of Kansas CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Charles and Mary Collection From An Annonymous Donor Cornell University Library arV1168 A history of Kansas. 3 1924 031 232 808 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031232808 A HISTORY OF KANSAS. \ BY Noble L. Prentis, 'Y Star.'" Published by E. P. Greer, WINFIELD, KAN. 1899. COPYEiaHT, 1899, BY NOBLE L. PRENTIS Kansas City, Mo. PREFACE. The attempt has been made, in preparing this volume, to give, within a convenient compass, the most interesting and material occurrences and events in the history of the rise of a great Free State from a wilderness. Harrowing details and discreditable happenings have been purposely omitted. The story has been told as a record of courage and steadfastness, and increasing devotion to the princi- ples of human freedom and national union. Events have been arranged, as nearly as possible, in the order of the years, with an occasional arrange- ment of the years in periods or groups, with no further classification or subdivision. No attempt has been made to "write down" to the supposed intellectual capacity of children. Students old enough to enter upon the study of the history of an American State, it is believed, "will find all the statements and conclusions comprehensible. 6 PREFACE. It is to be hoped that the reader or student will consider this small and necessarily limited history of one State, as a help and introduction to the study of the history of the American Union, which should be the pride and privilege of every American citizen in youth and age. NOBLE L. PEENTIS. CONTENTS. CHAPTBB PAGE I. Natural Kansas 9 II. French and Spanish Kansas 12 III. The Discovered Country 15 IV. The Great Highway 24 V. The Indian Territory 31 VI. The Kansas-Nebraska Act 41 VII. The Beginning of Government 49 VIII. War and Rumors of War 58 IX. A Glimpse of Light 65 X. The Lecompton and Leavenworth Constitu- tional Conventions 69 XI. Events of 1858 73 XII. The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention. 77 XIII. The Tragedy op John Brown . . .' .... 82 XIV. Last of Territory and First of State ... 87 XV. The First Legislature 93 XVI. Cradled in War 96 XVII. Quantrell's Raid 105 XVIII. The Closing Scene 110 XIX. Peace and Honor 120 XX. Building the State 123 XXI. The Indian Wars 133 XXII. Immigration 140 XXIII. The Centennial Year 150 XXIV. Events of the Decade 156 7 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTKK S PAGE XXV. After Twenty-Five Years 164 XXVI. The Happenings op 1887 174 XXVII. A Prosperous Year 180 XXVIII. 1889.— The Developing Eesources 188 XXIX. Kansas and Oklahoma 194 XXX New Political Forces 198 XXXI. The Legislature and Chronicles op 1891 . 205 XXXII. Annals op 1892 216 XXXIII. Legislation and Other Events op 1893 ... 220 XXXIV. Passing op the Pioneers 231 XXXV. The Story op 1895-96 240 XXXVI. The Years 1897 and 1898 . . . . . . 248 XXXVII. Kansas in the War . . . • 256 XXXVIII. Events op 1899 271 XXXIX. A Chapter on Capitols 277 XL. Man and Nature 283 XLI. Kansas Literature 291 APPENDIX. Description op Counties 301 Organic Act 326 Admission Into the Union 332 Constitution 336 Kansas Territorial Oppicers— 1854-1861 362 State Oppicers op Kansas— 1861-1899 363 Kansas in the Spanish War 369 A HISTORY OF KANSAS. CHAPTER I. NATURAL KANSAS. 1. Character of Surface. — Kansas has been described by geologists as a part of the great plain stretching from the Mississippi river on the east to the Rocky Mountains on the west. It is approximately 200 by 400 miles in extent, and should be looked upon as a block in the great plain, constituting an essential part of it, and not specially differ- ent from other portions lying on either side of it. The average elevation above sea level of the eastern end is about 850 feet, with Bonita, 1,075 feet above, as the highest point, and the Union Depot at Kansas City, 750 feet, the lowest. The northern boundary line rises steadily and uniformly westward from the Missouri river. The southern boundary rises and falls. At Cofleyville, the elevation is 734 feet, six- teen feet lower than at Kansas City. At the point of crossing the Flint Hills west of Independence, the elevation is 1,700 feet, declining to the westward. The elevation at Arkansas City is 1,066 feet. The lowest part of the State is where the southern line crosses the Verdigris valley. From Arkansas City, west, the ascent is gradual to the southwest corner. The western boundary varies slightly from north to south, but is between 3,500 and 4,000 feet above sea level. 2. Appearance to Observer.— The general effect is that of an immense prairie, rising westward into a very high prairie, but the appearance is not that of a flat and bound- less plain. The waters of the State, which generally flow eastward, have an average fall for the whole State of nearly 10 HISTORY OF KANSAS. eight feet to the mile. Although the surface is a great plain sloping eastward, its minute topography is often rugged and varied; valleys 200 feet deep, bluffs and mounds with precipitous walls 300 feet high; overhanging rooky ledges and remnants of cataracts and falls in numerous Scene on the Marmaton, Bonrbon Co., Kan. streams, giving a variety of scenery', are to be observed all over the eastern part of the State, and to even a greater extent in some ijortions of the west. 3. Effect on Kansas Literature. — All the natural fea- tures of this gi-eat rectangle; all the varying aspects of the earth, as touched by the shaping hands of the seasons; all NATURAL KANSAS. 11 the shifting panorama of the skies; all the myriad voices of the winds; the shine of shallow, wide and wandering streams; the fringing trees that watch the waters as they pass; the lovely charm of each rocky promontory that looks out upon the sea of grass, all these have proved to be the inspiring and informing spirit of Kansas literature. 4. Story of Kansas Nature Told in Prose and Verse. — In all that has been written in prose and verse since first the wide wilderness heard the cautious but advancing feet of the pioneer, the story of Kansas nature has been told. The reader of books written in, by, and for Kansas, will ■find the journals of the Kansas year, with the impressions made on the minds and hearts of eye-witnesses by sun and cloud, by drouth and rain, and calm and storm. Such readers witness the procession of the days of the Kansas year. Days when, as one has written, ' the broad, wintry landscape is flooded with that indescribable splendor that never was on sea or shore — a purple silken softness that half veils half discloses the alien horizon, the vast" curves of the remote river, the transient architecture of the clouds, and days without clouds and nights without dew, when the effulgent sun floods the dome with fierce and blinding radi- ance, days of glittering leaves and burnished blades of corn, days when the transparent air, purged of all earihly exhala- tion and alloy, seems like a pure; powerful lens, revealing a remoter horizon and a profounder sky." SUMMARY. 1. In the north the surface rises uniformly from Missouri river, while in the south it both rises and falls. 2. To an observer the surface is rugged and varied, and remnants of cataracts are found. CHAPTER II. FRENCH AND SPANISH KANSAS. 5. Kansas in Louisiana Pupchase.— The present State of Kansas, with the exception of a small fraction in the southwest corner, which continued to belong to Spain, then to Mexico, and was finally ceded by Texas in 1850, formed part of the Louisiana purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of France. 6. Beginning- of Political History.— The political his- tory of Kansas was set in the way of beginning on the April day in 1803, when Napoleon said, with passion and vehemence, as was his wont: ' 'irresolu- tion and deliberation are no longer in reason. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede, it is the whole colony Mdth- out reservation." 7. United States Occupies Terri- tory. — The treaty which made Kansas American soil was concluded April 30, 1803, but St. Louis, and the province of Upper Louisiana, remained in the hands of the Spanish until March 9, 1804, nearly a year after. On that day Major Amos Stoddard, of the United States army, appeared at St. Louis, and acting as agent and commissary of the French Republic, received from Don Carlos Dehault Delassus, the Spanish Lieutenant-Governor, the formal cession of the province from Spain to France. The Spanish 12 Thomas Jefferson. FRENCH AND SPANISH KANSAS. 13 Regiment of Louisiana moved out, a detachment of the First United States Artillery marched in, the American flag was raised, and the next day, March 10, 1804, Major Stoddard began the rule of the United States under the title of commandant. Coronado Crossing the Territory in 1541. 8, First American Ruler.— Major Amos Stoddard, who was the descendant of the great divine, Jonathan Edwards, and grand-uncle of Hon. John Shei-man, of Ohio, was the first American ruler of Kansas He was a good man and brave soldier, and was mortally wounded in the defence of Fort Meigs, in Ohio, during the last war with Great Britain. 14 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 9. Evidence of Spanish Exploration.— The Kansas that belonged to Spain and France was not entirely unknown or unvisited. It is believed that Coronado reached the country from New Spain in 1541. Various French and Spanish parties marched to and through the country, in some cases erecting crosses in token of sovereignty. They met the Indians, the Osages, the Pawnees, and the Kansas or Kaws, sometimes in peace, sometimes in war, but these expeditions left no trace behind more than does the fish in the water, ,the bird in the air. 10. Few Spanish or French Names.— The French trappers and voyageurs gave names to a f ew^ of the streams and islands, but neither Frenchman nor Spaniard contrib- uted perceptibly to the nomenclature of Kansas; while to the east of the river in Missouri, French names wiU remain while water runs in the Chariton, the Femme Osage, the Pomme de Terre, the Moniteau and many tnore, in Kansas the slight* French occupation left few traces on the map. Neither' do the Indians who inhabited Kansas seem to have been town-builders or name- givers. If the rivers of Kansas ever bore Indian names, the appellations of most have been changed, or so corrupted as to have become unrecognizable. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas, except a small portion in the southwest, formed part of Louisiana Purchase. 2. The United States takes possession of Territory, March 10, 1804. 3. Coronado crossed the Territory in 1541. 4. A few points bear French names, given by trappers. CHAPTER III. THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY. 1 1 . Lewis and Clark Expedition Planned by Jeffer- son. — With the acquisition of Upper Louisiana by the United States, came the spirit of enterprise and exploration. In the latter direction the new government set the example. Mr. Jefferson was full of interest and curiosity about the new empire of which so little was really known, and wrote with his own hand the directions governing the expedition which was to set out under Capt. William Clark, brother of Gen. George Rogers Clark, the conqueror of Illinois, and Capt. Merriwether Lewis, who had been the President's private sec- retary. He selected both these guides and leaders from personal acquaintance; both were Virginians, and from his own neigh- borhood. 12. Reached Kansas River. — The expedition reached the rendezvous near St. Louis early in the spring, and before the Spaniards were willing to acknowledge the Missouri as an American river. After the formal transfer the expedition, on the 10th of May, 1804, started up the turbid Missouri, and on June 27th reached the mouth of the Kansas river, landed and made a camp within the present limits of Kansas City, Kan. 15 Capt. William Clark. 16 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 13. Independence Day at Atchison.— Proceeding up the stream, the different journals kept by the voyagei-s noted objects on either shore which may still be i-ecognized by the description. On the 4th of July, 1804, the party landed at or near the present site of Atchison at noon, and made brief observance of their country's natal day. Among those who joined in this first Foui-th of July celebration in Kansas, was George Shannon, a brother of Wilson Shannon, afterwaixis to be a Territorial Governor of Kansas. The party named a small stream near their landing place, Fourth of July Creek, and going on up capt. Merriwether lewis, ^j^g j,^^^^. f^^j, jj^Qgg^ ^^^^^ another Kausas stream Independence Creek, a name which it bears to this day. So the Fourth of July came to Kansas. 14. Expedition West to Pacific. — A few days later, and the boats had passed beyond the limits of Kansas, and the voyagers were on their way to the ' 'land of the Dakotas, ' ' to the unknown springs of the Missouri, to the untrodden passes of the Rocky Mountains, to the far Columbia, on to the sounding surges of the Pacific, to retui'u after two years, with but the loss of a single man in all the perils of the waste and wild, each voj^agei' to his aj^pointed fate — William Clark to live for many years a prospei-ous gentle- man and fourth Territorial Governor of Missouri, and Merriwethei' Lewis to die a mysterious death in a Tennessee wilderness. 15. Pike's Expedition Starts.— On July 16, 1806, two years and two months after the Lewis and Clark expedition had gone up the Missouri, another expedition left Bellefon- THK DISCOVEKED COUNTKY. 17 taine under the command of Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a young and active officer of the United States Army, who, in the summer of 1805, had departed on an expedition to the head waters of the Mississippi. He had returned to St. Louis in April, 1806, and now, in July, was ordered on a mission destined to last longer, and to be fraught with more imi)ortant consequences than he could have imagined. 16. Purpose and Route Planned.— His instructions were to take back to their tribe on the upper waters of the Osage river, some Osages who had been redeemed from cap- tivity among the Pottawatomies ; then to push on to the Pawnee Eepublic on the upper waters of the Republican river, then to go south to the Arkansas, and to the Red river, interviewing on the way the Comanches. 17. Osage Villag-e Reached.— Pike followed the Mis- souri, and turned into the Osage (a continuation of the Kansas Marais des Cygnes), at that time, and for long afterward, a waterway to southern Kansas and Texas. He followed that picturesque stream to the Osage villages near the present line of Kansas and Missouri. He met there a chief named White Hair, who survived to the present gen- eration of Kansas. Procuring horses at the Osage villages, Pike mounted his party of some twenty, officers and soldiers, and a number of Osages, and started to execute the remainder of his mission. 18. Beauty of Kansas Country.— Lieut. Pike entered Kansas in what is now Linn county, and kept on to the southwest, and climbing a high rise, came upon a sight which has delighted millions of eyes since his. "The prairie rising and falling in beautiful swells as far as the Lieut. ZebuloQ Montgomery Pike. THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY. 19 sight can extend." The party came to a high ridge, whicli Pike describes as the dividing line between the waters of the Osage and the Arkansas (which Pike spells Arkansaw) . Still marching westward, the party reached the Neosho, and crossing it followed the divide, as Pike says, between the Neosho and the Verdigi'is. On the 17th of September, going northward, they arrived at the main southwest branch of the Kansas river, the Smoky Hill, and, two days later, a large branch, of the Kansas river strongly impregnated with salt. 19. Crosses Trail of Spanish Troops.— It was at about this time that Pike discovered that he was not alone in Kansas. He came across the trail of 300 Spanish troops. The Spanish authorities in New Spain, hearing from St. Louis of his departure, had. sent Lieut. Malgares with a large party to intercept him. Malgares had gone down Red river, thence north to the Arkansas, and so on to the Saline, but the parties had missed each other. Lieut. Pike was destined to meet Lieut. Malgares later. 20. Pawnee Village.— Pike's party reached the Pawnee village on the 25th of September, 1806. The site of the village has been a matter of some discussion, but the latest investigation would locate it on portions of sections 2 and 3, township 2, range 5 west, in White Rock township, Republic county, Kan. 21. "Stars and Stripes" Replaces Spanish Flag".- The spot was made memorable. Pike had but sixteen white soldiers, his Osage allies he probably did not count for much, since he describes them as "afaithless set of poltroons, incapable of a great and generous action," but with his little force he overawed the sullen and hostile village. He 20 HISTORY OF KANSAS. met in council 500 Pawnee warriors. He found the Spanish flag flying from a pole in front of the council lodge, and he ordered it lowered, and the American flag raised in its place. It was done, and the Stars and Stripes for thfe first time was given to the Kansas breeze. Regardless of the temper of the Indians, he remained in the neighborhood until the 9th of October, when he marched off in the direc- tion of the Great Bend of the Arkansas. 22. Party Divided at Arkansas River.— Arrived at the Arkansas, Pike divided his party. Boats were constructed, one canoe made of four buffalo hides and two elk skins, and a wooden canoe of green cottonwood, and in these Lieut. Wilkinson, son of Gen. James Wilkinson (under whose orders Lieut. Pike had set out) , six soldiers and two Osages embarked with the intention of reaching Fort Adams on the Mississippi. The party were soon obliged to abandon their canoes and make their way on foot, suffering greatly from the cold. Lower down the river, they made some wooden boats, and, greatly hindered by sand bars and by floating ice, managed to reach Arkansas Post in safety by the 9th of January, 1807. 23. Re-crosses Spanish Trail to Westward.— Pike, with the remainder of his party, now stood on the low, bleak shore of the Arkansas, in the last of October, with snow falling every day. Why he did not march south to Red river, according to his instructions, has never been made clear; instead, he moved up the Arkansas, climbing the long slope to the Rocky Mountains. The country was full of wild horses ; Indians were met frequently, and again the Spanish trail was crossed that Pike had encountered in Northern Kansas. THE DISCOVERED COTTNTRY. 21 24. Mexican Mountains Sighted.— On the 15th of November, Pike saw something else. "At two o'clock in the afternoon," he writes, "I thought I could distinguish a mountain to our right, which appeared like a small blue cloud; viewed it with a spy glass, and was still more con- firmed in my conjecture, yet onlj^ comm.unicated it to Dr. ^""•mtm-i: Robinson, who was in front of me, but in half an hour it appeared in full view before us. When our small party arrived on the hill, they, with one accord, gave three cheers for the Mexican Mountains." 25. Pike's Peak. — What Pike saw at first as a "small blue cloud," was the Great White Mountain of the Span- iards, the majestic eminence afterward called, in his honor. Pike's Peak. He measured the altitude of the mountain. 22 HISTORY OF KANSAS. making it 18,581 feet above the sea, and made efforts to reach the mountain itself, but without success. Afterwards he records, "In our wanderings in the mountains it was never out of our sight, except when we were in the valley." 26. Pike Taken Prisoner.— These "wanderings" en- tailed fearful suffering from cold on the thinly-clad soldiers and the animals. Pike reached the west fork of the Eio Grande del Norte and built a stockade, and here he was captured by a party of Spanish soldiers, as an intruder on Spanish territory. His instruments a-nd papers were taken from him, and the command were marched as prisoners to Santa Fe, but were everywhere treated with kindness by the people. The escort, as it might be called, was com- manded for some time by Lieutenant Malgares, who had sought for Pike in Kansas. The young American officer, treated more as an honored guest than a prisoner, was taken to Chihuahua, then a fine city of 60,000 inhabitants; thence he was taken to within three days' march of the American frontier and liberated, reaching Natchitoches, Louisiana, on the 15th of July, 1807, nearly a year after he left Belief ontaine. 27. His Death— Toronto.— After his return to his own country, he continued in the army, where his rise was rapid. In the thirty-fourth year of his age he was a brigadier- general in service on our Northern frontier, and we were at war with Great Britain. He planned and carried out an attack on York, now Toronto, Canada, on the 27th of April, 1813, and was fatally wounded at the moment of victory. At his request, the flag of the captured garrison was placed beneath his head, and the chronicler of the time wrote, "He happily expired on the conquered flag of the foe. ' ' THE DISCOVEKED COUNTRY. 2.i 28. Prominent in Kansas History.— The naino of Zebiilon Montgomery Pike forms a i)art of the history of Kansas, and should be mentioned with honor, because he was the first intelligent American explorer of the interior of Kansas, and the first to raise the flag of the United States within its present borders, and the first to record observations of the Great Plains country of which Kansas is a part. His journal was published in this country in 1810, and an abridgement afterward published in London, and the story of natural Kansas was thus spread about the world. 29. Papers Preserved at Lamed.— A few years since many of the papers of General Pike, including the precious scrap on which were written the last words he addressed to his wife, were still carefully preserved hy his niece, the venerable Mrs. Sturdevant, of Larned, Kansas. 30. Long-'s Expedition.— The expedition of Pike was followed by that of Major Stephen H. Long, who, in 1819, ascended the Missouri in the first steamboat, the Western Engineer. Pike's narrative, however, continued to be for a long time the most complete account of the regions em- braced in Kansas, Colorado and Northern Mexico. SUMMARY. 1. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark expedition across Territory. 2. Fourth of July, 1804, was celebrated at Atchison. 3. Pike's expedition crossed Territory in 1806. 4. Spani^ soldiers had not yet been withdrawn. 5. Spanish flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes raised at the Pawnee village. Supposed to be in what is now Republic county. 6. Pike's Peak was sighted at 2 o'clock, p. m., November 15, 1806. CHAPTEK IV. THE GREAT HIGHWAY. 31. Kansas Receives Eastern Boundary.— By the organization of Missouri as a State of the Union, Kansas, which was before without form as part of Louisiana, , received an eastern boundary. The west line of Missouri, as first established, followed a meridian line north and south drawn through the mouth of the Kansas riv.er at Kansas City to the Iowa line. This line was really a line between white settlement and Indian occupation. The portion of Indian ground between the Missouri line and the Missouri river was ceded by the Sacs and Foxes in 1836, and became a part of the State of Missouri under the name of the Platte Purchase, and the Missouri river became the boundary, but Kansas remained Indian ground. 32. Limitation of Settlement Theory. — It seems to have been con- sidered th^t the Missouri was the limit of possible white settlement. Pike had written of Kansas in his journal in 1806, " From these immense prairies may arise one great advantage to the United States, viz.: the restriction of our population to certain limits, and thereby a continuation of the Union. Our citizens being so prone to rambling and extending themselves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be constrained to limit their extent on the West to the borders of the Missouri and Mississippi, while they leave the prairies, incaipable of cultivation, to the wandering aborigines of the country." 24 Kit Carson. THE GREAT HIGHWAY. 25 33. Predietion not Realized.— The prediction of Pike was not destined to be realized; it was rendered impossible of accomplishment by the Louisiana Purchase. Under French or Spanish rule the ramblings of citizens on the frontiers might have been restricted, under American rule it was impossible that a great habitable and tillable area in the heart of the country should remain a wilderness devoted to wild beasts and wilder men. The signal to the buifalo and the savage to move on, was really given when the treaty of Paris, ceding Louisiana, was signed. Missouri continued to fill up with settlers, mainly from Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- nessee and North Carolina, and the settlers extended them- selves toward the western border. 34. Interest Aroused in New Mexico.— Pike, in his narrative, had described the ancient city of Santa Fe, the oldest city in the present United States. He was the first not only to give intelligible account of Kansas, but of Colo- rado, New Mexico and the northern provinces of Mexico, then New Spain. Pike's relation aroused interest in those countries, and many individual attempts were made to open up commercial intercourse between the Missouri border and Santa Fe. These attempts generally resulted in disaster. The Spanish Government repressed all suc^h, and desired no intercourse. 35. Effect of Mexican Revolution.— The Mexican revolution, which began in 1811 and triumphed in 1821, broke down the non- intercourse rule, and in 1824 the first wagon train passed over the road from the Missouri to Santa Fe. There had been a Santa Fe trail before, but it had been made by caravans, small trains of pack animals, burros and mules, but with the passage of this wagon train came 26 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. the real Santa Fe trail, the first broad mark made by civili- zation across the face of Kansas. It was a great road, 700 miles long, of which 400 miles were in Kansas, a hard, smooth thoroughfare from sixty to 100 feet wide, it had not a bridge in its whole length, was the best natural road of its length ever known in the world, and in token that it had "come to stay," the broad-faced yellow sunflower, since chosen by Kansas people as the emblem of their State, sprang up on either side where the wheels had broken the soil, from end to end. 36. Eastern Terminus of Santa Fe Trail.— The eastern starting point of the Santa Fe traffic was, at first, Franklin, Mo., on the Missouri river, which years ago undermined and swept the town away. Later the seat of the trade was removed to Independence, Mo., which, as early as 1832, was recognized as the great outfitting point for the Santa Fe traders, and of the great fur companies. In time the business was divided with Westport, a newer town built on or near the line of Kansas. From the Missouri river landing for Westport has since gr&wn Kansas City. 37. Opening- of Trail Through Kansas.— After the laying out of this highway, Kansas was no longer a solitude. Kansas had been set apart for Indians, the Act of Congress of May 26, 1880, formally defined Kansas as part of the Indian Territory. The opening of the Santa Fe trail was like the dedication of a business street through a wilderness. 38. Fires Gleam Nig-htly Along- Road.— A stream of human life was, as it were, set to flowing through the country. Trains going and coming in, over the long road, were seldom out of sight of each other, or of the gleam of the nightly fires. Millions of dollars' worth of property THE GREAT HIGHWAY. 27 were transported by the pack trains and wagon trains. An army of men was employed to drive and care for a host of animals. This army included, beside Americans, many Mexicans as teamsters and "packers," an art in which they stood unrivaled, and the dark features and soot-black hair of the "greaser" were made familiar from the Missouri to the mountains. The Spanish words incorporated in the English, as spoken in Kansas at this day, date back to the days of the Santa Fe trail. 39. Route Branches at Great Bend.— Taking the his- tory of the Santa Fe trail as part of the history of Kansas, it furnishes a long and exciting chapter. Leaving the Missouri line, the trail led a little south of west to Council Grove, long a meeting place of whites and Indians, and then across the country to strike the Arkansas at the center of the arc of the Great Bend, where one road continued to follow the river into what is now Colorado, while at the Cimarron crossing a shorter road bore off to the southwest to the Cimarron river and to New Mexico. 40. Pawnee Rock a Dang-erous Point.— The traveler who now follows the trail by railroad, reaches the once dark and bloody ground at the bend of the Arkansas, where is now the town of Great Bend; thence west every mile has witnessed conflicts between the Indians and the caravans of traders, or between different tribes of Indians. At Pawnee Rock station are seen the now scarcely visible remains of the Rock, once a landmark known from one end of the trail to the other, and considered one of the most dangerous points on the long and perilous road. The railroad bridge, says Inman, crosses the Pawnee Pork at the pre- cise spot where the old trail did, and here was a favorite HISTORy OF KANSAS. battle ground between the tribes themselves, and the savages and all passers-by, the traders, the ovei'land coaches, and every thing that attempted to ford the stream. according to Major Inman, On an island near Larned the latest historian of the trail, occurred a savage battle between the Pawnees and Cheyennes, in which the latter were severely defeated, and so on thi'ough scenes of blood to where once was old Fort Aubrey. It may lie said that the four hundred miles of the Santa Fe trail in Kansas, in the more than forty years that it was ti-aversed 1iy all classes of travelers, from the soli- tary horseman of stoi'y to marching armies, witnessed the display of all the great human qualities, patience, fortitude, and the most hei'oic courage, as contrasted with the darkest treachery and the most cowardly ferocity. 41. Oreg-on Trail. — The Santa Fe trail while, perhaps, the most important, was not the oidy great highway existing ill Kansas before it was recognized as a white man's country. The Oregon trail was a great thoroughfare, leading to the vallej' of the Platte in Nebraska. There was the road made through what became the northern tier of Kansas counties to the crossing of the Blue at Marysville, by which a great emigration moved on to California. The river valleys, as Pawnee Rock. 30 HISTORY OF KANSAS. the Smoky Hill, served as road beds. It has been said that the valleys of the Kansas river and of the Arkansas were the first to be used as thoroughfares by civilized men in Kansas. But the great geographical truth was early dis- covered that Kansas was in the center of the great highway from the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri to the Mountains and the Pacific. 42. A Trail fpom" the South. i— In the days of the Cali- fornia emigration a road, long visible after it ceased to be used, was that coming from Fayetteville, Ark., northwest- ward, and joining the Santa Pe trail at Turkey creek, in McPherson county. 43. Dog- Trail became "White Man's Road."— The faintest trail made, and perhaps the earliest, was that by the Indian dog dragging lodge poles from place to place; then came the first "white man's road," the trace of the packers' loaded horses, mules, and burros; then the wide roads made by the traders' trains and the army wagons. All these left their mark in Kansas in the years while it was not an undiscovered country, but lying open and void, waiting for the rising of the Star of Empire. SUMMARY. 1. American rule permitted the settlement of the territory, which would not have been allowed by Spain. 2. The Santa Fe trail was a well-traveled, natural road, some sixty feet wide, and 700 miles long, lined on either side with sun- flowers, and its main branch extending from Independence, Mo., directly across the territory to the Great Bend of the Arkansas ; thence by two branches, one by way of the Rooky Mountains, the other directly to Santa Fe, N. M. CHAPTER V. THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 44. Occupied by Four Tribes.— The oldest authorities, Marquette and others, represent tlie country now called Kansas as occupied principally by foui' great tribes of Indians, the Osages, the Pawnees, the Kansas, and a tribe that no longer exists, and, in fact, has not Iteen heard of since the first quarter of the 18th century, the Padoucas. These tribes seem to have claimed Kansas among them, and to have extended widely beyond its present limits. The story of their wars, and huntings, and migrations, has little interest to civilized people. When they moved away from Kansas and from the earth, thej' left nothing except mounds of earth, rings on the sod, fragments of pottery , rude weapons and ruder implements. They fought each other, disputed possession with the wild beasts, were stricken down with fell diseases, but their history never became of interest or importance to the world, because they did nothing for the world. 45. The Removal Policy. — As early as 1824, the United States Government had entered upon a policy of removing the Indian tribes* west of the Mississippi, to a country which Typical Indian, 31 32 HISTORY OF KANSAS. should be their own, and where they should cultivate the habits of civilized life and live haijpily ever afterward. The Osages ceded nearlj- all their laud in Missouri in 1808, and were all located in Kansas by 1825, and the Shawnees i-emoved tc) Kansas in the same year. War Dance in the Interior of a Kanza Lodge. The general removal of Indians to the West was deter- mined by the Act of Congress of May 26, 1830, by which an Indian Territory, with the following metes and bounds, was organized: Beginning on the Red river east of the Mexican boundary, and as far west as the country is habit- able, thence down the Red river eastwardly to Arkansas Territory ; thence northwardly along the line of Arkansas Territory to the State of Missouri; thence north along its THE INDIAN TEEEITOKY. 33 westwardly line to the Missouri river; thence up the Mis- souri river to Puncah river; thence westwardly as far as country is habitable; thence southwardly to place of beginning. This gave a country COO miles north and south approximately, and 200 miles east and west, as the country was not considered habitable over 200 miles west of the Missouri line, on account of the absence of timber. 46. Indians Assured Permanent Homes.— These limits included the present State of Kansas, and from the passage of this Act of May 26, 1830, for twenty- four years after- ward, Kansas was a part of the Indian Territory. In this Act of 1830 the In- dians were assured, in almost affectionate language, that these lands which were given in exchange for those they were already occupjdng, should be theirs forever, and that the United States would give them patents for them if they so desired. 47. Northern Part of Territory Occupied.— In 1832 the Cherokees and other southern tribes, from Georgia and other States, were removed to the present Indian Territory, and the movement to fill the northern part of the Territory began. The Kansas Indians, whose name was later given to the State, once lived on the banks of the Missouri, where Lewis and Clark saw the remains of their villages, but they were driven westward to the Blue. Their former territory Indian Peace Medals, 1837. 34 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. was ocfnipied by the immigrating Indians. In 1831 the Delawai-es came from the James Fork of White river, in ]\Iiss(niri, and occupied their afterwards famous reserve in Kansas. In 1836 the Ottawas removed from Ohio to their Kansas reservation, watered by the Marais des Cygnes. In 1842 the Wyandottes sold their lands in Ohio and I'emoved to the forks of the Kansas and Missouri rivers. In 1837 the Pottawatomies began to gather in the Indian Ter- ritory, and in 1847 a tract of 576,000 acres lying in the present counties of Shawnee, Pottawatomie, Wabaun- see and Jackson was occupied l>y them. Here they were I'einforced hy Michigan Pottawatomies in 1850. The years 1846 and 1847 saw the location of the Miamis of the Wabash vallej-, in the limits of the Kansas county that now bears their name. In 1836 the Sacs and Foxes removed from the Missouri to the Kansas side of the river. The year 1832 saw the removal of the Kickapoos from the Osage river in Missouri to the neighborhood of Fort Leavenworth. The Cherokees were granted lands in Kansas-, but never occupied them in force. Several small tribes, the Weas and the Piankeshaws, the lowas and the Muncies, the Peorias and the Kaskaskias, and a small band of Chippewas, were granted lands in Kansas. 48. Forts Established.— In consequence of the presence of the Indians, Fort Leavenworth was established as Ciantonment Leavenworth, in 1827, ])y a detachment of the Third United States Infantry, and named in honor of Col. Col. Henry Leavenworth. THE INDIAN TEEEITOKY. 35 Henry Leaven worth, of that regiment. Fort Scott was located in 1842, and named in 1843. Fort Rilej^, the third important post in Kansas, was not established till 1853, and was named for Gen. Bennett Riley, who guai-ded the Santa Fe trail and fousrht in Mexico. Bapti f II M t's printing press was first set up in 1833. 49. Degrees of Tribal Civilization.— In the days between 1830 and 1854, the principal figures in Kansas were the regular army ofiicer, the Indian trader, and the mis- sionary. All these had important business with the Indian, and seem to have been kind to him. In the Indian tribes residing in the Ten-itory there were great differences in con- dition and character. The Wyandottes, the Shawnees, the Delawares, and the Ottawas were far advanced on the road to civilization; at least, that was the opinion of their 36 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Rev. Manrice Gailland, S. J. enthusiastic friends, tlie missionaries. The Pottawatomies had long been neighbors of the white people, and many bore French names and showed French blood. In Kansas they divided, those desiring to live as civilized ^.----tr^^ people settling about the Missions, those who preferred the old ways going apart as the Prairie band. Other tribes af- fected but a shabby civilization, which was readily dissolved and dissipated in whisky; many individual Indians re- mained, to the last, uncaring barbarians. But for all Kansas Indians the govern- ment farmer ploughed, the government blacksmith heated his forge, the mis- 'sionary preached in English and Indian, and sang and prayed, and printed and taught. 50. Pioneer Missionary Work.— The first Catholic baptisms of Kansas Indians were admin- istered by Father Charles La Croix, who had labored with the Missouri Osages, and who came to the Osages on the Neosho in Kansas, where the Presby- terians had already established their Harmony Mission, was given bj' them a room for a chapel, and baptized several Osage children. Later came to the Neosho the Rev. John Schoenmakers, with several other missionaries and f'""" J"''" schoenmakers. Sisters of Loretto, and began what proved for him a life- time of labor for the spiritual and temporal benefit of the Osages, Both these objects were sought at all missions, THE INDIAN TERKITOKY. 37 Rev. Jotham Meeker. Protestant and Catholic. At the Mission were, beside the chapel and the school, a saw mill and a grist mill. However little the Indian may have cared, the labor in his behalf was incessant. There is in the annals of Kansas no story of more utter devotion than that of Rev. Jotham Meeker, who was aided in all his labors by his wife. Mr. Meeker, called by the Indians, "He that speaks good words," labored first in Michigan with the Ottawas and Chippewas. He came to the Shawnees, in Indian Territory, 1833, and later went to the Ottawas, in Franklin county, Kan. He was a practical printer, and brought to Kansas the first printing press and type. He printed the first book in Kansas, and published an Indian newspaper and many books in the Ottawa langtiage. Mr. Meeker, largely assisted by one of his converts, Mr. J. T. "Tawa" Jones, gathered a church, a school, and opened a fine farm. After years of patient labor, Jotham Meeker died in 1854, and was followed in two years by his wife, and both rest where they fell in the cause of religion and civili- zation. 51. St. Mary's Mission.— While the Protestant mission- aries established their centres, the Catholic missionaries established their principal headquarters at St. Mary's, on the Kansas river, and thence missionary priests visited the different tribes while they remained. In Doniphan county. Rev. Samuel M. Irvin began a Presbyterian Mission among the lowas in 1837, erected substantial buildings, and wrote a grammar of the Iowa language. A daughter of Missionary Irvin is believed to have been the first white girl born in 38 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Isaac McCoy. Kansas, as a son of Missionary Thomas Johnson, Alexander S. Johnson, was the lirst white boy. With Mr. Irviu in the labor of the Mission was assoeiated Rev. Wm. Hamilton. 52. McCoy's Advanced Explorations.— On the niis- sicniary roll of honor no name is to be written above that of Isaae McCoy. He began his woi-k among- the Miamis in Indiana, in 1817, continued it among the Pottawatomies near Fort Wayne., and fol- lowed that tribe to Michigan, where he also labored with Mr. Meeker and Dr. Lykinsat the Ottawa Mission. Mr. McCoy was the effective advocate of the Act of 1830, for the removal of the Indians to the West. He pi-eceded the Indians to Kansas and explored and surveyed their reservations. He was known to all the tribes. He firmly lielieved in the possibility of the elevation of the Indian, and worked to that end to the close of his life, which came at Louis- ville, Ky., in 1846. 53. Shawnee Mission School.— The Wyandottes atti'acted the good offices of the Friends as long ag(.) as the date of their treaty with William Penn, and among the religions teachers of these people, Henry Harvey was h(inoral)ly distinguished both in Ohio and Kansas. Perhaps the most ambitious attempt at mission Ijuilding- in Kansas, in the i)re-teri'itorial period, was the erection, in 1839, of the Shawnee Mission Manual Labor School, two miles from Westport, Mo. This was the work of Rev. Thomas Johnson, who, with his wife, had Mrs. Christina McCoy. THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 39 Rev. Thomas Johnson. taught the Shawnees of the neighborhood siiiee 1829. This Missiou became famous as the meeting phiee of the first Territorial Legislature, Mr. Johnson himself being President of the first Ter- ritorial Council. The fine Kansas county of Johnson was named in his honor. 54. Indian Languag-e Written.— But there were many names which should be kept in honor — of Chapman and Vinall, and Robert Simerwell and his wife; Francis Barker and Ira .^^.,„; D. Blanchard, and Mrs. Webster and Miss Harriet H. Morse, and Rev. Moses Merrill and wife; the Hadleys, father and son; the Rev. E. T. Peery and Mrs. Peery; John G. Pratt, who was the printer of the Shawnees and the Delawares; and of Father Gailland, long at the head of the Mission at St. Mary's. All these and many more labored for the Indians. They invented phonetic alphabets, they created written languages. Father (lailland wrote a Pottawatomie dictionai'y ; Father Hoeken published a Pottawatomie prayer book; Father Ponzilione wrote an Osage prayer book. Mrs. Robert Simerwell. rpj^^ ^^.^j. church-goiug bcU that ever sounded in Kansas was a Mission bell. It was brought to the Baptist -Mission near the present Mount Robert Simerwell. 40 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Muncie Cemetery, Leavenworth, and hung in the fork of a tree. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas was originally occupied by four g-reat tribes of Indians: the Osages, the Pawnees, the Kansas, and the Padoucas or Comanches. 2. The Government adopts the policy of removing the eastern and southern tribes to the Territory. 3. Fort Leavenworth was established 1827, Fort Scott 1842, and Fort Riley 1853, to afford protection to the frontier. 4. Missionaries aid in the advance of civilization by reducing the Indian languages to writing. 5. St. Mary's was founded by the Catholics, and Shawnee Mission by Protestants. Implements and Ornaments of Kansas Aborigines. CHAPTER VI. THE KA.NSAS-NEBRASKA ACT. 55. Population Centres.— At the opening of the year 1853, the white population of Kansas was, as it had been for twenty years, concentrated about the forts, trading posts, missions, and reservations, from the Missouri to Council Grove. The population of these centres ranged from ten upwards, the largest number probably being located in and around Uniontown, in what is now Shawnee county. The population was small, scattered, and uninterested in public 56. Deleg-ate not Received.— There were, from 1852, occasional feeble attempts to induce action at Washington, and, in 1853, Abelard Guthrie was nominated as delegate in Congress by a convention at Wyandotte, while Rev. Thomas Johnson was put in nomination at the Kickapoo village. The latter was elected and went to Washington, but was not received. 57. Doug"las' Bill. — The crisis came with the report, on January 24, 1854, from the Committee on Territories, by its chairman, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, of an amended bill to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, afterward to be known in history as the Kansas- Nebraska Act, though, at the time of its introduction, it was commonly called the Nebraska Bill. The main feature of this long bill of thirty-eight sections, was, that it abrogated the agreement of the Missouri Com- 41 42 HISTORY OF KANSAS. promise of 1820, prohibiting (as the price of the admission of Missouri as a Shive State) slavery uorth of the line SG".']!)', and, in ])lace of pro- hiliiting, left the question of slavery' or no slavery to the people of the respective Territories when they should come to frame their State Coustituti( )iis . This bill was discussed in Congress for four months, and passed the Senate at four o'clock on the morning of March 4, 1854, and the House at midnight of May 22d, by a vote of 113 to 100, and was signed by President Franklin Pierce „_,„,, . 1 Meeker Title Page. on the 30th of May— since chosen as Decoration Day with all its memories. 58. Opposition to Bill. — The passage of the bill was fought at every step, and its triumi>h was received throughout the North with demonstrations of grief and anger, because a great number of American citizens, after the experiences of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Fugitive Slave Law, the Dred Scott decision, and the Compromise of 1850, did not believe (hat the liill meant aj) lumest submission of the (|uestioi] of slavery to the hotiii fklc settlers of Kansas, or meant anything except a determined jiurpose to force slavery upon Kansas, and upon every Territory of the United States. 59. Author's Motive.— Senator Douglas, himself a native of Vermont, and a Senator from the great Free State THE KANSAS-NEBEASKA ACT. 43 of Illinois, disclaimed this as a purpose, and declared that his main desire was to take from Congress the decision of a local domestic question, and leave it to the people vitally interested. For himself he declared that he did not care whether slavery was voted up or voted down. If the pur- pose of the enactment was to quiet the agitation of the slavery question, it signally failed. The direct result of the introduction of the Kansas- Nebraska Act was to bring on a discussion more violent and widespread than had ever been before known in the country. As far as the conflict affected the Nation at large, the details belong to the general political history of the United States. The centre and most perilous spot in the field was soon transferred to Kansas Territory. 60. Derivation of " Kansas."— The Kansas-Nebraska Act defined the boundaries of the new Territory, and gave to it the name of Kansas. The spelling and definition of the word Kansas have been the cause of much discussion. Prof. Dunbar, formerly of Kansas, a most accomplished Indian linguist, states that the name of the Kansas river is derived from the Kansas Indian word Kanza, meaning "swift." 61. Kansas Boundary. — The following are the limits of the Territory as given in the act: Beginning at a point oh the western boundary of Missouri, where the thirty- seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on boundary to lati- tude thirty-eight north latitude, thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of lati- tude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary 44 HISTORY OF KANSAS. of the State of Missouri, thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning. The south line was not made to conform with the line of the Missouri Compromise, 36° 30', but was fixed at the thirty- seventh parallel, the boundary between the reserva- tions of the Cherokees and the Osages. The fortieth parallel, Catholic Church at Osage Mission, built in 1847. the north line, was established in 1853, the meridian point being fixed at the Missouri , river by Capt. Thomas J. Lee, United States Engineers, and the line westward surveyed by Mr. John P. Johnson, for many years, and until his death, an honored citizen of Highland, Doniphan county, Kan. THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT. 45 62. Indian Land Opened to Settlers.— For mouths prior to the passage of the Nebraska Act, the Goverumeut of the United States had been engaged in securing the cession of the lauds of various Indian tribes iu Kansas. The tract purchased of the Shawnees alone amounted to 1,600,000 acres. On the passage of the Kansas- Nel:)raska Act the lauds acquired by the Goverumeut became open to public settlement and hundi-eds of persons from Missouri crossed over and staked claims, some to remain as hona fide settlers, more to return at once to Missouri. These squatter claims became a sufficient source of difficulty among claimants, had there been no other. 63. Societies for Coloniza- tion.— Taking the language of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to mean what it said, and " Popular Sovereignty" as a contemplated fact, both parties to the con- troversy began to make preparation for the occupation of the disputed countiy. The border counties of Missouri rang with the note of preparation. "Defensive Associations," "Squatters' Associations," "Blue Lodges," and various secret and oj^en societies were formed on the border for the purpose of occupying Kansas, and the repel- ling of invaders of the abolition variety, and on the other hand the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society procured its charter April 24, 1854, after the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act by the House, but before its passage by the Baptist Indian Mission, Shawnee Conntj. Erected in 1848. 46 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Senate. The Emigrant Aid Society of New York and Con- necticut was chartered in July. . A lengthy "report" issued in May, 1854, set out at great length the objects of the New England Society. One article urged the forwarding of saw mills, grist mills and other machinery to the new country. ' 'At the same time it is desirable, ' ' said the report, ' 'that there should be sent out a printing press, and a news- paper established. This would be the organ of the com- pany's agents, and be from the start the index of that love of freedom and good morals, which it is hoped may charac- terize the State now to be formed." 64. Invitation to Settlers.— There is indeed a "real estate" flavor, which has lingered about descriptions of the country ever since, in the following article: "It is to be remembered that all accounts agree that the region of Kansas is the most desirable part of America now open to the emigrant. It is accessible in five days' continu- ous travel from Boston. Its crops are very bountiful; its soil being well adapted to the staples of Virginia and Ken- tucky, and especially to the growth of hemp. In the east- ern section the woodland and prairie land intermix in proportions very well adapted to the purpose of the settler. Its mineral resources, especially its coal, in the central and western parts, are inexhaustible. A steamboat is already plying on the Kansas river, and the Territory has an unin- terrupted steamboat communication with New Orleans and all the tributaries of the Mississippi." 65. StFug-g-le Between North and South.— The two emigration societies mentioned were not all; there was, beside, the Union Emigration Society organized in the city of Washington. The large associations organized auxiliary THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT. societies throughout the Xorth. The issue was joined. Tlie border counties of Missouri stood for the South, far off and remote . Behind the Emigrant Aid societies stood the Xorth , according to the lines of communication, nearer, in popuh^- tion and wealth vastly more powerful. The advocates of Lawrence, Kan-, 1855. slavery had no issue except the establishment of human bondage in a new, an unwilling country, and apparently nri conception of any means of accomplishing that end except by force. The result may have been doubted, but it was never doubtful. In the ears of those who marched to Kansas from the conquering North, sounded a watch- word which has always rung in men's ears like the note of a trumpet, or breathed as the voice of a siren, it was — "Freedom." 48 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 66. Towns Founded.— President Pierce signed the Kansas- Nebraska Act on the 30th of May, 1854. On the 13th of June the Leavenworth town company was organ- ized at Weston, Mo. On the 17th of July, the first party of Free State emigrants left Boston and Worcester, arriv- ing at the mouth of the Wakarusa eleven days later. The party numbered thirty, under the direction of Mr. Charles H. Branscomb. Two weeks later they were followed by a larger party under the direction of Dr. Charles Robinson and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The Atchison town company was formed in Missouri, July 27th. Events moved rapidly. In September the Lawrence Association was formed for the government of the new city. In the same month the first newspaper in Kansas, the Herald, was printed under a tree in Leavenworth. In September the first sale of lots oc- curred in Atchison. One Free State and two Pro-slavery towns started, and the battle begun. Topeka, an addition to the Free State strongholds, was founded December 5, 1854. SUMMARY. 1. Rev. Thomas Johnson was elected, in 1853, delegate to Congress, but was not received. 2. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed May 30, 1854. 3. Professor John B. Dunbar states that the word Kansas was derived from Kanza, which means "swift." 4. The Governmenl secured large tracts of Indian lands. Settlers immediately began to move to the Territory. 5. Societies of the opposing parties were formed for the occupa- tion of the Territory. 6. Among the events of 1854 were the founding of Leavenworth, Lawrence, Atchison, and Topeka. 7. The first newspaper was printed at Leavenworth. CHAPTER VII. THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 67. First Territorial Governor.— Andiew H. Reeder, first Governor of the Territory of Kansas, arrived at Fort Leavenworth on the 7th of October, 1854. He was a Penn- sylvania lawyer of high standing in his native county of Northampton, from whence he came to Kansas, and through- out the State, but had never held public office. He had always been a member of the Democratic party, and thor- oughly indorsed the doctrine of the Kansas- Nebraska Act. 68. Other Officers of Territory.— The other appointed officers of the Territory arrived at intervals. The Secretary of the Territory, whose office was most important, since under the organic act he assumed in the Governor's absence all his powers and functions, was Daniel Woodson, of Virginia; the Chief Justice of the Territory was Samuel gov. a. i. Reeder. D. Lecompte, of Maryland; the Associate Justices, Saunders W. Johnson, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore of Alabama; United States Marshal, Israel B. Donalson of Illinois. Some of these names were destined to a lasting recollection in Kan- sas: one of them, that of Secretary Woodson, to a place on the map of Kansas. Notwithstanding the amount of explosive material lying about. Gov. Reeder received a 49 50 HISTOBY OF KANSAS. hearty welcome at Leavenworth, and his reception was quite as kindly at Lawrence, which he soon after visited. He took a tour of observation through the Territory to inform himself concerning its topography and population. He was urged to order an election of members of the Legislature, but took the ground .that the common law, and the laws of the United States, extended over the Territory, and that there was no pressing need of legislation, and himself sat as a magistrate in the case of a man charged with attempt to kill, and bound the party over. 69. Election of Deleg-ate.— On the 10th of November, Gov. Reeder issued his proclamation for an election for delegate to Congress on the 29th of the same month. This was the first election held in the Territory. The candidates were Gen. John W. Whitfield, Pro-slavery; R. P. Flenniken, Administration Democrat, and John A. Wakefield, Free State. On the day of the election, as was afterwards reported by an investigating committee, a large number of persons came over from Missouri and voted, but Gen. Whitfield received a legal plurality. As this would have happened, and he would have received a certificate of election without it, the invasion was a causeless and senseless outrage, which had no further effect than to infiame the North, in which the determination that Kansas should not be a slave State was daily growing more resolute. The name which assumed the most prominence in the leadership of the Pro-slavery movement was that of David R. Atchison, a United States Senator from Missouri, Presi- dent of the Senate and acting Vice-President of the United States THK BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 51 70. First Census.— In February, 1855, Gov. Reeder caused the first census of the Territory to be taken. It showed a population of 8,501 persons, and 2,905 voters. 71. Fraudulent Voting'.— Governor Reeder divided the territory into districts, appointed judges of election and ordered an election for a Territorial Legislature to be held March 30, 1855. At the election of March 30th most of the voting places in the territory were occupied by armed men from Missouri. At Lawrence the invading force was estimated at 1,000 men, and they brought two pieces of artUlery. This force being larger than was deemed neces- sary, squads were detached and sent to other voting places. The judges of election appointed by the Governor were driven from the polling places or resigned their ofB^ces. The censTis of the preceding month of February gave Kansas Territory 2,905 voters. At this March election 6,518 votes were cast, of which 1,410 were legal and 4,908 were fraudulent. The day after this election the actual facts were known all over the Territory; within the week,* in every corner of the United States. The result was fuel to the roaring fire; every means which had been before used in the warfare against slavery was redoubled. The betrayed people who had gone to the Territory under the implied promise of the Kansas-Nebraska Act that the people of the Territories should be allowed to regulate their institutions in their own way, became throughout the Free States the objects of boundless sympathy; the story of the invasion of March 30th was told in song and story, and by artist's pencil, and still the Free State emigrants pressed into the Territory of Kansas. .52 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 72. Governor Reeder's Action. — Governor Reeder set iisidc the (■lections in certain disti'iets for informality, and ordered an election to be held May 22d, to fill vacancies. Governor Reeder had, according to his instructions, removed his office from Fort Leavenworth to the Shawnee Manual Labor School, two miles west of Westport, Mo. Territorial Capitol, Shawnee, 1855, He ordered the first Legislature of the Territory to con- vene at Pawnee, a town which had been laid out ueai' Fort Riley. After his decision in regard to the elections, and his proclamation for the meeting of the Legislature, Governor Reeder went East to meet charges which the Pro- slavery leaders had made in asking his removal. At the election to fill vacancies in the Legislature, neither the Pi'o- THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT, 53 slavery voters in the Territory or in Missouri took part. The Free State voters alone participated. 73. First Legislature.— The members of the Legisla- ture met at Pawnee on July 2, 1855. The Pawnee- town company had erected a stone building for the use of the Legislature, which stood for many years afterward within sight of the Union Pacific railroad track. There was also a hotel and some other conveniences. The Legislature came, went into camp, remained four days, unseated the Free State members, seated the members 'declared elected on the 30th of March, and passed a bill ' ' to remove the capital temporarily to Shawnee Manual Labor School," which act was vetoed by the Governor and passed over his veto, and the Legislature adjourned. On the re- assembling of the Legislature at the Shawnee Manual Labor School, Governor Reeder informed the body that it was in session where it had no right, in contraven- tion of the Act of Congress, and that he could give no sanction to any act it might pass. 74. Gov. Reeder Removed. — The Legislature, in both branches, memorialized the President of the United States to remove Governor Keeder, and on the 31st of July his removal was officially announced, and on the 16th of August the Governor announced his removal to the Legislature, and so ended the term of the First Territorial Governor of Kansas . Governor Reeder was informed that he was removed for some irregular purchases of public lands. The departure of Governor Reeder made Secretary Woodson acting Gover- nor. His signature is affixed to all the laws passed by what the Free State party called the "Bogus Legislature." This 54 HISTORY or KANSAS. Legislature adopted the body of Missouri statutes, but added thereto a series of "black laws" exceeding in ferocity ■^'M. BLAIR LOED. HON. MORDECAI OLIVER. HON. WM. JOHN UPTON. . HOWARD. HON. JNO. SHERMAN. Congressional Investigation Committee.* anything ever before known in the United States, slavery men were disqualified from holding office. Anti- *Represents the members and two of the officers of the Kansas Con- gressional Investigating Committee of 1856. The committee was appointed under a resolution of the House of Representatives, passed March 19, 1856, with Instructions to "Proceed to inquire into and collect evidence In regard to the troubles In Kansas generally, and particularly In regard to any fraud or force attempted or practiced In reference to any of the elec- tions which had taken place In the Territory, etc." THE BEGINNING OF GOVEENMENT. 55 75. Capital Located. — The Legislature organized a large number of counties, and provided that every officer in the Territory, executive and judicial, was to be appointed by the Legislature, or by some officer appointed by it. These appointments to hold until after the general election of 1857. No session was to be held in 1856. The Legislature fixed upon Lecompton as the Territorial seat of government. 76. Topeka Government OFg-anized.— The reply of the unorganized Free State people of the Territory to the Pro- slavery Legislature was organization. Whenever there was a meeting, or a set of resolutions adopted — and there were many meetings, and many resolutions — the Shawnee Legis- lature was denounced as the offspring of fraud and force, and its enactments of no validity. The movement finally ended in what came to be known as the Topeka Govern- ment. Delegates to the Topeka Constitutional Convention were elected October 1, 1855. The Convention met on the 23d of October, completed the Topeka Constitution, the first constitution of Kansas, on the 11th of November. The constitution was submitted to a vote on the 15th of Decem- ber. At Leavenworth the poU books were destroyed by a Pro-slavery mob, and also the office of a Free State news- paper. Outside of Leavenworth 1,731 votes were cast for the constitution, and 46 against it. The 4th of March, 1856, was set for an election of State officers under the Topeka Constitution. The Topeka Constitution provided, "There shall be no slavery in this State, or involuntary servitude except for 56 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Gov. Wilson Shannon. 77. Shannon, Second Governor.— In September, 1855, Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, Second Territorial Governor of Kansas, appeared at Westport, Mo. Unlike Governor Reeder, Governor Shannon had been nm(;h in pnblic life. He had been Governor of Ohio, United States Minister to Mexico, and Member of the Honse of Representatives, where he had voted for the Kansas- Nebraska Act. 78. Election of Deleg-ate Not Rec- Og'nized. — On the 1st of Octol)er there occnrred an election for delegate in Congress. The Free State voters took no part in this election, and John W. Whitfield received 2,721 votes. On the 9th of October the Free State voters cast 2,849 votes for Andrew H. Reeder. Congress refused to seat either contestant. 79. Mob Violence at Atchison.— Dnriug the spring and summer of 1855 there was much disturbance. Many of the collisions were doubtless incited by private and personal enmity, but the outrages which created the most profound impression throughoiit the country were those committed for opinion's sake. Rev. Pardee Butler was seized at Atchison, in August, and sent down the river on a raft made of two logs, with many circumstances of injury and insult. Returning the following spring, he was stripped, tarred, and covered with cotton. He was a peaceable settler of the county, he had only expressed his o])inion upon a question which, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was left to tlie detemination of the lawful voters of the Territoi'v. His story was told all through the North and roused a THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT, 57 detenninatipn of resistance. While Pardee Butler was going down the river on his raft, John Brown was moving along the road to Kansas with his rifle. SUMMAEY. 