LIBRARY ANNEX THE GIFT OF ENGINEERING UWARt ^'i'f.t'ioPodaandUmeHih, engr All books are subject to recall after two weeks. Library Annex DATE DUE GAYLDRO PRINTED JN OSA DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MONOGRAPHS OF THE United States Geological Survey VOLUME IX WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1885 UI^ITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY J. W. POWELL DIRECTOR BRACHIOPODA AND LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE RARITAN CLAYS AND GREENSAND MARLS NE^W JERSEY BY ROBERT P. WHITFIELD WASHINGTON GOVERNMErs T rRINTING OFFICE ^ ^ *^ '^ X O i.j <3 CONTENTS. Page. Hfetter of transmittal from Prof. George H. Cook ix Sketch of the geology of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Formations of New Jersey ix Letter of transmittal from Prof. Robert P. Whitfield x v Preliminary remarks xvii Brachiopoda ;j Section I.— Brachiopoda of the Marl Beds 5 Lamellibrauchiata 17 Section II. — Lamellibranchiata irom the Raritau Clays 22 III.— Lamellibranchiata from the Lower Marl Beds 29 IV. — Lamellibranchiata from the Middle Marl Beds 194 V. — Lamellibranchiata from the base of the Upper Marls 205 VI. — Lamellibrauchiata from the Eocene Marls 222 VII. — Unionidae from the Camden Clays ..„ 243 VIII. — Classified list of the species 253 V ILLUSTRATIONS. Geologic Map of a part of New Jersey.* Page. E*LATE I. — Brachiopoda of the Marls of New Jersey 270 II. — Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays 272 III. — Ostreidae of the Lower Bed GreeBsand Marls 27'2 IV.-^Ostreidse of the Lower Bed GreeDsaud Marls 276 V. — Ostreidae of the Lower Bed Greensaud Marls 278 VI. — Ostreidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 280 VII. — Pectenidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 282 VIII. — Pectenidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 284 IX. — Spondylidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 286 X. — Spondylidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 288 XL — Nuculidae and Arcidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 290 XII. — Arcidae of the Lower Bed Greensand' Marls 292 XIII. — Arcidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 294 XIV. — TrigonidjB and Pteriidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 296 XV. — Pteriidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 298 XVI. — Pinnidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 300 XVII. — Mytilidae and Crassatellidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 302 XVIII. — Astartidae, Crassatellidae, Lucinidae, and Chamidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 304 XIX. — Cyprinidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 306 XX.— Cardiidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 308 XXI. — Cardiidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 310 XXII. — Veneridae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 312 XXIII. — Tellinidae, Mactridae, and Corbiilidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 314 XXIV. — Aoatinidae and Saxicavidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 316 XXV. — Solenidae and Pholadidae of the Lower Bed Greensand Marls 318 XXVI. — Lamellibranchiata of the Middle Bed Greensand Marls 320 XXVII. — Latnellibranchiata from the base of the Upper Bed Greensand Marls 322 XXVIII. — Lamellibranchiata from the base of the Upper Bed Greensand Marls 324 XXIX. — Lamellibranchiata from the Eocene Layers, Upper Bed Greensand Marls 326 XXX. — Lamellibranchiata from the Eocene Layers, LTpper Bed Greensand Marls 328 XXXI. — Unionidae from Lignitic Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 330 XXXII. — Unionidae from Lignitic Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 332 XXXIII. — Unionidae from Lignitic Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 334 XXXIV. — Unionidae from Lignitic Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 336 XXXV. — Unionidae from Lignitic Clays at Fish House, New Jersey 338 Figure 1. — Section across Cretaceous strata x 2. — Columnar section of Cretaceous strata i x * In pocket at end of volume. VII LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Geological Survey of New Jersey, New Brunswick^ N. J"., April 16, 1884. Sir: I have the honor herewith to transfer to you the text and draw- ft/ ings of the Fossil Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey. ^ They have been prepared by Prof Robert P. Whitfield for the Geological Survey of that State. While the fossils here described have come from a Hmited district of the United States, it is a district which drew the attention of paleontologists earher, and has been studied longer, than any other, so that it is classic and typical ground for all American geologists. As such we esteem it worth}- of a place among the Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, and with high appre- ciation leave it in your charge for pubhcation and general distribution. I also here append a SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE CRETACEOUS AIS^H TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF ISTEW JERSEY. The invertebrate fossils described in this and the succeeding volumes have been found in the geological formations which make up the southern half of New Jersey. The northwestern boundary of these formations may be traced by a line drawn in a southwesterly direction from Staten Island Sound, on the eastern border of the State, to the Delaware River at the mouth of Assanpink Creek, in Trenton, on the western side. The other boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay and River. The boundaries, except the first, need no more specific description. The north- western boundary can be traced with a good deal of accuracy from the IX X CEETACEOUS AND TEETIAEY FORMATIONS OF NEW JEESEY. Eocene. o O t«. - . i . - . -- i «. - . 1 :•■ . ■•• • ■■ { .--I, ■-«■■-> A '.<•, f ■i' g Upper Marl bed 37 ft. Yellow sand 43 rt. j-v l ^'.w.'.M:."; * -r".i i -.:..'.": ^ '■^.■m Middle ^Aa^I bed 45 ft. Red sand 10 Oft Lower Marl bed 30 £t. Clay marls 217 it. :k-:^:i^^^.-'<^'y Sooth Amboy Fireclay Bed 20ft. Kaolin Kimpaf" ]."»ft. Micaceous Sand Bed ?Ttr 2.0 ft. Laminated Clay and Sand 30 ft. Pipe Clay 15 ft. Woodbrid^e Fire CJay Bed 20 ft. Fire Sand Bed ^c^ f^^ Rarixan _ -. Fire Clay Bed 15 ft. Raritan Potters Clay Bed 244t Ked Shale 347 ft. CO OS eg o c (D O C3 © © o © © a o Q Sound, about four miles northeast of Woodbridge, through the northern part of that village, and then across the hills to Metuchen, and onwards to the Raritan, which it crosses in the southern j^art of the city of New Bruns- wick, and thence onward to Ten Mile Run and Kingston, and thence along the valley in which the Delaware and Raritan Canal runs on the south of Princeton and Trenton to the Delaware River. The outcropping edge of these formations is thin, so that in many places the underlying red sandstone is exposed in the inequalities of the surface, or is easily reached in digging. This, of course, must leave the edge somewhat irregular, and in one place in Middlesex County, north of the Raritan, the red sandstone rises in a considerable hill south of this line, and is entirely surrounded by the white cla3^s of this later formation. The Raritan clav beds, with their intermediate beds of sand, which are the lowest in the series here described, are retained as a ]3art of the Cretaceous series. Stratigraphical relations war- rant this.. The very few fossil shells which have been found in them are of estuary forms, and are thought by some paleontologists to bear a close resem- blance to those of the Wealden or Jurassic age. The greensand and in- OEETACEOUS AND TERTIAEY FORMATIONS OF NEW JERSEY. XI termediate beds which he immediately over these, and as far as seen, with the same gen- eral dip, though a little smaller in amount, are rich in marine fossils which are unques- tionably of the Cretaceous period The numerous beds and strata of the series all dip gently to the southeast, the descent being not more than HO feet per mile; while the underlying red sandstone dips towards the northwest at an angle of 10° or 12°. The accompanying .sec/io??, Fig. 1 , across the Cretaceous and Eocene strata in Middle- sex and Monmouth Counties, in which part of the State the}^ are best exposed, will suffi- ciently illustrate their mode of occurrence. The columnar section^ Fig. 2, will further show the thickness of the Cretaceous, and Eocene strata^ as far as present demonstra- tions extend; and the map of the part of Xew Jersey in which these strata are found will make plain the numerous references to local- ities, which are given in the descriptions of species. In addition to the outcrop as given on the map, and the dip as shown in the section, the correctness of the columnar section has been proved by the borings in several artesian wells in which the successive strata of greensand, clay, etc., have been met in the order here laid down. The Miocene is found, with its characteristic fossils, in several isolated localities in the counties of Cumberland and Salem, but no structural or other well-marked geological peculiarities of these beds have yet been developed. BQNHAMTOWN rM ftARtTAt/ RIVER ^w \m\ m I— I CO o o o.B./^.n. CHESQUAfCE CREEK JACKSONVILLE GC c o 5" P r/IATAVAA/ CfiEEK BEACON ///Li. i',,/ fc^ HOL/yfD£-L NOP BRQQH YELLOW BROOK A/OCKNOCHSON SHOOK C/fANBERRY N/LL. ^HARN R/YER STA . '//Of-'' m S//A/fA R/YE/f V/LLAGr ATLANTtC OCEAN XII CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF NEW JERSEY. The greater part of the State south of the Cretaceous and Eocene strata is without fossils by which to determine its geological age. It is, however, later than the Miocene, as is to be seen where they meet, and it is older than the Glacial, as is shown where the glacial drift overlies the same for- mation in some of the country immediately north of the Raritan. It ap- pears to be regularly stratified, though all the strata are earthy, no rock having been met in boring into it. Regular and extended beds of clay and sand have been found in the various places which have been bored into, but no fossils have been met with. In this state of our knowledge, it is safe to call these beds representatives of the Pliocene age. The tide marshes, the sand beaches, and some low lying upland on the borders of the sea and bay sides, are of the Quaternary period, and fur- nish a few fossils which scarcely differ from the living species now found in the adjacent tide waters. From the foregoing sketch of the geology of Southern New Jersey, it will be seen that by far the greater number of fossils described in this work are from the greensand beds of the Cretaceous formation. Fossils are really much more abundant in these beds than in any of the others, and, besides, these beds have been opened more extensively than any others on account of the value of the marls which compose them, and which are used for fertilizing the soil. Some of the species are very abundant, while of many others only single specimens have been found, and very many of these forms have only been found as imperfect casts. There is no complete collection of these fossils, and the Geological Survey of New Jersey possesses only a small part of them ; for the remain- der specimens have been borrowed wherever they could be got, and their ownership is given in the printed descriptions. The fossils in the New Jersey marls attracted the attention of natural- ists at a very early day; Dr. S. G. Morton and Prof L. Vanuxem, of Phil- adelphia, described some of them in the sixth volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences in 1828-29, and in the seventeenth voliime of the American Journal of Science in 1 830, and since that time many additions have been made to the number described by others, whose names will ap- CEETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF NEW JERSEY. XIII pear in their proper places. This work of Professor Whitfield, in bringing the fossils together and in revising and correcting imperfect descriptions, and in making new and better drawings of the fossils, will be appreciated by every paleontologist; and the new species he has been able to add give completeness to the subject, and it is hoped will make the book a useful and standard one both for the student and the field geologist. Heretofore, many of these fossils which were described were not figured, and the descriptions were scattered in so many different works that they were practically inac- cessible to most persons, and especially to those who by their residence on the formations were most competent to make collections. It is a pubKca- tion which has long been looked for by citizens interested in geology, and it is fair to anticipate from its use much benefit to the scientific geology of the region from which its materials are drawn. As the collected work of the pioneers in paleontological study on this continent, it becomes of permanent interest to geologists both for the per- sons whose labors it perpetuates and the localities which they explored. I am, with high respect, your obedient servant, GEO. H. COOK, State Geologist of New Jersey. Maj. J. W. Powell, Director U. S, Geological Survey. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. New York, March 31, 1884. Dear Sir: I herewith transmit to j^ou the following descriptions and illustrations of the Brachiopoda and LamelUhrancMafa of the Green Marls and accompanying Clays of New Jersey, which form a part only of the paleon- tological report on the fossil remains of the State. In presenting the report allow me to express my sincere thanks for the many kindnesses which I have received at the hands of yourself and your assistant. Professor Smock, in obtaining material for the work. I am also greatly indebted to the officers of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I have' besen obliged to borrow largely from their collection, as it contains very many of the types of Mr. T. A. Conrad and Mr. W. M. Gabb, as well as of Dr. S. G. Morton, and those of Mr. Isaac Lea's species of Unionidce. I am, however, under special obligation in this respect to Profs. A. Heilprin and H. Carville Lewis. I have also had the loan of specimens from Columbia College, N. Y., through Dr. J. S. Newberry, and from Dr. Lawrence Johnson and Miss F, M. Hitchcock, of New York, to all of whom I wish to express my thanks. I have also availed myself largely of specimens from the cabinet at Rutgers College under your charge, and from the cabinet of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Yours, very truly, R. P. WHITFIELD. Prof. George H. Cook, State Geologist of New Jersey. XV PRELIMINARY REMARKS. In oflfering the following report on a portion of the organic remains of New Jersey, I would state that the very imperfect material with which I have had to deal, as well as the small number of related specimens, often having only a single imperfect individual of a species, and that one the original type, must form my excuse for the great imperfection of descrip- tion and meagreness of illustration. The report contains all the species oi BracUopoda and LameUibranchiata of the greensand marls and their accompanying clays of the State, so far as I am able to learn, hitherto described and pubHshed, as well as several now made known for the first time. The published species have not before been brought together in any form, even in a catalogue; and the descriptions have been given in so many different publications, and through such various channels, that it has been very difficult to ascertain when they had all been collected. I am by no means certain, even now, that I may not have over- looked some isolated paper or obscure pamphlet containing descriptions or mention, but everj' means has been employed to make the search as thorough as possible, and every known trace of publication or reference to papers has been followed to its source. Another difficulty with which I, have had to contend has been the want of material. This has been an almost insurmountable obstacle to rapid and systematic work, as there are no comparatively complete collections of the marl fossils in existence at any one place. This arises principally, I pre- sume, from the fact that marl fossils are very difficult to preserve for any length of time, owing to their rapid disintegration from the effects of finely disseminated pyrite in the marls, which, on exposure to the air, rapidly de- XVII XVIII PEELIMINARY EEMARKS. stroys them, thereby discouraging persons S*om collecting. This, however, might in a measure be remedied by judiciously cleaning the specimens from unnecessary sand and marl when first taken from the pits, and after thorough drying, soaking the specimens in boiling glue, of a consistency sufficient readily to penetrate the marl, which, on rapidly drying again, will be har- dened and protected so as to be preserved for an indefinite period. Speci- mens which I treated in this manner twenty-six years ago are as perfect to-day as when first prepared. It will be noticed that by far the larger part of the species here de- scribed are from the Lower Marl Beds. Leaving out the BracMopods, of which there are only five given, including one doubtfully from within the State, there are two hundred and thirty species and varieties. Of these, five are from the clays below the Lower Marl Bed; eleven, including Gryplicea vesicitlariSj which occurs most abundantly in the Lower Marl Bed, are from the Middle Marl Bed ; seventeen are from the Cretaceous layers at the base of the Upper Marl Bed ; twenty-three are from the Eocene layers at the top of the Upper Marl Bed ; and twelve species of Unionidce are from the clays at Fish House. This leaves one hundred and sixty-three species for the Lower Marl Bed, only one of which is known to occur in any of the other beds; Gryphcea vesicularis being common to the Lower and the Middle Beds, and also recognized in a single individual in the Eocene layers. Idonearca vulgaris was supposed to pass from the Lower to the Middle Bed, but I find that the Middle Marl Bed specimens belong to quite a distinct form. Ostrea or Gryphcea Bryani Gabb, in one of its varieties, appears to be common to the Middle Bed and to the lower layers of the Upper Bed. Beyond these I have no evidence of a passage of species from one bed to any of the others. There is, .however, some difficulty in satisfactorily determining whether this is really the case, as most of the collections which I have ex- amined are not carefully labeled with locality or position, and from their great similarity of material they present a peculiar liability to error. This may be said to be particularly the case with the collections -deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, many of which have no other record of locality or position, either with the specimen or embodied in the description of the species of which they are the types, than simply PEELIMmARY REMAEKS. XIX that of *^Cret. N. J." Others mention only the county in which they were found. This condition I find in other collections as well, and it is likely to have been a fruitful source of error. The blame, however, in the case of the Academy of Natural Sciences rests solely with the original collectors and authors of the species; and if some of these errors are continued in the present work from these causes, I do not feel that they could have been avoided. The collections at the Academy of Natural Sciences are, never- theless, extremely valuable, as they are largely types of species by Con- rad, Gabb, and Morton. Of the latter, however, there are very few re- maining. It will be noticed that very few of the species have been recognized from localities outside of the State. It is certainly peculiar that so many local species should have existed within the limits of New Jersey. This may, however, be attributed to certain causes which have existed over these areas during the deposition of these formations, and which would have pro- duced a special fauna fitted for those conditions by eliminating from it all other forms not fitted to withstand them. Beyond this, certain rapid or sudden changes seem to have taken place over nearly the entire coast of this State, at somewhat regular periods, which materially changed the con- ditions of life abruptly. These are recorded in the changes from the green- sand deposit to a siliceous sand deposit between the several layers of marls, in which no animal remains occur. These abrupt changes in conditions nnd extinction of life over these areas at times also account for the almost entire change of species in the different beds of marl. But there is still another reason, and perhaps a more direct one, why so few of the species have been identified from other localities than those of the greensand region. This is the condition of preservation of these marl fossils, which are gener- ally only seen as internal casts, and therefore very difficult to identify with perfect shells. But even among the few which have heretofore been cited as common to New Jersey and more southern localities, I find few that will bear critical comparison. For this reason I have been compelled to change the names of several of the species where the types were from those south- ern localities. In regard to the identity of the New Jersey beds with the supposed XX PEELIMmAEY EEMAEKS. equivalent beds of other paris of the country, I am not prepared at present to give a very decided opinion. I see no reason, however, to dispute the notion generally held that the Lower Marl Bed of the State is equivalent to No. 4, or the Fort Pierr^ group of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous region. In regard to the Raritan Clays which underUe the Lower Marl Bed, I have made some suggestions preceding their description. And in regard to the beds at the top of the Upper Marl Bed, referred to as Eocene, I would state that so far as the Lamellibranchiate shells are concerned, there is so little in common with the Eocene known from other localities, that, taken alone, their evidence is not very strong either for or against this Eocene age. The Gasteropodous fauna, however, is more Eocene in its character than that of the LameUibranchiates. BRACHIOPODA AND LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE RARITAN CLAYS AND GREENSAND MARLS OF NEW JERSEY. By R. F. ^W^HITFIELD. 4418 MON 1 BEACHIOPODA. SECTIOlNr I. BRACHIOPODA FROM THE SEVER AI. MARL BEDS OF THE STATE. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. The fossil Brachiopoda are not very well represented in the Cretaceous formations of America, and the New Jersey beds form no exception to this rule. In Europe, as a general thing, this class of sliells is quite abundant, and although the genera are not as numerous as they are in Paleozoic formations, yet the species are many. But in America there are few^ spe- cies, and those mostly confined to four genera, namely, Terebratida^ Ter- ebratulina, Terebratella^ and Bliynchonella. In New Jersey, so far as at present known, only three of these genera are represented ; the last one, Bhynchonella, being entirely absent. In regard to individuals, two of the species known to occur within the State may be said to be abundant, Tere- bratula Harlani and TerebrateUa plicata. The latter is moderately abundant as scattered individuals in the Gryphaea beds of the lower marls, but has never yet been found in large quantities; while the former, T, Harlani, oc- curs in vast numbers, forming, at several locahties, beds of several feet in thickness, made up almost entirely of the broken and often w^ater-w^orn valves of this species, with a very moderate number of entire individuals The conditions of life prevailing in the New Jersey seas during the forma- tion of the green marls do not appear to have been favorable to the exist- ence of this form of Molluscoid, but in a few localities the vast abundance of Gryphcea vesicularis which had accumulated just below, and whose shells had formed beds of several feet in thickness, appear to have furnished, by their maceration and solution, a sufficient amount of calcareous material to have afforded the proper conditions requisite for these shells, and for vast numbers of foraminiferous bodies as well ; as the so-called calcareous 6 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. sands associated with the Terehratula and Gryphcea is composed almost en- tirely of the remains of these minute organisms. Of the species of Brack- iopoda other than the two mentioned, only a few isolated examples have been found. Among all the collections which I have examined, probably not more than fifteen individuals in all have been discovered. The follow- ing described species are all that have been found in any of the marls within the State, including the Eocene beds at the top of the Upper Marls. Class BEACHIOPODA. TEREBRATULID^. TEEEBEATULA Llhwyd. Terebratula Harlani. Plate I, Figs. 15-23. Terehratula Harlani Morton. Am. eJour. Sci., 1st ser., Yol. XVIII, p. 250, PI. Ill, Fig. 16; and Yol. XYII, p. 283. Jonr. A. :isr. Sci., 1st ser., Yol. YI, p. 73, PI. Ill, Figs. 1-4 and 7, 8. Synopsis, p. 70, PI. Ill, Fig. 1, and Pi. IX, Figs. 8 and 9; also Fig. 2. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 190. Synopsis of Oret. Brach., p. 18. Meek, Geol. Eept. N. J., 1868, p. 729. T, perovalis (Sow.f) Morton. Jour. A. X. Sci., Phil., Yol. YI, 1st ser., p. 77, PI. Ill, Figs. 7 and 8. T, fragilis Morton (not of Schlot.). Jour. A. X. Sci., Phil., Yol. YI, Ist ser., p. 75, PI. Ill, Figs. 3 and 4. Synopsis, p. 70, PL III, Fig. 2. Am. J. Arts and Sciences, Yol. XYIII, p. 250, PI. Ill, Fig. 17 and Yol. XYII, p. 285. Meek, Geol. Eept. X. J., 1868, p. 723. T. camella Morton. Synopsis, p. 70, in text. T. suhfragilis D'Orb. Prod. Pal., Yol. II, p. 258. 1\ atlantica (Mort.) Gabb. Synop. Oret. Brach., Proc. A. X. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 18. Shell large, sometimes measm^ing two and three-fourths inches in length. Form, elongate-oval with subparallel sides, often giving a somewhat cylin- drical form in old specimens as seen in a dorsal view, with the front usually more or less truncate and sometimes bilobate from a flattening or lobing of the valves on the anterior part of the shell. Valves very ventricose, almost gibbous in old shells from a thickening of the margins. Ventral valve with the beak large, strong, incurved, and truncated at the apex by the large foramen, which is strongly excavated at the opening through the thickness of the shell-substance of the apex, the truncation being parallel BRACHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS. 7 to the axis of the valves. Lateral margins of the beak, angular. Center of the valve toward the front usually flattened or concave, and the lateral slopes impressed. Dorsal valve much less deep than the ventral; the beak small and invariably incurved within the deltidial opening of the ventral in half-grown or mature specimens ; front and anterior surface of the valve flattened or concave, leaving an angular ridge dividing the cen- tral area from the lateral slopes. This latter feature is frequently exag- gerated to so great an extent as to give a decidedly plicate appearance to the front half of the shell. Shell-surface marked by numerous lines of growth, often grouped so as to form varices of growth toward the front in old specimens. Shell-substance finely punctate, the punctse usually visible under a hand-magnifier of moderate power; more' distinctly seen, however, on exfoliated surfaces. In the interior the crura are slender near their junction with the dorsal valve, but rapidly expand into a broad loop of from three to five eighths of an inch in length and more than two-thirds as great a width, and very angular at the bendings. There have been two varieties of this species described under distinct names, T. ovalis and T, fragilis, Morton. There may be some reason for regarding the latter as a good species, as it occurs in beds where the other form is scarcely or not at all represented. This is, I believe, notably the case at Harrisonville, New Jersey. The characters of these varieties' are separately noted below. Ya^Yietj fragilis, i= Terebratida fragUis Morton, PI. I, Figs. 15-18, This form is common enough at nearly all localities where the species occurs. It is found of all sizes, from a little more than an inch in length to those nearly as large as the normal form of the species. It is usually, how- ever, smaller in size, more cylindrical, and very strongly plicated ; the plica- tions frequently forming strong lobes and extending to within half an inch or so of the beak on the dorsal valve and nearly as far on the ventral. I can find no feature which will serve to distinguish this form from the normal type of T, Harlani constant enough to be relied upon. The thinness of the shell is no greater than that of the generality of those of the other form. There is a decided and marked difference in the size and character of the punctae of the shell observable in some individuals of this variety, the pores being smaller and much more densely crowded together, forming 8 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. transverse wavy lines, which, if it were a constant feature, would serve to distinguish them, but even on the specimen where this feature is most marked, I find that it varies even on different laminae of shell over the same space where it has been exfoliated artificially, so that it forms no positive means of distinction. I am inclined, therefore, to regard it only as a very strongly marked variety, and not a valid species. Yeirietj perovalis^ PL I, Fig. 19. This form Dr. Morton identified with the European shell T. perovalis Sowerby, but it can be nothing more than a two -thirds grown form of T. Harlani, and the name has long since been dropped out of the literature by most authors. He afterwards proposed the name T, camella for it, if found to be distinct from T, Harlani. Terebratula Harlani is about the largest terebratuloid shell known in American rocks, and is one of the most beautiful, as well as the most abun- dant. At several localities where it is found, it occurs in immense numbers, forming, in connection with Gryphcea vesicularis, nearly or quite half the substance of beds of several feet in thickness. At the marl pits, about one and a half miles from New Egypt, they are found through about eight feet of sandy marl so densely packed together that it is almost im- possible to extricate specimens without breaking, and in certain parts of the bed the marl forms much less than half the bulk of the whole. Through about two or three feet of the upper part of the bed the Terebratula is almost alone, mostly in separated and water-worn valves, but near the upper portion of this thickness perfect shells can be obtained in great numbers. The Terebratula bed is an excellent line for comparison of the strata at differ- ent localities, and has been traced throughout a large part of the State and into Delaware. The shell has been obtained from South Carolina, where it is said to be found in the Tertiary. This I think extremely doubtful, as it is never found above the middle marl beds in New Jersey. Moreover, the strata in South Carolina are in such a position that it may easily be ob- tained from the Cretaceous layers below without the fact being detected. Specimens in Dr. Holmes' collection in the American Museum of Natural History certainly present all the appearances of the Cretaceous shell, but are larger than any I have seen from New Jersey. Mr. Gabb, in his Synop- sis, cites T, atlantica Morton as a synonym of this, considering it as a BEACHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS. 9 young individual. But I judge from Dr. Morton's description that it is a very distinct species, being small and distinctly marked with radiating striae, which T. Harlani never is so far as I have seen. I should be much more inclined to think T atlantica Morton more nearly related to Mr. Gabb's T, Halliani. Formation and locality. — The species is confined, so far as I know, to the top of the Lower Marl Bed and to the Middle Marls, not having been seen to any extent in the lower beds and never in the upper beds, at least within the limits of New Jersey. It has been found in the lower beds near New Egypt, and in the middle beds at the same pits, where it is extremely abun- dant through about eight feet of strata, also at Timber Creek, at Mullica Hill, and at Kirby's marl pits, two miles southwest of Harrisonville, N. J., in the amber deposit on Old Man's Creek. (G. F. Kunz.) The two latter localities furnishing many specimens of the variety T. fragilis. It is found in the middle layers at very many localities and sparingly throughout the entire bed in New Jersey and in Delaware. It also occurs in South Car- olina, as shown in Dr. Holmes' collection in the American Museum of Natu- ral History, New York City, from Mazyck's green sands, at Saint John's, and is marked by Dr. Holmes as Eocene, probably an error. Terebratuliua atlantica. Plate I, Figs. 10-13. Terebratula atlantica Morton. Jour. A. K. Sci., Phil., 1st ser., Vol. YIII, p. 214. T. Halliana Gabb. Proc. A. X. