuela; and just back of this is a fine allegorical painting, by Professor E. Von Reuth, repre- senting America doing homage to the spirit of . her institutions, A number of vases in bronze, by the late Horatio Stone, are scattered through the hall. At the north side is a handsome memorial altar and reredos in marble from Italy. It is adorned with pictures in mosaic work, representing the Adoration of the Magi and the Shepherds, and the Crucifixion. The latter is a copy of the famous painting by Guido Reni, in the Church . 88." It is well-known iu this country, and is exhibited by Goupil & Co., of Paris. OF THE CENTENNfAK EXHIBITJOX. 631 Austria. Tlie Auslriaii collection occupies the eastern gallery, and comprises 163 paintings, etcluiigs and statues. It is very gooLUSTRATED HISTORV net of disappoiiitiuent. In representing diilJren Professor Caroni lias been eminently successfnl ; liis "Recreations of a School Girl" is as gay as his "Cokl" is pathetic— in the latter the tripod containing the charcoal has upset anil tiie shivering child, hiding her iiands under her frock, looks the very essence of chilly despair. So also the " Impressions of Cold Water" ITALIAN STATUARY IN THE ANNEX TO THE ART GALLERY. portray the little bather's mingled feelings of curiosity and timidity, while the " First Capture" shows the intense delight of the boy at liaving caught the little sparrow in his hand. Professor Romanetti's " Franklin and his Whistle " and " Wash- ington and his Hatchet" will attract general attention, as will vlso Zocchi's "Infancy of Benjamin Franklin," where the youth- OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBrTION. 535 ful compositor is setting up his first types. Professor P. Giiar- iierio, of Milan, whose " Wasiiington " in the Memorial Hall is already familiar to thousands of visitors, has in the Art Gallery a fine design of " Raphael in his Youth," and his " Girl Bath- ing" is full of [jower. Signor D. Baroaglio, of Milan, who has already won for himself fame among young Italy's sculptors, has a colossal piece, " Flying Time." Heedless of the atteitipts nf Youth, who would detain him, Father Time hurries on ; the parchment scroll of History in his right, the sharp scythe in his left hand, and forces reluctant Youth on after him. Not less successful has the sculptor been in his "Blowing Bubbles," "Butterfly" and "First Call," all of which are full of expres- sion. Signor Renato Peduzzi, of Milan, has shown great originality in his " Berenice," the inscription on which statue tells its own tale, " Venus, to thee and other gods I sacrifice these tresses, shouldst thou return to me from war my spouse." Signor Peduzzi's work will not readily be forgotten by any who have seen it. The distinguished artist, Cavaliere Cantalaniessa Popatti, whose sculpture is almost as well known in America as it is in Italy, and who is one of his country's commissioners, has on this occasion two charming statuettes, "Sunshine" and "Storm," as also "Love's Morn," all of which are worthy of the sculptor's reputation. Signor Torelli, of Florence, exhibits "Eva St. Clair," from "Uncle Tom's Cabin," "Shy Girl," and a sweet " Little Housekeeper," who, with her broom, is sweep- ing out of the house envy, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, and calumny. Professor Ropi, of Milan, has a fine bust of Gari- baldi, and has been equally happy in his " Hope." The Italian sculptors have naturally, on this occasion, brought out the connecting link between Italy and the dis- covery of our continent, and such productions as D'Amore's " Night of October 11, 1492," and Zocchi's " Columbus Scanning the Chart," speak eloquently for themselves. F. Barzaghi, of Milan, has a number of productions which strikingly denote the artist's genius. "Phryne before her Judges," "Sylvia Looking at Herself in the Fountain," " The Finding of Moses," and " Blind Man's Buff'" will all engage the spectator's atten- 536 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY tion, as will also the same sculptor's " First Friend," represent^ ihg a Scotch terrier playing with a lovely child. A little gem of the same character is R. Pereda's "Joy;" the beaming counte- nance of the child in this case will be generally pronounced perfect. This Milanese artist's productions are all alike chaste and graceful. In the "Rete d'Amore" the girl willingly allows herself to be entangled in the network of love, and draws the net around her heart. The same sculptor's "Motherless Children," "Childish Grief," and "Little Smoker" are all telling and true. E. Braga, of Milan, has a "Bacchus" and " Child's Plaything," both noteworthy, and few will pass by C. Corti's " Lucifer," from " Paradise Lost," without admira- tion. Zocchi's " Michel Angelo's Chisel in Hand " is a grandly- conceived work, and not less so is Pazzi's " Episode from the Divine Comedy." We have scarcely space even to mention Romanelli's "Madonna of St. Luke's Bologna," Barcaglia's " Love Blinds," Antonio Bottinelli's " Vanity," Argenti's "Sleep of the Innocent," Motelli's "Unwelcome Interruption," Bergonzoli's "Aog^ of Love," and Sperlini's "Confidence." C. Pandiani has some finely executed works; his "Moses Trampling on the Crown " and " Love " will attract the observer, as will also C Pagani's "Psyche." Not entirely unnoticed must Ave pass over the " David," a copy in miniature of Michel Angelo's masterpiece; the "Angelica," from Tasso's "Freed Jerusalem," or the admirably portrayed " Ruth the Gleaner." A. Malfatti's "Disappointment" and "Emancipation," the lat- ter in plaster of Paris, will attract considerable attention. Besides Professor Guarnerio's great works above mentioned, he has also a number of other productions, among them being "The Forced Prayer," where the sulky little fellow is repre- eented with life-like accuracy; "Vanity," "The Rebuke," and the " Last Day of Pompeii." What especially characterizes riiis remarkable exhibition of sculpture is the close attention that has evidently been given to anatomical study ; every detail is true to nature, and there is nothing out of Imrmony with its surroundings. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 537 The windows of the south hall of the annex contain a handsome display of stained glass of American nianufactiiie. Among the paintings in the Italian section are a number of good copies of the great works of the Italian masters. Con- spicuous among these is a copy of Ruffaele's "Galileo before the Inquisition." The originals are good as a rule. Gilli, of Turin, has a fine representation of the famous scene between "Arnold of Brescia and Pope Adrian IV.," in which the pontiff sentenced the great preacher to death. Fumigalli has a fine picture of " Columbus in Chains," and Marches! an admirable " Interior of the Sacristy of Milan." "A View of the Bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius," by Sniargiassi, and the " Head of a Lady," by Biomagnoli, are a;drairable works. Spain. The Spanish collection occupies one side of the western gal- lery of Memorial Hall. It is small, but contains some good pictures. The best modern work in the collection is " The Burial of St. Lorenzo," painted at Rome, by Alejo Vera, in 1862. It is a noble picture, and shows well among the older masters. There is a fine "Christ on the Cross," by Murillo, which of course attracts much attention. Two large paintings of "The Landing of Columbus," by A. Gisbert and D. Pnebia, and one of "Columbus Demonstrating his Theory to the Monks of La Rabida," by E. Gano, occupy conspicuous places. P. Gonzalvo has a fine " Interior of the Cathedral of Saragossa," and A. Domingo exhibits a spirited picture entitled "A Duel." Sweden, The Swedish collection occupies the eastern wall of the west gallery of Memorial Hall, facing that of Spain, and a gallery in the annex. It is the first opportunity the people of this country have had to become familiar with Swedish art, and the collection therefore attracts much attention.' The most prominent painting is Hockert's " B^irning of the Royal Palace at Stockholm." This catastrophe occurred when Charles XI I. 638 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY was a mere youth, and the young hero forms the principal figure in the spirited scene. iJaron Otto Hermelin, the Swedish Commissioner in charge of the Art Department, has several of his pictures in the collec- tion. Tiiese are " Winter Day in tlie Neighborhood of Stock- holm;" "Poor People's Burying Ground, near Stockholm;" " Tiie First Snow ; " " Fishing Harbor, near Stockholm ; " "On Moutmartre, Paris," and "Autumn Day at Djugorden." Another noble artist, Baron G. Cederstroem, exhibits a clever painting called " Dark Moments." Miss A. Lindcgren's "Girl with an Orange" is much admired. "Sigurd Ring, King of Scandinavia and Engl," by Severin Nilsson, is a stirring scene from the legends of the Vikings. M. E. Winge lias two pictures drawn from the same source, "Ligne Burning herself on Seeing her Lover Hanged" and "The Viking Fleet." B. Nordenburg has two good pictures of every day life, "A Wedding in a Swedish Country Church" and the " Killed Sheep." August Jernberg's " Market Day in Dussel- dorf" is a careful and excellent work. He has also another fine picture, "Visitors in the Museum of Amsterdam Regard- ing Rembrandt's Niglit Watch." Norway. The Norwegian collection is divided between a small room in the southwestern corner of the principal building, the Avin- dows of which are filled with American stained glass, and a gallery in the annex. Professor Hans Gude has here a fine picture called "A Fresh! Breeze on the Norwegian Coast," and a "Calm in Christiana- fiord." " Hardengerfiord," by P. Thurman, is also a notable picture. The collection in the annex is larger and better than that iu Memorial Hall. The most notable picture is "A Scene in the Romsdalsfioid," by A. Norman. The Netherlands. Holland occapies three galleries in the annex, and makes an OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITFON. §39 admirable display of the works of lier artists. They are marked by the same care that characterizes everything attempted by the people of the Low countries, and it may be safely asserted that this collection is as rich in excellent pointings as that of any nation represented in the Exhibition. Firet we notice four large copies, by S. Altmann, of Amstev- dam. These are "The Banquet of the Civic Guard, after Vander Hlest;" "The Five Masters of the Drapers, after Kembrandt ; " ■ " The Masters of the Klovenier's Guild at Harlem, after Frans Hals;" and "The Young Bull, after Paul Potter," , . Among the originals the following are admirable, though the list does not include all the goo,d pictures of this collection : "The Church of Trier," by J. Bosboom ; "At Church," fay C. Bisschop; "The Cat Feigns to be Hanged," by B. H. Gempt: "Four Weeks after St. John's Day," by J. D. Huybers; "Landscape on the Mediterranean Coast," J. Hilverdink; "A Moment of Expectation," by Gerke Henks; "Still Water near Dordecht," and " View on the Yo in Amsterdam," by E. Koster; "A Conference," by L. Lingeman; "Evening on the Beach," by H. W. Mesdag ; "A View of Amsterdam in the Sixteenth Century," by J. A. Eust ; "A Cheese Market in a Town of North Holland," by C. Rochussen ; " The Deacons of the Silversmiths' Guild Conferring a Freeman's Certificate," hy J. A. B. Stroebel ; "Gleaning," by P. Sade6; "A Barber Shop in Cairo," by W. de Famars Testas; and "Domestic Happiness," by H. Valkenberg. Belgium. The Belgian art exhibit in Memorial Hall is established in a little room on the east of the north entrance, and consists of statuary, bronzes and figures in earth and plaster. Tiie most conspicuous of these is a life-size group in marble of "A Mother and her Fii-st Child," by Charles Fraikin. Tliere is also a fine display of. Faience ware. The Belgian paintings occupy three galleries in the annex. The most prominent are "Autumn on the Meuse," by A. Assel- OiO THE lU.USTEATED IIISTOEV. hei-g; "Alias Montaiius Visiting the Printing Office of Plontyn at Antwerp," by Josepli Bellemans; "Rome, from the Tiber near the Quay of Ripetta," by Francis Bossiiet; "Gr6ve, Coast of Brittany," by A. Bouvier; "The Church of St. Fermo at Vei'ona," and " The Gate of Wertheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden," by Jacques Carabain ; " Dante and the Young Girls of Florence," by N. De Keyser ; " The Sentinel at the Gate of the Hai'em," by George de St. Cyr, a pupil of Portaels; "The Old Hermitage of St. Hubert at Xamur," by George G6nisson ; "Sunday at the Convent," by Franz Meerts; "A Woman of the Roman Campagna," and "A Young Girl of ihe Vicinity of Rome," by Xavier Mellery; "View of Saxenhausen," and the "Dome of the Tnvalides," by Robert Mols; "Scene in Rotterdam," by Fraii5ois Musin; "Burning of Ruhla, near Eisenach, in Thuringia," by Ferdinand Pauwels; "The De- ception," by Jean Portaels, one of the most eminent artists of Belgium ; " Interior of Hindeloopen," by Peter Sebes ; "A Christian Martyr under Diocletian," by Ernest Slingmeyer ; "War" and "Rodelta," by Eugene Smits; "The Bad St. Martin," by Charles Soubre; "The Cave of Diomede, an Episode of the Destruction of Pompeii," by Joseph Stallaert ; "View of Dordrecht, from the Meuse," and "The House of the Confraternity of Archers," by Francis Stroobant; "The Rhine, between Bonn and Coblenz," and " Posilipo, near Naples," by F. R. Unterberger ; " Desdemona," by Jules Van Kiersbilck ; "After the Rain," r.nd " Morning," by Joseph Van Luppen ; " The Confederates before Margaret of Parma," and "A Flemish Woman of the Sixteenth Century," by Professor Franz Vinck ; and " The Hotel de Ville at Alost," by Gustave Walckiers. Denmark. The Danish collection is small, and shares a gallery with Norway in the annex. The principal works are "The Dis- covery of Greenland in A. D. 1000," and "Two Greenland Pilots," by J. E. C. Rasrausseu ; and "A Midsummer Niglit under Iceland's Rough Weather," by Wilhelm Melby, „^/ i:^3=*r.-'.'-'^^"T-^^a^; L ^'>^tM f^-^ '-. * * t r,>^^^7! rf ^^ [ 1 /' ^ \ ,' ' \ ^ •-. n 1^ -a V f^-=' / Ik^ -4 !- f 'ftp- ' dj ' *! ^ ■Si -*rJ 541 542 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTQBY. Brazil. The Brazilian exhibit is not large. It is located in one of the eastern galleries of- the annex. Its nioi-t important worlds are the large paintings representing scenes in the late war with Paraguay. These are "The Battle of Humaita;" "The De- fence of the Island of Cabrito by the Brazilian Army and Navy;" and " The Naval Battle of Kiachuello." Mexico. Mexico has a part of a gallery in the annex. Its most im- portant paintings are "The Valley of Mexico," by Jose Ma Valesquez ; " Brother Bartholomew de las Casas " and " Gali- leo," by Felix Pavia; and "Donna Isabel of Portugal," by Pelegrin Clavg. The Photographic Annex. The space in Memorial Hall and the annex being taken up, a third building was erected for the exhibition of photographs. It is of wood, stuccoed, and is situated on the Avenue of thn Republic, east of Memorial Hall and north of the Main Exhi- bition Building. It contains a large collection of fine photo- graphs from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Denmark,. Sweden and Mexico. Many of these are views of the scenery of the countries to which they belong. The collection may not fairly represent the progress made by foreign nations in the photo- graphic art, but such as it is, it shows the United States far in advance of all the competing countries. A specialty of the American display is the series of splendid views of the scenery of the Pacific coast. A large exhibit is also made of photographic apparatus and material; and magic lanterns of the better class. CHAPTER XVII. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Description of the Building — The Grounds — Exhibits of the Various Depart- ments Outside of the Building — The Monitor Turret — The Great Guns of the Army and Navy — The Postal Cai-s — The I'ransit of Venus Exhibit — Army Trains — Disposition of Space in the Hall — Exhibit of the Post-Office Department — A Model Post-Office — The Agricultural Deparl(uent — A Fine Display — The Interior Department — Exhibit of the Patent Office — His- torical Relics — A Rich Display of Indian Curiosities— The Educational Exhibit — The Census — Photographs of the Geological Survey of the Terri- tories — A Magnificent Display by the Smithsonian Institution — The Animals and Fishes of the United States — The Mineral Collcctioij-^The Treasury Exhibit — The Light-House and Coast Survey Branches — The Navy Depart- ment—A Splendid and Complete Display of the Construction and E(piip- ment of an American Man-of-War — The Torpedo Service — The War De- partment — Splendid Exhibit of the Signal Service — The Engineer Corps and its Work — Making Rifles and Cartridges by Machinery — The Post Hospital — The Laboratory — The Light-House. f EXT in size and importance to the five Exhibition build- ings already described is the edifice erected and con- trolled by the general govenuneiit of the United States. It is located on Belmont avenue, north of Machinery Hall, from which it is separated by the lake. It is constructed in the form of a cross, with offi'ces built in the con- cavities of the angles. The main stem of the cross, or nave of the building, is four hundred and eighty feet long, and the arms, or transept, three hundred and forty feet long. This is clear of the entrance, which will protrude ten feet farther on each end. The building rises to a height of two stories in the main portions of the cross, the upper story having for its sides long rows of windows which act as skylights for the building. Spans run clear across the edifice, supporting the roof with the 543 644 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY aid of rows of columns built along the main aisle. The whole design, while very strong, has the appearance of lightness, no ' heavy work being visible anywhere. In the middle of the building, in the centre of the angles of the cross, is a dome sur- mounted by a small cupola, and this again by a flag-staff. The dome is octagonal in shape, and lighted all around with win- dows. Around it on the offices mentioned, as in the angles, are four smaller domes of similar design. The building is placed on a terrace above the surrounding grounds. The outside is handsomely painted, the prevailing tints being brown and wood-color. The lower portion, or main body of the structure, has a stripe of red at the top ; beueath this are the windows, which are continuous all around. Then comes a broad band of wood-color, with a neat yellow figure placed at intervals in it; next a band of dark red, and then the lower band plain. The dome is of wood-color, and these, with the black composition roof, give a subdued but pleasing effect at a distance. The prevailing color inside is wood-color, all the lower part being so ; but it is relieved by small red bands, inter- f-persed with neat geometrical figures. The ceilings of both the building and dome are painted a dark blue. The main feature, however, consists Of the sides of the building, which are divided into panels, and these again are subdivided into diamond shape. Each panel covers much space, and in the centre of each of its diamonds or lozenges is painted the emblem of the department of the government there represented. The Agricultural Bureau has a plow, with stalks of corn and wheat around it; the Interior Department has a bow and arrows, surmounted by a tomahawk ; the Smithsonian Institute, the ski\ll of an animal, encircled with a wreath ; the Army, by the lictoi-s' rods and axe ; the Navy, an anchor and cable ; the Treasury, a shield, with scales, and beneath a key; and the Post-Office, the wings of Mercury, a telegraph pole and a letter. The fisheries are recog- nized by a writhing fish impaled with a trident. These designs are innumerable and are very pretty. The main entrance is quite handsome. It rises to a peak, and has an immense window and circular top. Columns stand OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 545 on each side, resting on large pedestals. In the columns are panels, and on these, in relief, is a group of standards crossed over a drum, on each side of which are cannon balls. The doors of the main entrance stand out from the building, and are fifteen feet high. This edifice is designed for the exhibition of the resources of the United States as a war-power and its internal resources in time of peace. , The grounds around the building are handsomely laid off. The space immediately adjoining the edifice is occupied with a display of heavy ordnance and other objects too large for exhibi- tion within the building. On the east side of the building is a sample monitor turret, auch as is used in the iron-clad monitors of the United States navy. It is constructed of wood, and is a clever imitation of iron. It contains two formidable fifteen-inch guns, and is pro- vided with every detail necessary to the showing of its practical workings. The turret is exhibited by the Navy Department, which also displays a, formidable battery of ship and boat guns of all sizes and patterns, of brass and iron. Each one is mounted and equipped as when in active service, and is accompanied with a number of specimens of the shot and shell used with it. Thesa guns occupy the space to the south of the building. Here also the Navy Department exhibits the boat "Faith," which was used by the first Grinnel Arctic Expedition under Lieutenant De Haven, and the second Grinnel Expedition under Dr. E. K. Kane. This was one of the three boats in which Kane in 1858, upon abandoning the "Advance," pushed with the survivors and stores of the expedition eighty miles over ice to the open sea, and thence nearly one thousand miles to Disco, It was brought home by Captain Hartsene, United States navy. Here also is the boat made out of the wreck of the " Polaris," in which a part of her crew escaped in June, 1872, and in which they were picked up by the Scotch whaler " Ravenscraig," after their long and perilous voyage in it. Near the southeastern corner of the building the Post-Office Department exhibits two postal-cars, one of the style used by the New York Central, the other the car used by the Pennsyl- 35 510 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 547 vania Railroad. These show the style of car used by thie great trunk roads of the Union for the fast mail service, and illustrate the entire method of assorting, receiving and delivering the mails while the train is in motion. The cars rest upon a section of railroad track laid in the most careful manner and heavily bal- lasted with stone. This is a special exhibit made by the- Penn- sylvania Railroad, and is designed as a specimen of its own track and to show what a well-built road should be. To the westward of the postal-cars the Navy Department ex- hibits the frame buildings and instruments used by the American expedition in the observation of the transit of Venus, December 8-9, 1874, On the north side of the building the engineer section of the War Department makes an interesting exhibit of a bridge train, with pontoons, wagons, etc., and a large display of army wagons is made by the quartermaster's branch of the service. On the east side of the building the War Department exhibits its heavy ord- nance. Here are a huge ten-inch Woodbridge rifle gun, which uses a charge of seventy pounds of powder with a four hundred pound ball, and a twelve-inch Thompson rifle, weighing 84,280 pounds, firing a six hundred pound shot, for which one hundred and twenty pounds of powder are used. The latter is a breach- loader, and one of the most interesting guns in the Exhibition. Close by is a thirteen-inch sea-coast mortar, which uses a two hundred pound shell. A Sutcliffe rifle . breach-loading gun is also shown. It uses a two hundred and thirty pound shot and forty-five pounds of powder. The most formidable gun in the collection is the twenty-inch Rodman, which is a muzzle-loader, and fires a one thousand and eighty pound ball, with a charge of two hundred pounds of powder. At the northeast corner of the building are two vertical en- gines which supply the motive power for the machinery within the hall. The cost of the