1. Gov. Reeder and other territorial officers arrive. 2. First election for members of the Legislature takes place, attended by invasion, fraud, and violence. 3. First Legislature meets at Pawnee, and removes to the Shawnee Manual Labor School. 4. Gov. Reeder is succeeded by Gov. Shannon. 5. The first Constitution of Kansas was completed at Topeka, November 11, 1855, and provided, "there shall be no slavery in this State, or involuntary servitude except for crime." Hap of that portion of the lodian Territorj West of the His^slppi, within the present bounds of Kansas. CHAPTER VIII. WAR AND RUMORS OF WAR. 80. Contest Precipitated. — Governor Shannon soon found that the office of Governor of Kansas Territory was not a bed of roses. On the 21st of November, 1855, at Hickory Point, ten miles south of Lawrence, a Free State settler named Dow was killed by a Pro-slavery man named Coleman. Dow, whose body lay in the road for hours, was buried by his Free State friends, who, at his funeral, declared they would ferret out the murderer and his accomplices. That night, Coleman, the slayer, having fled, his cabin was burned down, and that of a friend of his named Buckley. This man, in common parlance, "swore his life against" Jacob Branson, a Free State man, a friend of Dow's. Sheriff Jones (who, though a resident of Westport, Mo., was, by appointment of the Territorial Legislature, Sheriff of Douglas county, Kan.), with a posse, took Branson into custody on the night of November 22. When the Sheriff's party had arrived near Blanton's Bridge, they were met by a party of Free State men, among whom Major J. B. Abbott and Samuel N. Wood were prominent, and the prisoner, with little show of violence, was taken from his captors. 8 1 . The Wakarusa War. — Sheriff Jones rode to Franklin, a Pro-slavery outpost, dispatched a messenger to Missouri, and notified Governor Shannon that a rebellion had broken 58 WAK AND EUMOKS OF WAR. 59 out in the Territory, and that 3,000 men were required to suppress it. This was the beginning of the " Wakarusa War." The Governor ordered Generals Richardson and Strickler, of the Territorial militia, to march to Lecomp- ton, and report to the Sheriif all the force thej^ could collect. In the meantime, the Missouri border was stirred with appeals, and a large force was raised to organize another invasion. A formidable Pro- slavery force collected at Franklin. Free State companies gathered from the vicinity, and joined the garrison of Lawrence . Sheriff Jones came into Lawrence , but failed to find the rescuers of Branson. Governor Shannon wearied of the Missourians who had ai-rived to assist the Sheriff, and besought them to disband and depai't, and in the meantime called on Colonel Sumner, of the United States army, to bring troops. The Free State leaders succeeded in opening up com- munication with Governor Shannon, and as a final result the invaders in the interest of "law and order" started back to Missouri, the beleaguered garrison of Lawrence was relieved, and Governor Shannon affixed his signature to a treaty signed by Charles Robinson and James H. Lane, and a few evenings later met these gentlemen at an evening party given by the ladies of Lawrence, at which even Sheriff Jones was an invited guest. 82. Thomas W. Barber a Martyr.— But the "Wakar- usa War" was not destined to end without bloodshed. Thomas W. Barber, a young man, who had been among the Colonel E. Y. Sumner. 60 HISTORY OF KANSAS. defenders of Lawrence ,^ was on his way home with two friends, when they were confronted by two horsemen, who detached themselves from another party, and Barber was killed. Murders had not been uncommon, but this excited unusual horror. The funeral of Barber was attended by every demonstration of respect, Charles Robinson and James H. Lane speaking beside the coffin. Whittier afterwards wrote the "Burial of Barber:" Not in vain a heart shall break. Not a tear for freedom's sake Fall unheeded; God is true. The Kansas county of Barber commemorates his name. 83. Whitfield Elected to Congress.— In October, 1855, an election was held for delegate to Congress, in which Free State men did not participate, and General John W. Whitfield received 2,721 votes. 84. Eleetionof State Officers.— On the 15th of January, 1856, occurred the election of State ofiicers under the Topeka Constitution: Charles Robinson was chosen Governor; W. Y. Roberts, Lieutenant-Governor; P. C. Schuyler, Secretary of State; G. A. Cutler, Auditor; John A. Wakefield, Treas- urer; H. Miles Moore, Attorney- General; M. Hunt, M. P. Conway, G. W. Smith, Supreme Judges; E. M. Thurston, Reporter of Supreme Court; S. B. Floyd, Clerk of Supreme Court; John Speer, Public Printer; Representative in Con- gress, M. W. Delahay. 85. First Session of Topeka Le^^islature. — On the 4th of March, 1856, was held the first session of the Topeka Legislature. Governor Robinson presented a message. James H. Lane and Andrew H. Reeder were chosen United WAK AND KUMORS OF WAR. 61 States Senators, and a memorial was prepared asking admis- sion into the Union. The Legislature adjourned to meet on the 4th of July. 86. Topeka Constitution in Congress,— The Topeka Constitution was presented in the Senate of the United States, by Senator Lewis Cass, on March 24th, and in the House by Hon. Daniel Mace, of Indiana. 87. Disbanding* of Topeka Leg^islature.— On the re-as- sembling of the Legislature at Topeka, on the 4th day' of Jidy, 1856, Colonel E. V. Sumner, U. S. A., appeared with five companies of United States dragoons and two pieces of artillery. Colonel Sumner entered the halls of the Senate and House, and told the members that the Legislature must disperse, and they obeyed. Colonel Sumner was accom- panied by United States Marshal Donalson. Colonel Sumner acted under the orders of Acting- Governor Woodson, and Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis. The Topeka Legislature re-assembled in January, 1857, when some of the ofi&cers and members were arrested by a Deputy United States Marshal, and taken to Tecumseh. The Legislature again met in January, 1858, and adjourned to Lawrence, and asked the Territorial Legislature, then in session, to substitute the State for the Territorial organiza- tion, which they refused to do. On the 4th of March, 1858, the Legislature under the Topeka Constitution met, found itself without a quorum, and adjourned to meet no more. This was the end of the "Topeka movement." On the 3d of July, 1856, the House of Representatives passed a bill for the admission of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution, by a vote of ninety- nine to ninety- seven. The 62 HISTORY OF KANSAS. opposition of the Senate to any free Constitution was invincible. 88. Treason Programme. — The administration of President Pierce, and that of Kansas Territory, early took the position that adherence to the Topeka Government, or non- obedience to the Shawnee Missouri Legislature, constituted some form of treason and insurrection. The numberless troubles of 1856 had their origin in the attempts of the National and Territorial authorities to arrest, prosecute and punish Free State men for rebellion and high treason. By May, the treason suppression programme was far advanced. Governor Eobinson, Governor Eeeder, and many others were indicted for high treason. Governor Reeder, who was in the Territory in attendance on the Congressional Investigating Committee, commonly called the "Howard Committee," refused arrest, and made his way to Kansas City, Mo., whence he escaped, in disguise, down the Missouri, on the deck of a steamboat. Many persons were arrested, during May, at different points, refused bail by Judge Lecompte, and confined at Lecompton. Governor Robinson, while traveling with his wife, was arrested at Lexington, Mo., was brought back to Lecompton, and held a prisoner for four months. 89. Events at Lawrence. — By the 17th of May, 1856, a large armed force had collected in the vicinity of Lawrence. On the 21st of May, Sheriff Jones entered the town with armed followers, and by virtue of writs out of the First District Court of the United States for Kansas Territory, burned and battered down the Free State hotel, and destroyed the oflBices of the Herald of Freedom, and the Kansas Free State newspapers. Stores were broken open WAK AND EUMORS OF WAE. 63 and robbed, and the residence of Charles Robinson was burned. The force employed was some 800 cavalry and infantry, with four pieces of cannon. Conspicuous on this occasion, and in counseling and directing destruction, was General David R. Atchison, of Missouri. The cavalry was commanded by Colonel H. C. Titus, recently of Florida. A considerable part of the force consisted of South Carolinians, under the command of Major Buford. There was planted on the walls of the Herald of Freedom office, before its destruction, a blood red flag, bearing a lone star and the words "South Carolina and Southern Rights." The Government of the United States was directly represented, on this occasion, by Deputy United States Marshal Fain. 90. John Brown Appears. — ^Among the witnesses of these transactions of the 21st of May, was John Brown, his five sons, and a son-in-law. On the night of the 24th of May, on Pottawatomie creek, in Franklin county, James P. Doyle, his two sons: "William Sherman, commonly called '•'Dutch Henry," and Allen Wilkinson, a member of the Shawnee Mission Legislature, were called out of their cabins and killed. John Brown led the party that did the deed. After this, Brown captured, at Black Jack, Captain H. Clay Pate and twenty-eight of his party who had started out to capture Brown. 91. A Reign of Violence, — The Free State men attacked the Pro-slavery headquarters at Franklin, wounded several defenders, and took a considerable quantity of munitions of war. On the other side, a party of Missourians under General John W. Whitfield, plundered Osawatomie. 64 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Early iu August, the Free State meu broke up a camp of Georgians near Osawatomie. On the 12th of August they made a second attack on Franklin, smoked out the block- house, and compelled the garrison to surrender. On the 16th of August, Captain Sam Walker, with the loss of one man, captured the fortified house, near Lecompton, of Colonel Titus, of Florida, and twenty prisoners. Prior to this, a Free State party had captured a Georgia headquarters on Washington creek, called "Fort Saunders." The war never ceased in Linn county, and in August, in a fight at Middle creek, the Free State partisans, under Captains Anderson, Cline and Shore, routed a Pro- slavery detachment under Captain Jesse Davis. On the 30th of August, 400 men from Missouri, under General John W. Reid, attacked Osawatomie. The place was defended by forty-one men, under John Brown. In this action, Frederick Brown, a son of John Brown, was killed by Rev. Martin White. All the houses in Osawatomie save four were burned. In Leavenworth, a Pro- slavery mob murdered William Phillips, a Free State lawyer, who had been tarred and feathered the year before, and a Vigilance Committee com- pelled Free State citizens to leave the city. SUMMAEY. 1. The border troubles. 2. Whitfield elected to Congress. 3. First session of Topeka Legislature, March 4, 1856. 4. The sacking of Lawrence, and acts of retaliation. 5. Action under the Topeka Constitution, and dispersal of the Topeka Legislature. 6. The treason arrests. 7. Free State citizens compelled to leave Leavenworth. CHAPTER IX. A GLDIPSE OF LIGHT. 92. Release of Three State Prisoners. — On the 5th of September, 1856, a force from La^^Tenee with two guns appeared at Leeompton on the heights about the town, and were met by Colonel Phillip St. George Cooke, with a detachment of United States troops, who demanded the errand of the approaching army. It was explained that the release of Free State prisoners, not the "treason pris- oners ' ' who were held by United States authorities, but all others, was demanded, and that the general protection of the Free State population from robljery and murder was the object of the demon- stration. As a result of this interview an exchange of prisoners was effected. 93. Accession of Governor Geary.- August, 1856, Governor Shannon received notice of his removal. On the 7th of September he met his succes- sor at Glasgow, Mo., coming up the Missouri river, and on the 9th of September, John W. Gearj^, third Gover- nor of Kansas Ten'itory, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He immediately reported to the President that he had to contend against "armed ruffians and brigands"; that the town of Leavenworth was in the hands of liodies of men, 05 Governor John W. Geary. 66 HISTORY OF KANSAS. SOUTH ca^WOMN^ who, calling themselves militia, perpetrated the most atro- cious outrages uuder the shadow of authority from the Territorial governmeut. 94. The Hickory Point Fig"ht. — Governor Geary arrived at Leuompton on the lOtli of September, 1856. The next day. Captain Har- vey, a Free State partisan, surprised a Pro-slavery force ^■^^^^^^'^^^^^^■1 at Slough creek, in Jeffer- ^^^^^^ ^^iBI^K ^^^ county, and captured HhH^^ ^^^^Bm ^^^ blood-red South Carolina ^^^^Tr^ --.' Vj^pH flag, which had been raised at the sacking of Lawrence in May, and which is now in possession of the Kan- Captain Harvey, two days The South Carolina Flag. sas State Historical Society. after, captured Hickorj^ Point, in Jefferson county. 101 men under Harvey were taken prisoners by Colonel Cooke, U. S. A., who marched them to Lecompton, where they were held bj' Judge Cato for trial on the charge of murder in the first degree. Twenty of these were after- wards sentenced to five years in the penitentiary, though they never were incarcerated. 95. Governor Geary's Action. — Governor Geary's first act was to issue a proclamation disbanding the Terri- torial militia, and ordering all other armed men to quit the Territory. The Governor proceeded to Lawrence and found the town in arms in prospect of another invasion. He left United States troops there, and went to the junction of the Wakarusa and the Kansas rivers, where he found a force of 2,700 men from Missouri under the command of General A GLIMPSE OF LIGHT. 67 Atchison, General Reid, General Whitfield, Sheriff Jones, and others. This force he ordered to disband, and it disappeared. 96. Treason Cases Abandoned. — Prior to Governor Geary's arrival, the " treason prisoners " were released on bail by Judge Lecompte in the sum of $5,000 each. Governor Robinson gave bail just four months from the day he was taken prisoner. Of the remaining j prisoners, some were tried aud acquitted, '■- some escaped, and a nolle was entered in the cases of others. 97. The Road Opened.— The Mis- souri river had been for some time closed against Free State travel, and soremor rom. j. waik.r. large parties of Free State immigrants had been entering the Territory via Iowa and Nebraska. In October, a party was arrested by Colonel Cooke and a Deputy United States Marshal. Governor Geary met the immi- grants and ordered their release. Afterward, immigration was free. 98. Governor Geary Retires. — The Second Territorial Legislature met at Lecompton. Governor Geary vetoed some of the bills, which were passed over his veto. After continuous troubles with the Legislature, and being con- stantly threatened with personal violence. Governor Geary announced that he would be absent from Lecompton for awhile, left the Territory quietly and never returned. Many years after, in grateful remembrance of Governor Geary's course in Kansas, the name of Davis county was changed to Geary. 68 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 99. Walker's Appointment. — ^James Buchanan became President of the United States, March 4, 1857. Shortly after the departure of Governor Geary, Robert J. Walker was appointed Governor of Kansas, March 26, 1857. He was preceded in the Territory by Frederick P. Stanton, Secretary of the Territory, who became Acting Governor. Governor Walker arrived in May. He com- menced his labors to induce the entire mass of voters to participate in the election for delegates to the Lecompton Constitutional Convention, for which the late Legislature had provided. The Free State voters generally declined the invitation, and at the election in June, 1857, but 2,071 votes were cast for delegates. ' SUMMARY. 1. Free State prisoners liberated. 2. John W. Geary appointed Governor. 3. Governor Geary disbands militia, and orders armed men to leave the Territory. 4. Treason prisoners released. 5. Immigration made free. 6. Governor Geary leaves the Territory. 7. Walker appointed Governor. 8. Governor Walker urges citizens to vote for delegates to the Lecompton Constitutional Convention, but the Free State people decline to do so. CHAPTER X. THE LECOMPTON AND LEAVENWORTH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. 100. The Lecompton Convention. — The Lecompton Constitutional Convention met and framed the second Con- stitution of Kansas between the 11th of September and the 3d of November, 1857. It was provided that the vote should be taken on the "Constitution without slavery," or the "Constitution with slavery;" no vote being allowed against the Constitution. The vote, taken on the 21st of December, according to John Calhoun, President of the Lecompton Constitutional Convention, stood, "for the Constitution with slavery," 6,226;"forthe Constitution without slavery," 569. At this election the Free State party did not vote, and an enormous fraudulent vote was cast. 101. Territorial Election. — In October, while the Lecompton Convention was in session, the regular election for members of the Territorial Legislature, and a delegate in Congress had taken place, and resulted in the election of a majority of Free State members of both branches of the Legislature, and of Marcus J. Parrott-, Free State, as delegate. Oxford precinct, near the Missouri line, a pre- cinct containing eleven houses, cast.1,628 Pro-slavery votes. Governor Walker and Secretary Stanton issued a proclama- tion rejecting the whole return from Oxford precinct. This settled the Free State character of the lawful returns. 69 70 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 1 02. Special Session of the Legislature.— On the 7th of December, the Legislature was called together in special session at Lecompton. A message was received from Sec- retary Stanton, Governor Walker having left the Territory, in which he urged the submission of the whole Constitution. But the chance of the Lecompton Con- stitution had passed away. 103. Second Submission. — I Under an act of the special session, I a vote was ordered, for or against the Constitution, on the 4th of January, the same day set for the election of State officers under the Lecompton Constitution. A portion of the Free State party supported a State ticket. The vote on the Constitution as declared by Secretary and Acting Governor Denver, who had suc- ceeded Mr. Stanton, was 10,288 against the Constitution to 138 for it. Marcus J. Parrott was elected Member of Con- gress, and, in spite of frauds, the Free State ticket received a small majority. The ticket was as follows: Governor, George W. Smith; Lieutenant-Governor, W. Y. Roberts; Secretary of State, P. C. Schuyler; Auditor, JoelK. Goodin; Treasurer, A. J. Mead. 104. Third Territorial Legislature.— The Free State of&cers chosen, immediately prepared a memorial to Con- gress, disavowing all intention to serve under the Lecompton Constitution, and urging that body not to admit Kansas into the Union under it. The third Territorial (and first GoTernor frederick F. Stanton. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. 71 'Free State) Legislature, met in regular session at Lecompton the 4th of January- 1858 organized, and on the 6th adjourned to Lawrence. The Territorial Legislature remained in session at Lawrence for forty days. It passed bills to repeal the slave code, and to abolish slavery in the Territory, over the veto of Governor Denver, and an act to remove the Capital of the Territory to Minneola, Franklin county. It also provided for the election of delegates to meet in a Constitutional Convention, 105. The Leavenworth Constitution. — The Conven- tion assembled at Minneola on March 23d, and adjourned to Leavenworth, re-assembling on the 25th. The Leaven- worth Constitutional Convention adopted a Constitution which did not contain the word "white." The following ticket was nominated for State officers under the Leavenworth Constitution : Grov- ernor, Henry J. Adams; Lieutenant- Governor, Cyrus K. Holliday; Sec- retary of State, E. P. Bancroft; Treasurer, J. B. Wheeler; Auditor, George S. Hillyer; Attorney- Gen- eral, Charles A. Foster; Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, J. M. Walden; Commissioner of School Lands, J. W. Robinson; Represen- tative in Congress, M. F. Conway; Supreme Judges, "William A. Phillips, Lorenzo Dow, and William McKay; Reporter of Supreme Court, Albert D. Richardson; Clerk of Supreme Court, W. F. M. Arny. At the election of May 18th, the Leavenworth Constitution GoTernor James W. Denver. 72 HISTORY OF KANSAS. and the officers nominated received an aggregate of 3,000 votes. It was presented, but never voted on by either House of Congress. Minneola, at which the Convention first assembled, did not remain the capital of Kansas Territory. The bill remov- ing the capital thither was declared illegal by Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General of the United States. 106. Failure of Lecompton Constitution. — It was evident by the beginning of 1858, that slavery could never be established in Kansas with the consent of the people, yet, nevertheless. President Buchanan urged upon Congress the acceptance of the Lecompton Constitution, declaring that Kansas was "already a slave State, as much as Georgia or South Carolina." In this policy he was vigorously opposed by Senator Douglas. After much discussion the Lecompton Constitution was sent back to the Kansas people. The vote was taken August 2, 1858, under the propositions of the "English bill," and again the Constitu- tion was repudiated by 11,812 to 1,926 votes. SUMMAEY. 1. Free State party refused to vote for delegates to the Lecomp- ton Constitutional Convention. 2. Members of Territorial Legislature and delegate to Congress elected by Free State party. 3. After special session of the Legislature, the Lecompton Consti- tution was again submitted, and again defeated. 4. The Third Territorial Legislature prepared a memorial to Congress, and passed bills to abolish slavery. 5. The Leavenworth Constitution adopted, and State oflcers nominated. 6. The Lecompton Constitution submitted again in 1858, and for the last time defeated. CHAPTER XI. EVENTS OP lyns. 107. Governors of 1858.— James W. Denver, who succeeded Frederick P. Stanton (removed for calling the special session of the Territorial Legislature), served as Acting- Governor until the resignation of Governor Walker, in May, 1858, when he became Governor, with Hugh S. Walsh as Secretary. Governor Denver resigned in September, his resignation to take effect October 10, 1858. After his depart- ure. Secretary Walsh acted as Governor until the arrival of Governor Samuel Medary, in December. 108. The Marais des Cygnes Mas- sovemor Eagi s. wauh. saCPe. — On May 19, 1858, occurred near Trading Post, in Linn county, the tragedy known in Kansas annals as the Marais des Cygnes massacre. A party of twenty-five men from across the border, headed by Captain Charles Hamil- ton, collected eleven Free State settlers, stood them up in a line in a ravine and fired upon them. Five fell dead and all the others save one Avere badly wounded; the five wounded and one unwounded man feigned death and escaped. The murdered men were William Stilwell, Patrick Ross, William Colpetzer, Michael Robinson and -John F. Campbell. The wounded were William Hairgrove, Asa 73 74 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. Hairgrove, B. L. Reed, Amos Hall and Asa Snyder; the unharmed man was Austin Hall. The place of the bloody- deed is now marked by a public monument, and its memory will be forever preserved by the lines of Whittier, with their final prophecy: LE MAEAIS DU CY(JNE. " A blush as of roses Where rose never grew! Great drops on the bunch grass, But not of the dew! A taint in the sweet air For wild bees to shun! A stain that shall never Bleach out in the sun! " Back, steed of the prairies! Sweet song-bird, fly back! Wheel hither, bald vulture! Gray wolf, call thy pack! The foul human vultures Have feasted and fled; The wolves of the border Have crept from the dead. " In the homes of their rear- ing, Yet warm with their lives. Ye wait the dead only. Poor children and wives! Put out the red forge fire, The smith shall not come ; Unyoke the brown oxen. The plowman lies dumb. " Wind slow from the Swan's Marsh, O dreary death-train. With pressed lips as bloodless As lips of the slain! Kiss down the young eyelids. Smooth down the gray hairs; Let tears quench the curses That burn thro' your prayers. "From the hearths of their cabins, The fields of their com, Unwarned and unweaponed, The victims were torn — By the whirlwind of murder Swooped up and swept on To the low, reedy fenlands, The Marsh of the Swan. " With a vain plea for mercy No stout knee was crooked; In the mohths of the rifles Right manly they looked. How paled the May sunshine, Green Marafs du Cygne, When the death-smoke blew over Thy lonely ravine. EVENTS OF 1858. 75 " Strong man of the prairies, Mourn bitter and wild! Wail, desolate -woman! Weep, fatherless child! But the grain of God springs up From ashes beneath. And the crown of His harvest Is life out of death. " Not in vain on the dial The shade moves along To point the great contrasts Of right and of wrong; Free homes and free altars And fields of ripe food; The reeds of the Swan's Marsh, Whose bloom is of blood. ■ On the lintels of Kansas That blood shall not dry. Henceforth the Bad Angel Shall harmless go by! Henceforth to the sunset, Unchecked on her way. Shall liberty follow The march of the day." 109. Retribution,— William Griffith, one of the mur- derers, was arrested in Platte county, Mo., in 1863; was tried, and convicted of murder at Mound City, Linn county, Kan. He was executed October 30, 1863. William Hair- grove, one of the survivors of the tragedy, acted as executioner. 110. Fourth Territorial Legisla- ture. — Governor Medary's position re- quired him to pass in review the acts of the Fourth Territorial Legislature. That body met at Lecompton, and adjourned at once to Lawrence. It repealed the "Bogus Statutes" of 185.5, which were afterwards burned in the streets; made provision for a Constitutional Convention and a State Gov- ernment if the people decided for it at a preliminary elec- tion, and passed an act of amnesty for offenders in certain counties who had been fighting over political differences. Notwithstanding this peaceful measure. Captain James Governor Samuel Medary. 76 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Montgomery and his men continued the war with the Pro- slavery people in Linn and Bourbon counties, and Captain John Brown carried off a number of persons lawfully bound to servitude in Missouri, to freedom elsewhere. SUMMARY. 1. Political chang'cs of 1858. 2. The Mavais des Cyjfnes massacre. 3. Whittier's commemorative poem, "Le Marafs du Cygrne." 4. The Wyandotte Convention and Constitution provided for. The Old WiadmiU at Lawrence. CHAPTER XII. THE WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 111. The Convention. — The vote on the proposition to hold a Constitutional Convention at Wyandotte was held March 28, 1859. The total vote was 6,731; 5,036 being cast "for a Constitution," and 1,425 "against a Constitu- tion." The election of delegates to the Convention occurred on the 7th of June, 1859. The Convention which was to frame the Constitution under which Kansas was destined to enter the Union of the States, assembled at Wyandotte, July 5, 1859. It was composed of fifty- two delegates. In the election of these, the old appellations of "Free State" and "Pro-slavery" were abandoned, and the elected delegates were classified as thirty-five Republicans and seventeen Democrats. It was the first Constitutional Con- vention in Kansas which contained members of both political parties. Historians of the Convention have recorded that few of the heretofore prominent leaders of political action in the Territory were present in the Conven- tion, and that a large proportion of the members were young men. Many of the delegates were destined to distinction in the civil and military history of Kansas in the years to follow. 112. Officers. — The Convention was organized by the choice of Samuel A. Kingman, as temporary President, and 77 78 HISTORY OF KANSAS. John A. Martin, as Secretary. A permanent organization was effected by the choice of James M. Winchell, as Presi- dent; John A. Martin, as Secretary; J. L. Blanchard, Assistant Secretary; George P. Warren, Sergeant-at-Arms; J. M. Punk, Doorkeeper; Rev. Werter R. Davis, Chaplain; President ^;ro tern., Solon 0. Thacher. 113. The Model.— The Constitution of the State of Ohio was adopted as a "model or basis of action." 114. Sixth Section. — The Convention was for freedom. The Sixth Section of the Bill of Rights was made to read "There shall be no slavery in this State, and no involuntary servitude, except for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." A proviso to suspend this section, for one j^ear after the admission of the State, was voted down, twenty-eight to eleven. This was the last suggestion made to allow slavery to exist in Kansas, for a , , ,,T- ,, . T , Samuel A. Kingman. day or an hour. Well said a member of the Convention, "the Constitution will commend itself to the good and true everywhere, because through every line and syllable there glows the generous sunshine of liberty." 115. Boundary and Capital. — The Convention rejected a proposition to embrace, in the new State, a portion of Nebraska south of the Platte, and fixed the western line at the twentjf-fifth meridian, cutting off the Territorial county of Arapahoe, which was afterwards embraced in the Territory and State of Colorado. Thus, the boundaries of Kansas were finally and permanently determined. The temporary seat of Government was located at Topeka. THE AVYANDOTTE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 79 The Oouvention substantially completed its work in twenty-one days. 116. The Constitution Adopted.— On the 12th of September, 1859, James M. Winehell, President, and John A. Martin, Secretary, called an election on the Wyandotte Constitution, to ratify or reject it. The vote was taken on the 4th of October, 1859, and stood: for the Constitution, 10,421; against the Constitution, 5,530. The "homestead clause" was submitted separately, and received 8,788 votes, as against 4,772. So the free people of Kansas adopted the Wyandotte Constitution. 117. Men of the Convention. — The Wyandotte Con- stitutional Convention has maintained a high place in the regard of the people of Kansas, on account of the strong and steadfast character of its membership, and the solid quality of its work. Its labors were followed, inside of two j-ears, by the admission of Kansas as a State, and by the outbreak of a war in which the existence of the State, and of the Union of the States had to be maintained. In the councils of the civil state, and in its armed defense, the members of the Wyandotte Convention bore a high and honorable part. In the organization of the State's first Supreme Court, Samuel A. Kingman served as an Associate Justice, and after, as its Chief Justice. Benjamin F. Simpson was chosen the first Attorney- General of the State, and Samuel A. Stinson, another member, was elected to that office in 1861. Two of the framers of the Wyandotte Constitution, John J. Ingalls and Edmund G. Solon 0. Thaoher. HISTORY OF KANSAS. Mrs. 0. I. H. Nichols. lloss, lived to serve Kansas in the Senate of the United States. John A. Martin, tlie youthfnl Secretavy, was twice chdseu ^' V iL^Mt>. 'M -^ 'r {^ i m^ 167. General Swing's Retreat.— In the meantime, General Rosecrans, commanding at St. Lonis, seemed imeertain as to the strength and direction of the enemy's movement. Bnt there was no longer room for doulit after the 24th of September, and General Thomas Ewing pro- ceeded to Pilot Knob, where he was attacked, on the 27th of September, by Price's army. General Ewing made a steady defence, but finally blew up his magazine at Pilot Knob, and fell back, and from this point Kansas names begin to figure in the histor}^ The rear guard of the little column was placed under command of Major Williams of the Tenth Kansas. The was checked from time to time, and at last General Ewing reached Rolla, where the infantiy of his force remained in garrison, and the cavalry marched with General McNeil to Jefferson City. It is believed that General Ewing's resistance saved St. Louis. 168. Concentration of Forces. — On the 2d of October General Rosecrans reported to General Curtis that Price was moving westward, and the concentration of Kansas militia began at Olathe. A force of 6,000 men was col- lected at Jefferson City, of which 4,000 were cavalry, com- posing the Provisional Cavalry Division under General Alfred Pleasonton. 169. Call for Volunteers.— On the 8th of October, Governor Carney issued his proclamation calling out the "men of Kansas," and announcing Major-General Deitzler as commander-in-chief. This officer ordered the men to General Thos. Ewing. pursuing column THE CLOSING SCENE. 113 rendezvous at Atchison, under Brigadier- General Byron Sherry; at Olathe, under Brigadier- General M. S. Grant; and at Paola under Brigadier- General S. N. Wood. 170. The Response. — The response of the "men of Kansas" was immediate. Says Adjutant-General Holliday in his report: "Never was appeal for help answered so promptly. In most instances, on the next day, or the second, after the receipt of the proclamation at regimental headquarters, the regiment itself in full force was on the march for the rendezvous." The whole number of Kansas militia who appeared for active service exceeded 16,000 men. Many of the officers serving in the militia had seen service in the volunteers. The Twenty- third Regiment, 550 men, raised in Wyandotte, chose as its commander, the veteran. Colonel William Weer. 171. Battle of Lexington.— On the receipt of the news that Price had passed Jefferson City, and occupied Lex- ington, General Blunt relieved General Sykes at Olathe. On the 16th of October, 1864, General Blunt moved to Lexington with two brigades of cavalry. General Blunt, early on his arrival, inspected the position with his aides, Hon. James H. Lane and Lieutenant- Colonel Burris. On the approach of Price's advance the fight was opened by a portion of the Fifteenth Kansas under Lieutenant- Colonel Hoyt. As the column fell back before the overwhelming mass of the enemy, the movement was covered by the Eleventh Kansas Cava,lry, Colonel Moonlight, with four howitzers, the Third Wisconsin Cavalry battalion, and Companies A and D of the Sixteenth Kansas; a company of Missouri enrolled militia under Captain Grover, and a small body of Kansas State militia. As the little column 114 HISTORY OF KANSAS. was flanked by the enemy it would fall back and form another line, thus keeping up a fight for six miles, 2,000 against 28,000. In the darkness the command fell back toward Independence, bivouacking a few miles from the Little Blue. At sunrise. Colonel Moonlight was left to defend the bridge at the Little Blue while possible, and the balance of the division fell back on Independence. 172. Battle of the Little Blue. — In the morning began the battle of the Little Blue. There were ready Colonel Moonlight with 600 men and four mountain howitzers, and then came Colonel James H. Ford (for whom the Kansas Ford county is named) , and the Second Colorado Cavalry, under Major Nelson H. Smith (destined to die that day,, and to give his name to Smith county) , and Lieutenant- Colonel Sam "Walker, the old "Border Troubles" fighter, and the Colorado Battery, Captain McLain, and then came up the Fourth, Twelfth, and Nineteenth Kansas militia regiments, and then it was fire the bridge, and fall back slowly and fight the enemy, who came swarming through the shallow stream. After this hard work, General Blunt came on the field and formed a new line, which did not contain over 2,500 men. Then there was fighting, eight hours of it in all, and our little army was back at Inde- pendence. There were 600 men to begin, and 2,500 to close, and a loss of about 200. 173. Battle of the Big" Blue. — The entire force under General Curtis rested on the west bank of the Big Blue, on the road leading from Independence to Kansas City, on the night of October 21, 1864. The transportation was sent back to Kansas City, where, and at Wyandotte, guns were fired during the night to warn the militia. Among the THE CLOSING SCENE. 115 troops on the Blue was the Sixth Kansas State militia, conimauded by Colonel James Montgomery, who, during much of the war, had been away on the Atlantic Coast and in Florida commanding a colored regiment. Before all who camped that night along the winding stream, there lay a troubled day. The Big Blue may be crossed only at fords, and the battle of the 21st consisted largely of the attack and defence of these fords. The point that became most famous during the day was Byrom's ford. Here the enemy, after a heavy fight, succeeded in crossing, and the Union forces were crowded back toward "^"'""'^ ^™'= Montgomery. Westport, but in turn the Confederates were themselves pressed back. At sundowu General Joe Shelby had retired to the line of the Blue and the Union troops to Westport. The tragedy of the day was the overwhelming of the Second Kansas State Militia, Colonel Veale, supporting a single gun at the Mocabee farm. The desperate fight around the gun resulted in a loss to the battalion of thirty killed, fifty wounded and 102 captured. The command was from Shawnee county. The dead, at the close of the war, were interred in the citj- cemetery at Topeka, and a stately monument has been reared to mark their resting place by their comrade, G. G. Gage. 174. Movements Before Westport.— At 4 o'clock on Saturday evening, the 22d, the left and centre of the Union army fell back to Kansas City and were placed in the intrenchments there. General Curtis faced the foe with his volunteers in Westport and his militia in Kansas City. The 116 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Coufederate lino ran along tlie Bine from Byrom's ford to beyond Rnssell's ford. General Pleasonton, spoken of before as l)eing at Jefferson City with the Provisional Division of Cavalry, had followed after Price's army, and, attacking' the enemy's rear division, had oocnpied Independence. Three brigades, Sanborn's, Brown's and Winslow's were on the road to Byrom's ford; McNeil with another brigade was moving toward Hickman's mill, and, beside, 10,000 infantry under Major- General A. J. Smith were moving from Lexington to Independence. 175. Battle of Westport.— At five o'clock on the fate- ful Sunday morning, the brigade of Colonel Blair, consisting of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Tenth and Nineteenth Kansas State Militia, moved out of the intrenchments with the Ninth Wisconsin Battery and the Kansas Colored Battery. The First, Third and Fourth Brigades, under Colonels Jenni- son. Moonlight and Ford were already moving. Soon the liattle was resumed. There were charges and countercharges; hand to hand combats in some instances. Fights stubborn behind the stone walls, and fights rapid to carry them. The artillerj- everj-where fl.ring from every point of vantage, the guns sometimes in danger and saved by a rush, and finally Colonel Thos. Moonlight. a general movement forward. Eighteen brass Parrott guns and thirteen howitzers opened at once on the lines of the enemj-, who were falling back bravely and steadily. There was great cheering; the militia came pouring into the field and the open prairie was reached, when a heavy column of cavalry emerged from the timber THE CLOSING SCENE. 117 and deployed about a mile to the east, and Pleasonton charged. 176. Retreat o! General Priee.-^The movement of General Price's army southward had begun before this last collision, and by sunrise on the 24th the rear had moved eight or ten miles to the south of Westport, and that day a column of 10,000 men was moving in pursuit through the border of Missouri. While this movement was effected. Colonel Moonlight, with another division, moved southward along the Kansas border, interposing, as far as possible, between the enemy and the State, through a country abso- lutely desolated by war. For fifty miles not an inhabitant was to be seen. 177. Battle of Mine Creek.— The retreating army, how- ever, crowded into Kansas near West Point, still moving southward. The pursuit became closer, there were combats at the Trading Post ford and at the Mounds, and on the 25th of October the decisive battle of Mine Creek was fought on Kansas soil, where 800 prisoners and nine guns were captured, and many officers of high rank, including Generals Marmaduke and Cabell, fell into our hands, while General Graham was killed and General Slemmons was mortally wounded. 1 78. Defeat of Price at Newtonia.— Prom the fields of Mine Creek and the Little Osage, the enemy was pressed with such vigor as to force him to abandon the intention of attacking Port Scott, which was instead occupied by our rescuing force, and he was followed back into Missouri and finally defeated at Newtonia, where the prisoners of the Second Kansas Militia, taken by the enemy at the Little Blue, were paroled and rejoined their friends. 118 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 179. Farewell of General Curtis. — From the head- quarters of the Arm.y of the Border, Camp Arkansas, on the 8th of November, 1864, General Cvirtis issued his con- gratnlatorj' order, saying: "in parting-, the General tenders his thanks to the officers and soldiers for tlieir generous support and jtrompt obedience to orders, and to his staff for their unceasing efforts to share the toil incident to the campaign. The pursuit of Price in 1864, and the battles of Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, Westport, Marais des Cygues, Osage, Chariot, and Newtonia, will be borne on the banners of the regiments who shared iu them; and the States of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Ai-kansas, may glory in the achievement of their sons in this short but eventful campaign.' On the 9th of November, 1864, the day following the issuance of this order, General Curtis moved toward Fort Scott by way of Fort Gibson, and General Blunt moved to Fort Smith and thence to Fort Leavenworth. The official and authentic history of the part taken by the Kansas volunteers and militia in this campaign is contained in the report of Adjutant- General C. K. Holliday, published in December, 1864. 180. Election 1864.— November 8, 1864, occurred the general election in Kansas, resulting in the choice of Samuel J. Crawford, Governor; James McGrew, Lieutenant-Gover- nor; R. A. Barker, Secretary of State; J. R. Swallow, Auditor of State; William Spriggs, State Treasurer; J. D. Brumbaugh, Attorney- General; Jacob Safford, Associate Governor Samuel J. Crawford. THE CLOSING SCENE. 119 Justice. Sidney Clark was elected Representative in Con- gress. Abraham Lincoln received the first vote of Kansas for President of the United States. SUMMARY. 1. Outlook dark for Kansas and Missouri defence. 2. General Price, advancing northward with 18,000 men, gathers recruits. 3. General Gano captures Major Hopkins' train at Cabin creek. 4. General Ewing falls back, disputing the way with the enemy, and saves St. Louis. 5. The men of Kansas respond to the call of Governor Carney, and 16,000 take the field. 6. Stubborn fighting at Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, and Westport, ends in victory. 7. A long pursuit of Price's army, and battles at Mine Creek, Osage, and Newtonia. 8. General Curtis congratulates the Kansas soldiers. 9. Second State election; Samuel J. Crawford elected Governor. CHAPTER XIX. PEACE AND HONOR. 181. Advent of Peace. —With the closing of the ' ' Price raid" campaign, ended, generally, the fighting days of the Kansas regiments, although the Eighth Infantry fought at Nashville, in December, and the Eleventh Cavalry had an encounter with the Indians at Red Buttes, Dak., as late as the 26th of March, 1865. Then came the home-coming of the Kansas regiments and batteries, and on the 8th of April, 1865, at Leavenworth, was held a great jubilee over the Union victories and the end of the war. 182. Kansas Officers Commissioned,— The following general officers from Kansas were commissioned by Presi- dent Lincoln during the war: Major-General James G. Blunt, Brigadier- Generals Rob- ert B. Mitchell, Albert L. Lee, George W. Deitzler, Thomas Ewing, Jr., Powell Clayton. The Kansas officers made Brigadier-Generals by brevet were: Wm. R. Judson, Thomas Moonlight, Charles W. Blair, James Ketner, John Ritchie, John A. Martin, Edward P. Schneider, Charles W. Adams and Thomas M. Bowen. 1 83. Colonel Cloud Honored.— When, in 1865, it came to the choice, by Governor Crawford, of officers of the State militia, there was an abundance of military talent and experience to choose from. Colonel William F. Cloud was 120 PEACE AND HONOK. 121 commissioned as Major- General. He had seen service as Major and Colonel of the Second Kansas Cavalry, and then as Colonel of the Tenth Kansas Infantry, and last had gone through the "Price raid" campaign, on the staff. His civil and military record is remembered in the name of a Kansas count}. 1 84. State Historical Society.— The record of the two wars in which Kansas was so early in her history engaged, the warfare forced on her people to make the State free, and the war for the preservation of the Union, has been well kept. Through the exertions of the State Historical Societ}-, which has known through nearly all its history but one secretary. Judge Franklin G. Adams, there has been gath- ered a great store of public reports and private letters; the annals of the war; journals written up by soldiers by the camp-tire's light, and amid the echoes of battle; here may be seen gathered the "bruised arms" used in many a savage fray. In these collections is illustrated all the story of Kansas from the earliest time; here are the rude implements and weapons of the Indians; the stained and worn manuscript journal of the missionary, who strove to save the Indian from his fate; the maps and charts of the early explorers; the account books of the fur traders; the evidences of the first hard life of the pioneers, the advanced guard; and so on, showing in outward and visible signs the road followed to a finished and intense civilization. 185. State Treasures.— In the care of the State itself are preserved the flags of the Kansas regiments and Franklin G. Adams. 122 HISTORY OF KANSAS. batteries; in the care of the Historical Society is kept their written and printed story, and the mute evidences of its truth. The battle flags of the Kansas regiments and batteries were formally presented to Governor Crawford, at a Soldier's celebration, held at Topeka, on the 4th of July, 1866, and since have remained in the careful care of the State. On the map of the State are preserved, in the names of counties, the names of Kansas soldiers — Mitchell, Cloud, Trego, Norton, Clark, Harper, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Stafford, Cowley, Graham, Jewell, Osborne, Ellis, Gove, Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman. Governors Crawford and Harvey, whose names are borne by counties, were officers in Kansas regiments. Alfred Gray and Dudley Haskell saw service with Kansas troops. SUMMARY. 1. Peace is within thy walls and prosperity in thy palaces. 2. President Lincoln commissions many Kansas Generals. 3. The State Historical Society has faithfully preserved the annals of the war, and records of the progress of Kansas. 4. The map of Kansas is covered with brave names. CHAPTER XX. BUILDING THE STATE. 186. State Officials During Civil War.— During the years of the Civil War, Kansas made but slow progress in the accumulation of population and material wealth. The machinery of the civU State moved with regularity. Gover- nor Robinson was succeeded, in 1863, by Governor Carney, and Martin F. Conway by A. Carter Wilder as Representa- tive in Congress. In 1865 Governor Carney was succeeded by Governor Samuel J. Crawford, and James H. Lane succeeded himself as United States Senator. 187. Educational Advancement. — Preliminary steps were taken, in 1863, for the establishment of the State University at Lawrence, the State Agricultural College at Manhattan, and the State Normal School at Emporia. It was, in spite of war's alarms, a period of foundations and beginnings. The State, even in the midst of war, contin- ued the first works of the troubled Territorial period, when Baker University, an institution still enjoying a prosperous growth, was established as early as 1857. 188. Homestead Law. — An event having a most important bearing on the life and prosperity of Kansas, was the passage of the Homestead Law, on the 20th of May, 1862. The biU had been introduced in the House by Mr. Grow, of Pennsylvania. It had once been vetoed by President Buchanan. It was signed by President Lincoln, 123 124 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. and took effect on the 1st of January, 1863. Within ten years thereafter twenty-six millions of acres of the public lands were entered by homestead settlers. The law, in substance, gave a title from the United States to the actual settler who held the 160 acres for five years. The Homestead Law was an answer to those who demanded "land for the landless," and who sang: "Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm." At the close of the Civil War, a great many men who had served in the Union army were left with lands and homes to seek, and the law was so amended that the homesteader might deduct from the five years'. residence required by the law, the time passed by him in the military or naval service of his country. With the close of the war, a. great ex-soldier immigration poured into Kansas. 189. First Railroad. — The system of land grant rail- roads was also a great element in the settlement of the country. Kansas went in early for railroads. The Terri- torial Legislatures granted charters for extensive lines. The first railroad iron ever laid in Kansas was put down at Elwood, opposite St. Joseph, Mo., on the Marysville & Elwood Railroad, on the 20th of March, 1860, but drought and war intervened to prevent extensive railroad building in Kansas at that time. 190. Grant to A. T. & S. F. Railroad.— The policy of subsidizing the railroads in lands and bonds by the general Government was diligently labored for by Kansas men at Washington. In 1863, Congress made to- the State of Kansas a grant of land, giving alternate sections, one mile square, ten miles in width, amounting to. 6,400 acres, a mile on either side of a proposed line running from Atehi- BUILDING THE STATE. 125 son via Topeka, to some point on the southern or western boundary of the State in the direction of Santa Fe, with a branch from some point on the southern line of Kansas to the City of Mexico. This grant the State of Kansas trans- ferred to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Com- pany, February, 1864. This grant amounted, as it turned out, to some 3,000,000 acres of land. 191. Grant to the Union Pacific Railroad.— The Eastern Division of the Union Pacific, on which work was begun on the State line of Kansas and Missouri in Novem- ber, 1863, it being the first road started from the Missouri to the Pacific — eventually received a grant of alternate sections, twenty miles in width, and amounting to 12,800 acres to the mUe. The grant extended 394 miles west from the Missouri river, and amounted to some 6,000,000 acres. Other lines extending through Kansas received subsidies, but these two, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Union Pacific Eastern Division, later called the Kansas Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, were the lar- gest grantees of land. Besides these grants the railroads acquired large tracts of Indian lands. 192. Other Grants.— In February, 1866, the Legis- lature gave to four different railroad companies, 500,000 acres granted to Kansas under the Act of September, 1841, the lands to be sold for the benefit, of the railroad com- panies, by an agent appointed by the Governor. The objection, however, being made, that Article VII, of the Ordinance to the Constitution of Kansas, states, "that the 500,000 acres of land to which the State is entitled under the Act of Congress, entitled 'an act to appropriate the proceeds of the sale of public lands, and grant pre-emption 126 HISTORY OF KANSAS. rights,' approved September 4, 1841, shall be granted to the State for the support of common schools." The land grant policy was in after years the subject of severe criti- Stone Dugout, Osborne, Kan. cism, and caused extensive litigation between the settlers and the railroad companies, but at the time of its adoption was popular in Kansas. The organized counties voted large amounts of bonds to the roads, and the progress of the roads for a time was the progress of the State. The grants of land facilitated the building of the roads, and in Kansas the railroads preceded instead of following the settlement, greatly accelerating the old process of filling a country with a wagon immigration. The land grant com- panies sold their lands at low rates, and on long time, and the alternate sections reserved by the Government were BUILDING THE STATE. 127 sold at $2.50 an acre, while beyond the "railroad limit," the homesteader pushed in everj-vvhere. 193. The Pioneer.— The United States land offices which, in the Territoi'ial days, -were located along the line of the Missouri river, were moved westward from time to time to accommodate the host of claim seekers, who, in some instances, remained about the offices the entire night to await their opening in the morning. In the Concordia land district alone, in the year 1871, 932,715 acres of land were entered under the Homestead Act. The homesteader has been styled the "Pilgrim Father" of Kansas. He left the great highways of travel and Sod SchoolhoQse, Osborne Connty, Kan. sought the vast, open country. From the thin line of tim- ber skirting the stream, he might gather a few logs to build his cabin, but more often he shaped his habitation in or of 128 HISTORY OF KANSAS. the earth itself, a dugout or a sodhouse, the walls built up of strips of prairie sod turned over by the plow, the roof often covered with marl, or natural lime, as it was called, from the bottom of the prairie draw. Here, with his wife and children, lived in the first hard years the homesteader, under the vast sky, girt about by an immense and remote horizon. And not alone did the homesteader use the sod wherewith to rear his residence and out- buildings; the "prairie lumber yard" had public uses also. The firsf schooihouse for the settlers' children was built of sod, and in the settlement of Jewell county, a fort of sod fifty yards square, with walls seven feet high and four feet thick, was built ; and within the enclosure was dug the first well in the county. At first the buffalo in their migrations came near, wander- ing up to the settler's door, but as the vast herds which had furnished the Indians with food and clothing for untold centuries, without apparent diminution, retreated westward, he followed them, making an annual campaign against them in his wagon, which he loaded with meat. When there was nothing left of them save their bleaching bones, he gathered these up and hauled them to the distant rail- road station, where they accumulated in great white piles. Thus he added to his slender store of ready money. From Hays City, in May, 1875, the shipments of bones amounted to twenty tons a day. 194. Election of Senators. — The Legislature of 1867 re-elected Samuel C. Pomeroy to the United States Senate, for the long term, and for the short term elected Edmund G. Ross, who had been appointed by Governor Crawford to fill the unexpired term of James H. Lane. BriLl)I\(4 THE STATE. 129 195. James H. Lane.— Ou the evening of Sunday July 1, 1866, General James H. Lane, while riding in a carriage with Mr. MeCall and Captain Adams, on the Government farm at Fort Leavenworth, sprang irom the vehicle as it stopped at a gate, uttered the words, "Good-bye, Mac," placed the muzzle of a pistol to his mouth and fired. The ball passed directly through the brain and emerged from the upper center of the cranium. With this terrible wound he survived for ten days, at times appar- ently conscious, dying at 11.55 a. 3I. of Wednesday, July 11, 1866. At the time of his death, General Lane was serving James i. Une. his second term as a United States Senator from Kansas, and was in the prime of his years. In his lifetime, the year and place of his birth was a matter of controversy. In a list of the members of the Topeka Constitutional Convention he is enrolled as a native of Kentucky, thirty-three j"ears of age, and a lawyer by profession. He was born at Lawreneeburg, Ind., on the 22d of June, 1814. He was the sou of Amos Lane, first Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives, and a judge and member of Congress from that State. His mother was of an old and honorable New England family. At thirty years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, to serve in the Mexican War. He was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, displayed con- spicuous gallantry at Buena Vista, and later commanded the Fifth Indiana Volunteers. After the war he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, Presidential Elector- at- 130 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Large, and a member of the Congress ■which passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, for which he voted. . .. In 1855, the year after the passage of that Act, he came to Kansas and to Lawrence. His latest biographer, and devoted and intimate friend, Hon. John Speer, speaks thus of the event: " One bright morning in April, 1855, as Lane was pass- ing with his team over the hill wh^re the State University now stands, he halted and walked into the little hamlet now called Lawrence, named but without a charter, carrying a jug^to fill with water to pursue his journey westward, but meeting a man named El wood Chapman, who offered to sell him a 'claim,' he purchased and ended his journey." He entered the town which was to be his home and the field of an eventful and distinguished career, a Democrat from Southern Indiana, who had voted in Congress for the Kansas-Nebraska Act. On the 14th of August, 1855, he participated in what is spoken of by the annalist as ' ' the first convention in Lawrence of Free State men of all parties," and from that time forward he was what he later avowed himself, " a crusader of freedom." Tireless, inde- fatigable, alert, full of audacity, endless in plans and resources, he was everywhere, in war, in peace, in combat, in diplomacy, in battle and treaty.- He was early an advo- cate of the " Topeka Government," the first organized effort for the admission of Kansas as a Free State. He was a member of the Free State Executive Committee, of which Charles Robinson was chairman. He reported the platform of the Big Springs Convention; he was President of the Topeka Constitutional Convention. When Kansas appealed to the North he became a national character; he BUILDING THE STATE. 131 was eaUed "Jim Lane, of Kansas." In April, he addressed the Legislature of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg; in May, he spoke to a great meeting in Chicago, where $15,000 was raised for Kansas. When Kansas became a State of the Union, he was elected, after a memorable struggle, one of the first United States Senators; and then came the great Civil War, in which he exhibited that strange blending of qualities, capacities and dispositions, which belonged to him alone. He raised whole brigades, and commanded one of them in the field, even without a commission. He retained all through the period of storm the confidence of the com- mander-in-chief of our armies, as well of the head of the State. He saw the last of the fighting on the Kansas border. In 1865, he was re-elected United States Senator almost without opposition. A year later, as a Senator, he advocated the policy of President Johnson, and broke with Kansas. He -made a bold fight for his long supremacy. It seemed, at times, that he would win it back, but he knew at last that there was nothing to hope. Those who knew him best said that the thought drove him to madness and to death. He was a remarkable man. In the strange power of his speech there has been no other like him in Kansas. He made many enemies, but attached friends to himself as with hooks of steel, who remember him only as the " Crusader of Freedom." The vacancy in the United States Senate, occasioned by the death of General Lane, was filled temporarily by the appointment, on the 20th of July, 1866, by Governor 132 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Samuel J. Crawford, of Hon. Edmund G. Ross, who was subsequently elected by the Legislature to fill the unexpired term of Senator Lane. Senator Ross had served the State, in the field, in the Eleventh Kansas Cavalry, attaining the rank of Major and brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, and was one of the framers of the Wyandotte Constitution. He remained in the Senate until 1871. SUMMARY. 1. The Homestead law giving bona fide settlers 160 acres of land, passed May 20, 1862. 2. Large grants of land were given to the A. , T. & S. F. , the Union .Pacific, and other railroad companies. 3. The railroads gave wonderful impetus to immigration, proving one of the greatest factors in the development of Kansas. 4. The Pioneers, the Pilgrim Fathers of Kansas. 5. Samuel C. Pom eroy re-elected, and Edmund G, Ross elected to the United States Senate. 6. The death of General James H. Lane removes from Kansas a remarkable and distinguished personality. CHAPTER XXI. THE INDIAN WARS. 1 96. The Early Peril.— While the Kansas frontiersman was thus holding the picket line of civilization, he was exposed for years to the incursions of a ruthless enemy, who came and went with the uncertainty of the wind — the Indian. The Civil War had not ended before the State was endangered by the incursions of the savages. The Indians, in 1864, had become so formidable that Generals Curtis and Blunt had planned a campaign against them, but were recalled from it to meet the advancing Confederates of General Price. 197. Indian Raids.— In 1865 and 1866 the Indians came into the northwestern valleys and murdered settlers on White Rock creek in Rejpublie county, and at Lake Sibley in Cloud county, and these outrages were followed by an Indian raid in the Solomon valley. Troops were ordered from Fort Ellsworth to the Solomon valley by General Hancock, and a company of State militia took the field and held off the Indians for a time. The building of the Union Pacific through Kansas, in 1867, excited the savages, and the entire plains country seemed full of their war parties. They attacked settlers in the Republican, Smoky Hill and Solomon valleys, and raided in Marion, Butler, and Greenwood counties. In June of 1867, the Oheyennes, Arapahoes and Kiowas seemed to have united 133 134 HISTORY OF KANSAS. to drive back the frontier line of settlement and close com- munications across the plains. 198. Relief Comes. — Lieutenant - General Sherman called on Governor Crawford for a battalion of volunteer cavalry, and in obedience to the Governor's proclamation, the Eighteenth Kansas Battalion of 358 men, commanded by Colonel H. L. Moore, took the field. Colonel Moore met and whipped the Indians, and in connection with a force under Major Elliott, of the Seventh United States Cavalry, drove them toward the headwaters of the Republi- can. While the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas, Sioux and Comanches were operating in the northwest, bands of Osages, Wichitas and others were raiding in the southern and western portions of the State, necessitating the station- ing of troops at Fort Lamed and other points. 199. Treaty of 1867.— On the 28th of October, 1867, Generals Sherman, Harney and Terry made a treaty with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes, at Medicine Lodge creek, which provided that these Indians should remove to a reser- vation in the Indian Territory, and also provided that the Indians should have the privilege of hunting in Kansas, the Government furnishing them with arms. 200. Treaty Broken,— As soon as they were ready in the spring, the Indians broke the treaty, a body of 500 Cheyennes penetrating the State nearly to Council Grove, Morris county, murdering and robbing as they went. At the very time, in August, when the Indians were drawing arms at Fort Lamed, a party of Cheyennes was murdering men, women and children in Ottawa, Mitchell and Republic counties. THE INDIAN WAES. 1^ 201. Governor Crawford to the Rescue.— On hear- ing of the raid, Governor Crawford went by special train to Salina, placed himself at the head of a company of volunteers, and followed the trail of the Indians. It was found that forty persons had been killed, numberless out- rages committed, and for sixty miles the settlements destroyed and the country laid waste. On his return to Topeka he sent a dispatch to the President: "The savage devils have become intolerable, and must and shall be driven out of the State," and offered to furnish aU Jthe volunteers necessary to ' 'insure a permanent and lasting peace." In reply, General Sheridan, at Fort Harker, gave assurances that the line of settlement should be protected and garrisoned with infantry, while a regular cavalry force should scout the exposed country. Governor Crawford, however, called for a force of five companies of cavalry from the mUitia of the State, each man to furnish arms and accoutrements, and be furnished with rations by Gen- eral Sheridan. The companies were stationed at exposed points from the Nebraska line to Wichita, relieving a regu- lar force to operate against the Indians. General Sully went south of the Arkansas with nine companies of cavalry, and taught the Cheyennes and Arapahoes some useful lessons. 