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 19. T. glossa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 42, PI. I, Fig. 22. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 732. TerehratuUna Halliana Gabb. Synopsis, p. 200. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Dr. Morton describes this species as follows: '^ Shell ovate, valves equally convex, with numerous, distinct, and bifurcating striae, most promi- nent on the umbo ; foramen large ; beaks not incurved. Length of the largest specimen found, five-eighths of an inch ; width, half an inch." The locality he gives as in the ferruginous sands at Woodward's farm. New Jersey. I have seen a goodly number of this species from New Jersey; but most of them have been smaller than the dimensions given by Dr. Morton, 10 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSEY. and are nearly all internal casts. In this condition they frequently afford evidence of radiating strise, and correspond with the description given above, but are different in form from those more advanced stages of growth. As they advance in size the form changes from this nearly equi- valve, lenticular form, by the front of the valves becoming elevated, forming a fold on the dorsal side and a broad, shallow depression on the ventral. This feature is increased with increased growth until they assume the form given by Mr. Conrad for his Terebratida glossa. The form is then elongate-ovate with very convex valves, the front of which is somewhat produced into a pinched fold on the upper valve, and with a shallow depres- sion on the opposite one corresponding to it. The beak of the ventral valve becomes slightly incurved and is largely truncate, and its lateral margins subangular. The ventral valve possesses a slight cardinal area on each side of the foramen, which is flattened, and. the dorsal valve has lateral expan- sions on the sides of the beak to correspond, and which form a slightly extended cardinal line on each side of the beak. This is shown on the medium-sized cast figured in the pouching of the lateral margins on the sides of the beak of the dorsal valve, but it is not distinctly observable in the larger figure, nor on the one copied from Mr. Conrad. On the former specimen the striae are fine and even, but as it does not retain the shell they are not seen on the upper part of the specimen. Dr. Morton first described this species from young specimens, and Mr. Gabb seems to have considered it as identical with the young of T, Harlani (see Synopsis, p. 194). This could not be the case with a shell possessing the features described b)^ Dr Morton. Mr. Gabb also considered the small shells as the same as T, lacliryma Morton ; being misled by specimens labeled by Dr. Morton (see Synopsis, p. 200, foot-note), on ascertaining his mistake he described the New Jersey shell as T. HaUiana. Mr. Conrad subsequently obtaining adult specimens described and figured them under the name T. glossa^ supposing it to come from the Eocene beds at Shark River, New Jer- sey, which is a mistake. I believe them all to be only stages of growth of one species; at least I have not seen specimens that I should consider as represent- ing distinct species when the}^ are examined together and in numbers. There are some of the small ones which are rather more ventricose than the ma- BEACHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS. 1 1 jority, but not sufficiently so to be specifically distinct. The young* shells of this species differ from T. lachryma Morton, in being less ventricose on the umbo, less elongated in form, more circular in outline, with a shorter and broader beak. They must very closely resemble T. floridana Morton, from the Cretaceous at Prairie Bluff', Ala., but, as I have no specimen from that locality for comparison, I am not able to assert positively in what par- ticulars they differ. If they prove to be indentical, the name T. floridana will have precedence over that of T. atlantica. Formation and locality,— k\\ the specimens which I have seen, and of which I have been able to ascertain the localitv w^ithout doubt, have been from the lower beds of the upper marls. The form given by Conrad as T. glossa, I have seen from Farmingdale in the collection of Miss F. M. Hitch- cock, of New York City (Plate l,fig. 13). The example figured on PI. l,fig 10, is from the collection of Dr. L. Johnson, of New^ York, and is also from Farmingdale. Other and smaller specimens, but showing the same features, except in being less gibbous, are from the same horizon at Shark River, N J., Columbia College collection. I do not remember to have seen any speci- mens authentically derived from either a higher or lower locality. Mr. Conrad's examples of T, glossa were from Shark River. Mr. Gabb gives for T. Halliana simply ''New Jersey." Dr. Morton cites for his specimen the ''ferruginous sands at Woodward's farm. New Jersey, found by Mr. Con- rad" Terebratuliiia floridana. Terebratula floridana Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, PI. XVI, Fig. 17. Terehratulina floridana (Mort.) D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 258, Yol. II ; also of Gabb, Meek, and others. This species was originally described from the Cretaceous formations at Prairie Bluff, Ala., but is given by Mr. Meek as a New Jersey species in his catalogue in the Geological Survey of New Jersey for 1868, p. 729. So far I have not observed it among the fossils of this State, and am inclined to think the reference an error. Young individuals of T, Halliana (Gabb) =: T, atlantica (Morton) have very much the characters of the Alabama shell, but they differ in being more elongate, less broadly rounded, and in 12 PALEONTOLOGY OF KEW JEESEY. having a shallow sinus on the dorsal valve, while the Alabama shell is described and figured without this feature. I do not, therefore, consider it as properly belonging to the State fauna. Teiebratulina lachryma. Plate I, Fig. 14. Terehraiula laehryma Morton. Synopsis^ p. 72, PI. X, Fig. 11, and PI. XYI, Fig. 6. TerebratuUna laehryma D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 396. Gabb, Synop. Oret. Brach., p. 19. Proc. A. N. Sci. Pbil., 1861 ; Synopsis, p. 200. Mr. Gabb states that he has seen this species from the Cretaceous marls of New Jersey, and therefore he considers it as a Cretaceous species, remark- ing that D'Orbigny is incorrect in placing it in the Lower Eocene. Dr. Morton's specimens were from the calcareous strata of South Carolina, which is considered as Eocene, although at the time Dr. Morton described the species it was supposed to be Cretaceous. He also states that Mr. Conrad had at a later time obtained it from ^^ strata below Claiborne, Ala." This would also bring it into the Eocene, Mr. Meek, in his check-list of Cretaceous MoUusca, does not include this as a Cretaceous species, and, although Mr. Conrad does not include it among the Eocene Terebratulidae in his Smithsonian Institution check-list of that formation, he does subse- quently in a later list published in Vol. I, Am. Jour. Conchology. I do not know what Mr. Gabb may have seen from New Jersey to identify as belonging to this species, but I certainly have never seen any shell or cast of shell from New Jersey that I should consider as belonging to it. In order that it may be identified if found, I have given a figure, enlarged to twice the natural size, of a specimen of undoubted authenticity, from the white limestones of the Eocene of South Carolina, near Charleston, for comparison. Genus TEREBEATELLA D'Orb. Terebratella plicata Say. Plate T, Figs. 5-9. Terebratula plicata Say. Am. Jonr. Sci. and Arts, Vol. II, 1st ser.,p. 43. J. A. K. S., 1st series, Vol. YI, p. 73, PI. Ill, Figs. 5 and 6. 1829. T. Sayi Mort. Synopsis Org. Rem., p. 71, PI. Ill, Figs. 3 and 4. 1834. Am, J. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XLYIII, p. 283. BRAOHIOPODA OF THE MARL BEDS. 13 Terebratella plicata (Say) D'Orb. Prod., p. 259. Gabb, Synop. Gret. Foss., p. 193. 1861. Meek, Geol. New Jersey, 1868, pp. 375, 723. Shell of medium size, subcircular in outline and somewhat plano-con- vex in profile, marked by from eight to twelve or more sharply an; alar plications, which extend from beak to base. Ventral valve strongly convex, with an erect beak of small size, which is angular on the back but not incurved. Area moderately large, and perforated by a large circular fora- men and broad triangular deltidium, which is partially closed by a small deltidial plate on each side. Dorsal valve flattened or shghtly convex, often with a broad undefined sinus in the middle, which may be occupied by a single strong plication or by three or five smaller ones. Surface of the shell marked by numerous strong concentric lines of growth crossing the plications, and the minute structure of the shell beautifully and strongly punctate, the punctae being arranged in quincunx order, so as to form oblique lines across the plications. In the interior of the ventral valve the cardinal muscles have left a pair of strong flabellate scars occupying the upper third of the valve, and in the dorsal the adductors show deep semi-circular pits of moderate size separated b}^ an elevated mesial septum which extends to some distance beyond the middle of the valve. The teeth- sockets are large and deep, and the cardinal process double or in some cases triple, nearly erect, and of large size. The crura start from a more or less well-devel- oped hinge-plate at a moderate distance from each other, and are directed forward and outward, giving origin to crural process at a short distance from the hinge-plate. The loop is formed of a rather broad band or rib- bon, which curves outward from the crural points and forms an imperfect circle of nearly one-half the diameter of the valve, and of equal length, the two sides nearly meeting in front, where they are bent upon themselves and, returning at a short distance above the main portions, are united in a transverse bar just in front of the crural points. The main portions of the loop are united to the central septum of the dorsal valve by a transverse plate near the end of the septum and just in front of the middle of the loop, thus giving a double attachment to the loop, as in the living forms of the genus. Among several specimens examined showing the loop more or less perfect, the ventral side of the band comes so near to the ventral valve 14 PAL^ONTOLOaY OF NEW JEKSEY. that the minute crystals with which both the loop and the interior of the valves is coated bring it in contact with the valve, so that in breaking away the shell to show the interior this part has been somewhat injured on one side of each specimen. There is considerable difference observed in the proportional form of the different parts of the loop in different speci- mens, in the width of the band composing it, in the relative width between the bands on the opposite sides of the center, and in the proportional length of the transverse plate which connects the dorsal sides of the ribbon with the median septum of that valve. Moreover, the ribbon in all cases where seen is coated with minute crystals of lime, which gives it a much stronger appearance than it has really possessed when in its normal condition. Tlie loop in its general appearance presents much the same aspect that is seen in that of Waldheimia australis of the present time, except that it has the double attachment to the dorsal valve characteristic of the genus Terebra- tella. The general shape of the shell externally had long ago decided naturalists in referring the species to Terebratella^ but it has hitherto disap- pointed all efforts to obtain a knowledge of its loop; but as it is now known in several individuals, there can no longer be any doubt of its generic relations. Formation and locality, — This is an abundant species at most of the localities where the shell-bed of the Lower Green Marls is worked. At Cream Ridge, New Jersey, it is extremely abundant; also at Middletown, New Jersey. Terebratella Vanuxemi. Plate I, Figs. 1-4. Terebratula Vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, 1845, Yol. I, p. 62. Terebratella Vanuxemi D'Orb. Prod. Pal., p. 259, Gabb, Synopsis Am. Gret. Brach., P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 18. Synop., p. 194. Meek, Gheck-list, p. 5. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Shell resembling T, plicata, Say, in size, form, and general characters, varying only in the greater convexity of the valves, especially the dorsal valve, and in the greater number of plications, which are less angular and not so distinctly elevated or so distinctly marked. The ventral valve is BEAOHIOPODA OF THE MAEL BEDS. 15 sometimes slightly flattened in the middle region inetead of having plica tions, as in T. plicata. On some individuals the plications are all but obso- lete, being very faintly marked on the central portions and obliterated toward the front of the shell by the strong concentric lines and varices of growth. The punctate structure of this shell is about the same as that of T: plicata. This shell has been very generally admitted as a valid species by Palaeontologists ; still I have very great doubts of its specific distinction. It occurs at nearly all, if not quite all, localities where T. plicata is found, but is quite rare in its typical character. Individuals can be selected very readily from any of the localities where it is found that will unite by insensible gradations the utmost extremes attained by the two forms. I have not seen the internal features of this form to know if they agree with those of T. plicata^ as specimens presenting the features of the species in good degree are too rare to be sacrificed in an uncertain attempt to develope them. Formation and locality. — Usually found associated with T, plicata^ Say, at most of the localities where that one occurs, and only in the Lower Marl Beds associated with Gryphcea vesicularis] Exogyra costata, etc. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 17 4418 MON 9 2 Class LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. I have preferred the use of the name Lamellibranchiata for this group of mollusks, because it appears to me more appHcable than any other one of the very many names proposed. It may be objected that it is a long and difficult name, but that is its only objection ; while most of the others either imply zoological falsehoods when applied to some portions of the group, or are equally applicable to other groups than this one, and I do not see but that the name I have adopted is as generally used, or even more generally used, at the present time than an}^ other. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency with many Conchologists to use the name Pelecypoda, proposed by Goldfuss in 1820 (meaning hatchet-footed), which, to my mind, is particularly objectionable, as there are large groups of these animals where the foot is entirely obsolete, or so nearly obsolete as to be without definite form. I do not, however, think this the place to enter into an elaborate discussion of this matter, but will refer those who wish for knowledge on these subjects, to the various manuals of moUusca which have been published, and particularly to the very learned and able remarks of Dr. StoHczka in the opening chapter of his work on the '^Pelecypoda^^ of the Cre- taceous rocks of Southern India, Palaeont. Indica, Vol. 3, p. 7, et seq., al- though I entirely disagree with his choice of name for the group. In regard to the matter of arrangement or classification which I have adopted in the work, I have a word to say. It will at once be noticed by almost every modern student of conchology that my arrangement is old, and that it is nearly the reverse of that used by writers on recent con- chology. My reason for this is that it accords so much more nearly with the course of nature, as evinced by the successive appearances of the different groups in the geological record. By this I mean an arrangement from the lower toward the higher in zoological structure. It may be said 19 20 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. in contradiction of this statement that the oysters, for instance, which by many are classed as the most lowly organized of the entire group, do not appear at all in the Palaeozoic formations.^ But this may prove to be a retrograde from a higher type, and not invalidate to any very great extent the statement above made. In arranging and classifying the fossil moUusca with other forms of animal life in a palseontological collection I find it most convenient and instructive to classify them in this way; and I also find that it leaves a by far less number of breaks and gaps in the chain of suc- cession than when the arrangement is made in the opposite direction. Had it not been for this circumstance I should have arranged them after the other method, had it been for no other reason than that I should prefer to conform to that generally accepted by other writers if it were possible without conflicting with nature's own arrangement. In the adoption of generic divisions among the very imperfect material for generic distinction with which I have had to work, I have been gov- erned by reasons which have forced themselves upon my mind as I have progressed with the work. When I first commenced to study and classify the forms under consideration, I was much inclined to throw aside most of the more recently proposed generic divisions founded by Mr. T. A. Conrad upon such poor material, and often upon a single imperfect cast of a single valve. But I have found that in many instances, where among later col- lections than those he at first used, the shells themselves were found pre- served, they show strong generic differences, and afford in most instances fully as good grounds for separation as those usually adopted among recent shells; consequently I have been compelled, almost against my own will, to accept his divisions. While in other cases I have found it totally impossible to establish any refutation of their value; so that in the end I have concluded to adopt the generic divisions nearly as proposed by him, offering only a few criticisms by the way. This, I think, will perhaps prove in the end the most satisfactory manner of dealing with the very imperfect 1 There is only one species of true oyster, so far as I know, described from the Palaeozoic rocks. This one, Ostrea patercula, Winch., described as coming from the Waverly sandstones at Burlington, Iowa, I had the privilege of seeing some years ago^ and I am perfectly confident that it is a young specimen from the yellow limestone sands of the Middle Marl Beds of the Cretaceous of New Jersey, which had gotten by some means mixed among the Waverly group fossils by accident. LAMELLIBRANOHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 21 material with which I have had to work. The great difficulty of obtaining collections has been the greatest drawback with which I have had to con- tend. The specimens are mostly internal casts poorly preserved in a soft friable material, which is strongly impregnated with pyrite, so that they readily decompose and crumble, making it impossible to preserve them for any length of time. For this reason, collections made a few years ago of apparently good fossils, are represented at present only by a few shapeless masses of marl and a quantity of loose sand; and I present this as an ex- cuse for illustrating such imperfect material as will be found on the plates. If collectors would take their marl specimens when first collected, and after cleaning and shaping them as desired, soak them carefully and thoroughly in boihng glue-water, then dry them rapidly, they might be preserved in good condition for a very long time. But this is seldom done. SEOTIOISr II. LAMELLIBEANCHIATE SHELLS FROM THE PLASTIC CLAYS. The following five species of Lamellibranchiate shells are from the plastic clays in the townships of Woodbridge, East Brunswick, and Sayre- ville. These clays are supposed to hold a position stratigraphically below the lowest of the green marls, and are consequently older, although their true geological position does not appear to be very well determined. Some of the layers of these clay beds furnish plant remains in large numbers, many of which were submitted to Prof. L. Lesquereux some years ago, who identified a considerable number of the species, and, basing his remarks upon these plants, gave it as his opinion that they represented the flora of the Dakota group of the West, Cretaceous No.l, of the Upper Missouri section. I am not aware that any other opinion has been expressed of late years as to their distinct equivalents in other parts of the country or in Europe. In 1868 Mr. T. A. Conrad described two species of shells from these clays and pronounced them Triassic (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 279), stating that Professor Rogers had previously considered them as forming the lowest part of the Cretaceous formation, but that he (Mr Con- rad) had ascertained them to be Triassic. That they contained abundant leaves and stems of Cydopteris. It will be seen by reference to Professor Lesquereux's list published in the ^* Report on Clays" (Geol. Rept. N. Jersey, 1878, pp. 28 and 21^), that Professor L. does not include this genus among those examined and reported upon. We may, therefore, consider that Mr. Conrad may have been mistaken. Professor Cook also states, on page 29 of the same report, that two specimens of shells only had then been collected from the clays, and that these had been examined by Mr. W. M. Gabb, of Philadelphia, who determined them to be CucuUcaa antrosa, Morton. I am not sure that I have ever seen these two shells, but among all those which I have seen, twenty or more, none of them would readily be mistaken for that species. Imperfect casts of the one I have referred to G^nafhodon 22 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 23 mig'lit possibly resemble them in some cases, but not strongly. All these forms found in the clays are estuary shells, and strongly indicate an estuary formation, which it undoubtedly is. The generic characters of all of them are obscure and cannot be positively affirmed, as their interiors are unknown. They would seem to represent Gnathodon, Astarte, and Corhicula; and the one most common, a new" genus which I have called Ambonicardia^ but none of these would serve to definitely fix the geological horizon of the beds in which they occur without other evidence. GnatJiodon is known to occur in the Cretaceous, but I think not below, some of the older species having been proved to belong to the genus Bangia, Astarte is known in the Juras- sic and possibly below, but most of the Carboniferous species have been shown to belong to other genera ; while Corhicula certainly occurs in the Cretaceous and probably below. The new genus, which I have named A^nbonicardia, is related to Homomya and to the smooth forms of Phola- domya, but it will not answer for either. Consequently we get no help of sufficient value to establish the geological horizon of the beds from these moUuscan remains, and aside from the evidence furnished by the plant remains we must rely entirely upon the stratigraphical position. In looking over the forms of Lamellibranchiate shells from the Jurassic formations in the vain effort to find, some .genus under which I could class this new form, I have been thoroughly impressed with the feeling that it was more intimately allied to the Jurassic forms than to any of those from the European Cretaceous. And I have a feeling, resting upon this evidence alone, that the beds in which they occur represent that period on our east- ern border. But the evidence is not sufficient to give basis for a positive opinion. ASTARTIDJE. Genus ASTAETE Sowerby. Astarte yeta. Plate II, Fig. 1. Astarte veta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. lY, p. 279, PL XX, Fig. 4 (Fig. 5 by error on descriptions of plate, see Yol. Y, p. 227). Mr. Conrad describes this species as ^^ Ovate, from ventral margin to 24 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. beak compressed, equilateral; beaks prominent, oblique; anterior ventral margin rounded, posterior obliquely truncated ; posterior end truncated and situated much above the line of the base (cast)." In comparison he says, ''this species is nearly allied to, if not identical with, Astarte Triasina, Dunker." I have not been able to obtain specimens agreeing with the above descrip- tion, nor to find the type specimen used by Mr. Conrad. The form of the shell would indicate that it belonged to the genus Astarte, but beyond that there appears to be no real evidence of its generic relations more than there is to other species found in these clays. The outline of the shell might suggest that it was a young individual of what I have herein called Gna- thodon fenuidens, but the apparent want of gibbosity would not agree. So for the present at least the species will have to be left as it is. Formation and locality, — Mr. Conrad cites it as coming from the ** ash- colored clay near Washington, Middlesex County, New Jersey." CYPRINIDiE. AMBONICAEDIA, n. gen. Shell bivalve, large and heavy, triangularly-rhomboidal in outline; beaks anterior, large, ponderous, and enrolled. Body of the valves sulcated. Ligament external, large, resembling that of Unio, A large well-marked lunule occurs beneath the beaks. Hinge only partially known, but pro- vided Avith a strong tooth anterior to the center in the left valve; posterior teeth probably obsolete. Anterior muscular scar deep, placed well anterior; pallial line simple. Exterior coated with an epidermis. Type A. Cooki The shells for which the above name is proposed very closely resem- ble that section of the genus Unio which is typified by U. pyramidata, common in the Ohio and Mississippi watershed, differing externally only in having a strong lunule. They are probably closely related to the genus Veniella and allied Isocardias; but they differ so strongly from any of them, that it appears unnatural grouping to place them in any of the established genera. They are as near VeMiellicardia, Stoliczka, as to any one, but so far as I can judge from a large number of imperfect speci- mens, there seems to have been no lateral teeth, or any thickness of shell LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 25 for such. They also seem to be alHed in general form to Homomyaj Ag., and to some of the smooth forms of Plioladomya^ but in the lunule and the thick- ened shell, are different. Very little is really known of the hinge characters, but on some of the best casts the imprint of a strong tooth on the left valve in front of the line of the beaks shows relations to Veniella, I am in hopes to obtain better material for illustrating the genus before the com- pletion of this work. Ambonicardia Cookii, n. sp. Platell, Figs. 11-14. Shell large and ponderous, with heavy, massive, incurved beaks, which are strongly enrolled and situated near the anterior end of the shell. Valves very gibbous, very inequilateral and transverse, strongly cuneate in a cardinal view when united, being extremely ventricose opposite the beaks and gradually but rapidly decreasing in depth toward the posterior end; obliquely ovate in outline, with a short, obtusely pointed anterior end, straight but short cardinal line; prolonged but obtusely rounded posterior end; basal line strongly curved, rapidly declining from the anterior end, and distinctly sinuate near the middle of the shell by a broad, shallow, but well-defined oblique sulcus, which passes from the beak to the basal margin just in front of the strongly rounded and prominent umbonal ridge. Ex- ternal ligament strongly marked, and extending the length of the posterior cardinal line and deeply imbedded in a narrow escutcheon. Lunule large and deep, strongly defined, with sharply angular margins. Substance of the shell thick and dense, and the surface marked witli close comparatively strong concentric lines or ridges, and apparently with a thick epidermis. Anterior muscular scar large and deep, situated close to the margin in the pointed anterior end Other muscular imprints not determined and the fea- tures of the hinge are as yet unknown. Pallial line apparently simple. The general features of this shell remind one of a deep-valved and strong-beaked Unio, but the hinge has certainly been destitute of lateral teeth, and the form and position of the anterior muscular impression is such as at once to preclude all possibility of its reference to that genus. Localities. — The species has been obtained from the clays at Sayre and Fisher's banks near Sayreville, N. J., and at clay banks of R. N. and H. Valentine, near Woodbridge, and at East Brunswick, New Jersev. 