building and of the display of the articles it contains was provided for by an appropriation by Congress on the 3d of March, 1875. The amount appropriated was $505,000, and it was expressly provided that not more than 548 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY $150,000 should be expended in the construction of tlie build- ing. The actual cost of the edifice was $110,00a The floor space is divided among the various departments as follows : To the War Department .41,200 To the Navy Department 10,400 To the Interior Department 20,600 To the Treasury' Department 3,000. To the Post-Office Department 3,800 To the Smithsonian Institution, including the Fish Commission. . .26,600 To the Agricultural Department 6,000 Total 81,600 The main body of the building and its transept are traversed- centrally by walks, which cross in the centre under the rotunda, or lantern, crossing the intersection. The principal arm of the cross consists of three aisles, which have side-lights beneath the eaves, the central aisle ' rising above the side aisles and having ventilators at the comb. The transept has but a single aisle. Entering the building we find it one of the handsomest and most attractive of the great halls of the Exhibition. It is taste- fully painted, as has been said, and is gayly decorated with flags and streamers, draped and festooned overhead. The Post-Office Department Commencing our tour of exploration at the south door, we give our attention first to the Post-OfBce Department, which occupies a portion of the southeastern section of the building. It lies east of the transept, but does not reach quite to the nave of the building. The principal portion is taken up with the Post-office of the Centennial JExhibition. It is constructed of black walnut and plate glass, and is fitted up in the handsomest style. All letters for the army of exhibitors and employSs engaged within the grounds are received and delivered from this office. There is a system of lock-boxes, a general delivery and a carrier's de- partment, each of which is designed as a specimen of this branch of the service. Money orders,^ both domestic and fiweign, are issued and paid here, and there is also a depart- OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 549 ment of registered letters. The office is a branch of the Phila- delphia Post-Office, and is in charge of Postmaster Fairman and a special force of clerks. The government has provided a special ^tamped envelope, which may be purchased here, as a souvenir of the Exhibition, and which is good for postage all over the Union. The railway mail service is shown by the postal cars without the building, to which we have alluded, and by small models inside the building. The Topographical Division exhibits a series of splendid railway and general postal route maps, and maps showing the location of the money order offices. The Division of Boohs and Blanks exhibits specimens of all the books, blanks, etc., letter scales, marking and rating stamps used by the department. The Mail Equipment Division exhibits lea;ther pouches for letter mails, canvas bags for printed and miscellaneous matter ; also registered letter mail bags, mail locks of the pattern now in use, and those which were formerly used but have been thrown aside by the department. From the Stamps, Stamped Envelope and Postal Card Di- vision we have a complete exhibit of all the stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards ever used by the department, and specimens of registered letter envelopes and post-office official envelopes now in use. Here also is a machine in operation which cuts, folds, stamps, gums and counts stamped envelopes^ taking the paper in rolls and turning it out in packs of com- pleted and stamped envelopes; and another engaged in the manufacture of postal cards. Around the walls of the space occupied by the Post-Office Department are hung portraits of the postmasters-general of the various periods of our history; and in a glass case is ex- hibited the ledger used by Benjamin Franklin while post- master-general of the North American colonies. The Agricultural Department The exhibit of the Agricultural Department is large and 550 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY exhaustive, and is made mainly in handsome glass show-cases of large size. The Statistical Division exhibits large outline maps of the United States, showing forest areas ; the extent and value of farming lands, and amount of production, by counties ; charts and diagrams showing the amount of special products, by sec- tions, and statistics of farm animals, and other matters relating to the agricultural industries of the country. These maps are divided into spaces of different sizes and colors, which are arranged and numbered with reference to a carefully adjusted schedule printed in one corner of each map. The Chemical Division exhibits specimens of soils arranged in the order "of their geological formation, comprising marls, calcareous earths, green sand and phosphatic marls. Then come phosphatic rocks, animal and vegetable fertilizers, and a combination of the three in a manufactured state. The next feature, the utilization of vegetable products, is illustrated by means of specimens, beginning with the product in its natural state and proceeding through the various stages of manufacture to the finished article. It comprises the manufacture of flour, meal and starch from cereals; of sugar from cane, beet-root, maple and sorghum, and exhibits models of the machinery used in the manufacture of these. The fermentation is shown of starchy substances from which beer, al.e and porter are made, and also the distillation of whiskey. A model still and plans of notable American distilleries are exhibited. Then are seen the fermentation and distillation of sugar, molasses and fruits, resulting in a complete set of samples of American wines, these in turn being distilled and converted into brandy. Following up the systematically arranged display, the visitor witnesses the preservation of fruits and vegetables by hermetically sealing in glass or tin, packing in sugar and syrup, or desiccation ; the manufacture, with the assistance of leaves, barks, herbs and roots, of concentrated extracts from hemlock or oak; the manu- facture of dye-stuffs; the distillation of dry wood by heating in closed retorts, free from air ; the manufacture of pyroligneous acids, acetate of lead and other acetates used as mordants in the OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 551 process of dyeing; the manufacture of linen, cotton and woollen goods, paper, tobacco and snuff; of vegetable oils, and from these in turn of fancy soap, and also of the eighteen different essential oils that comprise tiie whole number manufactured in this country. Then follow an illustration of the manufacturt- of butter and cheese ; a specimen of phosphate rock from South Carolina, weighing 1150 pounds, and a display of materia raedica, separated either in the crystalline form, the oil or tbp resin from the active proximate principle." The Botanical Division is perhaps the richest and most com plete in the department. The display of the wood growth of the country is exhaustive. At the foot of the cases stand many hundred sections of logs, overhead in the case being specimens of the foliage of their respective trees. Next to Horticultural Hall and grounds this spot affords the botanist the greatest delight which the Centennial can give him. From the sub- tropical growth of the Gulf and Southwestern States up to the hardy coniferse of Maine and the Northwest there is not a tree of importance which is not here represented. The patience of the curious is sorely taxed in counting the rings of old stagers that had reached the hey-day of their growth two hundred years before Columbus first saw Guanahani, and of some that had doubtless sheltered weary aborigines while Louis' of France was battling for the cross in Palestine. Most of tliese interest- ing specimens were obtained from the Sierra Nevada n)ountains, in California. The principal of those of which accurate statistics can be given are as follows : one of a sugar pine, 175 feet high and 27 feet in circumference at the base, and 588 years old, the section having been made at a diameter of 7 feet 2 inches ; one of a soft, white pine, 130 feet high, 25 feet in circumference at the base, and 610 years old^ the section having been made at a diameter of 6 feet 6 inches, and one of a red silver fir, 162 fee*; high, 30 feet in diameter at the base, tapering for 100 feet before the first branch was reached, and 392 years old. Al! these grew on the Sierra Nevada. There is also one ot a twisted pine from the Eocky mountains, 123 feet high, 22 feet in diameter at the base, and 297 years old. A curious exhibit 552 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY for most folk ia'the Middle States is that of the many varieties of native oak and the remarkable want of resemblance among them in regard to foliage, the tan-bark oak of California, for instance, having velvety, willow-shaped leaves, while those of the black-jack oak of the Southern Atlantic States are bell- shaped. In the grain of the wood, also, the same wide di- vergency exists. While the cafion live oak of the Southwest has a smooth bark and fine grain, the post oak of this region is rugged both in bark and, grain. The Microscopical Division exhibits a series of water-color drawings representing the family of .cryptogamia, with mag- nified spores, showing the several stages of the various diseases to which they are subject; also preparations illustrating the characteristics of poisonous and edible mushrooms common to the United Staltes ; illustrations displaying the varied character of the starch granules of plants; drawings and illustrations ex- plaining the method of distinguishing vegetable and animal fibres, their kind and quality; drawings displaying vegetable and animal cellulose and starches, and illustrating methods of detecting them in organizations. The Entomological Division contains collections of models of the fruits and vegetables of the United States ; stuffed specimens of birds, beneficial and injurious to farmers and orchardists; stuffed specimens of the various types of poultry of this country ; a collection of the grains and cereals of the Union ; a collection of the textile fabrics of the United States, with specimens of their manufacture ; specimens of tobacco from different tobacco- producing sections of the United States ; and a mounted collec- tion of beneficial and injurious insects. The Horticultural Division exhibits specimens of economic and utilizable plants, showing methods of growth, culture, etc., grapes, cotton, tobacco,, flax, broom corn, jute, corn, sorghum, yucca fibres, etc. The Inferior Department. . The exhibit of the Interior Department occupies the south- west section of the building, and is large and interesting. The most of the articles are shown in glass cases. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 553 The Patent Office. — The display made by this; the oldest and best known branch of the Interior Department, is large and exceedingly interesting. First of all are shown the publications of the office, consisting, of the annual reports, official gazette ; index to patents, general and yearly; volumes of patents, monthly and weekly; decisions of the Commissioner of Patents;; mechanical dictionary ; and official classification. A selected series of 60,000 drawings of models, and a selected series of 5000 models, all carefully chosen from the vast collec- tions of the Patent Office, are shown to serve in illustration of the work of the office. They embrace the following classes: agriculture, harvesters, mills and presses, architecture, civil engineering, railways, navigation, metallurgy, metal-working, wood-working, steam, hydraulics, pneumatics, mechanical move- ments, hoisting, horse-powers, journals and bearings, vehicles, fire-arms, textile, printing and stationery, stone, clay, glass, leather, light, heat, eleciaricity, household, chemistry, gas, ice, and fine arts. Extending over so wide a range, these models afford a fair showing of the ingenuity and success of our country in the inventive arts, and furnish food for months of study. The exhibit is;admirably classified, and if a man wants to find a model of a certain stove, he has only to look in the division of heat ; if he wants to find a certain reaper, he will find it in the divi- sion of agriculture ; and so on throughout the list. The National Museum taiakes a deeply interesting exhibit of ia case filled with relies of the illustrious Father of his Country. They consist of the camp equipage and other articles used by General Washington during the Revolution. They are just as he left them at the close of the war, and were given to the general government for safe-keeping after his death. Here are the tents which constituted the head-quarters in the field of the great soldier. Every cord, every button, and tent-pin is in its place, for he was careful of little things. His blankets, the bed- curtain worked for him by his wife, and his window-curtain, are all in an excellent state of preservation. The chairs are in per- fect order, not a rpund being broken ; and the little square mirror in his dressing-case is not even cracked. The washstand and 554 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY table are also well kept. His kuife-case is filled witii plain, horn-handle knives and forks, which were deemed "good enough tor him ; " and his mess chest is a curiosity. It is a plain wooden trunk covered with leather, with a common lock, the hasp of which is broken. It is divided by tliin partitions of wood into the necessary compartments, which are filled with bottles still stained with the liquids they once held, tin plates, common knives and forks, and other articles pertaining to such an establishment. His cooking utensils, bellows, andirons, and money chest, all of which went with him from Boston to Yorktown, are in this case. Here also hangs the suit of clothes worn by him upon the occa- sion of his resignation of his commission at Annapolis, in 1783, and here is the commission which he gave back to Congress, when he had completed his great work. A hall lantern and several articles from Mount Vernon, a " travelKng secretary," Washington's sword and cane, and a surveyor's compass, pre- sented by him to Captain Samuel Duvall, the surveyor of Frederick county, Maryland, are in the same case. This collection includes also the coat worn by Andfow Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, and the war-saddle of the Baron de Kalb ; a bayonet used by one of Braddock's soldiers, and found upon the fatal field of the Monongahela ; panels of the state coach of President Washington; two splendidly orna- mented muskets presented to President Jefferson by the Emperor of Morocco ; a copy of the medal awarded by Congress to the captors of Major Andre; a number of splendid sabres presented to officials of the United States navy by Ali Pacha and other eastern sovereigns; and a model of an invention for lifting steamboats over the sand-bars of western rivers, designed by Abraham Lincoln in 1849. Had Mr. Lincoln, then an obscure Western lawyer, succeeded with this invention, it would have made him independently wealthy. It failed, however, and twelve years later he became President of the United States. During the interval, the model lay forgotten in the Patent OfSce ; but after his inauguration, President Lincoln got one of the employes of the office to find it for him. After his assassina- tion it was placed in the case containing the Washington relics. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 555 The Pension Office exhibits its anuual reports, and the statis- tics of its operations, together with some collections of historical interest relating to the war of the Revolution. The General Land Office exhibits its annual reports, volumes of the laws of Congress relating to the public lands, digests of the decisions of the Commissioner, and other documents. It displays also maps, charts, and atlas of surveys, miscellaneous collections, and instruments and processes employed in the land survey. The Indian Office makes the largest and most interesting exhibit in this section of the building. It embraces the reports and other publications of the office, maps of the Indian Reserva- tions, photographs and paintings of the Indians, their mode of life, habits, etc., costumes of males and females, weapons of war, models of wigwams, tents, canoes, domestic utensils, and speci- mens of the arts and manufactures of the tribes. Captain Jack, Split Oak, Dull Hatchet, Clumsy Moccasin and other famous or obscure Indian braves are here in all the glory of life-size papier- mach6 and stuffing, streaked on the face with red paint, and wearing the head-dress of feathers. Some of them appear to take pains in displaying their neck- laces of grizzly bears' claws, others their, belts full of dangling scalps, and still a third number deerskin tunics and breeches, and a lavish decoration of bead and shell work. Sheet Light- ning prides in a remarkable set of ear-drops which, if somewhat decreased in avoirdupois, would make first-rate car-couplings or thunder-bolts ; and Iron Breast gazes grimly from behind a beaded sash of many colors that girds a puny trunk, h I'Empe- reur, from shoulder to waist on the opposite side. The squaws of the Californian braves stand patient-looking and ready to hew down trees or turn up an acre or two of wild land with a rude spade-shaped piece of rock, while the lords and masters squat away in the huts,'effecting a chemical change in tobacco. These eopper-hued matrons, and also the unmarried belles, win the admiration of the warriors with necklaces of dried grass, aprons of braided grass, and short gowns of milk-weed fibre, some of the matrons adding to their embellishments the pappoose basket. 556 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOiRY The Httlie, puckered-mouthed, pug-nosed Esquimaux, with his slight sprinkling of a moustache iand "goat," is also exhibited. Arm-in-arm with him, and stiU more diminutive than himself, is his wife. Both are dressed in the white bear-skin garment, which is hood and coat combined. With the exception of their faces there is between every portion of their bodies and the out- side air a thickness of several inches of non-conducting substance, and it will be wonderful if they can stand a Philadelphia Fourth of July. Proceeding along the passages bounded on both sides by glass show-cases the visitor sees in the latter vessels of plaited willow, resembling baskets, but having the interstices filled with cement, so as to hold water, arrow-heads varying in size from the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man's hand, made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron, or stones of pretty colors, and bows and arrows of sizes differing to suit all, from the little, naked, prospective warrior, who is made to practise against a, •target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hang the scalps of four-score pale faces. There is no lack of baskets and cradles of willow, in which kicked and squalled many a hard-knocked pappoose. The medicine man's rattle is also shown. With this magic apparatus the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness or that raw head and bloody bones, known as the " blues " (a thing the red man often gets), out of patient and out of camp. It some- times happens, however, that the rattle proves inefficacious, but this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the Great Spirit, and not that the medicine man is a, hoax. Passing by the innumerable wooden mush-sticks, iroa war- knives, wooden war-clubs and stone spear-heads, the visitor comes to a model of a portion of an ancient cave ruin on the Rio de Chelly, in Arizona ; also a model of an ancient cave town on the same river, and near the same place as the former. These models are in natural tints, and the crumbling walls seen within the spacious cave are not yet so far gone as to prevent one from observing the stamp of a prehistoric and high civilization. The cliff ruin, on the Rio Mancos, Colorado, is also repr&sented by a model, and belongs to the same school as the preceding. There OF THE CENTENXIAL EXHIBITION. 657 is, besides, a collection of broken pottery, arrow and spear-heads, fancy articles of bone, inlaid with shell, and other specimens — all taken from these ruins. Then comes a long array of articles of bone-smoothing tools, wedges, perforators, harpoon heads, fifes and whistles. The objects of stone are innumerable, and comprise pestles and mortars ; a Mexican calendar, which is a circular object, about a foot in diameter, marked with concentric circles enclosing strange symbols, and used by the Aztecs pretty much as a Yankee uses his almanac; grooved axes, hammer stones, leaf-shaped implements, digging tools, hatchet stones, chisels, gouges, adzes, scraper-like and spade-like implements, net-sinkers, grind-stones, etc. Articles made of copper or shells are equally numerous. Tobacco pipes of stone or clay, and in the shape of dogs, cats, bufialoesj rattlesnakes, fairies or hob- goblins, fill several cases. There are fiendish-looking little household gods made of bone, inlaid with shell, manufactured by Alaskan Indians, and knives^ spoons, forks, etc., excellently carved from bone by the Nushergak Indians of that territory and by the Innuit Esquimaux. A curious feature is a reduced copy of a colossal carving at Fort Simpson, B. C, representing the body and outspread wings of a bird with the head of a dog. The Indian tradition is that this was the sacred bird which brought over their ancestors from Asia. Copies of the sacred bird are found in various forms all through Alaska. Having passed through all these and the great number of dishes and trays of carved wood, those executed by the Indians of Sitka island being of especial merit, the visitor enters into an examina- tion of the methods pursued in and the work accomplished by the Indian schools, which is deeply interesting. In the nave between the sections of the Interior Depart- ment and the Smithsonian Institute is an immense canoe dug out of a single log of wood by the Indians of Vancouver's island. It is sixty feet in length, with a breadth of beam of eight feet. Here, also, are two large "totem posts," from the Pacific coast. These posts are common among the Indian tribes of that region. To the uninformed, these " totem posts " look like 558 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ru^e idols of wood, reared in front of, and towering high above the houses of the natives, but in reality they are nothing but a sort of illustrated pedigree or family tree, or more simply, " name posts." The Indian, when he takes a name for himself from some real or supposed feature in his character, such as " The Dove," " The Shark," is accustomed to tattoo the rude figure of the animal suggested by his name upon his arm or breast. The northwrat coast Indians still further illustrate their names and family history by erecting in front of their houses tall posts of cedar, cut into combinations of human and animal forms.' Each of these representations illustrates a generation in the pedigree of the owner. These posts are not worshipped, though they are supposed by the Indians to exercise a protect- ing influence over their houses. The Education Office is in charge of its Commissioner, Gen- eral John Eaton. It makes an interesting exhibit of models of country and town school-houses of the past and present times, and college buildings ; specimens of school furniture and appa- ratus ; a collection of school text books, showing the progress made in these works from those used at the opening of the century to those in use to-day ; catalogues of colleges, schools, and charitable and benevolent institutions ; statistics of educa- tion in the United States ; the reports and publications of the office; and a number of other matters of interest connected with the progress and present condition of the educational systems of this and other countries. Th^ Census