202. Governor Crawford and the Nineteenth. — Con- vinced that the Kiowas and Comanches were determined to keep up the fight, General Sherman called on Governor Crawford for a full regiment of volunteer cavalry. Gover- nor Crawford issued his proclamation on the 10th of Octo- ber, 1868, and on the 20th of October, ten days later, the regiment of 1,200 men was mustered into service at Topeka. 136 HISTORY OF KANSAS. The regiment was called the Nineteenth Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. Governor Crawford, who had seen service in the Civil War as a Captain in the Second Kansas Infantry; Major in the Second Kansas Cavalry, and Colonel of the Second Kansas Colored Infantry, resigned the Governor- ship of the State on November 4, 1868, and assumed the command of the Nineteenth, the Lieutenant- Colonel being Horace L. Moore, who had commanded the Eighteenth Kansas in a previous campaign against the Indians, and the Major, William C. Jones, formerly of the Tenth Kansas Volunteer Infantry. The regiment left Topeka on the 5th of November, and on the 28th joined General Sheridan on the North Canadian, but at one o'clock on the morning of the 27th of November, General Custer had charged into Black Kettle's village on the Washita, killed 103 warriors, and captured fifty-one lodges and many horses and mules. ■ The Indians fell back, and, on the 24th of December, surren- dered. The Nineteenth moved to Port Hays in March, having kept the open field all through the severe winter, and in April was mustered out. This was the last call on Kansas for so large a force as a regiment to repel or pursue Indians. 203. Colonel Forsythe's Experience.— One of the thrilling passages of this Indian War of 1868, was Colonel Forsythe's fight with the Indians, beginning on the 17th of September. Barricading himself with his dead horses on an island in the north fork of the Republican, Colonel Forsythe held at bay, for eight days, a large force of Indians ; his men living on the flesh of the horses. Colonel Forsythe was severely wounded; Lieutenant Beech er and Surgeon John Mooers were among the killed. A scout finally made THE INDIAN' AVAES. 137 his way through the Indian lines to Fort Wallace, and brought relief, on the approach of which the Indians with- drew. It was one of the most desperate fights of the war, and its scene was not far distant from the Kansas line. 204. Indian Troubles of 1869-70.— The still implac- able red man harried the borders of the State in the spring of 1869 and 1870, coming in at the northwest, and a battalion of militia was sent to the Republican, Saline, and Solomon valleys, and United States troops were employed in the same region. 205. Atrocities of the Cheyennes in 1874.— In May, 1874, the Cheyennes committed murders in Ford, Barber, Governor Kehemiali Green. and Comanche counties, and threw the country into great alarm, and hundreds of settlers left their claims. Stockades were built, compar.ies organized and armed. There was a skirmish between the Indians and the militia, in which four Indians were killed, but the Indians had still the best of the bloody account, since between June and the end of the year 1874, twenty-seven persons were nuirdered by Indians withm the State. 206. Cheyennes Start for Their Old Home.— In the fall of 1878, a band of northern Cheyennes who had been removed to the Indian Territory, resolved to return to their former home. Taking their women and children, they started northward through Kansas. When the news of their departure reached Fort Dodge, a detachment left the Fort, and attacked them at the canon of the Famished Woman's Fork. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Lewis, 138 HISTORY OF KANSAS. commanding the troops, was killed, and the Indians pro- ceeded on their way. As the Indians crossed several main lines of railway and many telegraph lines, information of their progress was constantly forwarded. The State Government sent arms to the settlers in the threatened country, but nothing in the way of assistance could be secured from General Pope at Fort Leavenworth. On the 30th of Sep- tember, the Indians appeared on the Sappa, in Decatur county, and committed fearful atrocities, but made their escape almost unmolested to the North. They were finally overpowered, and a number of those identified as having committed outrages, were sent, on demand of Governor Anthony, to Kansas for trial before the civil courts for murder and other crimes, but were never prosecuted. This raid, in which forty 'white persons were reported killed, was the last in Kansas. 207. The Indian in Kansas. — The Indian appears in the history of Kansas, a grim and un- happy figure. No gentle or attractive traditions remain concerning him. He appears squalid and degraded, or brutal and terrifying, a beggar or a bandit. For j'ears he menaced the border, fight- ^^^jjV "~<>'^. ing, with the ferocity of a wild beast, ^J^^^^^KHHI ^^® advance of civilization. He was A ^ ' '^4tiBiMi swept on and away from it, leaving Governor James M. Harvey, behind uo culogist to praise a bravc foe, nor mourner for a generous enemy. 208. Election of State Officers. — On the resignation of Governor Crawford, the official duties of Governor were assumed by Lieutenant-Governor Green. In November, THE INDIAN WARS. 139 1868, the following State officers were elected: Governor, James M. Harvey; Lieutenant-Governor, C. V. Eskridge; Secretary of State, Thomas Moonlight; Auditor, Alois Thoman; Treasurer, George Graham; Attorney- General, Addison Danford; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Peter Mc Vicar; Daniel M. Valentine, Associate Justice. Sidney Clark was re-elected Member of Congress. Kansas cast her electoral vote for Grant and Colfax. 209. State Printer Elected.— The Legislature of 1869 elected S. S. Prouty to the newly created office of State Printer. SUMMAEY. 1. The Indian raids of the 60's were many and atrocious. The most remarkable occurred in the Republican, Smoky Hill, and Solomon valleys. 2. Governor Crawford not only sent large forces to the field, but he organized the Nineteenth Regiment, resigned his position, and went himself to lead the regiment. 3. The Cheyennes, in 1874 and 1878, devastated three counties, and on their route to the North laid waste the country, and killed many people. 4. James M. Harvey was elected Governor. 5. Kansas cast electoral vote for Grant and Colfax. 6. S. S. Prouty elected State Printer. CHAPTER XXII. IMMIGRATION. 210. Dawning- of the Era of Prosperity.— With the year 1870 the State of Kansas may be said to have passed through a sea of troubles, and emerged upon the shore of peace and prosperity. In 1870 Governor Harvey was re-elected, with P. P. Elder as Lieutenant-Governor; William H. Smallwood, Secretary of State; A. Thoman, Auditor; J. E. Hayes, Treasurer; A. L. Williams, 'Attorney- General; H. D. McCarty, Super- intendent of Public Instruction; David J. Brewer, Asso- ciate Justice. D. P. Lowe was elected member of Congress. 211. Census of 1870. The United States census, taken in June of that year, showed a population of 362,307. The increase in population of Kansas from 1860 to 1870 was 235.99 per cent. The average increase for all of the States and Territories was 21.52 per cent. 212. Founding of State Institutions. — The end of the first decade of the State's history saw it provided with the most important State institutions. The Legislature of 1863 located the first State Insane Asylum at Osawatomie; pro- vided for the building of a penitentiary at Lansing; established a State University at Lawrence, and accepted the Act of Congress giving lands for an Agricultural Col- lege; accepted the cession of its lands from Bluemont College, at Manhattan, and the State Agricultural College 140 IMMIGRATION. 141 itself was organized July 27, 1.S63. The amount of land selected for the State Universitj- in 1861 was 40,080 acres. The Legislatures of 1863 and 1869 gave the State Normal School 38,400 acres; the grant to the Agricultural College amoiiuted to 82,315 acres. The Legislature of 1864 located the State Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe, and the Blind Asylum at Wyandotte. The year saw the State charitable and educational institutions thoroughly and efficiently organized, and ready for the great advances to be made. state Normal School Building- > 213. State House.— The State Government, which had occupied a brick building on Kansas avenue, erected by private parties in 1863, and known as the "State Row," abandoned these primitive ciuartei's in the later days of 1869 for the newly completed east wing of the present Capitol, upon which structure work had fairly begun in the spring of 1867. The first Legislature to meet in the State's own house was that of 1870, James M. Harvey being the chief magistrate of the Commonwealth. stale Agricultural buildings. IMMIGRATION. 143 214. State Institutions.— The State University, whieh dedicated its first building in 18C6, in 1873 opened its main building, considered, at the time, one of the finest structures devoted to ediicational uses in the United States. The "State Normal School completed a new building in 1872. The State Agri- cultural College removed to a point nearer Manhattan in 1873. The State did not, in its earliest years, neglect the criminal and deficient population, since, between its organization and the vear ' Chancellor F. I. Snow, Dni- 1870, it expended over $400,000 upon «raij of lansas. the penitentiary. The' Insane Asylum, at Topeka, was added to the State institutions in 1875. 215. Election and Appointment. — Alexander Cald- well was chosen United States Senator by the Legislature of 1871. Mr. Caldwell resigned March 2-1, 1873, and Governor Osborn appointed Robert Crozier to fill the vacancy. The Legislature also re-elected S. S. Prouty State Printer. 216. Election of 1872.— At the election of 1872, Thomas A. Osborn was chosen Governor; E. S. Stover, Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. Smallwood, Secretarj' of State; D. W. Wilder, Auditor; J. E. Hayes, Treasurer; A. L. Williams, Attorney- General; H. D. McCarty, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Samuel A. King- man, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 217. Increased Representation. — Up to the year 1872, the State of Kansas had but one Representative in Congi-ess, the office being filled successively by Martin P. State rniversily Buildings. IMMIGRATION. 145 Conway, A. Carter Wilder, Sidney Clarke, and D. P. Lowe. Under the census of 1870, the State became enti- tled to three Representatives in Congress, and in November, 1872, D. P. Lowe, of Fort Scott, William A. Phillips, of Salina, and Stephen A. Cobb, of Wyandotte, were elected from the State at large. 218. Railways in Kansas.— On the 1st of September, 1870, the Kansas Pacific, originally called the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, and begun at the Kansas State line in Wyandotte in 1863, reached Denver, being the first railroad tp cross Kansas from east to west. The first loco- motive for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Pe Railroad Com- pany, the "C. K. HoUiday," reached Topeka in March, 1869. 219. Kansas Invitation. — With the construction of these railroads, with their enormous land grants to be dis- posed of, ensued several years of such ' ' bold advertise- ment" as Kansas had never before received. The agents of the land departments of the great railroad companies visited Great Britain and the Continent; ofiices for the dissemination of information were opened in every impor- tant city in the United States and Europe. The buffalo head, the especial symbol of the Kansas Pacific, became visible in the most distant capitals; the advantages of the "Santa Fe" and its lands were set forth in all modern languages. All distinguished representatives of foreign nations were invited to join excursions through Kansas, and among these came the Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, and his suite, and were welcomed by Governor Harvey and the Legislature at Topeka. The members of the press of the United States and of the world were cordially invited, and Kansas travelers, in remote regions of Europe, often 146 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. found local communities greatly excited and interested over the advent of a Kansas newspaper, describing the lands of the Great West ready and waiting for the settler. 220. Colonization. — A favorite method of disposing of the lands was in large tracts to "colonies." In 1871 the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony, in Saline county, 22^000 acres; to a Scotch colony, in Dickinson county, 47,000 acres; to an English colony, in Clay county, 32,000 acres, and to a Welsh colony, in Riley county, 19,000 acres. In 1873, George Grant, of England, pur- chased of the Kansas Pacific Company 50,000 acres in the eastern portion of Ellis county, with the design of coloniz- ing English people of means. 221. The Mennonites.— With the addition of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company to the land-selling corporations, came vigorous efforts to induce emigration from Europe. Mr. C. B. Schmidt, on behalf of the company, traversed the Russian empire, carefully watched by the emissaries of the Government, and opened up com- munication with the Mennonite communities in Southern Russia, whose thoughts had been turned toward emigration to America by the proposed revocation, by the Czar's Gov- ernment, of the privileges under which their fathers had settled in Russia. In August, 1873, five leaders of these people (kindred in race and religion to the founders of Germantown and other early German settlements in Pennsylvania) visited the counties of Harvey, Sedgwick, Reno, Marion and McPher- son, to select lands for a colony from Russia. The Legis- lature of 1874, mindful of the peaceful principles of the colonists, passed an act exempting Mennonites and Friends IMMIGRATION. 147 from military duty. In September, 1874, 1,600 Mennonites arrived at Topeka from Russia. In October the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Company sold them 100,000 acres of land in Harvey, Marion and Reno. The following summer they were living in their villages of Gnadenau and Hoffnungsthal, in Marion county, and located on their farms about. 222. Their Settlement. — In July, 1877, it was esti- mated that 6,000 Mennonites had settled in the Arkansas valley. Though for a time popularly called "Russians," they were Germans in language and lineage. They brought with them from Russia the apricot and mulberry, and also brought what they had retained in Russia, the German thrift, industry, and belief in popular and univer- sal education. They abandoned, after a brief trial, the village and "common field" idea under which they lived in Russia, and absorbed the American idea of individual ownership and control. They have taken part in all the business life of the communities amid which they came to dwell, they have become prominent in it, and have dis- tinguished themselves by their attachment to the cause of education, fostering higher schools of their own, and patronizing the State University and other educational institutions of the first rank. The Mennonite immigration continued for several years; the immigrants coming directly from Russia and Germany to the place where they would be. 223. Russian Immigration. — ^In the years 1875-'76-'77 a large ' 'Russian' ' immigration settled, under the auspices of the Kansas Pacific, in Ellis county. These people, divided into five settlements named after cities and towns in Russia; a)dhered to some extent to the village system, almost uni- versal among the agricultural population of Russia, and to 148 HISTORY OF KANSAS. the Catholic faith,- to which they have testified their devo- tion by building commodious and substantial churches. They have found Kansas a land of promise and fulfilment. 224. John J. Ing-alls as Senator.— The Legislature of 1873 chose John James Ingalls as United States Senator as the successor of Samuel 0. Pomeroy, first elected to the Senate in 1861. George W. Martin was elected State Printer, and re-elected by the Legislature of 1875. 225. State Election.— In 1874, Thomas A. Osborn was , re-elected Governor; with M. J. Salter, Lieutenant- Governor; T. H. Cavanaugh, Secretary of State; D. W. Wilder, Auditor; Samuel Lappin, Treasurer; A. M. F. Randolph, Attorney- General; John Fraser, Superintendent of Public Instruction; D. M. Valentine, Associate Justice; AVilliam A. Phillips, J. R. Goodin and W. R. Brown were elected members of Congress. 226." Election of Senator.— James M. Harvey, who had served two terms as Governor of the State, was elected by the Legislature of 1874, United States Senator, to fill the remainder of the term for which Alexander Caldwell was elected, a portion of the term having been filled by Hon. Robert Ci'ozier, by appointment of the Governor. In 1874 Kansas, taking an account of stock in resources educational, noted that the school districts had grown in number, since 1861, from 214 to 4,181; the school popula- tion from 4,901 to 199,019. The number of teachers employed had increased from 319 to 5,043. The value of schoolhouses, which in 1862 was estimated at $10,432, was, ill 1874, set down as $3,989,085. This increase was made from year to year, including the years of the Civil War, no year being marked by a falling oif or a cessation of IMMIGRATION. 149 growth, showing that the people of Kansas were not to be diverted by any vicissitude from the upbuilding of the common and public school, the hope and security of free government. SUMMARY. 1. Dawning of better times. 2. The census «f 1870 gives a population of 362,307 in Kansas. 3. The State institutions built during the first decade of Kansas as a State, were the Insane Asylum, the Penitentiary, the State University, the State Agricultural College, the State Normal School, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Blind Asylum. 4. The State House was occupied for the first time by the Legis- lature in 1870, James M. Harvey, Governor. 5. Alexander Caldwell was chosen United States Senator in 1871. 6. Thomas A. Osbom was elected Governor in 1872. 7. Kansas became entitled to three Representatives in Congress under the census of 1870. 8. The Union Pacific was the first road to cross Kansas. 9. Kansas invited all the world into her borders. 10. John J. Ingalls was elected United States Senator in 1873. 11. Thomas A. Osbom was re-elected Governor in 1874. 12. James M. Harvey was elected United States Senator in 1874. CHAPTER XXIII. THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 227. Kansas at the Centennial.— A feature of the great "boom decade," 1870-1880, was the participation of Kansas in the Centennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadel- phia. The Legislatures of 1875 and 1876 appropriated $30,000 for the exhibition, and a further sum of $8,625 to be devoted to a report of the State Board of Agriculture, which should also contain an account of the Exposition. The women of Kansas manifested much interest in the part Kansas should take in the National celebration. For the $10,000 to which the building fund was limited, a frame house was erected in an excellent location, and therein, dividing the space with the State of Colorado, the State of Kansas made a memorable exhibition. The attendance, small at the opening of the Exposition, increased with its progress, and at the close became a rush. Among the visitors came Dom Pedro II, of Brazil, and his Empress, and with them a countless crowd of American sovereigns. Every feature of the Kansas exhibition was a success, and a most admired map, showing by a star the location of every Kansas school house, is still preserved in the Capitol at Topeka. 228. Prizes Won by Exhibitors.— John A. Martin and George A. Crawford were appointed the National Centennial Commissioners for Kansas. The display owed its effect to 150 THE CENTENNIAL YEAK. 151 the taste of the arrangement, largely the work of Henry Worrall, of Topeka. Kansas received a certificate for the best collective exhibit; a first premium on fruit; a medal for a bound record book, exhibited by the State Printer, George W. Martin, and a prize for the best farm wagon, appropriate to the State where, by freighter's wagon and farmer's wagon, the "Star of Empire" has taken its west- ward way. 229. Centennial Year in Kansas. — The Centennial year was marked in Kansas by the mUdness of the season with which it opened, with the ground unfrozen and blue- birds singing in January and February. The people throughout the State_ evinced a revived interest in the history of their country and their State. The Fourth of July, 1876, was celebrated with enthusiasm, and seventy- five newspapers published local histories. 230. Calamity of 1874. — There is no rose without its thorn, and the ten wonderful years for Kansas, 1870 to 1880, were broken by one year of calamity, 1874. In that year the drought came after the wheat harvest, and the grass- hoppers became a burden.- As a spectacle the approach of the winged destroyers was sufficiently terrifying, and the destruction of vegetation was complete. A special session of the State Legislature was called, but concluded that relief from the State treasury was impracticable, and that the locusts must be met by issues of county bonds. 231. Relief. — In this juncture a State Relief Committee was organized, composed of well-known and responsible citizens of the State, who issued an address to the "citizens of Kansas and the people of the Eastern States." This committee received and disbursed money and goods to the 152 HISTORY OF KANSAS. ainouut of $235,000. This was the last "grasshopper inva- sion," and probably the last "aid campaign" in or from Kansas. Owing to the conduct of "unauthorized, irrespon- sible and mercenary parties," against whom the State Com- mittee raised loud but ineffectual warning, the word • aid" became quite as unpopular in Kansas as the word locust." 232. The Hoppers Depart. In the early spring of 1875, the young locusts hatched out in large numbers in Kansas and created much alarm. They evinced, however, a delicacy of constitution unknown to their hardy, northern progenitors, and on taking wings they took flight to the northward, in time to allow late planting, and the season which followed was one of the most fruitful in the history of the State. 233. Election of 1876.— In 1876 George T. Anthony was elected Governor; M. J. Salter, Lieu- tenant-Governor; ThomasH. Cavanaugh, Secretary of State; P. I. Bonebrake, Auditor; John Francis, Treasurer; Wil- lard Davis, Attorney-General; A. B. Lemmon, Superintendent of Public In- struction; David .1. Brewer, Associate Justice. William A. Phillips, Dudley 0. Haskell and Thomas Ryan were elected to Congress. 234. The Exodus.— In the spring of 1874, it was noted that parties of colored people were emigrating to the State from the South, the larger number from Tennessee. These immigrants located in southeastern Kansas, and engaged in growing cotton. A settlement was also formed in Morris county. Gov. George T. Anthony. THE CENTENNIAL YEAK. 153 In the spring of 1879 occurred the rush from the South, to which was given the name of the "Exodus," and the "Exoduster" for a time became a prominent figure in Kansas. Great numbers of black people, men, women, and children, arrived by rail at Parsons, from Texas, and on steamboats at Wyandotte and Atchison. The later comers represented the ex-slave population of Tennessee, Missis- sippi, and Louisiana. They were set ashore with their scanty household goods, strangers, houseless, foodless, but seemingly cheerful and uncaring. Their story soon became the talk of the country, and a Congressional committee was formed to investigate the "Exodus," and many witnesses were summoned from Kansas. In the meantime, the "Exodusters" cared for themselves, and were cared for. Meetings were held in Lawrence, Wyandotte, Leavenworth, and Topeka, to take measures for their immediate relief. A Freedman's State Central Association was formed, headed by Governor St. John. Money and goods were received, $2,000 coming from Chicago, and $3,000 from England. In Atchison the colored people came generously, with the whites, to the rescue. 235. Settlement of the Neg-roes. — In the late fall of 1877, ' 'Exodusters' ' gathered from Topeka and other points, and founded the town of Nicodemus, in Graham county. With but three horses in the entire settlement, the people in the spring put in wheat and other crops, with hoes and mattocks, and in the harvest pulled the grain with their hands. The men afterwards walked to eastern Kansas and to Colorado in search of work, and the women "held down the claims. ' ' The ' 'Exodusters' ' formed little suburbs in the cities where they collected, and "Tennesseetown, ' ' in Topeka, 154 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. is a relic, of the ' Exodus." The entire liocly was al)soi'bed in the laboring population of the State. These immigrants conducted probablj^ the first successful attempt of the freed people to occupy, under the Homestead Law, the puljlic lands of the United States. They came to Kansas not by invita- tion or offered inducement, but moved by an impulse to seek security in the pursuit of life, liljei-ty and happiness. 236. Amendment to the Constitution.— In 1876 the Constitution of the State was amended so as to jji-ovide for biennial sessions of the Legislature, and the session of 1877 was the first held under the new amendment. On the 30th of January, 1877, the Legislature, on the sixteenth ballot, elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator. George W. Martin was elected State Printer for the third term. 237. State Election, 1878.— The November election of 1878 resulted in the choice of John P. St. John as Governor; L. U. Humphrey, Lieutenant-Governor; James Smith, Secretary of State; P. I. Bonebrake, Auditor; John Francis, Treasurer; Willard Davis, Attorney- General; A. B. Lemmon, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Albert H. Horton, Chief Justice. John A. Anderson, Dudley C. Haskell, and Thomas Ryan were elected to Congress. General John Fraser died at Pittsburgh, Pa., June 4, 1878. General Fi-aser was born in Scotland. He came a young man to the United States, served with distinction in the war for the Union, and rose to the command of a brigade. After filling various educational positions of Goveraor John P. St. John. THE CENTENNIAL YEAK. 155 prominence in the State of Pennsylvania, he became Chancellor of the University of Kansas, serving from 1868 to 1874. It was during the chancellorship of General Fraser that the main building of the University was built, and his name is preserved in Fraser Hall. In 1874 he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and served one term. He was chosen a professor in the "Western University at Pittsburgh, in July, 1877, and there died. His was the record of a soldier, gentleman and scholar. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas participated in the Centennial Exposition at Philadel- phia. 2. Kansas won several prizes. 3. The prosperity of the years from 1870-1880 was broken by the grasshopper visitation in 1874. 4. The Eastern and Western States loyally gave assistance. . 5. George T. Anthony was elected Governor in 1876. 6. The Negro Exodus of 1874 resulted in th& settlement of many colored people in Kansas. 7. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature provided for by an amend- ment to the Constitution. 8. John P. St. John was elected Governor in 1878. CHAPTER XXIV. EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 238. Cattle Trade.— The great Texas cattle trade became a feature in Kansas with the building of the rail- roads. The "drive" being directed as conveniences for shipping were afforded. In 1866 Mr. Joseph G. McCoy came to Abilene and began his labors to attract the "drive" from Texas to Kansas. He was successful, and from 1867 to 1872 Abilene was a cow-boy town; and the "boy" with his jingling spurs, wide hat and other equipment was much in evidence. Ready to meet and thrive upon the sunburned traveler from Texas, and to share the burden of his money and his sins, came a motley crowd of both sexes, and great disorder prevailed, not only by night but by day. This, in time, led to the appointment of some person as city marshal, or otherwise styled regulator of the peace, armed with sev- eral revolvers and an unrivaled facility in their use. Thus came, in 1870, to Abilene, James G. Hickox, "Wild Bill," and the head and progenitor of the entire family of wild and other Bills, who for years held a sure place in the dime novel literature of the country. The herds of long-horned cattle held in prairies about, the herd of wild men who haunted the cow-towns," thestirof a really great commerce, the cattle which were bought and sold, and shipped, greatly attracted the use of the writer's pen. In 1871 the great cattle trade tarried for a season at Newton. In 1872 the 156 EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 157 trade began to be a great feature at the new city of Wichita, and in 1875 at Dodge City. At all these points the sale and shipment of cattle rarely fell under 200,000 a year. 239. John J. Ingalls' Re-election.— The Legislature of 1879, on the 31st of January, re-elected John J. Ingalls United States Senator. The Legislature also elected George W. Martin State Printer for the fourth term. 240. Prohibition Amendment.— The last public act of Kansas in the decade of 1870-1880 which attracted the attention of the country was the passage, by the Legislature of 1879, of a joint resolution to submit to a vote of the people an amendment to the State Constitution forever pro- hibiting in Kansas the ' 'manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors," except for medical and scientific purposes. The amendment was adopted at the general election in Novem- ber, 1880, the vote standing 92,302 votes for the amend- ment to 84,304 against it. The Legislature of 1881 passed the Act to enforce the provisions of the amendment, called the Prohibitory Law, the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to 21 noes. After nearly twenty years the law has not been repealed, nor has the Constitutional Amendment, upon which it is based, been re-submitted to the people for their affirmation or rejection. 241. Railroad System. — In the year 1870, the railroad systenf of Kansas had but fairly commenced. In 1880 the State had been crossed and recrossed, and Kansas roads entered the Indian Territory and Colorado. In 1870 alone the Kansas Pacific sold 700,000 acres of land for $2,000,000; by the close of 1879, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe had disposed of 1,000,000 of its 3,000,000 acres. 158 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 242 . Orgranization of Counties. — In 1872 was organized Rice county, in which the geographical center of the State was afterwards defined at the corner of sections 5, 6, 7 and 8, township 18 south, range 9 west; and two years later were organized the counties of Ford, Barber, Harper, Ness and Comanche, far to the westward. 243. Production of Fruit and- Wheat.— In those daj's, Kansas began to be known in the East as a fruit State, and received honorable mention from New Hamp- shire, New York and Pennsylvania, and at Richmond, Va., the highest award of the American Pomological Society. As the harvest approached in 1875, it was estimated that 1,000 reapers would be needed in the Arkansas valley. In 1878 Kansas stood at the head of the wheat States, with a crop of 33,315,538 bushels. 244. Kansas Vote in 1872. — In 1872 it was discov- ered that Kansas cast a larger vote than any New England State, save Massachusetts. 245. Kansas-Nebraska Act Anniversary. — In 1879 was held at Bismarck Grove, Lawrence, the quarter centen- nial of the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act. The day selected, the 15th of September, 1879, as it turned out, was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first news- paper in Kansas. The meeting was marked by the number present, of men and women, who took part in the stirring scenes of 1854 to 1859. Among the honored guests and speakers from abroad was Rev. Edward Everett Hale, of Boston, whose story of "A Man Without a Country," had taught a generation of young Kansans patriotism, and who had himself labored with voice and pen for Kansas in the old Territorial days, and whose book, " Kansas and Nebraska; EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 159 the History, Geograpliical and Physical Characteristics and Political Position of those Territories," published in 1854, has been pronounced the ablest Kansas book of its time. 246. The First Ten Years.— It was in 1874 that Kansas State bonds first sold above par. Kansas, in the first ten years of peace (not counting the Indian invasions) allowed her, laid firm the foundations of her future great- ness; welcomed to her borders a great company from the East, and North, and South, from our own country, and from beyond the seas; turning back no human being for poverty, or race, religion or previous condition of servitude. 247. Kansas at National Celebration of 1876.— Kansas appeared at the great national celebration of 1876, where some of the oldest States of the Union ' ' made no sign," and made a showing of her products so fine and fair, arrayed with such brightness of fancy and skill of hand, as to attract universal attention. " Kansas," said a leading American journal in 1870, ' ' is the best advertised and most favorably known of the far western States. Her prestige is due to three causes: First, her political troubles and warfare for freedom, which elicited universal sympathy; second, the fertility of her soil, the superior of which does not exist in the West; and, third, to the activity of her citizens." 248. Settlers of Kansas. — Kansas, in these formative years, demonstrated the fitness of the American Kepublic's form of Government, National, State and local, for the uses of a free, intelligent and self-governing people. Without charter or grant, or voice of herald or direction, or proclamation, the home-seeking thousands came into the country, selected the places for their rooftrees and their 160 HISTORY OF KANSAS. fires; securing their titles thereto from the Government. Coming from distant and different regions, meeting for the first time as settlers in the Kansas prairies, they yet, as native and adopted American citizens, knew their privileges, and maintained their rights. They organized the institu- tions of Government, the school district, the township, the county, and affiliated with the State. In rude and primi- tive*temples they reared the altar of the law, and installed- its ministers. They commanded order, and they estab- lished justice. Beginning with the wagons in which they came as their first habitations, they built their cabins; which soon grew into comfortable houses; they became town and city builders; they abolished times and periods as known in the settlement of older countries. In two or three years after the first smoke darkened the prairie hori- zon the "Old Settlers' Reunion" was called, and orations were delivered from the perennial theme of "A'd astra per aspera." 249. Growth of Kansas. — In an address delivered at the Quarter Centennial Celebration of the admission of Kansas, Topeka, January 29, 1886, Governor Martin said: "The growth of Kansas has had no parallel. The great States of New York and Pennsylvania were nearly 150 years in attaining a population Kansas has reached in thirty years. Kentucky was eighty years, Tennessee, seventy-five; Alabama, ninety; Ohio, forty-five, and Massa- chusetts, New Jersey, Georgia and North and South Caro- lina each over 100 years, in reaching the present popula- tion of Kansas. Even the marvelous growth of the great States of the West has been surpassed by that of Kansas. Illinois was organized as a Territory in 1810, and thirty EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 161 years later had only 691,392 inhabitants, or not much more than one-half the present pepulation of this State. Indiana was organized in 1800, and sixty years later had a popula- tion of only 1,350,428. Iowa was organized as a Territory in 1838, and had, at that date, a population of nearly 40,000. In 1870 it had only 1,194,020 inhabitants. Mis- souri was organized in 1812, with a population of over 40,000, and fifty years later had only 1,182,012. Michigan and Wisconsin, after fifty years of growth, did not have as many people as Kansas has to-day, and Texas, admitted into the Union in 1845, with a population of 150,000, had, thirty- five years later, only 815,579 inhabitants." 250. Census of 1880.— The United States census of June, 1880, gave Kansas a population of 996,616. The State census of March, 1885, reported the increased figures 1,268,562. 251. Election of 1880,— The State officers elected in 1880 were John P. St. John, Governor; D. W. Finney, Lieutenant-Governor; James Smith, Secretary of State; P. I. Bonebrake, Auditor; W. A. Johnston, Attorney- General; H. C. Speer, Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion; D. M. Valentine, Associate Justice; John A. Ander- son, Dudley C. Haskell and Thomas Ryan were re-elected to Congress. 252. Death of Alfred Gray.— In the Seath of Alfred Gray, who passed away on the 23d of January, 1880, Kansas lost a most valuable citizen, who greatly added to her honest fame. Born at Evans, Erie county, N. Y., December 5, 1830, he worked as a boy on a farm, and later embarked as a sailor on Lake Erie. After rising to the rank of first mate he came ashore, turned his mind to study 162 HISTOKY OP KANSAS. and books, and finally became a practicing lawyer in Buffalo, N. Y. He abandoned excellent professional prospects to become, in 1855, a farmer in "Wyandotte county, Kansas Territory. He took part in politics and war, and was chief clerk of the last Territorial Legislature, and rose to the rank of Division Quarter- Master in the Union army. It was in 1866 that Alfred Gray began his career of usefulness to the State. In that year he was elected a director of the State Agricultural Society. From this society grew the State Board of Agriculture, with Mr. Gray as its secre- tary, and the system of biennial reports which he pre- pared for years, and which have always been regarded as authority on Kansas agriculture, industries and resources, throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. Mr. Gray's services to Kansas in connection with the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 were beyond price. He died the victim of overwork. His memory is preserved by a public monu- ment, and in the name of Gray county. Through the years 1880 to 1885, the coming settler was the main feature of the Kansas landscape. In 1881 it was reported that 10,762,353 acres of land had already been homesteaded in Kansas. There was in these years a reac- tion against the indiscriminate and wholesale granting of public lands to corporations; a disposition on the part of the State to recover its own, and to overhaul the titles to lands claimed and occupied by the great companies. 253. Osag-e Lands.— In March, 1880, the passage of Congressman Ryan' s Indian Trust Land Bill opened the whole Kaw reserve to settlers. Bills for the relief of settlers on the "Osage Ceded," and other lands, became more frequent than measures for increasing the landed area of corporate owners. EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 168 It was on May 27, 1869, that the Osage Indians made a treaty, selling their lands to the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Gsdveston Railroad Company, to the amount of 8,000,000 acres. The settlers, many of whom had located on these lands prior to this sale, held great meetings at Osage Mission, Parsons, and other points, and commenced agita- tion. On the 19th of January, 1874, the Attorney- General of the United States issued an order to the United States District Attorney of Kansas to bring suit to test the validity of patents issued to railroad companies for any part of the Osage ceded lands. The case was argued in the United States Circuit Court at Leavenworth, in June, 1874, and in August decided for the settlers by Judges Miller and Dillon. In April, 1876, the United States Supreme Court decided the case for the settlers. After seven years or more of waiting and anxiety, the settlers indulged in great rejoicing. SUMMAEY. 1. The cattle trade becomes a factor of Kansas commerce. 2. John J. Ingalls re-elected United States Senator in 1879. 3. Prohibition amendment adopted in 1880. 4. The railroad system is greatly extended. 5. The counties of Rice, Barber, Ford, Ness and Comanche were organized in 1872. 6. The American Pomological Society awards the highest medal to Kansas fruit. 7. Edward Everett Hale attends the celebration, at Lawrence, of 23th anniversary of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 8. The first ten years of Kansas history a prophecy of future greatness. 9. John P. St. John re-elected Governor in 1880. 10. The Osage ceded lands opened for settlement in March, 1880. CHAPTER XXV. AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 254. Death of Famous Men.— On the 27th of July, 1881, General James G. Blunt died in Washington City. He was the only Kansas officer who attained the rank of Major-General in the war for the Union. He was born in Maine, and was in his early life a sailor. Prior to the com- ing of the great war he was a country doctor in Kansas. He was a bold and hardy soldier, and distinguished himself at the battle of Prairie Grove, where he reinforced General Herron at the critical time, and fought an overwhelming force till darkness shut down on a field on which lay 4,000 dead and wounded men. In the campaign against General Sterling Price, in October, 1864, he fought, with a little force of cavalry, the Eleventh and Fifteenth Kansas, and the First Colorado, an advancing army of 28,CfOO men, and held on for three days till reinforcements came,. and the border was saved. General Eobert B. Mitchell died in Washington City on the 26th of January, 1882. He commanded the Second Kansas at Wilson's creek, and was wounded there. Within a month, Martin P. Conway, First Representative in Con gress of the State of Kansas, died, also in Washington. General George W. Deitzler, of the First Kansas, at Wilson's creek, died at Tucson, Ariz., in January, 1884. Colonel Charles R. Jennison died in Leavenworth, June, 1884. 164 165 AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEAES. Thus jiassed away, within a brief time, five Kausans of the brave days, and but one at home. 255. Quarter Centennial. — Kansas, a quarter of a cen- tury after, was not forgetful, but remindful. The Quarter Centennial of the admission was observed at Topeka, Janu- ary 29, 1886, by an "all day" meeting of three sessions, pi-esided over respectively by Governor John A. Martin, Charles Eobiuson, First Governor of Kansas, and Colonel D. R. Anthony, President of the State Historical Society. 256. Reunion at Kansas City. — There was a reunion at Kansas City, Kan., July 29, 1882, of the surviving members of the Wyandf)tte Constitutional Convention. At this first meeting of the constitution builders since their adjournment in 1839, it was discovered that but twenty- nine were living, but nineteen still residents of Kansas, and but ten were present. The proceedings were of the highest interest, and a permanent asso- ciation was formed. 257. Election of 1 882.— In Novem- ber, 1882, occurred the election of George W. Glick as Governor, D. W. Finney, Lieutenant-Governor; James Smith, Secretary of State; W. A. Johnston, Attorney- General; David J. Brewer, Associate Justice ; H. C. Speer, Superin- tendent of Public Instruction; Samuel T. Howe was elected as Treasurer, and E. P Auditor. The entire congressional delegation was re- elected, andE. N. Morrill, B. W. Perkins, Lewis Hanback and S. R. Peters Avere elected members at large. W. Glick. McCabe, 166 HISTORY OF KANSAS. T. Twight Thacher. The Legislature of 1883 re-elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator, and elected T. D wight Thacher for a second term as State Printer. 258. Kansas Aids the Suffering. — Kansas having, in her earlier and dryer days, freely received, has in her more prosperous years freely given. A destructive flood prevailing in the Ohio valley in the spring of 1884, a train of thirty-one ears, loaded with corn by Sedgwick county farmers, was dispatched from Wichita. The cars were decked with flags and banners gay, and contained 12,400 bushels, which brought $8,500 at Cincinnati. The Sedgwick county train was followed by the Butler county train, thirty cars of- 400 bushels each, which sold for $8,000. A G. A. R. Post at Fort Scott shipped a load of corn to Richmond, Va., in aid of a Con- federate Home. This was well done, but Kansas did not miss a little corn more or less. The corn crop of 1885, which was not a remarkable corn year, was estimated to be worth more money than the entire gold and silver product of Colorado, California and Nevada. 259. Kansas Day. — It became evident with the growth of the State that the feeling of State pride pervaded its older and younger population. The observance of the 29th of January as "Kansas Day" became, in the early 80's, a custom in the schools of the State. In 1882 the observ- ances in the public schools of "Wichita and Junction City were matters of State remark, and since that time the "Kansas Day" celebration has become well nigh universal. AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 167 On 'Kansas Daj^" elaborate programmes are prepared, essays are read on various periods in the history of Kansas ; Kansas songs are sung, Kansas poems recited, the favorites being the "songs of freedom," with which, in the early and doubtful days, Whittier, Lowell, Bryant and others were inspired, and the verses, ranging from grave to gay," descriptive of the Kansas earth and sky and life, which have been evoked from Kansas writers. On these festive occasions the walls are decorated with the national colors ; the motto of the State in evergreen letters, and everywhere the sunflower. 260. Kansas Sunflower. — Without any statutory pro- vision or formal adoijtion as the "State flower," there came about through the "vox populi" the selection of the sunflower as the emblem, and the "Sunflower State" as the familiar and household name of Kansas. The sunflower is a pioneer in Kansas, coming with the first breaking of the soil by the passing wheel or other disturbing agency. The "flower" sprang up on either side of the Santa Fe trail for 800 miles. The sun- flower comes wherever in Kansas man comes to sow or reap, and marks the time and place, and if the claim is aban- doned, the sunflower grows within the roofless walls of sod. The sunflower is Governor John a. Martin. the badge worn by Kansans on great occasions at home and abroad. 261. Election of 1884.— In 1884 John A. Martin was chosen ■ Governor ; A. P. Riddle, Lieutenant-Governor; E. B. Allen, Secretary of State; E. P. McCabe, Auditor; 168 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Samuel T. Howe, Treasurer; S. B. Bradford, Attorney- General; J. H. Lawhead, Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion; A. H. Horton, Chief Justice; W. A. Johnston, Associate Justice. At this election J. A. Anderson, E. H. Funston, Thomas Ryan, E. N. Morrill, B. W. Perkins, Lewis Hanback, and" Samuel E. Peters were elected to Congress. 262. State Institutions. — Between the years 1880 and 1890 many additions were made to the number of State institutions. In 1881 the State Asylum for Imbeciles was established at Lawrence, and in 1886 was removed to Winfleld. The twenty- first session of the Kansas. Legislature, which assembled in January, 1885, was famous for the number of acts and measures adopted. This Legislature re-elected John J. Ingalls United States Senator, and re-elected T. Dwight Thacher, State Printer. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home was located at Atchison in 1885 and opened in 1887. The State Reform School for Girls, at Beloit, began its work in 1889. In the same year the State Soldiers' Home was established near Dodge City, the United States granting the ground and buildings at old Port Dodge for the purpose. The State Reformatory was located at Hutchinson, in 1886, though not ready for the reception of inmates until 1895. On the 15th of September, 1884, the Haskell Institute was opened by the United States Government at Lawrence, with twenty-three students, and has since taken a first rank among the schools maintained by the Government for the education of the Indians. It received its name in honor of Dudley Chase Haskell, who died December 16, 1883, a representa- tive of Kansas in the Congress of the United States. The AFTER TWENTY-riVE YEARS. 169 western branch of the United States Soldiers' Home was located three miles below Leavenworth, in 1884. It has grown in buildings, appointments, and number of inmates to be one of the most important military asylums in the country. Its management and the measure of its success are matters of deep interest to the people of Kansas. 263. Kansas at New Orleans. — Kansas, at the New Orleans Exposition, took first prizes on wheat, corn, flour, sorghum, sugar, apples, and cattle; sixty-five first and second prizes, leading every State in the Union. 264. Soldier Census.— The Legislature of 1885 made provision for a census of the soldier population of the State. It was discovered that not far from 100,000 Kansans had been enrolled in the army of the Nation. Soldiers' reunions became the most popular festivals. 265. National Cemetery. — The National Cemetery at Fort Leavenworth was dedicated May 30, 1886, with mili- tary pomp and splendor. 266. Financial Speculation.— The decade, 1880 to 1890, was a fairly prosperous period for Kansas, but not, perhaps, so steady and unbroken in its advance as 1870-1880. There was in the first five years a general prosperity which led up to a "boom" in the larger towns and cities, and smaller towns as well, for which, when it was over, there seemed to be no reasonable explanation. Extensive additions, spreading over a great area, extending in some instances miles from the business centres of the towns and cities, were laid out; real estate was held and sold at stupendous prices. Bonds were profusely issued for all sorts of municipal improve- ments. Waterworks were voted where the natural supply 170 HISTORY OF KANSAS. of water was hardly appreciable, and hydrants arose amid the prairie grass at immense distances from human habita- tions. In cities of the minor class, massive and imposing business blocks were erected worthy of the solid and long established commercial centres of the country. In the course of twelve months, extending into 1886, ninety-four new towns were chartered. In ten months of the year 1886 453 railroad charters were filed in the of&ce of the Secretary of State, and by the end of the year 1,520 additional miles of railroad track had been laid and Kansas led the States. Railroad bonds were voted almost every day in towns, cities and counties. 267. Captain Payne and Oklahoma,— In 1880, Cap- tain David L. Payne appeared as the original "Oklahoma boomer." Captain Payne was an old-time and well-known citizen of Kansas. He had settled in Doniphan county in 1858. He enlisted early in the war, and served three years as a private soldier in the Tenth Kansas Volunteers, and subsequently was commissioned a captain in the Eighteenth Kansas Cavalry to serve against the Indians ; he later joined the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry and took part in General Sheridan's campaign against the savages in 1868. Captain Payne was elected a member of the Kansas Legislature from Doniphan county in 1865; was Postmaster at Fort Leaven- worth in 1867, and was chosen a member of the Kansas House from Sedgwick county (where he had established ' ' Payne' s Ranch' ' in 1870 ) , in the session of 1872 . In 1879 , while an employe of the Government in Washington, he made the discovery, as he believed, that the lands in the western part of the Indian Territory which had been ceded by the Creeks to the Government for occupation by other AFTEK TWENTY-FIVE YEAKS. 171 civilized tribes, and by the freedmen, formerly slaves in the Territory, but had not been so occupied, belonged to the public lands of the United States, and subject tp entry under the public land laws. Beginning in 1880, parties of "boomers," as they came to be called, marched into the coveted Territory on an average about twice a year under the command of Captain Payne. They were as often arrested and turned out by the United States troops, and held to appear in the United States courts, but nothing suppressed the boomers, and the name of their chief and his portrait, as a far-famed western scout, adorned all the walls. On the 28th of November, 1884, David L. Payne dropped dead of heart disease at "Wellington, Kan. But his work prospered in the hands of Captain Couch and other lieuten- ants, the agitation was transferred to Congress, and the opening became first a probability and then a certainty. 268. Railroad Strike, — In March, 1886, began, on the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway in Missouri and Kan- sas, the most extensive strike in the history of railroads in those States. The men in the operative department of the road left work at Sedalia on the 6th of March, and thence the strike spread to all the centres of extensive railroad employ- ment, as Wyandotte, Atchison and Parsons. On the 30th of March, thirty engines were disabled at Atchison. On the 24th of April, a freight train was wrecked at Wyan- dotte, and the engineer and fireman were killed. Governor Martin held consultations with Governor Marmaduke of Missouri, endeavored to bring about an arrangement between the striking men and the railroad companies, and had great hopes of success, but, in consequence of the disturbed conditions at Parsons, ordered Colonel L. L. 172 HISTORY OP KANSAS. Patrick, of the First Kansas Militia, to call out companies from Olathe, Humboldt, Columbus, Girard, Ottawa, Fort Scott and Garnett. The strike was declared off and ended in the last of April. It caused much suffering, both to the working people and the general public. It was apparently under the direction of a man named Martin Irons, who disap- peared from the control of affairs after the strike was over. The original cause was the discharge from employment of a foreman in the Missouri Pacific car shops, at Marshall, Tex. 269. Amos A. Lawrence. — The announcement of the death, at Nahant, Mass., of Amos A. Lawrence, was received with unusual tokens of respect at Lawrence, a city named in his honor. Mr. Lawrence was one of the organizers of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society. His name was given to the new Free Soil settlement in the autumn of 1854. In 1856, at a meeting held in Lawrence to institute a university, Mr. Lawrence was chosen a trustee. A gift of $10,000 in notes by Mr. Lawrence for educational pur- poses, and which was turned over to the Kansas State University on its location at Lawrence, was the first endow- ment of the institution. Amos Lawrence was regarded, in a sense, as the father of Lawrence and of the University. The manufacturing city of Lawrence, Mass., was also named in his honor, and he was the founder of Lawrence University at Appleton, Wis. 270. Election of 1886. In November, 1886, John A. Martin was re-elected Governor; A. P Riddle, Lieutenant- Governor; B. B. Allen, Secretary of State; S. B. Bradford, Attorney- General; J. H. Lawhead, Superintendent of Public APTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 173 Instruction; D. M. Valentine was elected Associate Justice; J.W. Hamilton, Treasurer, and Timothy McCarthy, Auditor; Congressmen Morrill, Anderson, Funston, Perkins, Ryan and Peters were re-elected, and E. J. Turner was elected from the Sixth District. SUMMARY. 1. Death ravages the ranks of the old soldiers and pioneers of Kansas. 2. The Quarter-Centennial of the admission of Kansas is cele- brated at Topeka. 3. A reunion of the surviving members of the Wyandotte Consti- tutional Convention is held at Kansas City, Kan. 4. In 1882, George W. Glick was elected Governor. 5. Kansas extended aid to sufferers by flood in the Ohio valley. 6. "Kansas Day" is generally observed by the schools, and the sunflower is adopted as the State emblem. 7. John A. Martin was elected Governor in 1884. 8. To the list of State institutions were added, during the years 1880-1890, the Asylum for Imbeciles, the State Soldiers' Home, the Reform School for Girls, the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and the State Reformatory. The United States established the National Soldiers' Home and Haskell Insti- tute. CHAPTER XXVI. THE HAPPENINGS OP 1887. 271. Governor Martin's Opinion on Indebtedness. — Governor John A. Martin, on the opening of the Legislature of 1887, took occasion to remark in his message: "The steady and enormous growth of bonded indebtedness amply justifies alarm. It seems to me that in view of the facts and figures presented, it is the imperative duty of the Legisla- ture to repeal at once every law authorizing the creation of municipal indebtedness for any purpose whatever, except, perhaps, the building of schoolhouses." 272. Speculation.— On the 1st of January, 1887, the great Kansas ' 'boom' ' was booming, and it continued for many months. On that date it was announced that the manufactures of Wichita, the past year, had yielded $570,000; the amount paid in mercantile salaries had reached $1,910,180; herbank clearings were $18,870,598; the whole- sale trade was $15,076,000; the real estate sales $16,793,527. The list of real estate sales made a newspaper column a day. Later in the season ninety-five acres of land near Wyandotte were sold for $450,000. 273. Improvements. — In Topeka, in the year 1887, 2,500 houses were erected, and $1,000,000 were devoted to public improvements. Eighty-one newspapers were started in a year. Natural gas was struck at Port Scott, and many other points, and Paola indulged in a great celebration. 174 THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 175 The "Santa Fe," the Missouri Pacific and Rock Island built through and through the State. 274. State Building-s Remodeled.— "Syndicates' ' were organized to deal in real estate in many of the towns, and waterworks and electric light plants and street railways became numerous. During the "boom" period, the State fully kept up with the general and public desire for improve- ment. In that time the State University added to its build- ings "Snow Hall of Natural History," costing $50,000. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb erected three build- ings costing $82,000. The Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile Youth, at Winfleld, completed a new building at a cost of $25,000. On the two insane asylums at Osawatomie and Topeka, in the four years closing with the year 1888, there were expended $353,000. The State Capitol, begun in 1866, grew apace. The old east wing was remodeled at a cost of $140,000. In 1879 the west wing was begun, and occupied in 1881, and com- pleted in 1882. Work was begun on the central building in 1881, and still continues. A contract was let for a new wing of the State Normal School buUding at Emporia. The substantial completion of a buUding for a State Reformatory, at Hutchinson, was announced, but some years were to elapse before its occupation. The State continued its interest in tree culture, and established a forestry station near Fort Dodge. 275. State Reformatory. — The idea of a State Reforma- tory was suggested to the Kansas State Board of Charities by the celebrated Reformatory at Elmira, N. Y. The aim and object of the institution being the reformation rather than the punishment of youthful criminals between the ages of 176 HISTORY OF KANSAS. sixteen and twenty- five ; boys under the limit of age being sent to the State Reform School at Topeka. The system at the Reformatory implies a graded course of treatment, the condition and comfort of-the prisoner being made depend- ent on his conduct. 276. Educational Institutions. — The schools and other public institutions of the State were remembered by communities and by individuals. The library of the Soldiers' Home was enlarged by 2,000 volumes, collected for it before his death by Henry Ward Beecher. The Catholic building and grounds at Atchison are valued at $500,000. On the 5th of April, 1887, the Kansas Wesleyan University at Salina was dedicated. In March, ground was broken at Sterling for the Cooper Memorial College. In July Bethany College, at Lindsborg, announced the completion of a new and splendid building. A German Baptist (Dunkard) Col- lege was located at MePherson. The Hiawatha Academy at Hiawatha was established. The Central Normal Col- lege of Great Bend' was established by Professor Wm. Stryker. Bethel College, located at Newton, is one of two Menno- nite colleges in the United States. St. John's Military School at Salina, a school for boys, under the control of the Episcopal Church, was established in 1887. The older and later educational institutions of the State, as Baker University, Highland Academy, Ottawa University, the College of Emporia, Midland College at Atchison, Southwest Kansas College at Winfield, Fairmount College at Wichita, St. John's Lutheran College at Winfield, and many others, felt the impetus of this period. THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 177 277. Inauguration Ceremonies. — On the 20th of Januaiy, 1887, occurred the second inauguration of Gover- nor Martin. The ceremonies were attended by Governors Robinson, Carney, Osborn, Anthony and St. John. Gover- nors Glick, Crawford and Harvey were absent. 278. Extension of Suffrage. — The Kansas Senate, on the 28th of January, 1887, and the House, on the 11th of February, passed the municipal suffrage bill, which con- ferred on women in Kansas at school, bond and municipal elections, the same right to vote possessed by men. The bin received the signature of Governor Martin on the 14th of February. About 26,000 women voted at the following spring election, and Mrs. Medora Salter was elected Mayor of Argonia, perhaps the first woman in the world to hold the of&ce. 279. Labor Legislation. — The Legislature, which adjourned on the 5th of March, legislated in regard to the arbitration of labor controversies, limited the amount of bonds to be issued to railroads, and submitted two amend- ments to the State Constitution; one to strike out the word "white," and one "concerning the purchase, enjoyment and descent of property." Clifford C. Baker was elected State Printer. 280. Centre of Population. — The centre of population of the State, which in 1865 was in the western part of Douglas County, was announced to be, in 1887, in the northwest part of Marion County. In the year 1887, 812 schoolhouses were built in Kansas. 281. Mrs. Northrup's Gift. — It was made known, through the Historical Society, that by a contribution of $1,000 by Mrs. Margaret Northrup, of Brooklyn, N. Y., a 178 HISTORY OF KANSAS. pew for citizens of Kansas had been secured forever in the Metropolitan M. E. Church, in Washington, D. C. The largest individual land owner in Kansas is said to be Mr. James P. Pomeroy, of Atchison, who owns 60,000 acres. 282. Explosion Near Fort Scott. — An explosion on the 25th of January, on a Missouri Pacific train near Port Scott, caused probably the loudest and most, frightful noise ever known in Kansas. Two hundred cases of giant powder exploded at a single blast. But one man, a brake- man, was killed, but houses were shaken throughout Bour- bon county, window panes were broken in Nevada, Mo., twenty-five miles distant, and $10,000 worth of plate and other glass was destroyed in Port Scott. 283. Remarkable Fossil Discovery. — Mr. S. S. Hand sent to Chancellor Snow, of the State University, a fossil fish, found in Hamilton county, and Professor Snow wrote: "My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died when what is now Hamilton county, Kan., more than 3,000 feet above the present sea level, was under the salt water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of Western Kansas, especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill river and its branches. In fact, the ocean covered the entire western portion of the United States. The Rocky Mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived and died." Kansas is an attractive field for the labors of the paleon- tologist, especially in the Niobrara formation in Rooks, Ellis and Trego counties. Of the thirteen fossilized birds of the North American continent and Europe, catalogued in 1873, seven species were found in Kansas. Of saurians, or lizards, thirty-one are found in the small strip of the THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 179 Niobrara in Kansas to four in all of Europe. In the ocean which covered what is now Kansas, sharks swam numer- ously, as many as three hundred of their teeth having been found in a space of thirty inches square. The fossil beds of Kansas have been intelligently and diligently searched for many years, and invaluable specimens have been pre- served in the collections of the State University and other Kansas institutions of learning, and of Yale University, where they have attracted the attention of the scientists of the world. SUMMAEY. 1. Governor Martin advised the repeal of laws authorizing the creation of municipal indebtedness. 2. In 1887 the "Kansas Boom" was at its highest. 3. Snow Hall was built, the State Reformatory was completed, new buildings were added to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Imbecile Asylum; State Capitol remodeled. 4. Large number of colleges established and 812 schoolhouses were built. 5. On February 14, 1888, the municipal suffrage bill became a law. 6. Two amendments to the Constitution were submitted. 7. The center of population was announced to be in Marion county. CHAPTER XXVII. A PROSPEROUS YEAR. 284. Recovery. — The year 1888 was a year of recovery, in an agricultural sense, from the disasters of 1887, a year of drought in Kansas and throughout the Western States. These periods of recovery have often been noticed in Kansas history. _ The "bad years" in the first thirty years of Kansasrviz.,a860, 1868, 1870, 1874, and 1887 were followed by seasons of uncommon fruitfulness. 