26 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. GeDus COEBICULA Megerle. CorbJcula ? emacerata, d. sp. Plate II, Figs. 5 and 6. Shell of rather small size, transversely elliptical or subovate in outline, and moderately ventricose. Beaks moderately large but not prominently so, and situated at about the anterior fourth of the length of the shell. Anterior end of the shell the highest, the anterior margin narrowly rounded; basal line strongly curved and the posterior end narrow and obliquely truncate, the cardinal portion rapidly sloping with a slight curvature to the extremity of the moderately sized ligament; hinge line short and oblique to the axis of the shell. Umbonal angle distinct but not marked, and the cardinal slope narrow and rather abrupt. Surface marked only by fine con- centric striae, which appear to have been confined principally to the epi- dermal layer. The shell is of an unusal form for a CorMcula^ and may possibly not belong to the genus; but as none of the hinge features are obtainable, it is impossible to determine its generic relations satisfactorily. The surface has been covered with a pretty strong epidermis, and over a large part of the specimen this is the only portion of the original substance preserved; the calcareous portion having been mostly removed by solution. Formation and locality, — From the clays below the lowest Cretaceous sands; clay banks near Woodbridge, New Jersey. Corbicula annosa. Plate II, Figs. 2-4. Artarte annosa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 279, PI. XX, Fig. 5 (by error on description of plate, Fig. 4; see Vol. V, p. 227). This species Mr. Conrad describes at the same time with A, veta, in the following language: '' Suborbicular, convex, very inequilateral, ventral and anterior margins regularly and nearly equally rounded; posterior end trun- cated, direct (cast.)." I have before me two specimens which I have referred to this species. They are both somewhat distorted by compression and retain but Kttle of Ihe substance of the original shell, other than the epidermis, which has been LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE PLASTIC CLAYS. 27 very strong, and a ferruginous replacement of the ligament. The speci- mens are both very ventricose, with a somewhat subquadrangular outline and a moderately angular umbonal ridge. The beaks are small and nearly anterior, hinge line short and oblique, with a small ligament. Anterior end short and rounded, while the posterior is broadly truncated, correspond- ing to the rather broad and abrupt postero-cardinal slope, [f I have rightly identified the species there can be no reason for referring it to Artartein the light afforded by the two specimens, but every appearance would indicate their relations to the genus Corbicula, with which I have placed it. Formation and locality, — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from near Wash- ington, Middlesex County, N. J. One of the two specimens which I have be- fore me came from the top layers of Sayre and Fisher's brick and clay yards near Sayreville, N. J., and the other from near Woodbridge, New Jersey. Genus GI^ATH0D0:N^. Gnathodon? tenuidens, n. sp. Plate II, Figs. 7-10. Shell of moderate size, very ventricose, very broadly ovate or sub tri- angular, with strong and rather tumid, enrolled beaks, which are directed forward and project considerably beyond the line of the hinge. Posterior hinge border gently arcuate, extending more than two-thirds of the dis- tance from the beak toward the basal margin of the shell. Postero-basal angle sharply rounded, and the basal margin broadly arched; anterior end less sharply and more regularly rounded than the postero-basal. Surface of the shell, as indicated on the partial casts and imprints left in the hard- ened clay, smooth or marked by fine lines of growth only. On the cast of a right valve there are indications of two principal cardinal teeth beneath the beak, and a long, rather slender, lateral tooth. The muscular impres- sions are not visible on the posterior side, but on one specimen the anterior scars seem to have been large and deep ; but this feature is not very satisfactorily determined. The shell has had nearly the form of G. cuneata of our Southern Atlantic -coast, but has been a much thinner and more delicate shell w^ith a much 28 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. narrower hinge-plate, and more delicate and slender teeth, while the shell is proportionally broader along the basal margin, the valves much more ventricose, and the beaks more distant. It is possible the generic features of this shell may not be exactly those of the modern Gnathodon, but so far as can be seen on all the specimens examined there seems to be no reasonable doubt of their generic identity. The specimens are all highly imperfect, so much so that the generic features, as exhibited on the hinge-Hne, cannot be illustrated; and, of course, under such circumstances, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine definitely the generic relations. The only part of the original substance of the shell preserved on the specimen is the epider- mis, which is very distinct on some of them, and a little of the oxide of iron which has replaced the original shell. On one of those figured there is the remains of a species of Flustra and fragments of Serpula^ showing its habitat to have been in sea water. Formation and locality. — The specimens are from the clay beds below the Lower Marls, at Sayre's and Fisher's brick-yards, and at R. N. and H. Valentine's, near Woodbridge, New Jersey. The specimens are in the State collection at New Brunswick and that of Columbia College School of Mines in New York. SECTION III. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE LOWEE MAEL BEDS. Order ASIPHONIDA. Suborder MONOMYAEIA. Family OSTEEIDiE. Genus OSTEEA Linn. Ostrea denticulifera. Plate III, Figs. 8 and 9. Ostrea denticulifera Conrad. J. A. K. Sci., Pliil., 2d ser., Yol. Ill, p. 30, PL XXXIY^ Figs. 1 and 8. Gabb, Synop., p*. 152. Meek, Oheck-list,p.6. Geol. Surv I^. J., 1868, p. 724. The shells of this species are very small, flattened, thick, and extremely irregular in form. Those originally described by the author seem to have been moderately convex, but the New Jersey specimens are extremely shallow and generally elongated, with the surface obsoletely striate ; even on the smoothest specimens the striae show- beneath the surface. The liga- mental area is small and the margin crenulate on some individuals to near the front of the shell, the crenulations being strong and tooth-like, and leav- ing ridges on the sides of the valves as the shells thicken with age. Muscu- lar impression large, lateral, and usually below the middle of the length. All the specimens of this species observed are tipper valves; no lower valves appear to have been collected. Mr. Conrad, in his original descrip- tion, mentions only *Mower valve moderately capacious; upper margins denticulated," features which might have been inferred. Formation and locality, — The specimens used are from the collection of the Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, and are marked Haddonfield, New Jersey, and are probably Mr. Conrad^s types. I have not observed it in other collections. 29 30 PALEONTOLOGY OF XEW JEESEY. Ostrea crenullmarginata. Plate III, Figs. 10 and 11. Ostrea crenuUmarginata Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil,, Yol. lY, 2d ser., p. 398, PL LXYIII, Figs. 48 and 49. Synopsis, p. 152. Meek, Obeck-list, p. 6. Shell, as seen in a single upper valve, depressed convex and moder- ately smooth, of an irregular ovate outline, and marked by but few con- centric lines of growth more prominent than striae. Faint indications of radiating sfrias show obscurely, but are more in the substance of the shell than on the surface. On the interior the margin is finely crenulate for two-thirds the length of the valve, being strongest near the hinge and becoming fainter in the forward part. Muscular scar large, reniform, and situated above the middle of the shell. I have seen but a single upper valve of this shell. It differs in the surface characters from Mr. Gabb's description of the species, but I judge the characters given by him were partly from the lower valve, as he figures none other, and the upper valve would naturally be much smoother than the lower. In other characters it agrees very well. In general features it does not dififer very materially from specimens (casts) which I have referred to 0. suhspatulata, L. & S., but the position of the muscular scar is very much higher on the shell. Formation and locality, — From the lower marl bed, at Marlborough, N. J., in the collection of the Rev. Dr. Schanck. Ostrea panda Morton. Ostrea panda Morton. Synopsis, p. 51, PI. Ill, Fig. 6, and PI. LXX, Fig. 10. This species, although described as a Cretaceous form by Dr. Morton, and recognized as such in all the catalogues of Cretaceous fossils, has proved to belong to the Eocene only; and so far as known to me has not been found in the Cretaceous at any place. There are many specimens of it in the collection of the Academy of- Sciences at Philadelphia from the Eocene of the Southern States, and among them the one figured on Plate 19, Fig. 10, of Morton's Synopsis. Examples of the casts, or rather impres- sions in the marls of Plicatula urticosa Morton, often closely resemble some of the smaller forms of this oyster, and it is possible that Dr. Morton's speci- men (Fig. on PI. 3, Fig. Ci) may have been such a one. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 31 Ostrea pluxnosa. Plate III, Figs. 12 and 13. Ostrea plumosa Morton. Synopsis, p. 51, PI. Ill, Fig. 9. Gabb, Synop., p. 153. P. A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 320; Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. K Jersey, 1868, p. 724, iand others. Shell small, ovate, ovate-triangular or elongste-spatulate, thin and some- what fragile irregularly convex on the upper valve, often subangulated longitudinally, either along one side or the other, beak of the upper valve thin, sharp, and pointed; the ligamental area small and inconspicuous in most cases, though sometimes of moderate size. Exterior of the upper valve marked by obscure plications in all the type specimens, which cross the valve obliquely in either direction from right to left or oppositely ; also by fine radiating striae which obscurely diverge from a more or less median line and pass toward the margin on either side. On the interior the margin of the valve near the apex is more or less crenulate. The muscular scar is small and lateral. Lower valve not yet observed. The type specimens used by Dr. Morton furnish the above characters, his figured specimen being one of them, but he appears to have considered them as lower valves, while they are all upper valves, as the position of the muscular scar and the ridge on the ligamental area would indicate, as well as the obliquity of the valve. Among the collections which I have examined I have observed no lower valves which I can identify with them. Mr. Meek mentions in his Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., however, that the lower valve is usually attached by nearly its entire surface. The plications which cross the upper valves obliquely are probably the effects of marking on some other shell, possibly Exogyra costccta, on which the oyster has grown, and not an organic feature of the species. This I think is plain from the fact that they cross the shell in opposite directions in different specimens. Ostrea cretacea Morton, Synop. p. 52, PI. XIX, Fig. 3 is a very closely allied, if not identical species. It is also often obscurely plicated and striate, the size and position of the muscular scar are the same, but the apex of the valve is proportionally a little wider in the specimens which I have examined. This, however, can scarcely be considered as a specific feature in shells of such variable characters as oysters. A single individual in the same collec- 32 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSEY. tion with the above is obliquely oval and destitute of surface markings except concentric lines of growth. These indicate that for one-half of its size it was nearly circular, and presenting much the appearance of the lower valve of Anomia tellinoides Morton. It. is, however, an upper valve of an oyster and of this species. The muscular scar is somewhat larger and a little more central. Formation and hcality. — Dr. Morton gives Arneytown, N. J., as the locality for his specimens, which would place them in the Lower Green Marls. The specimens used in the above description and illustrated are from the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, from whence they were borrowed for the purpose. Ostrea subspatulata. Plate III, Fig. 14. Ostrea subspatulata L. & Sow. Quar. Jour. Oeol. Soc, 1845, p. 61, Fig. — . Gabb, Synop., p. 154. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 724. Gabb, P. A. :N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 320. This species has been cited as coming from New Jersey by both Mr. Gabb and Mr. Meek, though I do not know on what authority. The only specimens which I have seen at all resembling the figures of it given in the article in the Geological Society's Journal are casts of young specimens probably. At least they are very small compared with those there described and figured. On page 64 of the Quarterly Journal, in a list of species peculiar to New Jersey Cretaceous, Sir C. Lyell mentions this species, but his New Jersey doubtless extended all along the Atlantic coast as far as the green-sand formation appeared; for under the description of the species it is cited only as coming from ^^ Lewis's Creek, South Washington, N. C." The casts from New Jersey are more or less subovate and a little oblique, slightly concave on the upper side and quite convex on the lower surface ; narrowed at the upper end but not sharp; having some width and slightly shouldered. Muscular scars rather large, subovate or subreniform and prominent, situated near the side, and pretty well forward on the valve. The remains of the shells of this genus are amongst the most unsatis- factory material obtained from the geological formations of the State. LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 33 Owing to the great variability among the individuals of species it is nearly or quite impossible to identify with certainty the internal casts, especially where they are taken from collections that have been made by others under circumstances where no noto has been taken or preserved of the markings on^ the matrix. It is therefore with great doubt that I have assigned to any given species the casts which I have examined. Formation and locality. — From the green clays under the second marl of the Lower Grreen Sand at the pits of W. Lippincott, esq., Shrewsbury, N. J. In the collection of the Academy of Natural -Science, Philadelphia, there is a specimen bearing this name, which is evidently a specimen of 0. compressirostra, and has the locality marked in ink on the specimen as Chickasaw Bluffs, which I believe is considered as Eocene. Ostrea tecticosta. Plate III, Figs. 1 aild 2. Ostrea tecticosta Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Pliil., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 403, PI. LXYIII, Figs. 47 and 48. Synopsis, p. 154. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. . Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 724. Shell small, elongate, oval, ovate or irregularly elliptical in outline, slightly curved, with a small, strongly-twisted beak and moderately-sized ligamental area on the lower valve. The lo'wer valve usually shows a large cicatrized area of attachment and is strongly plicated, the plica being usually sharply rounded and very rugose from concentric lamellose lining. The inner margins of the valves are also crenulated on the upper half or two-thirds of their length, and more minutely so on the inner border at the junction of the valves just below the ligamental area. Muscular scar large, but onlv moderately marked. Upper valves slightly convex and destitute of plica- tions except near the border. I have only seen a single lower valve of this species from the Creta- ceous beds of New Jersey, where it would seem to be a rather uncommon species, though quite abundant in Tennessee. All the shells have an extremely immature look, as if they were the young of a larger shell, but as none such have been observed corresponding in characters, we must admit it as a species for the present. The New Jersey specimen presents 4418 MON 9 3 34 PALEONTOLOGY OF XEW JERSEY. mnch the appearance of a young and shallow individual of JExogyra costata in its general shape, and particularly so in its plicated surface, but differs materially in the form of the hinge and ligamental area. Formation and locality, — The specimen from New Jersey was presented to Mr. Gabb by Dr. C. C. ilbbot, of Trenton, N. J., as learned by Mr. Gabb's statements vinder his original description cited above. But the particular locality is not stated. It however retains a small amount of rather dark green sand in the inside, which leads me to infer it was from the Lower Bed at some locality not far from Trenton, New Jersey. Ostrea larva. Plate III, Figs. 3-7. Ostrea larva Lamarck. An. sans Yert., Yol. YI, p. 216. ! H. & M., Mem. A. Sci. and Arts, Boston, Yol. Y, new series, p. 406, M. and H. Proc. A. K S., Phil., 1856, p. 286. Gabb, P. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 320. 0. falcata S. G. Morton. A. y. Sci., Phil., 1827, p. 50, PI. I, Fig. 2. Synop. Org. Eem. Cret., U. S., p. 54, PI. Ill, Fig. 5. 0. falcata var., nasuta Mort. Ibid., PI. IX, Fig. 6, p. 54. 0. falcata var., mesenterica Mort. Ibid.^ PI. IX, Fig. 7, p. 54. Comp. O.pellucida Meek & H. Proc. A. X. S., Phil., 1860, p. 249. Meek Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 15, PI. XXYIII, Figs. 4 a, b, Comp. 0. {Gryphceostreaf) snbalata Meek. Invert. Pal. (J. S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 15, PI. XXYIII, Fig. 5. ' Shell small, strongly denticulate, and also strongly arcuate laterally, being turned to the left when viewed on the upper side. Hinge straight- ened, and usually slightly alated on each side, the left side the most dis- tinctly, making the hinge-hne often as long or even longer than the width of the valve. Denticulations of the margins strong, sharp, and pointed on the outside; numbering from three to ten, often as long as the width of the valve; those of the inner edge sma;ll, forming minute serrations only, usu- ally as many or even more numerous than those of the outer border. Under valve deepest; ligamental fosset distinct; beak often long and pointed and the surface of the valve convex. Upper valve flat on the surface, more particularly so in the region of the beak. Muscular scar moderately large, oval, and distinct, situated near the inner margin and at about the posterior third of the length of the shell. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 35 The shells as found in the Cretaceous marls of the lower beds are Moiewhat variable. There are, however, two very distinct varieties com- mon. One agreeing with the above description (0. mesenterica Mort.), ex- cept in the small number of denticulations assigned to the margins ; the number being usually from seven to ten. The shell is small, not exceeding half an inch in width and usually much less, while the shell is curved within a circle of one and a quarter inches to one and a half inches in diameter. The other variety, 0. nasuta Mort, being much larger, sometimes the valves being nearly an inch in width and curved within a circle of about two inches in diameter, while the denticulations vary from three to seven on the outer side, counting the wrinkles of the hinge alations. The differences between these two varieties are so great that were they living shells there would be no hesitation in pronouncing them distinct species. In the Palaeontology of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories (Vol. IX, p. 15), Mr. Meek has given descriptions of two spe- cies of Ostrea from the Fox Hills group of the Western Cretaceous, under the names 0. pellucida and O. suhalata, separating the first-named species from this one of the Eastern Cretaceous, on the want of ^'auricular append- ages," a feature which I find quite common among the New Jersey speci- mens; and on the less strongly denticulate margins of the shell, which is an extremely variable feature, and the fact that the shell grows attached by the apex, more or less broadly, of the lower valve. While I write there lies before me two New Jersey shells which have grown together, attached to each other for their entire length, showing that this species also seems to have had that same habit to a certain extent. The second one of Mr. Meek's species, 0. suhalata^ is so nearly like the variety nasuta Mort., that it is very difficult to see wherein lies the specific distinction, more especially as the one before me possesses the alation on the left side only, with beaks exactly parallel to those of his figure given, but is coupled with five very st«)ng denticulations on the outer margin. On examination of the form as it occurs in the Eocene at various places in this country the same variations are detected, although the coarser denticulated variety is less common and BOt so extreme; and among the European specimens the same changes are visible. In the form given in Sowerby's Min. Conch., t. 135, Fig. 1, as 36 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. 0. canaliculata the denticulations are almost obsolete; while one given in Goldf. Petraf., p. 10, PL LXXIV, Fig. 2, as 0. lunata Nils., is a very good representative of the var. nasuta Morton. Formation and locality. — The species is common at many of the marl pits in the Lower, Middle, and Upper Green Sands throughout the State, as well as in many of the Southern States in the Eocene sands and clays. Genus GRYPH^A Lam. Gryphsea vesicularis Lam. ?. Plate III, Figs. 15 and 16 j Plate IV, Figs. 1-3, and PI. v. Ostrea vesicularis Lam. (1806). Ann. Mus., VIII, p. 160, PI. XXII, Fig. 3. An. sans Vert., Vol. 6, p. 209. 0. convexa Say. 1820, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts., Vol. II, p. 42. Gryphcea convexa Mort. Jour. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. VI, PL IV, Figs. 1 and 2, PI. V, Figs. 1-3. Organic Eem., p. 53, PI. IV, Figs. 1 and 2. G. mutahilis Mort. J. A. K S.', Phil., Vol. VI, PI. IV, Fig. 3. Synopsis, p. 53, PI. IV, Fig. 3. Pycnodonta vesicularis (Fischer) Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., Vol. IV, p. 275, 1860. Gryphcea vesicularis var. aucella Eoemer; Kried. von Texas, p. 74, PI. IX, Fig. 4. Comp. G, digitata var. Tucumcarii (Sow.) Marcou; Geol. U. Am., p. 43, PI. IV, Figs. 1 a, &, and 2 and 3. Comp. G. Fitcheri (Con.). U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 155, PI. XXI, Fig. 3 a^e. Comp. G. Fitcheri var. navia, See Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. I, p. 155. Shell varying from depressed convex to highly gibbous on the lower valve, and from flat to deeply concave on the upper valve. Outline varying from subcircular with a very short cardinal line to semicircular, where the car- dinal line is of considerable length ; the relative proportions of length and breadth being equally variable, sometimes wider than long and again nearly twice as long as wide. Left side, when looking on the flat valv6, more or less lobed, often projecting in an extended finger-like anal tube a little below the line of the hinge. Exterior of the shell strongly lamellose, and most distinctly so on the convex side, which often shows strongly projecting concentric lamellae having free edgjes ; apex of the lower valve often pre- senting a broad cicatrix of attachment, while many specimens are found which are entirely destitute of any such feature. Upper or flat valve strongly lamellose, especially near the margin of old or thickened shells, and the surfkce usually marked by strong radiating depressed lines, very LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 37 tortuous and irregular in their direction, and also by finer interrupted raised lines, which give a somewhat thread-like or fibrous texture to the shell. The valve is flat or slightly concave exteriorly, and of somewhat smaller size than the deep valve. Ligamental area of the lower valve large and strong, broadly triangular, and moderately incurved, with a very distinct triangular depressed central fosset. Inner cardinal margins of the shell strongly crenulate. Muscular imprint large, and situated behind the center of the valve. Ligamental area of the flat valve nearly vertical, and the thickened margin of the shell abruptly beveled on the inside to fit the concavity of the opposite valve. There are nearly as many varieties of this shell as there are localities from which it is obtained. At least this is the case if all those usually con- sidered as varieties of it are really forms of one species, which statement I greatly doubt. There is not the least question but that in their present condition as imperfect fossils it is extremely difficult to draw a line of spe- cific demarkation between the several varieties which have been noticed and referred to it, but if we had the animal to study as we have in recent forms, there would be but little difficulty in recognizing several distinct and well marked species. The form usually recognized as belonging to the genus Pycnodonta Fischer is often so strongly marked as to give one the impression when looking on its upper valve that it is more nearly related to Placuna except for the cartilage pit and area. Among the various forms, the following local or rather strati graphical varieties may be mentioned as worthy of special notice: Var. convexa (Say). This form is very strongly convex on the lower side, and often quite concave on the upper, with a strong anal constriction separating a part of the shell near the hinge line, forming a more or less perfect siphonal tube on the left side, and which usually forms considerable of an angle with the hinge line. The shell is usually wider than long and distinctly subangular on the umbonal ridge of the deep valve, which also shows considerable obliquity. Var. aucella Roemer. Kreid. von Texas, p. 74, PI. IX, Fig. 4, a h. This form, which is figured on PL XXVI, Figs. 9 and 10, is usually smaller and quite as gibbous as G, convexa^ but has only a slight posterior sinus or con- striction,^ and a deeply concave upper valve. It is also less oblique, and more 38 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. regularly rounded on the back ; that is, without the subangular character. It is extremely abundant in the middle marls of New Jersey, where it is almost without any admixture of other forms, and I have seen beds nearly eight feet in thickness composed almost entirely of this shell and Terebratida Harlani They are not at all uncommon in the Lower Green Marls at many localities. G. Pitcheri var. navia. This sliell is small, elongate' ovate in outline, widening below with a strongly incurved beak, or broad truncation of that of the lower valve, highly concavo-convex with a short hinge Hne, and des- titute of any or with scarcely perceptible constriction. Resembles G. in- curva from the Jura, but is less incurved at the beak. Var. mutaUlis Morton. (Syn. Org. Rem., p. 63. PI. IV, Fig. 3 (=Pycno- donta mutabilis). Shell broadly depressed-convex on the lower side and flat or slightly concave on the upper. Outline more or less circular, with a mod- erately extended hinge line, which is often more or less arcuate on the outer margin ; and with a broad ligamental area. Posterior constriction of the lower valve obsolete or barely distinguishable,' not marking the upper valve. Var. No. 4 (see PI. Ill, Fig. 15). Somewhat resembling the last, but less regular in outline and with a straighter hinge line, but with a deep constric- tion which appears at a late stage of growth and modifies the upper valvt to a great degree. It is placed at a considerable distance below the cardinal line, and is deeply bent backwards to nearly the depth of the convex or lower valve. Of course there are many intermediate forms found scattered through the marls at various elevations and at different localities, which would readily serve to unite all these forms, and especially is this the case if we take into consideration those from other parts of the country and from Europe, but there are many localities where among thousands of individuals, of different stages of growth, pertaining to one of these varieties, one will search lono- before finding forms enough to satisfactorily link the large ponderous shells with the small highly arcuate but adult shells of the varieties navicella and navia. Formation and localities.