Office exhibits a complete set of the Decennial censuses of the United States from 1790 to 1870, with the "Statistical Atlas of 1870." The Geological mid Geographical Survey of the Territories is shown by the reports and bulletins of the various expeditions, topographical and geographical atlases, wall maps and charts, • panoramic photographs, paintings, etc. The windows in this section of the hall are filled with photographs of the scenery and geological formations of the vast region between the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of noted peaks, plateaux, and valleys of this region is shown by OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 559 means of topographical plaster work, variously colored, the colors being numbered with reference to an explanatory sched- ule. There are also models of the present condition of the ancient cliff habitations of the aboriginal inhabitants of Arizona and New Mexico and models of the same restored. The Smithsonian Institution and Commission on American Food Fishes. The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution is full of interest to the ordinary sight-seer, as well as to the scholar. The pub- lications of the institution, its contribution to general knowl- edge, and its method of exchange with foreign institutions are shown. Then follows an exhibit of the CoUedion to Illustrate the Animal Resources of the United States. This is very complete, and is in charge of Mr. G. Browne Goode. The exhibit is divided into four sections. The first section includes North American animals which are directly beneficial or injurious to man. The species which supply food, clothing, shelter, imple- ments, materials, or amusement, are classed as useful, while those which endanger the life or personal comfort of man, or destroy those animals or plants which are of direct benefit to hira, are considered injurious. The most prominent group in this section is a collection of pennepedia, such as fur-seals, sea- lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-elephants, and walrus. There are two specimens of stuffed walrus exhibited, one from the North Atlantic and the other from the North Pacific. The last mentioned is one of the most strikiilg objects in the collec- tion, as it is fully fifteen feet in length and possessed of hard, strong horns, almost two feet long. Its fur is of a soft dark brown, which contrasts strangely with its ferocious ajipearauce. A harp seal exhibited near is equally ugly, while the monster sea-lion stands with lionine head and body erect, looking for all the world like some king of the forest suddenly turned into a lion-mermaid or merman. The fur-seals are all beautiful crea- tures, gracefully jn'oportioued and clothed with the soft, rich, brown fur which gives them so greatparatus connected there- 682 THE ILLUSTRATED HliSTOIiY with, and in a glass tank are sliown models of the Same things in the waterj so that one can see exactly how these terrible weapons of defence are arranged in actual warfare. In another tank is a model of an iron crate, with what are called pressure- plugs, used to determine the force of explosion of dynamite under water. These models were made by Sergeant' Nolty, of the battalion of engineers. One large.table is devoted to models of counter- poise gun-carriagesj which are devices by means of which heavy guns can be lowered below the parapet, loaded with safety from the enemy's fire, and raised again to be fired, and all with the greatest ease. . The display of instruments pertaining to geodesy, meteor- ology, and astronomy is very fine, and speaks volumes for the knowledge and ability possessed by our engineer officers. A model of a sounding machine will interest hydrographers. By it twenty soundings can be taken in a minute and automati- cally recorded. Quite a striking display is that of specimens, flf building stone, from over one hundred different quarries. These specimens are four inch cubes, with one side polishedj and are arranged on a black velvet pyramid, which shows them off to great advantage. A complete display is made of the various articles needed for the equipment of the Enginier Corps of the army in active ser- vice. The pontoon train is exhibited in the grounds north of the building. In the hall are field photographic instruments, siege and mining toolsj and reconnoissance instruments. The Ordnance Service exhibits its large guns outside of the building, as has been stated. The display within the hall is large, and merits the most careful study. The manufacture of arms is sho\yn in the most admirable manner. Here is seen in practical operation all the rifle- making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring- field, Massach\isetts, could crowd into the limited space. Tiie skilful men operatives begin with the round bars of steel and the long blocks of black walnut, turning out comi)lete the handsome weapons of death almost "as rapidly as the latter OF THE OiENTENNlAL EXHIBITION. 583 conld bie made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnirt is applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds is perfectly guu-shaped; then to the borer^ which prepares it for the lock in one more minute. It is then a finished stock. To enumerate all the other machines used before coming to the guurbarrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the re- ceiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin and tan^- screw machines, would be attempting too much in tiiis space. All of them are of gigantic strength, and yet tlieir construction is as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irregularity in their operation, not even to the extent of the one-thousandth part of an inch. The barrel is bored out by three or four augers of diifereut and regularly-increasing size. One of these guns, a Springfield breecli-loading rifle, is wrought upon by no less than 550 different operatives before it is perfect. These man- age 1200 machines, and the number of guns which they can turn out in a day of eight hours is about 400. The bayonet- grinder attracts hundreds about him. The bayonet having been wrought into nearly perfect shape, he takes and applies it to a fine-grained grindstone, making 1500 revolutions per minute. Tiie sirarks don't fly ; tJiey flow straight out like the tail of a comet. It is known, of coui'se, tliat all this machinery is opei*- ated by steam, the engiiie-house being immediately outside the main building. In the adjoining section the manufacture of cartridges and bullets is in progress. Nine women are employed in making cartridges, there being as many different machines, and through these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge. There is the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollar, and then punches them through a holcj shaping them like a cup. Several othef cupping machiues, differing only in the diameter of the hole, each in turn takes the cup and lengthens it, until finally it is headed in another machine, has the fulminated cap inserted in another, the charge in another, and the bullet in the last. Here are models of gun-plants and forges, illustrating the whole process o/ cannon making. Gatliug and other battery guns ,«^84 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY are shown, and small models of field artillery as well as the guns themselves. Caissons and artillery forges, models of sea-coast and siege guns, sho^'ing the manner of using them in barbette and casemate batteries, and a series of Whitworth, SutclifFe, Mann, MofiFat, and Hotchkiss breech-loading field rifle-guns are exhibited. Close by are several handsome brass guns, bearing the name and arms of Louis XVI., King of France, presented to the United States by Lafayette during the Revp- jution. , Along the wall is arranged a collection of all the various styles of guns and pistols ever used in the United States army, from the pld flint-loek of the Revolution up to the splendid breech-loading rifle of to-day. Here are several Chinese and Japanese match- locks, and a match-lock of the fourteenth century, one of the first guns made after the adoption of fire-arms in European warfare. Pyramids of shot and shell stand about the section, showing all the various projectiles used in Avarfare. Here are mountain howitzers, their carriages and also ammunition chests — all ou pack-saddles — -just as they are carried over mountains or bad roads on the backs of mules; stufled uniformed figures of cavalry- men on the backs of papier-mach6 horses ; the mortal and stuffed remains of the famous trotter George M. Patchen, hitched to a carriage containing a Gatling gun ; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon (for field use, discharging eighty rounds of shells or canister- shot per minute), and a section of oak which stood inside the intrench ments near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut down by musket balls in an attempt to recapture the works previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, May 12th, 1864. In contrast with the splendid cannon of to-day are a number pf old guns cast ^t Philadelphia and Gerniantowu during the Revolution. Plans of the United States arsenals are exhibited, and at the >vestern end of the section is a handsome model of the ai-senal and grounds at Rock Island, Illinois. , The space occupied by the War Department is handsomely 4raped with flags, and is ornamented with fine portraits of tlie OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 585 secretaries of war, and the most distinguished generals of the army. The Post Hospital. The Medical Section of the army makes no exhibit in the. Government Building, but confines its display to the Post Hospital, which stands in the government grounds tQ the north of the principal building. The hospital is a plain but neat frame structure, two stories in height, with a wide piazza run- ning all around it. It is designed to show a complete post^ hospital of twenty-four beds of full size. The pn'ncipal room on the lo\ver floor shows the arrangement of the beds, and the conveniences provided in the army hospitals for attending to the wants of the sick and wounded. The treatment of wounds and other hurts is illustrated by papier-mach6 figures placed in the beds in the positions necessary to the proper treatment of such injuries. Upon the walls of the room and the halls adjoining it are hung photographs of difficult and successful ani]HitiitionSi In this room is Mr. Thomas Eakins' fine picture of Dr. Gross delivering a clinical lecture to a class of students. It is one of the most powerful and life-like pictures to be seen in the Exhibition, and should have a place in the Art Gallery, where it would be but for au incomprehensible decision of the Selecting Committee. In the adjoining rooms are models of the barrack " General Hospitals" used during the civil war; models of hospital steamers, such as were used during that struggle on the tide^ water rivers of the East and on the Western rivers ; and models of hospital railroad trains. Here also is a case of medical and surgical curiosities from the Army Medical Museum at Wash^ ington. A third room is fitted up as a dispensary, and contains samples of medical supplies. Opposite this is the pffice, with a collection of surgical instruments, medical works, and the blanks and record books used in the hospital service. A fifth room is fitted up as a dining-room, and contains a display of table-ware and mess furniture. Opening into this room is a kitchen with a full equipment of cooking utensils and other articles needed in this department. '1- 586 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 587 The rooms on the second floor contain a display of medicine chests and panniers, stretchers, litters, artificial legs and arms, and trusses for rupture and other apparatus. In the grdunds in the rear of the Post Hospital are shown several hospital tents of various sizes, and a park of ambulances, medicine wagons and carts. The Laboratory. Between the Government Building and the Post Hospital is a small frame building intended for a laboratory for the manu- facture of cartridges and other dangerous compounds. It forms a part of the e^Jhibit of the Ordnance Department. It is built after designs by Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the army, and consists of an iron frame with a wooden covering. This method of consti'uction is intended to lessen the loss of life in case of accidental explosions. In such an event the wooden covering is blown out by the force of the explosion, but the iron frame is left standing, and the building does not fall in upon its inmates. The frame of the present building was used for one which formerly stood in the grounds of the Bridesburg Arsenal, at Philadelphia. It was destroyed in August, 1875, by the accidental explosion of from 600 to 800 pounds of gunpowder. The wooden pides were blown outward, but the iron frame stood firm. Of the twenty-one persons employed in the buiM- ing at the time, but three boys died from injuries received. The present structure contains several portraits of the secre- taries who have presided over the War Department, including a not very good one of Jefferson Davis, and instruments for ascertaining the velocity of rifle balls. The Lighthouse. In addition to the display made in the Government Build- ing, the Lighthouse Board of the Treasury Department has ierected opposite the northeast corner of that building an iron lighthouse, such as is used on the dangerous shoals of our coast. The base of this structure is of wood, but is pointed to repre- Beut stone. To this the iron flanges of the superstructure are 588 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. bolted, and above this is a high iron cylinder, eighteen feet in diameter, the whole being surmounted by an ornamental iron tower. In the centre of this tower is placed a revolving or flash-light of the fourth grade, and over one of the dormer windows is suspended a fog-bell weighing 4950 pounds. The light is revolved and the bell is struck by clock-work, the flashes of the light and strakes of the bell being regulated at the will of the light-keeper. The bell is intended to be struck first three times, then twice, and then once, this being the signal adopted for one of the shoals of Long Island, to which this lighthouse is to be removed after the close of the Ex- hibition. Near the lighthouse is "The Syren," or fog-horn, which is simply an enormously long horn blown by steam. It emits a most deafening sound, and has been heard for a distance of thirty-five miles. A smaller horn is also shown. It is oper- ated by a caloric engine, and is intended for a light-ship. Near this is a large lantern and an iron lattice work signal for day and night use on light-ships. The lights and signals are fastened near the top of the mast, and are distinguished by a diiference of color. A number of buoys are scattered about the base of the tower. CHAPTER XVIir. THE woman's building. Description of the Building— Its Cost— A Lady Engineer— Tlie Interior of the Bnildlng— The Exliibit— The Looms- Works of Female Artists— In- ventions of Women — Institutions Managed by Women— Splendid Embroi- deries-Display from Foreign Countries— The Printing Office. HE Woman's Building is one of the handsomest edifices connected with the Exliibition, and owes its existence entirely to the efforts of a number of ladies known as the " Women's Centennial Executive Committee." It is devoted exclusively to the exhibition of the results of woman's labor, and thus constitutes an altogether unique feature of the great fair. The building stands on Belmont avenue, at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. It covers an area of 30,000 square feet, and is formed by two naves intersecting each other, each 192 feet long aiid 64 feet wide. At the end of these there is a porch 8 by 32 feet in size. The corners formed by the intersection of the two naves are filled out by foiir pavilions which are included in the hall. Each of these iMivilions is 48 feet square. The whole structure is of wood, the architecture being of the moderii style. The centre of the edifice is 25 feet higher than the rest of the building, and is surmounted by a lantern with a cupola on top of the sanie, giving to this part of the building a total height of 90 feet The most striking featiu'e of tlie plan is that there are in the whole interior but four supporting columns to the roof, all the rest being trnssed over from the outside walls. The exterior is painted a light bluish gray color, and the interior is finislied in the softest shade of light blue. _ - 589 '■ 'SK^ 590 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOK. 591 Work upon the building was begun about the middle of October, 1875, and it was turned over to the " Women's Com- mittee," completed, early in January, 1876. The design was prepared by Mr. H. J. Schwarzmann, the architect of Memorial Hall. The cost of .the building and its internal arrangements was $30,000, which sum was raised through the exertions of the ladies having the enterprise in charge. , The appearance of. the interior is very pretty and attractive., A tasteful fountain, situated immediately under the lantern, sends a graceful jet of water into the air, and around the. basin in which it stands is a cool and inviting rim of rpck-work and ferns. A l^rge chandelier hangs from tlie central point of the roof, and banners and streamers ornament the hail. At the north side of the .building is the engine house, in which a Baxter portable engine of six horse power supplies the motive power for the machhiery in operation in the hall. Tlie engine is in charge of Miss Emma Allison, of Grimsby, Iowa, who, if she does nothing else, offers an example worth follow- ing to the engineers of the male sex in the neatness of her dress and the perfection of cleanliness exliibited in both engine and engine-room. The young lady is highly educated, and is thoroughly posted in theoretical as well as practical- mechanics. The engine operates a number of spinning frames and power looms in the hall, which are constantly at work, in charge of female opiSratives. It runs also a small Hoe cylinder press, on which the journal issued from this building is printed. The display within the hall is quite liarge, and includes nearly eiverything of woman's work or invention that could be collected. Paintings and statuary by female artists are shown in the northern section of the hall, but the collection falls short of illustrating the highest triumphs aohieved by the sex in l^iese departments of art. ' ■ ' A most interesting exhibit is made in the southeastern sec- tion of the building, of the inventions of women in macliinery imd other fields of labor. The majority of these are designed to 592 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY economize household labor. First of all, there is a machine for washing blankets, which every housekeeper knows to be one of the most difficult operations of the laundry. The same lady inventor exhibits two mangling machines, A system of self-fitting patterns, intended to enable ladies to dispense with the services of a dressmaker, is also shown. Here is a barrel- cover which can be locked, and which thus serves as a protec- tion to sugar and flour barrels. Here are smoothing irons to be heated by gas as they are used ; a frame for stretching and drying lace curtains ; dusting racks and many other household appliances. Here are a machine for washing dishes, which not only deans but dries them ; a patent bedstead, fitted up with drawers; a combined travelling-bag and chair; a life-saving mattress, which floats like a cork and will not turn over ; chest- protectors ; surgical appliances and dental products. Here are some remarkably well-executed pictures worked in human hair, and a number of flowers and toilet articles made entii-ely of fish scales. A bouquet of wax flowers is shown made by the great-granddaughters of the author of the Declaration of In- dependence, who, in the midst of the rejoicings of this Cen- tennial year, are left to make an almost hopeless struggle with poverty. Here also is a whistle made of the tail of a pig, which completely upsets the old Scotch adage, that "Out of a pig's tail you can't make a whistle." In the southern section are photographs of the various insti- tutions in the United States which were established or are conducted by women. Prominent among these are the Shelter for Colored Orphans, at West Philadelphia ; the House of the Holy Family, at New York; the Old Ladies' Home, Lowell, Massachusetts; the Home for Young Women and Children, Lowell, Massachusetts ; the New England Hospital for Women and Children; the New York Lying-in Asylum; the New Haven Orphan Asylum; Home for Friendless Women, Indian- apolis ; Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls and the Home for Friendless Women, at Fort Wayne, Indiana ; the Old Ladies' Home, ait New Albany, Indiana; and the Orphans' Home, at Bichmoad, Indiana. OF THE CENTEX Xr AT- EXHTBITION. 593 lu the southeastern section is a large collection of embroideries by hand, the most of it in glass cases. Here are a number of portraits worked in silk- or embroidered in worsted. There are portraits of Queen Victoria, Mr. Gladstone, Prince Albert, the - Prince and Princess of Wales and others. An elaborate picture in worsted- work represents the " Death of George Douglas at the Battle of Langside." Here are splendidly embroidered garments of various kinds for ladies and children, carriage-robes, afghans, and a picture in needle-work of Abraham and Hagar. Mrs. Mary Cliampneys sends a pair of socks which she knit in I her one-hundredth year. In the northwestern section there are some fine wood-carvings by ladies, and sets of chamber furniture designed by them. Close by are sets of porcelain ornamented by lady artists, some of which arc very beautiful. The southwestern section of the hall is taken up almost entirely by exhibits from foreign countries. The ladies of Great Britain, Canada, Sweden, France, and the Netherlands, and other countries have sent contributions to this department, which are among the handsomest articles displayed in the hall. The Royal School of Art and Needlework, under the patronage of her Majesty the Queen of England, the exhibit of which we noticed in our account of the Main Exhibition Building, has here several cases of superb embroideries and needle-work. Egypt also sends several specimens of rich embroideries in gold and silver thread. Here are a set of velvet covers for doors richly embroidered in quaint designs with gold thread by the wife of the Bey of Tunis. They are among the most beau- tiful specimens of needle work in the entire Exhibition. From the Netherlands are some beautiful silk embroideries and some feather-work, and from France silk embroideries, and specimens of the drawings of the pupils of the female art schools of Paris. In the Canadian department are a number of finely executed models representing the church and chapel of Notre Dame, at Montreal, the Mother House of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the Orphanage at JoHette, the St. Alexis Orphan Asylum,, the Moujistery of the Good Shepherd, the Convent of the. Good 38 594 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Shepherd, Quebec, the St. John's Asylum, the Hotel Dieu and tlie General Hospital, at Quebec. The inmates of these estab- lishments send beautiful specimens of their handiwork, includ- ing a picture in worsted of the Lord's Supper, and cases of silk dresses, flowers, and a carved ])icture-frame. There are also in this exhibit many handsome pieces of straw-work, silk flower- work, laces, anti-macassar and cretonne work. Norway and Sweden each send embroideries, flowers, and articles made from fish-scales, articles ornamented with moss, clothing, and articilcs of household use. Their displays resemble eacii other very closely. Near the western wall of the portion « of the building occupied by these two countries are four life-size figures in wax, similar to those in the Main Building, represent- ing not only the costumes but the facial characteristics of the Swedish peasants The first three represent two young ladies anxiously l)Iowing to pieces one of those little flowers which are supposed to tell a maiden whether her lover is true or not. Behind tkem stands a young man watching the result with an expression half anxious, half amused. The other figure repre- sents a bride in the peasant dress. Japan fully sustains her reputation by her display here of articles in the manufacture of which the women of that country liave attained great skill. Among these articles of utility, as well as beauty, are cigar-casos, cabinets, work-boxes, writing-desks, satchels, etc., all made of wood and most delicately ornamented with lacquer and inlaying, many of them being adorned with grotesque yet not wholly inartistic figures in ivory and ebony. There are also displayed a large number of artificial flowers, which, in shape and color, are close counterparts of nature, besides a number of raised pictures in wool. The last-mentioned exhibits have a peculiar effect somewhat akin to perspective, but they are nevertheless unnatural. Several large screens orna- mented with numberless fans, which in turn are ornamented with figures of various kinds, are also in this collection. Some of the figures are painted, Avhile others are worked in wool, or made of cloth raised high from the surface. One of the most striking of these exhibits is a large six- panelled screen, with a OF THE CENTENKIAIj EXHIBITION. 