285. Mexican Pilg-rimag'e. — The passage through the State, by rail, of a party of 250 Mexican people on a pil- grimage to Rome, was a reminder of the changed order of travel and transportation. Such pilgrimages had not been unknown in Mexico before, but had been undertaken entirely by sea from Mexican ports. These pilgrims recognized the opening of a great continental route through the United States via Kansas, eating, drinking, sleeping, and assembling in the cars for their devotions as they journeyed. 286. Disappearance of the Buffalo.— It was announced that the last buffalo remaining in Kansas was sold by Mr. C.J. Jones to a party in New York, and was to leave the State. The event created but a sentimental regret. The disappearance of the buffalo, which existed in Kansas in such numbers, even after the settlement of the State had begun, as to delay the passage of railroad trains, was regarded like the vanishing of the Indian, as inevitable and 180 A PKOSPEKOUS YEAK. 181 not to be deplored. The buffalo served a purpose in earliest daj's by furnishing his meat, hide and bones for the tem- porary uses of the pioneer, but the latter found no diflculty in subsisting without them after the supply was withdrawn. Much more of a loss than the buffalo himself was that of the buffalo grass, which formed the pasturage of countless thousands of these animals both winter and summer. This began to give way to a coarser and less nutritious herbage with the disappearance of the tramping herds. On the other hand, it was claimed by competent observers that the earth became more absorptive of moisture and responsive to cul- tivation. The disappearance of the buffalo wallow, the prairie dog town, and the botanic family of the cacti, marked the surrender of the land to fertility and civilization. 287. Death of Judge Samuel D. Lecompte.— In April, 1888, died in Kansas City, Mo., Judge Samuel D. Lecompte, first Chief Justice of Kansas Territory, appointed by Presi- dent Pierce, in 1854. Judge Lecompte's name was promi- nent in the angry discussions of that troubled time, yet he lived in peace in Kansas for many years afterward, in the midst of the quieted disputants, and died at the age of seventy-four. 288. Thomas Carney. — On the 30th of July, Thomas Carney, second Governor of Kansas, and the first to fall out of the line of Kajisas chief magistrates, was buried in honor at his long-time home, Leavenworth. Governor Carney was born in Delaware county, Ohio, August 20, 1827. He came to Leavenworth in 1858 and became imme- diately engaged in extensive mercantile business. He was elected Governor in 1862, in the midst of the CivU War, and was one of the Kansas ' 'War Governors. ' ' At a critical 182 HISTORY OF KANSAS. period in the financial history of the State he pledged his private fortune to preserve the public credit. 289. Stevens County Difficulties.— In July, 1888, Governor Martin issued his proclamation organizing the county of Greeley, with Tribune as the county seat. This completed the organization of Kansas counties, 106 in all. Subsequently, the county of Garfield was attached to Finney county, and the number reduced to 105. In the last days of July, information reached Topeka that the troubles in Stevens county had again broken out in an aggravated form. Brigadier- General Myers and Attorney- General Bradford were sent to the county and learned that Sheriff Cross, of Stevens county, and a party of four men belonging to the Woodsdale faction, had gone over into the section known as No-Man's Land, and coming to the camp of some parties making hay, had asked permission to lie down and sleep. While thus reposing, they were surprised by a party of fourteen men from Hugoton — Woodsdale and Hugoton being rival towns — and Sheriff Cross and three of his men were killed and a fourth wounded. 290. Militia to Presepve Order. — The county was. found in a State of great excitement, and the Second Regi- ment of Kansas militia was ordered to the county to pre- serve order. Six men were arrested at Hugoton by the United States Marshal, who accompanied the troops, on complaint of Samuel N. Wood, and arraigned before the United States Commissioner, at Topeka, and released on bail. It was decided that No-Man's Land was not within the jurisdic- tion of Kansas, and they were subsequently brought to trial at Paris, Tex. A PROSPEROUS YEAR. 183 291., Effects of Stevens County War.— The "Stev- ens county war," which was destined to have other evil effects, caused much indignation and disgust throughout the States. "County seat fights" with accompaniments of fraud and violence, had not been unknown in Kansas, but that the contentions of rival villages should be carried to the point of murder, and necessitate the interference of the arm of the State, was felt to be a great hardship and disgrace. 292. Haskell Institute. — In September, 1888, Gover- nor Charles Robinson resigned the Superintendency of the Haskell Institute, at Lawrence, which, under his care, had attained a high state of efl&ciency. Additions were made to the institution, increasing its capacity by 300 more students. 293. Natural Resources. — The search for gas and other natural resources continued. Professor Robert Hay estimated, in October, 1888, that $150,000 had been expended in the various borings for coal, oil and gas. At some points the search proved successful. In September, natural gas was used for lighting and heating the State Insane Asylum at Osawatomie. A mill at Humboldt uses gas for fuel, and the boundaries of the natural gas belt in the State began to be defined. In 1888 the first salt was made at Kingman, and it was claimed that it would require ten years to exhaust an acre of the natural rock salt supply at Hutchinson. One natural resource after another was discovered, claimed or developed; soapstone here, gypsum there. At one place it was reported that in boring for gas, coal and oil had been discovered. 294. Mine Disaster. — On the 19th of November, hap- pened in Cherokee county, the most fatal mine disaster in 184 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. the history of Kansas. On the morning of that day 164 miners were lowered in Frontenac mine, No. 2, of the Santa Fe Coal Company. At the noon intermission, the shots were fired in safety, and the miners descended for their afternoon work. At half past five, arrangements had been made for firing, but before a man had been hoisted there came a frightful explosion. At first it was believed that no one had escaped, but the final count placed the loss of lives at thirty-nine, with a large number of burned and wounded. The explosion was deemed by the miners the result of carelessness or incompetence on the part of the State Mine Inspector, and a large convention of miners demanded his removal. 295. Rev. Innocent Wolf an Arch Abbot. — The Right Rev. Innocent Wolf, of Atchison, was raised to the position of Arch Abbot of the Benedictine Order in tjie United States. This Order is one of the oldest and most powerful of the religious orders in the Catholic church, and its establish- ment in Kansas one of the most important in the United States. 296. Railroads in 1888.— In 1888 it was noted that the present system of railroads in Kansas would make twenty lines running parallel the length of the State. The State is 400 miles long, and there are 8,000 miles of railroad. Perhaps it was in view of the extent of Kansas railroad facilities that fewer railroad bonds were voted by Kansas, in 1888, than in any previous year of its history. 297. State Industrial School.— The city of Beloit secured, in January, 1888, the Industrial School for Girls, established by the Woman's Christian 'Temperance Union, donating to the institution eighty acres of land. It was A PEOSPEROUS *'EAR. 185 opened temporarily in February. The school became a State institution by the action of the Legislature of 1889. 298. Prohibition Law Strengthened.— The Prohibi- tion Law received additional judicial sanction by the afftrma- tion by the State Supreme Court of the constitutionality of the Metropolitan Police Law. 299. Death of David Ware.— David Ware, for twenty- six years janitor of the Kansas State House, died in Topeka, in September, 1888. He was born a slave in Missouri, and came to Kansas during the war. He took charge of the Capitol on its first occupation by the State, and continued its custodian to the close of his life. His fidelity and honesty were unimpeachable. His funeral was attended by the officers of the State, and his character was made the subject of eulogj' by the Governor. '''""* *'"■ 300. Gift to the Kansas State Medical Society.— Mrs. Jane Stormont, widow of Dr. D. W. Stormont, a pioneer physician of Topeka, gave to the Kansas State Medical Society $5,000, to be used in maintaining a library of medical books in connection with the State Library. 301. Election of 1888.— In November, 1888, occurred the National and State election. The vote of Kansas was given to Benjamin Harrison, who received 182,356 votes to 102,725 for Grover Cleveland. For Governor, Hum- phrey, Republican, received 181,318 votes; Martin, Demo- crat, 107,822; Elder, Union Labor, 36,230; Botkin, Prohibitionist, 6,452; plurality for Humphrey, 72,405. 186 HISTORY OF KANSAS. The State offieers chosen in 1888 were L. U. Humphrey, (Tovernor; Andrew J. Felt, Lieutenant-Governor; William Higgins, Secretary of State; J. W. Hamilton, Treasurer, Timothy McCarthy, Auditor; L. B. Kellogg, Attorney- General; George W. Winans, Superintendent of Public In- struction ; William A . Johnston , Associate Justice of Supreme Court. The entire Congressional delegation chosen in 1886 was re-elected in 1888. The Republicans carried every county in the State for President, and all the counties, save Governor 1. n. Eamptoj. Leavenworth and Ellis, for Governor. 302. Relics. — The Historical Society's collection was increased by some interesting relics of ancient Kansas. From a mound near Lindsborg was obtained, by one of the professors in Bethany College, a frag- ment of Spanish chain mail, dating back, perhaps, to Coronado; and from a point on the Arkansas river, near Garden City, a peace medal, bearing on one side a medallion of President Van Buren, and the words "Martin Van Buren, President of the United States, A. D. 1837." On the obverse, a soldier's hand clasping the hand of an Indian, over which are a tomahawk and pipe crossed, and the words, ' 'Peace and Friendship." The piece of chain mail is interesting as being the only trace or relic ever found within the limits of Kansas of Chain Mail. A PEOSPEEOUS YEAE. ,187 Spanish occupation. While the history of the country as a civilized possession commonly begins with the march of Coronado, and Spain declared sovereignty even after the Spanish flag had been lowered at St. Louis on the cession of Upper Louisiana, March 9, 1804, as Lieutenant Pike found it flying at the Pawnee village in Kansas in September 1806, this bit of rusty armor is all remaining to show that the Spanish arms were ever carried into the limits of Kansas. SUMMARY. 1. The year 1888 marked a revived agricultural prosperity in Kansas. 2. Judge Samuel D. Lecompte, First Chief Justice of the Terri- tory, and Thomas Carney, died in the year. 3. County seat contests result in bloodshed — mUitia called out to preserve order. 4. Governor Robinson resigned the Superintendency of Haskell Institute. 5. Disastrous mine explosion in Cherokee county, resulting in the loss of many lives. 6. The Industrial School for Girls established at Beloit. 7. David Ware, Janitor of the Capitol, died in Topeka. 8. Mrs. Jane Stormont gave $5,000 to State Medical Society. 9. Benjamin Harrison received the electoral vote of Kansas. 10. Lyman U. Humphrey elected Governor. 11. Valuable relics of Spanish and Indian occupation found. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1889. — THE DEVELOPING RESOURCES. 303. Messages to the Legislature. — The Legislature of 1889 assembled on the 8th of January, and the House was organized by the choice of Captain Henry Booth as Speaker, and H. L. Millard as Clerk. Governor John A. Martin delivered to the Legislature a retiring, and Governor L. U. Humphrey an inaugural, message. The attention of the Legislature was especially directed to the condition of the debtor classes, and the need of legislation in their behalf. Governor Martin called attention to the mortgage laws. He said: "It should require something more than a mort- gage to steal a man's farm. Our chattel mortgage laws invite outrages on property rights, that are as flagrant as grand larceny, and the wrong and injustice that has been done under the shield of these laws has been a disgrace to civilized government." 304. Legislative Acts.— On the '23d of January, 1889, the joint session of the Legislature elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator from the State of Kansas, for a third term, by a unanimous vote. Clifford C. Baker was re-elected State Printer. The most noticeable acts of the Legislature were the creation of the office of Commissioner of Elections, to be appointed by the Governor in cities of the first-class, for a term of four years; an Act authorizing cities and townships to issue bonds and to subscribe stock 188 1889. — THE DEVELOPING RESOUKCES. ^ 189 for sugar manufactories; to increase the amount of bounty to be paid on sugar manufactured in Kansas from $15,000 to $40,000. There was an Act, also, appropriating $36,000 for build- ings for the G. A. R., at Ellsworth; an appropriation to establish a State Soldiers' Home, whenever Congress shall give one of the National Military reservations as a site therefor. The Legislature also passed an Act, which went into effect May 25, 1889, reducing the rate of interest by contract from twelve to ten per cent, and the legal rate from seven to six per cent. 305. Manufacture of Sug-ar. — The industry which most engaged the energies of Kansas in 1889 was the manufacture of sugar from the sorghum cane. For several years the attempt to manufacture sugar at a profit from the native cane had been carried on, and factories erected at various points. The United States Agricultural Depart- ment had been enlisted, and Government chemists aided in the experiments. The result of a series of costly experi- ments at Ottawa, Sterling, and other places, was the dis- covery and admission that sugar could not be made from the sorghum cane in paying quantity by the "roller" pro- cess employed in the treatment of the true, or Louisiana cane, but the showing of a series of trials at Fort Scott was claimed as demonstrating the efiieieney of the "diffu- sion" process. The Legislature offered a bounty of two cents a pound on sugar manufactured in the State, to the amount of $15,000. This bounty was afterwards reduced to three-quarters of a cent per pound, but the total amount raised to $40,000. In 1889, sugar factories were built at Ness City, Meade Center and Liberal, in addition to a large 190 HISTOBY OF KANSAS. number already in existence. In September, 1889, Jeremiah M. Rusk, United States Secretary of Agriculture, visited Kansas, and published that the manufacture of sugar was a .success beyond his anticipations ; that at Conway Springs the product of sugar had reached twelve per cent, a profit of ten per cent. The sugar crop of 1889. on which the State bounty was paid aimounted to 1,293,274 pounds, and in 1890 to 1,371,930 pounds. 306. Bonds Voted. — Bonds were voted by municipali- ties in aid of sugar mills and refineries. The aid proposed reaching, in some instances, $100,000 in bonds. In time, however, a plan to bond a large number of southwestern counties, by townships, was denounced as fraudulent, and checked to a considerable extent further bond issues in aid of the sugar manufacture. The manufacture was continued for some years. In 1892 but two sugar mills, those at Medi- cine Lodge and Fort Scott, received the State subsidy, the product being 998,100 pounds of sugar. In the course of events the Government and State aid was withdrawn. A very large amount of useful information was obtained in regard to the nature and uses of the Chinese cane, and on other points of interest, for which a good price was paid. 307. Salt Industry. — The salt making industry, which had received a considerable impetus in 1887, and, in fact, had been carried on to some extent from the beginning of the settlement of the State, but which produced but 13,000 bushels in 1880, was enormously increased in 1889. Early in the year. Senator Plumb made the statement that "the development of the salt industry in Kansas has had the effect of reducing the price of salt in the Mississippi valley west of Kansas, twenty- five per cent, from the prices pre- 1889. — THE DEVELOPING EESOXTRCES. 191 vailing twelve luonths ago." In January, Wellington organized its eighth salt eonipany. Hut(-liinson already had ten salt plants in operation, with more in eourse of con- struction. McPherson had made a promising start, and Kingman, Lyons, Anthony, Sterling, Great Bend, and other points were engaged in the manufacture. The salt deposit ^was reached at depths varying from 420 to 925 feet. Mill at Junction City, Kan 308. Corn. — The j-ear 1889 was the greatest ' 'corn year; ' ' so far, in the agricultural annals of the State, the figures being 6,820,693 acres, with a yield of 273,988,321 bushels; valued at $51,649,876.18; an average yield of 40.15 bushels to the acre. This inspired a Kansas writer to write of Kansas corn: 192 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. "Corn is the sign and seal of a good American agricul- tural country. Corn is an American institution; one of the discoveries of the continent. It is of the American West. It reaches its best estate between the Alleghanies and the Rockies. It was known by the Indians, and to cultivate it was one of the few agricultural temptations which overcame their proud and haughty contempt for labor. "Com is the test. A good country, in a farming sense, is one that 'brings' good corn. If it will not do that, then it may be a good country for something else, but it is not an American farmer's country. It requires a long season, plenty of rain, a thorough-going sun that attends to busi- ness, but knows when to stop; a generous soil, and the best elemental treatment from the warm, soft day on which it is planted, till the 'frost is on the pumpkin and the fodder's in the shock.' Hence, when you say that a given region is a good corn country, you have said it will raise anything that grows in the temperate zone. "Corn makes the country and the people who live in it. It fattens hogs and cattle, and so fine-haired people, who live on cracked wheat and philosophy, claim that it has a coarseness about it that imparts itself to the people who eat it; but, for all that, it is the food of men who turn wilder- nesses to fruitful fields, span continents, and fight great battles. "Kansas has corn, and so is in luck. Scoifers and ribalds talk about the Kansas man burning corn; and it is one of the merits of corn that it makes a good fire, but the Kansas man knows better than that. Everywhere in every farmer's dooryard is to be seen a great pile of red and white corn cobs, clean and bright, which burn like tinder. The 1889.— THE DEVELOPING RESOURCES. 193 corn sheller goes around like the threshing machine, and shells the corn and piles up the cobs. The cob is a com- mercial fact. At Sedan there is a factory that turns out millions of cob pipes. The Kansas man can burn his cob or he can smoke it." 309. Harbor Convention. — In response to a call by Governor Humphrey, a convention of- delegates from many of the Western and Southern States assembled at Topeka, October 1, 1889, to devise means for securing a deep-water harbor on the coast of Texas. 600 delegates responded, including Governor Thayer, of Nebraska, Governor Francis, of Missouri, seven ex-Governors, nine Congressmen, and many other men of prominence. Fifteen States and Terri- tories were represented. United States Senator Plumb presided over the deliberations of the convention. 310. Women Officials.— In 1889 five towns elected women Mayors: Argonia, Oskaloosa, Cottonwood Falls, Rossville and Baldwin. SUMMAR^. 1. Governor Martin condemns the mortgage laws. 2. Preston B. Plumb was nnanimously elected United States Senator for a third term. The Legislature passed acts authorizing cities and townships to issue bonds, and sub- scribe stock for sugar manufactories; appropriated $36,000 for G. A. R. building; reduced rate of interest by contract from ten per cent to six per cent. 3. The manufacture of sorghum sugar was vigorously carried on. 4. The salt industry became greatly augmented. * 5. The yield of com averaged 40.15 per acre; the total crop being valued at $51,649,676.18. 6. Deep-water convention convened at Topeka, October 1, 1889. 7. Five towns elected women Mayors. CHAPTER XXIX. KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA. 311. Opening* of Oklahoma.— In the early months of 1889 there was an evident increase in the interest felt in the opening of Oklahoma to settlement; the so-called boomers collected in large numbers, at points on the border, more especially Arkansas City and Caldwell. The active mem- bers of the boomer element continued to make raids into Oklahoma, and were as often removed by the military. The progress of the Bill before Congress to open up Oklahoma for settlement, was followed with alternations of hope and fear. At last the suspense was ended by the proclamation of the President- announcing the date of the opening of Oklahoma, and the regulations under which the 1,800,000 acres of land yere to be taken. 312. Preparation.— The principal points from which the Strip was to be entered from Kansas were Caldwell, Hunnewell and Arkansas City. The Strip was filled with people, and the night before the eventful day a line of camp fires shone from the Oklahoma boundary to the Kansas line. Everything was planned in advance. The Government functionaries were waiting in tffe land offices in Oklahoma. The town sites had been selected and named. Guthrie, destined to.be the capital, named in honor of a citizen of Kansas, had its thousands of foreordained citizens, as did other town sites. In at least 194 KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA. 195 one instance there was an announced candidate for Mayor of one of the future cities, the day before the "rush." 313. The Rush.— At noon, on the 22d of AprU, 1889, at sound of bugle came the instantaneous occupation of Oklahoma. The United States cavalrymen, drawn up in front of the multitude of vehicles, crowded with people, and a great host of horsemen, mounted for the most part on wiry prairie ponies, moved forward, wheeled to the right and left to clear the way, and the occupying wave, made up, as was estimated along the border, of 40,000 human beings, swept into Oklahoma. There was a moment of peril at the line, and then the mass opened out like a fan, and aU was safe. From Arkansas City six great rail- road trains, carrying 6,000 people, moved in the evening into the new country. 314. Effect on Kansas. — Kansas bore a great part in the opening and occupation of the Territory. It was esti- mated that the population of Kansas was diminished by 50,000. But Kansas is like the wondrous bush in the wUdemess of old, burning, but never consumed. In the year 1889, which saw the opening of Oklahoma, half of the public lands taken in the United States were located in the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota and Colorado. In 1888, the report of the Secretary of the Interior showed that 1,550,235 acres had been patented in Kansas. 315. County Seat Difficulties. — In January, 1889, the contention of Ingalls and Cimarron for the seat of justice of Gray county, rendered the presence of troops necessary. After three men had been killed, General Murray Myers, of the State troops, visited the disturbed locality. The controversy was finally ended by the order 196 HISTORY OF KANSAS. of the Supreme Court compelling the removal of the county records to Cimarron. 316. Monument of General Grant.— On the 17th of September was unveiled at Fort Leavenworth the first monument erected' in memory of General Grant. The statue is by Laredo Taft. George R. Peck delivered on the occasion an impressive dedicatory address. 317. Kansas at the Paris Exposition. — Kansas was represented at the Paris Exposition, and received a gold medal for the best agricultural report exhibited; a silver medal for the publications of the State Labor Department, and honorable mention for the exhibits of the Douglas and Conway Springs sugar manufactories. 318. John A. Martin.— On the 2d of October, 1889, John A. Martin, Tenth Governor of Kansas, died at Atchi- son. He came to Kansas from Pennsylvania, his native State, in 1857, his eighteenth year, and soon became editor and proprietor of the Atchison Champion, and was dis- tinguished as a Kansas journalist, statesman and soldier from his early youth. He was Secretary of the Wyan- dotte Constitutional Convention, and a member of the first State Senate. He served in the Civil War as Colonel of the Eighth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, and com- manded the First Brigade, Third Division, Fourth Army Corps, and the Third Brigade, First Division, Twentieth Army Corps. He was elected Governor in 1884, and again in 1886. He was buried with military and civic honors of the most imposing character in Mount Vernon ceme- tery, Atchison. Among the many positions of honor and usefulness occu- pied by Governor Martin, was for years that of member KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA. 197 and Vice-President of the Board of Managers of the National Soldiers" Home. He was deeply interested in the Nation's provision for the eare of its veteran soldiers and his counsel and effort was given to the establishment of the Western Branch, which was located near Leavenworth, and has gi'owu to be one of the finest military asylums in the countrj' or the world. SUMMARY. 1. The opening of Oklahoma on the 22d of April, 1889, is partici- pated in by a great crowd of Kansas people. 2. The county seat figlit in Gray county excites attention. 3. A monument to General Grant is unveiled at Fort Leavenworth. 4. Kansas is recognized at the Paris Exposition. 5. John A. Martin, tenth Governor of Kan.sas, dies at Atchison. First Cathedral of Kansas. CHAPTER XXX. NEW POLITICAL FORCES. 319. Reunion of the First Supreme Court.— In 1890 began the fourth decade of the history of Kansas. Early in the year 1890, the meeting of the Kansas State Bar Association was made the occasion of a reunion of the original Supreme Court of the State, composed of Thomas Ewing, Jr. , as Chief Justice, and Samuel A. Kingman and Lawrence D. Bailey, Associate Justices. All the surviving judges who had been members of the court were present, and recollections were revived of the first session of the tribunal, held in an upper room of the "Gale Block," in ' Topeka, in 1861. It was remembered that the court was opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Steele, of Topeka, and also that there were no causes ready for hearing. A very impressive address was delivered by ex-Chief Justice Ewing. 320. Grippe. — In January', 1890, Kansas was visited for the first time by the disease since known as the grippe, though at first spoken of as influenza, and said to have been introduced from Russia. In Atchison, 1,000 cases were reported. 321. Honorable David J. Brewer, Associate Jus- tice. — On January 6, 1890, Honorable David J. Brewer was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Judge Brewer for years had occu- pied the District and Supreme Court bench of Kansas, and 198 NEW POLITICAL FORCES. 199 Colonel A. S. Johnson. his choice to the highest court of the nation was regarded as an honor i)aid the State. 322. Retirement of Colonel A. S. Johnson.— The land agents of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Raih-oad Companj- hekl a social session in Topeka, and presented Colonel A. S. Johnson, the Land Commissioner of the company, with a silver service on the occasion of his retirement. It was regarded as the signal of the withdrawal of the company from the great land selling enterpris carried on foi' nearly twenty years, and which had disposed of an empire. The system by which millions of acres passed from the hands of the Government, and of a corporation, into the possession and ownership of individuals, with scarcely a trace of friction, was a business miracle. It was announced, in 1890, that Kansas Division, Union Pacific, was the only railroad companj' having anj- portion of its original grant for sale. 323. Reverend Nehemiah Green. — The Reverend Nehemiah Green died at Manhattan, Januarj' 13, 1890. Governor Green was a native of Ohio, born March 8, 1837. He came to Dcmglas county, Kan., in 185:"), but returned to Ohio, where he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and also the Union army. In 1865 he returned to Kansas, and in 1866 was elected Lieutenant- Governor. He assumed the executive chair on the resigna- tion of Governor Samuel J. Crawford, to take command of the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry, and served to the end of the term. 200 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 324. The Farmers' Alliance.— The Farmers' Alliance, whicli had attained prominence, in 1889, as a secret and social organization composed of farmers, and devoted to the interests of all agriculturists, and admitting to its member- ship men and women, became, in 1890, an active political force. The impelling and controlling sentiment that led to the organization of the Alliance, was the belief that in the con- duct of government, and the making of laws, the farming, and, indeed, the laboring classes, generally, had been neglected or discriminated against. That capital was allowed undue weight, that corporations were allowed full sweep for unjust, avaricious and oppressive disposition, and escaped their just burden of taxation; that the loaner of money had all the advantage in his transactions with the borrower; the mortgagee of the mortgagor; and that a Government originally designed on the basis of^ the free- dom and equality of all men, had become perverted, and was conducted on the principle that 'to him that hath shall be given, and from him that hath not shall be taken even that which he hath." 325. Measures Urg-ed.— The Farmers' Alliance urged measures of relief for the debtor class; a stay law for a period of two years; various measures for the benefit of mortgagors, especially an overhauling of the provisions of the chattel mortgage law; for the help of the shipper and the passenger as against the railroad companies, who, it was claimed, were deriving an exorbitant income from their rates, at the expense of the public. The Alliance asked for a law requiring land sold under foreclosure to bring the amount of the judgment and costs; NEW POLITIOAX, FORCES. 201 a law that should make the State Railroad Commissioners elective by the people; that should make United States Senators elective by the people, and various enactments and regulations that should give the people the opportunity to exercise their power directly, rather than by delegated agents. Doubtless many members of the Alliance asked more than this; none, it may be believed, demanded less. The complaint of all might be summed up as too much taxation; too much mortgage; too much reign of the rich; too little consideration of the poor; too much debt. The county indebtedness of Kansas had doubled in the ten years between 1880 and 1890. 326. A New Party. — While there were some dis- avowals of any intention on the part of the Alliance, separ- ately or collectively, to take action after the manner of a pblitical party, it was quite impossible that it should happen otherwise. Many local Alliances declared their intention to act together in support of certain political tenets, and particularly in opposition to certain political leaders of the old parties. A ' 'newparty' ' seemed inevitable. At a convention assembled at Topeka, June 12, 1890, delegates representing the Farmers' Alliance, the Industrial Union, the Patrons of Husbandry, the Knights of Labor, the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and the Single Tax Clubs, organized the "People's Party", as it called itself in the State of Kansas, or the Populist Party, as it came to be popularly designated. Honorable B. H. Clover, President of the Farmers' Alliance, was Chairman of the convention at which the People's Party was organized. 327. Origrinal Paekag'e Case. — The controversy be- tween the advocates and opposers of the Prohibition Law 202 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. in the meantime increased in bitterness. The former were greatly enraged by the sudden appearance in the State, at many different points, of liquor ^stores, acting, as they claimed, under the authority of a decision of the United States Supreme Court, in what was called the "Original Package Case," coming from Iowa. The Court, or a majority, three justices dissenting, held that intoxicating liquors formed an article of commerce to be transported like any other article, and that no State had the power to prevent the importation of liquors in unbroken original packages. 328. Wilson Bill. — The excitement caused was great. Large public meetings were held to denounce the original package saloons; the keepers were in some instances ordered out of town; in some cases the liquors were shipped, by the citizens, back whence they came. Many of the liquor sellers were arrested as violators of the law, but were usually discharged by ;the courts by virtue of the Supreme Court decision. At last remedial legislation was sought. Congress was appealed to, and the result was the passage of the "Anti-Original Package Law," or the Wilson Bill, which established the right of a State to exercise its police power over any articles sent into it, whether in the original packages or otherwise. This ended one form of attempt to do, in the State of Kansas, that which the State says shall not be done. 329. Chancellor of State University, — The choice of Professor Francis Huntington Snow, as Chancellor of the Kansas State University, ended a period of uncertainty and anxiety, and brought to the headship of the institution a man learned in many things, and especially in all things NEW POLITICAL FORCES. 203 pertaining to Kansas. Professor Snow began his work in the University in 1866, and employed the years to' study everything between the heavens and earth of Kansas. Early in 1890 it was announced that Kansas was the first State to apply for space at the approaching World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago. 330. Eleventh Census.— In 1890 was taken the eleventh census of the United States. A large number of persons were employed in the work, and in obedience to a demand in Congress, a great deal of time and money was employed in collecting the amount of mortgage indebtedness, and, as far as possible, the reasons and causes of debt. The population of Kansas, as published by the Govern- ment Census Department, was placed at 1,423,485. This represents the population of the State June 1, 1890. 331 . Parties in 1 890.— At the State election in Novem- ber, 1890, four tickets were placed in the field. The Republican, headed by Governor Humphrey, who was nom- inated for re-election; the Democratic, headed by Ex-Gov- ernor Charles Robinson; the People's Party, with John F. Willitts as its candidate for Governor, and the Prohibitionist, led by Rev. A. M. Richardson. The oflcialvote for Governor stood: Humphrey, 115,025; WiUitts, 106,972; Robinson, 71,357; Richardson, 1,230. The entire Republican State ticket was elected — though by greatly reduced majorities, as compared with those of 1888 — except L. B. Kellogg, candidate for Attorney- General. The Demo- crats, Populists, and Republiean-Resubmissionists united on John N. Ives, and elected him. To the Legislature, ninety People's Party membeffe, twenty-seven Republicans, and seven Democrats were elected. 204 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 332. State Officials Elected, 1 890,— The State officers elected in 1890 were L. U. Humphrey, Governor; A. J. Felt, Lieutenant-Governor; William Higgins, Secretary of State; 0. M. Hovey, Auditor; S. G. Stover, Treasurer; George W. Winans, Superintendent of Public Instruction; John N. Ives, Attorney- General; A. H. Horton, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 333. Congressmen Elected.— Of the seven members of Congress elected from Kaijsas in 1890, two were classified as Republicans, four Fusion, and one Populist. The mem- bers chosen were: First District, Case Broderick; Second, E. H. Funston; Third, B. H. Clover; Fourth, John G. Otis; Fifth, John Davis; Sixth, William Baker; Seventh, Jerry Simpson. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas was visited in 1890 by its first epidemic of grippe. 2. Honorable D. J. Brewer made Associate-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 3. The A., T. & S. F. Railway Company retired from real estate business, after twenty-five years' persistent work. 4. Ex-Governor N. Green died at Manhattan. 5. The Farmers' Alliance became an active political force. 6. The Anti-Prohibitionists attempt to nullify the prohibition law by the introduction of the Original Package. ^ 7 The Eleventh Census was taken. 8. F. H. Snow chosen for Chancellor of the University. 9. Governor Humphrey was re-elected. CHAPTER XXXI. THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 334. Installation and Org-anization.— The State Gov- ernment for the biennial period, beginning January 12, 1891, was installed without any special ceremonies, and even the inaugural ball was dispensed with. In these matters, Kan- sas hardly ever deviates into pomp, and there is a constantly recurring tendency to simplicity. The House was organized by the choice of P. P. Elder, of Franklin county, as Speaker, and Benjamin Rich, of Trego county, as Chief Clerk. The House differed in political sen- timent from the Senate and from the State administration. 335. Retirement of John J. Ing-alls. — On the 28th of January, 1891, Wm. A. Peffer received 101 votes for United States Senator, and was declared elected. Senator Ingalls retired from a service of eighteen years in the United States Senate, over which he was for four years the presiding officer, and had been a prominent figure in the eye of the nation. 336. William Alfred Peffer.— William Alfred Peffer, who succeeded Mr. Ingalls, was, at the time of his election, sixty years of age. He was born of a family of German descent, in Cumberland county. Pa. He enjoyed limited common school advantages and then extended them to others, as a teacher, when still a boy. Lived in California two years. Enlisted as a Union soldier, serving over two 205 206 HISTORY OF KANSAS. years in the Eighty- Third Illinois Volunteers, and attaining the rank of second lieutenant. He was admitted to the bar, came to Kansas, combined law and journalism, with a prefer- ence for the latter; became an advocate of the principles of the Farmers' Alliance, and was chosen to the Senate as their representative and exponent. The Legislature elected E. H. 'Snow, State Printer. 337. The Legislature.— The Legislature began its regular biennial session on January 13th, and adjourned on March 13th. As the adherents of the new People^s, or Farmers' Alliance, Party were in control of the lower House, and of both Houses on joint ballot, the proceedings of the session were watched by the public with great interest. 338. Irrigation. — An important act of the session pro- vided a system of law for the promotion of irrigation. It declared that all natural waters whether standing or running, and whether surface or subterranean, in that portion of the State west of the ninety-ninth meridian, shall be devoted, first, to purposes of irrigation in aid of agriculture subject to ordinary domestic uses, and second, to other industrial purposes, and may be diverted from its natural beds, basins, or channels for such purposes and uses, provided that exist- ing vested rights in such waters shall not be affected without due legal condemnation and compensation. Provision is made for the creation of irrigation districts, which are authorized to construct ditches and works, to borrow money and issue bonds, and to levy taxes to pay for such works. The charges for water supplied by any person or corpora- tion to another for irrigation, shall be fixed in each county by the county commissioners, and the rights and duties of such persons and corporations, as well as of public irrigation THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 207 districts, are defined at length. TKe sinking of artesian wells and the rights of owners thereof are als(J regulated. 339. Grain Laws. — By another act the business of public warehousemen is carefully defined and restricted. The maximum rates for storage and handling of grain, including cost of receiving and delivering, are fixed at one cent a bushel for the first fifteen days, or parts thereof, one- half cent a bushel for each fifteen days, or part thereof, after the first fifteen, but not over four cents a bushel in the aggregate for continuous storage from November 15th to May 15th following. Any board of trade issuing licenses hereunder shall appoint a State weighmaster and such assistants as shall be needed for the transaction of business in its locality. There shall also be a State inspector of grain appointed by the Govornor, who shall appoint deputy inspectors upon the nomination of local boards of trade. The inspectors shall determine the grade of grain offered to public ware- houses, but an appeal may be taken from their decision. 340. Appropriation. — The sum of $60,000 was appro- priated to purchase seed grain for those farmers who lost their crop by reason of the drought of 1890. The railroad commissioners were authorized to purchase such grain, and county commissioners of each county to distribute it, taking the note of each beneficiary for the cost of the grain sup- plied to him. 341. Eight-Hour Day. — ^Eight hours were declared to constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, mechanics, or other persons employed by or in behalf of the State, or by or in behalf of any county, city, township, or other municipality of the State. Declaring the first Monday in 208 HISTORY OF KANSAS. September of each year a legal holiday to be known as Labor Day." To protect associations and unions of work- ingmen in their labels, trade marks, and form of advertising. 342. Provision for a Convention.— Provision was made for submitting to the people, at the November election in 1892, the question whether a convention should be called to revise, amend, or change the State Constitution. 343. Office of State Bank Commissioner. — Created the office of State Bank Commissioner, with salary of $2,500, and empowered him to close any bank that did not comply with the law. 344. Alien Ownership of Land.— An act to prevent ownership of land by non-resident aliens, provides that every non-resident alien, firm of aliens, or corporations, incorporated under the laws of any foreign country, shall be incapable of acquiring title to or taking- or holding any land or real estate in this State, by descent, devise, pur- chase, or otherwise, except that the heirs of aliens who have heretofore acquired lands in this State under the laws thereof, and the heirs of aliens who may acquire lands under the provisions of the act, may take such lands by devise or descent, and hold them for the space of three years and no longer, if such alien at the time of so acquir- ing such lands is of the age of twenty-one years, and if not twenty- one years of age, then for the term of five years from the time of so acquiring such lands. 345. Alien Residents. — Corporations or associations in which more than twenty per cent, of the stock is owned by others than citizens of the United States, are prohibited from holding real estate in the State. But alien residents THE LEGISLATUKE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 209 of the United States who have declared their intention to become citizens may acquire and hold real estate for six years, when it shall escheat to the State if they have not become full citizens. Minor alien residents of the United States may acquire and- hold real estate for six years after they might have declared their intention of becoming citi- zens under the Naturalization laws, subject to escheat if they have not become full citizens in that time. 346. Improvement of State Building-s,— Sixty thous- and dollars was appropriated to continue the construction of the main and central wings of the State House; the further sum of $60,000 for building and equipping a cottage and for other improvements at the Osawatomie Insane Asylum, and the sum of $9,000 for an industrial building at the Deaf and Dumb Institution at Olathe. 347. Other Acts of the Session.— Changing the bounty on sugar manufactured in the State from beets, cane, or other plant grown in the State, to three-fourths of one cent a pound. Appropriating $3,500 to establish an experi- ment station at the State University to propagate the con- tagion or infection supposed to be destructive to chinch bugs, and to furnish it to farmers free of charge. Prohibit- ing combinations to prevent competition among persons engaged in buying and selling live stock. Accepting the provisions of an Act of Congress granting aid to State or Territorial homes for disabled soldiers and saUors . Accepting the Act of Congress granting aid for the endowment and support of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 348. Discovery of Alfalfa. — One of the discoveries of agricultural Kansas for the year 1891, was that of alfalfa. In the spring of that year the Secretary of the State Board 210 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Samael C. Pomeroj. of Agriculture received such reports of its value, that he arranged a place foi' it in his statistical rolls, and the assess- ors were requested to give the acreage of alfalfa separate from other tame grasses. Since, it has oc(!upied an enlarg- ing space in the agriculture especiallj' of western Kansas. 349. Samuel C. Pomeroy. — Samuel C. Pomei-oy died at Whitinsville, Mass., August 27, 1891. He came to Lawrence with Dr. Robinson, and the "second" company, in 1854; was active in pro- moting Free State immigration to the Territory, and in the eoiinsels of the Free State partj'. His first i-esideuce in Kansas was at Lawrence, but when the town site company of Atchison was reorganized on the basis of political toleration, he fixed his habitation there, was active in the affairs of the j'oung city, and in 18.59 was its Mayor. In 1860, made memorable by the great drought, when the Legislature of New York appropriated $50,000 for Kansas, and every Free State contributed generously in money and goods, Mr. Pomeroy was the principal distribut- ing agent of the aid. In 1861 he was elected, bj' the first Legislature of the State, United States Senator. In 1867, he was re-elected Senator on the first and only joint ballot. He was prominent and powerful in Kansas affairs. In 1873 his political star set in darkness, and he was defeated for re-election to the Senate. He was a native of South- ampton, Mass., and was born January 3, 1816, and was seventy-five years old at the time of his death. xltE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 211 350. John A. Andepson, United States Consul.— In February, 1891, John A. Anderson, of Kansas, was con- firmed as United States Consul-General to Egj-pt. He was destined to never behold his native land again. He died at Liverpool, Eng., while returning to the United States on leave. He was a man of striking character and force of purpose, who made his mark as President of the State Agricultural College, and afterwards represented Kansas in Congi'ess for five terms. 351. Colonel N. S. Goss.— Colonel N. S. Goss fell dead of heart disease, at Neosbo Falls, where he was visit- ing friends, on the 10th of March, 1891. He was an old resident of Kansas, a man of business and fortune, and an ornithologist of rare attainments, the passion of whose life was the study and collection of birds. In his pursuit he ranged from Labrador to Guatemala, and on his death left to the State the fine collection of birds, all mounted and arranged bj" himself, which is preserved in the State Capitol at Topeka, and is known as the "Goss Oi'uithological Collection." The last work of Colonel Goss' life was the jjublication of the Birds of Kansas, a work of great value, embodying the labors and personal observations of }-ears, and standing alone in the Kansas literature of its class. 352. Relief for Russia.— The settlers from Russia, located in Ellis county, in view of the great famine pre- vailing in the districts of Russia from whence they came, sent $10,000 to the suffering, and an agent to bring a party of over 300 families of their couutrypeople to Kansas. Colonel N. S. Goss. 212 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 353. Demand for the Cherokee Strip. — The open- ing of the Cherokee Strip was demanded', and large meet- ings were held at Arkansas City^ and at other points on the border. The excitement, however, did not approach the Oklahoma boom in its proportions. 354. Rain Making-.— The autumn of 1891 witnessed the appearance in Kansas of the "rain makers." A party known as Melbourne, the rain maker, made arrangements with the authorities of the Sherman county fair to produce rain from the clouds, but unfortunately for the test, a heavy rain had commenced prior to the arrival of the rain maker, and continued to fall to the depth of an inch. Later, a fine shower was produced, or claimed, through Mr. Mel- bourne's efforts, and the Interstate Artificial Rain Com- pany, of Goodland, was organized. The rain maker appeared at other points, and in one case is said to have nearly precipitated a snow storm. Kansas, in the experi- mental season of 1891, was much interested in the art and mystery of rain making. 355. General Joseph E. Johnston in Kansas.— Gen- eral Joseph E. Johnston, an eminent commander in the Confederate army, who died on the 26th of March, 1891, had much to do when, as an officer of the "old army," he was stationed in Kansas Territory in the days of the "border troubles." In common with the larger number of the regular army officers on duty in Kansas at that time, he won a reputation for humanity and fairness, obeying his oftentimes disagreeable orders with as much impartiality as possible. Nearly all of these officers who survived to the Civil War rose to high command in the Union and Con- federate armies. THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1801. 213 356. General Phillip St. Georg-e Cooke.— General Phillip St. George Cooke was for many years of his later life an honorary member of the Kansas State Historical Society. 357. Death of Samuel N. Wood. — A profound senti- ment was created throughout the State Ijy the death at Hiigoton, on the 21:th of June, 1891, by the hands of an assassin, of Samuel N. Wood, known from the beginning of the settlement of Kansas Territory as "Sam" Wood. Letters written by him to a Cincinnati paper were among the first, if not the very first, newspaper correspondence, published from the disturbed Territory. He was engaged in the rescue of Branson, which was made the excuse for the "W^akarusa War." So in all the contests of Kansas was he interested till the end. He was an Ohioan of a Quaker family, and he suggested the names of the counties of Marion, Chase and Morris, the first for his old "home county," and the two others for dis- tinguished Ohioans. He was buried in Chase county, of which he was a pioneer settler and long resident. 358. Preston B. Plumb. — Preston B. Plumb, United States Senator from Kansas, died after a brief sickness at Washington, D. C, December 20, 1891. He was born in Ohio, and in youth learned the printer's trade, and read law in that State, and was publishing a newspaper at Xeuia, when, in 1856, he was attracted to Kansas. He made a prelimi- nary visit to the Territory, then returned to Ohio, and came back to Kansas with a party of twent\-- eight young Senator Preston B. Plnmb. 214 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. men, of which, though but eighteen years old, he was chosen Captain. He sought work at his first trade, and rose to be foreman of the Herald of Freedom office at Lawrence, but in a short time determined to go farther west in the Territory, and establish a town. After some trials the town started was Emporia, ever afterwards to be his home. Early in his. town building labors, he was called away by the war, joined the Eleventh Kansas regi- ment, and rose to be its Lieutenant-Colonel. After the war was over he went back to the Neosho valley, and his multi- farious and endless labors, as lawyer,, man of affairs, pro- moter, occasional legislator, and builder of the new country. He was widely known in Kansas, though not as an office holder, when in 1877 he was elected to the United States Senate, to which he was re-elected in 1883 and 1889. In the Senate he was, as everywhere else, a man of action; working ponstantly and powerfully to perform every task comffitted to his hands. He was blessed by Nature with a strong and vigorous frame, and conscious of his strength, he knew no rest. In Washington and at home, he was constantly at work. At last the end came from overwork. He died in the fifty- fourth year of his age, and in full maturity of his powers. His death was regarded as a great loss to Kansas. There were many people he had helped, and who depended upon him. His death was received with every outward demon- stration of respect. The Capitol at Topeka was draped in mourning, while the remains of the dead Senator lay in state -in -the-Senate chamber, and the burial at Emporia was attended by many thousands. THE LEGISLATUKE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 215 The vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the death of Senator Plumb was filled on the 1st of January, 1892, by the appointment by Governor Humphrey of Hon. Bishop W. Perkins, making the third time in the history of the State when this ofBce had been filled by appointment of the Governor. Mr. Perkins had served three years in Army of the Union, in line and staff positions; and in Kansas on the judicial bench and in the lower House of Congress. In November, 1896, the bronze bust of Senator Preston B. Plumb was installed in the Governor's room in the Capitol at Topeka, the gift of his widow. SUMMARY. 1. William A. Peffer succeeds John J. Ingalls as United States Senator. 2. Among the important Acts of the Legislature were those pro viding for the encouragement of irrigation; for an eight- hour working day; creating the ofl&ce of bank commissioner; in regard to land ownership by aliens. 3. Alfalfa recognized as an important Kansas product. 4. Colonel N. S. Goss died at Neosho Falls, March 10, 1891. 5. Former citizens of Russia in Kansas send relief to the famine sufferers in that empire. 6. Rain makers experiment with the heavens above Kansas. 7. Deaths of Samuel C. Pomeroy, Colonel N. S. Goss, John A. Anderson, Senator Plumb and S. N. Wood recorded. CHAPTER XXXII. ANNALS OF 1892. 359. Political Revolution Complete.— The year 1892 was the year of a Presidential election, a political year, and business was affected in Kansas, as in all the rest of the country. In Kansas the political revo- lution was made complete. The entire People's Party State ticket was elected as follows: Governor, Lorenzo D. Lewelling; Lieutenant-Governor, Percy Daniels; Secretarj' of State, R. S. Osborn; Auditor, Van Bui'en Prather; Treasurer, W. H. Biddle; Attorney- General, J. T. Little; Superintendent Gcernor lewelling. ^f Public Instruction, Henry N. Gaines; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, S. H. Allen; Congressman-at-Large, William A. Harris. Kansas cast her ten electoral votes for James B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and James G. Fields, of Virginia, for Vice-President. The other States casting electoral votes with Kansas were Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and North Dakota, twenty-two votes in all The eight Congressmen to which Kansas became entitled under the census of 1890, and first elected in 1892, were William A. Harris, Congressman-at-Large; Case Broderick, First District; E. H. Funston, Second District; T. J. 216 ANNALS OF 1892. 217 Hudson, Third District; Charles Curtis, Fourth District; John Davis, Fifth District; William Baker, Sixth District; Jerry Simpson, Seventh District. The Congressional delegation stood five People's Party members and three Republicans. 360. Cyclone at Harper and Welling-ton.— On the 27tTi of May, 1892, the towns of Harper and Welling- ton were visited by a tornado, and ten persons killed, a large number wounded, and a vast amount of property destroyed. The storm was among the most destructive of the many which have visited the State, and excited -special horror from the fact that the fatal bolt was sped after nightfall; at Wellington, within a few minutes of nine o'clock. 361. Science and the Cyclone.— What has been called the "Kansas cyclone" is not peculiar to Kansas, but has been known in all parts of the United States; more especially in the great area between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains. The science of meteorology, long as man has watched the skies, is among the younger sciences. In the brief period that meteorogical observations have been made in Kansas, the phenomena of the "whirling storm," as it has been called, has been very carefully noted. It has been observed that these calamitous visitations accompany the transition from the temperature of winter to spring, beginning in the southern States and advancing northward with the spring, several of the most notable in Kansas having arrived in May. The period of cyclones, or tornadoes (as they have -been called both),. is from noon to sunset; and while they are not unknown after darkness has fallen, they may be 218 HISTORY OF KANSAS. called uncommon. The course of the storm is, in a vast majority of cases, from southwest to northeast, and the appearances accompanying it always the same. The hours of murky lowering in the distant sky; the heavy air; the sudden falling of the barometer; the cellar- like -chill; and then the apparition of the enormous funnel-shaped cloud, moving in its zigzag course, thrusting down its wavering trunk like that of an elephant to the earth, its huge, black bulk mounting to the clouds, and boiling and whirling within itself; drawing to its blackness the lightest and heaviest of objects; not only overthrowing human habita- tions, but grinding and breaking them to fragments. All these visible terrors attend the storm. Its track is narrow, its passage swift. It is here, and, with a frightful roar, it has gone, followed after by a deluge of rain. Often in its track, as if deflected by some heavy object, it bounds into the air, striking the earth again after a considerable inter- val, until at last it rises in the viewless and trackless atmosphere, and is lost in the "abyss of heaven.'' It is believed and hoped that, while these dread visitants will continue to come unbidden, they will not always come unheralded, and that the advance of science will enable men to foretell and, even at long distance, hear and see the approach of this "power of the air." 362. Death of Mrs. Luey B. Armstrong. — Kansas, on the 1st of January, lost one of its oldest inhabitants. Mrs. Lucy B. Armstrong died in Kansas City, Kan. She was the widow of John M. Armstrong, Government inter- preter to the Wyandottes. She came to Kansas, then the Indian Territory, in 1843. Her father was the Rev. Russell Bigelow, first presiding elder of the Methodist church in ANNAIiS OF 1892. 219 Kansas. She saw, till for her the curtain fell, the whole splendid drama of civUization in Kansas. 363. Conflict in Seward County. — The troubles in Seward county, in the early part of 1892, were connected with the former disturbances in Stevens County. The Seward county distresses included the savage murder of the Sheriff and Deputy Sheriff; the dispatching of a body of State troops to protect the Judge of the district and enforce law and order. This was among the last of these needed armed interferences by the State. It is hoped the spread of civilization will make it the last. 364. Coal Production of 1892. — ^It was noted that the production of coal in Kansas, in 1892, was the largest in the history of the State, 68,843,114 bushels, of which Crawford county mined 23,000,000 bushels. This increas- ing production, however, had marked every year prior to 1892, beginning in 1880, and has every year since, with the exception of two years. In 1897 the Kansas coal mines yielded, according to the estimates of the United States Geological Survey, 3,672,195 tons. SUMMARY. 1. The entire People's Party ticket was elected. 2. Lorenzo D. Lewelling was elected Governor. Kansas cast her electoral vote for James B. Weaver. 3. A very destructive cyclone visited Harper and Wellington' May 27, 1892. _4. A severe county seat conflict occurred in Seward county. The militia were called out. 5. The coal production of 1892 was 68,843,114 Bushels. CHAPTER XXXIIl. LEGISLATION AND' OTHER EVENTS OP 1893. 365. Inauguration of the Executive. — Governor Lewelling was inaugurated on the 9th of January, 1893. 366. Organization of the Senate.— On the 10th the Legislature assembled, which was destined to a stormy, and, at times, anxious existence. The Senate was organized under the presidency of the Lieutenant-Governor, Honorable Percy Daniels, at twelve o'clock, noon, the hour fixed by law. 367. House Failed to Organize. — The members of the House of Representatives 'assembled in their hall, when Honorable R. S. Osborn, Secretary of State, appeared, and stated that he did not wish to deliver the roll of members certified as elected by the State Board of Canvassers, in the absence of a presiding officer. A motion that the Secretary of State preside temporarily was objected to, and he departed, taking the roll with him. Both parties then pro- ceeded to organize the House, the Republicans electing Honorable Geo. L. Douglas, Speaker, and the Populists, Honorable J. M. Dunsmore. Both Speakers occupied the same desk, and during the first night slept under the same blanket on the floor in the rear of the Speaker's desk, each one with a gavel in his hand. 368. Dunsmord"House Recognized.— On the third day of the session. Governor Lewelling recognized the 220 LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 221 Dunsmore House as the legal body, and on the fourth day the Senate took the same action, the Republican Senators formally protesting. The two contending bodies continued to sit on different sides of Representative Hall for' some days. In time an arrangement was made by which one body met in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon. Numerous attempts were made by various parties, one, among others, by the chairmen of t^w central committees of the three parties, Republican, Populist, and Democratic, to effect a settlement, but in vain. 369. Governor's Message.— On the 17th of January Govprnor Lewelling sent in his message to the Senate, where it was read, and to the Dunsmore House, which ordered it printed. 370. Arrest of L. C. Gunn.— The arrest of L. C. Gunn by a sergeant-at-arms of the Douglas House, on a warrant signed by the Speaker and Clerk of that House, on a charge of neglecting to obey a mandate of that body, brought an issue before the Supreme Court. Mr. Gunn asked to be discharged, on the ground that the Douglas House was not the lawful and constitutional House of Representatives, and had no authority to order his arrest. 371 . Contest for the Hall. — While this case was pend- ing, stirring events were destined to occur. On the 14th of February an attempt was made by two deputy sergeants- at-arms of the Douglas House to arrest Ben C. Rich, Chief Clerk of the Dunsmore House, on a charge of "contempt." After a sharp sctiffle, Mr. Rich was rescued by his friends, and soon after appeared in triumph in the Dunsmore House. Governor Lewelling directed the Adjutant- General to call out a company of militia if necessary. On the night of the 222 HISTOEY OP KANSAS. 14tli, the officers of the Dunsmore House barricaded the door of the Hall of Representatives. On the morning of the 15th, the Douglas House, headed by their Speaker, appeared, thrust .aside the outer guards, smashed in the door with a sledge hammer, and entered and took possession. 372. The Doug-las House Besieged.— Governor Lewel- ling called out several companies of State militia, guns were brought out of the State arsenal; a Gatling gun and artillerists were ordered from Wichita. On the other side. Sheriff Wilkinson, of Shawnee county, who had declined a summons from both Speaker Dunsmore and the Governor, announced himself as the regular custodian of the peace of the county, marched a force of deputies into the State House, and joined the large force of sergeants- at- arms of the Douglas House. The Douglas House was, in a sense, beleaguered, but was supplied with provisions passed through the lines. 373. Colonel Hughes Refuses to Obey.— Colonel J. W. F. Hughes, who had been ordered by the Governor to take charge of the troops and clear out of the State House all unauthorized persons, appeared in the midst of the besieged Douglas House and said he should do nothing of the sort, and was afterwards courtmartialed. 374. Close of the Contest.— The siege was not destined to last long. On the 16th Governor Lewelling appeared, and requested that the force occupying the Hall of Repre- sentatives turn it over to him for the night. This was refused. A committee of citizens of To^eka besought the Douglas House to yield, and avqid a bloody contest with the militia. This proposition was received with indifference. Negotiations finally resulted in an agreement, on the 17th, LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 223 that^ihe Douglas House should continue to hold the hall; that the Dunsmore House should meet elsewhere; that the deputies and the militia should retire, and that the proceed- ings against Chief Clerk Rich should be abandoned. This ended what has been called the "Legislative War" of 1893, ill which, happily, no lives were lost, but which it is earnestly hoped will never be repeated. 