— Among the specimens which I have examined in the various cabinets, I have seen them from nearlv all of the noted locali- LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 39 ties of the lower and middle green sands of the New Jersey Cretaceous, but they all appear to have been collected with but httle care and without any discrimination as to their exact position as regards their stratigraphical rela- tions to the different layers of the formation, so that it is practically impos- sible to assign any one variety its definite localities or horizon, and this may be said of the majority of all the collections of invertebrate fossils wdiich I have seen from within the State. In fapt, to so great an extent is this the case that I find it absolutely unsafe to credit many of the localities which I find assigned to specimens, while by far the greater part are only known as having come from New Jersey, and many others entii^ely without locality mark of any kind. But little true progress in the study of the Pale- ontology of the State can be made until collections shall be made with care, and accurate lists of the species from each particular bed given from the various localities. The form G. navia has been received from Professor Cook as coming from Monmouth County, and from Blue Ball, N. J.; the G. naviceUa from Blue Ball and Monmouth, New Jersey.. I also know it from Freehold and Burlington, in the lower beds, and from Timber Creek and New Egypt, in the middle beds. It is also known to occur at Barrie Bluff and elsewhere in Alabama and in Texas, and is common at many places in Europe. The ordinary form of G. convexa is known from Monmouth, Cream Ridge, New Egypt, Harrisonville, near Mullica Hill, and elsewhere in New Jersey. The form described under the name . Pycnodonia mutahiUs is marked Monmouth Count}^, in Rutgers College cabinet. I have seen it at Cream Ridge in company with G, convexa, and the form shown on PL IV, Fig. 3, is without local distinction. Genus EXOGYEA Say. Exogyra costata. Plate VI, Figs. 1 and 2. Exogyra costata Say. J. A. N. S. Phil., 1st series, Yol. II, p. 43. Also of rnauy authors. Ostrea Americana Desh. Enc. Method. Vers., Yol. 11, p. 304, ]^o. 45 {Gryphcea), Lam., Anim. sans Yert. (Desh. ed.), Yol. YII, p. 207 (Meek). ? 0. torosa Mort. Synop., p. 52, PI. X, Fig. 1. Shell large, thick, and ponderous, irregularly circular or subovate in outline, plano-convex in profile and obliquely coiled at the apex, the lower 40 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. valve sometimes showing one and a half to nearly two volutions in well- preserved adult specimens. Convex valve deep, and on the back strongly angular, especially so in the earher parts formed, the portion near the beak often being sharply carinate and smooth. Surface of the valve marked by strong radiating costse, which are round on the surface, and separated by narrow depressions. Costse frequently bifurcating, a;nd radiating from or dividing along the umbonal ridge; one set curving toward the anterior side and the other toward the basal margin. In old shells the costse are often more or less obsolete beyond the middle of the shell, where the con- centric lamellae, which everywhere cross the costse, become much more developed and often form comparatively broad fringe-like expansions. Upper or left valve flat or slightly convex, often becoming slightly concave toward the antero-basal margin in advanced stages of growth, while in many in- stances both valves conform in producing a deep sinuosity on the anterior side below the beaks. Surface of the flat valve very strongly lamellose on the posterior half, while showing incipient costse on the anterior side below the apex. The features of this shell, as it occurs in the Cretaceous beds of New Jersey, are sufficiently well marked and distinctive to leave no room for error in its identification, when medium sized or adult individuals are exam- ined which preserve the normal form of the species. But sheik of all this family are so extremely liable to distortion during growth, from external influences, that individuals of any of them may occur which retain but few of the normal features of their species, and this, like others of the group, is occasionally met with departing widely from the general form of its kind. They will be found to vary greatly in the strength and number of the costae, and in their proportional strength, some examples having been noticed where they were almost obsolete. The same example often shows them well de- veloped on one part, and on another will show scarcely a trace of their ex- istence. The angularity of the umbonal ridge of the right valve is also an extremely variable feature, some having a broadly rounded form nearly to the apex, while others will be extremely sharp and angular with a sub-spinose carination. This difference is not unfrequently the result of the adhesipn of the shell, by the anterior side of the beak, to foreign substances, though not LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 41 always. The very young shell, when of not more than an inch in length, is often so sharply angular and so finely costate that it might well be consid- ered as a distinct species. One example of an adult shell from Prairie Bluff, Alabama, in the American Museum of Natural History, has grown attached to some foreign flat substance over nearly the entire disk of the shell, leaving the walls of the anterior and basal borders standing at right angles to the atached surface. In the conditions of internal casts, a not unfrequent con- dition of occurrence at many localities, it is more difficult still to recognize its relations, especially so in casts of from one to two and a half inches in length. In these conditions it is seen to 'be more elongated, and as the inner surface of the flat valve, when young, is liable to be somewhat angu- larly convex, it then assumes exactly the form and features of JEx. Texana of Roemer from the Cretaceous beds in Texas. There is another form of internal cast of a convex valve before me as I write, from the marl beds at Holmdel, N. J., which, although highly convex, approaching gibbosity, lacks that angularity usually seen on the shell itself. The beak of the spe- cimen is broken, and the costse are few and extremely coarse, while the form is somewhat spreading; and as it is accompanied by the cast of an oyster on the opposite side of the specimen, was at first supposed to be a cast of a very large individual of 0. panda Morton When, however, the marl was cleared out from beneath the apical portion, the hinge structure of Exogyra appeared distinctly. Mr. Gabb and Mr. Meek both refer Morton's Ostrea torosa (Synop., p. 52, PI. X, Fig. 1 ) to this species. This reference I presume to be correct, simply on their evidence, as I have not seen the specimen, although were I to judge from the figure given by Dr. Morton I should have supposed it to have been a Pinna. Formation and locality, — This species occurs more or less commonly at nearly all the localities of the Lower Marl Beds of the Cretaceous in New Jersey. It is also known at most of the localities of the formation in Del- aware, Alabama, South Carolina, and Texas. Morton also cites it from Tennessee and Arkansas, and Mr. Gabb gives it the range of '^all of the United States except the northwest," where I believe it has never yet been noticed. ' It is also found in Europe. 42 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. ANOMIID^. Genus ANOMIA LiuD. Anomia argentaria. Plate ly, Figs. 9-11. Anomia argentaria Morton. Synopsis, p. 61, PI. Y, Fig. 30. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 94. Meek, Checklist, p. 6. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Gabb, P. A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 319. Comp. A. mieronema Meek. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 2(1 ser., No. 1, p. 43, 1875. Oon- trib. to Pal. Dept. Interior, No. 4, p. 57, PI. XXY, Fig. 2. Comp. A, f obliqua M. & H. Invert. Pal. Territ., p. 22, PI. IX, Fig. 2. Shell small, thin, irregularly circular, and moderately convex on the deep valve. Surface marked by closely arranged, regular concentric lines, at almost regularly increasing distances, and by very fine, hair-like, regu- lar, radiating lines or striae, which are interrupted at the concentric lines. Surface of the shell nacreous, having a silvery white luster. Perforated valve not observed. The shell used in the above description is the only one I have seen at all approaching that described by Dr. Morton, in the regularity of the con- centric lines. The shell is not as regular in outline as his figure, and he says nothing about the fine radiating striae seen on this specimen. As com- pared with shells of A. tellinoides, its outline is not more regular, but the apex is situated within the margin of the valve, not being marginal or pro- jecting as in that one, and the regularity of the concentric striae and the fine radii are certainly distinguishing features. In Kerr's Report Geology North Carolina, Appendix, page i 3, Mr. Conrad cites A, argentaria and A, tellinoides as synonyms. I may be in error in considering this shell as iden- tical with Morton's A, argentaria, but if not, I certainly should consider it as distinct from A. tellinoides. It bears a striking resemblance to Anomia micronema Meek, from the Laramie Group of the west in its general form and in the radiating lines of the surface, and seems almost too nearly like it to be considered distinct, although of a difi'erent geological horizon. Formation and locality. — In the lower bed of the Lower Green Sand at Freehold, New Jersey. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 43 Auomia tellinoides. Plate IV, Figs. IQ, 13. Anomia tellinoides Morton. SyDop., j). 61, PI. Y, Fig. 11. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 95. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Geol. Eept. K Jers., 1868, p. 427. A, tellinoides and A, argentaria (Mort.). Conrad, Geol. N. G, Kerr's Eept., Appendix, p. 13. Shell measuring from one inch to one and a half inches in diameter, more or less circular in outline, and irregularly biconvex or concavo- convex in profile. Larger valve generally convex and often inequilat- eral, with the apex nearly or quite marginal, though sometimes distant from the edge of the valve and more convex than the later portions of the shell. Flat valve with a moderately large opening situated at some distance from the edge of the shell. Shell lamellose or smooth, and one cast shows evidence of plications toward the outer margin. Formation and locality, — I have 'seen a single cast, of both valves in position, from the green marls of the Lower Green Sand at Holmdel, and impressions of several convex valves from the white limestone beds at tlie same locality, but have never seen any of the shells preserved except from near Freehold. Dr Morton does not state from what part of New Jersey his specimen came, althougli he says it is common in the marls of the State. Mr. Conrad cites A. argentaria as a synonym, though on a single specimen which I have identified as of that species there are certainly good specific features. Genus DIPLOSCHIZA Conrad. 1866. (Am. Jour. Conch.. Yol. II, pi). 77 and 105.) Diploschiza cretacea. Plate IV, Figs. 4-8. Diploschiza cretacea Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., YoL II, pp. 78 and 105, PI. IX, Fig. 203. Deeper valve anomia-like, deeply concave internally, and most abrupt gn the posterior side. Margin entire, and the apex truncate from attach- ment to foreign substances (f). Smaller valve concave externally, with a notch in the cardinal margin. Surface of the shell marked by very fine concentric lines of growth and a few stronger undulations. 44 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. I have seen only one of the deeper valves of this species, and that has the apex broken. The features of the smaller valve are given from Mr. Conrad's figure. I cannot see how the shell differs from the ordinary Afiomia, and do not think there is ihe slightest need of the generic division. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Upper Freehold, Monmouth County, N. J. Collected by Dr. Bruere. Genus PAEANOMIA Coiirad. 1860. (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Yol. lY, pp. 290, and Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Ill, p. 8.) Paranomia scabra. Plate X, Fig. 10. Placuna scabra Morton. Synopsis, p. 62. Placunanomya scabra (Mort.) Gabb. Synop., p. 167. Placunomia scabra (Mort.). Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Paranomia scabra (Mort.). Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Ill, p. 8. Meek, Geol. Surv, K J., 1868, p. 724. The type specimen of this species as marked in the collection of the A. N. S., Phil., is a small fragment, scarcely sufficient for generic identifica- tion, and when originally described was not figured. The fragment is probably of a lower valve, being very irregular, and is about seven-eighths of an inch in width by about one inch and an eighth long. The surface is marked by irregular radiating costse, which are rather fine, and covered toward the front of the shell by short spines. There are also strongly- marked concentric lines crossing the shell, which add greatly to the rough- ness and scaly surface characters produced by the short irregular spines. No portion of the hinge is preserved. Shell thin and fragile. The specimen might very well be part of the valve of a Spondylus so far as its surface characters are preserved, but the shell does not break into longitudinal sections, as do those of that genus when similarly preserved, but seems to divide into concentric laminae, as would an Oyster. Formation and locality. — Dr. Morton gives no locality for his specimens, but mentions only that they are from the blue marls. In the collection of the Acad. Nat Sci. it is labeled ^^N. J. Cret." LAMELLlBRAi^CHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 45 Farauoxnia lineata. Plate IX, Fig. 10. Placunanomia lineata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. lY, p. 291, PI. XLYl, Fig. 20. Gabb, Synop., p. 167. Plaeunomia lineata (Con.). Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Paranomia lineata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 8. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 167. J. A. K. Sci., Vol. lY, 2d ser., p. 291. A single, apparently imperfect valve, which I have referred to this species, occurs in the collection of Rutgers College. It is much larger than that figured by Mr. Conrad above cited, but very similar in form and identical in surface characters. The form is broadly and irregularly ovate, the shell being very thin and fragile. Surface marked by distant elevated ribs, which are irregular in their direction, rounded, and produced into sharp scattered hollow spines at irregular distances, becoming more distant and larger toward the front of the valve. Spaces between the ribs broad and flattened, and marked by faint irregular concentric lines. On the interior the surface is roughened and radiatingly striate to within a short distance of the margin, where it becomes smooth and porcellaneous in character. Hinge margin imperfect, but the portion preserved is rough- ened, as if for a ligamental surface. The specimen is imperfect on the umbo, having probably been broken, though the imperfection looks much as" if it were a natural perforation for the passage of an attaching muscle, as in Anomia. The margin of the open- ino- is thin and sharp, without any appearance of fracture ; still it may have been broken. Neither this or the specimens of the following species pre- sent any of the features upon which the genus was founded; consequently I am not able to judge of the correctness of the generic reference. Formation and locality. — From the lower bed of the Lower Green Sand, at Upper Freehold, New Jersey. From the collection of Dr. Bruere. Genus PECTEN Klein. Pecten vejiustus. Plate VII, Figs. 1-4. Pecten venustus Mort. Synopsis, p. 58, PI. Y, Fig. 7. Gabb, Syn. N. A. Cret., p. 161. Meek, Check list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Geol. Eept. K J., 1868, p. 725. Chlamys venustus Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 429. Shell quite small, seldom attaining a height of more than five-eighths of an inch, and not commonly of more than half an inch. Form nearly cir- 46 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. cular IdgIow the ears and a little straightened on the cardinal slopes. Valves convex, slightly inequivalve and erect, or not perceptibly inequilateral. Cardinal line about half as long as the greatest width of the valves, which is a very trifle less than the height. Auriculations very unequal, distinctly separated from the body of the shell. The posterior one is quite small and ahke in each valve: anterior large, ribbed on each valve, and provided with a moderately distinct notch below in the right one. Right valve most convex, marked by seventeen to nineteen elevated radiating ribs, which are somewhat flattened on the top and are marked by fine transverse stricE. Interspaces narrow and deep. Many of the ribs of this valve become duphcate below the middle of the valve. Left valve depressed, convex, with narrow, sharply-elevated ribs, which are separated by much wider interspaces, and are marked by compavatively distant elevated rugge. Many of the wider interspaces have a thinner and smaller rib along their middle below the center of the valve, corresponding to the duplicated ribs of the opposite valve. On the interior of the valves the ribs are distinctly marked, but much more strongly so along the margin of the shell. Cardinal Hue marked by a single ridge on each side of the center nearly parallel to the hinge line in the left valve, with corresponding grooves in the right. Ligamental pit well marked. This shell appears to be a true Peden in its characters, but has been referred to the group Clilamys Bolton, by Ferd. Stoliczka, probably from the inspection of figures only. The specimens seen are mostly in the condition of complete or partial casts in the marl, but at Freehold, N. J., occur with the shell substance preserved, but of so fragile a character that it is with difficulty they can be cleaned and examined, and then with the beaks usually broken. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Sand at Monmouth, Free- hold, Burlington, Arneytown, etc., in New Jersey. The entire shells figured were obtained at Freehold by Miss F. M. Hitchcock, who kindly loaned them for illustration and description. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 47 Pecten quinquenarius. Plate VII, Figs. 13-16. Pecten quinquenaria Con. J. A. X. S., Phil., Vol. IT, p. 275, PI. XXIV, Fig. 10, 1854. Shell of medium size, slightly oval transversely; in outline a little wider than high. Valves plano-convex in profile when united. Hinge hne much shorter than the width of the shell below. Ears large, slightly un- equal; that of the flat valve (right) somewhat sinuate on the anterior side. Cardinal slope of the valves somewhat concave between the beaks and the lateral margins of the body of the shell. Surface of the valves marked by strong, wide, rounded, radiating ribs, about five on the flat valve and six on the convex valve. On the convex valve, as shown upon the impression left in the fine blue marl, there have been fine, even, and closely arranged concentric lines crossing the folds and passing up over the auriculations ; in fact, covering the entire surface of the valve. The opposite flat valve has not been marked by concentric lines, as was the convex valve, the sur- face of the cast, both inside and outside impressions, being apparently smooth. No remains of radiating lines on the folds can be seen. There can be no question as to the identity of the New Jersey shells here figured and described with the specimen from Delaware used by Mr. Conrad in his original description, although our specimens show the folds comparatively broader than does his figure. Mr. Conrad's description is very imperfect, and leaves one in doubt as to most of the features of his shell, as he states only that it is ''ovate, much compressed, with five distinct ribs, broad and rounded on one valve, narrow and subangulated on the opposite valve. (A cast.)." Formation and locality. — In the lowest beds of tlie dark-blue marl of the Lower Green Sands at G.C. Schanck's pits, Marlborough, New Jersey. The only two specimens seen are casts, but the fine marl preserves the surface features of the shell in a remarkable degree of perfection. Pecten tenuitestus. Plate VII, Figs. 5 and 6. Pecten tenuitesta Gabb. Proc. A. X. S., Phil., 18GI, p. 327. Meek, Check-list, Smith. Inst., p. 7. Geol. Eept. X. J., 1868, p. 725. Shell of small to medium size, broadly ovate exclusive of the auricu - lations, the breadth of the shell being to the height as six is to seven. 48 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. Cardinal slopes straight, more than one-third the length of the shell, and the anterior longest. Left valve very depressed convex, most ventricose above the middle; beak small and pointed. Auriculations large, the anterior double the size of the posterior, very slightly rounded on the margin, and perceptibly narrowing below ; posterior shorter on the cardinal line than below; anterior side marked by seven sharply-elevated nodose rays, and the posterior by six, with one or two smaller ones between, near the body of the shell. Body of the shell marked by about thirty to thirty-five slender, rounded but unequal rays with much wider flattened interspaces, with an occasional incipient ray on the outer third of the shell. Ribs marked by distant, elevated or subspinose nodes, most closely arranged on the auricu- lations and obsolete above the middle of the body of the valve. Right valve with the ribs proportionally stronger in the specimens examined than on the left valve and showing a stronger tendency to alternation of smaller and larger ones than on the opposite, while the imbrications of the ribs are not nearly so strong, not rising into spines, as on the left valve. Auricu- lations of the right valve scarcely perceptibly radiate, while the concentric markings of the valve are more subdued throughout. So far as I have discovered the species was never figured by its author, but its description is more full than usual, so I think the identification is less likely to be questionable than in some other instances. It would seem to be of the type of Pecten Islandicus, although the ribs are less closely arranged and the interspaces are flattened. Among the few specimens which I have examined I have seen no reason to suppose the valves were so strongly bent as to leave them "about half an inch apart in the middle," as the author states. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N, J., collected at Gr. C Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, and presented to the New Jersey collection by the Reverend Dr. Riley. It also occurs at Bur- lington, New Jersey. Pecten planicostatus, u. sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 10 and 11. Shell of medium size, thin and flattened, equilateral, circular in outline, or a little wider than high. Hinge line straight, about half as long as the LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OP THE LOWER MARLS. 49 greatest width of the shell. Auriculations of nearly equal size, but only moderately large, the posterior side on the left valve gradually receding toward the hinge and the anterior one on the same valve sloping in the opposite direction. Cardinal slopes of the body of the shell slightly con- cave. Left valve marked by from thirty to thirty-five narrow, raised, but slender flattened ribs, with broad flattened interspaces, often six or eight times as wide as the ribs. Ribs increased by intercalations, never by bifurca- tion. General surface of the left valve marked by very fine, raised con- centric lines, which are regularly and evenly arranged but scarcely per- ceptible to the unaided eye. Interior of the shell showing very faintly the lines of the ribs. Right valve unknown. In its narrow flattened ribs with wide interspaces this species differs conspicuously from any other species described from the green marls of New Jersey or elsewhere. It presents the general form and proportions of Camptonectes Burlingtonensis Gabb; and were it not for the fact that Mr. Gabb has figured both valves of that species and shown them to be destitute of the strong radiating ribs, I should have been inclined to have considered it as the left valve of that species As yet I have only observed the left valve, and am inclined to expect a right valve very similar to that of (7. Burlingtonensis. Formation and locality. — In the dark-blue marls of the Lower Green Sands, at G. C. Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, New Jersey. Pecten (Chlamys) craticulus. Plate VII, Figs. 17 and 18. Pecten craticula Morton. Synopsis, p. 57. Gabb, Synop., p. 158. Meek, Check-list, p. 7, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Dr. Morton's type specimen of this species consists of a fragment rep- resenting about one-third of one valve. It is a moderate-sized species and possesses very strong rounded ribs, probably ten or twelve in number, the interstices being occupied by a single smaller rib. The ribs, both large and small, are marked on their surfaces b}^ comparatively coarse striations, eight or nine of them on each large rib, and a fewer number on the smaller ribs and interspaces. Strong concentric lines cross the ribs and form rugae or granules at their junction with the striations. Toward the margin there 4418 MON 9 4 50 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. are strong varices of growth. On the mterior of the shell the outside de- pressions are represented by strong flattened ribs with angular margins and deep grooves between It is somewhat remarkable that in all the more recent collections no good specimen of this shell has been discovered, or any cast representing it found at any other locality. Formation and locality, — Dr. Morton states that the fragment was found near Arneytown, N. J., by Mr. Conrad. I have more recently seen other fragments among specimens labeled Vincentown, N. J., which, if correct, would probably place it in the Middle Marl Bed. Pecten (Syncyclonema?) perlamellosus. Plate VII, Fig. 7. Pecten perlamellosa on label in coUectiou of the A. N. Sci., Phil., apparently in Mr. Conrad's handwriting. Shell small, broadly subcircular, with moderately convex valves. Hinge- line comparatively long and the auriculations large, particularly the poste- rior one, which extends more than two-thirds the depth of the cardinal slope; both ears distinctly separated from the body of the shell along the cardinal slope, which is sharply and abruptly elevated above their surfaces. Beaks small and. pointed, and the cardinal slope diverging at about a right angle to each other. Posterior ear very slightly sinuated or contracted in the lower part, and the anterior one nearly direct on the margin. Surface of the right valve marked by distant, strongly and sharply elevated con- centric lamellse, the spaces between being flat and marked by very fine radiating lines, perceptible only by the aid of a glass. The concentric, raised lamella also pass upward and cross the auriculations in nearly full strength. Left valve unknown. Hinge characters not observed. It is barely possible that these shells, two of which are before me, may be the young of C. Burlingtonensis Gshh, as they have about the sam^- relative proportions and form as that species, but I think it highly improb- able from their adult appearance and the strong distant lamellae of the sur- face, which, if continued and increased in strength relatively until the shells LAMELLIBRANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 51 attained the size common to that species, would have presented a very dif- ferent appearance from that figured and presented by that species. The larger of the two specimens seen has a height and breadth of very nearly three-fourths of an inch. It seems difficult to place this species under the genus Syncydonema Meek, on account of the large ears, which feature is in direct contradiction of the features of that genus. Still Mr. Meek himself places Burlingtonensis Gabb (Camptonedes Burlingtonensis of this work), with which it is possible this may be identical, under it, notwithstanding this feature Formation and locality. — In the clay marls of the Lower Green Sand at Haddonfield, N. J. From the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, labeled as above in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, but I have not been able to trace the origin of the name or find any description of the species. Genus AMUSIUM Klein. Amusium simplicum. Plate VII, Figs. 11 and 12. Peeten simplieus Conrad. J. A. i^r. S., Pbil., 2d series, Yol. lY, p. 283, PI. XLYI, Fig. 44. Gabb, Synop. Gret. Ter., p. 160. Meek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1863, p. 725. Sincijclonema ? simplieus (Con.). Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Gabb, P. A. X. Sci., 1876, p. 319. Pseudamusium simplica (Con.). Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 420. Sincyclonemaf simpUeia Conrad. A. M. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 99, PI. IX, Fig. 20. Shell small, barely half an inch in extreme height, and of equal width ; discoid or very depressed convex, nearly or quite equilateral; margins of the shell somewhat regularly rounded; hinge-line a little less than half the width of the shell, and slightly rising from the center toward the extremi- ties. Auriculations moderately large, the anterior side largest, slightly rounded on the outer margin and forming a slight byssal notch at its junc- tion with the body of the shell on the right valve. Cardinal slopes on the right valve straight to near the point of greatest width of the valve, and forming an angle of about fifty to fifty-five degrees with each other and very strongly impressed. Beak small and pointed. On the left valve the posterior ear is the smallest of the two, and the cardinal slopes less strongly 52 PAL^Ol^TOLOGY OF KEW JEESEY. marked, not so straight, and extend down the valve not so far as on the opposite valve. Surface of the valves smooth and shining to the naked eye, but under a lens is seen to be marked by fine concentric lines of growth, and on the left valve by faint, incipient, radiating lines. The above description is taken from specimens from Eufaula, Ala., the locality from which the species was originally described. The valves present every appearance of having been gaping on the sides w^hen perfect, being bent even as seen on the soft marls when preserved only as separated shells; consequently the species would properly be classed as an Amusiiim and not as Pseudamusium or Sincyclonema, both of which genera are subdi- visions only of the other, and differ but very slightly. There is no other form known from the American Cretaceous strata sufficiently resembling it to be easily mistaken for it. Sincyclonema rigida H. & M. sp. is the nearest, but it is much more elevated in proportion to its width, being ovate in out- line. The ears are smaller, the hinge-line straight instead of depressed in the middle, and the valves are more strongly marked both by concentric lines and radii Formation and locality. — The only specimens which I have observed from New Jersey were from Monmouth County, New Jersey, and are too imperfect for illustration. The specimens illustrated are from Eufaula, Ala. Amusium Conradi, n. sp. Plate VII, Figs. 8-10. Syncyelonema f simpliciaj Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. V, p. 99, PL IX, Fig. 20. Not of Meek, Check-list, p. 7. Not Pecten simpUims^ Con. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2(1 ser., Yol. lY, p. 283, PI. XYI, Fig. 44, or Gabb, Synop., p. 160. Not Pseudamusium simplica. Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 420. Pecten simpUcus (Con.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p, 725. Shell small, seldom exceeding half an inch in height; erect-ovate, be- coming more elongate proportionally with increased growth. Valves slightly convex. Hinge short, from half to two-thirds as long as the width of the body of the shell, strongly and distinctly auriculated. Beaks of the valves small and pointed, and the cardinal slopes long, straight or slightly concave, extending to near the point of greatest width of the body of the' shell. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 58 Left valve smooth or but faintly marked by fine concentric lines, and a few (five or six) very faint radii. Ears smaller than in the opposite valve, both sloping toward the beak on the outer margin. Right valve marked with crowded concentric folds or elevated lines ; also by five or six radiat- ing lines; not always present. On most specimens there are distinctly rounded concentric folds or varices, but on some they are thin, sharp lines; always more crowded and usually finer toward the front, in adult specimens. Ears very distinct; that of the posterior side sloping toward the beak and the anterior one rounded at the extremity and deeply notched. This shell is very closely allied to P. simplicus, Conrad, but difiers in being more elevated and in the surface markings, that one being generally smooth or imperceptibly marked. In making these comparisons I have used a number of each valve of the present species from New Jersey, and a fine series of A, simplicum from the typical locality, Eufaula, Ala., and it leaves no doubt in my mind as to their complete specific distinction. Formation and locality.-^ln the fine blue clay marl of the Lower Green Sand at Haddonfield, New Jersey. The specimens ai-e from the collection of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, and being borrowed I have not attempted to examine the hinge structure, as they are so very fragile that the least disturbance of the matrix might result in the destruc- tion of the shells. Camptonectes (Amusium) Burlingtonensis. Plate VIII, Figs. 3-9. Pecten Burlingtonensis^ Gabb. J. A. K Sci., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. lY, p. 304, PL LXYIII, Fig. 25. Synops. p. 157. Meek, Check-list, p. 7. Sineydonema Burlingtonensis (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725, Camptoneetes Burlingtonensis (Gabb). Conrad, Am. J. Couch., Yol. YI, p. 76. Gabb, P. A. K Sci., 1876, p. 318. C bellisculptus Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 99, PL IX, Fig. 11. Shell attaining a full medium size, one specimen measuring two and a half inches in height, and is equally wide', being nearly circular exclusive of the auriculations. Hinge-line straight, not more than half as long as the width of the shell; ears moderately large. Valves convex, cardinal slopes of the body of the shell concave in their course from the beak, the 54 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. shoulders of the valves being high and prominent. Surface of the valves marked by fine, even, rounded and thread-like radiating strise which maintain nearly the same size throughout by their frequent bifurcations, but are less strongly developed on the right valve. On the sides of the valves the striae curve strongly upward and pass off on the cardinal slopes even within the limits of the auriculations. Ears of the left valve also radiately striate. Besides the radiating strise the shell is closely marked by elevated concen- tric lines which form free projecting edges where the}^ cross the radiating stric^s, which are more strongly developed and often form fine hair-like spines toward the front of the right valves. The bifurcations of the striae mosth^ take place immediately below these concentric lines. Hinge char- acters not observed, but stated by Mr. Conrad to be crenulated. The specimen used by Mr. Conrad, in his description of C. hellisculptus was of small size, but its general form, as given on the plate cited above, and its peculiar striations^ leaves no room for doubt as to its identity with those here used. If the genus Camptonectes is to be distinguished by the punctate depressed lines between the strise, this shell ought not to be classed under it, as they show no evidence w^hatever of that feature, like those found in the Jurassic rocks of the Rocky Mountains. In fact the strise on the Jurassic forms are their best distinguishing feature, being formed by impressed lines which are filled with punctures; the strise being flattened on the top, while these are rounded and wirey in character, and closely pressed together, like the strise on shells of the genus Amusium^ and destitute of punctures in the interspaces. From what evidence of the hinge- structure I have seen I do not think this shell possesses the fold or tooth - like ridge characteristic of Camptonectes, and the anterior ear of the right valve is certainly much more like that of a true Pecten than in the Jurassic species, so that from these evidences I am strongly inclined to consider the shell rather a species of Amusium than of Camptonectes, I see no reason for considering Conrad's C hellisculptus as a distinct species from the present one. Mr. Gabb's type specimen is a cast and does not retain any of the surface characters, consequently he could not have known its true generic relations, but Mr. Conrad has seen it with the shell preserved and refers it LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 55 to Camptonectes, but does not mention it as being the same as his bellis- culptus, about which I think there can be no doubt. In the younger stages of growth the shell is much more elongated, and this feature may have induced him to retain his specific name for the smaller shell which he described. Formation and localiti/.— Mr. Conrad cites it from Haddonfield, N. J. The specimens in the State collection are from Holmdel, N. J., both local- ities being in the Lower Green Marls. Specimens borrowed from the collec- tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, come to me with- out locality marks. Camptonectes parvus, u. sp. Plate Vlll, Figs. 1 and 2. Shell quite small, the only specimen observed measuring only about three-tenths of an inch in height. Outline subcircular and (the left valve) convex, moderately elevated on the umbo and somewhat regularly declining in convexity^ toward the front; anterior auriculation proportionally large and vertically striated with lamellose striae parallel to the anterior margin. Surface of the shell polished and marked with numerous interrupted impressed striae, the spaces between the striae being flattened and crossed by very faint lines of growth. Only a single individual of this species has come under my observation. The shell presents the features in its external appearances of the Jurassic forms of the genus, as they occur at the west, and is the only individual from New Jersey that I have seen which possesses the peculiar impressed striae so characteristic of those forms. It, however, wants the punctures that are present in the bottom of the striae of those, and in this respect differs very materially. It also differs in its very small size and greater convexity. It is possible that it may not be an adult shell, but the character of the striae is sufficient to distinguish it even should it be found of larger growth. Formation and locality. — In a band of clayey marl of the Lower Bed at Freehold, New Jersey. 56 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEE8EY. Genus NEITHEA Drouet. Neithea quinquecostata. Plite VIII, Figs. 12-14. Peoten quinquecostata (Sowerby). Morton, Synop., p. 57, PI. XIX, Fig. 1. Janira Mortoni (D'Orb.). Prodr., p. 253. j^eithea Mortoni (D'Orb.). Gabb, Synops., Cret. Form., p. 149. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst, p. 7. Geol. Surv. N. Jers., 1868, p. 725. Vola Mortoni (D'Orb.), Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 430. Fcctcn quinquecostatus and P. quadricostatus of authors. Shell broadly ovate exclusive of the auriculations, and plano-convex to concavo-convex in profile, right valve strongly convex, with a sharp, arching, and incurved beak extending beyond and partially overarching the hinge- line; hinge- line straight or nearly so, slightly declining on the anterior side; nearly two -thirds as long as the entire, width of the shell; auriculations moderate in size, the anterior one th^ smallest and constricted below where it joins the body of the shell, forming a slight byssal notch; posterior side triangular, longest at the hinge-line and receding below. Sides of the valve where it joins the auriculations strongly incurved laterally, so as to cause the sides to overhang. Valve marked by six strong, rounded, principal radiat- ing costae, with from two to four smaller ones between. These are usually distributed in the following maiiner: three between the two anterior strong ones; three or four between the two antero-basal and median ones; three usually between the postero-basal pair, and usually two only between the posterior pair. There are also three or four anterior to the first strong ray, and from four to six on the area posterior to the last principal ray. The auriculations are also rayed, unequally on the opposite sides, the posterior one most strongly. The characters of the flat or left valve have not been observed on the New Jersey specimens. The casts, the only condition in which I have seen them from within the State, show evidence of moderately strong concentric lines crossing the rays and intermediate portions of the shell. The shell seems to be subject to considerable variation in the number and strength of the secondary costse, and this fact has given great latitude to species-making, consequently we have several names under which the LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 57 shell has been mentioned and referred to. Judging from what specimens I have examined, there appears to be but little reason for considering them other than as varieties of a single species, and our American forms differ so little from those found in Europe and Asia that I have been inclined to refer them back to the place where Dr Morton first placed them. The generic reference of the form seems to have passed through equally great tribulation as the species. I have left it under the genus which most writers of late date seem to prefer, as there is some doubt as to the exact value of the two older names Vola Klein, and Janira Schum. Formation and locality, — In New Jersey it is found in the Lower Green Marls at Burlington, Holmdel, Freehold, and MuUica Hill. It is also found at Prairie Bluff, Ala., and at several places in Texas, and in Eng- land, Continental Europe, and at many places in Asia, being one of those almost universal forms which we occasionally find. SPONDYLID^. Genus SPONDYLUS Lam. Spondylus gregalis. Plate IX, Figs. 11, 12, and Plate X, Figs. 1,2. Flagiostoina gregale Morton. Synop., p. 60, PI. Y, Fig. 6. SpondyUts gregaUs (Mort). Gabb, Synop., p. 171. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Geol. Eept. N. Jer., 1868, p. 724. 8, gregalis D'Orb. Pmd., p. 254. Shell rather above medium size when fully grown, and generally ovate in form, with the lower or attached valve somewhat the deepest. Cardinal area large, but short, much extended and flattened on the surface ; trans- versely striated and with a narrow linear groove through the middle; teeth strong. Surface of the lower valve strongly lanjellose on the free portions; the attachment apparently being only small and near the apex; between the lamella, which are elevated, the surface shows indistinct radiations, which on the interior are quite distinctly marked and flexuose, and are comparatively fine. The upper valve not observed, except as shown on casts of the interior. In this condition it is shown to have been onl}^ very 58 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. moderately convex at the apical portions, and to have been flattened or but very slightly convex toward the front, with the surface radiated as in the case of the lower valve, but whether the exterior has been lamellose or only simply radiated I have not been able to ascertain. The figure given of this species by Dr. Morton, as cited above, is nearly circular in outline. Among the few casts which I have seen and one perfect lower valve there is none of that form, all being elongate-ovate, narrow toward the beaks and widened below, and all slightly curved to one side. On the casts the muscular imprint as shown on the lower side is quite large and uniform, and situated rather below the middle of the valve. The large entire valve of the species figured is neatly perforated through the solid part of its substance, showing the work of some boring moUusk. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Upper Free- hold, Monmouth County, N. J., collected by Dr. Bruere. Genus DIANCHOEA, Sowerby. (Mineral Conch., Vol. I, p. 183.) The genus JDianchora was described by Sowerby in 1815 (Min. Conch., Vol. 1, p. 183), for the reception of two forms of Spondylus-like p hells, that appeared to be without hinge area or teeth. Subsequently the genera Pedopsis Sow. and Pachytes Desh. were proposed by their respective authors for similar forms. In later years all these genera, which appear to be synonyms of each other, have been condemned by many authors, under the impression that the shells on which they were founded were mutilated specimens of Spondylus that had by accident been deprived of th^se parts. It seems strange that naturalists are so often led to discredit the statements of good observers, and to reject their work simply because they themselves have not observed the same features. It is perhaps, however, well that such care be exercised to keep down names and divisions founded upon imperfections and abnormal features. But in this case the rejection has certainly been too hastily made, for the species here described certainly agrees in character perfectly with Sowerby's description and figures, es- LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 59 pecially of his B, striata^ given in the Min. Conch., and it is equally cer- tain that the shells are perfect and without injury; and the lines of growth clear, clean, and distinct as on any living shell. The triangular foramen extends from the beak forward to the position of the hinge-line, and later- ally to the entire width of the shell at this point on both sides, leaving the entire cardinal portion of the shell forming a single broad triangular open- ing in each valve, while the margins are elevated and sharp, with the lines of growth passing over them in perfect continuity. What the purposes of this opening may have been I cannot say. It is not the position for a byssus, or any organ of similar nature; nor can it have been needed for any analogous purpose, as the shells are all, so far as I have seen, firmly anchored or attached to foreign substances. The small specimen figured was attached only by the beak, but that by a surface nearly or quite a fourth of an inch wide. From the form of the apex of the upper valve, as far as I have seen them, I judge it curved over this opening in such a manner as to partially cover it, as they are all extremely ventricose in this part. But this was not the case in the English species, for there the upper valve is but moderately convex. So the question as to the purpose of the opening remains unsolved. Dianchora echinata. Plate X, Figs. 3-9. Plagiostoma ecMnatum^ Morton. Synopsis, additional observations, § iv. Spondylus ecUnatum (Mort.) Meek, Check-list, p. 71. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. 8. capax Conrad. J. A. K S., Phil., 2d ser., Yol. II, p. 274, PI. XXIY, Fig. 8. Shell below medium size, subcircular or very broad-ovate in general outline, and with a very highly convex or gibbous free valve. Lower valve fixed to foreign substances, and often by nearly its entire surface, and conforming in depth to the surface to which it is affixed, or nearly so. Or when more concave the space between the margin of the shell and the object to which it is attached is filled up with shelly matter formed in the same manner as the spines of the valves. The cardinal portion of the valve is open, forming a broad triangular foramen the entire width of the valve at this point, the margins of the foramen being sharp, no hinge-teeth or cardi- 60 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. nal area existing. The interior of the valve is strongly marked by moder- ately fine striae or ribs, which are flattened on their surfaces; muscular imprints not observable. Upper valve ver}^ ventricose and strongly arcuate, the beak thin and sharply incurved. Hinge open as in the lower valve, the cardinal angles spread outward in the form of auriculations to meet those of the opposite valve. The sides of the valve are sharply bent inward on a line from the beak to the point of greatest width, forming a hiatus on each side between the body of the valve and the auriculation, as in the genus Janira. Surface of the valve marked by strong, closely compact, radiating ribs; every fifth or sixth one of which is stronger than the others, and bears short, sharp, curved spines, some of which are nearly one-fourth of an inch long, while the others are only rugose from the concentric lamella which cross them. On the depressed spaces on the sides of the valve there are no radii, the concentric lines only being present. Substance of the shell thin in the cardinal portions and much thickened toward the front. Interior of the valve marked by the radii, and the thickened front margin strongly crenulate. A single highly decomposed specimen of Spondylus-like shell, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, may possi- bly belong to this species, but its condition is such that its specific relations are not determinable, and in a short time more it will have crumbled. It shows no evidence of having been attached, however; the lower valve is moderately convex and the upper one rather more ventricose; the area or cardinal parts of both valves are beyond description, but the valves are both marked by rays and spines, as are the upper valves of this one. It may possibly represent an undescribed form, but looks like a specimen of the D. echinata that had been entirely free except perhaps in its earlier stages of growth. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, Free- hold, and on Mr. Woodward's farm, Monmouth County, New Jersey. It does not seem to be abundant anywhere, and so far I have never seen a perfect upper valve of even medium size. The imperfect upper valve figured is from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and is without locality further than '^ N. Jersey." LAMELLIBBANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 61 Genus PLICATULA Lam. Plicatula urticosa. Plate IX, Figs. 1 and 2. Ostrea urticosa^ Morton. Synop., 1st ed. FUcatula urticosa^ Morton. Synop., p. G2, PI. X, Fig. 2. Am. Jour. Sci.yVol. XXIY, 1st ser., PI. X, Fig. 2. Gabb, Synop., p. 169. Meek, Check-List, p. 7. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Stoliczka and others. Shell irregularly oval in outline and obliquely curved, biconvex or plano-convex, marked by strong, somewhat angular radiating and bifur- cating plications, usually much stronger and less numerous on the lower than on the upper valve, and crossed by strong projecting concentric lamella, which are elevated and often form thin, flat spines on the crest of the radiating plications of greater or less length, which give a very rough and spiney surface to the shell, resembling that of Spondylus, Muscular impression moderate; teeth not observed. On some internal casts from Freehold the muscular scar is quite large, and, so far as can be judged, the teeth have been quite small. The shell appears to have been quite abundant, and to have grown in groups, attached to each other or to foreign bodies. On the Alabama specimens, and on some of those from New Jersey, there are indistinct radiating striae between the plications. The largest individuals which I have observed are casts, one of which is one inch and five-eighths long and of a broadly-ovate form. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold and Holmdel, N. J. The type specimens of Dr. Morton in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, are without locality, being marked ^^ Lower Cretaceous, N. Jersey" only. Genus EADULA Klein. Radula pelagica. Plate IX, Figs. 3-5. Plagiostoma pelagica Mort. Synop., p. 61, PI. Y, Fig. 2. Gtenoides pelagica (Mort.) Gabb. Synop. Cret» Form., p. 114. Conrad, J. A. K. S., Vol. lY, p. 276. Lima pelagica (Mort.) Meek. Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 7. Badula pelagica (Mort.) Stoliczka. Palseont. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 416. JB. pelagica (Mort.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 724. Shell of small size, seldom measuring more than one and a half inches in its greatest length from beaks to base; very oblique, strongly ovate. 62 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. moderately inflated and marked by from twenty-five to thirty strong, radiat- ing plications, which are simple, rounded on the top, and separated by rounded spaces of equal width, and crossed by fine concentric lines of growth, which arch backwards in crossing them. Stronger concentric varices of growth also form a common feature of the shell. The hinge- line is straight and equal in length to about one-third the length of the shell from beak to base. Auriculations small and subequal; beak moderately curved and central to the hinge-line; area moderately high, with a very large central pit and the hinge destitute of teeth or other markings. Ante- rior or straight side not at all gaping. As cited above, this species was originally described by Morton as a Plagiostoma, but owing to the great multipHcation of genera has been referred to a difi^erent genus by every writer who has treated upon it. The shell as seen in the single valve figured on Plate IX, fig. 4, would fall between the genera Radula and Ctenoides, according to the characteristics of these genera as defined by Stoliczka, with a leaning toward the latter of the two, as the shell may be said to be absolutely straight on the anterior margin; and, so far as can be proved by tlie specimen and from several casts, must have been nearly, if not quite, without any gape of the valves. The two genera, however, are, as there defined, so nearly alike that they would seem hardly to aff'ord specific diff*erences so far as form, without sur- face markings and color, are concerned. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at Holmdel and Freehold, New Jersey. Hadula acutillneata. Plate IX, Figs. 6 and 7. Ctenoides acutilineata Conrad. J. A. ^N^. S., Pliila., 2d ser., Yol. Ill, i^. 329, PI. XXXI Y Fig. 2. Gabb, Synop., p. 114. Lima acutilineata (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 7. Badula acutilineata (Conrad) Meek. Geol. Kept. K. J., 1868, p. 724. Shell small, obhquely ovate, and very ventricose; hinge-line verv short, with small acute auriculations, especially the anterior one, which is pointed at the extremity. Anterior side of the shell rounded and full; posterior side straightened above and rounded below. Surface of the LAMELLIBRAXCIIIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 63 valves marked by about twenty to twenty-two narrow, elevated radii, with flattened spaces between, leaving the radii widely separated. Anterior and posterior slopes without radii. This species is very like R, reticulata L. & F., but may be readily dis- tinguished by the flattened or occasionally slightly concave spaces between the radii. In other respects the shells are very much alike. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. The specimens used are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia. Radula reticulata. Plate IX, Figs. 8 and 9. Lima reticulata Lyell and Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geo]. Soc, Vol. I, p. 62, 1845, with figures. Meek, Check-list S. Inst, p. 7. Ctenoides reticulata Gabb. Synop., p. 114. Badula reticulata (L. and F.) Meek. Geol. Eept. K. J., 1868, p. 725. Stoliczka, Palaeont. Indica, YoL III, p. 416. R. denticuticosta (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 99, PL IX, Fig. 17. f Ctenoides denticuticosta Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 327. Shell small, moderately oblique, strongly ovate, and inflated. Hinge short; beaks proportionally strong, and projecting beyond the cardinal line. Valves nearly equal; anterior margin straight, and not at all gaping; auric- ulations small but distinct, rectangular or verj^ slightly pointed at their outer angles. Surface radiately ribbed, those of the anterior and posterior slopes faintly marked or obsolete, ribs (about thirty) distinct, with five or more indistinct on each side; subangular on the. middle of the valves and rounded toward the sides, crenulate or subspinose on the larger specimens when well preserved, but often appearing nearly smooth. Entire surface marked by concentric lines which give a roughened surface when perfect, giving the reticulated character indicated by the specific name. The shells are all small, seldom exceeding three-fourths of an inch in length, and are very fragile. The right valve appears to be a little less ven- tricose and the beak shorter than the left in all the specimens which I have seen where the two are united, still this may be only apparent, as they are all somewhat displaced, and all those which I have seen free from the matrix and separated have the hinge imperfect, so that I have not examined the 64 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. area or cartilage pit; and none of them exhibit the slightest evidence of a byssal sinus. The species differs from B.pelagica, Mort., in its smaller size, more inflated valves, and greater number of radii. Formation and locality.— hi the lower part of the Lower Green Marls at Upper Freehold, New Jersey. Collected by Dr. Bruere. Suborder HETEROMYARIA. MYTILID^. Genus MYTILUS Linn. Mytilus oblivius, u. sp. Plate XVII, Fig. 1. Shell small, erect, or but very slightly curved on the buccal margin ; beaks terminal, projecting and acute. Hinge line sloping at an angle of about sixty degrees to the buccal margin; posterior margin subparallel to the anterior, and the extremity rather sharpl}^ rounded. Anterior face ab- rupt, and the surface of the valve gradually sloping from the umbonal angle to the posterior margin. Surface apparently marked by fine lines of growth as indicated on the cast. The species is known only from a single cast of a left valve, which so nearly resembles all other species of Mytilus that but little comparison can be instituted. It is more nearly like M, condecoratus, Conrad (Geol. Rept. N. Carolina, Kerr, Appendix, p. 5, PI. I, Fig. 10), than any other Creta.ceous form I know, but is decidedly longer in proportion to its width. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clay under the Lower Green Sand at the pits of the Rev. G. C. Schanck, near Marlborough, New Jersey. From Mr. Lockwood's collection. Genus MODIOLA Lam. Modiola Julia. Plate XVII, Figs, 6 and 7 ?. Modiola Julia he'd. Proc. A. K Sci., 1861, p. 149. Meek, Check-list, p. 11. Perna Julia (Lea). Meek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, ]). 