595 framework of ebony ornamented with gilt and silver plates. The back of the screen is covered with a plain gold pattern of a pretty design, and the front has a ground of yellow silk, in which are worked a variety of ladies' fans. On these are depicted Japanese mandarins, tradesmen, merchants, mechanics, farmers, jugglers, and all engaged in the pleasures, professions, or occupations to which they were born. The figures themselves are of paper, but the clothing, with all the variety of ornament and minuteness of detail, is made, of silk, and, like many other of the Japanese pictures, raised from the surface. A cabinet containing screens and ottomans is a very fine piece of work, and is universally admired. The specimens of plain and embroidered silk exhibited are peculiarly interesting, not only from the richness of the material, but from the quaint yet really beautiful designs. The ladies of Brazil make a handsome exhibit of table covers, embroidery, and fancy work, many of the articles being the contributions of the inmates of the Brazilian Orphan Asylums. Among these the most noticeable exhibit is a cabinet of gold lace-work. A pretty little pincushion, made of shells and silk, and a sample of the needlework of the Viscountess de Itamaraty, attract much attention. A very beautiful model in cork of a noted Brazilian castle, a wreath of flowers made entirely of leather, several cushions, delicately embroidered with silk and wool, by the pupils of the Orphan College of St. Theresa and the College of the Imperial Society, are all exceptional pieces of work, and are, of course, much admired. Among the other more noticeable exhibits are some elegant specimens of lace- work, scarfs, and artificial flowers made of leather and feathers. Near the centre of the building is a small printing office in which female compositors are engaged in setting up the type of I%e New Cerdury for Women, a journal conducted entirely by women, and issued from this building. Altogether the display in the Woman's Building is very ^icpeditable, and reflects great credit upon the good taste and 'administrative ability of the ladies having it in charge. CHAPTER XIX. THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXHIBITION. The State Bnildinga— St. George's HouBe— The French Government Building — The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Government Building — The Spanish Buildings— The Portuguese Building — The Swedish School- House — The Canadian Log-House— The Brazilian Building — The Japanese Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tunisian Coflee Houses and Bazaars — The Syrian Bazaars — The Moorish Villa — The Chilian Machinery Hall — Buildings of the Centennial Commission — The Judges' Hall — The Eestaurants — The Shoe and Leather Building — The Brewers' Hall — The Butter and Cheese Factory — Department of Public Comfort — Singer Sewing Machine Cottage — The Centennial Photographic Association — The American Railroad Ticket Office — Empire Transportation Company's Build- ing — Starr's Iron Works — The Glass Works — Campbell Printing Press Building — The American Newspaper Building — The World's Ticket Office — The Palestine Camp — Tlie Women's School-House — The American Kin- dergarten — The New England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen — Pacific Guano Company's Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The Caf(S de Brazil — The United States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Railway —The Windmills. The State Buildings. HE State buildings were erected by the Commissioners of the respective States to which they belong, the cost being defrayed by appropriations by the legislatures of those States. The majority are located on State avenue, in the northwestern portion of the Exhibition grounds, but a few are in other parts of the enclosure. We shall take them in their geographical order. New Hampshire. — The New Hampshire Building stands on State avenue, immediately west of the Michigan Building. It is fifty feet square, and is a small at.d plain, but tasteful, frame 'cottage, with a reception room on the first floor, and a ladies' 596 NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BUILDING. WEST VIRGINIA STATE BUILDING. THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 597 parlor up-stairs. It is intended, like all the State buildings, as an office for the Commissioners of the State, and a rendezvous for visitors from the State to which it belongs to the Exhibition. It is ornamented with fine photographs of White Mountain scenery. Vermont. — The Vermont Building stands in a garden plot to the north of Machinery Hall, and near the Turkish Coffee House. It is a handsome cottage, thirty-five by forty feet in size, and the interior is fitted up simply but tastefully in stained pine wood. It contains the offices of the Vermont State Com- missioners, a reading-room and a ladies' parlor. In the latter is a fine Estey organ. Masaaclmseiis. — On State avenue, immediately west of the Connecticut cottage, the commonwealth of Massachusetts has erected one of the handsomest cottages in the grounds. It is of wood, and consists of a central building with wings at each end, around which are wide and cool piazzas. The building covers an area of eighty-seven by seventy feet, and is painted in dark, rich colors. It is two stories in height, and from the central point of the roof rises a tower surmounted by a flag-staff. The entrance hall is wide and spacious, and extends from the front door to the rear of the building, at which is the office for the transaction of the business of the house. On the left of the hall are the reception room of the Board of State Commissioners and the ladies' parlor, and on the opposite side the reception room of the Governor of Massachusetts and the reading-room. The" first three rooms and the hall are handsomely furnished, and the whole building has an air of elegance and comfort which are admirable. Rhode Island. — The Ehode Island Building is a small but tasteful frame cottage, situated on the slopes of George's Hill, to the west of the Mississippi Building. It is fitted up with the offices of the State Commission and reception rooms. Connecticut. — The State of Connecticut has erected as its head- quarters a tasteful two-story cottage, on State avenue, between the Massachusetts and New Hampshire buildings. It is in- tended to represent a colonial homestead of a century ago. The 598 THE ILLUSTRATED HI8TOEY building is about forty feet square, and the front is of octagonal shingles, timber and plaster. The low second story projecis four feet over the first story. In the centre of the front is a stout wooden porch over a strong old-fashioned hatch door divided horizontally in the middle. Over the porch are the coat-of-arms of the State and the motto, " Qui Transtulit Sus- tinet." On the roof is a dormer-window, raised three feet above the eaves and with a slanting roof reaching nearly to the peak of the main roof. The main roof starts in front from the eaves at a height of eighteen feet from the ground, and after running up to a peak about the centre of the building sloj>e8 to the rear, where the eaves are only ten feet from the ground. On the east side of the house is a balcony at a window eight feet wide, and at a window in the second story the State coat-of-arms is to be displayed. On tlie west side is a picturesque verandah of heavy timber. The windows are all glazed with lights six by eight inches. In the centre of the building is a substantial stone chimney. In the interior is a reception room twenty-two by twenty-nine feet, seventeen and one-half feet high, with a gallery on front and two sides three and one-half feet wide. The whole interior is finished with wood, stained to give it the appearance of age. An old-fashioned fireplace stands opposite the front door. It has an ample hearth and stone front surrounded by pictured tiles. Shelves supported by heavy brackets are over the fire- place, and above them panelling reaches to the ceiling. Back of the reception room is the principal office for the State Com- mission, janitor's room and parlors for ladies and gentlemen. . New York. — The New York State Building is a highly orna- mental two-story cottage, with wide verandahs running around it and a tower rising from the centre of the front of the roof. It covers an area of eighty by thirty-five feet, and is painted in light colors. It stands immediately south of State avenue and east of the British Government Buildings. It is simply but tastefully furnished, and contains the offices of the State Com- mission and reception rooms for ladies and gentlemen. New Jersey. — The State of New Jersey was the first after ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. IlSlirANA STATE BUILTHNG. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 593 Pennsylvania to take up the Centennial Exhibition scheme, and since then her assistance ha6 been of the most liberal character. It is not surprising therefore that the State is represented by one of the most elaborate and attractive structures on the , grounds. The building stands immediately north pf the Wo- man's building, oir the east side of Belmont avenue. It is a wooden structure of unique design; is covered with tiles manu- factured from New Jersey clay, and presents a novel as well as interesting appearance. Above the main entrance rises a lofty tower from which an atlinirable view of the grounds may be obtained. The chimney is a conspicuous portion of the building, and is made of brick manufactured in vai'ious portions of the State. The building rovers an area of eighty-two by forty-two feet. The interior is finished in dark, rich colors, and consists of a wide, cool reception room, with wide windows on the first floor, with offices and parlors for ladies opening upon it. The upper rooms are for the use of the Stat'j Commissioners. The furnishing is simple but tasteful. Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania State Building stands north of Machinery Hall, and near the lake. It is a handsome Gotliic cottage, ninety-seven feet long and fifty-seven feet wide, and is painted a liglit-brown. Over the main entrance rises a large tower flanked by two smaller ones. A wide piazza ex- tends around the building. The main entrance leads to a large Gothic hall, into which open the manager's office, the Governor's room, parlors for ladies and gentlemen and the reading-room. The upper rooms are for the use of the State Commissioners. The rooms are richly furnished and the interior of the building is elegant and handsome, Pennsyhania Educational Hall. — In addition to her State building, Pennsylvania has erected a separate structure for the display of her schools and educational system. It is situated immediately to the west of Memorial Hall, and is circular in shape, with a dome rising in the centre of the roof. The in- terior consists of a central hall lying immediately under the dome, and an outer corridor or hall running entirely around it. This outer hall is divided into a number of sections or stalls, ia 600 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY ^\'hieh the exhibits are arrangrrl according to a regular system. The central hall is unbroken and opens into the outer hall by several doors. Entering by the south door, the attention of the visitor is ail. A "jatywt ~i ~ "_L-_ " ' ' •>aw iiSr ' "^ISIKii- "SP?-"-. ' — ,.^^^1 ^>: PENNSVLVANIA STATE BUILDING. drawn to the exhibit of the Kindergarten system which stands on his right. This is one of tlie most complete showings of Fi-oebel's system in the Exhibition, and is deeply interesting. Tlic next section on the right shows the primary-school system OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 6Gl of Pennsylvania. Then follow the secondary, grammar anil high school, each in regular successioo, after which the normal school and college systems are shown, the whole ending with tiie exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania. The exhibit is made by showing the text-books, fiii-niture, scientific and philo- sophical apparatus used in the schools, and by specimens of the pupils' work, such as we have alhuled to in our account of the school exhibits in the Main Building. No otate makes such an elaborate display as is to be seen here, this magnificent exhibit being under the charge of Professor Wickersham, who is the State Superintendent of Schools. Models, drawings and photo- graphs of the State schools of various grades and of several of tlie colleges are shown, and tho educational statistics of tlje State are displayed by means of charts. The technical schools show drawings, casts and models, the various apparatus used by them and specimens of the workjof the pupils. The display includes the schools for the blind, the feeble-minded, the deaf and dumb, and the orphans of the soldiers and sailors of Pennsylvania who died in defence of the Union during the late civil war. Speci- mens of their work in the industrial departments are exhibited, and a full showing is made of the course pursued in them. There is also an exhibit of ' Sunday-school material, such as maps, charts, forms and models. Delaware. — ^The Delaware State Building is a handsome frame cottage of two storiet, in the Norman-Gothic style, with a tower, and is situated on State avenue, to the west of tho Maspachusetts Building. It is simply furnished, and contains the offices of the State Commissioners and parlors for ladies and gentlemen. Maryland. — The Maryland Building is situated a little to the north of State avenue, and west of the Delaware house. It is eighty-five by seventy feet in size, and is built of wood. It contains the offices of the State Commissioners, reception rooms, and a large hall in which an exhibit is made of the agricultural products of the State, its mineral ores, marbles and other build- ing stones, timber, etc. The oyster fisheries of the Chesapeake bay and its tributaries are illustrated by specimens of oysters in 002 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY the shell, and by a complete display of models of all the boats and other apparatus used in the fisheries. In one of the rooms on the west of the hall are a number of specimens of the work of the pupils of the State schools of design ; and in an adjoining one portraits and other historical relics loaned by the Maryland Historical Society. One of these is the banner presented to Pulaski by the nuns of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1778. In the grounds in front of the building the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company exhibit an old "grasshopper engine," made in 1835 — one of the first locomotives ever used in this country " « ■h^'t. V*'vJ'^l^i '"' It's. ^ ^^' ^' - "^^^'N MARYLAND STATE BUILDING. — and one of their largest six-wheel engines, which is said to be the largest passenger locomotive in the world. Virginia. — A private gentleman has erected a plain cottage of two rooms, in the rear of the Woman's Building, to serve as a rendezvous for visitors from the old State of Virginia, which declined to make any appropriation to the Exhibition. West Virginia. — The State of West Virginia has a handsome edifice on Fountain avenue, near the Total Abstinence fountain. ,It covers an area of fifty-nine by thirty feet, and is built en- tirely of timber from the State to which it belongs. It is a OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 603 two-story structure, with a tower in the centre. The building consists of two portions, an octagonal front, with a central hall open from the floor to the roof, with a gallery running around the second story, and a rear hall, rectangular in shape. The octagon contains the offices of the commissioners and reception rooms for visitors. The hall in the rear is filled with a hand- some display of the agricultural and mineral products of the State. The native woods are shown by large sections of trees, and by eighty smaller blocks in the shape of books. The bark is left on the back of each, and the name of the wood is printed in gilt letters and pasted on the bark. The row of samples thus resembles a collection of handsomely bound volumes.. The rich coal and coal oil of the State are shown by large blocks of the former and jars of the latter. A fine display is made of iron ore. Large blocks of bituminous coal stand in the grounds adjoining the building. A considerable display is made of tobacco, and of oil§, wines, mineral waters, mineral paints, glass sands and marls. Building stones of the best quality are also shown. The public school system of the State is shown, with specimens of the text-books used. Mississippi. — The Mississippi BuilSingis a neat and tasteful two-story log cabin. It is forty-three by thirty feet in size, and is built of wood covered with a frame work of logs with the bark on, all the timber used in its construction being shipped direct from Mississippi. There are sixty-eight differ- ent kinds of wood used in the building, and the ornaments to the balconies, door-ways and windows consist of knots, roots and curious formations found in the Mississippi forests. The walls of the interior are finished in highly polished pine wood of various kinds. Some of these specimens resemble bird's-eye maple, and others are as dark as mahogany. The exterior of the structure is covered with Spanish moss, which gives to the building a most picturesque appearance. The building con- tains the offices of the State Commission and reception rooms for ladies and gentlemen. The building stands on the slopes of George's Hill, to the north of the West Virginia Building. Tmnessee. — Tennessee is represented only by a canvas tent 604 Tin: illustrated history between the Maryland and Iowa buildings, erected by a private individual. It contains a small exhibit of the iron ores of the State. Arkansas. — The Building of the State of Arkansas is situ- ated on the south side of State avenue, west of the British Buildings. It is constructed of wood, is octagonal in shape, about 80 feet in diameter, and has a double dome in the centre. It is painted in bright colors without and within, and the in- terior is handsomely draped with flags and streamers. A handsome bronze fountain stands in the centre, under the dome, and around the hall is arranged a special display of the mineral and agricultural resources of the State. The woods, minerals and coal are shown to excellent advantage, and a capital dis- play is made of the excellent cotton grown in this State. The building also contains the offices of the State Commissioners. Missouri. — The Missouri Building stands north of State avenue, on the slope of George's Hill, and adjoins the Iowa Building on the west. It is a two-story structure, with a tower at its eastern end, and covers an area forty by sixty feet in size. It contains but a single, room on the first floor (the ladies' parlor being" in fhe second story), which is neatly but simply furnished. Here is acabinet of specimens of the min- erals found in the State, and of the native woods. Ohio. — The Ohio Building is located at the eastern end of State avenue, immediately west of Belmont avenue. It is the most elegant and substantial of all the State edifices, and is constructed of dressed stone furnished by twenty-one quarries of the State. All the materials used in its construction were furnished by citizens of the State of Ohio engaged in the manu- facture of the respective articles, and are intended as special exhibits. The building is forty feet square inside, is two full stories and an attic in height, and is fitted up with reception and reading-rooms and the offices of the State Commission. In the rear is a large hall or annex, of wood, sixty feet long, intended for the exhibition of articles from Ohio and for public meetings. Indiana. — Tiie Indiana Building stands on State avenue, it mm V-*,T* : L ' " 'i.SeKteii*i ii\^'i^M:^^- r***v MISSOUBI STATE BUILDING, IOWA STATE BUILDING. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 605 immediately west of the Oliio Building. It is a handsome wooden pavilion, and covers an area sixty by forty feet in size. It contains a principal hall, into which open the reading-room and ladies' parlor. The walls of the principal hall consist of different colored panels, on which are painted the population, agricultural and other statistics of the various counties of the State. The ofiBces of the Indiana Commissioners are in this building. lUinois. — The Illinois State Building is a handsome frame cottage, and adjoins that of Indiana on the west. It is two stories in height, and contains a large reception hall, in which is a fine organ, a handsomely furnished ladies' parlor, in which is an upright Chickering piano, a reading-room and the offices of the State Commission. Wisconsin. — Wisconsin has erected for her State head-quar- ters a plain but comfortable and neatly furnished cottage, im- mediately west of the Illinois Building. It contains the usual reception rooms, ladies' parlor and the offices of the State Commission. Michigan. — The Michigan Building stands on State avenue, immediately west of the Wisconsin cottage. It is an elaborate structure of frame, with a tower at the southwest corner. The interior is very handsome, being fitted up in hard wood, and is divided into the usual reception rooms and parlors. The building contains the offices of the State Commissioners. It is handsomely furnished throughout. Imoa. — The Iowa Building is a neat and tasteful frame cot- tage, and stands on the slope of George's Hill, on the east of the Missouri Building. It is simply furnished, and contains a reception and reading-room, and the offices of the State Commissioners, Kansas and Colorado. — These States share between them a large Gothic frame building, the ground-plan of which is in the form of a Greek cross. It stands immediately back of the New Jersey Building, on the slopes of Belmont valley. Each arm of the cross is.one hundred and fifty feet in length. The interioi; is handsomely fitted up, and is devoted to a special display of 606 THE ILIiUSTEATED HISTORY the agricultural and mineral resources of the States of Kansas and Colorado. The former State occupies the principal portion cf the space. * The great seal of Kansas is painted in the north wing, and below it is a large map of the State, twenty-four feet long by thirteen feet wide. The agricultural products of Kansas are displayed in the north and east wings ; the minerals and birds in the south wing; the insects in cases around the centre; the timber and stone displays are arranged near tile east wing. A handsome bronze fountain, presented by the ladies of Topeka, occupies the centre, under the dome. Above it is suspended a facsimile of the Old Independence Bell, formed entirely of Kansas products, and designed by Professor Henry Worrell, of Topeka. This bell is eight feet eight inches high, and its diameter at the lower or open end is eight feet nine inches. The outer rim of the bell is formed of wheat, millet, broom-corn, and sorghum. The tongue is formed of a gourd six feet long ; the hammer is a bell-shaped gourd a foot asid a half in diameter. Around the top of the bell, the inscription, "Proclaim Liberty to all," etc., is formed of millet and flax,. The building is sur- mounted by forty-two flags, representing all nations exhibiting here, and presented by the ladies of Leavenworth. The entire building is surrounded by a wide portico, afibrding seats and shade. In one of the triangles formed by the intersection of the wings of the building there is a neatly furnished reading-room, where files of Kansas newspapers are kept. Opposite to this is the olfice of the State Board. These afford a quiet resting-place for visitors. The display of agricultural products is labelled, giving the name of the county where grown, and by whom grown. The yield per acre is recorded in the books of the State Board, and can be ascertained on application. By reference to the large map in the north wing, visitors can ascertain the section in which any product exhibited is grown. There is wheat on exhibition the stalks of which are from five feet to six and a half feet high, with heads from three to six inches long ; the corn is from thirteen to seventeen and a half feet in height, MICHIGAK STATE BUILBUSTG, CAIilPOBNIA AND NJEVADA STATK BUil-MINQ. OF THE CENTENNIAL XHIBITION. 