375. Decision of the Supreme Court. — On the 25th was rendered the decision of the Supreme Court in the Gunn case, Chief Justice Horton afilrming the constitutionality of the Douglas House, in which view Associate Justice Johnston concurred, and from which Associate Justice Allen dissented. 376. House Organized.— On the 28th of February, the late Dunsmore House appeared, headed by their sergeant- at-arms, carrying the American flag, and spread upon the record their formal protest. The two Houses then became the one House of Representatives of the State of Kansas. An eye-witness remarks of the appearance of Topeka dur- ing the ' 'Legislative War" : ' 'No other capital city on earth could have passed through such a scene of conflict without serious loss of life, and, it is also likely, great destruction of property . The absence of the saloon is the. cliief explanation . ' ' 377. John Martin Elected U. S. Senator.— On Janu- ary 25th, in the midst of the disturbances, the Senate and House met in joint session, presided over by Lieutenant- Governor Daniels, and John Martin received eighty-six votes, and was declared elected United States Senator. The Republican members held a joint session, and gave Joseph W. Ady seventy-seven votes. E. H. Snow was re-elected State Printer. 224 HISTORY OP KANSAS. 378. Report of State Ag'ent. — In the earliest days of Kansas there was a disposition, on the part of Legislative bodies and all concerned, to grant to railroad companies all that might be asked in the way of public lands in aid of construction. In time, there came a disposition to correct this generosity, and recover for the State a portion of its lavished bounty. Ex-Governor Samuel J. Crawford, for some years State Agent at Washington, in his report made in 1892, showed that there had been secured for the State, of school lands, 276,376 acres, and of railroad lands, 833,900 acres. 379. Erection of K. U. Library Building-.— In 1893 the Regents of the Kansas State University decided to devote the bequest of $90,000, given to the University by Mr. William B. Spooner, qf Boston, to the erection of the fine fireproof library building of the University, and which bears Mr. Spooner' s name. Kansas instituti'ons, in later years, have been generously remembered by Eastern men of wealth, who befriended Kansas in her early days of struggle. 380. Memorial to William B. Spooner.— On the occa- sion of the dedication of the Spooner Library, in 1894, Hon. D. W. Wilder wrote: "It is now too late to accept your kind invitation. I should be the only guest, probably, who had seen Mr. Spooner, and seen him a great many times. I was a schoolboy, the son of an an ti- slavery father. I did not neglect my books, but I attended many meetings of the anti-slavery folks, a very small band. Not one person in ten thousand in Boston, in those days, forty-six years ago, was an avowed Abolitionist. Some of the meetings, in the days of mobs and violence, had a few LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF IStC:!. 225 dozen of the fearless and faithful present. The stalwart figure of the sincere and fearless Wm. B. Spooner was always to be seen. Sometimes he spoke. No doubt, he always helped the feeble cause with his purse, as well as his voice and influence. One unknown boy will never for- get his face, his person, his heroism. He was as true as his fi-ieuds. Garrison and Phillips. "Let the young men and women of Kansas, who now enjoy the gift of this noble man, remember that it comes from a pioneer in the cause of freedom, the cause that made for them a new and glorious country. And let the books upon the shelves of the Spoonei' Library give a true history of the anti- slavery conflict." 381. Death of Colonel Samuel Walker.— On the Cth of February, 1893, Colonel Samuel Walker, often desig- nated in Kansas annals as "the bravest of the brave," died at LawTcnce. He tendered for service, in the Civil War, the first company organized in Kansas. 382. Early Teachers. — A discussion sprang up in the newspapers as to the first schoolmaster "abroad" in Kansas after its organization as a Territory. J. B. McAfee, of Topeka, claims to have opened the Leavenworth Collegiate Institute May 14, 1855. Edward P. Fitch is named as having opened the pioneer school of Kansas at Lawrence, January 16, 1855. Mr. G. W. W. Yates notes as the oldest country school that at the Union schoolhouse, three miles north of Lawrence, begun in February, 1855. Colonel Samuel Walker. 226 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 383. Kansas at the World's Fair.— The first steps for tlie proper representation of Kansas at the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago were taken at a delegate conven- tion, called by the State Board of Agriculture, at Topeka, on the 23rd and 24th of April, 1891. Under the direction of a Bureau of Promotion, appointed by the convention, and later by a permanent Board of Managers, extensive collec- tions were made and a building erected, which was formally dedicated on the 22d of October, 1892. At noon of that day, the Kansas Building stood, the first completed and dedicated State building on the Exposition grounds. The Legislature of 1893 passed an act in aid of the Kansas Exposition, appropriating $65,000, and the work was turned over to the Board of Managers of the Kansas exhibit, representing the State. 384. The Kansas Building-.— The Kansas State Build- ing was formally opened to the public by the festivities of "Kansas Week," extending from the 11th to the 16th of September, 1893. The address of welcome was delivered by Hon. M. W. Cobun, President of the Board of Managers, and the response by Governor L. D. Lewelling. Every day of the "Week" a new programme was presented, and there was a profusion of original Kansas poetry and music. The building had an eligible location , near the Fifty- Seventh street entrance, and in the vicinity of the State buildings of Arkansas and Utah, and of "Mount Vernon," a reduced copy of the home of Washington, presented by the State of Virginia. The ornamentation of the Kansas pavilion, which was profuse and effective, was remarkable for the use made of the "kindly fruits of the earth." The structure might LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 227 have served in the old time as the temple of the goddess Ceres. Corn, wheat, oats, aU the grasses, and the seeds thereof, made up innumerable designs, and in every possible gradation of color. The word "Kansas" shone everywhere wreathed in roses, and shaped of bold sunflowers, and amid the vegetation of Kansas peered the prairie dogs and jack rabbits, the admiration of the children. 385. Collection of Professor Dyehe.— In the annex to the main building was displayed the great collection of Professor Dyche, of the State University, comprising 121 specimens of North American mammals, occupying an arti- ficial landscape of rock and ravine, mountains and prairie and swamp, extending apparently into the indefinite dis- tance. Prominent, of course, was the mighty buffalo, once lord of the Kansas plain. The bison was presented as in life and death; standing in defiance, and overcome by a gang of snarling wolves. Standing near the former rangers of the plains and mountains, was the horse, "Comanche," who, pierced with many wounds, survived Custer's fight at the Little Big Horn, and passed his last years in honorable ease at Fort Riley, and after his death, which occurred in his thirty-first year, was mounted in the taxidermic laboratory of the Kansas State University , with the understanding that he might be shown at the World's Fair. 386. Railroad Exhibit. — The great Kansas railroads were extensive exhibitors, as well as advertisers, presenting in the way of pictures and specimens the' agricultural, mineral and manufacturing resources of the country along their lines. 387. Woman's Department.— The "Woman's Depart- ment" had a "room" allotted to it in the Kansas Building, 228 HISTORY OF KANSAS. but woman's taste, skill and industry were in evidence in all of the rooms. There was a great art exhibition, covering all work that may come under the classes of "art," an interesting show of relics and souvenirs, and in all, the pioneer woman, the "first woman," who builded with the others in laying the foundations of the State, looked from the canvas, and was represented by the work of her toiling hands. 388. Educational Exhibit.— The educational exhibit of Kansas was extensive, representing an expenditure of $12,000. The Kansas schools of all grades, from the common schools to the great State institutions, made a remarkable showing in the immense exhibition, which in the Liberal Arts Building alone covered four acres of wall and floor space. It seemed that everything that brain and hand may accomplish in the schoolroom was exhibited. 389. Agricultural Exhibit. — Rugged utility was not overlooked. The main agricultural exhibition was made in a special pavilion in the Agricultural Building, near the great displays of North Dakota and California. A remark- ably ornate style of wall decoration was employed, but of such a nature as to display in perfection the agricultural resources of the State. Everything, even the twenty windows of the pavilion, set forth the work of the Kansas farmer. Part of the exhibition was made by the Kansas State Agricultural College, which came out strong, among other things, in a great display of onions. The exhibit and decorations were made from the crop of 1892, but as the season advanced it was renewed from the crop of 1893, giving it an appearance of perennial freshness. LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 229 390. Horticultural Exhibit.— The horticultural exhi- bition was divided into two displays, one in the Kansas Building, and the other in the Horticultural Building, and in spite of an unfavorable season, a line showing was made. 391. Live Stock Exhibit. — The live stock exhibit of Kansas, under the rules of the Columbian Exposition, was made a part of the general exhibition, and competed with the world, and under these circumstances received forty medals, premiums and ribbons. 392. Dairy and Forest.— The dairying exhibit was limited to 104 exhibits, whiish received twenty-four diplo- mas. A small exhibit did not interfere with the general excellence. The forestry exhibition was confined prin- cipally to one walnut log from Leavenworth county, but it was the largest walnut log at Jackson Park, was forty years old when Columbus discovered America, and was believed to be the largest walniit log in America. 393. Mining' Exhibit. — The mining exhibit was one of the earliest upon which work was begun, and was very complete in everything except coal, which was interfered with at a critical time by a strike in the coal mines. An unexpectedly fine showing was made of lead and zinc. Rock salt was present in beauty and plenty, and visitors took away specimens, with the information that Kansas had salt enough to supply the world for 1,000,000 years. There was an instructive exhibition of Kansas building stone, scientifically presented. 394. Visitors to Kansas Building-. — Kansas at the World's Fair presented a great attraction. Five large books were filled with the names of visitors, and thousands 230 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. were unable to register for want of time. The Kansas Building was visited by from 10,000 to 12,000 persons daily, at first, and during the last two months of the Fair, the attendance reached from 18,000 to 20,000 every day. SUMMARY. 1. Governor Lewelling was inaugurated January 9, 1893. 2. Senate organized on January 10. 3. The Republicans organized the Douglas House, the Populists, the Dunsmore House. 4. Governor Lewelling recognized the Dunsmore House, the Douglas House protesting. 5. After days of excitement and separate meetings, both houses were united on February 28. 6. John Martin was elected United States Senator. 7. The Spooner library erected at Kansas University. 8. Colonel Samuel Walker died at Lawrence, February 6, 1893. 9. Kansas State Building at the World's Fair dedicated Octo- ber 22d. 10. Kansas made fine exhibits in every department. CHAPTER XXXIV. PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 395. Death of Two Early Governors.— In the year 1894 Kansas parted with two faithful friends, early guides and advisers who had both held the helm of the ship of State in the early and earliest part of the voyage. Governor Charles Robinson and Governor James M. Harvey. 396. James M. Harvey. — The end came first to Gov- ernor Harvey, who died at midnight on the 15th of April, 1894, near Junction City, Kan. He was born in Monroe county, Va., but removed with his father's family to Adams county. 111., and thence to Kansas. He had been but two years in Kansas when the Civil War came, and he entered the service with Company "G," Tenth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, a regiment which furnished eventually a remark- able number of prominent men to the civil and official service of the State and nation. Captain Harvey displayed in the ranks of the Tenth the steady, patient valor which was native to him, and almost immediately on his return to his home in 1865, he was elected to the Kansas House of Rep- resentatives, and again in 1866. In 1867 and 1868 he was elected to the State Senate, a,nd in 1868 was elected Gov- ernor of Kansas and re-elected in 1870. In 1874 he was chosen to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate, occa- sioned by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell, and he remained in the Senate until March 4, 1877. With this 231 232 HISTORY OF KANSAS. brilliant experience of official life he might have been encouraged to press on, but, instead, he retired absolutely to private life. He had early in life added to the calling of fai-mer that of land surveyor, and his later years were devoted to the haixl and toilsome occupation of a Govern- ment surveyor in New Mexico and the West. Admonished by failing health of the necessity of living, if he would live, in a milder climate, he sought tide-water Virginia, and remained in the neighborhood of Norfolk for some years, but moved by that irresistible impulse which often comes to men ' at last, to seek their home, he returned to Kansas, and near the familiar acres he had redeemed from the wilderness, he closed his honorable and useful life. 397. Charles Robinson. — The death of Charles Robin- son, first Governor of Kansas, occurred on August 17, 1894. Governor Robinson was born in Hardwiok, Mass., July 21, 1818. He came of that New England generation with whom life is a serious and strenuous business, and, above all, an exploitation, if not of actual voyaging to distant and unknown foreign parts, then of independent excursions into all the baj-s and inlets of thought and con- viction. He commenced life as a physi- cian, taught in the learning of the old schools, but as a pracjtitioner venturing into such paths as seemed to lead somewhere, to the grief of his regular brethren. But he was destined to travels and adventures. He went "overland" to California, crossing the to-be site of Lawrence, and soon took sides in a fight for "squatters' rights," which involved for him and his Governor Charles Robinson. PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 233 friends some actual fighting, followed by imprisonment. He was accustomed to say, in later days, that he had been indicted in California for murder, assault with intent to kill, and conspiracy, and for treason in Kansas, but had not been tried on any of the charges. He was, after the period of combat was over, elected a member of the Legislature of California from the Sacramento District. He was a sup- porter of John C. Fremont, for United States Senator, and an upbuilder of the Free State of California. In 1851 he had an adventurous voyage to the States, involving ship- wreck, and, as on the Missouri river years afterward, an encounter with the cholera among hig fellow voyagers, which he met with skill and courage. On this voyage the steamer touched at Havana and he saw the tragic end of the Lopez filibusters. He got back to Massachusetts in safety and settled down to the practice of medicine, when, in 1854, he became interested in the Kansas question, which that year became a burning question. Dr. Robinson, as he was then, and for a long time after, called, entered into the work of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, and he led the second party of emigrants — the flrst, it is said, who came to stay — to the Lawrence town- site. Thenceforward he was a part of everything that went on in Kansas Territory. He was a great believer in the power of reason, in the virtue of the New England practice of "talking it over," nevertheless, he "dwelt in the midst of alarms," his house was burned, his property destroyed, and he was himself arrested and held for months a prisoner on the charge of treason. He was an advocate early and late, of the Topeka Government, was chosen Governor under it, and stood by it until the safety of the Territory as a 234 HISTORY OF KANSAS. future Free State was assured. Under the Wyandotte Con- stitution he became the first State Governor of free Kansas. In 1851 Dr. Robinson had married Miss Sara T. L. Lawrence, who accompanied him to Kansas, shared all the perils of the time and hour, and became their very clear and interesting historian. On becoming Governor of Kansas, after so many perils past, he found him- self the head of the State in the midst of a war for its life. He may be said to have armed and equipped the State, and sent it to battle. After his service as Governor, the name Mrs. Sara T. L. Robinson. „ ^-,, i -r* i • , ■ t ot Charles Kobmson continued as promi- nent as before in the State. He was always called on to fill trusts, execute commissions, assume responsibilities. He was sent to the Legislature when there was work to do. One of the trusts he executed with great kindness and fidelity, was the superintendency of the Haskell Institute, the Indian school at Lawrence, and there wei-e many other labors . He was the steadfast friend of the Kansas State Univer- sity; he gave the original site; his gifts amounted, it was estimated, to .$150,000; and he made the University his final heir after his wife, who survives him. The Legislature appropriated $1,000 to secure his marble bust for the University. In his later years Governor Robinson resided on a fine farm three miles north of Lawrence, dwelling in the shade of noble trees which he planted with his own hands. Here he dispensed a grateful hospitality. He was buried at Oak PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 235 Governor E. N. Morrill. Hill Cemetery, on a slope -which faces the town which he saw rise in the prairie grass, and pass through the vicissi- tudes of siege, and burning, and carnage, to well-ordered peace, and a prosperous destinj'-at last. 398. State Election of 1894.— In November, 1894, the Eepublicans succeeded in turning the tide which had so strongly set against them in prior years, and elected Edmund N. Morrill, Governor; James A. Troutman, Lieutenant-Governor; George E. Cole; Auditor; Otis L. Atherton, Treasurer; F. B. Dawes, Attorney- General; Edwin Stanley, Superintendent of Public Instruction; W. A. Johnston, Asso- ciate Justice; Richard W. Blue, Con- gressman-at-Large. 399. Members of Congress. — At this election, Kansas, for the second time, elected eight members of Congress. The members chosen were: First District, Case Broderick; Second, 0. L. Miller; Third, S. S. Kirk- patrick; Fourth, Chas. Curtis; Fifth, W. A. Calderhead; Sixth, Wm. Baker; Seventh, Chester I. Long; At- Large, R. W. Blue. 400. Suffrage Amendment Defeated.— The constitu- tional amendment, conferring on women the full exercise of suffrage, was defeated, the vote standing 9.5,300 votes for, to 130,139 votes against. 401. Death of Bishop W. Perkins. — Bishop W. Perkins died, at his home in Washington, on the 20th of June, 1894. He had been for years a prominent figure at the bar, on the bench, and in the forum. He represented 236 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Kansas for several terms in the House of Representatives, and, on the death of Senator Plumb, he was appointed by Grovernor Humphrey his temporary successor. 402. State Normal School.— On the 14th of June, the State Normal School held its thirtieth annual com- mencement exercises, and conferred its diplomas on a class of 100 graduates. The history of the State Normal School is a counterpart of that of the State. It was founded in 1863, in the crisis of the Civil War, but first opened its doors in 1865, with thirteen students. From that time forward it advanced, like the State, "through difficulties," among them fire, which, in 1878, destroyed its building. From the lowest point in its fortunes, which was reached in the year of the fire, it has steadily risen, until the last ten years its attendance has ranged above 1,000 students, and the number of its annual graduates at 100 and upwards. Since 1882 the State Normal has been under the guidance -^1^. of President A. R. Taylor. On the 26th of June Haskell Institute, at Lawrence, turned out a class of nine native Americans. Eight different Indian tribes were represented among the gradu- 403. Death of Early Settlers.— In 1894 the early settlers and founders of the State of Kansas were admon- ished of the flight of time, by the departure from the scene of life of many of their associates; among the dead of the year were numbered: Isaac T. Goodnow, one of the founders of Manhattan, third State Superintendent of Public Instruction, from 1863 to 1867, and a man distinguished for his services to the educational interests of the State. PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 237 T. Dwight Thaeher, long eminent in connection with the journalism of Lawrence and of Kansas; a leader in the ranks of thougljt, scholarship and literature. Judge Joel K. Goodin, of Ottawa, the first Justice of the Peace in, the Territory, appointed by Governor Reeder in 1855, and active in all the early history. 404. Coxey Army. — There was much unrest among the laboring classes during the year. Strikes were reported, especially among the coal miners and railroad men. Another evidence of the popular discontent was the march- ing of the "Coxey Army." The appearance of the detach- ment called "General Sanders'" army, which camped at Topeka in May, was involuntary. The men were brought in from the West charged with having captured a railroad train. The party remained several days in Topeka, and were held by the United States Commissioner to appear for trial before the United States Court at Leavenworth. Their cause and condition elicited many expressions of sympathy. 405. Valuable Fossil Found.— Collectors of fossil remains in Kansas have for years enriched museums with valuable specimens. It was' announced in 1894 that Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, of Lawrence, had made a very valuable find in the northeast part of Lane county, a bed of fossils containing nearly the entire skeleton of the hairy mammoth, similar to that found in Siberia, and preserved in St. Petersburg, a cast of which was exhibited at the World's Fair. Over 150 elephants' teeth formed part of Mr. Sternberg's discovery. 406. Oil and Gas Discovery.— The greatest discovery and development in Kansas, in 1894, was in the oil and gas 238 HISTORY OF KANSAS. field. In January, nineteen flowing wells were reported in Wilson county. A Pennsylvania company, exploring in that region, stated that of twenty-one wells they had bored, but two were valueless. By May the Neodesha wells were said to be equal to those of Lima, Ohio. Oil and gas were struck at Sedan, Thayer, Cherryvale and other places, but the Neodesha field remained the most important. 407. Apple Orchards in Kansas. — In 1894 one bear- ing apple tree was reported in Wichita county, and one in Greeley county, but in that year Judge Wellhouse, the Kansas orehardist, planted a new orchard of 25,000 apple trees on 270 acres . He is the owner of 1 , 700 acres in orchards , and is believed to be the largest apple grower in the world. 408. A Heavy Snow Storm.— A very heavy snow on the 12th of February, revived the recollections of the old- est inhabitants, and it was remembered that in the winter of 1855-56 the country between the Missouri river and Fort Riley was covered with snow for nearly two months, and that for six weeks the United States mail from Independ- ence, Mo., to Fort Riley was carried in sleighs. 409. Report of Commissioner Harris.— The report of Commissioner Harris, of the Bureau of Education, showed that Kansas had the greatest proportion of her school population enrolled in the schools of any State in the Union, the per cent being 87.66. The next States in order were Maine, 87.12; Iowa, 86.33; South Dakota, 81.04. The percentage of New York was 70.40. The large proportion of the attendance to the enrollment in the schools of Kansas shows the interest felt by the people of Kansas in education, and is not the result of compulsory laws. Kansas received its earlier and later PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 239 settlers from the States in the Union in which a system of free public schools was earliest established and has been most successfully maintained. The free, the common school, was in Kansas a heritage from the oldest and best educated communities of the United States. SUMMARY. 1. Charles Robinson and James M. Harvey, two pioneer Gov- ernors^ of Kansas, died in 1894. 2. Edmund N. Morrill was elected Governor. 3. The amendment to the constitution giving women equal suffrage was defeated. 4. Haskell Institute graduated nine Indians. 5. The State Normal School granted 100 diplomas. 6. Among the early settlers of the State who died in 1894 were Bishop Perkins, Isaac T. Goodnow, T. Dwight Thaeher and Judge Joel K. Goodin. 7. The year of '94 was one of unrest and discontent among the laboring classes. 8. Kansas has a larger proportion of her school population en- rolled than any other State in the Union. CHAPTER XXXV. THE STORY OF 1895-96. 410. The Enforcement of Law. — Looking over a brief abstract and chronicle of Kansas affairs in 1895, it would appear that the subject of the prohibitory law and its enforcement remained a matter of first interest. In Emporia, a party, for selling liquor illegally, was sentenced to a fine of $500 and 150 days in jail. In Armourdale, citizens demanded the enforcement of the law. In Wyan- dotte county, the county Attorney ordered the joints to close. In Arkansas City, the joints, which is by common consent the Kansas name for places where liquor is sold, were temporarily closed by agreement. In Dodge City, the Mayor closed the joints. In Beloit, an offender against the liquor law was convicted after four trials. The Sheriff ordered a closing up in Wichita. In Topeka, six druggists' permits were suspended. Wellington women knelt in whisky joints and prayed for prohibition. A district judge decided that the ' 'so help me God' ' oath must be taken in all liquor sales. There are many variations. In one place a local liquor ordinance was declared unconstitutional. A jointist in Seneca was fined $300. Weir City broke the record by fining a fifteen-count violator of the law $1,500, with 450 days in jail. There were long lists of individual convic- tions in many counties, but always discussions, and equally confident assertions, that the law is, and is not, a failure. 240 THE STORY OF 1895-96. 241 411. Case of John L. Waller.— As illustrating the vicissitudes of human fortune, was presented to public attention in Kansas the case of John L. Waller, born a slave in Missouri, becoming a citizen of Kansas, and the United States Consul to Madagascar. After serving his term, he remained in the island, received valuable grants from the native government, and on the overthrow of the Malagassy Government by the French, he was arrested, tried by court-martial, sent to France, and incarcerated in a fortress. Kansas interested herself for her former citi- zen; Mr. Waller's picture appeared in the papers, with biographical sketches. Governor Morrill telegraphed the President in regard to Mr. Waller's release. A petition was sent to Congress containing 6,743 names. The United States Ambassador at Paris was reached. John Waller was liberated, and retiu-ned to his country to enter the Twenty- Third Colored Kansas Infantry Volunteers, and served as a captain in the regiment in Cuba. 412. Weather Phenomena of 1895.— In 1895 there were given illustrations of the variability of the Kansas temperature. In January the mercury was sixteen degrees below zero; in February eighteen degrees; persons froze to death at Newton, New Basle and Chanute, and three Stanton county children perished. On the 9th of May the mercury was ninety-three degrees above zero; on the night of the 12th of May there were hard frosts in many parts of Kansas. 413. Old People. — Kansas began to speak of herself as an old country, and a country of old people. James White died at Ottawa, aged 108 years. Elder John Burney, who died at AbUene, left 147 descendants. Andrew Franklin, a veteran of three wars, died at Burlington, aged 104 years 242 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. The death was announced at San Marcos, Tex., of Israel B. Donalson, at the age of ninety-nine years. He was United States Marshal in Kansas in the "Border Troubles" days. He was appointed from Illinois. The death 'is announced of Neodesha Fuller, the first white person born in Neodesha. It was an early Kansas custom to name the first babies after the town sites. Lawrence Carter and Topeka Zimmerman are remembered. 414. Monument to Kansas Heroes. — On May 30, 1895, Decoration Day, there was a monument dedicated in the cemetery at Topeka, to the memory of the men of the Second Kansas State militia, Shawnee county regiment, who fell in the battle of the Blue, in October, 1864. The remains of the brave militiamen were removed to Topeka in 1866, but the graves were but slightly marked, and the monument reared at this time was the gift of Mr. G. G. Gage, of Topeka, who served in the Second Regiment, and was taken prisoner at the Blue. The address at the dedication was delivered by General John C. Caldwell. General Joe Shelby, who commanded a Confederate division in the battle opposed to the Kansans, wrote a letter giving his recollections of the conflict. At Lawrence a monument was dedicated to the slain in the Quantrell raid. At Frankfort a monument to the Union soldiers buried there was unveiled. There was complaint of suffering and need in the western counties. The State shipped coal in quantities. The State Normal students contributed. Norton ville, Horton and other towns donated to the relief of the destitute, as did Shawnee and the eastern counties. The Railroad Commis- sioners purchased 10,000 bushels of corn for seed. THE STORY OF 1895-96. 243 415. Lawrence Loses Two Prominent Men.— Law- rence and the State lost two useful citizens in Judge Solon O. Thacher and Professor David H. Robinson. Judge Thacher had graced the bench and bar of the Territory and the State, and was President pro tem. of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, which formed the present Con- stitution, an instrument which bore the impress of his legal knowledge, and principles of justice to all men. Professor David H. Robinson was a member of the original faculty of the Kansas State University, and for thirty years was the Latin professor. A man of learning, honor and conscience. 416. Election of 1895.— The Legislature of 1895 was Republican on joint ballot, and elected Lucien Baker, of Leavenworth, United States Senator, as the successor of John Martin in the "Lane line," as distinguished from the "Pomeroy line" of senatorial succession. Joseph K.Hud- son was elected State Printer. 417. Legislative Acts. — The Legislature did not indulge in novel or excessive measures. The principal acts were the establishment of appellate courts to relieve the pressure of business on the Supreme Court; the pro- viding for an irrigation commission consisting of the President of the State Agricultural College, the State Geo- logist, and three appointees; the making of an appropria- tion of $30,000 for experiments in irrigation, the State entering the business of irrigation in accordance with the Act of the Legislature. In June the State irrigation plant at Goodland was given a public trial. The thirteenth and last of the State plants was located at Dodge City on the 3d of July. The season in which these plants were 244 HISTORY OF KANSAS. located was marked by heavy rains throughout the State, accompanied by washouts, and excessive thunder and light- ning. The Legislature abolished the office of State Veterinarian, but established the oflce of State Accountant. $3,000 was appropriated to buy coal for destitute settlers in the western portion of the State. The Legislature failed to divide the State into eight Congressional districts; in other words, failed to make a Congressional apportionment. A concurrent resolution was adopted, asking that the statue of John Brown be placed, as representing Kansas, in the Statuary Hall of the Capitol, at Washington. 418. Educational Interests.— The Kansas State Uni- versity graduated a class of 130. Washburn College cele- brated its thirtieth anniversary. The Wesleyan University, at Salina, secured the library of the late Colonel William A. Phillips. Fifty-seven graduates formed the class at the Agricultural College. 419. Issues Before the People. — The year 1896 was devotedinKansas, as in the other States of theUnion, to politi- cal discussion and action. The national conventions of the great political parties met, framed their platforms, and an- nounced their candidates. The questions before the people being largely financial; the "gold standard" as opposed to "free silver," and "free trade" as against "protection," there was endless opportunity for discussion. In Kansas, the canvass, onfe of the most thorough and earnest ever made in the history of the State, was conducted principally by "home talent." 420. Result of Election. — The political combinations during the summer resulted in the fusion of the Democratic THE STOEY OF 1895-96. 245 and People's parties, and Kansas cast her electoral vote for Bryan and Sewall, and the following Populist State and Congressional tickets were triumphant: John W. Leedy, Governor; A. M. Harvey, Lieutenant- Governor; W. E. Bush, Secretary of State; D. H. Hefle- bower. Treasurer; L. C. Boyle, Attor- ney-General; W. H. Morris, Auditor; Frank Doster, Chief Justice; William Stryker, Superintendent of Public In- struction; Congressman-at-Large, Rev. J. D. Botkin. The Congressmen elected were: First District, Case Broderick, and Fourth, Charles Curtis, Republicans; Second, Mason S. Peters; Third, E. R. Ridgely; '^-"'"'«'-^- ^"*^- Fifth, W. D. Vincent; Seventh, Jerry Simpson, Populists; Sixth, N. B. McCormick, Democratic. The Bryan electors received 171,810 votes; McKinley, 159,541; Palmer, 1,209; Levering, 1,921; the vote for Governor stood, Leedy, Democrat- Populist, 168,041 ; Morrill, Republican, 160,530; Hurley, Prohibition, 2,347; Kepford, Independent-Prohibition, 703; Douthard, National Prohibi- tion, 752. 421. Natural Gas at lola. — In the matter of resources the chief development in Kansas was in the line of natural gas; the lola gas field coming into line with the Neodesha oil field. Natural gas was first discovered at lola in boring for coal to a great depth in 1871. Fifteen years later came the discovery of the gas fields of Indiana and Ohio, and the grand results which these States achieved in building up manufacturing centers, proved the incentive by which the 246 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. people of lola were induced to make efforts to test the prospects shown in the "Acers well." Near the end of 1895, the first great natural gas well was opened. The gas rushed upward with a roar as if a hun- dred locomotives were letting off steam at once. The gas territory has since developed over an area of some eighty square miles. Great flows have been struck at LaHarpe and Gas City. Twenty-nine wells have been drilled which furnish fuel for zinc smelters, many manufactories, and fuel and light for the city of Tola. When Thomas Watson, the middle-of-the-road Populist candidate for Vice-President, visited lola in September, 1896, ten million cubic feet of gas were consumed in honor of the event. 422. Severe Storms.— The State was visited by severe cyclones, costing several lives. The most fatal in their effect were those at Clifton in April, and Seneca in May. The month of May again seemed the month most subject to these storms. 423. George T. Anthony. — George T. Anthony died at Topeka, on the night of August 5, 1896. He was born in Pulton county, N. Y. , in 1824, belonging to a family famous in the history of political and social progress. He came to Kansas after the close of the Civil War, in which he served as a captain of artillery. It was in Kansas that he entered upon a public career. He is said to have made his first public speech after he was forty years old. In Kansas he was almost continuously entrusted with official responsi- bilities. He was United States Collector, President of the State Board of Agriculture, in which capacity he contributed to the success of the State at the Centennial Exhibition at THE STOEY OF 1895-96. 247 Philadelphia, and in connection with George A. Crawford and Alfred Gray, compiled the third annual report of that Board, said by competent authority at the time, to be the finest agricultural report ever published in the world. He was elected Governor of Kansas in 1876, serving in 1877-79. He was afterwards Railroad Commissioner, and at the time of his death was State Insurance Commissioner. His funeral occurred in the State Senate Chamber at Topeka. He lived seventy- two years. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas stands for prohibition. 2. John L. Waller was released from a French prison by the efforts of his fellow citizens of Kansas. 3. On May 30th a monument was unveiled at Topeka, in memory of the men of the Second Kansas militia, who were killed at the battle of the Blue. 4. Judge Thacher and Professor Robinson died in Lawrence. 5. Lucien Baker was elected United States Senator in 1895. 6. Among the Legislative acts were the establishment of an Appellate Court, a commission on irrigation, with an appropriation of $30,000 for experiments; aid to Western settlers; resolution to place statue of John Brown in Capi- tol at Washington. 7. The year 1896, a presidential year, was largely given up to politics. 8. Kansas cast her electoral vote for Bryan and Sewall. John W. Leedy was elected Governor, and Rev. J. D. Botkin, Congressman-at-Large . 9. George T. Anthony, ex-Governor, died at the age of 72 years, at Topeka, August 5, 1896. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898. 424. Leg'islative Session. — The Legislative session of 1897 lasted sixty-seven days, being the longest on record in Kansas. January 26th, the joint session of the Legislature elected Honorable Wm. A. Harris United States Senator. Mr. Harris had previously served in the House of Representa- tives. J. S. Parks was elected State Printer. The- Legislature repealed the Act which established the State Board of Irrigation, and consolidated the duties assigned it to an officer styled the Commissioner of Irriga- tion and Forestry. 425. Aeeoraplishments of Board of Irrig-ation.— The Board, during its existence of two years, instituted an extensive series of experiments, mostly in the western por- tion of the State, boring thirteen wells to different depths, and testing various pumps and motive powers. The wells were sunk at likely and unlikely places to find water, in the low grounds and 'on the high plateaus, and in the sand hills. One result of the operations conducted under the patronage of the State was to encourage the efforts of private parties. In the county of Sherman 150 reservoirs for irrigating purposes were constructed in the year 1895. Both northwestern and southwestern Kansas were included in the State's experiments, and a great stimulus was given the cause of irrigation in those sections. 248 THE YEAES 1897 AND 1898. 249 426. First Successful Irrig-ator. — In histories of -irri- gation in Kansas the credit of being the first successful irrigator is usually accorded a settler named George Allman, who, in 1873, near Fort Wallace, constructed a ditch about a mile long, taking water from the Smoky Hill river. He succeeded in raising garden vegetables in plenty, which he sold at Fort Wallace. Since his time there have been thousands of irrigating plants established by indi- viduals, corporations and the State. The Arkansas has been the stream most drawn upon for water, and the town of Garden City, which derived its name from the irrigation gardens early established in its neighborhood, has become the center of the largest and most compact body of irri- gated country. Kansas possesses an irrigation, law modeled on that of' Colorado. The appearance and even the climate of Kansas it is believed is to be greatly changed by irrigation. The search for an underground supply of water for domestic and irrigating purposes has resulted in the dis- covery in central Kansas of what seems a subterranean river, with a slow but defined flow in a certain direction, and apparently exhaustless in quantity. 427. Agricultural Reports.— The carefully collated and very conservative statistics collected by the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, showed that the farm products of Kansas for the years 1897-98 amounted in value to $288,259,056; which was a gain of $43,506,301, or nearly eighteen per cent over the preceding biennial period. The reports show an increase in the value of farm products in Kansas for every biennial period from 1877-78 forward, except for 1885-86, and 1893-94. In 250 HISTORY OF KANSAS. other words there were four unproductive years in twenty- one. 428. Wheat Production. — With 1897 came increased signs of prosperity, following a period of depression. It was estimated that Kansas raised, in 1897, enough wheat for every man, woman and child in the State; to provide seed for the coming year, and feed all of New England, New York and Pennsylvania for twelve months. 429. Kansas Oil.— In April, 1897, a great oil refinery was building at Neodesha, and eighty- seven wells produced daily an average of four barrels of oil each. The stock of oil accumulated at Neodesha before the opening of the new refinery amounted to over 300,000 barrels. In July, oil was piped from Neodesha to Chanute. Kansas began to buy, in quantity, Kansas oil. In 1897, lola, Coffeyville, Independence, Cherryvale, Paola, Neodesha, Osawatomie, Kansas City, Kan., and Chanute were noted as producers of natural gas. i Kansas was rated as the eighth State in the Union in the number of men employed in coal mining. The salt pro- ducing capacity at Hutchinson was increased to over 1,650,000 barrels per annum. 430. Reduction of Indebtedness.— There were evi- dences this year of the diminution of the enormousload of debt, which Kansas had accumulated in the boom days. Early in the year ten counties were reported as without indebtedness. Estimates based on reports from registers of deeds in thirty- eight counties indicated that the mortgage indebtedness of the State was reduced in seven years over $100,000,000. 431. Neerolog-y of 1897.— The necrology of the year included Mrs. Clotilda Hilton Greer, widow of Samuel W. THE YEAKS 1897 AND 1898. 251 Gi-eer, second Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, and an early settler of Doniphan and Cowley counties. Sol Miller, the veteran editor of the Kansas Chief, at Troy, oldest in length of service, and best known of Kansas editors. Judge N. C. McFarland, of Topeka, at one time Commissioner of the General Land Office, and in that ofl&ce the friend of the homestead settler. Harrison Kelley, a former Congressman and member of the Legislature. Lewis Hanback, a veteran of the war for the Union, repre- sentative of Kansas in Congress, and a prominent figure in the Grand Army of the Republic. Major J. B. Abbott, a pioneer Free State settler, who figured in the rescue of Branson, the rescue of the Doys, and most of the stirring events of the days of the "border troubles." Mrs. Mary Ward, who came to Kansas long before it ceased to be the Indian Territory, and was the first white woman settler in what is now Shawnee county. Captain William J. Clark, who died at Hobart, Delaware county, New York, was the last survivor of John Brown's men. As a boy of nineteen he took part in John Brown' s last raid. On the 3d of August State Senator Daniel McTaggart was murdered at Inde- pendence. He was known for his services in the State Legislature, and as the most extensive cultivator of cotton in Kansas. 432. Sons of the Revolution. — In February, 1897, was organized the first Kansas chapter of the Sons of the Revo- lution. The patriotic societies having an historical origin find a fertile soil in Kansas. The population is largely American, and a great number of families trace to a Revolu- tionary, and even Colonial, ancestry. The "sword of Bun- ker Hill" has been carefully handed down in Kansas. 252 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 433. Relic of 1794. — The antiquity of the navigation of the Kansas river was demonstrated by the finding, in digging for the foundation of the bridge across the river at Topeka, of the rudder of a boat, with the date "1794" carved upon it. 434. Sunday School by Telephone. — Kansas, in 1897, furnished the only example of a Sunday School conducted by telephone. The school was that of the First Methodist Church, at Wichita, which was directed through the phone from his sick bed by Mr. W. E. Stanley, afterwards Gov- ernor of Kansas. The 29th of January was, in 1897, formally observed by both branches of the Legislature as "Kansas Day." 435. Omaha Exposition. — The year 1898 was a period of hope and prosperity, and one of the matters which engaged early attention was a proper representation of the State at the Omaha Exposition. A commission was appointed, and the State divided into four districts for the purpose of furnishing exhibits. On the 27th of May, 1898, Professor Henry Worral, of Topeka, who assisted in the arrangement of the Kansas exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, stated that the Kansas display at Omaha would be ready on the day of opening, the first State to have its exhibit prepared. The Exhibition closed in October, 1898; was visited by many thousands of Kansas people; and throughout its continu- ance the Kansas department, which was particularly fine in its agricultural and mineral divisions, was a leading attraction. 436. Tax Receipts. — An added evidence of the renewed prosperity of the State was the receipt at the THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898. 253 State treasury, in the month of January, of $1,500,000 in taxes. There had never been before an instance of so large a payment of taxes due so early in the year. 437. Fire at the State University.— On the 22d of March, the powerhouse, engine-room, and machine shops of the Kansas State Universitj^ were destroyed by fire. The citizens of Lawrence advanced $20,000 for machinery and apparatus for the restoration, and Mr. George A. Fowler, of Kansas City, Mo., generously erected a new building, at a cost of $21,000. 438. Ev-Governor Thomas A. Osborn.— Ex-Gover- nor Thomas A. Osborn died at Meadville, Pa., on the 4th of February, 1898. He was born at Meadville, October 26, 1836. He learned the printer's trade, and read law in Pennsylvania, and came to Kansas Territory in 1857. On his arrival he worked first at his trade, in Lawrence, and received the thanks of the editor and proprietor of the Herald of Freedom for his efficiency as foreman; afterwards he practised his profession at El wood, Doniphan county. The bent of his genius lay, however, in the direction of politics, and he was elected from Doniphan county to the State Senate, and chosen president pro tern, of that body. In 1862 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor. In 1864 he was appointed United States Marshal. In 1872 he was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, and in 1881 to Brazil . After his return from abroad, Governor Osborn fixed his residence in Topeka, and represented Shawnee county in Ex-Gorernor Thomas A. Osborn. 254 HISTORY OF KANSAS. the state Senate. He was on a visit to his native place at the time of his death. Governor Osborn was a man of winning manners and distinguished appearance, one of the most popular of. the public men of Kansas. His funeral at Topeka was attended by the fast diminishing company of Kansas Governors, and a great concourse of people. 439. State Election. — At the November election of 1898, the Republican ticket for State officers was elected: Governor, W. E. Stanley; Lieutenant-Governor, H. E. Richter; Secretary of State, George A. Clark; Treasurer, Prank E.^ Grimes; Auditor, George E. Cole; Attorney- General, A. A. Goddard; Superintendent X)f Public Instruc- tion, Prank Nelson; Associate Justice, William R. Smith. Of the members of Congress, the Republicans elected: W. J. Bailey, Congressman-at-Large ; Charles Curtis, Pirst District; J. D. Bowersock, Second District; J. M. Miller, Fourth District; W. A. Calderhead, Pifth District; W. A. Reeder, Sixth District; Chester I. Long, Seventh District. The Populists elected E. R. Ridgely, in the Third Dis- trict. 440. War with Spain.— In Kansas, peaceful and pros- perous during the year 1898, the thought of the people was yet of war — the war with Spain, and the war in the Phil- ippines, brought on by the attack on the United States troops by the natives. The event which created the most enthusiasm was the victory of Admiral Dewey at Manila, on the 1st of May, 1898. Kansas never before saw so many American flags unfutled to the air as in honor of the triumph of the American navy. THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898. 255 Kansas, far from the ocean, in the heart and centre of the continent, could hardly be expected to furnish men for the navy, and great enthusiasm was aroused by the discovery that a number of Kansas sailors participated in the battle of Manila. Their names were published with great pride throughout the length and breadth of the State. SUMMARY. 1. The longest Legislative session held in Kansas was that of 1897; Wm. A. Harris was elected U. S. Senator. 2. Garden City illustrates successful irrigation; an underground river discovered in Central Kansas. 3. Large oil refinery built at Neodesha. 4. The reduction of indebtedness in seven years was $100,000,000. 5. Many old citizens died in the year 1897. 6. The first chapter of the Sons of the Revolution organized in February. 7. Kansas made good display in all departments at tlie Omaha Exposition. 8. Fire at University destroyed valuable property. 9. W. E. Stanley elected Governor. 10. Ex-Governor Osborn died in Meadville, Pa. CHAPTER XXXVII. KANSAS IN THE WAR. 441 . Colonel Fred. Funston and Cuba. — Kansas people sympathized from the first with the Cubans in their struggle against the tyranny of Spain, and their knowledge of the situation was increased by the arrival from Cuba, in January, 1898, of Colonel Fred. Funston, a "Kansas boy," a former student of the State University, with home and friends in Kansas, after a service of two years in the insur- gent army in Cuba, and who spoke in many places on the incidents and the lesson of the Cuban war for freedom. The people of Kansas were deeply moved by the sufferings of the hapless Cuban non-combatants ; the starving to death of 150,000 people, and the evident determination of the Spanish to exterminate the Cuban race. 442. Destruction of the Maine. — The treacherous destruction of the Maine, in the harbor of Havana, stirred the indignation of the citizens of Kansas, as it did of all loyal Americans. They waited, however, the result of the investigation, and in the meantime were generous partici- pators in the effort to relieve the starving Cubans, especially at Matanzas. 443. Events of Moment. — The succession of events was watched with the most intense interest; the passage of the emergency biU appropriating $50,000,000 for the defence of the United States; the message of President 256 KA.NSAS IN THE WAR. 257 McKinley with the Maine report; the President's message recommending the intervention of the United States; the passage by Congress of the intervention resolutions; the sub- mission of the President's ultimatum to Spain; the beginning of the war by the act of Spain in breaking off diplomatic relations with us. Kansas, in every step for the protection of the honor of the United States, stood by the Government. 444. VolunteePS.— The President's call for 125,000 men was issued on the 23d of April. But Kansas did not wait for' the call. On the 18th of April a company of eighty men marched to the oflee of Governor Leedy, followed by a great crowd, and offered their services for the war, which the Governor promised to accept on the first caU. On the 18th of AprU a tender was made Secretary of War Alger by General Charles McCrum, of the Kansas National Guards, for any needed service at any time. The quota of Kansas when the call came was announced as 2,230 men. Governor Leedy summoned to his aid Colonel Fred. Funston, probably the only man in Kansas who had seen military service in Cuba, and the work of recruiting three regiments of volunteer infantry began at once. 445. Action of Kansas University and the State Normal. — The desire to enlist ran high among the young men of Kansas, and was manifested in the higher educational institutions . The council of the State University felt impelled to issue a circular, advising students to weigh the question well in their hearts and consciences before enlisting, but if they heard the votce of honor and country call, to receive the blessing of their alma mater and the admonition, "Go, and God bless you." Members of the senior class enlisting were granted their diplomas without waiting for graduation. 258 HISTORY OP KANSAS. The State Normal ScHobl extended tlie same courtesy to its soldier;students . 446. At Camp Leedy. — It was soon announced that in Kansas the policy adopted in some of the States, of enlist- ing the National Guard organizations int6 the volunteer service, would not be followed, but that the regiments would be raised without regard to existing militia organiza- tions. The first Kansas company recruited at Kansas City, Kan., was largely made up of men from Company B of the First Regiment, Kansas National Guard. This company was enrolled on the 29th of April, and left for Topeka on the 30th; and would have been the first in "Camp Leedy," as the State Camp laid out at the Pair Grounds at Topeka was called, had not the Topeka company marched out to camp in the morning, before the Kansas City soldiers arrived. The Topeka and Kansas City companies, however, "opened" Camp Leedy. There was a vigorous effort made to have Fort Leavenworth, where many of the Kansas regiments were mustered in the Civil War, adopted as the State ren- dezvous, but "Camp Leedy" continued during the war to be the spot where the Kansas soldier entered his country's service, while Fort Leavenworth was his place of exit from it. Recruiting offices were established at various points in the State, but the recruiting officers had an easy task. To raise a company was, at most, a matter of a few days. At Emporia the quota was filled in four hours. 447. Major Joseph K. Hudson, a Brig-adier-GeneraL — Governor Leedy, by the 5th of May, was able to inform tjjie War Department that two regiments were ready at Camp Leedy. KANSAS IN THE WAR. 259 General J. K. Hudson. On the 27th of May, Major Joseph K. Hudson, who had won his title iu the old Tenth Kansas and the Sixty- Second United States Volunteers, was nominated as a Brigadier- Geueral from Kansas. 448. The Twentieth.— It was decided that in number- ing the regiments, allowance would be made for the seventeen regiments Kansas raised in the Civil War, and the two recruited afterwards to fight the Indians, and accordingly the first Kansas regi- ment enrolled in the war against Spain should be numbered the Twentieth, which number came to be heard of on both sides of the world. The Twentieth Kan- sas Volunteers was made up of the twelve companies recruited at Topeka, Kansas City, Kan.; Leaven- worth, Fort Scott, Independence, Ottawa, Osawatomie, Abi- lene, Salina, Lawi'ence, Leroy, and Pittsburg, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the 13th of May, 1S98, with the following regimental officers : Colonel, Frederick Funstou; Lieutenant- Colonel, Edward C. Little; Senior-Major, Frank H. Whitman; Junior-Major, Wilder S. Metcalf; Adjutant, William A. Deford; Quartermaster, Lafayette C. Smith; Surgeon, John A. Rafter; Assistant- Surgeon, Charles S. Huffman; Assistant- Surgeon, Henry D. Smith; Chaplain, John G. Schliermann. 449. The Twenty-First. — The companies fi-om King- man, Wichita, Eldorado, Winfleld, Great Bend, Larned, Osage City, Hays City, Norton, Smith Centre, and Wellington, contributed to form the Twenty-First Regi- ment, and were mustered on the 14th of May, with 260 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Colonel Thomas &. Fitcli. Colonel Thomas G. Fitch, commanding; Lieutenant-Colonel, Charles McCrum; Senior-Major, HsLVvy A. Smith; Junior- Major, W. L. Brown; Adjutant, John Nicholson; Quarter- master, John C. Little; Surgeon, Frank C. Armstrong; Assistant- Surgeon, C. E. Biddell; Assistant-Surgeon, F. W. Turner; Chaplain, W. E. Woodward. 450. The Twenty-Second. — The Twenty- Second Regiment was mustered on the 17th of May, made iip of the companies from Columhits, Parsons, Atchison, Seneca, Holton, Concordia, Clay Centre, Blue Rapids, Beloit, Emporia and McPherson. Company H of this regiment was made up of students volunteering from the State Normal School, the State Agricultural College, the State University, Washburn College, and the College of Emi^oria. The regimental officers of the Twenty- Second were: Colonel, Henrj' C. Lind- sey; Lieutenant-Colonel, James Graham; Major, A. M. Harvey; Major, Charles Doster; Adjutant, Clay Allen; Quarter- master, H. A. Lamb; Surgeon, John P. Stewart; Assistant- Sui-geon, L. C. Duncan; Assistant- Surgeon, W. F. DeNeideman; Chaplain, V. H. Bidde- son. The three regiments were sworn mto the service of the United States by Lieutenant W. F. Clark, U.-S. A., on duty as professor of military science at Baker University, Baldwin City, Kan. Colonel Lindsey. KANSAS IN THE WAR. 261 451. To the Field.— On the 16th of May, 1898, the Twentieth Regiment broke camp at Topeka, and took the Union Pacific for San Francisco, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Little, Colonel Funston having been called for a time to Washington. The regiment traveled in a train of two sections to Junction City, and westward from that point in three. All through Kansas the soldiers were enthusiastically received. The regiment reached Oak- land and San Francisco without accident, and began at once their actual life as soldiers. The Twenty- First was the next to leave, journeying to the great camp on the old field of Chickamauga, and after a brief interval, on the 25th of May, 1898, the Twenty-Second left Camp Leedy for Camp Alger, near Falls Church, Va. Thus, by the 1st of June, Kansas had three regiments mustered into the service of the United States, and in camps of instruction. 452. Colored Troops; the Twenty-Third. — On the 21st of June, Governor Leedy announced his intention of raising two battalions of colored troops, under the Presi- dent's call for 25,000 men. James Beck, of Riley county, and John M. Brown, of Shawnee -county, were bulletined as Majors. It was given out that the command of the battalions, as Lieutenant- Colonel, would be assumed by Major H. H. Young, U. S. A., but that ofleer remained with the Ninth Ohio, at Camp Alger. In face of many predictions of its impossibility, the enlistment of colored soldiers proceeded. By the 4th of July there were 400 men at Camp Leedy; two days later there were 550 men. On the 13th of July Governor Leedy telegraphed the War Department that two battalions were ready, and asked permission to raise a third, and was informed that the 262 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. Lieutenant-Colonel Beck. volunteers under the President's call had been entirely apportioned. On the 28th of -July, Captain Reynolds, U. S. A., mustering officer of the Twenty- Third Kansas, as the command was now called, was notified that its arms would he forwarded from Springfield, Mass., ammuni- tion from the Frankfort arsenal, and the remainder of the equipment from Rock Island. The regimental officers of the Twenty- Third were: Lieutenant-Colonel, James Beck, Sr. ; Ma.jors, John M. Brown and George W. Ford; Assistant- Surgeons, Charles S. Sunday and Frederick D. G. Harvey; Adjutant, Samuel T. Jones; Quartermaster, Frederick M. Stone. 453. At the Camps.— The summer of 1898 was a period of siispense. The Kansas regiments went through the first experience of new soldiers, including the measles. The Twentieth had the advantage of being "in town," at San Francisco, while the Twenty-First and Twenty-Second were in the "country resorts" of Camp Alger and Camp Thomas. The Kansas soldiers at San Francisco were, at first, subjected to considerable newspaper criticism on the matter of their external appearance; but it was observed, also, that more than half of the officers of the regiment were graduates of the Kansas State University. The Twentieth grew in grace and in favor with the people of San Francisco. The Twenty- First and Twenty- Second found themselves camped in historic localities. "Camp Alger" was situated on the old plantation of Lord Fairfax, with which Washington was familiar when a KANSAS IN THE WAR. 263 young soldier, and Camp Thomas on the bloody field of Chiekamauga in the old war. During the summer, recruiting officers visited Kansas on behalf of the Kansas regiments. In one day 100 men left Lawrence to join the Twentieth. 454. The Twenty- Third to Santiago.— As it turned out, the colored regiment, the Twenty- Third, was the fir^t to leave the soil of the United States. The regiment left Topeka August 22, 1898, went directly to New York, and sailed on the Vigilencia for Santiago, arriving there on the 1st of September. The Twenty-Third arrived at Santiago 850 strong, in time to see the embarkation of the last of the Spanish troops for Spain. The Twenty- Third was within twenty-four hours loaded on a railroad train and transported to San Luis, an old Cuban town, where it was destined to remain until its return to the United States. 455. The Delay. — On the 1st of September Kansas wSt represented by four regiments, the Twentieth at San Fran- cisco, the Twenty-First at Chiekamauga, the Twenty-Second at "Camp Alger," the Twenty- Third at San Luis in the island of Cuba. Thus the situation remained for weeks. The Kansas regiments were the objects of the solicitude of the people of the State, and news from the camps was eagerly sought for. As heard from, the Kansas regiments bore well the test of camp life and discipline. The old soldier population took a keen interest in the progress of the young soldiers. The Kansas troops soon overcame the deficiencies and difficulties of the first days in camp, and won the goodwill alike of their comrades and their commanders, their only source of grief being what seemed to them the unaccountable delay in sending them to meet the enemy. 264 HISTORY OF KA.NSAS. 456. Strike the Tents.— With the middle of August came the signing of the protocol, and the evident end of the war with Spain. Many of the enlisted men felt that their mission was completed, as the foe had disappeared. In addition, both Camp Alger and Camp Thomas became subjects of complaint on account of their unhealthiness and discomfort. With the reduction determined on by the Government, of the volunteer force, came the order for the discharge of the Twenty- Second. All the regiments had in the meantime changed camps. The Twentieth had been transferred from "Camp Merritt," a dreary and inhospit- able spot, to "CampMerriam" at the Presidio. The Twenty- Second marched to Middletown, Pa., the Twenty-First was transferred from Chattanooga to Lexington, Ky. 457. The Twenty- Second Arrives in Kansas.— The first regiment to arrive at Fort Leavenworth, for muster Wilt, was the Twenty-Second. The regiment arrived from Camp Meade, Middletown, Pa., on the 11th of September, 1898, in excellent condition, with but twelve men in hospital. A most kindly and enthusiastic reception was given the regiment by the people of Leavenworth. The Twenty-Second went into camp on the reservation, but the larger number of the men were given verbal furloughs for thirty days, and departed for their homes. As the com- panies reached the towns and cities of their enlistment they were given a hearty welcome home in the shape of dinners and receptions. 458. The Twenty-First.- The Twenty-First Regiment arrived at Leavenworth from Lexington, Ky., on the 28th of September. The regiment had suffered severely at Camp Thomas. The first section to arrive at Leavenworth' KANSAS IN THE WAE. 265 was the hospital train, with ninety sick men. The regi- ment was not held at Fort Leavenworth, but the men, sick and well, sent home on verbal furloughs. The men returned to Fort Leavenworth at the expiration of their leave, and were mustered out, the Twenty-Second on the 3d of November, and the Twenty-First on the 10th of December. 459. The Twentieth at San Francisco. — The Twen- tieth, which had left Topeka on the 16th of May, in the meantime remained at San Francisco. Seven times in five months, it is said, the regiment was assigned to transports, and as often the orders were countermanded. The last of October came, and still the regiment remained at San Francisco. Whatever deprivations the Kansas troops were subjected to, they were not deprived of the elective franchise. As the election in Kansas drew near, the regiments were sup*^ plied with poll books and other voting conveniences. 