607 with ears from eight to ten feet from the ground; oats from five to six and a half feet high ; rye from five to seven feet high ; broom corn over eigliteen feet high ; bhie grass three feet four inches high; fourteen diiFerent varieties of wild grass, commenc- ing with the buffalo grass, six inches high, and ending with 5)hie-stem prairie grass, over ten feet high— too big for hay and not quite large enough for cord \}'ood ; clover from four to five feet high ; ears of corn from twelve to fifteen inches long ; one stalk of corn with thirteen ears upon, and another with seven; and many other products showing an equally remark- able growth. A fine display is made of the native woods of Kansas. The State of Colorado exhibits its mineral resources in the west wing of the building. Here are specimens of gold quartz, silver ore, and at the north side is a representation of the Rocky mountains, in which are grouped stuffed specimens of the animals of that region. The State Commissioners have an elegantly furnished reception room at one side. California and Nevada. — These States have erected a large wooden pavilion on the south side of State avenue, opposite tKfe Maryland Building. It contains a handsome hall, the pillars of which are finished in imitation of the native woods of the Pacific coast. A special exhibit is made of the agricultuual and mineral resources of these States. The building also contains the offices pf the California and Nevada State Commissioners. All the State Buildings have large registers in which visitors from the respective States may record their names and addresses. Nearly all are provided with files of the State newspapers, and with baggage and coat rooms, where visitors may leave their valises, bags, and useless wraps, without charge. A number have s])ecial post offices, and at all visitors may find facilities for writing and despatching letters. They can also have their letters sent to tiieir State Buildings during their visits to' the Exhibition. The Philadelphia City Building stands at the northern end of the bridge over Lansdowne valley, and opposite the eastern end of Horticultural Hall. It is a handsome wooden structure, is 608 THE JLI.USTRATED HISTORY elegantly furnished, and is fitted up with reception rooms for the Mayor and Councils of the city of Philadelphia. The Foreign Buildings. The British Government Buildings. — St. George's House, r.s the principal structure is called, and its two out-buildings, stand on the slopes of George's Hill, south of the State Buildings, and constitute the head-quarters of the Commissioners from Great Britain and her colonies. They stand in their own grounds, which are enclosed with a pretty rustic fence, and in the yard THE BKITISH BUILDINGS. before the principal edifice is a tall flagstaff from which floats a large English ensign. St. George's House is of the Elizabethan style of architecture, two stories high, and is surmounted by a roof of red tiles and a multitude of tall chimneys. The building was erected under the superintendence of the English Commission, and the furniture, upholstery and fixtures are from leading houses in England. The building covers a space ninety by twenty-five feet, with projections in front and a verandah and balcony in the rear. The interior decorations and arrangements of rooms, hallways, etc., are designed to reproduce the time of Qu^^n OF THK CENTENNJAL EXHIBITION. 600 Elizabetli as nearly as it can now be done. The window panes are small ; the rooms have fire-places, high mantels and broad window seats. On the first floor a suite of three apartments: finely finished in oak and opening into each other by sliding doors are the " show rooms " of the house. They aggregate fifty-six feet in length by sixteen feet wide. There are about twenty apartments on the two stories, opening into passageways running lengthwise through the centre of the house. Apart- ments in this building are provided for the use of the various British Colonial Commissioners, from the Dominion of Canada, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Jamaica, Ber- muda and the Bahamas. In the two adjoining houses there are accommodations for thirty-eight persons who are attached to the Commission. The British Buildings are among the handsomest in the Exhibition enclosure. They are the private residence of the Commissioners, and are not open to tho public. The French Gov&^nment Building stands north of the Main Building and east of Memorial Hall, near the 'entrance gate which faces the Eeading Railroad Depot. It ii sixtj' feet long by forty feet wide, and is built entirely of brick and. iroii, the facing being highly ornamental. The top is of glass and iron, and the entrance is finished with iron. The building is intended for an exhibit of the public works of the French Republic, and the articles displayed within it consist of models, charts, and drawings of bridges, aqueducts^ railways, docks, and improvements to navigation. There are many large and elaborately executed charts and models which illustrate the system of supplying the towns and cities of France with fresh water, and to these are affixed descriptions in both French and English. " One of the largest and most interesting models shows not only the great aqueduct at Marseilles, but the same work in the process of construction, with steam derricks, temporary railways on trestle-work, and all other appliances nedessary for such an undertaking. Among the more important exhibits in the road section are models and charts of the viaduct of Dinan ; the bridge of Arcole, on the Seine, Paris ; the great 39 CIO THK ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY swing bridge at Brest. The model of the last-mentioned work i* over eight feet long, and is said to be a perfect reproduction of the original, even to the most minute details. The bridge of St. Sauvenr, the iron viaduct of Busseau d'Ahum, the bridge of Chalohnes, and the viaduct of the Point de Jour, are all represented in the same way, and all attract much attention, not only from engineers, who can appreciate their construction, but from the general public, who are only supposed to be capa- ble of admiration. The new Paris terminus of the Orleans Kailway is shown by a finely-finished model of the station, sidelings, guard-houses, signal ofiices, etc., and near this is a collection of lithographs exhibiting the various types of car- riages, wagons, passenger and 'freight cars, and locomotives used by the French. The plan of navigation between Paris and Auxeme is illustrated by general charts and models of longitudinal sections. The barrages of the Upper Seine, which consist of two parts, a navigable passage and a wier, the mova- ble trestle barrage at Marlot, the improvement of the Seine from Roean to Havre, and the canal bridge on the Albe, are all repiresented by finely-carved models. One interesting section is devoted to maritime works about the various sea-ports, including the lock of the port of Dunkirque, port of Havre, and basin of the citadel, wonderful caisson of the coffer-dam in the basin at Brest, the port and lock-gates at St. Nazaire, the basin-port at Bordeaux, and the ports of Bayonne and Mar- seilles. The French light-house system is fully illustrated, both by models and charts, there being several beautiful models (five to eight feet in length) of the New Caledonia light-house, and the light-houses of Heaux-de-Breliat, Le Tour, La Banche, the Borges, and St. Purne-de-Royan. In connection with these are displayed the various kinds of lighting apparatus in use, showing lamps of the fdur grades, and also a full exhibit of other signals of various kinds, such as buoys, beacons, etc. The French system of life-saving service is shown in another section, and still in another is a geological map of France and illustration of the beds of phosphate of limo known or worked, with full .descriptions of mining and machinery. The process OP- THE CENTENKIAL EXHIBITIOX. 611 of elevating and distributing water is showa not only by the aqueduct of Roquefavoiir, at IMarseilles, but the barrage and reservoir of the Turens, and tlio elevating machines at Conde j^or the supply of the canal from the Aisne to the Marne. On 'the north side of the building is hung a large, .harfdsomeniap, showing all the carriage and railroads of France, nnd the walls of the building are covered with lithographs of all the more important works of the government." The French Stained Glass Pamlion is situated near the building just described, and is designed especially for the exhi- bition of stained glass. Here are three magnificent windows destined for the Roman Catholic Cathedral in New York. s^n^j^^^ BUILDING OP THE GERMAN EMPIRE. The French Ceramic Pavilion is situated on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, west of the German Government Building. It is constructed of iron, glass and tiles, and is devoted to an exhibit of tiles, porcelain, and pottery. The German Government Building stands on the northern slope of Lansdowne valley, at its head, and east of Belmont avenue. It is built of brick, is stuccoed in imitation of stone, tind is an attractive structure in the renaissance style of archi- tecture. It is eighty-two by forty-two feet in size. A spacious portico leads into the main hall, which is handsomely finished 612 THE IIJ.USTRATED HISTOEY in stucco work, and the walls and ceiling are highly frescoed. This hall serves as a reception and reading-room. On one side of it are the offices of the German Commission, and on the other the ladies' and gentlemen's parlors. The building is the head-quarters of the Imperial German Commission, and is intended as a rendezvous for visitors from the Geripan Empire. The Spanish Government Building is a large frame structure, situated on the slopes of George's Hill, west of the Total Abstinence Fountain. It is a large wooden edifice with a basement beneath it, and is eighty by one hundred feet in size. It contains a handsome display of models and drawings of the public works, fortifications, and historical buildings of Spain, exhibited by the Spanish government. It is similar to the French exhibit referred to above. The Spanish Guard House adjoins this Tiall, and is con- structed of wood. It is octagonal in shape, about fifty feet in diameter, and is occupied by a detachment of Spanish engineers, who have charge of the various exhibits of the kingdom. Immediately in the rear of it is a long shed with Moorish arches along the sides, which are closed by light curtains. This is occupied by the Spanish soldiers as a kitchen and mess-room. The Portuguese Government Building is a plain wooden cottage, and is situated on the southern slope of the Lansdowne valley, east of Agricultural avenue. It is furnished simply, and serves as the head-quarters of the Portuguese Commission, and as a place of resort for visitors from Portugal. The Swedish School-House is a pretty little building con- structed of native woods. It was built in Sweden and brought over to this country in sections. It is one story in height, and is situated west of the Carriage Building and north of the building of the Department of Public Comfort. No paint is used in the building, but the native wood shows everywhere, fresh and brought to a high polish. The building is a model of the public or national schools of Sweden. It is fitted up with the furniture used in such buildings, and with the philo- sophical and other apparatus prescribed for the higher schools. Specimens of the text-books and books of reference used are OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 613 shown, and there are models exhibited here of the great schools of the cities of Sweden. Education in Sweden is compulsory, and the children of tiie poorer classes are furnished with a good common school education at the expense of the state. For those who desire to avail themselves of such privileges higher schools are provided, many of which are designed to fit the pupil for some particular trade or profession. The neatness and order of this little building are particularly noticeable, and the practical nature and thoroughness of the course are well SWEDISH SCHOOL-IIOL'SE. shown by the exhibit made herein. The work of the technical schools is shown in the Main Exhibition Building, and has been alluded to elsewhere. The Canadian Log House is exhibited by the government of the Dominion of Canada. It is situated near the British Buildings, north of the Total Abstinence Fountain, and is forty by sixty-four feet in size. It is constructed of logs and timber of every variety, and represents the portal of a classic temple. It is unique and attractive, and its summit, to which visitors ure admitted, commands one of the best views of the Exhibition grounds. 614 THE ILLUSTRATED HIST.OBY The Brazilian Government Building stands on a "woodefl knoll on Agricultural avenue, east of the German Government Building, tt is built of wood, octagonal in form, and has a light open piazza around it, the roof of which forms a balcony. A turret-like room is built over the main structure, and at every point are staves for flags. The main entrance faces the south, and opens into a large hall which extends the whole depth of the building. Two rooms open upon the hall on each side. They are used for the offices of the Brazilian Com- mission and reception rooms for visitors. The house is hand- somely furnished, and is one of the pleasantest and most attractive connected with the Exhibition. The Japanese Dwelling is situated on the eastern slope of George's Hill, north of the Spanish buildings. It is built of wood, is a low structure, two stories in height, and is covered with a roof of heavy tiles of an ornamental shfipe. The sides of the building are made of movable panels, over the entrances are curiously carved timbers, and the grain and finish of the wood are very beautiful. The interior is richly furnished. Carpets of an elegant design cover the floor, the rooms are fitted up in a style of elegant simplicity in the Japanese manner, and the walls are hung with finely- wo von curtains of vegetable fibre, which, while they screen the rooms and shut out the sun's rays, do not exclude the air. The building is the private residence of the Japanese Commissioners, and visitors are not admitted to it. The Japanese Bazaar stands immediately north of the building of the Department of Public Comfort. The grounds around it are enclosed, and are laid off as a garden in the Japanese style. The building is a low, rambling structure built around three sides of a court, is constructed entirely of carved wood, and is covered with a roof of heaw corrno-ated earthen tiles. The northern side is left almost entirely open, the only protection against the weather being the ovcrhanwin** eaves and paper curtains. The ceilings, walls and floors are painted in imitation of tile work, and many of the counters on which the goods ai'o displayed are richly ornamented and gro- OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 615 tesquely carved. The building is intended for the sale of Japanese articles, consisting chiefly of antique bronzes, curious specimens of porcelain and pottery, wood and ivory carvings, and lacquered ware. The majority of the attendants of the bazaar wear their native costume. The duties have all been '%^iL THE JAPANESE DWELLING. paid on the articles for sale here, and visitors may carry their purcha.ses away with them. The Turkish Coffee Home and Bazaar is located on the Avenue of the Republic, north of IMachinery Hall. It is a 616 THE ILLUSTIJATED HISTORY large and richly ornamented pavilion, with a dome-like roof surmounted by the crescent and the star, and with a wide portico deeply set in the sides of the building at the northern and southern ends. The sides are filled with long, pointed windows. The building is richly decorated in crimson, blue, and gold, and is exceedingly gaudy. Opening upon the porches are four small bazaars, in which a large stock of pipes, carpets, rich dresses, swords, daggers, jewelry, and other articles from the Turkish empire are sold. The caf6 occupies a large and well-lighted room in the centre of the building, like which it is octagonal in shape. Above is the ornamented dome-like ceiling, painted in Turkish colors and ornamented with Turkish designs. A luxurious divan or lounge runs around the sides of the room, and tables and chairs are scattered about. The high, breezy-looking win- dows are hung with heavy curtains handsomely embroidered. Pipes are here in abundance, and you may enjoy the happiest of smokes for a mere pittance. Coffee is made and served here in the peculiar Turkish style, the cups being the most fragile shells of exquisite porcelain, placed in silver holders. At one corner of the room is a brazier with a charcoal fire in it. Wheii a visitor orders coffee the attendant places a spoonful of sweet- ened ground coffee in a silver dipper about as large as the cup from which you are to drink, and then adds hot water. He places the dipper over the fire in the brazier and allows the mixture to come to a boil, and then turns it out, thick and as strong as brandy, into your cup. Turkish liquors and preserves are also sold here. The attendants are all Turks and dress in their native costume. The building is under the control of the Turkish Commission. The Tunisian Coffee House and Bazaar stsmA on the north side of Fountain avenue, north of Machinery Hall. The coffee house is octagonal in shape, is capped by an eight-panelled and much elongated dome, and is ornamented with odd designs panelled in red, blue and black, and relieved with numerous intersecting bars of green and gold. The windows of the building are set high up in the sides, and are very small, but OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 617 the roof is contrived so as to keep up a constant circulation of air. The caf6 is an elaborately ornamented room, supplied with tables, chairs and divans, and at one end is a raised and cushioned platform, on which musical performances are given. Coifee is made and served here in a manner similar to that em- ployed in the Turkish' caf6. The attendants are Tunisians, and wear their native dress. The Bazaar adjoins the caf6 on the west, and is a smaller strncture — a mere shed supported by slender pillars. On a high counter which runs around the inside of the building a Tunisian merchant displays a collection of Eastern wares for sale. In the rear of these buildings the Bey of Tunis exhibits two black tents of camel's hair cloth, such as are used by the Bedowin Arabs. They are intended to show the mode of life in the desert. On the opposite side of Fountain avenue, a little to the west of the Tunisian buildings, are three small wooden booths. These are Eastern bazaars on a small scale. The most westerly is for the sale of sponges from the principal Turkish sponge fishery ; the next, going east, is the " Jerusalem Bazaar," and the last the " Bethlehem Bazaar." In the last two some enter- prising Syrian merchants offer for sale articles of olive wood and mother-of-pearl from Jerusalem, Bethlehem and other parts of the Hply Land. , To the east of Belmont avenue, near the German Govern- ment Building, is the Moorish Villa, a quaint little structure. The building is very small and unattractive without, and has little stained glass windows set in the walls near the top. The interior is richly ornamented with tile work of different colors. Passing through the entrance hall the visitor finds himself in a square room, bordered at each corner witii slender columns, decorated in keeping with the walls and ceiling. Overhead is a glass dome, which admits enough light for the centre, but leaves the remainder of the building in a cool darkness. To the right is ?een through the dim light a small counter covered with jewelry and oriental trinkets, of all kinds, behind which 618 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY are seated two white-tiirbaned and baggy-costumed Moors, botli too intent on making salas to notice the curious glances of their visitors. Among the larger articles offered for sale are Arabian guns, swords, daggers, stilettos, aud strangely carved knives with jewelled handles. On the left is a bed-room about eight feet long and four feet wide, and in this is a nicely made-up couch with satin pillows and handsomely embroidered spread. A small parlor, with a long, low divan and a few elegant otto- mans, adjoins this, while a step farther on is another and larger parlor furnished in the same way, and two more bed-rooms of about the same size. The walls and floors of all these inner rdoms are covered with heavy, dark-colored tapestry, and the ceilings are panelled in imitation of mosaic work of the most intricate devices. The Chilian Government Building stands west of Machinery Hall, ,and is occupied by a display qf the amalgamating ma- chinery used in the mines of Chili. On the north side of Fountain avenue, east of the Tunisian Caf6, is a relief plan of Paris, constructed by Colonel Li6nard, a distinguished engineer officer of the French army. The buildings consist of separate blocks or models, and stand out from each other. The formation of the land is shown and a fair general idea of the French metropolis is afforded by this plan. Buildings of the Centennial Commission. The United States Centennial Commission Offices are located on the right of the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds at Elm and Belmont avenues. They are established in a low one- story frame buildin'g with a wide piazza running around it. The building is painted a light brown, and is ornamented with elaborate lattice work. The business offices of the Centennial Commission are. located here. The Centennial Board of Finance Building is situated on the left of the main entrance to the grounds, immediately opposite the Centennial Commission building, and is an exact copy of that structure. It contains the business offices of the Board of Finance. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION*. 6I95 The Centennial National Bank is-a one-story wooden structure of tasteful design, and is situated on Elm avenue, immediately to the east of the main entrance to tlie grounds. It is the medium through which the financial affairs of the Exhibition are trans- acted, and offers banking facilities to exhibitors and visitors. Tlie Judges' Hall. — This is a large and handsome wooden pavilion, one lumdred and fifty-two by one hundred and thirteen feet in size, and is situated on the Avenue of the Republic, north of the Main Exhibition Building. It is tastefully orna- mented without, and constitutes one of the most attractive THE judges' hall, Structures connected with the Exhibition. The interior is handsomely fitted up. In the centre is a large hall eighty by sixty feet in size, with a gallery ruuning.around it. Surround- ing this central hall is a corridor upon which open ten committee rooms and four private rooms for the judges. Tlie building is for the use of the international juries charged with the deter- mination of the prizes to be awarded by the Centennial Commission. The Medical Department is intended to provide immediate and gratuitous medical assistance to persons injured or taken ill in the Exhibition grounds. It is provided with a plain but comfortable building situated on the north slope of Lansdowue 620 THE iijLUStbated history valley, near its western end, abont equidistant from the great halls of the Exhibition. It contains two wards, one for female, the other foi" male patients, with three beds in each ward. An experienced resident physician is in charge, with competent at- tendants, and an ambulance is provided for the removal of patients to their own homes or to the city hospitals. The Sawmill. — This is a substantial shed, and is located on Founluin'avenue, west of Machinery Hall. It is two hundred and seventy-six by eighty feet in size, with a boiler house forty- eight by thirty feet in size. It contains the exhibits of direct- acting steam saw machines and gang saws. Barracks. — There are five one-story and one large two-story frame buildings located at prominent points in the grounds. These are the barracks for the Centennial Guard, or special police force of the Exhibition. These buildings are also police stations and a,re provided with cells for prisoners. The two- story barrack, which is located at the southwestern extremity of tlie grounds, is provided with a court-room and a magistrate's office. Fire-Engine Houses. — These are two in number, and are of ^v'ood and one story in height. They contain halls for the steam fire-engines stationed in them, halls for the horses, and quarters for the men. One of these buildings is at the northeast corner of the Main Exhibition Building ; the other at the intersection of Lansdowne drive and Belmont avenue. They are supplied with steam fire-engines, hose carriages, ladders, and Babcock extinguishers on wheels and portable. The Restaurants. Besides the restaurants and lunch-rooms in the Exhibition buildings there are seven first-class restaurants located within the grounds. These are among the largest and most (completely appointed eating-houses in the United States, and are required by the Centennial Commission to conduct their affairs in such a manner that visitors ;to the Exhibition may be able to obtain the best fare at moderate prices. T'he American Restaurant is the largest and liandsomest of OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 621 all these establishments. It is situated on the northern side of Belmont valley, immediately south of Agricultural Hali, and within a short distance of Horticultural Hall. It is three hundred by two hundred feet ia size, and is built around three sides of a court which is open on the south. This court-yard is one hundred and twenty-five by one hundred and sixteen feet in size, and is handsomely turfed and ornamented with foun- tains and flowers. A wide piazza extends around the building, opening upon the court. There is a large and handsome dining- liall at the east end of the building, which can seat six hundred guests, and on the opposite side of the building is a pavilion for the sale of ice cream, etc. Five thousand guests can be seated at once under the roof of the restaurant. Meals are served either M.tt ^3^R5JHS^ -raw rt-'^ ' GRAND AMERICAN KESTAUKAKT. r*^; d la cai-te or table d'hSte. There are private rooms for suppers, dinners, etc., and the establishment possesses every facility for entertaining a large number of guests. It is conducted by Messrs. Tobias & Heilbrunn. Tlie Southern Restaurant is situated on Belmont avenue, north of the Woman's Building. It is one hundred and eighty- five feet long and ninety-four feet deep, and has four large dining-rooms and sixteen private rooms for parties or othefg who wish to dine away from the bustle of a large, crowded hall, several parlors, a reading-room, etc. It is intended as a place of rcndiezvous for visitors from the Southern States, and the waiters arc all colored men. The proprietor is Edward Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gentleman well known through- G22 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTMIIY out tlie Soiilli as "a man who can keep a liotel." The estab- lishment can accommodate one thousand guests. There are two French restaurants within the grounds. The Restaurant of the Trois Frircs Provengeaux is situated on the west side of Belmont avenue, on the north sliore of the lake, and south of the United States Government Building. It is a simple one-story wooden building, one hundred and seventy-seven by one hundred and ten feet in size, and stands in the midst of tastefully laid-off grounds. It will arcommo- »^^-<'," ■ 1 1 1 r r r i £il THE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT. date about one thousand guests, and is a duplicate, with respect to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after which it is named. Louis Goyard, of Paris, is the proprietor. The Restaurant Lafayette is a handsome two-story frame structure, located on the south slope of I^ansdowne ravine, north of the Carriage Building. The second story is arranged IIS an open-air pavilion, and the building contaius a number of public and private diniug-rooms. It is one of the handsomest OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 623 eating-houses in the grounds, and is conducted on the French phm. It will accommodate about one thousand guests. Paul Sudreau, of Philadelphia, is the proprietor. The German Restaurant, or, as it is. better known, "Lauber's Restaurant," is situated on the south side of the Belmont val- ley, a few yards northeast of Horticultural Hall. It consists of a large dining-hall with a lofty dome, elaborately frescoed and fitted up in elegant style, and three wings enclosing a large BESTATTBANT OF THE TBOiS FB^BES PBOTEN^EATJX. space which is floored over and covered with canvas. In this court tables are set, and beer and German wines are served. The building is two hundred by one hundred and fifty feet in size, and is handsome in design and convenient in arrangement. It will accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The pro- prietor is Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular and enter- prising citizens of Philadelphia. It may be added here that 624 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY this has been the most successful and best patronized establish- ment within the grounds. Th£ Vienna Bakery and Cafe, Fleischmann, is a tasteful structure of wood, one hundred and forty-six hy one hundred and five feet in size, situated immediately east of the French Government Building, near the entrance gates opposite the Reading Railroad Depot. It is the property of Gaff, Fleisch- mann & Co., of Blissville, Long Island, New York, and is de- signed to exhibit the advantages of compound yeast in baking. It is fitted up with a bakery in which fresh bread is being constantly baked, and served to customers in the coffee-house which adjoins the bakery. The George's Hill Restaurant is a frame building one hun- dred and twelve by seventy-two feet in size, situated in the western portion of the grounds, near the State buildings. It is also called the Hebrew Restaurant, as it is designed with especial reference to the wants of the Hebrew visitors to the Exhibition. Talman & Kohn are the proprietors. To the southwest of the George's Hill Restaurant is a small pavilion erected by Jacob Kohn, of New York. Here are sold the delicious wines and liquors of Hungary, which are served by attendants in the national dress of that country. The Dairy. — This is a tasteful structure, built of logs, and is open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A frame pavilion has been erected to the west of it, and is used for the same purpose. The buildings stand on the north slope of the Lansdowne ravine, southwest of the Horticultural Hail, in the midst of grounds handsomely laid out as a garden. They are owned by an association of dairymen residing in Philadelphia and the adjoining counties, and in them fresh milk, cream, buttermilk, ice cream and refreshments of the lighter kind are served out to visitors. The Tea and Coffee Press BuiUling is a handsome edifice, with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of Belmont valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It is the property of Mr. Jonathan Miller, and is designed to show a new method, invented by him, of making tea, (joffee and other extracts, by OP THE CEXTENNIAL EXHIBITION. G25 means of pressure caused by the expansion of the materials used. Tliis invention is one of the most important discoveries of the day, and is considered by chemists and other scientifie men to be a national benefit. The process of making tea and coffee is shown to visitors by the inventor and his assistants, and atti-acts many spectators, especially housekeepers, to whom it is of great value, as it not only gives them a fine article of coffee and tea and a quick mode of preparing them, but econo- mizes the materials used. The value and power of the process of making extracts is shown by the fact that the entire proper- tics to be extracted are taken out in a short time by cold water, and when hot or boiling \vater is thrown into the press, the expansion of the material is so great as to prevent the genera- tion of steam. Tea and coffee made by this process, and dc- liciously cooled with ice, are served out to visitors at a small cost, and the " presses " are sold at moderate prices. Individual Enterprises, Tlic Slioe and Leather BuUding. — This building ^v•a3 erected by the Shoe and Leather Trade of the United States. It ia built of wood, is very plain in design, is one story in height, and is three hundred by one hundred and sixty feet in size. It is situated south of Machinery Hall, and the main entrance faces the grand plaza between Machinery Hall and the Main Buildino-. At this end of the building are the ofiices and com- raittcc rooms. The building contains a large hall, at each end jof which is a gallery, and smaller rooms at each extremity of the edifice. The hall is handsomely decorated with flags and bunting, each truss which supports the roof being draped with red, white and blue bauds. As these are very numerous, the effect of the dis- play is very fine. At each 'end of the hall are elaborate deco- rations ajipropriate to the place. Tiic hall contains a complete exhibit of all the materials wliicli enter into this large American industry, from the heavy and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leather down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly six hundred 40 ' C2G THE CENTENNIA.1, EXHIBITTOX. 627 American bouses take part in tliis exhibit, and a few manufac- turers from England, R^issia and Germany. The largest display is made by Massachusetts. The exhibits from this State exceed those from all the other States together. Newark, New Jersey, is well represented and occupies a large space, and both New Yoric and Philadelphia make an excel- lent appearance. The central aisle is taken up on both sides with a display of boots and shoes for men, women and children. The goods are liontaihed in handsome glass sho^y-cases, and range in character from the heaviest to the lightest and finest work. The variety of shoos is very great. One manufacturer exhibits over five hundred distinct patterns. Another exhibitor has arranged his collection Avith reference to the historical interest which fashion has given to the shapes and finish of coverings for the feet, showing as he does the shoe from 1776 down to the present Centennial year in its differing forms. At the western end of the main aisle the India rubber manu- facturers exhibit their goods, and make a handsome display pf the various articles of this' material used in commerce, At the west end of the building is a small rooim, or hall, con- taining a fine exhibit of truuks, satchels, and the different leather goods used by travcllcre. Adjoining this, on the north side of the building, is a display of hardware for trunk-makers, etc. The south side of the main hall is occupied -with a large exhibit of leather. Rockwell & Co., of New York, make a special exhibit of sheep leather, their imitations of Russia leather being so perfect that it' is hard for any one but a skilled expert to detect the difference. On the north side of the hall is a large display of boot and shoe making machinery. Conspicuous among the niaclunes exhibited here is the McKay sewing-machine for boots and shoes, from Boston. This machine is regarded as one of the best in use; — if not the very best — and its capabilities for doing the work for Avhich it is designed may be seen in the fact that the company's books show half a million of dollars of royalties ou the work done last year. The Tapley Heel-Burnishing 628 ' THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Machine Association, of Boston, exhibit otie of their admirable machines, of which four huiidred are now in use. TJie Union edge-setting machine is an interesting object. It is said to do its work in one-half the time it can be done by hand ; and tlie Plnmmer's Union whitening and buffing machine performs the labor of six men. The American Shoe-Tip Company, of Boston, exhibit an interesting machine for quilting boots and shoes Avith wire. Many of the machines are in operation, and their workings may be seen by visitors. Tlie Shoe and Leather exhibit is highly weditable, and giv'es an admirable idea of the magnitude and importance of this great American industry and of the skill and ingenuity exercised in it: The Brewers' Industrial Exhibition Building is situated near the northeastern corner of the Exhibition grounds, and immediately east of the Agricultural Building. It is two hundred and seventy- two feet in length and ninety-six feet in width, and was erected at a cost of $30,000. It Js a large and conspicuous wooden building. Hop vines are trained along the south front, and the grounds on this side are tastefully laid off as a hop vineyard. The building contains one large hall eighty-five feet in height, and four smaller halls forty-five feet high. Over the main entrance on the south side is a statue of King Gambrinus. At tlie rise of the second roof is a beer-barrel ornamented with the flags of all nations, and over each entrance is a handsome design made up of the implements and materials used iu the business. The interior is decorated handsomely Avith bunting of various colors, and over the eastern entrance is a large trophy surround- ing a medallion on which is inscribed the following sentence : " In the year 1863, 1,558,083 barrels of beer were brewed in the United States; in 1875,8,743,744 barrels were produced from malt liquors, on which a tax was paid of $9,144,004." Inscriptions in English and German relative to the brewing business are placed on the wall at various points. Near the centre of the hall is an elevator which conveys visitors to the gallery outsiJe of the building, from which a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the river, and the surrdundiug country is obtained. OP THE CENTENNfAL EXHIBITION. 629 The building is devoted to a display of the processes of mak- ing malt, and brewiii^ beer, ale, and porter. Mr. Ciiarles Stoll, of New York, has erected at great expense a working brewery, of the most approved plan, containing all the latest improve- ments. It is called the "Centennial Brewery," and has a capacity of 150 barrels at one time. Opjwsite to this display tliere are two malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected by William Hughes and Theodore Bergner, of Philadelphia. The latter is a patent arrangement, and is complete in every particular. In various parts of the building the manner of. steeping, germinating, and" drying the malt, is shown, together! with the cleaning and separating machines. Malt-grinding mHls, hop-grinding mash machines, vats, tubs, and l»eer-cooling apparatus, from Austria, are also shown. Models of malt- houses and breweries are exhibited, and among these is a model of the brewery of one hundred years ago, when all the Ial)or was done by hand. The brewery then was simply a rough shed with a rudely thatched roof of straw. Close by is a model of a modern brewery of to-day, with all its machinery and iin{)rove- ments. Samples of hops, barley, and other cereals from which malt liquors are made, are shown, one firm displaying five varieties. Sami)les of malt liquors of all kinds, in glass and wood, are also exhibited. On the northern side of the Brewer's Building is an annex known as the " Ice House." It is seventy feet in length and eighty feet in width, and the walls are double and are lined with shavings to assist in maintaining a low degree of temperature. It is fitted up with three compartments: one for ale, wiiich does not recpiire so low a temperature; a second for l)eer, which requires great cold ; aivd the third for use as a sample room. All the malt liquors intended for competitive exhibition are kept in this building. < The Butter and Cheese Factory is a large wooden building C'tuated near the northeastern end of the Exhibition grounds and east of the Brewer's Building. It is one hundred and six- teen by one hundred feet in size, and is two stories in height. It contains a special exhibit of the dairy products of the United w p a a o a H B 5,^ [J .y/ . t" J « i 630 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITrON. 631 Statesy and illustrations of the processes of making butter and cheese. Tlie Department of Public Comfort is a peculiar and very important branch of the great Exhibition. As its name indicates it is designed to supply additional comforts and conveniences to visitors to the Exhibition. It is controlled by a company of which Mr. W. Marsh Kasson is the President. The sum of $20,600 was paid to the Centennial Commission for the privilege of establishing this department, and it was made a condition of the concession that all the accommodations provided by the department should be of the best quality, and that the charges for tliem should be moderate. The principal building of the Department of Public Comfort stands on the corner of the Avenue of the Republic and Agri- cultural avenue. It is a handsome edifice of wood, two stories in height, two hundred and sixty-four by one hundred and twelve feet iq size, and consists of a central building with two wings. The central building is used by the department, and oontains a large reception-room for visitors, which is abundantly supplied with chairs and sofas, and is free to all who choose to avail themselves of its facilities. A register is kept here, free of charge, in which visitors may enter their names, address in the city, and date of intended departure, so tliat friends may readily learn of their whereabouts. Special arrangements may be made for the reception of visitors' letters addressed to the care of the Depart- ment of Public Comfort. These will be kept until called for, or forwarded to any desired point. Reserved seats at the theatres and principal places of amusement in the city may be obtained here. At the north end of the reception-hall is a lunch-counter, at which refreshments are sold at moderate prices. Stands for the sale of fancy articles, newspapers, periodicals, etc., are to be found in the reception room, and attached to it are barber-shops for gentlemen, di-essing-rooms for ladies, water-elosete, lavatories, boot-blacking rooms, and coat and baggage rooms, where bag- gage and other small articles maybe left at a small cost, the owner receiving a check for hisproperty. In connection with the coat and baggage room ape ten sta- ^32 THE II.LUSTBATED HISTOHY tions, in and about the Exhibition buildings, ■where articles of wearing apparel, small baggage, bundles, baskets and umbrellas may be deposited and cared for, or checked for dejivery to other stations. Stands for supplying newspapers, periodicals, and all the current literature of the day, are provided in the reception rooai and in and about the different public buildings ; stationery, " postage stamps, and all conveniences for writing, are also sup- plied. In the Art Gallery stands for the sale and hire of object and opei-a glasses are established. Five pavilions for boot- . blacking are also located at desirable points about the grounds. At all the coat and baggage stations umbrellas are kept for sale and hire. Telegraphic stations for ordering rolling-chaire and calling messengers of the American District Telegraph Com- pany may also be found there. Over the centi-al portion of the building is an open air gallery, which is covered with a canvas awning and is free to all visitors. It is intended, like the reception room, as a place of general resort for visitors. The eastern wing is occupied by the General Telegraph Office of the Exhibition, also under the control of the Dejiart. nieut of Public Comfort. Messages may be sent from here to all parts of the world. The room contains an exhibit of the various instruments used in telegraphing, the greater number of which may be seen in operation. The western wing is fitted up for the accommodation of the jtJnited States Centennial Commission and the members of the press of the country. It contains some of the offices of the Commission and a large and airy hall, which looks out upon the .wooded slopes of the Lansdowne valley, and is fitted up with tables and chairs for the use of the army of correspondents and reporters who are daily engaged in making the attractions of th? Exliibitiou known to the public. The Singer Sewing Machine Building is a pretty frame cot- tage erected on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north ,of Memorial Hall, by the Singer Manufacturing Company at a cost of |20,60O.. It isUandsoijiely frescoed within, and. is fitted up in elegaut style. It is devoted to a special exhibit of the OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 633 Singer sewing machines. Among the novelties on exhibition here are a wax-thread lock-stitcli machine, and biitton-liole and eyelet machine, a book-binding raachine> and several others that are new to the public, one of which is capable of making SIHGEB SEWING MACHIII£ BUILDING. 