460. To Manila. — On the 27th of October, the Second and Third Battalions of the Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, Colonel Funston in command, sailed on board the transport Indiana for Manila, and the Philippines, where the Filipino war had succeeded the Spanish War. The Indiana arrived at Honolulu on the 8th of November, election day, and the polls were opened on the Irmgard wharf, and the legal voters of the Twentieth went ashore and voted. On th^ same day the Newport left San Fran- cisco with the First Battalion under Lieutenant- Colonel Little. The men went to the polls immediately after going on board, and then, in company with the Wyoming Light Battery, set sail across the wide Pacific. 266 HISTORY OF KANSAS. The Second and Third Battalions passed four days at Honolnhi, and resumed their journey. Thanksgiving Day was observed at sea, and on December 1, 1898, the Indiana dropped anchor in the harbor of Manila. The Newport, with the First Battalion, arrived on the 6th of December. The regiment was soon landed, and as- signed to quarters in buildings in the vicinity of the Pasig river. 461. The First to Fall.— More seri- ous business was to follow. On the night of the 7th of February, 1899, the men of the TAventieth were engaged with the Filipinos, and the gallant Lieutenant Alford was killed, and, with Private Charles Pratt, was the first to fall under Twentieth. of Calooean. — In this, which may be lieutenant Alford. the colors of the 462. Battle described as their first action, the Kansas soldiers displayed the qualities which have since distinguished them. The Filipinos were massed in front of the Kansans for a night attack. Companies B, C, I, and a part of E were ordered to charge the woods. With Colonel Funston on the right and Major Metcalf on the left, the line moved forward for a mile before the enemy opened fire. Company B, led by Lieutenant Alford, answered the fire. Keep going, but move steadier," said the young officer, and fell within sixty feet of the muzzles of the enemy's guns, but the hostile line was driven. This was the fight which gave the Kansas Twentieth the riglit to inscribe the name "Calooean" on its colors, for town. its charge carried it into the heart of that KANSAS IN THE WAR. 267 463. Death of Captain David G. Elliott.— Every day during the operations following the fight at Caloocan, the Twentieth, with their comrades of General Harrison Gray Otis' brigade, were kept at the front, when not taking the . offensive against the masses of the enemy, enduring the fire of their hidden sharpshooters. It was thus, on the 20th of February, that the gallant Captain David G. Elliott was killed. 464. Colonel Funston at Malolos.— The Kansas regiment took part in the movement of March 25th, by which the enemy's line was broken in two. In the movement of March 27th, Colonel Fun- ston and twenty of his men swam the Marinao river and captured eighty of the enemy. Colonel Funston and a party of his men were first to enter Malolos, the Filipino capital. 465. Advance on Calumpit. — In the advance on Cal- iimpit the Twentieth Kansas moved along the railroad guarding the armored train. When the Bagbag river near the town was reached, it was found that an attempt had been made to destroy the railroad bridge and that one span had sunk in the river. Colonel Funston called for volunteers, and with Lieutenant Ball, Trumpeter Barsfield, Corporal Ferguson, and two men from Companies K and E, crawled along the iron girders, and when the broken span was reached, slid down into the water and swam to the opposite bank and drove the Filipinos, who had been Captain Elliott. General Fred. Funston. 268 HISTORY OF KANSAS. broken by the fire of Company K, out of their trenches. Company K, which covered the landing of Colonel Funston, was commanded by Captain Boltwood, of Ottawa, a veteran of the Civil War. The Twentieth was with the first to enter Calumpit. After Calumpit, the Twentieth advanced fighting almost continuously. In the attack at San Tomas, on the 4th of May, Lieutenant Wm. A. McTaggart, of Montgomery county, was killed, the third commissioned officer lost in the brief campaign; At the crossing of the Rio Grande river the regiment highly distinguished itself. Under a heavy fire, repeated efforts were made to reach the enemy. At last Privates Trembly and White swam the river with a rope, fastened it to the enemy's trenches, and by this, a raft was towed over with Colonel Funston and his men, who swept the Filipinos out of their works. The Kansas regiment occupied San Fernando, and through the month of May thereafter was engaged with, parties of the enemy, the latest recorded fight in the month being a victory at Santa Anita, north of San Fernando. General Harrison Gray Otis, in taking leave of the brigade, paid a high compliment to the Kansas regiment and Colonel Funston. The command was then assumed by General Lloyd Wheaton, U. S. A. Early in May it was announced that Colonel Funston had been promoted to be Brigadier- General. On the 20th of May General Wheaton was assigned to other duty, and Gen- eral Funston assumed the command of the brigade. The casualties of the Twentieth regiment to the 13th of May, 1899, one year from the date of muster, show the severity of their service. Three commissioned officers and twenty-seven enlisted men were killed in action, twenty-nine KANSAS IN THE WAR. 269 enlisted men died from disease, and nine commissioned ofi&- cers and ninety-eight enlisted men were wounded in action. When the record closed, the Twentieth was stUl obeying the last order of its gallant young officer, who fell at Caloocan: "Keep going, but move steadUy." Crowding through the dense jungle, under the blaze of a tropical sun, obeying every order, suffering, but not cast down, uphold- ing the honor of their country and their State. 466. Home-Coming- of the Twenty-Third.— On the 10th of March, 1899, the Twenty- Third arrived at Leaven- worth. They came by transport from Cuba to Newport News, and were four days on the road between Newport News and Leavenworth. As the men dropped from the cars and fell in by companies, it was remarked that their six months in service had made them soldiers. The colored regiment met with an enthusiastic reception from their own people, who lavished upon them every attention. In a short time they were mustered, out, and merged into the community of citizens. 467. Kansas Proud of Her Boys. — Kansas followed with pride and interest the movements of her soldiers. Many of them belonged to the first generation of Kansas, the first-born of the State; many were the sons of soldiers, the inheritors of brave traditions. In the enrollment of the Kansas soldier, with his descriptive list was given the name of his nearest relative. Kansas, the State, stood next in order to the kinsman. The dead were brought home from beyond the wide seas and buried with honor, or laid in their graves in a distant land with the soldiers' last farewell. 270 HISTORY OF KANSAS. SUMMARY. 1. Kansas sympathized with the Cubans and supported the Government of the United States. 2. On the 18th of April a company of eighty-nine men was offered for the war, and the services of the Kansas National Guards were tendered. 3. Enlisting students of the senior classes of the State University, and of the State Normal School were given their diplomas in advance of graduation. 4. Major J.K. Hudson was commissioned a Brigadier-General, United States Volunteers. 5. First Kansas Regiment enrolled for war with Spain was num- bered the Twentieth, and commanded by Colonel Fred Funston. 6. The Twenty-First, Colonel Fitch; Twenty-Second, Colonel Lindsey, were mustered. 7. The Twentieth left for San Francisco, the Twenty-First for Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, and the Twenty-Second for Camp Alger. 8. Two battalions of colored troops were raised— designated the Twenty-Third Regiment; under command of Lieutenant- Colonel Beck departed for Santiago. 9. After the signing of the protocol, the Twenty-First, Twenty- Second and Twenty-Third were mustered out. 10 In October the Twentieth sailed for Manila. The Twentieth first engaged in the battle of Caloocan— Lieutenant Alford killed. 11. Colonel Funston promoted to be Brigadier-General. CHAPTER XXXVIII. EVENTS OF 1899. 468. Special Session.— The close of the year 1898, and the opening of 1899, found a special session of the Legislature assembled, which had been convened by Gover- nor Leedy on December 21, 1898, to adopt legislation regulating railroad companies, and for other purposes. There was some discussion in regard to the validity of this special session, which was, however, established by the State Supreme Court in the following Februar}^ 469. Inaug-uration. — William E. Stanley was inaugurated Governor of Kansas on the 9th of January, 1899. The retirement of the outgoing State administration was marked by many courtesies extended to their successors. 470. The Legislature of 1899.— The Legislature of 1899 met in regular session on the 10th of -January, with Lieu- ^ T\- T i "-Tk • T J I' Governor William E. Stanley. tenant- Governor Kichter as President of the Senate, while Hon. S. J. Osborn was chosen Speaker of the House. 471. Provisions for State Building's. — The session was largely occupied in the consideration of local measures. The principal public acts were those providing for a tax levy suf&cient to complete the State House, which had been 271 272 HISTORY OP KANSAS. thirty- three years in building, and to build a third State Insane Asylum, and providing a commission to select the site. 472. Traveling- Libraries.— The Legislature granted an appropriation of $2,000 to aid, for two years, in the work of the Traveling Libraries, and provided for the appointment of a commission of three persons, who, together with the State Librarian and President of the Kansas State Social Science Federation of Clubs, shall have the management of the traveling library department of the State Library. This commission may send out temporarily, from the State Library, such books as may be selected for the purpose by the directors, and any books given or bought for such traveling libraries, to any library in the State, or to any community or organization not yet having an established library. Under the provisions of the Act, the libraries, averaging fifty books in number, are sent out from the State Library to the communi- ties, neighborhoods and organizations applying for them, and, when read, are returned to be again dispatched. A large number of books have been donated by women's clubs and by individuals. 473. The Federation ; Kansas Women.— The Kansas State Social Sci- ence Federation of Clubs, with whom originated this plan for the distribution of good literature, was the outgrowth of the Social Science Club of Kansas and western Missouri, the initial meeting of which was held at Leavenworth, May 18, 1881, under the suggestion of the late Mrs. Harriet Cushing, of Leavenworth, and Mrs. Mary T. Gray, of Kansas City, Kan. The women Mrs. Harriet CnsMng. EVENTS OF 189(1. Mrs. Mary T. Gray, of Kansas have, from t.he first, been a iiower for good HI the 8tate, and hxrgely throngh then' organizations they made possible the sneeess of the State at the great expositions at Phihi- delphia and Chicago. This faculty for organization has given Kansas between three and fonr hundred womenJs elul,.,-,, devoted to the cultivation and the ele- vation of women, and the safety, well- being and improvement of the State. 474. Enrollment at Kansas Uni- versity.— The Kansas State University, which sent forty-one men to the war, opened its term in Februai'y, 1899, with a larger enrollment than ever before. The annual catalogue of 1899, showed an enrollment of 1,044 students. 475. Funeral of Lieutenant Alford.— On the 22d of April occurred, at Lawrence, the funeral of Lieutenant Alford, whose remains were broiight from Manila and buried in his native city. He was the first to fall in the Philippine campaign of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment. 476. Kansas Shipment. — In 1898 Kansas shipped corn to California. In 1899 a feature of the State com- merce was the shipment of trainloads of cotton from Independence. 477. Colonel Thomas Moonlig-ht. — Colonel Thomas Moonlight died in Leavenworth on the 7th of February, 1899. He was born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and came earl.v in life to the United States. The Civil War found him a disbanded sergeant of the "old regular army," living on a farm near Leavenworth. He entered the Union 274 HISTORY OF KANSAS. volunteer army and raised a battery. He was soon raised to the colonelcy of a regiment, and served through the war with much distinction. In 1868 he was elected Secretary of State of Kansas, and re-elected in 1870. He filled, later in life, the positions of Governor of Wyoming, and United States Minister to Bolivia. 478. Period of Prosperity.— The late spring of 1899, in which this record of the life of Kansas closed, found the State in the midst of war, and yet in the midst of peace. The political contests, which had been sharp and severe for some years, and marked with mutations of fortune, had taught Kansas people that the State was safe in the hands of its honest citizens, without regard to their party desig- nations, and there was prevailing "an era of good feeling." The losses sustained in the collapse following the boom of 1887 had been largely made up. A singular feature of the recovery in the "boom towns," which, in their speculative days, had scattered their houses over a great area, was their practical consolidation. Houses "which had stood in empty desolation in the midst of boundless "additions," were removed nearer to the actual center of population, renovated and repaired, and became again places of business and the homes of men. 479. Payment of Indebtedness. — The discharge of the heavy public and private indebtedness of Kansas was going on at a rate that surprised financial authorities, but the explanation was found in the great natural resources of the State. When asked how Kansas in seven years paid off more than $100,000,000 of debt, it was answered that, in those seven years, Kansas produced four billion dollars' worth of farm products and live stock. EVENTS OF 1899. 275 The 30tli of May, 1899, forty-five years from the day President Pierce signed the Kansas-Nebraska BUI, Kansas found that she was gathering and not scattering abroad, and had gained, withal, that wisdom which is better than fine gold. 480. Text-Book Commission. — The Legislature of 1897 passed the Text-Book Law in the interest of uniformity and economy. The commission was at first temporary, and took cognizance of a limited range of books. The Legisla- ture of 1899 extended the life and powers of the commis- sion; gave into its charge the selection of books, charts, maps, a history of Kansas, globes, and a primer, for use in the schools. The original commission consisted of Hon. Wm. Stryker, State Superintendent, ex-officio Chair- man; W. J. Hurd, Holton, Secretary, and seven members. Two of the original members, Messrs. D. O. McCray and N. McDonald, retired, and the commission now consists of Hon. Frank Nelson, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Chairman ex-officio, and W. J. Hurd, Holton; S. W. Black, Pittsburg; A. V. Jewett, Abilene; S. J. Hale, La Crosse; Professor Prank Smith, Lawrence; Professor J. W. Spindler, Winfield; Professor S. M. Nees, Independence, and A. H. Lupfer, Larned. The Text-Book Law has, since its enactment, served its purpose in securing uniformity of instruction, and relieving the people of a considerable pecuniary burden. 481. A Kansas Prison.— The Legislature of 1899 granted a large appropriation to purchase for the State Penitentiary a plant for the manufacture of binding twine, being the second penitentiary in the country to enter upon this manufacture. The Kansas penitentiary was established 276 HISTORY OF KANSAS. iu the earliest days of the government and grew with the growing proportions of the State. The officer who estab- lished the system of government and discipline of the prison and who longest continued in its direction was Major Henry Hopkins. The successors of Major Hopkins built upon the foundations he laid, with such faithfulness, that the prison has known few escapes, no revolts, and few com- plaints concerning the firm but humane treatment of the prisoners. The prison was one of the first to dispense generally with the hideous and humiliating uniform of stripes, so that the modern prison has assumed more the appearance of a large and well-ordered manufactory. SUMMARY. 1. A special session of the Legislature was called for railroad legislation and other purposes. 2. W. E. Stanley inaugurated Governor. 3. A tax levy was provided, sufficient to complete the State House and' build an insane asylum. 4. Provisions were made for the establishment and maintenance of public traveling libraries. 5. The funeral of Lieutenant Alford occurred at Lawrence, April 22, 1899. 6. Colonel Thomas Moonlight died at Leavenworth, February 7, 1899. 7. The powers of the Text-Book Commission were extended and enlarged. CHAPTER XXXIX. A CHAPTER ON CAPITOLS. 482. Kansas Capitols. A history of the various edi- fices which have been used from time to time for Kansas Capitols, Territorial and State, would serve as a thread on which to string a political history of Kansas, and, more- over, a sketch of the material progress of the country. 483. Fort Leavenworth.— The first capital of Kansas, the first executive office, at least, was at Fort Leavenworth. Here, in obedience to his instructions from Washington, came Andrew H. Reeder, first Governor of Kansas Terri- tory. He was assigned quarters in a brick building on the west side of the parade. The executive office was in a stone building belonging to the quartermaster's depart- ment. It was furnished with republican simplicity. Here the Governor, who had taken the oath of office in "Wash- ington, administered the obligation to his associates in the Territorial Government as they, one after another, arrived. Here he issued commissions and proclamations, and on one occasion held court as a justice of the peace. 484. Shawnee Mission.— After fifty days' experience at Fort Leavenworth, Governor Reeder, on the 24th of November, 1854, removed the seat of Government to the Shawnee Manual Labor School, commonly called the Shaw- nee Mission, located one mile from the Missouri line, two and one-half miles from Westport, Mo., and seven mUes from Kansas City. 277 278 HISTORY OP KANSAS. The mission had been established in 1830, and had con- tinned as it was begun under the Superintendency of Eeverend Thomas Johnson. It fell, at the division of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to the Methodist Church, South. Somewhat reluctantly. Reverend Mr. Johnson and his wife received as guests the Governor and the larger number of the Territorial officers, and saw the mission appropriated in part as the capitol of Kansas. The winter of 1854-55 passed quietly at the Mission. The Governor and his associates doubtless watching with interest the operations of the Mission, which was then at the height of its pros- perity, with between 200 and 300 Indian boys and girls in attendance, who studied their books, and, besides, labored on the fine farm of 1,900 acres, and worked in the shops and the mill. The Territorial offtcers boarded with the Mission family, as later on did many of the members and officers of the Legislature. 485. Pawnee.— April 14, 1855, Governor Reeder con- vened the Territorial Legislature at Pawnee, a "laid-out town" near Fort Riley. There was little at Pawnee, except a stone house built "on the spur of the moment," the ruins of which are still visible. Yet that stone house was the first "capitol building" of Kansas. The Legislature refused to remain at Pawnee, and re-located at Shawnee Mission. Pawnee came to immediate grief. The site was declared to be within the military reservation of Fort Riley, and the settlers were removed by the 'soldiers. 486. Shawnee Mission.— The Legislature, ensconced at the Shawnee Mission, proceeded to perform the acts' which acquired for it the title, with the Free State people, of the "Bogus Legislature." A CHAPTEE ON CAPITOLS. 279 Governor Reeder remained with it ofilcially but a short time, only four days, at the end of which he informed the body that he had been removed. He remained a short time longer as a spectator. The schoolroom and the chapel of the Mission became the halls of the Territorial Council and House of Repre- sentatives. To Shawnee Mission came the second Terri- torial Governor of Kansas, Wilson Shannon, and the executive oflce was maintained there until the spring of 1856. The buildings of the Shawnee Mission yet remain much in outward shape as in their days of education and legisla- tion, but in all else the scene has changed. There is naught of stir or movement now. A beautiful spring wells up near the highway, and runs a little stream across the yard of one of the buildings, where passing travelers stop and drink, but the place is lost to all its ancient uses, and the stillness all about is as profound as that which rests on the little wall-enclosed cemetery, which crowns the slope near by. The scene of a part of the "Kansas struggle" may be reached by an easy walk from Rosedale. 487. Leeompton Chosen.— A joint session of the Legislature in August, 1855, located the permanent capital at Leeompton. The successful contestant did not secure the prize without a struggle. Not only did Leavenworth and Lawrence enter the arena, but St. Bernard, Tecumseh, Whitehead, Kiekapoo and One Hundred and Ten. The second Territorial Legislature which assembled at Leeompton, January 12th, met in a frame house, which had been built for its occupancy by Mr. William Nace. The national administration, however, was determined on Leeompton as a capital, and Congress made a liberal appro- 280 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. priation for a eapitol building, which rose only to the height of the foundation, but was suflcient to consume the appropriation. The foundation was afterwards occupied by the building of Lane University. The frame house on Elm street was the meeting place of the Lecompton Con- stitutional Convention, which gave the structure the name of Constitutional Hall. The second Legislature held its entire session at Lecompton, but the third Legislature, which entertained different political convictions, adjourned to Lawrence, which was thereafter virtually the capital, the successive Legislatures meeting at Lecompton, and adjourn- ing at once to Lawrence. 488. In Lawrence. — Lawrence furnished two ' ' capitols ' ' in which the Legislature met. One is described by the local historian as the "new brick building, just south of the Eldridge House," of which the two houses occupied the second and third floors, the other was "the old concrete building on Massachusetts street, north of Winthrop." In Lawrence met, in 1861, the last of the Territorial Legis- latures. 489. Topeka. — The first State Legislature met in Topeka, the temporary and soon to-be-voted permanent, seat of Government. The "Ritchie Block," the "Gale Block," and the Con- gregational and Methodist churches served as the meeting places of the two branches of the Legislature, of the Supreme Court, and the officers of the State. "Constitution Hall" was a structure on Kansas avenue, which had wit- nessed five meetings of the Legislature under the Topeka Constitution. By contract with citizens of Topeka, this structure was incorporated into a more commodious edifice A CHAPTEE ON CAPITOLS. 281 in which met the Legislature of 1864, and its successors tiU 1870. 490. History of Capitol Building. — During thirty- three years the capitol of Kansas has been growing. The -ground was given by the Topeka Town Association in 1862. In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of the east wing of the capitol building. On the 17th of October of that year the corner stone was laid. The wing was so far completed that it was occupied by the State officers in December, 1869. The legislative halls were first occupied for the session of 1870. The Legislature of 1879 provided for the erection of the west wing. The House of Repre- sentatives occupied the unfinished new hall for the session of 1881, and the State offices in thatwing became occupied during that year. The Legislature of 1883 provided for commencing work on the foundation of the central portion of the buUding. The structure was so far completed as to admit of a temporary finishing of rooms in the basement of the south wing, and their occupancy in 1892. The Legisla- tures of 1891 and 1893 made but very slight appropriations for the capitol building, and the work became practically suspended until it was resumed under the appropriations of the Legislature of 1895. The capitol still remains an illus- tration of the history of the State, "still achieving, still pursuing." Succeeding the line of temporary structures — frame, stone, brick and concrete — which served to house the executive, judicial and legislative departments of the government of Kansas for sixteen years, the growth of the present capitol has reflected the growth of the material State. Year by year the halls have stretched away; inviting porticoes have reached forward; columns have arisen, and 282 HISTORY OF KANSAS. last, the high dome has mounted upward. The interior has exhibited modern improvements and inventions, from gas to electricity. The structure is not completed, any more than Kansas is completed. But, as Kansas lives longer and learns more, the beneficial progress leaves its impress on the capitol in the shaped and fashioned stone, and steel and bronze, "from turret to foundation stone." While the edifice has been rising, widening, extending, the prairie acres around it have been embraced in the trans- formation scene of which Kansas has been the stage. The Capitol Square, twenty years ago, furnished one of the first marked observances of "Arbor Day" in Kansas. On the proclamation of the Mayor of Topeka, Major Thomas G. Anderson, the people of Topeka, young and old, gathered between noon and sunset and planted around the Capitol a thousand trees. [Note. — The facts in this chapter are derived from "The Story of the Capitol," contributed by Judge F. Gr. Adams, Secretary of the State Historical Society, to the Topeka Mail and Breeze of March 22, 1896.] SUMMARY. 1. The first Territorial Government of Kansas was quartered at a fort. • 2. The second home of the Government was at a mission. 3. Pawnee a capital for a day. 4. Lecompton and Lawrence offered rival attractions. 5. Topeka became the permanent home, and the State builds its own house. CHAPTER XL. MAN AND NATURE. 491. Opinion of Captain Pike.— Captain Zebulon Montgomery Pike, when he looked over Kansas, in 1806, did not believe it, or the greater part of it, an agricultural, or even a habitable country. After he had seen a good stretch of eastern and upper central Kansas, and had descended into the western valley of the Arkansas, he said: "In the western traverse of Louisiana the following general observations may be made : From the Missouri to the head of the Osage river, a distance in a straight line of probably 300 mUes, the country will admit of a numerous, extensive and compact population; from thence, on the rivers La Plate, Arkansas and Kansas, and their various branches, it appears to me only possible to introduce a limited population. The inhabitants would find it most to their advantage to pay their attention to the raising of cattle, horses, sheep and goats, all of which they can raise in abundance, the earth producing spon- taneously suf&cient for their support, both in winter and summer, by which means their herds might become immensely numerous, but the wood now in the country would not be sufficient for a moderate population more than fifteen years, and then it would be out of the question to use any of it in manufactories, consequently their houses would be of mud bricks (like those in New Spain) , but, 283 284 HISTORY OF KANSAS. possibly, time may make the discovery of coal mines, which would render the country habitable." The opinion of Pike, of Kansas, was the earlier explorer's account of high prairie country. Major Stoddard, in his description of the newly acquired province of Upper Louisiana, expresses his doubt if the country forty miles from St. Louis can be cultivated on account of the absence of timber for fencing. 492. Indian Territory Limits.— The Government of the United States in defining, in 1830, the limits of the Indian Territory, did not give any certain western boundary. The Territory was to stretch back from the Missouri river, or the Missouri and Arkansas line for 200 miles, or "as far as the country is habitable." Pike, in his journeyings in portions of Kansas, now cov- ered by fields and pastures and orchards,, speaks of travel- ing over "salines," wastes, and deserts, sterile and "weari- some heaths." As he saw it, so it appeared to those who came after him, and so the country was platted in the early maps as "The Great American Desert." 493. Coal. — The only possibility that Pike admits of mistake in his calculation, is, that "the discovery of coal may make the country habitable." Otherwise the country must remain at best a range, its people herdsmen and shepherds, after the fashion of those inhabiting New Spain. In the word "discovery" has been found the key to the situation. Man has discovered coal in Kansas, and it has been discovered east, south and west of Kansas. That was the first discovery the "actual settler" made in Kansas — coal, and it has been found in increased quantities since, and the country has grown more and more habitable, and inhabited. MAN AND NATUKE. 285 It has been estimated that the coal underlying the coun- ties of Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee and Osage, is equal to 5,000,000,000 cords of wood, or a forest that would cover half the surface of Kansas. This discovery has been made by man since Pike was here. 494. Rain and Wind.— The Kansas man has always felt, as did Pike, the uncertainty of the rain supply. He has attentively measured its yearly, monthly and daily fall. There are accurate weather journals in Kansas that have been kept up since 1854. The record at the State University has been kept, since 1867, three times a day. All the State institutions may be said to be weather bureaus and obsert^a- tories. It has been said that the wind "bloweth where it listeth, and whither it goeth and whence it cometh ye can not tell.". That is not the literal truth in Kansas, Every wind that blows over Kansas is noted in its course and its velocity. And it is known that there have been years with a less "run of the wind" than was customary in the early settlement of the country, when the hurrying, worrying blast was one of the greatest troubles of life in the new region. 495. The Underground River.— The quest for water, for wells and springs beneath the surface, has never been given up in Kansas. At first, the boast of the country was, the "water within twenty or thirty feet"; but that has not been entirely satisfactory. In no country has there been a more constant search for artesian water, for the waters under the earth unaffected by surface variations or circumstances. The tradition of the "sheet water" has been followed, as the Spanish adventurers followed the story of El Dorado. The search has not been in vain. 286 HISTORY OF KANSAS, The secret of the "underflow" has been penetrated. Flow- ing under central Kansas, from north to south, is the "underground river," and it has been platted and mapped quite as carefully as any surface river in Kansas, the Kansas or the Arkansas, the Blue or the Neosho. For man's use it means no one can tell how much. As far as called upon it has proved exhaustless. 496. Oil and Natural Gas.— Kansas has not always succeeded in finding on the first examination. How many " burning wells" and "oil springs" were noted in the early days, and yet it was necessary to wait for the finally great developments of oil at Neodesha, and the natural gas at lola, and the salt at Hutchinson. But they were found finally, because the hunt for them never gave over. 497. Arbor Day. — Pike said the timber in the best timbered part of Kansas would give out in fifteen years. Pike supposed that the proper business of a pioneer and a settler was to cut down all the trees as fast as he came to them, and pile them up in heaps, and burn them. Pike had never heard of "Arbor Day." He did not suppose that the forest of an inhabited country could increase. Kansas has proved that it may. To make trees grow where once was the smooth and wearisome waste, is the great Kansas speculation and calculation. Some of the largest artificial forests and orchards in the United States are in Kansas. 498. Kansas is Studied. — Kansas is a great book, every page of which is studied every day. The earth and the air and the water are examined every hour, and every change, every movement is recorded. Great museums are already filled with specimens of everything that has ever MAN AND NATURE, 287 walked or crawled, or spread a fin, or wing or claw in Kan- sas; of everything that lives in Kansas now, of everything that was here millions of ages ago. Kansas continually makes discovery." Kansas maintains for this work of discovery many insti- tutions and societies, the Kansas State Medical Society, organized in 1859, and the Kansas Academy of Science, founded in 1868, and doubtless springing from organiza- tions yet older than themselves, are probably the present seniors among what may be called societies of research. 499. Chancellor Snow's Discovery, — Not only are the Kansas beasts of the field and the fowls of the air an object of ceaseless study and report, but the insects of Kansas, especially those noxious and harmful to the hus- bandman, are under constant surveillance. One result of this is historical. In 1888, Professor Snow, of the Kansas State University, learned that the chinch bugs of the State were dying of a disease characterized by the appearance of a white or gray fungus. This was the first discovery. He next discovered that the disease was infectious, that it might be communi- cated by infected to healthy bugs. This was the second discovery, and a Kansas newspaper volunteered the infor- mation that Professor Snow would send the infectious material on application. Within a few days Professor Snow received requests from nine different States. The discovery was followed up with true Kansas ardor. Thousands of packages of the infection were distributed over the State, and reports received from thousands of experimenters. The Legislature of 1891 made an appro- priation in aid of Professor Snow's experimental station 288 HISTORY OF KANSAS. at the University. In 1894, 8,000 packages of the infection were sent out to individual farmers in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma. In the meantime the States of Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois had followed the example of Kansas, and had established their own distributing stations. The general result of the labor and investigation kept up for years, was, that the farmer may possess a partial, if not entire, protection against one of the most destructive of the enemies of his fields. This much was demonstrated in and by Kansas. 500. Climate and Cultivation.— In Kansas, man has believed, and has most studiously searched to discover if the fact be true, that the cultivation of great areas of ground may affect the climate. If, to slightly change the verse of the Kansan, ' 'Ironquill' ' : Man may bid the climate vary, And awaiting no reply From the elements on high, May with plows besiege the sky. Vex the heavens with the prairie. If this secret of Nature is ever fathomed, it will be in Kan- sas, because here man perpetually makes inquiry of Nature. 501 . The Great American Desert. — In the beginning, when Kansas was transferred from the scattered, scanty and uncertain residence of Indians to the hands of white and civilized people, it was still represented on maps as the "Great American Desert;" this, of course, did not mean a scorched and sandy waste like the Desert of Sahara, but it meant an open, and for the most part uninhabited country, and destitute of the resources, as timber, which had belonged to the country previously settled in the United Sta1:es. MAN AND NATURE. 289 The task of man, and which he has successfully accom- plished, for the most part in less than forty years, has been to overcome the apparent deficiencies of Nature. He has, to use Pike's phrase, "made discovery." Where the old fuel, wood, was wanting, he has found coal; where there was no timber for fencing, he has found other material for fences, as wire, and has even gone without. Where there were no trees he has planted them. He has made a great fruit and orchard State, without any example or encourage- ment from Nature. 502. Kansas Records.— Of all that has been done in Kansas, careful record has been made. All labor has been accompanied by observation. All that the past generations have accomplished has been written in an open book for the guidance of generations to come. In Kansas there is pass- ing what may be called the procession of Nature — the succession year by year of the grasses, the flowers, the wayside vegetation. In single seasons, the country has been covered with some vegetable invader which, in another year, was gone. In Kansas, thoughtful and observant eyes have watched all this, and written down the order of the march. Kansas had among its earliest settlers an unusual number of highly educated people. It is recorded that the town site of Manhattan was laid out by a party of five graduates of Eastern colleges. This element in the early population of the State not only insured the stability of the educational institutions of the new community, but it gave to the State a body of competent scientific observers, it may be said, in all departments. What might be known by the use of instruments of precision was ascertained and recorded. In Kansas nothing rests on the "traditions of the elders" or 290 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. the broken recollections of unlettered hunters. The younger generation has followed in the footsteps of the pioneer scientists and scholars. The higher schools of Kansas have been remarkable in the number and attainments of the young naturalists they have turned out. To young Kansas scholars and students the State is greatly indebted for the study of its climate, its geology, its fauna and flora, its earth and water and air. These have not confined their researches to Kansas, but have explored the neighboring States and Territories and have been especially brave, en- during and intelligent investigators of the Rocky Mountain region. Kansas naturalists have been from the far North to the far South, from the Arctic Circle to the mysterious and overgrown cities of Central America, have threaded the forests of Cuba and the tropical wilds of Yucatan. SUMMARY. 1. The early explorers and the Government of the United States did not believe Kansas an agricultural country. 2. Successful efforts by man have overcome the diflculties of Nature. 3. The discovery of coal and the growth of forests. 4. The obliteration of the desert and the finding of waters under the earth. 5. Every phase of Nature in Kansas is the object of observation and record. 6. Man in Kansas contends with success against every natural enemy, includiag insects injurious to agriculture. CHAPTER XLI. KANSAS LITEEATUKE. 503. First Ppinting'.— The first printing press brought to what is now Kansas was for the use of an Indian mission. The first books printed were Indian books. But few copies of these books now exist; the readers long ago departed. 504. Kansas and the Modern Press. — The begin- nings of the modern daily American newspaper press were almost contemporaneous with the beginnings of civilized and enlightened Kansas. The use of the telegraph, in those days caUed the "magnetic telegraph," for newspaper work, was, in 1854, becoming general. Power presses were first considered necessary, and another newspaper adjunct, first developed in Kansas Territory, was the "correspond- ent." Several of the greatest papers of the country maintained "special correspondents" in Kansas. Many of these young men possessed much ability, and made a national reputation, as William A. Phillips, the corres- pondent of the New York Tribune. Many of these were not merely writers, but doers of the word, and took part in the battles of the Territory. 505. The First Newspapers.— Kansas had newspa- pers as soon as it had a population. The first newspaper was the Leavenworth Herald. Its first ofttce was the shade of a large elm tree. Lawrence had newspaj)ers very soon after. John and Joseph Speer and George W. Brown 291 292 HISTORY OF KANSAS. became "toilers of the pen and press" at Lawrence, in October, 1854. The newspapers were all political, either for freedom or slavery. In the ease of the Free State papers, their names often indicated their principles, as the Herald of Freedom, or Freedom's Champion. A great deal of talent found its way into Kansas newspaper offices of that early time. Napoleon said that every French soldier carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack; in Kansas, future governors, senators, chieftains and ambassadors carried printer's rules in their pockets. 506. Early Observers. — The ferment in Kansas brought to the scene interested observers, writers of present or future eminence; these wrote books about Kansas. Some of these were guide books, some histories, some narratives of personal experience. One of the first writers on territorial Kansas was Rev. Edward Everett Hale, since, those days famous in the literary history of the country. Mr. Hale's book was published in 1854, and was entitled "Kanzas and Nebraska: the History, Geographical and Physical Characteristics, and Political Position of Those Territories; an Account of the Emigrant Aid Companies, and Directions to Emigrants." Mr. Hale's publication was not intended as "elegant literature," but to direct Northern emigration to Kansas. Much that was written in the early days and since has been with the same purpose. 507. Some Early Books.— The missionaries who lived and labored in Kansas while it was still Indian country, wrote their books of their charges and their efforts. To these belong the narratives of Isaac McCoy, and Henry Harvey, who wrote a "History of the Shawnee Indians, from the Year 1681 to 1854." The "correspondent," of KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 293 whom mention has been made, collected his letters into volumes. Such were G. Douglas Brewerton's "War in Kansas," Mr. Brewerton being a correspondent of the New York Herald, and supposed to be impartial. Other books were not presumed to be neutral in sentiment, as "The Conquest of Kansas by Missouri and Her Allies," by William A. Phillips. Neither could the imputation of lack of feeling be charged upon "Kansas, its Interior and Exterior Life," by Mrs. Sara T. L. Robinson, wife of Governor Charles Robinson. This book ran through six or more editions, and was favorably noticed by the London reviews, and, speaking of British opinion, a very readable book about Kansas was, "The Englishman in Kansas, or Squatter Life and Border Warfare," by Thomas H. Glad- stone, a Kansas correspondent of the London Times, and a kinsman of William Ewart Gladstone, England's great statesman. These and many more books were written in and about Kansas in the days of the "troubles," and largely inspired by the "troubles." They are, generally speaking, rare books now. In some cases the "visible supply" of them is reduced to one or two copies, but they were widely read when new, and the events of which they spoke were fresh in the public mind. 508. Literature Affected by Environment. — The cultivation of literature in Kansas was affected by the cir- cumstances surrounding the country. Days of drought and famine; "domestic quarrel" and "foreign levy," Indian raid and border foray were not favorable to the pro- duction of books. But through all existed a vigorous and powerful newspaper press; as alert as a sentry on a post dangerous and beset. The pen as well as the sword was 294 HISTORY OF KANSAS. tendered Kansas in the later fifties. In those years there came writers who remained, D. R. Anthony, D. W. Wilder, T. Dwight Thacher, Sol Miller and John A. Martin and others, and thrust in their sickles in the field, where in a way, the pioneer editors, and John Swinton, and Phillips and Albert D. Richardson and Richard J. Hinton, and more had reaped. But these last "came to stay," and to leave a permanent impress on the life and literature of the State. 509. The Kansas Magazine.— After the wars were over, and the piping times of peace had come, and the sword had been shaped into a pruning hook, the literary genius of Kansas was mainly devoted, for awhile, to exploiting the resources of the State. Seldom in any country have the efforts of the land agent been more powerfully aided by the pen of the ready writer. Yet it was in these days that appeared the Kansas Magazine, the most brilliant experiment in our literary history. The Kansas Magazine secured a corps of contributors (without money and without price), the larger number of whom were Kansas men and women; and much that was written referred to Kansas. The contributors who secured the largest number of readers were John James Ingalls and "Deane Monahan." Both held their ascendency through the same merit, it might be called charm, their familiarity with the locality, with outward and visible nature. Mr. Ingalls revealed, as it had not been before, the secret of the spell of natural Kansas over the hearts of her children. "Deane Monahan," (Captain James W. Steele,) had been, before his magazine days, an ofB.cer in the regular army of the United States, and had been stationed at posts, and KANSAS LITERATUKE. 295 made many weary marches in the far West. He made familiar to Kansas readers the desert earth and the vast sky, the canon and the mesa, of New Mexico. It is prob- ably true until he wrote of it, that few had ever seen a picture of the "Jornada del Muerto," the "Journey of Death." While the Kansas Magazine had but a comparativelj' brief existence, it made a lasting literary sensation. Bound vol- umes of it are now deemed valuable, and odd numbers are eagerly gathered up. 510. Two Books Invaluable. — After the magazine period, appeared two books of incalculable value to Kansas; Wilder's "Annals of Kansas," and Andreas' "History of Kansas" — the latter known to Kansas people by a much more commonx)lace name. Neither of these books was ■ written with any attempt at literarj' ex- cellence, they are merely collections of "facts and figures." The "Annals" represent the knowledge and industry of one Kansas man; the "History'*' was the work of a great number of persons. They form in Kansas the basis of history. So complete are they in their field that Kansas history can not be written without them. 511. Local Histories.— It wiU be found that, in the brief time allowed, Kansas has "celebrated herself." In addition to the "Annals" and the "History" already men- tioned, there have been written many local histories. In 1876, the Centennial year, special interest was manifested in the preservation of the chronicles of Kansas counties, D. ¥. Wilder. 296 HISTORY OF KANSAS. and many volumes were written. They were of much present interest, and will serve as helps and guides to future annalists. Most valuable, too, are the biennial volumes issued by the State Historical Society. They con- tain what may be called history "at first hands," the stories of actors and eye witnesses. In these are supple- mented the few "war histories" written by Kansas authors, as Burke's "Military History of Kansas," Hinton's Army of the Border," and Britton's "Civil War on the Border." The story of life on the great plains, and the mountains beyond them has been told in the volumes of Colonel Henry Inman. 512. A Kansas Library.— The Reverend J. W. D. Anderson made a collection of Kansas books. Mr. Ander- son was a native Kansan of literary taste and feeling, and the gathering together of all the books of or about Kansas, was with him a labor of love, which he performed with great fidelity. Before Mr. Anderson's death his collection passed into the possession of the Kansas State University, and now forms a part of the University library. Many additions have been madS in all departments since the day of the "Anderson Collection," but the best and most suf- ficient estimate of the literary work done in the first thirty years of the life of Kansas may be formed by an inspection of its volumes. 513. Poetry of Kansas.— Of poetry, Kansas may be said to have produced much. No great epic poem has yet appeared; no single song with the assurance of being sung forever, but much of graceful, and sometimes of inspiring verse, which has been preserved and cherished as the poet has been faithful in two things, to life as it is in KANSAS LITERATUKE. 297 Engene Ware. Kansas, and the human heart as it is everywhere. This has kept in mind Mrs. Allerton's "Walls of Corn," and Engene Ware's "Washerwoman's Song." Kansas verse has been gathered in modest volnnies, as in Miss Horner's "Songs of Kansas," and the sheaf of verses by members of the State Uni- versity called ' ' Sunflowers . ' ' Nearly all has been in the first instance given to the newspapers, and often has received no more permanent form. The tender and graceful poems of the brilliant Josie Hunt, of Kansas, have never ceased their newspaper journey in nearly, or quite forty years. The poems of Richard Eealf — earliest of Kansas poets, and whose life was a tragedy — were given, with scarcely a thought, to the press. Recently, Richard Realf s friend in the old Kansas days. Colonel Richard J. Hinton, has gathered up the poems from far and wide, and given them to readers in preservable form . Kansas poetry, so far as it has been affected by Kansas, has reflected the infinite quiet (.)f the great wide land; of the immense blue arch of heaven. When the storm and stress of the first days is remembered, there seems to be little in our verse of the stir of conflict, and the ring of steel, or the gaiety that valor knows. An exception to this rule is preserved in Wilder's "Annals," written by an unknown hand. It will be understood that K. T. are the initials of Kansas Territory. The verses originally appeared in the long deceased periodical. Vanity Fair, in September, 1861. 298 HISTORY OF KANSAS. K. T. Did. From her borders, far away, Kansas blows a trumpet call. Answered by the loud "hurrah" Of her troopers, one and all. 'KJnife and pistol, sword and spur!" Cries K. T.— 'Let my troopers all concur, To the old flag, no demur — Follow me!" Hence the song of jubilee. Platyphillis from the tree. High among the branches hid, Sings all night so merrily — "K. T. did. She did— she did!" Thirty-score Jayhawkers bold, Kansas men of strong renown, Rally round the banner old. Casting each his gauntlet down. Good for Kansas," one and all Cry to her; Riding to her trumpet call, Blithe as to a festival, All concur! Hence the revel and the glee. As the chanter from the tree. High among the branches hid, Sings all night so merrily — "K. T. did. She did— she did!" 514. Other Kansas Contributions. — Kansas has contributed in many ways to what may be called the literature of the country. Many Kansans, going abroad. KANSAS LITEEATTJRE, 299 have written books of travel; many books have been "written on social questions, mostly embodying "advanced views," but what may be termed the literary bent of the State has been in the direction of sketch writing, news- paper and magazine writing, which, in time, may grow and gather into books. Of course the myriad-minded Shakespeare has been remembered. Kansas has produced WUder's "Life of Shakespeare" and Randolph's "Trial of Sir John FalstafE." Both treating the great dramatist originally and profitably. No Kansas author has as yet written a "great" or "standard" work on any subject, for the reason that no Kansas writer has yet found a lifetime to devote to such. A large number of Kansas writers, usually young men and women, are contributors to the leading magazines, reviews and literary journals of the country. The story-teller is the coming man in Kansas; the people will gather about him. Of later years, among those who have attracted attention may be mentioned Edgar W. Howe's "The Story of a Country Town" ; the newspaper sketches of Harger, Morgan, Albert Bigelow Paine, and William Allen White. The widest circulation ever attained by the works of a Kansas author, has been by the stories of Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, of Topeka, "In His Steps," and the succeeding volumes have been sold in many thousands, and translated into various modern languages. These books are of a deeply religious character, and are visions of the "good time coming" hoped for. Many of the Kansas men and women are equally facile in prose and verse, and it is remarked that John James Ingalls, whose prose illuminated the old Kansas Magazine and has been an attraction to 300 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas readers always, has written the most perfect single verse in Kansas literature: Opportunity. Master of human destinies am I; Fame, love and fortune on my footsteps wait. Cities and field I walk. I penetrate Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by Hovel and mart and palace, soon or late, I knock unbidden once at every gate. If sleeping, wake; if feasting, rise, before I turn away. It is the hour of fate, And they who follow me reach every state Mortals desire, and conquer every foe Save death; but those who hesitate. Condemned to failure, penury and woe. Seek me in vain, and uselessly implore. I answer not and I return no more. SUMMARY. 1. The printing press first brought to Kansas for Indians. 2. The opening of Kansas Territory was nearly contemporaneous with the advent of the modern daily newspaper. 3. The Territorial period was the subject of remarkable books. -1. Kansas from the first possessed a vigorous, powerful and alert newspaper press. 5. The Kansas Magazine a brilliant literary experiment. 6. Two fountains of Kansas history. 7. The varied efforts of Kansas writers cover largely the field of present interest in poetry and prose, and Kansas and Nature. APPENDIX. THE STATE OF KANSAS. ORIGIN or NAME, LOCATION OF COUNTY SEAT AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION OF EACH COUNTY.* Allen.— Organized in 1855. County seat, lola. Named in honor of Wil- liam Allen, of Ohio, who was for many years a member of the United States Senate from that Common- wealth, and also its Governor. He favored the doctrine of popular sov- ereigntyon the opening of the Terri- tory of Kansas to settlement. . '.Emerald ; • '. ■,^:f" Allen. Anderson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Garnett. Received its name from Jos. C. Anderson, of Missouri, who was a member of the first Kansas Territorial Legisla- ture, and Speaker pro tern, of the House of Representatives. Atehison.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Atchison. Named for Anderson. David R. Atchison, a Senator from Missouri, and President of the United States Senate at the date of the passage of the Act for the organ- ization of the Territory of Kansas. He was a Pro-Slavery Democrat, and zealous partisan leader in the discus- sions and movements affecting the interests of slavery and its attempted establishment in the new State to be created. Atchison. *By permission, from Admlre's Political Hand Book of Kansas. Crane & Co., Topeka. 301 302 APPENDIX. BarbeF.— Organized in 1873. County seat, Medicine Lodge. In honor of Thomas W. Barber, a Free State settler o£ Douglas county, who was killed in consequence of the political troubles, near Lawrence, December 6, 1855. (The county was originally named in the statute as "Barbour," but was corrected hy special act of the Legis- lature in 1883.) Barber. Barton. — Organized in 1872. County seat, Gfreat Bend. In honor of Miss Clara Barton, -of Massachu- setts , who won great distinction during the war for the Union by her remark- ' '•Kobcrts -..- .,' '. '•Verbeqk - T Millard :' . itodln : ably effective philanthropic career in the sanitary department of the army. Bourbon. — Organized in 1855. County seat. Fort Scott. Eeceived its name from Bourbon county, Ky. , the latter having been one of the Bonrbon. nine counties organized in 1785 by the Virginia Legislature, before Ken- tucky became aii independent State. " It was so called as a compliment to the Bourbon dynasty of France, a prince '"^ that family (then on the throne) having rendered the American colonies important aid in men and money in their great struggle for independence. Colonel Samuel A. Williams, a native of Brown. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 303 Bourbon county, Ky., was a member of the House from Fort Scott- in 1855, and it was at his request that the county was so named. He was mustered in as Cap- tain of Company I, Second Kansas Cav- alry, November 2z, 1861, and resigned March 28, 1862. He died at his old home, Fort Scott, in August, 1873. Brown. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Hiawatha. AfterAlbertG. Browne, of Mississippi, who had been Senator and member of the House of Represen- tatives from that State , was United States Senator at the date of the Act organizing Kansas Territory, was re-elected for six Butter. ^^[Hymer \ •i-;bi II 3^- D^^paojj" ^fc Oleme^^^^''^ jt.j^^3S?^ , ^r^ '%- ^^urCfort < ^azliar ^eSar point ^irl6jl P %o.e,..J ^-4 1 '.Ml, Matli^l* areert^ ^ .^^^vfxaisevy * ^hnrin'an Gliase. years Ln 1859, but withdrew with Jeffer- son liavis on the secession of the South- ern States. The name is properly spelled with an e in the original statute, but on the county seal the e was left off — accidentally, probably. All later statutes present the name without the final e. Butler.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Eldorado. For Andrew P. Butler, who was United States Senator from South Carolina, from 1846 to 1857. Chase.— Organized in 1859. County seatj Cottonwood Falls. Created out of portions of Wise and Butler counties, and named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, successively Governor of Ohio, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In the Senate he was earnest in his opposition to the extension of slavery into Kansas. Chautauqua.— Organized in 1875. County seat, Sedan, out of a portion of what was first God- frey county, named after "BiQ" God- frey , a noted trader among the Osages ; then Howard county, in honor of Major-General 0. O. Howard, for his efforts in behalf of the Union. Chautauqua county, N. Y., was the former home of Hon. Edward Jaquins, a member of ike Kansas Legfisiature in 1875 from Howard county, who Created -K Fm\.t.W. _-0.(^ '^A'^'.L^.'i^^''^ ^>l. / M a™m.«. ^JBnwu / ^^-^"^^x. ^ ■* , ^^J* ^^^ Trf^ ^^ '^s^^st,^^ **»■** ^£g^ •SSL-bu^ '<:■: ■■■^^- ■.■Yi^^ ■.■.':■.■..; " ■ ?" j;--^:;'''*! yr^ OohoitrieJ^ ,/ Btlllw'eii/V.'l ..^'Xdgerton :'■'.. s&B HiiL/:'.;^;^! Johnson. Kearnj. commanded United States troops in President of the first Territorial Council, was shot and killed, in January, 1865. Kearny.— Or- ganized March 27, 1888. County seat, Lakin. Named after Gen- eral Kearny, who He ..x^;■;^-:>:;.\■;;vV:"■■V^■;;■'0;v' .■'.'■! Staples"-^ M*^:/;; m§im^ ...Mi.'/ ^■■■.•^o.i:::^0 >:.-:-%v ■ •■??>%Si^Tfe ^'' :■ :-:^ * :■■■■' ■ Xlngman. the West during the Indian troubles. Kingman, — Organized in 1874. County seat, Kingman, which was named in honor of Samuel A. King- man, who was then Chief Justice of Kansas. liowiu DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 313 Labette. Kiowa.— Organized March 23, 1886. County seat, Greensburg. Named after the Kiowa Indians. Labette. — Legally organized in 1867. County seat, Oswego. Originally part of Dorn county, after Colonel Earl Van Dom, of the regular army (he was also a Confederate omcer) , but changed from Dorn to Neosho in 1861, after name of the principal river in southern Kansas. Labette county has a peculiar history, not generally known, or at least not found in the books. Prior to the sum- mer of 1866 all that part (and being the south half) of Neosho county, now com- prising Labette, was sparsely populated. In the spring of 1866 there was a great rush of imnugration to that locality, and the new settlers proceeded to organize a government of their own. They gave the name Labette (then written La Bette), and called a con- vention, nominated a full set of county officers, and a representative to the State Legislature, and elected them at the Novem- ber election, and started a county govern- ment — for all of which no authority of law whatever existed. The "Representative" so elected was Charles H. Bent, who re- ported at Topeka with a petition j "signed by John G. Eice and 224 other citizens of i^jj. Labette county," asking that Mr. Bent be admitted to a seat in the House. He was admitted, and afterwards introduced a Bill to "organize and define the boundaries of Labette county," which passed, and was approved the 7th of February, 1867. The word La Bette is French, and signifies "the beet." Lane. — Organized June 3, 1886. Boundaries defined in 1873. County seat, Dighton. In honor of Senator James H. Lane, of Kansas. Leavenworth.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Leavenworth. From, Fort Leavenworth, the most important military post in the West. It was established in 1827, and was named after Colonel Henry S. Leavenworth, of the United States Army. leaTesvortli. 314 AJPPENDIX. Lincoln.— Organized in 1870. County seat, Lincoln. Named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, and author of the emancipation proclama- tion, who was assassinated April 14, 1865. Linn. — Orga,nized in 1855. County- seat, Mound City. Named for Lewis Lincoln. F. Linn, a disting^uished United States Senator from Missouri, who died in 1843, in office. He was a colleague of Hon. Thos. H. Benton. Logan. — Organized September 17, 1887. County seat, Russell Springs. -Monu ment. - :■'■'•■'■ J, : ?■;-..;:-: ■.-■.Oak ley .-../•Seaman La^i^^ ^"^"r ■^V/ .^JGoirfribh'.' :; "^tC -^.^^■v; .■'■■':^>^/^" ■-■■.■■'■.'■■■■:■■!■■.. i'.Boicourt^l ^akvoStyi Kosflrith .7 : •; ■; ■'jf igoian to Ik. Trading- SJii'. Post ■ j^7ance^-.;:;::;;;.^yallSt^eei/'y^C><' ■":--/v.KV;i;;-5?*t;7«i7'2S=^0UNp. iif^-:-.*^:,. ■ ■■.' ■ ■..■■■.{■-CITY.-.. •■: ILlnton j -" - \'^'^'"° Moiiiid ■■' ■■■^■■-J ;:;.;;:.s;.v!'iSJfo'o.v ^Ov:':'V::;:^?r^iott^;f:i;: Logan. Linn. By an Act of the Legislature in 1887, the name of the then unorganizea county of St. John was changed, to Logan^ in honor of the late General John A. Logan. Lyon.— Organized in 1860. County seat, Emporia. Lyon. Named by the first Leg- islature, Breckinridge, in honor of John C. Breckinridge, United States Senator from Kentucky, and who af- terward became Vice- President of the United States in 1856. Name changed in 1862 to Lyon, in honor of General Na- thaniel Lyon, who was killed while ia command of the Union Army at Hsrion. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 315 the battle of Wilson's creek, Mis- souri, August 10, 1861. Marion. — Organized in 1860. County seat, Marion. Named for Marion eounty,-^hio, which was so- called in memory of Geileral Francis Marion, of revolutionary fame. Marshall. — Organized in 1855. County seat, MarysvUle. After Gen- . WM. Summerfiel'dt^ W- ;-|pf..;;,::;«£&'- /f^^: Guitard*Slalbarne?>^ m ■-.-Afton,?, .-.•Reeds^ille- '■;■::- :■. , . Schroy^ ^?V V: -Frank r(tv|^;7^^^ ^^ ■S:^ Nj^*^"^ : -^^^arrett. ■:.,.' - -SThomas ■.■■- ^rfe^~y^mgei6w'.V.-.-"-"i:. ■* ;■:•>■■■;•■■ ":■■ ■ iW^ -".-"■."■■.'■ a .-fl'yoraiog. ■,.:,:.TSiTede Or.J/ LiGrnnso :; :■■;. Haishall. eral Frank J. Marshall, who estab- lished a ferry on the Big Blue at the crossing of the old Independence- California road in 1849. He was a prominent member of the first Leg- islature, and had his own name ap- HcPherson. plied to the county. Marysville was declared the permanent county seat by the Legislature in 1860. McPherson. — Organized, 1870. County seat, McPherson. In honor of Major- General James B. McPherson, United ■'Rockvillef;; ■Jingof.-V.-V Meade. States Volunteers, who was killed in battle at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Meade. — Organized November 3, 1885. County seat, Meade. Named in honor of Major-General George G. Meade, United States Army, who died in 1872. Miami .^)reanized in 1855 under the name of Lykins. County seat, Miami. 316 APPENDIX. Tipton . BlueBiR Wainut Grovo*^■■.■ Elrainl SallviUc': Paola. In' honor of Dr. David Lykins, who was a missionary among the Miamis. He was also a member of the first Territorial Council. Name changed in 1861 to Miami, after the tribe of Indians. Mitchell.— Organized in 1870. County seat, Beloit. In honor of William D. Mitchell, who entered the Hitchell. Union army as a private in Company K, Second Kansas Cavalry; was promoted to Captain in the Second Kentucky Cav- alry, and killed March 10, 1865, at Mon- roe's Cross Roads, N. C. MontgomeFy. — Organized in 1869. County seat, Independence. Named for Gen. Richard Montgomery, born in Ire- land, December 2, 1730; was an officer of Montgomery. distinction in the British Army; re- signed and settled in New York State in 1773; was appointed one of the eight Generals to command the Revo- lutionary army of America, in 1775; was killed in the attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775, shouting, "Death or liberty!" Uorris. Morris. — Organized as Wise in 1855. County seat. Council Grove. Originally named for Henry A. Wise, who was Governor of Virginia during the John Brown seizure of Harper's Ferry. The execution of that "grand old man," at Charlestown, December 2, 1859, was one of the last acts of Wise's administration. Name was changed to Morris in February, 1859, in honor of Thomas Morris, a United ffiw :::SS;;//;-:'^;V;V:::-:W:;-»yiVbqii:-ft; : '.: •.r:;•■.^^■^•^■>::;::\■^■/■;/•^^^v?;■:.:■iw^i'd5««»'f• UortOIl, DESOKIPTION OF COUNTIES. 317 .StiBenediot iUN^iieliat^^A-meri? Nemaha. States Senator from Ohio in 1832, who distinguished himself as an opponent of slavery. He died in 1844. Mppton.— Organized November 18, 1886. County seat, Richfield. Was named in honor of Honorable Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana. Nemaha.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Seneca. Named from a river in Ne- braska — the Nemaha, one of whose branches drains the northern half of the county. N e sh o . — Organized in 1864. County seat, Erie. The county was ''™'''°- originally named Dorn (see Labette) , and changed in 1861 to Neosho, after the Neosho river, which traverses the county from northwest to southeast. The name was given to the river by the Osages. Ness. — First Organized in 1873. County seat, Ness City. Disorganized in 18745 reorganized in 1880. Named in honor of Noah V. Ness, Corporal of Company Q, Seventh Kansas Cav- alry, who ':^■■.