30,000 different styles of stitches. Numerous samples are shown of the work performed with the Singer machine, and these are among the most beautiful and skilful specimens of needlework to be seen in the Exhibition. A register is kept in the recep- tion parlor for the names of visitors. At the close of the Exhibition the company will present to one of the lady visitors 634 THE ILI.USTRATED HISTORV whose name shall be foiuul in the register, the two millionth raachine of their manufacture, the choice to be determined by lot. Sixty -one machines, each of a different style, are in opera- tion here. The Peniiftykania Bible Society Pavilion is located on the north side of the Ijansdowne valley and south of the Horticul- tural Hall. It is a plain structure of wood, oval in shape, and surmounted by a carved roof with a projecting cornice. It bears the inscription, " The Bible without note or comment." The front is ornamented with an open Bible, above which is the text from Jeremiah xxii. 29 : " O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the Lord." Bibles and Testaments, in all the written lan- guages of the world, are sold here at cost. The "Times" Pavilion is a small frame structure erected by the proprietors of the Philadelphia " Times," as a Centennial business office. It stands on Belmont avenue, opposite and east of tlie lake. Tlie Glass Mayazine stands on Belmont avenue opposite the lake, and north of the Photographic Association Building. It is forty feet square and two stories in height. It is constructed mainly of plate glass from the works of Messrs. Klaut&heck, Thomas & Stuart, of Philadelphia, and is devoted to a special exhibit of i)late and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors,, ptc, made by the above firm. All the articles in the building are for sale. The American Fusee Company's Building is a- small plain structure, situated on Lansdowne drive, north of the Judges' Building. It contains an exhibit of the safety match of this company, the head-quarters of which are in New York. Tlie Centennial Photographic Association Building is the proi)ci-ty of the company the name of which it bears. It is a one-story frame building with a wide balcony around it, and is situated on the east side of Belmont avenue, north of the granti plaza. It is one hundred and fifty by thirty feet in size, aucV contains one room for the exhibition of photographs, and three rooms for photographic manufacture. The. company have the exclusive right of making photographs of the buildings and OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 635 exhibits, which are on sale here and at various points in tlie buildings and within the grounds. This is the only place where visitors can have their pictures taken at the Exhibition. The American Railroad Ticket Office is a handsome building, octagonal in shape, and constructed of wood. It is; seventy-five feet in diameter and two stories in height, and is situated on the northeast corner of Belmont avenue and the Avenue of the Eepublic, immediately west of the Judges' Hall. It is used as a general ticliet oiRce for the four great trunk lines of the country — the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, Erie, and New York Central railroads. Tickets are sold to all points- in the United States, and information furnisiied respecting routes of travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the building is used as the office of the Adams Express Company for the transaction of their Centennial business. The Bankers' Building is a handsome cottage, painted in dark rich colors, and situated east of the Art Gallery, between the Photographic Annex and the Vienna Bakery. It was built by the contributions of the bankers of the principal cities of the Union and their clerks, and is designed for the exhibition of. coins and currency, and as a place of rendezvous for bankers and their families while visiting the Exhibition. The Empire Transportation Company's Building is a plain wooden structure, seventy by sixty feet in size, situated on the Avenue of the Eepublic, north of the east end of the Main Exhibition Building. It is built in the style of a. railroad freight station-house, and is devoted to an exhibit of tiie method of transporting " fast freight," as practised by the Empire Transportation Company and its connections. A number of handsome working models of lake steamers, grain elevators, oil tanks, railroad cars and locomotives are arranged around the room, and are in constant operation. They show the system of bringing grain in steamers from the great lakes to prominent points on the great trunk lines, and of transferring it l)y eleva- tors to the cars which are to convey it to the eastern markets ; and also from the cars to tJie large elevators of the terminal points in the east, from Nvliich it is discharged into vessels bound 636 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY for foreign ports. A series of working models also exhibits the method of operating petroleum wells, and of shipping the crude oil in tank cars and conveying it to distant markets. The models to be seen here are among the most perfect in the Ex- liibition, and the display made in this building is as interesting as it IS sug2;estive. The Burial Casket Building is a one-story frame structure, with turrets, situated on the south slope of the Lansdowne valley, north of the Annex to the Art Gallery. It is devoted to an exhibition of the various styles of burial caskets. The Gas Machine is an octagonal one-story frame structure, 'KSQ.:K2>».^ THE EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION COMPANY S BUILDING. fifteen feet in diameter, situated south of Machinery Hall, and is devoted to an exiiibit of a new process of generating a fixed illuminating gas. The exhibitor is J. C. Tiffany, of Boston. Starr's Iron Works are located soutlnvest of Machinery Hail, near tiie fence which separates the Exhibition grounds from Elm avenue. Tliey are the property of Messrs. Jesse W. Starr & Son, of Camden, New Jersey. Tiie display consists of iron pipes for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp posts, etc. The chief feature is a complete set of gas apparatus for the manufacture and distribution of gas, from the beneiies and retort house to the gas-holder. Included in the apparatus may be found a set of cast-iron purifiers, with wet and dry centre OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 637 valve,s, and an impi-oved carriage (first introduced by this firm) for removing the lids of the purifiers. Another feature is an automatic compensating governor, circular, multitubular and pipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooden and wronght-iron lime sieves. The exhibit is the largest and most complete made by any of the iron workers of tiie Union, and reflects the highest credit upon the Messrs. Starr. The extent of the business of this firm jnay be imagined by the reader when it is stated that their patterns alone are valued at 8250,000. The Gunpowder Pile Driver is exhibited by the Gunpowder Pile Driving Company, of Philadelphia. It is built in the open air, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hall, and affords a practical demonstration of the advantages of driving piles by this process. The Automatic Railroad is situated west of Machinery Hall, and is exhibited by Charles W. Hunt, of New York. It is an exceedingly iiigenious invention, and illustrates the mode of unloading vessels by means of a railroad worked by a self- acting apparatus. The Glass-Works are situated west of Machinery Hall, near the Fifty-second street entrance to the grounds. The building is one story in height, and contains a large brick furnace and chimney in the centre. It is gayly decorated with globes and other objects of colored glass. All the various processes of pressing, blowing and cutting glass are carried on here by a corps of experienced workmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and other articles are mannfactured and sold to visitors. The build- ing is the property of the well-known firm of Gillender & Sons, of Piiiladelphia, who are among the most prominent glass- makers of the United States. The work-room is thronged all through the day with visitors watching the process of manufacture. ThejSaw-Mill is a one-story frame building, with a boiler- house attached, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hall, near Fountain avenue. It is the property of E. W. Ross & 638 THE CKNTENNIAL EXHIBITIOS-, 63? Co., of Fulton, New York, who exhibit, liere a fine direct-acting circular saw of improved construction. The Campbell Printing Press Building \9 situated immediately west of Machinery Hall. It is built of wood.; is two stories in height; is one hundred and forty-four by eighty-eight feet in size, and is handsomely decorated. An elaborate fagade stands at the eastern end, and is surmounted by a statue of the inventor of the art of printing. A balcony crosses this front on a level with the second story. The building is in all respects one of the handsomest and best arranged erected by private enterprise within the Exhibition grounds. It is the property of the Campbell Printing Press and Manufacturing Company, of Brooklyn, New York, who here exhibit all their spepialties in printing presses, from the immense and splendid "Rotary" to the smallest card printing presses. The company have the exclusive right to do printing for the exhibitors and other persons connected with the great fair, and oifer them peculiar facilities in this respect. For this purjjose the company have established a large and complete printing office in this building, in which all the branches of the art are carried on. Type-setting, stereotyping, electrotyping, printing and book binding are in ojieration here,, and those interested in these matters may here study all their details. A daily news- paper is to be edited, set up, printed and circulated from this building. The Campbell Building thus constitutes one of the features of the Exhibition, and deserves a generous recognition at the hands of visitors to the great fair. Fuller, Warren & Co.'a. Stove- Building is a handsome one- story frame pavilion, situated at the east end of Machinery Hall and opposite the Total Abstinence Fountain. It is devoted to an exhibition of stoves, heaters and ranges in operation from the famous works of Fuller, Warren & Co., of New York, Chicago, Cleveland and Troy. These are richly worth an examination, and are among the handsomest as well as the best in the world. The Liberty Stove Works is the name of an ornamental wooden structure w'est of Machinery Hall and south of the 640 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY Total Abstinence Fountain. It is occupied with a display of stoves, heaters and ranges, manufactured by Charles Noble & Go., of the Liberty Stove Works, of Piiiladelphia. These offer a sharp competition to those of the establishment just mentioned, botii in beauty of design and good workmanship. The Pavilion of the Boston "Herald" and Boston "Daily Advertiser" is a small one-story frame building, situated on Fountain avenue, north of the western end of Machinery Hall. It is the head-quarters of the correspondents and attaches of the journals to which it belongs, and a centre of New England news. Pop-Corn Buildings. — There are two of these buildings located in the grounds, one on Fountain avenue, opposite the north end of the lake, the other on Agricultural avenue, east of the New England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen. They are one-story frame structures, and are devoted exclusively to the sale of pop-corn. They are the property of J. A. Baker, of Dayton, Ohio, to whom the concession for the sale of this article belongs. The American Newspaper Building is a handsome two-story frame structure, seventy by forty-six feet in size, and is situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake and south of the United States Government Building. The edifice is thirty-three feet in height, and the style of architecture is light and graceful, affording a pleasing contrast to the great buildings of the Exhi- bition. It is painted in cool and pleasant neutral tints, and has a most attractive and inviting appearance. From the exterior it appears to be two stories in height, but the central hall rises clear to the roof. A long table extends down the middle of this hall, and on it are arranged copies of all the newspapers published in the United States. Chairs and sofas are scattered about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who are cordially welcomed and made to feel at home by the courteous manager and his assistants. All visitors are invited to come and read the local papers from their distant homes, and the building is thus one of the most convenient of all the features of the Ex- hibition. OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 641 On each side of the reception hall are long, narrow, but woll« lighted alcoves, in the innumerable pigeon-holes of which are files of all the daily and weekly papers published in the United States. Th^ admirable system upon which the establishment is cofldncted-renders it easy for the attendants to find at> once any paper of any date that the visitor may desire to see. Foreign visitors are thus enabled to make a study of American jour- nalism. The height of the side chambers, where these alcoves .BSI'S THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER BUILDING. are placed, is about ten feet, and over thetn are long galleries or sheltered balconies which extend all around the interior of the building. These are most tastefully fitted up with comfortable chairs and neat walnut writing-desks, while .from the large open windows can be obtained a charming view of the lake, or glimpses of almost any other portion of the grounds. The representatives of all the newspapers in the country are welcome to the free use of these writing-brooms, and pens, ink, paper and envelopes are furnished editors and reporters free of charge. 41 642 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY When it is remembered that the building is located on one of the loveliest spots in the enclosure, and when it is stated that no noise of any kind, except the subdued voices of visitors, breaks the stillness so necessary to all higher classes of compo- sition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place in which to prepare descriptive report' of the Exhibition could be found, and no doubt the liberal accon modations will be taken advantage of by large numbers of visiting journalists, as well as by those resident in this city. The building and its contents are the property of Messrs. George P. Kowell & Co., of New York, well known to the American people as the leading advertising agents of the United States. The energy and generosity with whicji they have carried out this unique and important branch of the Exhibition should render them even more popular with the business men of the country than their past extraordinary career has shown them to be. The NeiB York "Tribune" Pavilion is a tasteful one-story structure, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high peaked roof. It stands on the west side of Belmont avenue, near the north end of the lake, and is used as the head-quarters of the Tribune correspondents and as the Centennial business office of that journal. The Pressed Fuel Company's Build- ig is a small but hand- some iron pavilion, situated on the Avenue of the Republic, west of the lake and oi)posite Machinery Hall. It is devoted to an exhibit of the pressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau, of Philadeljjhia. The WorUVs Ticket Office.— The well-known firm of Cook, Son & Jenkins, whoso main house is in London, but whose branches are now established in New York, Philadelphia, Bos- ton, Washington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pittsburgh, ha.ve already gained a world-wide reputation by their system of chea|>.and attractive tours in all parts of the Avorld. They have erected a handsome building of wood, hexagonal in form and sixty (feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, immediately nontih 'ef*l»e ■eastern ond of Machinery Hall. The interior con- OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 643 sists of a main hall extending to the roof and four private offices. The hall is lighted by six tasteful dormer windows placed in the roof, which rises from the sides to the central por- tion. Counters are arranged around the hall, at which tickets to all parts of the civilized world are sold. Guide-books to foreign countries, based upon the system of tours adopted by Messrs. Gook, Son & Jenkins, are for sale. A number of articles of olive wood made in Palestine are offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading from the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities are on ex- hibition. Among these is the mummy of an Egyptian priestess or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the mummy, which, though three thousand years oldj is in an excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case is rich in Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which describe her ladyship as a priestess or princess of noble rank ; and the inscriptions, while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contain ex- tracts from the " Book of the Dead," or " Ritual of the Dead." The mummy and case are the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, President of the Richmond (yirginia) College, who obtained them at Luxor while making a trip up the Nile under the escort of a member of this firm. Weapons and other curiosi- ties from Upper Egypt are also shown. In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins show a model of the camp which they provide for persons journeying through Palestine under their charge. It consists of a dining-room tent large and square in shape, fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc. ; and a sleeping-tent containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressing- case, etc. Attached to these is a kitchen. The camp is in charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook. Those who contem- plate making a visit to the Holy Land should not fail to see this establishment, and should by "all means consult Mr. Cook or one of his partners, who oflFer facilities and comforts in this difficult journey which cannot be otherwise obtained by travel- lers except at great expense. Frank Leslies BuUding is a pretty one-story frame pavilion 644 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY on the east shore of the lake, just north of the "World's Ticket Office. It is used as a head-quarters for the artists and cor- respondents of Frank Leslie's illustrated publications. The Women's School-House, or Kindergarten, is situated northeast, of the "Woman's Building and a few yards distant from it. It is a one-^tory Gothic cottage, one of the most charming and attractive structures on the grounds. It is thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and is built of pine wood, which is brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polish- ing. Not a particle of paint is to be seen about the building, but the native wood shows everywhere bright and rich in color. The interior consists of a large hall with an alcove at the side for si>ectators. The system used is that of Frederick Froebel, the inVentor of the Kindergarten. A low table stands in the centre of the room, and around it are a number of little rocking-cliairs for the little pujiils. Every Monday, Tuesday, and "\Yednesday the operations of the Froebel system are shown from ten until half-past twelve o'clock. The teaclier is a lady from Boston, and the class is composed of sixteen bright little ones from tlie Northern Home for Friendless Children, iu Philadelphia. A more delightful sight than these happy children at their studious play can scarcely be imagined. The advantages of the Kindergarten are so well known that it would be useless to dwell upon them here. «^ Tlie American Kindergarten is a small frame building lying immediately north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It is in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experi- enced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon Froebel's, or rather an adaptation of bis system to American wants. A school for the training of Kindergarten teachers constitutes a distinctive feature of this establishment. It is open daily. GInrh & Company's Building is situated between Belmont avenue and Lansdowne drive. It is forty feet square, one story in height, and is surmounted by a tower. It is devoted to a sjjecial exhibit of" self-coiling shutters. The Warre^i Foundry and Machine Shop represents cast-iron OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 645 gas and Avater pipes unprotected from the weather. It is located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge of the Exhibition grounds. The New England Farmet^s Home and Modern Kitchen con- stitute one of tine most interesting features of the Exhibition. They are situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avenue, and not far from the Woman's Building. The New England Farmer's Home is a plain one-story log house, and is biiilt and arranged in the style of the New England farm-houses of a century ago. It contains i parlor, or " settin-room," a kitchen, and bed-rooms, all of which are furnished with veritable heirr looms contributed by the people of New England. Many of the articles are exceedingly valuable for their historical interest. In the "settin-room" is a chair made for Governor Endicott, who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two centuries and a half ago. In one of the cliambers is the Fuller cradle in which was rocked little Peregrine White, the child who wa.s born on board the "Mayflower" on the voyage of the Pilgrims to Plymouth. The rockers have been worn away in the long years that have elapsed since then, but the cradle still remains a mute witness of the wonderful story of American progress with which all tongues are busy i >w. What a contrast between the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Ply- mouth, amid the fierce storms that howled along t>ie bleak and barren coast of Nev/ England, and the grand assemblage of the nations and, wealth of the world in which it now takes its part! Here is John Alden's writhig-desk, on which he penned those tender epistles in which " Every sentence began or closed with the name of Priscilla, Till the treacherous pen to which he confided the secret Strove to betray it by singing and shouting' the name of Priscilla." Here also is an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years, and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Aldeii could find no way out of the web she wove about him. Here is the dressing- 646 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY case of the Eev. Samuel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode Island, one hundred and twenty-eight years old ; and against the wall hangs the first clock brought to Andover, Massa- chusetts. Everything in the house has the ripe flavor of antiquity, and the visitor may see in the place an exact reproduction of the homes that his ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution, left so proniptly and bravely when the news of the battle of Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house is occupied only by ladies, who are dressed in the quaint costumes of their great-grandmothers, and who conduct visitors through the house and explain to them the story and uses of its contents. Adjoining the farm-liouse is a frame building fitted up as a Modern New England Kitchen. It contains all the improve- ments of the present age, and shows the progress of the century in this department of domestic industry. The Pacific Guano Company's Euildings are situated at the western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal structure is a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion, two stories in height, containing specimens of the guano ; and north of this is a shed containing models of the company's warehouses at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina. The grounds around the pavilion are plentifully fertilized with the guano, and are planted with cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, which are growing finely under the warm sun and the generous stimulus of the fertilizer. The Averill Chemical Paint Company's Building is situated on Fountain avenue, east of the saw-mill. It is a handsome pavilion of wood, and is ornamented with colored panels showing the various colors and qualities of the paints manufac- tured by this company. Specimens of the paints ar^ on exhibii tion within the building. The N&e York Slate Roofifig Company's Building is a small wooden structure with a pointed roof. It is situated on thq slope of Lansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. It is devoted to an exhibit of the rubber OF THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 647 roofing and the patent slate roofing paint manufactured by this company. George Hayes, of New York, has a wooden building painted in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and imme- diately west of the edifice just described. It is devoted to a special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects. The Sheet Metal Pavilion stands on the north slope of the Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the German Govern- ment Building. It is a handsome and elaborate edifice con- structed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, orna- mented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extends' around the roof. The building is the property of Marshall Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company, of Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet metal and ornaments. The building, which is itself a beautiful specimen of the work of these firms, contains a large exhibit of the wares manufactured by them. The Caff6 do Brazil is situated on Fountain avenue, north of the lake. It is a small one-story pavilion of wood, and is conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian merchants. The United States Life-Saving Station is a handsome two- story building, situated on the north shore of the lake, imme- diately west of the Trois Frires P'^oven^eaux Restaurant. It is intended to show the system in use at the life-saving stations established by the general government at the dangerous points along our coast, and is provided with a full equipment of the articles necessary to this purpose. Tlie Elevated Railway spans the Belmont valley, and con- nects the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rests upon a series of pillars which have foundations of masonry placed in the bed and on the sides of the valley. It consists of one upper rail and. two lower ones placed in a triangular position, the lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central or upper rail. The car rests on the central rail, on which the principal wheels work, and it extends down to the level of the 648 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. lower rails, thus making it a tworstory structure. Horizontal wheels revolve on the lower rails, and thus keep the car steady and prevent it from jumping the track or being thrown oif. The adhesion of these wheels. to the rai\s can be increased at pleasure. The ear is divided into three cdraj)ai'tments, one upper and two lower ones. The locomotive is provided with La France rotary engines, and has an ordinary horizontal boiler. It carries its fuel and water in the compartments .below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is cheaper to- build, morie economical to operate, and safer than any other elevated road in use. It conveys passengers across the Belmont valley for the mod'erate suip of three cents. The Windmills. — A number of patent windmills of various kinds are located in the extr,eme northeastern corner of the grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They arje in constant operation. CHAPTER XX. BIOGRAPHICAL. GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, President of theU. S. Centennial Commission. OSEPH EUSSELL HAWLEY was born in Richmond county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 1826. His father, a Congregational ist minister, and a native of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis- sionary work in North Carolina, but in a few years removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboi:o. Here young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at tlie free schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New York, and continued it at Farmington, Connecticut. In 1850 he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his uncle, David Hawley, a well-known city missionary, and began the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in his efforts to establish himself in his profegsiou, but went to work with an energy and determination that finally brought him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christmas day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A, FootCj of Guilford, Connecticut. Mr, Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one of the leaders of the Free Soil party. He was conspicuously active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent and forcible speakers in his party. Although pnjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led 649 650 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY him a few years later to abandon his profession and devote him- self to journalism. Associating himself with Mr. Faxon, he bought out the Hartford Rejmblican, and changed it into the Hartford Evening Press, of which he assumed the editorship. The new journal was a success from the first, and Mr. Hawley soon found himself ranked among the leading journalists of New England, a position which he maintained with ability and profit until the breaking out of the civil war. Upon the receipt of Governor Bucking- ham's proclamation, after the fall of Fort Sumter, Hawley and two friends met at the office of the Press and signed their names to an enlist- ment paper as volun- teers in the 1st regi- ment. A public meet- ing was held at Hart- ford the same evening and was presided over by the Lieutenant- Governor of the State. The list was presented to the meeting and was at once filled up, and Company A of the 1st regiment was formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company, which was mustered into the service for three mouths, on the 22d of April, 1861. The colonel of the regiment being pro- moted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regi- ment was promptly sent forward to Washington, and iu the GENERAL J. V. S. R. HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 651 battle of Bull Run, which soon followed, Captain Hawley's company was one of the few that did not take part in the shame- ful panic and flight. The company was mustered out of the service on the 31st of July, 1861, their term of enlistment being ended. In the fol- lowing month the 6th Connecticut Ilegiment was organized for three years' service, and of this body Hawley was made lieu- tenant-colonel. Upon reaching Washington the regimient was assigned to the Department of the South. It took part in the attack on Fort Wallace, under Colonel Terry, on the 7th of November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah, in April'and May, 1862 ; in the battle of James Island, on the 14th of June ; and in the fight at Pocataligo, on the 22d of October, 1862, in all of which engagements it was especially distinguished for gallantry. During this period Terry had been made a brigadier-general and Hawley had been promoted to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly ail these affairs. Colonel Hawley commanded his regiment during the opera- tions of General Gilmore, at Morris' island and Fort Wagner, in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer of 1863. He was subsequently placed in command at Fer- uandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to secure for his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which was ignored by the War Department during the war, but which he regarded as a most valuable weapon. On the 19th of February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of Olustee, Florida. On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans-, ferred to the Army of the James, where Colonel Hawley was given the command of a brigade in Terry's division. He parr ticipated in this capacity in Butler's attack on Bermuda Hun- dreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep Run, Chapin's Farm, New Market Road, Darbytown Road, Charles City Road, and in nearly all the engagements which occurred north of the James river during the year. In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen- 652 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOEY eral of volunteers, and in November was placed in command of 3000 Connecticut troops, and sent with General Butler to New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden- tial election of that year. He returned to the army when the elections were over, and in January, 1865, took part in the storming and capture of Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, North Carolina, one of the most brilliant operations of the war. In the spring of 1865 General Terry was placed in command of the city of Richmond, and General Hawley was at his request made his chief of staif. He held this position until September 28th, 1865, when he was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers ; and on the 15th of January, 1866, was honorably mustered out of the service. In quitting the army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able officer, who had rendered good service to his country and whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and efficient discharge of duty iu the field, and often under the most trying circumstances. Returning home he was nominated by the Republican party as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was elected over Governor English in one of the most exciting con- tests ever held in the State. He held the office for one term, and then, declining a renomination, returned to his editorial duties, having during his service in the army and his guberna- torial term retained his connection with the Press, which had been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presi- dency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Con- gress, and was re-elected in 1874. General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work for the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both in Congress and in his journal gave hithself heart and soul to the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 653 tlie United States Centennial Commission, he was appointed by- President Grant a Commissioner from Connecticut. Upon the first meeting of that body, in March, 1872, General Hawley was chosen President of the Commission, to which position he has. since been regularly re-eleeted. The ability and energy with which he has discharged the diificult, burdensome and often delicate duties* of his position are shown in the magnifi- cent success with which his labors have been crowned. In person General Hawley is about five feet eight or nine inches in height, with a stout, well-built figure. His face in- dicates firmness and decision of character, and the expression of his clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability, and as a man utterly incapable of an equivocal action. JOHN WELSH. Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance. John Welsh was born in the city of Philadelphia, in 1805, and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years old, and was for many years a member of the well-known firm of J. & AV. Welsh, general shipping and commission mer- chants, on Delaware avenue, near Walnut street. He is one of the most successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half a century has been closely and honorably identified with the business interests of that city. Mr. Welsh, was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial Commission, in June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it, and was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Board. In this capacity he has served for four years, and has discharged his duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial business of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board of Einance. Upon this body devolved the task of making the contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand 654 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY and one things necessary to the complete success of tlie Exhi- bition, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary for carrying out the great scheme. The reader will thus see tliat the duties of Mr. Welsh have been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past two years he has devoted his whole time to tlie affairs of the Exhibition, and under his vigorous and able management they have been conducted with a vigor, promptness and success which are cliaracter- istic of the man. The best evidence of the high esteem in which Mr. Welsh is held by the solid business men of the city is shown in the eagerness with which the leading capitalists of Phila- delphia affixed their names as sureties to the bonds for $500,- 000, which Mr. Welsh, in connection with Mr. Fraley, the Treasurer of the Board of Fi- nance, was required to give for the faith- ful disbursement of the sum of $1,500,- 000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally was shown in the enthusiasm with which he was greeted by the vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on the 10th of May. ALFRED T. GOSHORN, Director-General of the Exhibition. Alfred T. Goshorn was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834. JOHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAI, BOARD OF FINANCE. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 655 He received his early education at the common schools of that city, and completed his studies at Hamilton College, from which he graduated with distinction. He studied law, and in due time entered upon the practice of his profession, but soon left .the bar and engaged in manufacturing, becoming subse- quently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near Cincinnati. He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon the organization of the United States Centennial Commission, was appointed by President Grant a Commissioner from Ohio. At the first meeting of the Com- mission he was elect- ed one of the Vice- Presidents of that body and Director- General of the Ex- hibition. The Director-Gen- eral is the chief ex- ecutive oificer of the Exhibition. Upon him devolved the trying charge of su- pervising the work generally, conducting negotiations, corre- spondence, and leading as, one harmonious^ body to the objective point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintenderitsj clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national commissioDers, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise after its public inauguration and during the Exhibition period. Such a position requires executive ability of the highest order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn'a A. T. GOSHOEN, DIRECTOR-GENEEAI. OF THE EXHIBITION. 656 THE JI.LUSTRATED HISTORY labors have been crowned has demonstrated the fact that he possesses this quality in an eminent degree. PROFESSOR JOHN L CAMPBELL, Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission. John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son an excellent education. The young man entered Wabash College in 1844, and graduated from it with distinction in 1848. In 1851 he was appointed pi'incipal of the Preparatory De- partment of Wabash College, and held this position for two years, 1 votinghis leisure time the study of the law, :eiving his license to actise in 1853. He did not enter upon a legal career, however, for, in 1853, he was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Wabash College, and accepted the position which he has since held with great distinction to himself and benefit to the college. In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in commemoration of the three hundredth annivei-sary of the birth PROFESSOK J. L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY OP THE UNITED STATES CENTEftNIAL COMMISSION. OF THE CEXTENNIAL EXlIIBITiOX. 657 of the great philosopher. The occasion of this address suggested to Professor Campbell the idea of commemorating the approach- ing Centennial of American Independence with an International Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia, and from this time lie blooded over the scheme. In 1866 Professor Campbell was appointed by the President of the United States a member of tiie Board of Visitors to West Point, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf of the Exhibition scheme — a plan which appears about tliis time to have suggested itself to the other gentlemen mentioned in an earlier part of this work. He addressed letters to tiie Hon. Morton McMichael, Mayor of Philadelphia, and the Hon. Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiana, suggesting and giving an outline of a plan for the Centennial Exhibition of 187G, at Philadelphia. These gentlemen cordially responded, promising cooperation. Professor Campbell, thus encouraged, continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisfaction of seeing it an accomplished fact. Upon the organization of the United States Centennial Com- mission, Mr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner from Indiana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4th of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on the permanent -organization, and was subsequently placed at the head of the Committee on Foreign Aifairs, a position of great responsibility. At the session of the Commission ill May, 1873, he was chosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome duties of that important office. It being now impossible, for him to attend to his professor-, ships he offered his 'resignation to the Trustees of" Wabash College, but that body, rather than lose his services for the institution, granted him leave of absence until the close of the" Exhibition. 42 658 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY GENEm CHARLES B. NORTON, Secretary of the Bureau of Revenue. Ciiarles B. Norton was born at Hartford, Connecticut, and received a thorough education in his boyhood and youth. Upon reaching man's estate lie adopted journalism as his profession, and won considerable reputation as publisher, editor and author. For many years his special busine&s was connected with the supplying of the prin- cipal libraries of the United States with rare and valuable works from foreign countries. In this business he made many trips to Europe, visiting and inspect- ing all the important libraries of the okl world, and securing many expensive works of an official character as exchanges with those issued in this country. He gained a practical knowledge of the modern lan- guages of the old world, and made the acquaintance of most of the prominent literary men of Europe. At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Norton gave up his business, and organized a regiment of twelve hundred men. He was elected a second lieutenant, and took ])art with his command in tile first battle of Bull Run. He was subsequently present in nearly every battle of the army of the Potomac, and discharged GENERAI> CHAKLES B. NORTON, SECRETARY OF THE CENTENNIAI, BUREAU OF BEVENUE. OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 659 tlie duties of the various positions filled by him with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. He was soon taken from the line, and placed on the staff of General Butterfield, after which he served on the staffs of Generals Mc- Clellan, Porter and Barry. He was brevetted a brigadier- general of volunteers for his gallant meritorious services^ and remained in the army until the close of the war. In 1867 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition,- and at the same time received a special military appointment to that Exposition from the State of New York. In this double capacity he repaired to Paris, where he fully, sustained his previous reputation. He devoted himself with especial care to the interests of the American exhibitors, and won their grateful esteem by his services in their behalf. He made two reports on the Exposition': one to the President of the United States on " Munitions of War ; " the other to the Governor of New York on the "State Exhibit and on the fortifications of the city of New York." Of these reports sixty thousand copies were printed and circulated by the general government and the State of New York, and the author received many flattering letters from loreign governments complimenting him upon their accuracyi General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the plan of an International Exhibition. As soon as the scheme began to take a definite shape, and more especially after its incorporation by act of Congress, he become personally identified with the great undertaking. His services and experience have been of the greatest value, and though he has not at any time held ally very high official position, he has proved his efficiency in every department,- and his experience has been made use of with- out stint to the permanent advantage of the Exhibition.- He has had especial charge of the press and all matters connected" with the publicity of this great enterprise, and by his universal courtesy and his readiness to give, and peculiar capacity for giving, information he has made many friends, and' has rendered invaluable service to the Exhibition. He has been one of the C60 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORV. hardest workers in the undertaking:, and has been content to labor in private, leaving to others the credit of his work, and satisfied to do anything that could in the least contribute to the success of the great scheme. Such a man deserves an especial recognition at the hands of his fellow-citizens, and should receive it. Though his labors have not always been ajjparent to the world, they have been of the highest importance, and in nothing have the Centennial Commission shown their good sense more strikingly than in securing for the great work before them the experience and services of this able and accomplished gentleman. ABBE BOLT FORGmG MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. CHAPTER XXI. THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT PHILADELPHIA. Arrangements for the Great Celebration— Action of the Centennial Commis- sion- — Independence Hall Decorated — The Centennial Legion — The Blue and the Gray — Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia — Ceremonies of July Ist^ Congress of Authors — Tlie Great Civic Parade of July 3d — Ushering in the "Fourtli" — The Midnight Celebration — Stirring Scenes — Dawn of the Fourth — The Military Parade — A Grand Demonstration — The Exercises in Independence Square — Other Celebrations — lUamination and Fireworks. HE arrangements for the proper celebration of the 4th of July, 1876 — the one hundredth anniversary of American independence — were at an early day confided to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex- tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial cooperation to the effort to have all things in readiness for the Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and vigor that could not fail of success. It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Decla- ration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall and proclaimed to the people in Independence Square, the com- memorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to make the venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstray tions. The city authorities caused the building to be iiand- soraely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands^ covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and streamers, were erected in Independence Square for the accom- modation of the singers and invited guests who were to take 661 f.J •» -B » ^ MRP Mili Ti^ \ ' "^ fe \ L 1^ nal* ^g -«». 1 ?^ - • ,(^f7«3 ^ a S »/ "~ ; / 062 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 663 part in tne rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions — the gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen — was hung in the State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to the shouts of the multitude when the moment of rejoicing should arrive, Being anxious that the Centennial celebration should do its share in cementing the reunion of the Northern and Southern States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion, the formation of a "Centennial Legion," consisting of a detach- ment of troops from each of the thirteen original States. The command of this splendid body of picked troops was conferred upon General Ambrose E. Burnside, of Ehode Island, and Oeneral Henry Heth, of Virginia, was chosen Lieutenant- Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. The Le- gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commands of the original States being' eager to serve in it. For a week previous to the 4th of July crowds of people be- gan to pour steadily into Philadelphia. Volunteer organiza- tions from the various States were constantly arriving, and were either encamped at various points in and around the Exiiibition grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was gayly decorated with flags and streamers, and the view down any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the: cl