^^^vRbeKwelI\'C^ty^■;:■;■^;:■■■^^^ - ■■.•-. ■'■■.'.-.•Mahteiio V; :;^- ;.;.;■' •,N'onchalanta;^j;jHfi^;^^**iiv:-.-.,ville";. diedAug. 22, 1864, at Abbeyville, Miss., of wounds re- ceived in action August 19, 1864. Nortoni— Organized in 1872. County seat, Norton. In memory of Orloff Norton, Captain of Company L, Fif- teenth Kansas Cavalry, killed by gue- rillas at Cane Hill, Ark., October 29, 1865. In 1873 the county was repre- sented by one N. H. Bilhngs, who, in consequence of his peculiarities, be- came a sort of butt or the Legislature. Norton. 318 APPENDIX. A member of the Senate at the time had the name of Norton changed to Billings, in two lines hidden in a paragraph of a Bill fixing the boundaries of certain conn- ties. The next Legislature restored the name of Nor- ton. Osage.— Organized as Weller county in 1855; name changed to Osage in 1859. Origi- nally named for John B. Weller, of Ohio, member of Congress, and Gov- ernor of that State ; also Governor of California and Senator, Minister to Mexico, etc. The name Osage comes '■ from the Osage river, the headwaters of which stream drain almost the entire county. Lyndon is the county seat. Osborne. — Organized in 1871. County seat, Osborne. Named in honor of Vincent B. Osborne, Private of Company A, Second Kan- sas Cavalry, who lost his right leg January 17, 1865, on the steaiaer Anna Jacobs, at Joy's Ford, on the Arkan- sas river. Ottawa.— Created in 1860, and or- ganized in 1866. County seat, Min- neapolis. Named for trie tribe of Ottawas. 1 ..... ..-(/. l^;.y.N.Porl ^-^ "si;fte« ■wj^ >Tf^rrv T^ pi^ Mounl Ayr ■y: '.- « y: ■(.-■■-■. • • Kjil \;reek ' O J-VJ • Pleasant ^ElaiD . .ei slow A"".. ■.Deliverance-- ■•■ /■ ' Round ..: noverl .J/ liyiTwiu Creek;-: . Mound ■ .-■..■.■.■-• .■-*■ ^' r^-- / ■ , Free.W I'l* "'.'.v- Dial* .1 . ...•Polteri'ille /i ^■i* Stuyvesant « , .',".■-• Viiiceu .". ■.■ Delh^ -•■^^ ■.'■, Cheyeii "'• ;•■ pe Cr. .*:;: -,-.■,;.■. •Lamar':-;.','.',.' Ottawa. Pawnee. — Organized in 1872. County seat. Lamed. Named for the once powerful tribe of Pawnee In- dians, the area of this county having been included in their original hunt- ing grounds. Phillips.— Organized in 1872. County seat, Phillipsburg. Named in memory of William Phillips, a Free-State martyr, murdered September 1, 1856, in Leavenworth. Pawnee. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 319 Pottawatomie.— Organized in 1856. County seat, Wiestnioreland. Named for the Pottawatomie Indians ^wliose reservation at the opening of Kansas Territory for settlement, and for years afterward, embraced a large portion of the geographical area of the county. Pratt. — First organized in 1873. County seat, luka, but not recognized in consequence of frauds. Pratt is now the county seat. Organized constitu- tionally in 1879. Named in memory of Caleb „,.„. Pratt, '^'"'"»=- . Second Lieutenant of Company D, First Kan- sas Infantry, killed in action August 10, 1861, at Wilson's creek, Mo. Rawlins. — Organized in 1881 . County seat, Atwood. Named in memory Gen. John A. Rawlins, who was a staff officer of General Grant, and went into his cabinet, when elected President, as Secretary of War. ^:^s^r/*^^°p';^ Preston ^^rA /"..Caven.-.-"'.-. . luka '^-<^ .'■^^PB, atrona- . ■■":-: ■::i«^v;:v" >.::;.;X;^M. i^. =,»* <^}lly-y<::>\-. rtr^--K:: -><:;:::■;■::: Pratt. Reno.— Organized in 1872. County seat, Hutehiuson. In memory of lUvUns. Jesse L. Eeno, Captain United States army, and Major-General of volun- teers, who was killed in battle, Sept. 14, 1862, at South Mountain, Md. Reno. 320 APPENDIX. Vfl^arwic! -:'.,.-:^:;:^ -^ -■.... — I •50vo ■ ■■■ Grain villeVX /^Narka^ ■^XRepublic City .■ -^ i\ "■■■'■•Tiago-" /MuiidL-n ■■-■. Rock-X ' Slierduhl •■ ' / I BELLE V.L^ ^ '. HaworlhJ Scanrti:)™ \ ■ Cuba)V "M^^-"-" A */ Norwav \_cj 1 ri^-'i Kaekli\v ;■■■■• ...t5L o '■.■>.■.'■•.■■ , > ^, .^^^ Li: Republic. R e p u b 1 i e. — Organized in 1868. County seat, Belleville. Received its name from the Republican river, which, extends through the county. The river was so called because many years ago the valley of that stream was the seat of the "Pawnee Republic," a designation given to a principal division of the Pawnee In- dians, or Panis, as they were origi- nally known. Rice. — County seat, Lyons. Named in memory of Samuel A. Rice, Brigadier-Greneral United States volunteers: killed April 30, 1864, at Jenkins' Perry, Ark. Riley. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Manhattan. Received its name from the adjacent military post, which was established in 1853, and called Port Riley, in honor of General Riley, of the United States""army. Rooks Kooks. Organized in 1872. County seat, Stockton. In memory of John C. Rooks, private of Company 'I, Eleventh Kansas Infantry, who died December 11, 1862, at Payetteville, Ark., of wounds received in the battle of Prairie Grove, December 7, 1862. Rush.— Organized in 1874. County seat, La- Crosse. In memory of Alexan- der Rush, Captain of Company H, Second .■'.■.■.^'-/Sb'affer.'.'.';'; ■ «Flavius ■..■,,■-" '.'■.■Fen'tdn*v..<^Ryah«. /■.'.' Rnsli. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 321 Colored Infantry, killed April 3, 1864, at Jenkins Ferry, Ark. Russell. — Organized in 1872. County seat, Russell. In memory of Alva P. Russell, Captain Company K, Second Kansas Cavalry, -wlio died December 12, 1862, in field hospital near Prairie Grove, Ark. , of wounds received in battle December 7, 1862, at Prairie Grove. Saline.— Organized in 1859. County seat, Salina. Earned for the Saline .UHllyi)]^;'. of Major-General Winfleld Scott, United States army, hero of the Mexican war. Sedgwick. —Organized in 1870. County seat, Wichita. In memory of John Sedg- wick, United States army, Major-Gen- eral of volun- teers, killed in battle. May 9, 1864, at Spott- sylvania, Va. Sedgwick. Sewapd.— Organized January 17, 1886. County seat, Liberal. Boundaries defined in 1873. In honor of Wm. H. Seward, Governor and United river, whose waters drain a large area of the county. Seott. -Or- ganized Jan- uary 29, 1886. Scott is the County seat. Boundaries defined in 1873. In honor Seward. ?f^2 APPENDIX. States Senator of New York, and Secre- tary of State under Abraham Lincoln. Shawnee.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Topeka. Was carved out of what was, before the treaty of 1854, Shaw- nee Indian lands — hence the name. General H. J. Strickler, of Tecumseh, who was a member of the council in 1855, and also of the Joint Com- mittee on Counties, claimed Shawnee Shawnee. for the name of his county, a prefer- ence stoutly contended for by the Reverend Thomas Johnson for the county in which the Legislature was sitting, but the committee yielSed to General Strickler, and, without solici- tation, complimented Mr. Johnson by conferring nis own name upon his county. ^:V-:^/.-:v^-:"^-.:-y =■;:;; ■.■M:A-;-:-Topiancl;V-;;/;.v:-;\ Sheridan. Sheridan.— Organized in 1880. County seat, Hoxie. Named in honor of Lieutenant - General Philip H. Sheridan, United States army. Shepman.— Organized September 20,1886. County seat, Goodland. In Sherman. honor of General W. T. Sherman, United States army. Smith.— Organized in 1872. County seat. Smith Center. In memory of Nathan Smith, Major of Second Colo- rado Volunteers, killed October 23, 1864, at battle of the Little Blue, Mo. Stafford.— Organized in 1879. County seat, St. John. In memory Smith. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTlESo of Lewis Stafford, Captain of Company E, First Kansas Infantry , who was accidentally killed at Young's Point, La., January 31, 1863, Stanton.— Organized June 17, 1887. County seat, Johnson. This county was named after Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of war under President Lincoln. r/.'EIetc'fi^ '^fiaxfleT<;-\-:-[l Staford. Stevens.— Organized August 3, 1886. County seat, Hugoton. Was Stanton. named after the late distinguished statesman, Thaddeus Stevens. Sumner. — Organized in 1871. County seat, Wellington. In honor of :^^rip^g|?Vr: ■;;■■;/: ^^:\"':W>odsdaler:': "•Zella^ "'■■;■■■":■'. ■..■."■".■. .-.Moscow /.;■!■. h".-'"-.-».ClareBee ■'/■'; • .■■".-/■■i-V^-V^ ; ': :.-;;.'n iagara^ ;\ -.'- " -' ./.'^tafayette: ■.-■■;.■ SteTens. Charles Sumner, the distinguished Massachusetts Senator. In 1854 he Snnmer. was a leader in the opposition to ex- tension of slavery into Kansas, as proposed in the BiU to organize the Territory. Thomas. — Organized October 8, 1885. County seat, Colby. In honor Quickviii* pjr~r ^_ ... ...-- - . ^' ~?^: : vVci>$' ft y^ r^ '-'J. jjj/'^tairVl, .-;■ ■-■■.■..-..■.■.^rr^^ ■ MiDEoV2-. ^ ^*>4;^ .-..•Kok./... ./,.;.;...;■, ■.•... Spicii\ ^ --vr^rr'r^ A ^^-p^ Ttiomas. 324 APPENDIX. ![rego. was first named, was the leader in the House of Representatives on the Demo- cratic side in the debate on the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. In February, 1859, the name was changed to Wabaunsee, that being the name of a chief of the Pottawatomie Indians. of Major-General George H. Thomas, United States army, who died in 1870. " Trego. — Organized in 1879. County seat, Wakeeney . In memory of Edgar P. Trego, Captain of Company H, Eighth Kansas Infantry, killed Sep- tember 19, 1863, at Chickamauga, Tenn. Wabaunsee.— Organized as Rich- ardson, in 1859. County seat, Alma. The county was created in 1855. Colonel "Dick" Richardson, of Illinois, for whom the county Wabaunsee. Washington.— Organized in 1860. County seat, Washington. Named in honor or George Washington, the first Presi- dent of the United States. Washington. Wichita.— Organized December 24, 1886. County seat, Leoti. Boundaries defined in 1873. Wichita was the name of a confederacy of Caddoan Indians. Wallace.— Organized in 1888. County seat, Sharon Springs. Named after Gen- eral Lew. Wallace, author of "Ben Hur." Wilson. — Organized in 1865. County seat, Fredonia. This county originally Kcplc*,:-.;^^^^,^ inson'. [ St. Theresa^ wood." ■■;■ ^-v ^&^ m _^;#S^ -^'i 4S Wc,i^ ^ ■ ■■■■..i.Proor: ■"■■■.:■.■,.■■.■-■.•,■.■ feiii ■ ■■■•■.v.'.'i'; ;■■■:■,■■ •tjiw*' ;iA^-v^{;.i^ii Wichita, DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 325 extended to the south line of the State, and was named in honor of Colonel Hiero T. Wilson, who lived -in Fort Scott from September, 1843. He was the first white person to settle there. ■Dildineill / iBirraio ■,■.-.■ / ^Stp.|^ ;■..: -.Coddle U^Ro|J m .■::■■:■ ■Vila.'t ■"':' ."Sexton ^^viv" Benedi ct ■.■...":'■ /Bcned »t,j=A Si^uiirord "■-.■::^:-:- 1| sN '.' ■■: H ■";'■:■ s^lbaoy ■< / " ''^ ■•'■■^o "^^^ &RBbOHIA'.N kj ftllooii'aJ. ■i-mg^ ■o[' ■■■•' f o^ :■■■•/■'■ i& '/^-% jDiinS .jj^B'uxtan '^■■■*:'i v\a Newark':." Lafontainet. ,. NeodcBffiirt ""TSw Brooks Wallace. Wilson. Woodson. — Organized in 1855. County seat, YateS Center. Named in honor of Daniel Woodson, who was Secretary of the Territoi7, and for some time acting Governor, after the resigna- tion of Governor Shannon, in 1856. " Wyandotte. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Kansas City (formerly Wyandotte) . Named after the Indian tribe of that name. Woodson. ORGANIC ACT. ORGANIZATION OF KANSAS TERRITORY. On 30th May, 1854, Congress Passed an Act Entitled "An Act to Organize the Territories op Nebraska and Kansas." The Organic Act took effect on its approval, 30th May, and on 30th. June, 1854, President Pierce appointed ofl&cers for Kansas, as follows: Andrew H. Rebder, of Pennsylvania, as Governor; Daniel Woodson, of Virginia, as Secretary; Andrew J. Isaacs, of Louisiana, as United States District Attorney; Madison Brown, of Maryland, as Chief Justice; and Saunders W. Johnston, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore, of Alabama, as Associate Justices. Judge Brown refused the appointment, and Samuel D. Lecompte, of Maryland, was appointed Chief Justice on 3d October, 1854. The iirst eighteen sections of the Kansas-Nebraska Act relate solely to the Territory of Nebraska. The material portions of the sections of said Act relating to Kansas Territory, are as follows : § 1. (Sec. 19.) All that part of the Territory of the United States, included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this Act, to-wit, beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of 821) ORGANIC ACT. 327 north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri ; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is, hereby created into a temporary government, by the name of the Territory of Kansas; and when aamitted as a State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their ad.mission; provided, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United States from dividing said Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner, and at such times, as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or Territory of the United States; provided, further, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Ter- ritory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include . any Territory which, by treaty with an Indian tribe is not, with- out the consent of said tribe, to be included within the Territorial hmits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such Territory snail be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part gi the Territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United States, to be included within the said Territory of Kansas, or to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to the Government to make if this Act had never passed. ? 2. [Sec. 20 provides for the appointment of a Territorial Governor, and deftnes his powers and duties.] ? 3. [Sec. 21 provides for the' appointment of a Secretary of said Territory, and defines his powers and duties.] ? 4. (Sec. 22.) The legislative power and authority of said Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a legislative assembly. The legislative assembly shall consist of a council and house of representatives. The council shall consist of thirteen members, having the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter Erescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. The ouse of representatives shall, at its first session, consist of 328 APPENDIX. twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifications as pre- scribed -for members of the council, and whose term of service shall continue one year. The number of representatives may be increased by the legislative assembly, from time to time, in pro- portion to the increase of qualified voters; provided, that the whole number shall never exceed thirty-nine. * * * [This section then provides that the Governor shall cause a cen- sus to be taken before the first election, and that he shall make an apportionment declaring the number of members of each house to which each county or district shall be entitled, and "the first election shall be held at such time and places," and the first "legislative assembly shall meet at such place and on such day as the Governor shall appoint; but hereafter the time, place and manner of holding and conducting all elections, and tne appor- tioning the representation in the several counties or districts to the council and house of representatives, shall be prescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular ses- sions of the legislative assembly."] § 5. [Sec. 23 prescribes the qualifications of persons entitled to vote at the first election, which persons are made eligible to office at such first election.] ? 6. (Sec. 24.) The legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act; but no law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the property of the United States; nor shall the lands or other property of* non-resi- dents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents. Every bill which shall have passed the council and house of rep- resentatives of the said Territory shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor withm three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the assembly, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which ease it shall not be a law. ORGANIC ACT. 329 ? 7. [Sec. 25 provides for the appointment of township, district and county of&cers.] § 8. [Sec. 26 declares that no member of the legislative assem- bly shall hold or be appointed to any of&ce which shall have been created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been increased, while he was a member, during the term for which he was elected, etc.] ? 9. (Sec. 27.) The judicial power of said Territory shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two asso- ciate justices, any two of whom shall constitute a c^uorum, and who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said Territory annually; and they shall hold their offices during the period of four years, and until their successors shall be appointed and quali- fied. The supreme court, or the justices thereof, shall appoint its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of the court for which he shall have been appointed. The said Territory shall be divided into three judicial districts, and a district court shall be held in each of said districts by one of the justices of the supreme court at such times and places as may be prescribed by law; and the said judges shall, after their appointments, respectively, reside in the districts which shall be assigned them; and each of the said district courts shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Con- stitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the circuit and district courts of the United States. Each district court, or the judge thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where the court may be held. The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for, both appellate and original, and that of the probate courts and of justices of the peace, shall be as limited by law, provided, that justices of the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy when the title or boundaries of land may be in dis- pute, or where the debt or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the said supreme and district courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as common-law jurisdiction. Writs of error, bills of exception and appea,l shall be allowed in aU cases from the final decisions of said district courts to the supreme court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but in no case removed to the supreme court shall trial by jury be allowed in said court. Writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of said supreme court shall be allowed, and may be taken to the supreme 330 APPENDIX. court of the United States, in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the circuit courts of the United States, where the value of the property or the amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand dollars. * * * § 10. [Sec. 28 extends the provisions of the "fugitive slave acts" of 1793 and 1850 to Kansas Territory.] I 11. [Sec. 29 provides for the appointment of a United States District Attorney and a United States Marshal for said Territory.] S 12. [Sec. SOprovidesthattheGovemor, Secretary, Chief Justice and Associate Justices, Attorney and Marshal, shall be nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed by the President of the United States, and for their quaufying: fixes the salaries of the Governor, Judges, Attorney, Marshal, and Secretary; and prescribes the compensation of members of the legislature.] § 13. (Sec. 31.) The seat of government of said Territory is hereby located temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and such por- tions of the public buildmgs as may not be actually used and needed for military purposes may be occupied and used under the direction of the Governor and legislative assembly for such public purposes as may be required under the provisions of this act. § 14. [Sec. 32 provides that a delegate to the house of repre- sentatives of the United States may be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly; declares the first Territorial election shall be held at such time and places and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall appoint and direct; but all subsequent elections shall be held at such times, places and manner as shall be prescribed by law. And then follows as part of § 32 the famous declaration of ' 'squatter sover- eignty," (tlien called "the great principle of non-intervention,") as follows: "The Constitution and all laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable shall have the same lorce and effect within the said Territory of Kansas as elsewhere within the United States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, approved March 6, 1820, which, being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories, as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise measures. Is hereby declared inoperative and void— it being the true intent and meaning of this act, not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof per- fectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States; provided, that nothing therein contained shall be construed to revive or put In force any law or regulation which may have existed prior to the act of 6th of March, 1820, either protecting, establishing, prohibiting or abolishing slavery." ORGANIC ACT. 331 § 15. [Sec. 33 declares that money shall be appropriated, as has been customary, for the erection of suitable buildings at the seat of government, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of government for the use of the Governor, legislative assembly, judges of the supreme court, etc.] § 16. [Sec. 34 reserves sections sixteen and thirty-six in each township for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Ter- ritory, etc.] § 17. [Sec. 35 relates to judicial districts, the assignment of judges, fixing terms of and places of holding courts, etc.] I IS. [Sec. 36 rejjuires all officers appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the senate for the Territory of Kansas, to give security for moneys that maybe entrusted witn them for disbursement.] i 19. (Sec. 37.) All treaties, laws and other engagements made by the Government of the United States with the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territories embraced within this act shall be faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything con- tained in this act; and that the existing agencies and superintend- encies of said Indians be continued with the same powers and duties which are now prescribed by law, except that the President of the United States may, at his discretion, change the location of the office of superintendent. Approved May 30, 1854. AN ACT FOR THE ADMISSION OF KANSAS INTO THE UNION. Whereas, The people of the Territory of Kansas, by their repre- sentatives in convention assembled, at Wyandotte, in said Territory, on the twenty-ninth day of July, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, did form for themselves a Constitution and State Government, Republican in form, which was ratified and adopted bv the people at an election held for that purpose on Tuesday, the fourth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, and the said convention has, in their name and behalf, asked the Congress of the United States to admit the said Territory into the Union as a State, on an equal footing with the other States; therefore. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the State of Kansas shall be, and is hereby declared to be, one of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever. And the said State shall consist of all the territory included within the follow- ing boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh par- allel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Wash- ington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to th^ western boundary of 332 ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 333 the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning; provided that nothing contained in the said Constitution respecting the boundary of said State shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by treaty with such Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of such tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United States, to be included within said State, or to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law or otherwise, which it would have been com- petent to make if this Act had never passed. Sec. 2. And he it further enacted, That until the next general apportionment of representatives, the State of Kansas shall be entitled to one representative in the House of Eepresentatives of the United States. Sbc: 3. And he it further enacted, That nothing in this Act shall be construed as an assent bj Congress to all or any of the propo- sitions or claims contained in the ordinance of said Constitution of the people of Kansas, or in the resolutions thereto attached; but the following propositions are hereby offered to the said people of Kansas, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if accepted, shall be obligatory on the United States, and upon the said State of Kansas, to wit: First — That sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in every township of public lands in said State, and where either of said sections or any part thereof has been sold or otherwise been dis- posed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to said State for the use of schools. Second — That seventy-two sections of land shall be set apart and reserved for the use and support of a State University, to be selected by the Governor of said State, subject to the approval of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and to be appropri- ated and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State may prescribe for the purpose aforesaid, but for no other purpose. Third— Th&t ten entire sections of land to be selected by the Governor of said State, in legal subdivisions, shall be granted to the said State for the purpose of completing the public Duildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature thereof. 334 APPENDIX. Fourth — That all salt springs within said State, not exceeding twelve in number, with six sections of land adjoining or as contig- uous as may be to each, shall be granted to said State.for its use, the same to be selected by the Q-overnpr thereof within one year after the admission of said State, and when so selected to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions and regulations as the legislature shall direct; provided that no salt spring or land, the right whereof is now vested in any individual or individuals, or which may be hereafter confirmed or adjudged to any individual or individuals, shall, by this article, be granted to said State. Fifth — That five per centum of the net proceeds of sales of all public lands lying within said State, whicn shall be sold by con- gress after the admission of said State into the Union, after deducting all the expenses incident to the same, shall be paid to said State for the purpose of making public roads and internal improvements, or for other purposes, as the legislature shall direct; provided, that the foregoing propositions hereinbefore offered are on the condition that the people of Kansas shall provide by an ordinance, irrevocable without the consent of the United States, that said State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the same by the United States, or with any regula- tions congress may find necessary for securing the title in said soil to hona fide purchasers thereof. Sixth — And that the said State shall never tax the lands or the property of the United States in said State. In case any of the lands herein granted to the State of Kansas have heretofore been confirmed to the Territory of Kansas for the purposes specified in this act, the amount so confirmed shall be deducted from the quantity specified in this act. Sec. 4. And he it further enacted, That from and after the admission of the State of Kansas, as hereinbefore provided, all the laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within that State as m other States of the Union; and the said State is hereby constituted a judicial district of the United States, within which a district court, with the like powers and jurisdiction as the district court of the United States for the district of Minnesota, shall' be established; the Judge, Attorney and Marsha,l of the United States, for the said district of Kansas, shall reside within the same, and shall be enti- tled to the same compensation as the Judge, Attorney and Marshal of the district of Minnesota; and in all cases of appeal or writ of error heretofore prosecuted, and now pending in the supreme court of the United States upon any record from the supreme court of Kansas Territory, the mandate of execution or order of further proceeding shall be directed by the supreme court of the United ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 335 States to the district court of the United States for the district of Kansas, or to the supreme court of the State of Kansas, as the nature of such appeal or writ of error may require ; and each of those courts shall be the successor of the supreme court of Kansas Territory as to all such cases, with full power to hear and deter- mine the same, and to award mesne or final process therein. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Judge of the dis- trict court for the district of Kansas shall hold two regular terms of said court annually at the seat of government of the said State, to commence on the second Mondays of April and October in each year. Approved 29th January, 1861. Assent of State to Propositions of Conrress. Chapteb 6, Laws op 1862. Joint Resolution op the Lesisi.atubi: op the State of Kansas, acceptinq the terms imposed by oongkess upon the admis- SION OP THE State op Kansas Into the Union. Be it resolvecl by the legislature of the State of Kansas, That the propositions contained in the act of congress, entitled ''An Act for the admission of Kansas into the Union," are hereby accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and shall remain irrevocable, without the consent of the United States. And it is hereby ordained, that this State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the same by the United States, or with any regulations congress may find necessary for securing the title to said soU, to bona fide purchasers thereof; and no tax shall be imposed on lands belonging to the United States. Approved January 20, 1862. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KANSAS. Adopted at Wyandotte, July 29, 1859. Ratified by the People, October .4, 1859. Went into Operation, January 29, 1861. With all Amendments Adopted Pkiob to January 1, 1899. Preamble.— Boundaries. We, the People op Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the State of Kansas, with the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of north lati- tude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south, with the western boundary of said State, to the place of beginning. BILL of rights. Section 1. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natijral rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and are insti- tuted for their equal protection and benefit. No special privileges 336 CONSTITUTION. 337 or immTinities shall ever be granted by the legislature, which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the same body; and this power shall be exercised by no ether tribunal or agency. Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their repre- sentatives, and to petition the Government, or any department thereof, for the redress of grievances. Sec. 4. The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the mihtary shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate. Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State; and no involun- tary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of conscience, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be compelled to attend or support any form of worship; nor shall any control of, or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted, nor any preference be given by, law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be rectuired for any of&ce of public trust, nor for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent to testify on account of religious belief. Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion or rebellion. Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties, except for capital ofEenses, where proof is evident or the pre- sumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. Sec. 10. In all prosecutions, the accused shall be allowed to appear and defend m person, or by counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an iinpartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed. No person shall be a witness against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. Sec. 11. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate; and all persons may freely speak, write, or publish their sentiments on aU subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and in all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be giyen in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous 338 APPENDIX. « matter was published for justifiable ends, the accused party shall be acquitted. Sec. 12. No person shall be transported from the State for any offense committed within the same; and no conviction in the State shall work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying war against the State, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to th^ overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the occupant; nor in time of war, except as prescribed by law. Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall be inviolate; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, sup- ported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or property to be seized. Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt except in cases of fraud. Sec. 17. No distinction shall ever be made between citizens of the State of Kansas and the citizens of other States and Territo- ries of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoyment or descent of property. ' The rights of aliens in reference to the purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated by law. Sec. 18. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, reputation or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice 'administered without delay. Sec. 19. No hereditary emoluments, honors or privileges, shall ever be granted or conferred by the State. Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people. ARTICLE 1. executive department. Section 1. The executive department shall consist of a Gover- nor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction; who shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place CONSTITUTION. 389 of voting for members of the legislature, and shall hold their of&ces for the term of two y«ars from the second Monday of January next after their election, and iintil their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the returns of every election for the of&cers named in the foregoing section shall be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the boards of canvassers of the several counties to the Secretary of State, who_, with the Lieutenant-Governor and Attorney-General shall constitute a board of State canvassers, whose duty it shall be to meet a,t the State capital on the second Tuesday of Decem- ber succeeding each election for State officers, and canvass the vote for such officers and proclaim the result; but in case any two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the legis- lature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for said office. OF THE GOVERNOR. Sec. 3. The supreme executive power of the State shall be vested in a Governor, who shall see that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 4. He may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to their respective duties. Sec. 5. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the legis- lature by proclamation, and shall at the commencement of every session communicate in writing such information as he may pos- sess in reference to the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient. Sec. 6. In case of disagreement between the two houses in respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn the legisla- ture to such time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular meeting. Sec. 7. The pardoning power shall be vested in the Governor under regulations and restrictions prescribed by law. Sec. 8. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and which shall be the great seal of Kansas. Sec. 9. All commissions shall be issued in the name of the State of Kansas, signed by the Governor, countersigned by the Secretary of State, and sealed with the great seal. 340 APPENDIX. Sec. 10. No member of congress, or officer of the State, or of the United States, shall hold the office of Governor, excapt as herein provided. OF THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Sec. 11. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal or other disability of the Governor, the power and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until the disability shall be removed, shall devolve upon the president of the senate. Sec. 12. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the senate, and shall vote only when the senate is equally divided. The senate shall choose a president »ro tempore, to preside in case of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall hold the office of Governor. Sec. 13. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while holding the office of Governor, shall be impeached or displaced, or shall resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the president of the senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the president of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be rendered inca- pable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Governor, the same shall devolve upon tne speaker of the house of repre- sentatives. OTHER STATE OFFICERS. Sec. 14. Should either the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas- urer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public Instruction, become incapable of performing the duties of his office, for any of the causes specified in the thirteenth section of this article, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor is elected and qualifled. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have happened; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the unexpired term. SALARIES AND OFFICIAL REPORTS. Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, to be established by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected. CONSTITUTION. 341 Sec. 16. The officers of the executive department, and of all public State institutions, shall, at least ten days preceding each regular session of the legislature, severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports to the legislature. ARTICLE 2. LEGISLATIVE. Section 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a house of representatives and senate. Sec. 2. The number of representatives and senators shall be regulated by law, but shall never exceed one hundred and twenty- five representatives and forty senators. From and after the adoption of this amendment [November, 1873], the house of representatives shall admit one member for each county in which at least two hundred and fifty legal votes were east at the next preceding general election; and each organized county in which less than two hundred legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election shall be attached to and constitiite a part of the representative district of the county lying next adjacent to it on the east. Sec. 3. The members of the legislature shall receive as com- pensation for their services the sum of three dollars for each day's actual service at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents for each mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning from the place of meeting; but' such compensation shall not in the aggregate exceed the sum of two hundred and forty dollars for each member, as per diem allowance for the first session held under this Constitution, nor more than one hundred and fifty dol- lars for each session thereafter, nor more than ninety dollars for any special session. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the legislature who is not at the time of his election a qualified voter of, and a resident in, the county or district for which he is elected. Sec. 5. No member of congress or ofiS^cer of the United States shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. If any person after his election to the legislature, be elected to congress or elected or appointed to any office under the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. Sec. 6. No person convicted of embezzlement or misuse of the public funds shall have a seat in the legislature. 342 APPENDIX. Sec. 7. All State officers, before entering upon their respective duties, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this State, and faithfully to discharge the duties of their respective offices. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum. Each house shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. Sec. 9. All vacancies occurring in either house shall be filled for the unexpired term by election. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep and publish a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered imme- diately on the journal, upon the final passage of every bill or joint resolution. Neither house, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excepted. Sec. 11. Any member of either house shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution; and such protest shall with- out delay or alteration be entered on the journal. Sec. 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected by the other. Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house, voting in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or joint resolution. Sec. 14. Every bill and joint resolution passed by the house of representatives and senate, shall within two days thereafter be signed by the presiding officers, and presented to the Governor; if he approve, ne shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it to the house of representatives, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members elected shall agree to pass the bill or resolution, it shall be sent with the objections to the senate, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected, it shall become a Is.'w. But in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals of each house. If any bill shall not be returned within three days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to the G-overnor, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by its adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law. Sec. 15. Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each house, unless in case of emergency. Two-tnirds of the house where such bill is pending may, if deemed expedient, suspend the rules; but the reading of the "bill by sections on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with. CONSTITUTION. 343 Sec. 16. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, and no law shall be revived or amended unless the new act contain the entire act revived, or the section or sections amended, and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. Sec. 17. All laws o£ a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the State; and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. Sec. 18. All power to grant divorces is vested in. the district courts, subject to regulation by law. Sec. 19. The legislature shall prescribe the time when its acts shall be in force, and shall provide for the speedy jjublication of the same; and no law of a general nature shall be in force until the same be published. It shall have the power to provide for the election or appointment of all officers, and the filling of all vacancies not otherwise provided for in the Constitution. Sec. 20. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, "Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas;" and no law shall be enacted except by bUl. Sec. 21. The legislature may confer upon tribunals transacting the county business of the several counties, such powers of local legislation and administration as it shall deem expedient.' Sec. 22. For any speech or debate in either house the members shall not be questioned elsewhere. No member of the legislature shall be subject to arrest — except for felony or breach of the peace — in goin^ to, or returning from, the place of meeting, or during the continuance of the sessioti: neither shall he be subject to the service of any civil process during the session, nor for fifteen days previous to its commencement. Sec. 23. The legislature, in providing for the formation and regulation of schools, shall make no distinction between the rights of males and females. Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, except in pursuance of a specific appropriation made by law, and ho appro- priation shall be for a longer term than two years. Sec. 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the State capital, and beginning with the session of eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, all regular sessions shall be held once in two years, commencing on the second Tuesday of January of each alternate year thereafter. Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking_ an enumera- tion of the inhabitants of the State at least once in ten years. The first enumeration shall be taken in a. d. 1865. 344 APPENDIX. Sec. 27. The house of representatives shall have the sole power to impeach. AH impeachments shall be tried by the senate; and when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall take an oath to do justice according to the law and the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected. Sec. 28. , The Governor and all other oflS.cers under this consti- tution shall be subject to impeachment for any misdemeanor in of8.ce; but judgment in all such cases shall not be extended further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of profit, honor or trust under this Constitution j but the party, whether acquitted or convicted, shall be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sec. 29. At the general election held in eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and thereafter, members of the house of representa- tives shall be elected for two years, and members of the senate shall be elected for four years. AETICLE 3. JUDICIAL. Section 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the supreme court as may be provided by law; and all courts of record shall have a seal, to be used in the authentication of all process. Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of one chieff justice and two associate justices (a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum) , who shall be elected by the electors of the State- at large, and whose term of office, after the first, shall be six years. At the first election a chief justice shall be chosen for six years, one associate justice for four years, and one for two years. Sec. 3. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction in proceedings in quo tmrranto, mandamus and habeas corpus; and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall hold one term each year at the seat of governmeht, and such other terms at such places as may be provided by law, and its jurisdiction shall be co-extensive with the State. Sec. 4. There shall be appointed, by the justices of the supreme court, a reporter and clerk of said court, who shall hold their offices two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law.- CONSTITUTION. 345 Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five judicial districts, in each of which there shall be elected, by the . electors thereof, a district judge, who shall hold his ofl&ce for the term of four years. District courts shall be held at such times and places as may be provided by law. Sec. 6. The district courts shall have such jurisdiction in their respective districts as may be provided by law. Sec. 7. There shall be elected in each organized county a clerk of the district court, who shall hold his oflS.ce two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 8. There shall be a probate court in each county, which shall be a court of record, and have such jjrobate jurisdiction and care of estates of deceased persons, minors and persons of unsound minds, as may be prescribed by law, and shall have juris- diction in cases of habeas corpus. This court shall consist of one judge, who shall be elected oy the qualified voters of the county, and hold his oflB.ce two years. He shall be his own clerk, and shall hold court at such times, and receive for compensation such fees as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 9. Two justices of the peace shall be elected in each township, whose term of ofl&ce shall be two years, and whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. The number of justices of the peace may be increased in any township by law. Sec. 10. All appeals from probate courts and justices of the peace shall be to the district court. Sec. 11. All the judicial ofllcers provided for by this article shall be elected at the first election under this Constitution, and shall reside in their respective townships, counties or districts during their respective terms of ofllce. In case of vacancy in any judicial oflB^ce, it shall be filled by appointment of the Governor until the next regular election that shall occur more than thirty days after such vacancy shall have happened. Sec. 12. All judicial officers shall hold their offices until their successors shall have qualified. Sec. 13. The justices of the supreme court and judges of the district courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such compensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be increased during their respective terms of office; provided, such compensation shall not be less than- fifteen hundred dollars to each justice or judge each year, and such justices or judges shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under the authority of the State or the United States dur- ing the term of office for which said justices and judges shall be elected, nor practice law in any of the courts in tne State during their continuance- in office. 346 APPENDIX. Sec. 14. Provision may be made by law for the increase of the number of judicial districts whenever two-thirds of the members / of each house shall concur. Such districts shall be formed of compact Territory, and bounded by county lines, and such increase shall not vacate the of&ce of any judge. Sec. 15. Justices of the supreme court and judges of the dis- trict courts may be removed from of&oe by resolution of both houses,, if two-thirds of the members of each house concur; but no sucn removal shall be made except upon complaint, the sub- stance of which shall be entered upon the journal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice and opportunity to be heard. Sec. 16. The several justices and judges of the courts of record in this State, shall have such jurisdiction at chambers as may be provided by law. Sec. 17. The style of all process shall be "The State of Kansas," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the State. Sec. 18. Until otherwise provided by law, the first district shall consist of the counties of Wyandotte, Lea,venworth, Jeffer- son and Jackson. The second district shall consist of the counties of Atchison, Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall and Washing- ton. The third district shall consist of the counties of Pottawa- tomie, Riley, Clay, Dickinson, Davis, Wabaunsee and Shawnee. The fourth district shall consist of the counties of Douglas, John- son, Lykins, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Bourbon and Allen. The fifth, district shall consist of the counties of Osage, Coffey, Wood- son, Greenwood, Madison, Breckinridge, Moms, Chase, Butler and Hunter. Sec. 19. New or unorganized counties shall by law be attached, for judicial purposes to the most convenient judicial districts. Sec. 20. Provision- shall be made by law for the selection, by the bar, of a pro tern, judge of the district court, when the judge is absent or otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case. ARTICLE 4. elections. Section 1. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all elections by the legislature shall be viva voce. Sec. 2. General elections shall be held annually on the Tuesday suceeedinff the first Monday in November. Township elections shall be held on the first Tuesday in April, untjl otherwise pro- vided by law. CONSTITUTION. 347 ARTICLE 5. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. Every [white] male person of twenty-one years and upwards, belonging to either of the following classes — who shall have resided in Kansas six months next preceding any elec- tion, and in the township or ward in which ne offers to vote at least thirty days next preceding such election — shall be deemed a qualified elector: 1st. Citizens of the United States. _ 2d. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. Sec. 2. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane; no person convicted of felony, unless restored to civil rights; no person who has been dishonorably discharged from the service of the United States, unless reinstated; no person guilty of defrauding the Government of the United States, or any of the States thereof; no person guilty of giving or receivmg a bribe, or offering to give or receive a bribe; and no person who has ever voluntarily home arms against the Government of the United States, or in any manner voluntarily aided or abetted in the attempted overthrow of said Government, except all persons who have been honorably discharged from the military service of the United States since the first day of April A. D., 1861, provided that they have served one year or more therein, shall be qualified to vote or hold office in this State, -until such disability shall be removed by a law passed by a vote of two-thirds of all the mem- bers of both branches of the legislature. Sec. 3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence T)y reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas, nor whUe a student of any seminary of learning, nor whOe kept at any almshouse or other asylum at public expense, nor while confined in any public prison; and the legislature may make provision for takmg the votes or electors who may be absent from their townships or wards, in the volunteer military service of the United States, or the militia service of this State; but nothing herein contained shall be deemed to allow any soldier, seaman or marine in the regular army or navy of the United States the right to vote. Sec. 4. The legislature shall pass such laws as may be neces- sary for ascertainmg, by proper proofs, the citizens who shall be entitled to the right of suffrage hereby established. 348 APPENDIX. Sec. 5. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such cEa,llenge, or who shall go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6. Every person who shall have given or offered a bribe to procure his election, shall be disqualified from holding office during the term for which he may have been elected. Seo. 7. Electors, during their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning therefrom, shall be privileged from arrest in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace. AETICLE 6. EDUCATION. Section 1. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction shall have the general supervision of the common school funds and educational interests of the State, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. A superintendent of public instruc- tion shall be elected in each county, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall encourage^ the promotion of intel- lectual, moral, scientific and agricultural improvement, by estab- lishing a uniform system of common schools, and schools of a higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate and uni- versity departments. Sec. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the support of schools, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States under an act of congress, distributing the proceeds of public lands among the several States of the Union, approyed September 4th, A. C, 1841, and all estates of persons dying without heir or will, and such per cent as may be granted by congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be the comraon property of the State, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with all the rents of the lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide, by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools. Sec. 4. The income of the State school funds shall be disbursed annually, by order of the State Superintendent, to the several county treasurers, and thence to the treasurers of the several CONSTITUTION. 349 school districts, in equitable proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein, between the ages_ of five and twenty- one years; provided, that no school district, in which a common school has not been maintained at least three months in each year, shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. Sec. 5. The school lands shall not be sold, unless such sale shall be authorized by a vote of the people at a general election: but, subject to re-valuation every five years, they may be leased for any number of years, not exceedmg twenty-flve, at a rate established by law. Sec. 6. All money which shall be paid by persons as an equiv- alent for exemption from military duty; the clear proceeds of estrays, ownership of which shall vest in the taker-up; and the proceeds of fines tor any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclu- sively applied in the several counties in which the money is paid or fines collected, to the support of common schools. Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some eligible and central point, of a State university for the promotion of literature, and the arts and sciences, including a normal and an agricultural department. All funds arising from the sale or rents of lands granted by the United States to the State for the support of a State university, and all other grants, dona- tions or bequests, either by the State or by individuals, for such purpose, shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called the "univer- sity fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the sup- port of the State university. Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the common school or university funds of the State. Sec. 9. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Sec- retary of State and Attorney-General, shall constitute a board of commissioners, for the management and investment of the school funds. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum. ARTICLE 7. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Section 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the gublic good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the tate, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Trustees of such benevolent institutions as may be hereafter created, shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice 350 APPENDIX. and consent of the senate; and upon all nominations made by the Governor the question shall be taken in yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal. Sec. 2. A penitentiary shall be established, the directors of which shall be appointed or elected, as prescribed by law. Sec. 3. The Governor shall fill any vacancy that may occur in the offices aforesaid until the next session of the legislature, and until a successor to his appointee shall be confirmed and qualified. Sec. 4. The respective counties of the State shall provide, as may be prescribed by law, for those inhabitants who, by reason of age, inflrmity, or other misfortune, may have claims upon the sympathy and aid of society. ARTICLE 8. MILITIA. Section 1. The militia shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five, years, except such as are exempted by the laws of the United States or of this State ; but all citizens of any religious denomination whatever who, from scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms, shall be exempted therefrom upon such conditions as may oe pre- scribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for organizing, equipping and discijjlining the niilitia in such manner as it shall deem expe- dient not incompatible with the laws of the United States. Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, and commissioned in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief, and shall have power to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress insurrection, and to repel invasion. ARTICLE 9. COUNTy AND TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for organizing new counties, locating county seats, and changing county lines^ but no county seat shall be cnanged without the consent of a majority of the electors of the county; nor any county organized, nor the lines of any county changed so as to melude an area of less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles. CONSTITUTION. 351 Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for such county and town- ship officers as may be necessary. Sec. 3. All county officers shall hoid their offices for the term of two years, and until their successors shall be qualified, except county commissioners, who shall hold their offices for the term of three years; provided, that at the general election in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, the commissioner elected from district number one in each county shall hold his office for the term of one year; the commissioner elected from district num- ber two in each county shall hold his office for the term of two years, and the commissioner elected from district number three in each county shall hold his office for the term of three years; but no person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more than two consecutive terms. Sec. 4. Township officers, except justices of the peace, shall hold their offices one year from the Monday next succeeding their election, and until their successors are quaiifled. Sec. 5. All county and township officers may be removed from office, in such manner and for such cause as snail be prescribed by law, ARTICLE 10. APPO ETIONMENT . Section 1. In the future apportionments of the State, each organized county shall have at least one representative; and each county shall be divided into as many districts as it has representa- tives. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the first legislature to make an apportionment, based npon the census ordered by the last legis- lative assembly of the Territory; and a new apportionment shall be made in the year 1866, and every five years thereafter, based upon the census of the preceding year. Sec. 3. Until there shaE be a_ new apportionment, the State shall be divided into election districts; and the representatives and senators shall be apportioned among the several districts as fol- lows, viz: 1st district, Doniphan, 4 representatives, 2 senators; 2d district, Atchison and Brown, 6 representatives, 2 senators; 3d district, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington, 2 representa- tives, 1 senator; 4th district," Clay, Eiley and Pottawatomie, 4 representatives, 1 senator; 352 APPENDIX. 5th district, Dickinson, Davis and Wabaunsee, 3 representa- tives, 1 senator; 6th district, Shawnee, Jackson and Jefferson, 8 representatives. 2 senators; 7th district, Leavenworth, 9 representatives, 3 senators; 8th district, Douglas, Johnson and Wyandotte, 13 representa- tives, 4 senators; 9th district, Lykins, Linn and Bourbon, 9 representatives, 3 senators; 10th district, Allen, Anderson and Franklin, 6 representatives, 2 senators; 11th district, Woodson and Madison, 2 representatives, 1 senator; 12th district, Coffey, Osage and Breckinridge, 6 representa- tives, 2 senators; 13th district, Morris, Chase and Butler, 2 representatives, 1 senator; 14th district, Arapahoe, Godfrey, Greenwood, Hunter, Wilson, Dorn and McGee, 1 representative. [Names of counties have been changed as loUows: Davis to Geary; III/ fcins to Miami; Madisonv/as abolished In 1861; Breckinridge changed to Lyon; Arapahoe was cut off and extinguished as a Kansas county on the admission of the State; Godfrey changed to Seward, then to Howard, and, Howard was abolished and its territory erected into Chautauaua and Elk; Hunter was changed to Cowley; Dorn to Neosho, and McOee to Cher- okee.] AETICLE 11. FINANCE AND TAXATION. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and ejiual rate of assessment and taxation; but all property used exclu- sively for State, county, municipal, literary, educational, scientific, religious, benevolent and charitable purposes, and personal prop- erty to the amount of at least two hundred dollars for each family, shall be exempted from taxation. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for taxing the notes and bills discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and other property, effects, or dues of every description (without .deduction) , of all banks now existing, or hereafter to be created, and of all bankers; so that all property employed in banking shall always bear a bur- den of taxation equal to that imposed upon the property of indi- viduals. CONSTITUTION. 353 Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide, at each regular session, for raising suffleieut revenue to defray the current expenses of the State for two years. Sec. 4. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of a law which shall distinctly state the object of the same, to which object only such tax shall be applied. Sec. 5. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses and making public improvements, the State may contract public debts; but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed one million dollars, except as hereinafter provided. Every such debt shall be authorized by law for some purpose specified therein, and the vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, to be taken by the yeas and nays, shall be necessary to the passage of such law; and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and the principal thereof, when it shall become due; and shall spe- cifically appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest; and such appropriation snail not be repealed nor the taxes postponed or diminished, until the interest and principal of such debt shall have been wholly paid. Sec. 6. No debt shall be contracted by the State except as herein provided, unless the proposed law for creating such debt shall first be submitted to a direct vote of the electors of the State at some general election; and if such proposed law shall be ratified by a majority of all the votes cast at such general election, then it shall be the duty of the legislature, next after such election, to enact such law and create such debt, subject to all the provisions and restrictions provided in the preceding sections of this article. Sec. 7. The State may borrow money to repel invasion, sup- press insurrection, or defend the State in time of war; but the money thus raised shall be applied exclusively to the object for which the loan was authorized, or to the repayment of the debt thereby created. Sec. 8. The State shall never be a party in carrying on any works of internal improvement. ARTICLE 12. CORPORATIONS. Section 1. The legislature shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers. Corporations may be created under generfvl laws; but all such laws may be amended or repealed. 354 APPENDIX. Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by individual liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the stock owned by each stockholder, and such other means as shall be provided by law; but such individual liabilities shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor corporations for religious or chari- table purposes. Sec. 3. The title to all property of religious corporations shall vest in trustees, whose election shall be by the members of such corporations. Sec. 4. No right-of-way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, until full compensation therefor be first made in money, or secured by a deposit in money, to the owner, irrespec- tive of any benefit from any improvement ■ proposed by such corporation. Sec. 5. Provision shall be made by general law for the organ- ization of cities, towns, and villages; and their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, shall be so restricted as to prevent the abuse of such power. Sec. 6. The term corporations, as used in this article, shall include all the associations and joint stock companies having powers and privileges not possessed by individuals or partner- ships ; and all corporations may sue and be sued in their corporate name. ARTICLE 13. BANKS AND CURRENCY. Section 1. No bank shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law. Sec. 2. All banking laws shall require as collateral security for the redemption of the circulating notes of any bank organized under their provision, a deposit with the Auditor of State of the interest-paying bonds of the several States, or of the United States, at the cash rates of the New York Stock Exchange, to an amount equal to the amount of circulating notes which such bank shall be authorized to issue, and a cash deposit in its vaults of ten per cent of such amount of circulating notes; and the Auditor shall register and countersign no more circulating bills of any bank than the cash value of such bonds when deposited. Sec. 3. Whenever the bonds pledged as collateral security for the circulation of any bank shall depreciate in value, the Auditor of State shall require additional security, or curtail the circulation CONSTITUTION. 355 o£ such bank, to such extent as will continue the security unim- paired. Sec. 4. All circulating notes shall be redeemable in the money of the United States. Holders of such notes shall be entitled, in case of the insolvency of such banks, to preference of payment over all other creditors. Sec. 5. The State shall not be a stockholder in any banking institution. Sec. 6. All banks shall be required to keep offices and officers for the issue and redemption of their circulation, at a convenient Elace within the State, to be named on the circulating notes issued y such bank. Sec. 7. No banking institution shall issue circulating notes of a less denomination than one dollar. Sec. 8. No banking law shall be in force until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the electors of the State at some general election, and approved by a majority of all the votes cast at such election. Sec. 9. Any banking law may be amended or repealed. ARTICLE 14. AMENDMENTS. Section 1. Propositions for the amendment of this Constitu- tion may be made by either branch of the legislature; and if two-thirds of aU the members elected to each house shall concur therein, such proposed amendments, together with the yeas and nays, shall be entered on the journal; and the Secretary of State shall cause the same to be pubUshed in at least one newspaper in each counW of the State where a newspaper is published, for three months preceding the next election for representatives, at which time the same fliall be submitted to the electors for their approval or rejection; and if a majority of the electors voting on said amendments, at said election, shall adopt the amendments, the same shall become a part of the Constitution. When more than one amendment shall be submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately; and not more than three propositions to amend shall be submitted at the same election. Sec. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the legislature shall think it necessary to call a conven- 856 APPENDIX. tioii to revise, amend or change this Constitution, they shall reoommend to the electors to vote at the next election of members to the legislature, for or against a convention; and if a majority of all the electors voting at such election shall have voted for a convention, the legislature shall, at the next session, provide for calling the same. ARTICLE 15. MISCELLANEOUS. Section 1. All officers whose election or apjDointment is not otherwise provided for, shall be chosen or appointed as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The tenure of any office not herein provided for may be declared by law; when not so declared such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment, but the legislature shall not create any office the tenure of which shall be longer than four years. Sec. 3. Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are forever prohibited. Sec. 4. All public printing shall be done by a State Printer, \vlio shall be elected by the legislature in joint session, and shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. The joint session of the legislature for the election of a State Printer shall be on the third Tuesday .of Janu- ary, A. D., 1869, and erery two years thereafter. All public printing shall be done at the capital, and the prices for the same shall be regulated by law. Sec. 5. An accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public moneys, and the several amounts paid, to whom, and on wnat account, shall be published, as prescribed by law. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the protection of the rights of women in acquiring and possessing property, real, per- sonal and mixed, separate and apart from the husband; and snail also provide for their equal rights in the possession of their children. Sec. 7. The legislature may reduce the salaries of officers who shall neglect the performance of any legal duty. Sec. 8. The temporary seat of Government is hereby located at the city of Topeka, county of Shawnee. The first legislature under this Constitution shall provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent location of the capital to a popular CONSTITUTION. 357 vote, and a majority of all the votes cast at some general election shall be necessary for such location. Sec. 9. A homestead, to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incor- porated town or city, occupied as a residence bv the family of the owner, together with all improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists ; but no propertj; shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; provided, the provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife. Sec. 10. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this State, except for medical, scientific and mechanical purposes. SCHEDULE. Section 1. That no inconvenience may arise from the change from a Territorial Government to a permanent State Grovernment, it is declared by this Constitution, that a,ll suits, rights, actions, Erosecutions, recognizances, contracts, judgments and claims, oth as respects individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue as if no change had taken place. Sec. 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, owing to the Terri- tory of Kansas, or any county, shall inure to the use of the State or county. All bonds executed to the Territory, or any officer thereof in his official capacity, shall pass over to the Governor, or other officers of the State or county, and their successors in office, for the use of the State or county, or by him or them to be respectively assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the case may be. Sec. 3. The Governor, Secretary and judges, and all other officers, both civil and military, under the Territorial Governmeiat, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their re^ective departments until the said officers are superseded under the authority of this Constitution. Sec. 4. All laws and parts of laws in force in the Territory at the time of the acceptance of this Constitution by Congress, not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue and remain in full force until they expire, or shall be repealed. 358 APPENDIX. Sec. 5. The Governor shall use his private seal until a State seal is provided. Sec. 6. The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, Treasurer of State, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction shall keep their respective offices at the seat of Government. Sec. 7. All records, documents, books, papers, moneys and vouchers belonging and pertaining to' the several Territorial courts and offices, and to the several district and county offices, at the date of the admission of this State into the Union, shall be dis- posed of in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 8. All suits, pleas, i)laints and other proceedings pending in any court of record, or justices' court, may be prosecuted to final judgment and execution; and all appeals, writ of error, certiorari injunctions, or other proceedings whatever, may progress and be carried on as if this Constitution had not been adopted, and the legislature shall direct the mode in which such suits, pleas, plaints, prosecutions and other proceedings, and all papers, records, books and documents connected therewith, may be removed to the courts established by this Constitution. Sec. 9. For the purpose of taking the vote of the electors of this Territory for the ratification or rejection of this Constitution, an election shall be held in the several voting precincts in this Territory, on the first Tuesday in October, A. D., 1859. Sec. 10. Each elector shall express his assent or dissent by voting a written or printed ballot labeled "For the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution." Sec. 11. If a majority of all the votes cast at such election shall be in favor of the Constitution, then there shall be an elec- tion held in the several voting precmots on the first Tuesday in December, A. D., 1859, for the election of members of the first legislature, of all State, district and county officers provided for in this Constitution, and for a representative in congress. Sec. 12. All persons having the qualification of electors, accord- ing to the provisions of this Constitution, at the date of each of said elections, and who shall have been duly registered according to the provisions of the registry law of tnis Territory, and none others, shall be entitled to vote at each of said elections. Sec. 13. The persons who may be judges of the several voting precincts of this Territory at the date of the respective elections in this schedule provided for, shall be the judges of the respective elections herein provided for. Sec. 14. The said judges of election, before entering upon the duties of their office, shall take and subscribe an oath faithfully to CONSTITUTION. 359 discharge their duties as such. They shall appoint two clerks of election, who^ shall be sworn by one of said judges faithfully to discharge their duties as such. In the event of a vacancy in the board of judges the same shall be filled by the electors present. Sec. 1.5. At each of the elections provided for in this schedule the polls shall be open between the hours of nine and ten o'clock, A. M., and close at sunset. Sec. 16. The tribunals transacting county business of the sev- eral counties, shall cause to be furnished to the boards of judges in their respective counties two jjoU books for each election here- inbefore provided for, upon which the clerks shall inscribe the name of every person who may vote at the said elections. Sec. 17. After closing the polls at each of the elections provided for in this schedule, the judges shall proceed to count the votes cast, and designate the persons or objects for which they were cast, and shall make two correct tally lists of the same. Sec. 18. Each of the boards of judges shall safely keep one poll book and tally list, and the ballots cast at each election; and shall, within ten days after such election, cause the other poll book and tally list to be transmitted, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the clerk of the board transacting county business in their respect- ive counties, or to which the county may be attached for municipal purposes. Sec. 19. The tribunals transacting county business shall assemble at the county seats of their respective counties on the second Tuesday after each of the elections provided for in this schedule, and shall canvass the votes cast at the elections held in the several precincts in their respective counties, and of the coun- ties attached for municipal purposes. They shall hold in safe keepitig the poll books and tally lists of said elections, and shall, within ten days thereafter, transmit, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the President of this convention, at the city of Topeka, a certified transcript of the same, showing the number of votes cast for each person or object voted for at each of the several precincts in their respective counties, and in the counties attached for municipal purposes, separately. Sec. 20. The Governor of the Territory, and the President and Secretary of the convention shall constitute a board of State can- vassers, any two of whom shall be a quorum; and who shall, on the fourth Monday after each of the elections provided for in this schedule, assemble at said city of Topeka, and proceed to open and canvass the votes cast at the several precincts in the different counties of the Territory, and declare the result; and shall imme- diately issue certificates of election to all persons (if any) thus elected. 3G0 APPENDIX. Sec. 21. Said bQard of State canvassers shall issue their pro- clamation not less than twenty days next i)receding each of the electi9ns provided for in this schedule. Said proclamation shall contain an announcement of the several elections, the qualifica- tions of electors, the manner of conducting said elections and of making the returns thereof, as in this Constitution provided, and shall publish said proclamation in one newspaper in each of the counties of the Territory in which a newspaper may be then published. Sec. 22. The board of State canvassers shall provide for the transmission of authenticated copies of the Constitution to the President of the United States, the president of the senate and speaker of the house of representatives. Sec. 23. Upon official information having been by him received of the admission of Kansas into the Union as a State, it shall be the duty of the Governor-elect under the Constitution, to proclaim the same, and to convene the legislature and do all things else necessary to the complete and active organization of the State Government. Sec. 24. The first legislature shall have no power to make any changes in county lines. Sec. 25. At the election to be held for the ratification or rejec- tion of this Constitution, each elector shall be permitted to vote on the homestead provision contained in the article on "Miscellan- eous," by depositing a ballot inscribed "For the Homestead," or "Against the Homestead;" and if a majority of all the votes cast at said election shall be against said provision, then it shall be stricken from the Constitution. RESOLUTIONS. Resolved, That the congress of the United States is hereby requested, upon the application of Kansas for admission into the Union, to pass an act granting to the State forty-five hundred thousand acres of land to aid in the construction of railroads and other internal improvements. Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act appropriating fifty thousand acres of land for the improvement of the Kansas river from its mouth to Fort Riley. Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act granting all swamp lands within the State for the benefit of common schools. Resolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act appropriating five hundred thousand dollars, or in fieu thereof CONSTITUTION. 361 five hundred thousand acres of land, for the payment of the claims awarded to citizens of Kansas by the claim commissioners appointed by the Governor and legislature of Kansas under an act of the Territorial legislature passed 7th of February, 1859. Besolved, That the legislature shall make provision for the sale or disposal of the lands granted to the State in aid of internal improvements and for other purposes, subject to the same rights of pre-emption to the settlers thereon as are now allowed by law to settlers on the public lands. Besolved, That it is the desire of the people of Kansas to be admitted into the Union with this Constitution. Besolved, That congress be further requested to assume the debt of this Territory. Done in convention at Wyandotte , this 29th day of July , A . D . , 1859 . James M. Winchell, President and Member from Osage County. James M. Aethtjr, Linn Co. James Bi.ood, Douslas Co. N. C. Blood, Douglas Co. James G. Blttnt, Anderson Co. J. C. Burnett, Bourbon Co. John Tatlob Bubris, Johnson Oo. AiiEN Crocker, Coffey Co. W. P. Dtjtton, Lyklns Co. RoBT. Graham, Atchison Co. John P. Greer, Shawnee Co. Wm. E. Griffith, Bourbon Co. James Hanwat, Franklin Co. Sami.. B. Hoffman, Woodson Co. S. D. Houston, Biley Co. Wm. Hutchinson, Douglas Co. John James Ingaxls, Atchison Co. Samuel A. Kingman, Brown Co. JosiAH Lamb, Linn Co. George H. Lillie, Madison Co. Caleb May, Atchison Co. Wm. MoCullough, Morris Co. J. A. MiDDLETON, Marshall Co. LuthebB. Palmer, Pottawatomie Co. KoBT. J. PoBTBK, Doniphan Co. H. D. Preston, Shawnee Co. John Ritchie, Shawnee Co. Edmund G. Ross, Wabaunsee Co. James A. Signob, Allen Co. Benjamin F. Simpson, Lyklns Co. Edwin Stokes, Douglas Co. Solon O. Thacher, Douglas Co. P. H. TowNSEND, Douglas Co. B. L. Williams, Douglas Co. Attest: JOHN A. MARTIN, Secretary. The following named delegates did not sign the Constitution : 3. T. Barton, Johnson Co. Fred. Beown, Leavenworth Co J. W. FOBMAN, Doniphan Co. BOBT. Cole Foster, Leavenworth Co. SAM. HiPPLE, Leavenworth Co. E. M. Hubbard, Doniphan Co. C. B. McClelland, Jefferson Co. Wm. C. McDowell, Leavenworth Co. A. D. MoCUNE, Leavenworth Co. E. MooBE, Jackson Co. P. S. Parks, Leavenworth Co. Wm. Perry, Leavenworth Co. John P. Slough, Leavenworth Co. J. Stiarwalt, Doniphan Co. S. A. Stinson, Leavenworth Vo. B. Wrigley, Doniphan Co. John Wright, Leavenworth Co. T. S. Wright, Nemaha Co. KANSAS GOYERNMENT. O0MPI.BTE List of Tbeeitorial and State Opficebs fbom the Organization op the Territory of Kansas to Jan. 1, 1899. Kansas Territorial Officers— 1854-1861. ' governors. Andrew H. Beeder. Term, Oct. 7, 1854, to Aug. 16, 1855. Commissioned, June 29, 1854. Daniel Woodson. Term, Apr. 17 to June 23, 1855. Secretary and Acting Governor, Aug. 16 to Sept. 7, 1855; June 24 to July 7, 1856; Aug. 18 to Sept. 9, 1856; Mar. 12 to Apr. 16, 1857. Wilson Shannon. Term, Sept. 7, 1865, to Aug. 18, 1856. Commissioned, Aug. 10, 1855. John White Geai-y. Term, Sept. 9, 1856, to Mar. 12, 1857. Conflrmed, July 31, 1856. Frederick P. Stanton. Term, Apr. 16 to May 27, 1857. Secretary and Acting Governor, Nov. 16 to Dec. 21, 1857. Robert John Walker. Term, May 27 to Nov. 16, 1857. Commissioned, Mar. 30, 1857. James W. Denver. Term, Dec. 21, 1857, to Oct. 10, 1858. Secretary and Act- ing Governor until May 12, 1858, when he was appointed Governor. Hugh Sleight Walsh. Term, July, 1858, and Oct. 10 to Dec. 17, 1858. Samuel Medary. Term, Dec. 18, 1858, to Dec. 17, 1860. Appointed Nov. 19, 1858. George M. Beebe. Term, Dec. 17, 1860, to Feb. 9, 1861. Secretary and Acting Governor. • secretaries. Daniel Woodson. Term, June 29, 1854, to Apr. 16, 1857. Commissioned, June 29, 1854. Frederick P. Stanton. Term, Apr. 15 to Dec. 21, 1857. Commissioned, Mar. 31, 1857. James W. Denver. Term, Dec. 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. Commissioned, Dec. 11, 1857. Hugh Sleight Walsh. Term, May 12, 1858, to July 1, 1860. George M. Beebe. Term, July 1, 1860, to Feb. 9, 1861. Appointed May 1, 1860. John Donaldson. Term, Aug. 30, 1855, to Feb. 20, 1857. Hiram Jackson Strlckler. Term, Feb. 20, 1857, to Feb., 1861. 362 KANSAS TEKEITOEIAli OPFICEKS— 1854-1861. 863 TBBASUBEBS. Thomas J. B. Cramer. Term, Aug. 30, 1856, to Feb., 1859. Robert B. Mitchell. Term, Feb. 11, 1859, to Feb., 1861. SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS. James H. Noteware. Term, Mar. 1 to Dec. 1, 1858. Appointed, Feb. 12, 1858. Samuel Wiley Greer. Term, Dec. 1, 1858, to Jan. 2, 1861. Elected, Oct. 4, 1858. John C. Douglass. Term, Jan. 2 to Feb., 1861. Elected, Nov. 6, 1860. TERBITOEIAI. CHIEF JUSTICE. Samuel Dexter Lecompte. Term, Oct. S, 1854, to Mar. 9, 1868. John Pettlt. Term, Mar. 9, 1859, to Feb., 1861. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Saunders W. Johnston. Term, June 29, 1854, to Sept. 13, 1856. J. M. Burrell. Term, Sept. IS, 1855. Served but a lew weeks, and returned home, dying in 1856. Thomas Cunningham. Term, Nov. 19, 1856, to June 8, 1857. Joseph Williams. Term. June S, 1857, to Jan., 1861. Bush Elmore. Term, June 29, 1854, to Sept. 13, 1855. Sterling G. Oato. Term, Sept. IS, 1855, to July, 1858. Rush Elmore. Term, July, 1858, to Jan., 1861. State Officers op Kansas— 1861-1899. GOVERNORS. Ohairles Robinson. Residence,. Lawrence. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Took oath ol office, Feb. 9, 1861. Thomas Carney. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Samuel J. Crawford. Residence, Garnett. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. Twice elected. Resigned, Nov. 4, 1868, to take command 19th Reg. ' Nehemiah Green. Residence, Manhattan. Acting Governor. Elected, Lieut.-Gov., Nov. fi, 1866. Jas. M. Harvey. Residence, Fort Riley. Elected, Nov. 8, 1868. Served two terms. Thomas A. Osborn. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 5, 1872. Served two terms. George T. Anthony. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 7, 1876. John F. St. John. Residence, Olathe. Elected, Nov. 5, 1878. Served two terms. George W. Glick. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 7, 1882. John A. Martin. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Served two terms. 364 APPENDIX. Lyman U. Humphrey. Residence, Independence. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. Served two terms. Lorenzo D. Lewelllng. Besidence, Wichita. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. Edmund N. Morrill. Residence, Hiawatha. Elected, Nov. 6, 1804. JohnW. Leedy. Residence, Le Roy. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. William B. Stanley. Residence, Wichita. Elected, Nov. 8, 1808. LIBUTBNANT-QOVBRNORS. Joseph p. Root. Residence, Wyandotte. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Took oath of office, Feb. 9, 1861. Thomas A. Osborn. Residence, Elwood. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. James McGrew. Residence, Wyandotte. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. Nehemiah Green, Residence, Manhattan. Elected, Nov. 6, 1866. Charles V. Eskrldge. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Nov. 8, 1868. Peter P. Elder. Residence, Ottawa. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. Ellas S. Stover. Residence, Council Grove. Elected, Nov. 5, 1872. Melville J. Salter. Residence, Thayer. Elected, Nov. 8, 1874. Twice elected. Resigned, July 19, 1877. Lyman U. Humphrey. Besidence, Independence. Elected, Nov. 6, 1877. Elected, vice Salter, resigned. Be-elected, Nov. 5, 1878. D. W. Finney. Besidence, Neosho Falls. Elected, Nov. 2, 1880. Served two terms. Alex. P. Blddle. Besidence, Qlrard. Elected, INov. 4, 1884. Served two terms. Andrew J. Felt. Residence, Seneca. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. Served two terms. Percy Daniels. Residence, Girard. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. James A. Troutman. Besidence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 6, 1804. A. M. Harvey. Besidence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 8, 1896. H B. Bichter. Besidence, Council Grove. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. SBCBKTAEIBS OF STATE. John winter Bobinson. Besidence, Manhattan. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Took oath ol office, 1861. Bemoved, July 28, 1862. Sanders Bufus Shepherd. Besidence, Topeka. Appointed, vice Robinson, Aug., 1862. Wm. Wirt Henry Lawrence. Besidence, Peoria City. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Rinaldo Allen Barker. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. Served two terms. Thomas Moonlight. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 8, 1868. Wm. Hillary Smallwood. Residence, Wathena. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. Served two terms. Thos. H. Cavanaugh. Residence, Salina. Elected, Nov. 8, 1874. Served two terms. James Smith. Residence, Marysville. Elected, Nov. 5, 1878. Served three terms. Edwin Bird Allen. Residence, Wichita. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Served two terms. William Higgins. Besidence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. Served two terms. Russel Scott Osborn. Besidence, Stockton. Elected, Nov. 8, 1802. Wm. Congdon Edwards. Besidence, Larned. Elected, Nov. 6. 1894. William Eben Bush. Residence, Mankato. Elected, Nov. 8, 1896. George Alfred Clark. Besidence, Junction City. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. STATE OFriCEES OF KANSAS— 1861-1899. 365 AUDITOKS. CJeorge Shaler Hlllyer. Residence, Grasshopper Falls. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Took oath of office, Feb., 1861. Removed, July 28, 1882. David Long iakln. Residence, Grasshopper Falls. Appointed, vice Hlllyer, Aug., 1862. Asa Halrgrove. Residence, Mound City. Elected, Nov, 4, 1862. John R. Swallow. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. Served two terms. Alois Thoman. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Nov. 3, 1868. Served two terms. Daniel Webster Wilder. Residence, Fort Scott. Elepted, Nov. 5, 1872. Twice elected; resigned, Sept. 20, 1876. Parkinson Isaiah Bouebrake. Residence, Topeka. Appointed, Oct. 2, 1876. Parkinson L Bonebrake. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 7, 1876. Twice re-elected. Edward P. McCabe. Residence, Mllbrook. Elected, Nov. 7, 1882. Served two terms. Timothy McCarthy. Residence, Lamed. Elected, Nov. 2, 1886. Served two terms. Charles Merrill Hovey. Residence, Colby. Elected, Nov. 4, 1890. Van B. Prather. Residence, Columbus. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. - George Ezeklel Cole. Residence, Girard. Elected, Nov. 6, 1894. William H. Morris. Residence, Pittsburg. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. George Bzeklel Cole. Residence, Pittsburg. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. TBBASUEEBS. M'lUlam Tholen. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Dec. 6, 18B9. Entered army, and did not qualify. Horatio R. Dutton. Residence, Hiawatha. Appointed by Governor, Mar. 26, 1861. Horatio R. Dutton. Residence, Hiawatha. Elected, Nov. 5, 1861. Elected for remainder of term. William Sprlgss. Residence, Garnett. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Served two terms. Martin Anderson. Residence, Circleville. Elected, Nov. 6, 1866. George Graham. Residence, Seneca. Elected, Nov. 3, 1868. Joslah Emery Hayes. Residence, Olathe. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. Twice elected. Resigned, April 30, 1874. John Francis. Residence, lola. Appointed, vice Hayes, May 1, 1874. Samuel Lappin, Residence, Seneca. Elected, Nov. 3, 1874. Resigned, Dec. 20, 1875. John Francis. Residence, lola. Appointed, vice Lappln, Dec. 21, 1875. John Francis. Residence, lola. Elected, Nov. 7. 1876. Elected and served three regular terms. Samuel T. Howe. Residence, Marion. Elected, Nov. 7, 1882. Served two James Wm. Hamilton. Residence, Wellington. Elected, Nov. 2, 1886. Elected for two terms. Resigned, March 1, 1890. William Sims. Residence, Topeka. Appointed, vice Hamilton, Mar. 1, 1890, and served until Dec. SO, 1890. Solomon G. Stover. Residence, Belleville. Elected, Noy. 4, 1890. Elected, vice Hamilton, and, for next regular terin. Wm. Henry Blddle. Residence, Augusta. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. Otis L. Atherton. Residence, Russell. Elected, Nov. 6, 1894. David H. Heflebower. Residence, Bucyrus. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. Frank B. Grimes. Residence, Leoti. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. i]66 APPENDIX. ATTOBNKY-GBNERAI.S. Benjamin Franklin Simpson. Residence, Paola. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Resigned, July, 1861. Charles Chadwlck. Residence, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Simpson, July 30, 1861. Samuel A. Stlnson. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 5, 1861. Warren Wm. Guthrie. Residence, Carson. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Jerome D. Brumbaugh. Residence, MarysvlUfe. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. George Henry Hoyt. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 6, 1866. AddisorfDanford. Residence, Fort Scott. Elected, Nov. 3, 1868. Archibald L. Williams. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. Served two terms. Asa M. F. Randolph. Residence, Burlington. Elected, Nov. 3, 1874. Willard Davis. Residence, Oswego. Elected, Nov. 7, 1876. Served two terms. William A. Johnston. Residence, Minneapolis. Elected, Nov. 2, 1880. Elected for two terms. Resigned, Dec. 1, 1884, to become Associate Justice. George P. Smith. Residence, Humboldt. Appointed, vice Johnston, resigned, Dec. 1, 1884. Simeon Brlggs Bradford. Residence, Carbondale. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Served two terms. Lyman Beecher Kellogg. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. John Nutt Ives. Residence, Sterling. Elected, Nov. 4, 1890. John Thomas Little. Residence, Olathe. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. Fernando B. Dawes. Residence, Clay Center. Elected, Nov. 6, 1894. Louis C. Boyle. Residence, Fort Scott. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. Aretas A. Godard. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 8. 1898. SUPERINTENDENTS PTJBI.IC INSTETJCTION. William Riley Griffith. Residence, Marmaton. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Took oath of office, Feb., 1861. Died, Feb. 12, 1862. Simeon Montgomery Thorp. Residence, Lawrence. Appointed to fill vacancy. Mar. 28, 1862. Isaac T: Goodnow. Residence, Manhattan. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Served two terms. Peter McVlcar. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 6, 1866. Served two terms. HughDeFranceMcCarty. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. Served two terms. John Eraser. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Nov. S, 1874. Allen Borsley Lemmon. Residence, Winfleld. Elected, Nov. 7, 1876. Served two terms. Henry Clay Speer. Residence, Junction City. Elected, Nov. 2, 1880. Served two terms. Joseph Hadden Lawhead. Residence, Fort Scott. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Served two terms. George Wesley Winans. Residence, Junction City. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. Served two terms. Henry Newton Gaines. Residence, Salina. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. Edmund Stanley. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Nov. 6, 1894. William Stryker. Residence, Great Bend. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. Frank Nelson. Residence, Llndsborg. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS— 1861-1899. 367 CHIEF JUSTICES. Thomas Ewlng, Jr. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Re- signed, Nov. 28, 1862. Nelson Cobb. Residence, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Ewlng, Nov. 28, 18fi2. Robert Crozler. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 3, 1863. Samuel Austin Kingman. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 6, 1866. Samuel Austin Kingman. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 5, 1872. Resigned, Dec. 80, 1876. Albert Howell Horton. Residence, Atchison. Appointed, vice Kingman, Dec. 31, 1876. Albert Howell Horton. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 6, 1877. Albert Howell Horton. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 5, 1878. Albert Howell Horton. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Albert Howell Horton. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 4, 1890. Resigned. April 30, 1895. David Martin. Residence, Atchison. Appointed,vlceHorton April 30, 1895. David Martin. Residence, Atchison. Elected, Nov. 4, 1895. Frank Doster. Residence, Marlon. Elected, Nov. 3, 1896. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Samuel A Kingman. Residence, Hiawatha. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Jacob Saflord. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 8, 1864. David Joslah Brewer. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 8, 1870. David Joslah Brewer. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 7, 1876. David Joslah Brewer. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Nov. 7, 1882. Resigned, April 8, 1884. Theodore A. Hurd. Residence, Leavenworth. Appointed, vice Brewer, April 12, 1884. William A. Johnston. Residence, Minneapolis. Elected, Nov. 4, 1884. Elected, vice Brewer. Resigned office of Attorney-General of KaAsas. Dec. 1, 1884, to become Associate Justice. William A. Johnston. Residence,. Minneapolis. Elected, Nov. 6, 1888. William A. Johnston. Residence, Minneapolis. Elected, Nov. 6, 1894. Lawrence Dudley Bailey. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Dec. 6, 1859. Lawrence Dudley Bailey. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Nov. 4, 1862. Daniel Milford Valentine. Residence, Ottawa. Elected, Nov. S, 1868. Daniel Milford Valentine. Residence, Ottawa. Elected, Nov. 3, 1874. Daniel Milford Valentine. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 2, 1880. Daniel Milford Valentine. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Nov. 2, 1886. Stephen H. Allen. Residence, Pleasanton. Elected, Nov. 8, 1892. William Redwood Smith. Residence, Kansas City. Elected, Nov. 8, 1898. UNITED STATES SBNATOKS. James H. Lane. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Apr. 4, 1861. James H. Lane. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Jan. 12, 1865. Died, July 11, 1866. Edmund G.Ross. Residence, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Lane, July 20, 1866. Edmund G. Ross. Residence, Lawrence. Elected, Jan. 23, 1867. Elected to flll vacancy, vice Lane. Alexander Caldwell. Residence, Leavenworth. Elected, Jan. 25, 1871. Resigned, Mar. 24, 1873. Robert Crozier. Residence, Leavenworth. Appointed, vice Caldwell, Nov. 22, 1873. James M. Harvey. Residence, Vinton. Elected. Feb. 2. 1874. Elected, vice Caldwell. 368 APPENDIX. Preston Blerce Plural). Residence, Emporia. Elected, Jan. 31, 1877. Preston Blerce Plumb. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Jan. 24, 1888. Preston Blerce Plumb. Residence, Emporia. Elected, Jan. 23, 1889. Died at Washington, Dec. 20, 1891. Bishop W. Perkins. Residence, Oswego. Appointed, vice Plumb, Jan. 1, 1892. John Martin. Residence, Topeka. Elected, Jan. 26, 1893. Elected, vice Plumb. Luclen Baker. Residence, Leavenworth. Samuel C. Pomeroy. Residence, Atchison. ~ ' ~ Residence, Atchison. Residence, Atchison. Residence, Atchison. Residence, Atchison. Residence. Topeka. Residence, Llnwood. Samuel 0. Pomeroy. John James Ingalls. John James Ingalls. John James Ingalls. William Allred Peffer. William A. Harris. Elected, Jan. 23, 1895. Elected, Apr. 4, 1861. Elected, Jan. 23, 1867. Elected, Jan. 29, 1878. Elected, Jan. 81, 1879. Elected, Jan. 28, 1885. Elected, Jan. 28, 1891. Elected, Jan. 27, 1897. KANSAS IN THE SPANISH WAR Complete Roster op the Officers of Kansas Regiments Commis- sioned FOR Service in the "War with Spain. , [Compiled from the records of the Adjutant-General, May 15, 1899.J General and Staff Officers, and Officers Who Held Commissions in Organizations Without the State. Joseph Kenneday Hudson, Topeka, Brigadier-General. Theodosixts Botkin, Hutchinson, Captain and Assistant-Adjutaut-Qeneral. J. W. FoGLER, Leavenworth, Paymaster. W. F. DE Neidman, Pittsburg, Major and Brigade Surgeon. A. W. Shocbxey, Leavenworth, Major and Surgeon, Seventh United States volunteers. Henry W. Parker, Leavenworth, FirstLleutenant and Adjutant; secured commission outside of Kansas. Field Officers and Staff, twentieth regiment, kansas volunteers— infantry. Colonel Frederick Funston. Residence, lola. Commissioned, Apr. 24, 1898. Promoted Brigadier-General. Colonel Wilder 8. Metcalf. Residence, Lawrence. Commissioned, May 5, 1899. Promoted from Major. Lieuteutant-Colouel Edward C. Little. Residence, Abilene. Commis- sioned, Apr. 24, 1898. Major Frank H. Whitman. Residence, Orris Mills, N. Y., Commissioned, Mays, 1898. „ , . ^ „ , Major Wilder 8. Metcalf. Residence, Lawrence. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Promoted to Colonel, vice Funston, promoted. Major William H. Bishop. Residence, Salina. Commissioned. May 5, 1899. Promoted from Captain Company M, vice Metcalf, promoted. Surgeon John A. Rafter. Residence, Holton. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. 369 370 APPENDIX. Asslstant-Surgeou Henry D. Smith. Residence, Washington. Commis- sioned, May 2, 1898. Assistant-Surgeon Charles S. Hoffman. Residence, Columbus. Commis- sioned, May 3, 1898. Chaplain John G. Sohlleman. Residence, PhlUlpsburg. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Adjutant Charles B. Walker. Residence, Kansas City. Commissioned, Aug. 28, 1898. Appointed Adjutant, Aug. 28, 1898. Adjutant William A. DeFord. Residence, Ottawa. Commissioned, May 1, 1898. Resigned, Aug. 24, 1898. Quartermaster Walter P. Hull. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 9, 1898. Appointed Regimental Quartermaster, July 9, 1898. QuartermaaterLafayetteO. Smith. Residence, Waconda. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Honorably discharged, June 30, 1898. Captain Fred B. Buchan. Residence, Kansas City, Kan. Commissioned, Apr. 29. 1898. Captain Edmund Boltwood. Residence, Ottawa. Commissioned, Apr. 30, 1898. Captain Adna G. Clark. Residence, Lawrence. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. Captain Charles M. Christy. Residence, Waverly. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Captain George N. Watson. Residence, Abilene. Commissioned, May, 5, 1898. Captain William H. Bishop. Residence, Salina. Commissioned, May 6, 1893. Promoted to Major, May 5, 1899. Captain William S. Albright. Residence, Leavenworth. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Captain Henry B. Orwig. Residence, Girard. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Captain Charles S. Flanders. Residence, Paola. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Captain Charles I. Martin. Residence, Fort Scott. Commissioned, May U, 1898. Captain Howard A. Scott. Residence, Independence. Commissioned, Nov. 12, 1898. Pi-omoted trom First Lieutenant, Nov. 12, 1898. Captain Edward L. Glasgow. Residence, Salina. Commissioned, Mar. 1, 1899. Promoted from First Lieutenant. Captain W. J. Watson. Residence, Pittsburg. Commissioned, Mar. 20. 1899. Promoted f roin First Lieutenant. Captain Daniel F. Craig. Residence, Garnett. Commissioned, May 5, 1899. Promoted from First Lieutenant. Captain John B. Towers. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, May 2, 1898. Discharged, Nov. 12, 1898. Captain David S. Elliott. Residence, Coffeyville. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Killed in battle at Manila, Feb. 27, 1899. First Lieutenant Charles B. Walker. Residence, Kansas City. Commis- sioned, Apr. 29, 1898. Appointed Adjutant, Aug. 28, 1898. First Lieutenant John F. Hall. Residence, Pleasanton. Commissioned, Apr. 30, 1898. First Lieutenant Frank J. Frank. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned May 2, 1898. First Lieutenant Albert H. Krause. Residence. Lawrence. Commis- sioned, May 8, 1898. First Lieutenant Daniel F. Oralg. Residence, Garnett. Commissioned, May 4. 1898. Promoted Captain, May 6, 1899. First Lieutenant Bdgar A. Fry. Residence, Abilene. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. ■ First Lieutenant Edward L. Glasgow. Residence, Salina. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Promoted Captain, Mar. 1, 1899. First Lieutenant William J. Watson. Residence, Pittsburg. Commis- sioned, May 8, 1898. Promoted Captain, Mar. 20, 1899. First Lieutenant Howard A.Scott. Residence, Independence. Commis- sioned, May 9, 1898. Promoted Captain, Nov. 12, 1898. FIELD OFFICERS AND STAFF. 371 First Lieutenant Walter P. Hull. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Promoted Regimental Quartermaster, July 9, 1898. First Lieutenant William A. Green. Residence, Fort Scott. Commis- sioned, May 11, 1898. First Lieutenant E. H. Agnew. Residence, Minneapolis. Commissioned, July 1, 1898. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant W. A. Callahan. Residence, Junction City. Commis- sioned, Nov. 12, 1898. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant I. B. Showalter. Residence, Kansas City. Commis- sioned, Feb. 10, 1899. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant John W. Hausserman. Residence, Leaveuwortli. Com- missioned, Mar. 1, 1899. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant Harry W. Sliidler. Residence, Fort Scott. Commis- sioned, Mar.20, 1899. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant Clad Hamilton. Residence, Topeka. Oommlasioned, May 10, 1899. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant Edward J. Hardy. Residence, Salina. Commissioned, May 5, 1899. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. First Lieutenant Harry H. Seckler. Residence, Leavenworth. Commis- sioned, May 7, 1898. Resigned to take effect May 8, 1899. First Lieutenant Alfred C. Alford. Residence, Lawrence. Commissioned, Aug. 25, 1898. Promoted from Second Lieutenant. Killed in action, Feb. 7, 1899. Second Lieutenant Irvin B. Showalter. Residence, Kansas City. Com- missioned, Apr. 29, 1898. Promoted First Ueutenant, Feb. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Robert S. Parker. Residence, Ottawa. Commissioned, Apr. 30, 1898. Second Lieutenant Everett B. Huddleston. Residence, Topeka. Com- missioned, May 2, 1898. Second Lieutenant Alfred C. Alford. Residence, Lawrence. Commis- sioned, May 3, 1898. Promoted First Ueutenant, Aug. 25, 1898. Second Lieutenant William A. Callahan. Residence, Leavenworth. Com- missioned, May 5, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, Nov. 12, 1898. Second Lieutenant Ernest H. Agnew. Residence, Minneapolis. Commis- sioned, May 6, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, July 1, 1898. Second Lieutenant John W. Hausserman. Residence, Leavenworth. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, Mar. 1, 1899. Second Lieutenant William A. McTaggart. Residence, Independence. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Killed in action. May 4, 1899. Second Lieutenant Harry W. Shidler. Residence, Fort Scott. Commis- sioned, May 11, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, Mar. 20, 1899. Second Lieutenant Clad Hamilton. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 1, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, Apr. 29, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, Apr. 18, 1899. Second Lieutenant Collin H. Ball. Residence, Ottawa. Commissioned, Aug. 25, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 10, 1898. SecondLleutenantEdward J. Hardy. Residence, Salina. Commissioned, Aug. 25, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 10, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, May 5. 1899. Second Lieutenant Frederick R. Dodge. Residence, Leavenworth. Com- missioned, Sept. 21, 1S98. Second Lieutenant Orlando Burton. Residence, Fort Scott. Commis- sioned, Oct. 17. 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 12, 1898. Second Lieutenant S. G. Hopkins. Residence, Leavenworth. Commis- sioned, Nov. 12, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 13, 1898. Second Lieutenant J. B.Wisner. Residence, Kansas City. Commissioned, Feb. 10, 1899. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 13, 1898. Second Lieutenant Ernest G. Simpson. Residence, Belolt. Commis- sioned, Mar. 1, 1899. Second Lieutenant Burton J. Mitchell. Residence, lola. Commissioned, Mar. 20, 1899. Second Lieutenant Aaron B. Conley. Residence, Fort Scott. Commis- sioned, Apr. IS, 1899. 372 APPENDIX. Second Lieutenant Casslua E. Warner. Residence, Fort Scott. Oommls- sloned, May 5, 1899. Second Lieutenant John C. Murphy. Residence, Leavenworth. Oommla- sloned May 5, 1899. Appointed, vice W. A. MoTaggart, killed In action. Second Lieutenant Phillip S. Ray. Residence, Yates Center. Commis- sioned, May i. 1898. Resigned, Aug. 27, 1898. Second Lieutenant Thomas K. Richey. Residence, Pittsburg. Commis- sioned, May 8, 1898. Resigned, Oct. 18, 1898. Second Lieutenant A. W. Flanders. Residence, Osawatomle. Commis- sioned, May 10, 1898. Resigned, Sept. 23, 1898. Field Oppicbrs and Staff. twenty-first regiment, kansas volunteers— infantry. Colonel Thomas G. Fitch. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, May 11, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles MoOrum. Residence, Garnett. Commis- sioned, Apr. 25, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Major Harry A. Smith. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned, Apr. 26, 1898. Mustered out, Nov, 10, 1898. Major Willis L. Brown. Residence, Kingman. Commissioned, Apr. 27, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant and Adjutant John B. Nicholson. Residence, Council Grove. Commissioned, May IS, 1898. Resigned, June 1, 1898. First Lieutenant and Adjutant Henry W. Parker. Residence, Leaven- worth. Commissioned, May 26,1898. Promoted Irom Sergeant Major, vice Nicholson, resigned. Resigned, Oct. 22, 1898. First Lieutenant and Adjutant William W. McCarty. Residence, Wlnfield. Oct. 24, 1898. Promoted from First Lieutenant, Company F, vice Parker. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant and Quartermaster John C. Little. Residence, Columbus. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Major and Surgeon Frank C. Armstrong. Residence, El Dorado. Com- missioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Captain and Assistant-Surgeon Thomas C. Blddle. Residence, Emporia. Commissioned, May 14, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Captain and Assistant- Surgeon Frederick W. Turner. Residence, Marys- viUe. Commissioned, May 14, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Chaplain William E. Woodward. Residence, Larned. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY A. Captain Dell J. Newton. Residence, Great Bend. Commissioned, May 12, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Isaac L. Magee. Residence, Sterling. Commissioned, May 12, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Archibald F. Watson. Residence, La Crosse. Com- missioned, May 12, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. FIKLD OFFICERS AND STAFF. 373 COMPANY B. Captain Arthur D. Bmlth. Residence, Lamed. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Howard M. Koontz. Residence, Garden City. Commis- sioned, May «, 1898. Appointed Regimental Ordnance Officer, May 28, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Cliarles W. Herzer. Residence Dodge City. Commis- sioned, May 6, 1898. Died of typlioid fever, Aug. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Jonathan O. Farguson. Residence, Garden City. Ap- pointed Second Lieutenant, Aug. 4, 1898. Vice C. W. Herzer, deceased. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY C. Captain Vernon L. Sverett. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Harry Hume. Residence, Clearwater. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant William H. Bell. Residence, Scranton. Commis- sioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY D. Captain Rufus T. Vaughan. Residence, Manlcato. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Resigned, July 22, 1898. Captain Charles C. Calkin. Residence, Smith Center. Commissioned, July 22, 1898. Appointed Captain, July 22, 1898, vice R. T. Vaughan, resigned. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Charles C. Calkin. Residence, Bmlth Center. Commis- missioned. May 7, 1898. Promoted Captain, July 22, 1898. First Lieutenant George H. Tucker. Residence, Phillipsburg. Commis- sioned, July 22, 1898. Originally mustered in as Second Lieutenant. Appointed First Lieutenant, July 22, 1898, vice O. O. Calkin. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant George H. Tucker. Residence, Phillipsburg. Com- missioned, May 7, 1898. Commissioned First Lieutenant, July 22, 1898, vice C. C. Calkin appointed Captain. Second Lieutenant Aivln W. Miller. Residence, Jewell City. Enrolled as First Sergeant. Promoted Second Lieutenant, vice Tucker, promoted. COMPANY B. Captain Dorr Thomas. Residence, Hutchinson. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. j First Lieutenant James U. Brown. Residence, Tribune. Oommlsaioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Charles 8. Gibbens. Residence, Nlckerson. Commis- sioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY p. Captain Charles W. Van Way. Residence, Wlnfleld. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Fred O. Shutts. Residence, Wlnfleld. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. 374 APPENDIX. Second Lieutenant William W. McCarty. Residence, Wlnfleld. Commis- sioned, May 3, 1898. Appointed First Lieutenant and Adjutant, Oct. 24, 1898. Second Lieutenant Frank W. Reed. Residence, Wlnfleld. Commissioned, Oct. 24, 1898. Promoted Irom First Sergeant, Company F. Appointed Second Lieutenant, Oct. 24, 1898, vice McCarty, promoted. COMPANY s. Captain Charles Stackhouse. Residence, Osage City. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Resigned, July 8, 1898. Captain Tlicmas R. Hayson. Residence, Burlingame. Commissioned, July a, 1898. Originally mustered in as First Lieutenant. Appointed Captain, July 9, 1898, vice Stackhouse, resigned. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Thomas R. Hayson. Residence, Burlingame. Commis- sioned, May 9, 1898. Appointed Captain, July 9, 1898. First Lieutenant Frank B. Niles. Residence, Lyndon. Commissioned, July 9, 1898. Appointed First Lieutenant, July 9, 1898, vice Hayson, promoted. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Hugo Brandt. Residence, Alma. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Resigned, July 13, 1898. Second Lieutenant William Lavey. Residence, Burlingame. Commis- sioned, July 14,1898. Appointed Second Lieutenant, July 14, 1898, vice Hugo Brandt, resigned. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY H. Captain Walter H. Douglass. Residence, Bl Dorado. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Earl M. Douglass. Residence, El Dorado. Commis- sioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant John M. Shook. Residence, Eureka. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY I. Captain Roy G. Marr. Residence, Russell. Commissioned, May 11, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant George A. Lester. Residence, Hays City. Commis- sioned, May 11, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Charles W. Hamilton. Residence, Ellsworth. Com- missioned, May 11, 1898. Resigned, July 13, 1898. Second Lieutenant Arthur L. Boyd. Residence, Russell. Commissioned, July 14, 1898. Promoted Second Lieutenant, July 14, 1898, vice Hamilton, resigned. COMPANY K. Captain Blinn E. Snow. Residence, Stafford. Commissioned, May 5, 1898. Resigned, June 8, 1898. Captain Ezra E. Beard. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, May 26, 1898. Appointed Captain, May 26, 1898, vice Snow, resigned. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Ezra E. Beard. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, May B, 1898. Commissioned Captain, May 26, 1898. FIELD OFPICEKS AND STAFF. 375 First Lieutenant Walter M. Ellis. Residence, Kingman. Commissioned, May 28, 1898. Originally mustered in as Second Lieutenant. Appointed First Lieutenant, May 26, 1898, vice Beard, promoted. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Walter M. Ellis. Residence, Kingman. Commis- sioned, May 6, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, May 26, 1898. Second Lieutenant Clarence L. Barron. Residence, Kingman. Commis- sioned, May 26, 1898. Appointed Second Lieutenant, vice Ellis, pro- moted. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY L. Captain John P. Grinstead. Residence, Wellington. Commlssiorted, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Robert L. Collins. Residence, Oxford. Commissioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant Emera B. Wilson. Residence, Belle Plaine. Commis- sioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. COMPANY M. Captain William Constant. Residence, Marion. Commissiooed, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Lillian C. Crlner. Residence, McPherson. Commis- sioned, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Second Lieutenant J. Marshall Lemar. Residence, McPherson. Commis- sioned, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 10, 1898. Field Officers ajJd Staff. twenty-second regiment, kansas volunteers— infajsttry. Colonel Henry C. Llndsey. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, Apr. 26, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Lleutenant-ColonelJames Graham. Residence, St. Marys. Commissioned, April 26, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Major Alexander M. Harvey. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Major Charles Doster. Residence Topeka. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Adjutant Clay Allen. Residence, Brie. Commissioned, Apr. 27, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Quartermaster Henry A. Lamb. Residence, Parsons. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Died, Aug. 28, 1898, Providence Hospital, Washington, D. C. Quartermaster Charley Llndsey. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, Aug. 80, 1898. Enrolled as Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant, May 17, 1898. Appointed Quartermaster, Aug. 26. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Surgeon Josephus P. Stewart. Residence, Clay Center. Commissioned, May 16, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. W. F. de Neidman. Residence, Pittsburg. Commissioned, May 17, 1898. Mustered out to accept commission as Major and Brigade Surgeon, July 15, 1898. 376 APPENDIX. Assistant-Surgeon Lewis C. Duncan. Resldenoe.'Merlden. Commissioned, May 16, 1898. Promoted First Assistant-Burgeon, May 16, 1898. Assistant-Surgeon Frank H. Martin. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 10, 1898. Enrolled as Hospital Steward, May 17, 1898. Promoted Assistant-Surgeon, July 10, 1898, vice de Neidman, promoted. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. Chaplain Valedo H. Biddlson. Residence, St. Marys. Commissioned, Apr. 27. 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. COMPANY A. Captain Cliarles R. Hazzard. Residence, Parsons. Commissioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, November 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Josepli K. Knlglit. Residence, Sliaw. Commissioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Logan H. Wells. Residence, Brie. Commissioned, May 2, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. COMPANY B. Captain William H. Parsons. Residence, Clifton. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant William B. Cranmer. Residence.'Clyde. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Owen V. Smitli. Residence, Clyde. Commissioned, May 3, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. COMPANY C. Captain Firth Charlesworth. Residence, Belolt. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant George D. Abel. Residence, Lincoln. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Arthur J. Cadden. Residence, Beloit. Commissioned, May 4, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. COMPANY D. Captain Charles A. Phillips. Residence, Holton. Commissioned, May 5, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Arthur B. Schaeffer. Residence, Valley Falls. Commis- sioned, May 5, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Walter M. French. Residence, Winchester. Commis- sioned, May 5, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. COMPANY B. Captain John O. McGinley. Residence, Emporia. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant William S. Weaver. Residence, Emporia. Commis- sioned, May 6, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Carlos A. Jillson. Residence, Emporia. Commissioned, May 6, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. COMPANY r. Captain John W. Farrell. Residence, Weir City. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Alfred F. Williams. Residence, Columbus. Commis- sioned, May 7, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Alva C. Starr. Residence, Weir City. Commissioned, May 7, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. FIELD OFFICEES AND STAFF. 377 COMPANY G. Captain Clyde B. Parker. Residence, Oberlln. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out. Nov. 8, 1898. First Lieutenant Mark B. Thompson. Residence, Norton. Commissioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. Second Lieutenant Irving M. Egan. Residence, St. Francis. Commis- sioned, May 8, 1898. Mustered out, Nov, S, 1898. COMPANY H. Captain WlUlam C. Stevenson. Residence, Emporia. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Henry M. Thomas. Residence, Melvern. Commissioned, May 9, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. Second Lieutenant George H. Rising. Residence, Sallna. Commissioned. May 9, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. COMPANY I. Captain George E. Ross. Residence, "Washington. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8. 1898. FirstLleutenantGuy W.Morgan. Residence, Clay Center. Commissioned, May 10, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. Second Lieutenant Rutherford B. Evans. Residence, Clifton. Commis- sioned, May 10, 1898. Dismissed from the service, Aug. 31. 1898. Second Lieutenant Burt C. Carter. Residence, Clay Center. Commis- sioned, Aug. 10, 1898. Appointed Second Lieutenant, vice Evans, dis- missed. Mustered out, Nov. 8, 1898. COMPANY K. Captain 'William D. Sherman. Residence, Seneca. Commissioned, May 11, 1898. Died, Aug. 9, 1898, of typhoid fever. Captain Louis Miller. Residence, Sabetha. Commissioned, Aug. 10, 1898. Appointed Captain, vice Sherman, deceased. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Louis Miller. Residence, Sabetha. Commissioned, May 11, 1898. Promoted Captain, Aug. 10, 1898. First Lieutenant Elliott A. Davis. Residence, Hiawatha. Commissioned, Aug. 10, 1898. AppointedFlrstLleutenant. vice Miller, promoted. Mus- tered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Elliott A. Davis. Residence, Hiawatha. Commis- sioned, May 11, 1898. Promoted First Lieutenant, Aug. 10, 1898, vice Miller, promoted. Second Lieutenant Roy J. Martin. JResideuce, Seneca. Commissioned, Aug. 10, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, May 16, 1898. Promoted Sec- ond Lieutenant, Aug. 10, 1898. COMPANY L. Captain Bmmett P. Green. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned, May 18, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant Fred W. Bailey. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant Vine V. Read. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned. May 18, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. 378 APPENDIX. COMPANY M. Captain William B. Leicester. Residence, Manhattan. Oommissioned, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. First Lieutenant George N. Crawford. Residence, Manhattan. Commis- sioned, May IS, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Second Lieutenant ThaddeusH. White. Residence, Manhattan. Commis- sioned, May 13, 1898. Mustered out, Nov. 3, 1898. Field Officers and Staff. twenty-third regiment, kansas volunteers- infantry (colored). Lieutenant-Colonel James Beck, Sr. Residence, Manhattan. Commis- sioned, July 14, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Major James Beck, Sr. Residence, Manhattan. Commissioned, June 27, 1898. Promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, July 14, 1898. Major John M. Brown. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 15, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Major George W. Ford. Residence, Fort Scott. Commissioned, July 15, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Assistant- Surgeon Charles S. Sunday. Residence, Topeka. Commis- sioned, June 27, 1898. Resigned, Dec. 24, 1898. Assistant-Surgeon Frederick D. Q. Harvey. Residence, Argentine. Com- missioned, June 28, 1898. Honorably discharged, Dec. 24, 1898. Second Lieutenant" and Adjutant Samuel T. Jones. Residence, Kansas City. Commissioned, July 6, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. . Second Lieutenant and Acting Quartermaster Frederick M. Stone. Resi- dence, Lawrence. Commissioned, July 4, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY A. Captain William Reynolds. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 2, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant Thomas McAdoo. Residence, Topeka. Oommissioned, July 2, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Henry Taylor. Residence, Topeka. Oommissioned, July 2, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Commissioned First Lieu- tenant, but not mustered. COMPANY B. Captain Sherman A. Harvey. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 4, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant John W. Clark. JBesidence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 4, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Frederick M. Stone. Residence, Topeka. Oommis- sioned, July 4, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY c. Captain John L. Waller. Residence, Kansas City, Kan. Commissioned, July 5, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant Thomas B. Moody. Residence, Ciuindaro. Commis- sioned, July 5, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Samuel T. Johnes. Residence, Kansas City. Commis- sioned, July 5, 1898. Mustered out, Mar. 10, 1899. FIELD OFFICERS AND STAFF. 379 COMPANY D. Captain Archibald M. Wllaon. Besldeuce, Fort Scott. Commissloued, July 9, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant Jerry M. White. Residence. Glrard. Commissioned, July 9, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant AUred M. Booker. Residence, Emporia. Commis- sioned, July 9, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY E. Captain Samuel W. Jones. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, July 14, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant William A. Bettls. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, July 14, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant William Green. Residence, Wichita. Commissioned, July 14, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY F. Captain William B. Roberts. Residence, Parsons. Commissioned, July 15, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. J'lrst Lieutenant Levi Holt. Residence, OoffeyvlUe. Commissioned, July 15, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lleutena,nt John D. Harkless. Residence, Parsons. Commis- sioned, July 15, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY G. Captain William H. Ingram. Residence, Kansas City. Commissioned, July 16, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant Allen Lattlmore. Residence, Kansas City. Commis- sioned, July 16, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Nathaniel Slngletary. Residence, Kansas City. Com- missioned, July 16, 1898. Mustered out, Mar. 10, 1899. COMPANY H. Captain William M. Hawkins. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned, July 17, 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. First Lieutenant Arthur K. Barnett. Residence, Topeka. Commissioned, July 17, 1898. Died, Jan. 23, 1899, at San Luis de Cuba. Second Lieutenant George B. Payne. Residence, Topeka. Commis- sioned, Nov. 29, 1898. Enrolled as First Sergeant, Company F, Nov., 1898. Mustered out. Mar. 10, 1899. Second Lieutenant Arthur Lett. Residence, Atchison. Commissioned, July 17, 1898. Resigned, Dec. 15, 1898. Unaasigned. James King, Second Lieutenant, Company A. Residence, Topeka. Com- missioned, Mar. 22, 1899, but not mustered. Oscar Over, Second Lieutenant, Company — . Residence, Topeka. Com- missioned, Mar. 22, 1899, but not mustered. Not assigned to Company.