726. Shell rather small, measuring only about nine-sixteenths of an inch in its greatest length, which is about twice the height. Form elongate-ovate, LAMELLIBKAISOHIATA OF THE LO^YER MARLS. 65 the cardinal and basal margins being nearly parallel and the ends nearly equally rounded. Valves ventricose, most gibbous at the anterior end ; beaks inflated but not prominent, nearly but not quite terminal, but placed on a line with the hinge, or nearly so. Hinge extending about two-thirds the length of the shell and rounding into tlie posterior end, which is longer below than above the middle. Surface of the shell polished, but with very strong concentric undulations parallel to the margin. Hinge and features of the interior unknown. Substance of the shell extremely thin. I do not think the shell is a true Modiola^ but the specimens examined, two only, are not in a condition to reveal any of the generic features, both being crushed and badly broken, and by far too thin and fragile in substance to possess them in any degree of strength I have referred it back to Modiola Lamarck, not thinking it advisable to replace that name by the pre-Linnean one adopted by Mr. Meek in his list, or Iby the later one of Volsella, Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Green Marls, at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Philadelphia. Modiola Burlingtonensis, u. sp. Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 9. Shell of moderately large size, ver}^ ventricose, and with subparallel dorsal and ventral margins, large prominent umbones and incurved beaks situated near the anterior end but not terminal, the anterior margin percept- ibly extending beyond them and rounded. Umbonal ridge prominent and subangular, especially near the beaks, and becoming broader and more rounded posteriorly; surface of the valves strongly constricted and sinuate in front of the ridge and the anterior surface again inflated; cardinal slope comparatively broad and slightly concave toward the postero-cardinal border. Hinge line straight and three-fifths as long as the shell, and rather strongly impressed in the internal cast; postero-cardinal margin rounding rapidly forward from the more narrowly rounded posterior extremity. Sur- face of the cast, the only condition under which it is known, apparently smooth or marked only by irregular concentric lines of growth, some of which produce undulations of considerable strength on the casts. On one 4418 MON 9 5 66 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. individual there appears on the posterior cardinal slope very faint indica- tions of rather coarse radiating lines, but too faint to warrant the statement that such markings really existed on the shell. These specimens were found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, marked ^''M, ovata Gabb," and also marked ^Hypes," but as they are totally distinct from the specimen figured as the type by that author, and which is also now before me, I can only interpret the error to some wrong identification at some subsequent time. The species differs from M. ovata in its much greater size, more cylindrical as well as more elongated form, prominently subangular umbones and umbonal ridge, strongly sulcated surface, and much broader anterior end. There is no Cre- taceous species known with which there is danger of confounding it. Formation and locality. — Tn the ferruginous clay beds of the Creta- ceous in Burlington County, New Jersey, the special locality not mentioned, but marked on the label as '^ middle beds," which I am led to believe incor- rect from the fact of the lithological features of the specimens being exactly similar to so many fossils from this same neighborhood which are credited to the Lower Marls. Genus LITHODOMUS Ciivier. There is a question among authors as to which of the two names should be used. Lithodomus Cuv. or Lithopliagus Bolt. The fact that the latter is only a repetition of the specific name of the generic type is a great objection, for which reason I have adopted the former. Lithodomus aifiiiis. Plate XVII, Figs. 2 and 3. Idthopliagtis affinis Gabb. Proc. A. NT. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 124. Meek, Check-list, p. 11. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 726. L, Bipleyanus Gabb. Proc. A. K S., Phil , 1876, p. 311. Mr. Gabb described this species from the tubes, or as I suppose the fillinor of the tubes, and states that he had not seen the shell. In the col- lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, there is an inter- nal cast of a shell, somewhat imperfect at the posterior end, which is marked with ink on the specimen ^^L. affinis type," which I suppose to have been the LAMELLIBEAKCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 67 one he used in his description. The form is extremely ventricose, especially on the anterior half, and narrowing rapidly posteriorly, with the posterior part strongly curved downward as far as preserved. The following is Mr. Gabb's description as copied from the work cited above. ^'Tube robust, curved short, portion containing the shell broad, grooved at the anterior half of the back, rounded carinate the rest of the length. Opposite face more narrow and deeply grooved. Extremity distinctly trilobate. Shell unknown. From the shape of the tube it appears related to the preceding species (i. Bepleyanus), but the beak is less prominent in advance, the shell is much more gibbous, the basal margin more emarginate, and the posterior cardinal margin more depressed." The specimen above referred to, which is that figured on the plate, corresponds exactly with his description of its dimensions and in other particulars, but I should consider it a representative of the shell rather than of the tube only. Formation and locality, — The specimen was from the Lower Green Marls of New Jersey, but the exact locality is not known. Mr. Gabb thought it probably from Burlington County, and it is the only specimen of the form known. Lithodomus Ripleyaua. Plate XVII, Figs. 4 and 5. LitJiophagus Eipleyana Gabb. Proc. A. X. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 124. Meek, Check-list, p. 11. Geol. Sur. K J., 1868, p. 726. L. affinis Gabb. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, p. 311. Shell small, length probably not exceeding three-fourths of an inch, very ventricose anteriorly when viewed from the dorsal side, but with nearly parallel dorsal and ventral margins as seen in a side view. Beaks anterior or nearly terminal, incurved and somewhat tumid, as seen in the cast, posterior extremity of the shell compressed. Dorsal margin impressed and the ligament extending nearly one-half the length of the shell. Shell structure unknown, the specimens all being internal casts. This species is much more slender and less inflated anteriorly, as seen in the internal casts extracted from within the burrows, than L, affinis. The posterior end seems to have been commonly prolonged and curved down- ward very decidedly near the extremity, and also to have been sharply 68 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. pointed in some individuals. There is a considerable degree of variation among the individuals, both in the form and in the proportional length of the tubes, some of the casts being cylindrical and others flattened laterally on the posterior half. They appear to have burrowed in wood or in otlier substances indiscriminately, many of them showing unmistakable evidences of a woody structure on the outside of the cast of the tube; while one colony which I have seen had burrowed into the shell of Gervilliopsis ensi- formis. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls near New Egypt, and at Mr. Ware's pits near MuUica Hill; and at Hunt's pits at Manal- apan, Monmouth County, New Jersey. There are several individuals in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, which would appear to have come from several other localities, but they are only marked *^N. J.," no more definite locality being known. PTERIID^ Meek (=Aviculidce of Authors). Genus PTEEIA Scopoli. Pteria i>etrosa. Plate XIV, Fig. 10. Avicula petrosa Conrad. Jour. A. I^T. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 274, PI. XXIV, Fig. 15. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 102. Pteria petrosa (Con.). Meek, Check-list Smith. lust., p. 9. Comp. Avicula laripes Morton. S^^nop. Cret. jS^. Am., p. 63, PI. XVII, Fig. 5. Shell of moderate size, obliquely ovate, unequivalve, very inequilateral, and moderately ventricose; hinge-line straight, its entire length being un- known, and so far as can be determined from the imperfect casts examined has not been extended in form of a wing posteriorly. Anterior wing of considerable size and separated from the body of the shell by a deep con- striction, most distinct on the right valve, and protruding beyond the beaks of the shell anteriorly. Surface of the cast of the right valve preserving indications of a few distant radii along the umbonal slope, but none are visible on the left valve, probably owing to the greater thickness of the shell not transmitting them to the interior surface. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 69 I strongly suspect this to be identical with Avicula laripes Morton, which was from the Cretaceous marls of Delaware, but of which I have not seen specimens. The shell is somewhat more oblique than Morton's figure, and it does not appear to have been extended into the wing-like projection indicated by him. The radii have about the same distance and direction, as far as can be determined from the poorly-preserved cast used, but are not distinct enough to count, so I cannot be certain of its identity. From Pteria Ungniformis E. & Shum., found in the Cretaceous beds of the West and in Texas, it differs in being more obhque and more transverse, with a less width of the body of the shell, and the beaks do not appear to have been so strongly elevated above the hinge, and consequently the lig- amental area is much narrower. Formation and locality. — The only specimen of the species which I have yet seen is from the ironstone nodules found in the lower clays of the Cre- taceous, at or near Keyport, N. J., and is from the collection of Columbia College, New York. Pteria laripes. Plate XIV, Fjg. 9. Avicula laripes Morton. Synox)sis p. 63, PI. XYII, Fig. 5. Gabb. Pteria laripes (Mort.). Meek, Checklist, p. 9. Shell of but moderate size, oblique ovate and moderately convex, with rather prominent beaks. Hinge less than half the length of the body of the shell, forming on the posterior side a proportionally large wing, which is obtusely pointed at the extremity and only shallowly sinuate on the outer margin between the hinge line and body of the shell. Anterior wing unknown. Surface of the shell, on the left valve, strongly marked by distant elevated radii, which seem to have been alternately coarse and fine on the posterior half of the valve, judging from the only cast examined, and equal in strength and moderately curved forward on the anterior half; while the margin of the valve seems to have been marked by strongly projecting points corresponding to the ribs. The specimen used in the above description is so nearly like Dr, Morton's figure that were it not a left instead of a right valve I should have supposed it to be the same individual. The specimen is a cast in rather hard 70 pal^o:ntology of new jeesey. sandstone, rather unlike any other fossil which I have seen from New Jersey, but is distinctly marked ''N. J.'' "in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in what I take to be Mr. Conrad's writing; while it is also marked 'Hype." I am incHned to infer from the above facts, and the close resemblance it bears to Dr. Morton's figure, that the specimen is Morton's type, and that it came from Delaware rather than New Jersey ; also that the figure in the ''synopsis" has been reversed by the lithographer, making a right valve with the characters pertaining to a left valve in this way. The shell is so unlike any other known New^ Jersey species that fhere can be no difficulty in recognizing it. I am somewhat inclined to think the species belongs to the group to which Mr. Meek applied the generic name Oxytoma, but in the absence, or rather imperfection of the anterior part of the hinge line, I am not positive. Formation and locality. — Probably from Delaware, although distinctlv marked on the label "N. J." in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The position in the series not determined. Pteria navicula, n. s. Plate XIV, Fig. 8. Shell of small size, the greatest length being less than half an inch ; very oblique and angularly ventricose, the height scarcely more than half the length. Hinge line nearly as long as the body of the shell, mucronate and slightly prolonged at the posterior extremity, which is separated from the body of the shell by a sHght sinuosity. Anterior wnng, if any, not preserved on the specimen; but the shell, although somewhat imperfect, does not appear to have been winged on the anterior side. Posterior extremity of the body of the (left) valve obtusely pointed, and the anterior end narrowly rounded from the extremity of the cardinal hue. Basal line broadly curved, gradually descending from the anterior end to about the posterior third of the length, where it again rises to the extremity. Beaks small, rising a little above the hinge line, and prominently ventricose. Surface of the shell marked only by concentric striae, so far as can be determined from the partially exfoliated individual. Right valve unknowai. There is only a single left valve of the species known so far, but the form is so decided that there is no possibility of confounding it with any LAMELLIBRAIS^CHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 71 described species. The extremely ventricose form of the body of the valve and angular umbonal ridge at once distinguishes it from any known form. Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, N. J. From the collection of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Philadelphia. MELEAGRINELLA, u. gen. Shell aviculoid having the general form of Meleageina Lam. (z^Margaritophora Megerl.) but differing principally in the form of the byssal fold of the right valve, which is either a deep channel on the external surface of the shell extending from the margin to near the beak of the valve or a simple deep straight notch separating the wing into a linear process, of greater or less length, from the body of the shell. Shells biconvex; hinge straight; ligamental area narrow, but * distinct, strongest on the left valve, which is also the most convex, and more or less gaping opposite the notch of the right valve. A single muscular scar of large size occurs subcentrally behind the middle of the valves; other muscular scars unknown. Surface lamellose or lamellose-radiate, with a fine radiate fibrous glistening texture like that of Placumomya. Types M, ciirta (=Avicula ciirta Hall) and M. orhiculatazzPseiidomonotis (JEumicrotis) orbicidata Whitf Black Hills Rept., p. 356, PI. in, Figs. 17-19. This genus is more nearly related to Meleagrina Lamarck than to any other described form. In the Palseont. of the Black Hills I referred the two typical species to JEumicrotis, Meek, which he considered as a division of PseudomonotiSj Brown, following Mr. Meek's own reference in so doing, wdth the remark that it might take the name Eitmicrotis, providing the Permo- carboniferous forms on which that genus was founded, should be found not to conform too nearly to Brown's genus Pseiidomonotis, but as I suppose this would not be admissible, I have thought it more proper to propose a new genus for it. Dr. F. Stoliczka, in his discussions of the Aviculidce^ in vol. iii, Pal. Indica, considers Eumicrotis and Pseudomonotis as synonymous ; but certainly our American Permo-Carboniferous forms referred to Eumicrotis are very distinct from the forms referred originally to Brown's genus. 72 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. The following species which we have referred to this new genus is less strongly marked in its generic features than the types, but is sufficiently strongly marked when seen in good specimens of even small size to be at once separable from either Avicula on the one hand or Melegrina on the other, and if we must take the features of the typical species of Oxytoma as the standard, it certainly cannot belong to that genus, as Meek suggests it probably is, in his Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrii, page 35. Meleagrinella abrupta. Plate XIV, Figs. 11-14. Avicula abrupta Con. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., Vol. IT, 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 274, PI. IV, Figs. 5 and 6. Shell small, inequivalve, rhombo-quadrate in outline, the hinge-line long and straight, reaching nearly the entire length of the shell, beaks small, situated at about the anterior third or fourth of the length of the hinge; that of the left valve rising a little above the cardinal line, and that of the right just to its margin. Riglit valve with a deep notch-like slit on the anterior side just below the hinge, with a narrow, deep groove running from it to the apex of the valve on the exterior surface. Left valve provided with an internal fold, quite indistinct' except under a glass, on the anterior side of the beak, which corresponds to the byssal notch of the right valve. Anterior margin of the valve somewhat regularly rounded; basal margin broadly rounded, and the posterior obliquely tru-iicate, passing backward slightly from the hinge extremity to the postero-basal line. Surface of the valves smooth or very finely lamellose, and marked with concentric undul^e. When not at all worn or macerated the surface of the left valve shows indistinct thread-like, interrupted, radiating lines which remind one very strongly of those seen on species of Placunojnya. In Mr. Conrad's original description of tliis shell he refers it to Avicula^ but in general appearance it resembles more nearly the common pearl oysters Meleagrina, On more critical examination it is seen to possess the features of the Jurassic shells Eumicrotis ciirta, and E, orbiculata, which I have made the types of a new genus, Meleagrinella^ on account of the peculiar features of the byssal notch, in which they differ from Meleagrina, although more nearh^ related to that than to those of any other established genus. lamellibea:n^chiata of the lowee marls. 73 Mr. Meek has referred to this shell on page 35, in his Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ, where he speaks of it as being evidently an Oxytoma, a genus founded on a Jurassic shell of very different characters from this one. (See Oxytomamucronata, Pal. Black Hills, p. 357, pi. iv, figs. 1 and 2, which is the species on which the genus Oxytoma was founded.) Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at Freehold, New Jersey. The specimens were collected and kindly loaned for use by Miss F. M. Hitchcock, of New York City. GERVILLIOPSIS, ii. g. Shell bivalve, resembling GervilUa in form, but with the anterior end squarely truncate and the beaks terminal. Hinge with a broad ligamental area, crossed on the posterior side by vertical cartilage pits and fine, oblique corrugations instead of teeth. Area continued down the anterior truncation as in Myalina, but deeply and abruptly excavated, forming a gaping anterior end. A large ovate muscular scar occurs, subcentrally situated, just within the extremity of the hinge, and a smaller double one obliquely placed between it and the anterior end. Small scars also occur beneath the hino-e Shell pearly and iridescent. This genus of shells diff'ers from GervilUa^ under which it has hereto- fore been classed, in the absence of the teeth on the posterior portion of the hinge, and the oblique tooth-like ridges below tlie ligamental area on the posterior end. It also diff'ers in the truncation of the anterior end or wing; in the continuation of the ligamental or striated area-like surface along the anterior truncation, and in the gaping of the valves anteriorly. In the last two features it appears to combine features of the genus Myalina while in general form and in the ligamental area and cartilage pits of the posterior hinge it resembles GervilUa. Type GervilUa ensiformis Conrad. Geological position. — As yet known only by two species, from the lower bed of the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Gervilliopis exisiformis. Plate XV, Ficrs. 8-11, and Plate XVI, Fig. 5. GervilUa ensiformis Conrad. Jour. A. X. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 328, PL XXXIX, Fig. 10. Shell of moderately large size and thickened, falciform, very oblique; the body of the shell finally becoming parallel to the hinge or even shghtly 74 pal^o:n^tology of new jersey. recurved, narrowing posteriorly and flattened on the surface. Hinge-line straight, short, not more than one-fourth the length of the shell in grown individuals; posterior wing only moderately elevated, and the posterior margin rapidly sloping backward from its extremity to the body of the shell, anterior wing very slight, the anterior end of the shell being squarelv truncate at right angles to the hinge. Beak of the shell small and terminal, elevated above the wing and continuing in a ridge to the surface of the valve. Greatest width of the shell opposite the posterior extremity of the hinge. Surface of the shell lamellose, and marked by numerous concentric varices of growth, and on the basal portion of the right valve indications of fine radiating lines occur. Hinge area moderately wide, marked by several transverse ligamental pits, arranged at a little more than one-fourth of an inch apart, and also by numerous obHque corrugations. Muscular imprints large and obliquely situated. Substance of the shell highly nacreous throughout and iridescent. This species was originally described from Tippah County, Mississippi, but has been recognized by its author and others as occurring in the Cre- taceous strata of New Jersey. Formation and locality.— Th^ only examples of the species which I have seen are from the marls of the lower beds at Woodbury, Gloucester County, New Jersey, and appear to be quite abundant, but usually in a very fragmentary condition. Mr. Conrad's specimens were from Tippah County, Mississippi. Gervilliopsis minima, u. sp. Plate XV, Fig. 7. Shell small, the only specimen observed, a cast, measuring only a trifle over one inch in length, and less than three-eighths of an inch in its greatest width. Shell elongate-elliptical, extremely oblique, slightly curved, and the valves very ventricose. The beaks, as shown on the cast, have been pointed, the area wide, and the anterior hiatus has been proportionallv large and distinct. . The muscular scars are very distinct and well marked. The cast is a miniture of G. ensiformis, except in its greater ventri- cosity, and were it not for that feature would very naturally be taken for a young individual of that species. All the small shells which I have seen LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 75 of that one, liowever, have been remarkably flat, and present an extremely shallow cavity, as in fact do the largest shells, while this one, although so very small is almost half as thick as high, which is a remarkable diflference for shells of this character. Besides, the entire featm^es as presented by this cast, are those of a perfectly formed adult individual. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold, New Jersey. Genus INOCERAMUS Sowerby. Inoceramus Barabini. Plate XV, Figs. 3-5. Inoceramus Barabini Morton !. Synopsis, p. 62. J. Cripsii, var. Barahiyii (Mort.). Meek, Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. — , PI. XII, Fig. 3. I. BaraMni ( Mort.). Wliitf., Pal. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 398, PL YII, Fig. 7, and PI. IX, Fig. 8. Xot Inoceramus barahini of authors generally. Shell of only moderate size, transversely ovate or elHptical, with mod- erately to prominently convex valves. Beaks large, only shghtly project- ino- bevond the Hne of the hino^e, and situated near the anterior end. Hinge- hne two-thirds as long as the shell, and rapidly rounding at the posterior extremity into the posterior margin, which is more broadly rounded than the anterior extremity. Basal line gently and somewhat gradually arcuate, but more rapidly curving upward near the anterior part. Surface of the shell marked by regular concentric, rounded undulations parallel to the margin of the valve, and separated by concave interspaces. Near the outer limits of the valve the undulations become more irregular, as if taking on old-age characters. The specimen used in the above description is an imperfect cast of a ri^^ht valve. The undulations are somewhat narrower than are those on specimens recognized as of this species from the Upper Missouri and Black Hills regions, but the general form of the shell is nearly the same, except, perhaps, in being a little less gibbous and a little higher, perhaps the result of flattening. In the narrower undulations it resembles Dr. Toumey's specimens of /. proximus, but the valves are too ventricose for that species and the outline not nearly as circular. There may be some doubt as to 76 PALJi: ONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEr. the propriety of recognizing this shell as identical with Dr. Morton's I. Bara- bini, principally on account of the gibbosity of the valves, as Dr. M. says in his description " not ventricose." It is generally considered that his shell was of this form, but Mr. Meek has shown that his figures may be very erroneous ; and, as I have not been able to find Dr. M.'s type speci- mens, I am unable to judge how accurate Mr. Meek's restoration may be. Another individual, more lately obtained, more perfect than the first, shows the undulations narrower than any southern species which I have seen, but the resemblance to 7. Barahini is too near to allow it to be considered as distinct. Formation and locality.— In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N. J. From the collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Another specimen, more lately obtained from Marlborough, by Mr. D'Morg'an, of New York, has been presented to the American Museum of Natural History. Inoceramus Sagensis. Plate XIV, Fig. 15, and Plate XV, Figs. 1 and 2. Inoceramus Sagensis Owen. Geol. Eept. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 583, PL YII, Fig-. 3. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 129. J' Sagensis^ var. Nehrascensis (Owen) Meek. Invert. Pal. Geol. Snrv. Territ Vol. IX, p. 52. ' 1. Nehrascensis Owen. Geol. Eept. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. ^2, PLYIII, Fig. 1. J. Sagensis (Owen) Whitf. Geol. Black Hills, p. 393, PI. YII, Fig. 12. Comp. Inoceramus convexus H. & M. Mem. Am. A. A. and Sci., new series, Yol. Y, p. 386, PI. II. ' Comp. Inoceramus convexus Meek. Invert. Pal. Geol. Snrv. Territ., PI. XII, Fig. 5. Inoceramus BalcU M. & H. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., Yol. XII, p. 180. Also Meek, Invert. Pal. Geol. Snrv. Territ., PL XY, Fig. 1. Comp. also I Yanuxemi^jid I.proxlmus Meek, J. proximus^ var. circu'aris Meek, and Z. confertim-annidatus Koemer. Several imperfect casts of Inocerami from different New Jersey locali- ties are before me, all of which, with one exception, are much more nearly allied to L Sagensis Owen than to I Barahini of Morton. The orio^inal form of them has been m.ore or less circular in outline, with a compara- tively long and straight hinge-line and moderately convex valves. The beak is only moderately elevated above tlie hinge-line, and in some cases, especially of the right valve, can scarcely be said to project beyond it. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 77 The anterior end is obliquely prolonged beyond the line of the beak, and the remainder of the general outline, according to the concentric undula- tions of the surface, has been nearly circular or obliquely ovate, the greatest prolongation being in the line of the apex and of the postero-basal angle. The surface of one specimen from Holmdel (figured) is marked by strong, distant, rounded undulations parallel to the apparent lines of growth. The surface of this cast is marked by radiating Hues of pustules, much elon- gated, forming interrupted Hues or radii, exactly as is common to internal casts of J. Sagensis and other forms of Inocerami from the impure Hme- stones of the Black Hills of Dakota. (No. 4 of the Missouri Section, M. and H ) Another individual, much imperfect but retaining parts of both valves, from Freehold, N. J., indicates a circular form, with less convex valves, the left side being the most convex and having the beak much larger than on the right valve, as well as projecting. much farther above the hinge-line. This specimen has the surface undulations much smaller and also much more numerous than the Holmdel specimen above referred to, there being three at least in the same space occupied by two on that one. In an iron nodule from Keyport, N. J., obtained from the brick clays of that place, there are the remains of several large individuals, imperfect and variously distorted, but still perfect enough to give their true form and characters These have also been circular in general outhne, with moderately convex valves, but the undulations are remarkably large and prominent, round on the surface and in the depressions (some of them half an inch in width), and their surfaces have been marked by moderately strong concentric lines of growth All these variations are precisely like those observed in col- lections of the species from the typical western locality of L Sagensis Owen, and may be seen in any collection of twenty individuals made at random from that region. The form from Freehold, N. J., with close undulations and compressed valves, is most nearly allied to the form usually referred to 7. Vanuxemi Toumey, and might well represent that species, while all the others would be properly classed as I. Sagensis. The New Jersey forms of the genus have, I think, been pretty uni- formly referred to L Barabini Morton, and generally without the least question as to the accuracy of the reference. None of Morton's specimens, 78 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. however, were from New Jersey, but from Alabama. Mr. F. B. Meek has clearly shown in his Invert. Pal. Geol. Surv. Territ, p. 50, that Morton's fig- ures, given in the Synopsis (PI. XIII, p. 11, and PI. XVII, Fig, 3\ cannot be depended on as conveying any idea of the true form of the specimens used, and if one w^ill examine Mr. Meek's figures there given they will easily be convinced that even there a ver}^ diff'erent outline may, with equal propriety, be drawn to his fig. 1 , so as to make the figure much more circular in out- line. For some reason it seems to have been considered that L Barahini was a transversely elongated shell, having considerable convexity; and that the circular, discoid forms belonged to different species. This may be the fact, but I have never seen such a shell from Alabama, though they do occur in Texas and in New Jersey, and possibly may in Alabama. These circular and moderately convex forms, with broad, strong undulations, certainly cannot be considered as distinct from J. Sagensis, and the flattened form with more numerous concentric undulations are certainly allied to I. Vanuxemi, while the flattened form with strong undulations would appear to unite the two. In the Pal. Black Hills, I have considered the two forms as probably distinct, though I had considerable doubt in my own mind; and I am still more in doubt at the present time after examining speci- mens from New Jersey, from South Carolina, from Eufaula, Ala., and from Texas. Among those from the first three localities, I find the flattened forms with numerous undulations most common, and the more convex form re- sembling J. Sagemis quite rare, while at the West the reverse is usually the case. Probably local influences have been at work. Formation and locality, — The convex form refe^Ted to above is from the white limestone layer at Holmdel, N. J., Lower Marl Beds. I have also seen a small individual of similar character marked as coming from near New Egypt, probably from the Lower Marl Beds near that town. The form resembhng I, Vanuxemi is from Freehold, N. J., and the coarsely undu- lated flattened form and the more convex one are together in an iron nodule from Keyport, N. J., in the lower clays of the Cretaceous at that place. The latter specimen is in the cabinet of the School of Mines, New York; the others from the college collection at New Brunswick, New Jersey. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 79 Inoceramus Sagensis, var. quadrans. Plate XIV, Fig. 16. Among the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia, from near BurHngton, N. J., there is a large cast of an Inoceramus pos- sessing many of the features of /. Sagensis Owen, but differing in the form, being quadrangular instead of circular, or very broadly ovate like that one. This quadrangular feature is so marked, and so distinctly one pertaining to the habit of the shell, that it seems like doing violence to one's ideas of specific distinction to class it under the head of any described form. In size and in the strength and distance of the undulations of the surface, as well as in its general convexity, it corresponds very well to most specimens ot /. Sagensis^ but the direction of the undulations indicate that the cardinal and basal margins have been subparallel, or gently diverging backward or to the umbonal ridge. The anterior' end is almost squarely truncate, a little longer at the hinge than below, and the whole anterior slope from the beak to the margin of the valve is very abrupt and strongly ridged; the posterior end is prolonged and rounded below the middle of the shell, and obliquely truncate above to the extremity of the hinge, giving to the whole outline a somewhat rhombic character. The beak is very large and prom- inent, somewhat more so than is common in I. Sagensis^ and very ventri- cose, while the whole valve is marked by strong, distant, although irregular, undulations, which become less marked and often duplicate on the posterior cardinal slope. The middle of the cast for about two-thirds the width is marked by strong, rather deep pits, connected by shallow furrows, show^ing that the interior of the shell was covered by strong pearl-like pro- tuberances, which progressed with the growth of the shell as does a muscu- lar scar, and I presume they were connected in some Tvay with the vascular system as were the lines of dots or interrupted stride on other species of the genus This is the only specimen which I have seen from either New Jersey or elsewhere possessing the peculiar quadrangular outline, but I presume if the locality were more thoroughly examined or carefully watched others would be obtained. 80 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. Inoceramus perovalis. Plate XY, Fig. 6. Inoceramus peromlis Courad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Yol. II, p. 299, PL XXYII, Fig. 7. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1852, p. 200. Gabb. Synop., p. 129. Meek, Glieek-list, p. 10. Geol Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Shell small, almost regularly oval, the width and height being nearly as six and seven. Valves nearly equally convex, the right side perhaps a very trifle more convex than the left. Hinge-line comparatively long when the Oval form is considered, being about three-fifths as long as the greatest width of the shell and oblique to the axis of the valve. Beak of the right valve sharp, projecting much beyond the line of the hinge, giving a proportionally broad or high hinge area, and on the cast, which is the condition of the type specimen, shows the single strong ligamental depres- sion opposite the apex Surface of the shell, as indicated on the cast, marked by proportionally distinct 'concentric lines parallel to the margin of the valves. In form this species is very distinct from any other described, and cannot well be confounded with them; the obliquely oval form, only a little deflected from an erect position, is also quite distinctive. The only individual known is the type specimen figured by Mr. Conrad, as above cited, and is entirely a cast with the left valve imperfect. In size, it is less thamone inch and three-eighths in height, measuring along the axis of the valve, by a little more than one inch and one-eighth in width. The remarkable height of the hinge area and the impression of a single lig- amental pit is somewhat peculiar, and gives one some doubt as to its true affinities with the ordinary forms of Inocera7mis. •J Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad states in his description that the species is from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, crediting it to Mr. Vanuxem. The specimen is borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for this work, and is labeled, apparently in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, ^^New Jersey." Inoceramus pro-obliquus, n. sp. Plate XIV, Fig. 17. Shell somewhat below the medium size for the genus; subovate in out- line, the axis of the shell being directed forward of a right angle to the LAMELLIBKANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 81 hinge-line, instead of backward as is usual with nearly all shells. Hinge- line shorter than the width of the body of the shell and forming an angle of about 1 10° to the axis of the valve. Left valve, the only one known, ex- tremely ventricose, with a rather small beak, which is but little elevated above the line of the hinge, and situated in advance of the anterior mar- gin of the valve. Height of the valve a little greater than its extreme width or length. Surface of the cast marked by numerous, regularly increasing concentric undulations, which are moderately sharp on the crests and tlie interspaces broadly concave. There are also indications of radiating lines along the middle of the valve, as in many species of the genus. The species differs from any hitherto described American species of the genus, in having the axis of the shell directed forward of a right angle to the hinge instead of backward. In the general outline it some- what resembles L per plexus (Whitf., Pal. Black Hills of Dakota, p. 3 b 2, PL X, Figs. 4 and 5), but differs in the great convexity of the valve, greater forward obliquity of the axis, and stronger as w^ell as more regularl}^ un- dulated surface. It resembles in convexity and in the direction and posi- tion of the beak L alius Meek and Hay den (Invert. Pal. Territories, pi xiv, fig. 1), but differs entirely in the direction of the obliquity or of the axis of the valves. Formation and locality,— Iw very dark* friable, but coarse marl of the Lower Beds, at Holmdel, New Jersey, from a collection by the Rev. Dr. Riley. PINNID^. Genus PINK A Linn. Pinna laqueata. Plate XVI, Figs, 1 and 2. P. laqueata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., 2(1 ser., Yo\. Ill, p. 328. Gabb, Syn., p. 166. Meek, Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Shell of moderate size, very rapidl}^ expanding from the apex and ventricose, giving a subquadrangular section. Surface marked by from nine to eleven strong, simple, radiating ribs on the dorsal portion, whicli are broad and rounded on the top and separated by very broad concave 4418 MON 9 n 82 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. interspaces. The lower or basal portion is marked by very strong concen- tric striae parallel to the margin, so very irregular as to often form strong undulations of the surface. Line of division between the upper and lower sections of the valves very strongly marked on the cast, often presenting the appearance of a distinct suture. Pc sterior margin of the shell appar- ently double, being deeply emarginate or lobed at the line of division between the upper and lower portions of the valve. The margin of the upper division is obhquely truncate, receding from below to the hinge-line, and strongly curved inward at the central emargination. Lower section also strongly lobed and somewhat rounded. All the specimens seen are quite imperfect, and are more or less casts of the interior. The strong line of division between the upper and lower sections of the valve gives one the impression of a double shell, or of two distinct shells united along the margins; and were it not for the surface markings the}^ would greatly resemble in form that of a large Conularia, This species is very closely allied in form and surface markings to P. quadranfinJaris Goldf (Petref, p. 157, vol. ii, pi. 127,%. 7), from the Cre- taceous sandstones of Westphalia and Saxony, and in the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences collection is so marked by I. Lea, Esq., on the label; but it differs very materially in its much greater degree of expansion toward the front of the shell. Formation and locality — One large individual cast is from the coarse marls at Burlington, N. J., and there are several imperfect specimens, par- tially retaining the shell, from the fine micaceous clay below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Suborder DIMYAEIA. ARCID^. Genus AROA Linn. Area altirostris. Plate XII, Figs. 22 and 23. Area altirostris Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 325. Synopsis, p. — . Meek,. Check-list, p. — . Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 725. Shell small, transverse in the cast, with very much elevated and dis- tant beaks, which are situated a little nearset to the anterior end. Valves. LAMELLTBEAKCHIATA Oi^^ TBE LOWER MARLS. 83 extremely ventricose and about one-fourth longer than high. Area very- wide and apparently three-fourths as long as the body of the shell. Ante- rior end abruptly rounded backward from the extremity of the hinge, and the posterior end obliquely truncated, being longest at the postero-basal angle, which is somewhat rounded. Basal line very gently arcuate, but not at all sinuate or with the margins gaping. Muscular scars rather small, and not very distinctly marked. Surface features and hinge of the shell unknown. A single internal cast of this species only is known. It presents very strong affinities with Area quinquedecemradiata Gabb in nearly every par- ticular, except in being very much smaller than the majority of that species; and were it not for the locality assigned to it (Crosswicks, N. J.), which would brinsr it in the Lower Cretaceous strata instead of at the very summit of that formation, as is the case with'^. quinquedecemradiata, I should be very strongly inclined to consider it as only an immature or perhaps a dwarfed specimen of that species; but if the geological horizon is correctly assumed it might, on the examination of the exterior, whenever found, prove to be a distinct species. Therefore I have preferred to leave it as such until further information is obtained. Formation and locality. — The specimen is in the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and is labeled ^'Crosswicks, N. J.," on what authority I cannot say, as the original label belonging to it does not bear any locality mark other than the letters ^'N. J." Genus NEMODON Conrad. (Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 97.) Nemodon Eufaulensis. Plate XII, Figs. 3-5. Area (Macrodon) Eufalensis Gabb. J. A. K. S. Phil. 2d ser., Yol. lY, p. 398, PJ. LXYIII, fig. 38; Synop. p. 96. Meek, Geol. Ilept. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 725. Trigonoarca Eufalensis (Gabb) Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Yol. Ill, p. 9. Nemodon Eufalensis (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 97, PI. IX, Fig. 16. Shell small, seldom reaching a length of one inch in the extreme. Form trapezoidal, the cardinal and basal margins subparallel, and the length about twice and a half as great as the height. Anterior end ob- 84 PALEONTOLOGY OF :N^EW JEESEY. liquely and rapidly receding from the extremity of the hinge and most rapidly on the lower half; posterior end obliquely truncate, prolonged backward below to the umbonal angle. Valves moderately ventrieose, with a decidedly angular umbonal ridge behind, and a shallow mesial de- pression extending from the beaks to the basal border, slightlj' affecting the basal line near the middle of its length. Beaks large and rather prom- inent, situated at about the anterior third of the length. Area moderate. Surface marked by numerous fine radiating striae showing upon the cast, which are a little coarser near the posterior angle and on the cardinal slope, possibly somewhat alternating in size on the anterior end, but in- distinctly showing this feature on the internal cast. Hinge-line marked by two distinct linear teeth on the anterior end parallel to the hinge. Those of the rest of the hinge have not been observed. This species differs from A. (Cibota) mtiUiradiata Gabb, in being much longer in proportion to its height, as w^ell as in its generic features, which are not always easily recognized in the casts; Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, N. J., Mr. Conrad's specimen, which appears to have been the foundation of the genus Nemodon, was from Haddonfield, New Jersey. Nemodon augulattim. Plate XII, Figs. 6 and 7. Leda angulata Gabb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860, p. 94, PI. II, Fig. 12. (Kot D'Orb.) L. subangulata Gabb. Synopsis, p. 133. Kuculana subangulata (Gabb). Meek, Check-list, p. 8. N, angulata (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Nemodon angulatum Gabb. Proc. A. K. Sci. Phil., 1876. p. 316. Compare Trigonarca passa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 43, PI. I, Fig. 17. The only specimen of this species which I have seen from New Jersey is an internal cast, which I take to be that figured by Mr. Gabb, as above cited, a copy of which figure is given on our plate. It is about twice as long as high, with rather prominent beaks situated at considerable distance from the anterior end, and with a prominent and angular umbonal ridge. The disk of the valve is broadly sinuate, giving a rather emarginate or con- LAMELLIBEANCHTATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 85 cave basal line. The posterior end is somewhat narrowed and obliquely trun- cate, the b^sal angle being prolonged. Anterior end rather more broadly rounded. The surface cliaracters and hinge structure are yet unknown. In its general appearance the cast somewhat resembles N. Eufaulensis, but the beaks would appear to be very much more prominent and more nearly centrally situated. I strongly suspect this to be the same species more recently described as Trigonarca ^oassa by Mr. Conrad, from a still smaller specimen, from Crosswick's Creek, though I have been unable to find any representative of that species in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, or elsewhere; and I may be mistaken in my inference. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls in Burlington County, New Jersey. Nemodon brevifrons. Plate XII, Figs. 1 and 2. Nemodon hrevifrons Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Surv. N. Car., Appendix, p. 4, PL 1, Fig. 15. Shell of moderate size, transversely subovate or subrhomboidal in outHne, moderately convex, considerably less than twice as long as high, with moderate-sized beaks for an Area, which are rather within the anterior third of the length, are but little projecting above the line of the hinge, and are closely approximate. Umbonal ridge prominent, strong, and rather inflated, leaving a rather narrow and somewhat abrupt posterior slope. Hinge-line a little more than half the length of the shell, and the cardinal area narrow and slightly sinuous. Anterior end of the shell somewhat broadly rounded, nearly evenly so above and below; basal margin broadly curved and the posterior end narrow, almost cuneate below and rapidly sloping above to the extremity of the hinge-line. Surface of the shell marked by fine subobsolete, radiating striae, which form lines of small punctures where they cross the nearly equally fine concentric markings; these are strongest on the anterior and middle parts of the valves and be- come almost obsolete on the posterior slope and on the umbonal ridge. Substance of the shell, very thin. The teeth are three short laterals on the 86 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. posterior end parallel to the margin, and three slightly curved ones on the anterior end also nearly parallel to the margin. Area, longitudinally striate. This shell differs from Area {Nemodon) JEnfaulensis Gabb in being more inequilateral, more pointed and prolonged behind, more ventricose, less sinuate in the middle, and in the character of the radiating lines of the surface. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clay below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. There may be some question as to tlie locality of this shell, as the locality is not marked on the label It was found among Haddonfield specimens In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Is supposed to have come from that place. Still it is somewhat questionable. Oenus NEMOAKGA Conrad, 1870. (Am. Jour. Concli., vol. v, p. 97 (name only). Nemoarca cretacea. Plate XII, Figs. 8-10. Nemoarca cretacea Conrad. Am. Jour. Couch., Vol. Y, p. 97, PI. IX, Fig. 21, 1870. Shell small, seldom attaining" more than half an inch in extreme length, trapezoidal in form, the transverse diameter being nearly once and a half the height. Valves very ventrlcose, with large, strongl}/ inflated, prominent beaks, situated nearly opposite the middle of the length. Hinge-line straight and low; area narrow, the length a little less tlian the greatest length of the body of the shell. Hinge-plate narrow, marked by about twelve short, oblique teeth which diverge from the center on each side, and two or three transverse teeth nearly parallel to the hinge line at the posterior end. Muscular imprints too faint to be observed on well-preserved casts of the interior. No internal rib bordering the posterior scar. Surface marked by from four to six fine radiating ribs on the posterior slope, and twenty-four to twenty-six on the body of the shell and anterior end. Strongest on the posterior part of the body of the shell and gradually decreasing In size anteriorly. On some individuals one or more of the ribs on the posterior slope appear to be divided, while all are strongly elevated and rather sharp with narrow interspaces. On the matrix there are remains of distinct elevated concentric lines at regular distances crossing the radiating ribs. LAMELLIBEAI^CHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 87 The description thus far is taken from internal casts and their matrices, and accord well with the description given by Mr. Conrad of N. cretacea. But since writing the above I have obtained from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the type specimens of that species, which preserve the shell entire. The general form and features are the same, but the surface of the ribs are slightly flattened and the inter- spaces deep and narrow, and tlie ribs, about thirty of w^hich may be counted on the body and anterior end of the shell, are beautifully cancellated by the concentric lines. The hinge area is moderately high, and is vertically striated except a narrow^ border around its outer margin. The teeth are ten on the posterior side, and six or seven on the anterior side of the beak. The casts, except for the strength of the ribs, present much the features in size and proportions of Cihota miiUiradiata Gabb, but the beaks w^ere not so distant, and the basal line is not emarginate at the point occupied by the byssal opening of that species. These features will serve to distinguish them quite readily. Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Haddonfield, and the cast figured on the plate is from an iron-stone nodule found near Keyport, New Jersey. Both are from the lower portion of the Cretaceous ibrmation. Genus BEEYIAECA Conrad. (Appendix Kerr's Geol. I:^. Car., p. 3, 1872.) Breviarca Saffordi. Plate XII, Figs. 11 and 12. Area Saffordi Gabb. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Vol. lY, p. 397, PL LXVIII, Fig. 37. Synop- sis, p. 97. Meek, Check-list, p. 9. Trigonarca Saffordi (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. IST. J., 1868, p. 725. Breviarca Saffordi (Gabb). Conrad, Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Phil., 1872, p. 55, PL 11, Fig. 3. Shell rather small, ovately trapezoidal in outline, with strongly ventri- cose valves and large, tumid, subcentral beaks, which stand prominently above the hinge line, are incurved and approximate. Hinge line about two- thirds as long as the entire length of the valves, with a moderately high, vertically striated area, the striated portion being bounded by a plain border 88 PAL^O^^TOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. over which the striations do not extend. Anterior end sharply rounded and the basal line round and full. Posterior extremity oblique, extended somewhat below and rounding into the basal line. Posterior umbonal ridge rounded but quite distinct. Surface covered entirely with fine, slightly raised thread-like striae, which are somewhat alternating in size on the postero- cardinal slope. Hinge plate moderately wide and distinctly arched on the inner margin, the line of teeth more distinctly arcuate. Teeth numerous, narrow, and diverging outward from beneath the beak, and gradually increasing in length to near the outer ones. Muscular impressions propor- tionally large and distinct, the posterior one having a slightly raised line on its anterior margin, but only seen in the larger specimens. The species closely resembles, in its general form, Idonearca Shumardi of the Upper Missouri and Black Hills Cretaceous, but differs in being radiately striated, and in the form of the teeth. Among the Cretaceous forms of New Jersey it resembles in form Nemoarca cretacea Con. most nearly, but differs entirely in the form of the surface markings. These close resemblances show how entirely unsatisfactory ar^ these close generic di\isions. The specimen which I have figured on Plate xii, figs. 11 and 12, appears to be the same with that used by Mr. Conrad for generic figures in 1872, and I have made the figures as accurately as it is possible to measure the specimen. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays beneath the Lower Green Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Genus TEIGONAEGA Conrad. 1862. (Proc. A. N. S., 1862, p. 289, and Am. Jour. Concb., Yol. Ill, p. 9.) Tiigonarca cxineiformis. Plate XII, Figs. 17 and 18. Trigonarca cuneiformis Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 98, PI. IX, Fig. 1. Shell quite small, not exceeding half an inch in extreme length in any of the examples yet observed. Trapezoidal in outline and quite ventricose. Hinge but little more than one-half the length of the shell, and the area very narrow. Beaks small, slightly incurved. Anterior end of the shell LAMELLIBRAKCniATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 89 regularly rounded; posterior end elongate, produced below, the posterior margin very oblique, so as to make the postero-basal angle quite acute. Hinge-plate very narrow, marked by oblique transverse teeth, the anterior end having ten or twelve directed inward below, and the posterior a some- what larger number pointed in the opposite direction. Muscular impression large, the posterior one bordered by a slightly elevated lamella on the an- terior margin. Surface of the shell marked by radiating lines, strongest on the anterior end and faintest on the middle of the valve ; also by concentric hues which cross them and form shght pustules at tlie junctions. The specimens used are Mr. Conrad's types, a right and a left valve, and an internal cast of a right valve. They have much the look of young shells, and may prove to be such when the locality is further examined The hgamental area is very narrow, and on the small specimens scarcely perceptible with an ordinary lens. Th^ hinge-plate is reduced to almost a line in the middle, and the teeth and sockets are reduced to a minimum size, while a httle posterior to the central part there is a short space destitute of either teeth or sockets. The ridge bordering the posterior muscular im- pression is very slight and not at all thickened, so that in the cast the gash marking its place is scarcely perceptible. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marl Beds at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia. Trigonarca transversa. Plate XII, Figs. 13-16. Ctieullcea transversa Gabb. P. A. K. Sci., 1861, p. 326. 0. transversalis (Gabb). Meek, Check-list. p. 8. Idonearca transversa (Gabb). Meek, Geol. Surv. 1^. J., 1868, p. 725. Shell of medium size, transversely ovate, nearly twice as long as high, exclusive of the large, prominent, sHghtly incurved and distant beaks, which are situated at about the anterior third of the length of the valve. Valves very ventricose, with a long iiinge-line reaching to near the anterior end aad nearly two-thirds as long as the greatest length of the shell Anterior end not extending beyond the hinge-Une, but curving with a broad sweep into the basal Hue below, which is almost regularly but broadly curved; 90 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. posterior extremity pointed and the posterior margin very obliquely trun- cate, straight on the margin or slightly concave, but on many of the casts appearing rounded from the wearing away of parts, or perhaps from the thickening of the shell on the inside. Surface of the casts showing indica- tions of plications or ribs which when well-preserved appear to have been strongest near the posterior part of the body of the shell, and gradually decreasing in size until they become fine striae on the anterior end. Their form, posterior to the umbonal ridge, cannot be determined from any of the examples examined. Muscular imprints large, but faintly marked; the ridge bordering the posterior one not strong and scarcely indicated, but some- times represented by a broad, shallow furrow in the cast. The specimens which I have identified as belonging to this species do not agree in all particulars with the description as given by Mr. Gabb; but it is the only one known in the New Jersey beds which will at all approach it that has not been figured by the authors of the species. The principal difference consists in the surface striae, which he says are '^numerous." This, one would naturally interpret as fine^ but on the best preserved examples which I have examined they are broad toward the umbonal slope, measur- ing nearly a line in width. It is possible they may have been double, but there are no indications of it, and on shells of this class, where the substance has been very thick, the casts are often marked by a series of vascular lines, which appear as radiating strise, but which have no immediate connection with the external striae, and it may have been these which he refers to. The internal muscular plate he says is ''low and broad." On the example bor- rowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, this is the case, and I suppose it to be the example used by Mr. Gabb, although found in the collection w^ithout name. From A, quindecimradiata he says it diflt'ers in having ''probably twice the number of ribs and by being more convex." I have seen quite a number of examples of the form he figures under that specific name, but they do. .not retain the markings of the surface, but are marked with several strong, distant vascular ridges; but these are not representatives of the surface striae, and so far I have no evi- dence of what its surface may have been. Besides, they are usually more convex; that is, the valves are deeper according to the size of the shell than LAMELLIBRANGHIATA OF TBE LOWER MARLS. tU any of the examples which I have seen of this species. I do not think, however, that there can be an}' doubt that the form here identified is that which the author had before him when the description was written. There is so mucli diversity also in the general form and expression of examples of this type, when represented only by internal casts, owing to the greater or less thickening of the valves with age and other peculiarities, that it is ex- tremely difficult to draw^ the line of specific distinction between them; and it becomes a serious question if man}^ of the species founded on these casts may not be the same with forms described under other names from other localities where the shell itself is preserved. This question, however, can only be settled by obtaining impressions of the exterior from the beds where the casts are found, by carefully made collections. Until this is done these specific determinations will have to be accepted. The casts of this species have the 'general form and make-up of Con- rad's genus Trigonarca^ and if these divisions are to be accepted will neces- sarily fall into that place. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Marls at Burlington, Mullica Hill, and, jDcrhaps, Arneytown, New Jersey ; the latter being the locality men- tioned with doubt by Mr. Gabb. Genus OIBOTA Browne. Cibota rosteUata. Plate XI, Figs. 34-36. Area rosteUata Morton. Synop., p. 64, PL III, Fig. 11. A. rosteUata (Mort.). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Oihota rosteUata (Mort.). Gabb, Synop., 109. Meek, Smiths. Check-list, p. 9. Sto- liczka, Pal. Indica, p. 346. Shell trapezoidal and very oblique, the length being about twice and a half the height, with subparallel cardinal and basal margins, posterior end very obliquely prolonged below, and the anterior end rather rapidly round- ing backward from near the hinge-line to .its junction with the base. Basal margin very perceptibly sinuate nearly opposite the beaks and apparently very slightly gaping. Valves moderately inflated, most ventricose on the umbones just anterior to the sulcus, whicli crosses them from the beak to the sinus of the base, and then rapidly declining to the anterior extremity, 92 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. but sloping quite gradually on the posterior side. Beaks moderately large, somewhat projecting above the hinge and slightly incurved ; situated at about the anterior third of the entire length of the valves. Cardinal area moderate in size and extending about two-thirds of the length. Teeth un- known. Surface as indicated on internal casts marked by radiating ribs, pretty fine and numerous on the anterior end and in the mesial sulcus, be- coming much coarser posteriorly, and showing a slight tendency to alter- nation in size between the sulcus and posterior umbonal angle, and on the cardinal slope a tendency to bifurcation in some cases. The species is not a very abundant one, but is sufficiently distinct to be readily detected when found. It differs from C. iiniopsis Conrad, found in the same beds, in being more prolonged behind, in the smaller mesial sulcus coarser and more direct ribs and less quadrangular form. Formation and locality. — The only .examples which I have observed from the State are from Freehold, N. J., and are from the Lower Green Marls ; Dr. Morton's types having been found in Alabama, being not often found at Prairie Bluff and vicinity. Mr. Gabb and Mr. Meek both cite it as from New Jersey, but do not credit it to any other locality. Cibota uniopsis. Plate XI, Ficrs. 32 and 33. Area uniopsis Conrad. J. A. K S., Phil., n. ser., Vol. II, p. 275, PL XXIY, Fig. 17 Gabb Synop., p. 98. Meek, Checklist, p. 9. A J uniopsis (Con.). M( ek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 725. Shell rather above a medium size, transversely elongate, and trapezoidal or subrhomboidal in outline, with moderately convex valves, which are broadly sulcated in the middle, particularly on the right valve, and only moderately elevated beaks, situated at about the anterior third of the length, and which in the casts appear to have been scarcely enrolled and moderately distant from each other. Hinge-line not quite as long as the body of the shell, in the cast showing characters of a -rather low area; anterior end obliquely rounded, receeding below ; basal line broadly sinuate and the posterior end obliquely truncate, longest below the center. The surface appears to have been marked only by slender radii, as none are preserved on the casts. Muscular scars only faintly impressed. LxVMELLlBIlANCHIATA OF TUE LOWER MAKLS. 93 Casts of this shell are usually found in collections marked G, rostellata, and somewhat closely resemble those of that species, but they are propor- tionally broader, with the beaks more nearly central; the valves are more ventricose behind, and fuller along the basal line, with a decided sulcation near the middle, on the right valve more marked than on the left, while on the exterior the markings have been decidedly finer. It is extremely diffi- cult to distinguish among the casts of this group of shells, as the characters often change much according to the thickness of the substance, causing them to lose or retain the form or surface-markings to a greater or less de- gree. But the differences noted between this and its nearest allies will, I think, serve to distinguish these readily. Formation and locality. — Conrad's type came from the Lower Green Marls near Burlington, New Jersey, and I should conclude from the lith- ological characters of tlie others which I Jiave seen that they are all from that region, and probably all from the same bed. Cibota obesa, u. sp. Plate XI, Figs. 30 and 31. Shell small, with full and very ventricose valves, large tumid beaks situated opposite the anterior third of the length, slightly enrolled, and distant from each other as shown on the iaternal cast. Form of the outline trapezoidal, the length of the cast nearly twice the height, exclusive of the projection of the beaks; anterior end vertically rounded; posterior obliquely truncate; extremity obtusely pointed: basal line full, but constricted just anterior to the middle by the very marked but short and broad byssal opening; area two-thirds the length of the valve and moderately wide. On the casts the muscular imprints are very distinctly marked and of fair size, no muscular ridge; the outer margin indicating a strong and abrupt thicken- ing of the valves with a crenulated border; radiating hues indicating mod- erately fine striae show on nearly all parts of the cast, but strongest on the postero-basal section. The general form of this species is like a dwarfed and extremely ven- tricose specimen of C, uniopsis Conrad, but is so perfectly neat and sym- metrical in its shape as to preclude the idea of a stunted individual. The valves are, however, equally ventricose, while those of that species usually ^4 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. are slightly unequal and sometimes very decidedly so. The form of the byssal opening is also peculiar, being broadly oval and regular instead of a long narrow slit, as is usual. Formation and locality.— Th^ only specimen which I have seen is an internal cast from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and is marked ^^Cibota, n. sp., Burhngton Co., N. J." Cibota mnltiradiata. Plate XI, Figs. 21 and 22. Area f mnltiradiata Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1860, p. 95, PL II, Fig. 1. Synopsis, p. — . Meek, Check-list, p. ~. Geo!. Snrv. :t^. J., PI. LXVIII, p. 725. Cibota multiradiata Gabb. Oomp. C. cretacea Conrad, Am. J. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 97, PI. IX, Fig. 21. Shell small, the type specimen measuring only about five-eighths of an inch in length. Valves transverse, very ventricose, with a wide curved cardinal area, and moderately prominent, distant beaks situated at about one-third of the length from the anterioi: end Posterior end obhquely truncate, longest below ; anterior end narrowly rounded, very gradually receding from the extremity of the hinge; basal line gently convex through- out, the margins of the valves shghtly gaping just anterior to the middle of their length. Hinge-hne nearly as long as the shell below, and on the cast very slightly curved. Muscular scars small and faint, the posterior one bounded by a constriction on the cast which leaves a furrow extending from the margin of the valve to near the beak. On the margin of the cast there occurs minute crenulae which indicate the existence of strong but closely arranged radiating plications on the surface of the shell. The general form of this cast is like that of Nemoarca cretacea Conrad, but the specimen is somewhat larger than any of those which I have referred to that species, and the beaks are more distant, while that species is not emarginate on the base, being without the byssal opening so distinct ii: this one. Formation and localitij. — The only individual known is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and is labeled as coming from MuUica Hill, New Jersey, which would place it in the Lower Marl Beds. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 95 Genus IDONEARCA Conrad. (P. A. N. Sci. Phil., Vol. XI Y, p. 28 J 5 ib., p. 51, 1872.) Idonearca Tippana. Plate XII, Figs. 19-21. jucullcea Tippana^ Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 329, PL XXXV, Fig. 1. Gabb, Synop., p. 118. Meek, Check list, p. 8. Idonearca capax, Conrad. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1872, p. 54, PI. II, Fig. 2. Kot Idonearca capax, Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., new series. Vol. Ill, p. 328, PL XXXV, Fig. 2. Shell of medium size, inequilateral and obliquely triangular, with deep valves and a very angular umbonal ridge and abrupt posterior slope of but little width; beak only moderately prominent; incurved and approxi- mate. Cardinal area only moderate, compared with those of the other species associated with it. Hinge- line about half as long as the shell or a little more. Anterior end broadly rounding into the basal margin which is nearly straight in its posterior part, and the postero-basal angle strongly marked. Surface, so far as can be judged from the cast, marked only by concentric lines. Muscular ridge, as indicated by the gash left in the cast, large and strong, reaching nearly to the margin of the valve, and situated nearly midway between the umbonal ridge and the cardinal border. Anterior muscular scar not distinctly traceable. Hinge teeth and features not plainly seen. Edge of the valves on the interior surface crenulate. The New Jersey casts agree very closely indeed with the figure of /. Tippana given by Mr. Conrad, in form, size, and general character, although the strong language used in his description would somewhat mis- lead in the absence of specimens. With examples of the shell also from Ala- bama they correspond very closely. It is the most distinctly triangular form occurring in the New Jersey formations, which form, together with the sharply angular umbonal ridge and abrupt postero-cardinal slope, will serve to distinguish it from any other form exteriorly. Casts of the interior, however, made from one of the Alabama specimens, is so very similar to the smaller casts of I. vulgaris, that it would require a critical eye indeed to detect the differences. The hinge of the Alabama specimen above re- ferred to is very broad and the shell very thick; the teeth are strong and few in number, and do not differ very materially from those of /. vulgaris 96 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. so far as those have been observed. A figure of the Alabama specimen is added on the plate by the side of the New Jersey specime^^ for coi^parison with the other forms. Mr. Conrad would appear to refer the New Jersey shells U his I. capax, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadp^ phia, 1872, p. 54, as he figures one which he states is from New Jersey, on pi. ii, fig. 2 of that volume, but on comparison with the original figure of .that species in the Jour. A. N. Sci., new series, vol. iii, pi. xxxv, fig. 2, one will readily see that this identification must be very erroneous, as that shell, which is from Mississippi, is of very different shape and has a very much shorter hinge-line than the New Jersey specimens, while a comparison with fig. 1 of the same plate will show to which the New Jersey examples belong. Formation and locality. — In the indurated green earth beneath the Middle Mi^vl Be^^ at the deep cut of the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Mon- mouth County, New Jersey. Idouearca antrosa. Plate XIII, Fig. 6-11. Cucullcea antrosa, Morton. Synopsis, p. 65, PI. XIII, Fig. 6. Gabb, Synop., p. 116. Meek, Check-list, p. 8. Idonearca antrosa (Morton). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. I. antrosa (Morton). Gabb. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 315. L neglecta Gabb. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 314, = Cucullcea neqlecta Gabb. Ih., 1861, p. 326. Shell subcircular in outline, or very slightly ovate from being a little prolonged at the postero-basal angle, very shghtly oblique with a straight hinge line, which is about half as long as the greatest length of the shell. Beaks large, erect, and slightly incurved, but not projecting beyond the edge of the proportionally small ligamental area which is marked by oblique grooves, as in all species of the group. Surface of the shell slightly angulated along the postero-umbonal slope and very convex; marked by numerous strong concentric lines of growth at irregular distances; no radi- ating strise. Hinge-plate narrow in small and medium sized specimens and the teeth small, but barely bend down at their inner extremity and few in number; the denticulations along the middle of the hinge vertical and small. On large individuals the outer teeth are strong, from four to five in number on each side, according to the size of the individual; shghtly declining outwardly, and the bent portion usually nearly half as long as LAMELLIBKANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 97 the horizontal portion, the bending being at an angle within ninety de- grees, the denticles on the middle part of the hinge being small and numerous. Muscular scars, as seen on the casts, strongly marked; the im- pression of the ridge deep, strongly arched, and situated pretty well up on the posterior slope; surface of the cast marked by rather strong vascular hues. The outer margin of the cast is bordered by a strong keel, indicating the great thickening of the valves along the palhal line. The internal casts of the species, the condition in which it is usually recognized, are quite globose, with distant and highly projecting beaks; the hinge-line being strongly curved in large specimens, and the strong projecting keel extends around three sides, being broadest on the anterior. In these casts there is seldom any evidence of the hinge structure preserved, and it is rarely that we find specimens which give any clue to these parts of tlie shell. A single large individual from Freehold, N. J., preserving the. shell in part, I was enabled to manipulate so as to get the impression of the teeth on each end of the hinge, and to some extent the Hue of small teeth between them. These show very decidedly the features of Idonearca as established by Mr. Conrad. Among the specimens which I have referred to this species, there are several from a white sandy layer from Holmdel, N. J., in the cabinet at Rutgers College, which are labeled C. neglecta Gabb. There are others of the same kind also from white sandy nodules occurring at the base of the Lower Marl Bed at Marlborough, N. J., in Mr. Schanck's collection, bor- rowed for this work. These specimens preserve the shell in most instances, and furnish the features of the shell as given above. Mr. Gabb described these as a distinct form under the name C. neglecta, but I can see no reason for considering them as distinct from /. antrosa Morton. Of course their ap- pearance is very difi'erent when the shell is retained from that presented by the internal casts alone, and the hinge features are quite inconspicuous in these small shells as compared with that shown to exist in the large specimen figured. Still all the features are there, and it only needs the streno-thenino- of these by increase of grow^th to make them the same. Formation and locality, — Those preserving the shell, including those marked Cucullcea neglecta by Mr. Gabb, are from nodules of Avhite sandy 4418 MOJ^ 9 7 98 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. marl at the base of the Lower Green Marls at Marlborough, Monmouth County, and from the same horizon near Holmdel ; the former from Mr. Schanck's collection and the latter from the Rev. M. Riley. Casts of the L antrosa have been recognized at very many localities of the Lower Marl Beds, among which Holmdel, Freehold, and Monmouth are the most prom- inent. One specimen of a cast from Freehold is very large, and must have measured quite three and a half inches transverse diameter when entire. The largest specimen from the nodules of white sand, which retains the shell in part, would measure, if restored, fully two and three-fourths inches. Idonearca vulgaris. Plate XIIl, Figs. 1-5. Cucullcea vulgaris Morton. Synopsis, p. 64, PI. Ill, Fig. 8, and PI. XIII, Fig. 5. Gabb, SyDop., p. 118. Meek, Checklist, p. 8. Idonearca vulgaris (Conrad). Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Gabb, P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 313. Cucullcea terminalis Conrad. Mex. Boundary Surv., p. 148, PI. lY, Fig. 2. The casts of this species are often large and indicate a rather ponder- ous shell, which often attained a considerable size, was trapezoidal in form, very ventricose, and very oblique. The beaks, as shown on the casts, are large, elevated, and distant, with a strongly angular umbonal ridge extend- ing from them backward to the postero-basal angle. The postero-cardinal slope is short and quite abrupt, and the junction of the valves strongly keeled when perfect, though this part is often broken away. The portion representing the line of the cardinal area is curved, and the gash on the postero-cardinal slope formed by the muscular ridge is deep, often wide in old individuals, is situated above the middle of the slope, and extends from the edge of the keel, at this point, to fully two-thirds the distance between the margin and the beaks. Anterior muscular scar often distinctly marked, but faint in many cases. Body of the cast radially striated. A cast of a single right valve, which I have referred to this species, preserves the impression of the hinge to some extent, but not sufficiently perfect to show the character of the hinge-line along its middle portion. The valve is less ventricose than many of those where the two are in con- tact. The hinge-line is just two-thirds as long as the length of the shell. LAMELLIBRAKCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 99 and the plate has been wide at the extremities, the teeth have been nearly parallel to the outer line, not bent or inclined downward as in J. ctntrosa. There are four indentations and four ridges on the posterior end, and ap- parently two on the anterior end; but their inner ends are not visible, con- sequently I cannot see if they were recurved at this point. There is great variability in the general form, in the degree of obliquity, in the ventricosity of the valves, in the distance between the beaks, and in the abruptness of the posterior-cardinal slope, among the specimens which it seems necessary to refer to this species. Much of this is apparently dependent on the age of the shells and on the thickening of the valves, especially along the pallial line. I have not seen any specimens which give the slightest evidence of the surface features of the shell, so that of this feat- ure I can say nothing. The species is distinguished from the associated forms principally by its extreme ventricosity and the obliquity of the valves as seen in the casts ; and in most specimens the gash representing the mus- cular ridge is deeper than in the other forms. In the younger individuals the form is proportionally less ventricose, and consequently the beaks are: nearer each other and the posterior slope less abrupt. Formation and locality. — Casts of this species are found at very many of the localities of the Lower Green Marls throughout the extent of the formation in the State. There are specimens before me from Holmdel, Freehold, Woodbury, Burlington, MuUica Hill, and Marshallville, New Jer- sey. The species is also recognized from Prairie Bluff, Ala., and it is cited by Mr. Grabb and Mr. Meek from the State of Delaware. Genus AXII^EA Poll. Axinea Mortoni. Plate XI, Figs. 23-25. Axinea Mortoni^ Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. V, p. 44, PI. I, fig. 14. A. hamula and A. australis (Mort.) Gabb. Synop., p. 103, Proc. A. IN". S., 1876, Yol. II, p. 317, Meek, Check-list, p. 8. A. rotunda and A. subaustralis Meek. Geol. Surv. 1^. J., 1868, p. 725. A. subaustralis D'Orb. Prod, de Pal., p. 243, Ko. 667. Among the shells of Axinea obtained from the cretaceous beds of New Jersey are two distinct species, one of which is nearly circular in outline 100 PALEONTOLOGY OF IS^EW JEESEY. being only very slightly oblique, and with very ventricose valves. The other is more elevated, less rotund, and very equilateral. There appears to have been much uncertainty in the minds of most authors who have studied these shells as to their specific identity and also as to their relations with those from other localities. Dr Morton describes two species in his synop- sis, from Prairie Bluff, Ala., and mentions a third species which he says occurs in the ''marls of New Jersey." In Vol. V, p. 44, Am. Jour. Conch., Mr. Conrad gives this last the name Axinea Mortoni, giving a figure but no description. While Messrs. Gabb and Meek have considered the New Jer- sey specimens as the same with those from Prairie Bluff, Ala., D'Orbigny takes the name of one of Morton's Prairie Bluff species, P. australis, and sub- stitutes a new name, P. subaustralis, for it, and cites New^ Jersey as the locahty (Prod, de Pal., Vol. II, p. 24.5, No. 667 ). The Alabama specimens, of w liich I have seen casts, are all small, but are broader in proportion to their height than are those from New Jersey, while the beaks are sharper and have a decided anterior incHnation. Considering all the above facts, I am inclined to con- sider the New Jersey forms as distinct from either of the Alabama species, and to adopt Mr. Conrad's name Axinea Mortoni for the smaller and more rotund of the two species, that one corresponding most nearly with the figure which he gave with the name. The shells are found of various sizes up to an inch and an eighth in height, with a transverse diameter somewhat greater, while the thickness of the united valves slightly exceeds three- fourths of an inch. The form is nearly circular, slightly oblique, the valves most ventricose on the umbonal region. Area ver}^ small, short, and nar- row. Surface marked by concentric lines of grow^th, and rather even sub- obsolete radiating striae. The internal casts, which I have identified as the same, show the hinge plate to have been fairly wdde on the sides, and to have been marked by eight or nine teeth on each side, as far as can be seen outside of the breadth of the filling of the beak, wdiich are directed very nearly or quite at right angles to the' line of the inner border of the plate. Inner mai^gin of the cast strongly crenulate. The shell in its general form closely resembles A. rotundaia Gabb, described from the Cretaceous beds at Eufaula, Ala., but is more ventri- cose, more distinctly striate, has a rather smaller area, and possesses a little LAMELLIBEA^^TCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 101 obliquity, which that species does not show. Mr. Gabb, in the Proceed- ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 317, con- siders all the New Jersey forms and the Georgian shells as of one and the same species, and refers with but little doubt A, hellasculpta Con. to the same, but says nothing about his previously-described A. rotundata. He also speaks of seeing and using the types of Dr. Morton's species, which I have not been able to find, and, strange to say, I have not found a single individual of Axinea from New Jersey in the Academy collections. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Marls of the Cretaceous at Holm- del; Walnford, Manalapan, at George Hunt's pits, N. J.; Mr. Conrad cites Crosswicks, New Jersey. Axinea alta, n. sp. Plate XI, Figs. 26-29. The casts of this species are usually somewhat larger than those of A. Mortoni, and are more elevated at the beak; the filHngs of the rostral portions being very long and curved inward toward each other, showing that the hinge-plate has been very wide, and the beaks probably considerably projecting beyond its margin. In these casts the portion which extends above the line of jimction of the plates of the two valves measures about two-fifths of the entire height of the cast. Muscular scars rather large and distinct, the line of advance being marked on both by a distinct ridge on the cast. Margin of the cast below the pallial line, broad, and the border strongly crenulate. Teeth strong and but few in number, and distinctly bent downward at their inner ends, while their direction is more lateral than in A. Mortoni Central parts of the hinge, cardinal area, and exterior of the shell unknown. Among the New Jersey specimens the elevated beaks, less rotundity of the valves, and stronger and more outwardly directed teeth will serve to distinguish this from A, Mortoni. From the Alabama and other southern species there is almost no means of comparison, as no part of the shell of this one has been seen. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Marl Beds of the Cretaceous at C. Bruere's pits, Walnford; also at Upper Freehold, New Jersey. 102 PALEONTOLOGY OF KEW JERSEY. NUCULID^. Genus I^UOULA Lam. Nucula percrassa. Plate Xr, Figs. 4-6. Nucula percrassa Conrad. Jour. A. X. S., new ser., Vol. Ill, p. 327, PI. XXXV, Fig. 4. Gabb, Synop., p. 149. Meek, Check-list, p. 8. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 725. N. percrassa Gabb. Proc. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 318. A single cast of this species occurs in the collections of the A. N. S., Phil., sent to me in a tray with two specimens of Cibota uniopsis Con., from New Jersey, and probably from near Burlington, but without distinctive mark, either as to species or locality. The lithological features of it are quite different from those of the Cibota in the tray, and I presume it to be from Haddonfield or in that vicinity. 'The species has been recognized by several authors as coming from New Jersey, and consequently I have figured this specimen as presumably from within the State. The cast is more elongate than any of those of N, Slackiana Gabb, the nearest allied form, and the shell has been more thickened. The cast is about as long again as high, with very large projecting beaks, which are situated at about the anterior third of the .length. The muscular scars are very strong, and the paUial Hue very well marked. The teeth, as indicated on the cast, have been quite numerous, and extend on the posterior side to the muscular scars, but are obliterated on the anterior side. The ligament pit is well marked, but not pix)minent. No markings of the exterior are preserved, the shell having been too thick to transmit them. The shell has been proportionally more elongate than N. Slackiana, while nearly of the same height, and the beaks, I should judge, were farther removed from the anterior end. I think the species quite distinct from that one, and well worthy of being retained as valid. Nucula Monmouthensis, n. sp. Plate XI, Fig. 1. Shell rather below a medium size, triangularly ovate, with convex valves and sharp, pointed beaks, which are even with the anterior end of LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 103 the shell. Posterior hinge-line long and straight; anterior end truncate and at right angles to the postero-cardinal line; basal line ventricosely convex, more sharply rounded near the anterior truncation; posterior extremity of the valves narrowly rounded. Anterior slope vertical, or nearly so, forming an angulation which extends from the beak to the antero-basal margin; postero-cardinal slope abruptly rounded. Surface of the shell marked by fine concentric lines, and a few distant varices of growth ; no radiating striae can be distinguished on the surface. Posterior hinge with about twenty sharp, somewhat recurved teeth ; anterior side not observed ; ligamental pit moderate in size. This species differs in shape from any American Cretaceous species yet described. It approaches most nearly iV^. distorta Gabb (Jour. A. N. Sci., Phil., new series, Vol. IV, p. 396, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 34), from the Ripley group of Tennessee, but is much less distinctly triangular, and does not possess the radiating lines of the surface as in that shell. Formation and locality. — In the white limestone nodules of the lower Cretaceous marls at Marlborough, N. J. A second specimen, rather more curved on the postero-cardinal margin, occurs in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from Haddonfield, New^ Jersey, in soft micaceous sand. Nucula Slackiana. Plate XI, Figs. 2 and 3. Leda SlacJciana Gabb. A. I^T. S., Phil., 2d ser., Yol. lY, p. 397, PL LXYIII, Fig. 37. Synopsis, p. 133. Nuculana SlacMana (Gabb). Meek, Check-list, p. 8. Geol. Surv. Xew Jersey, 1868, p. 725. Nucula SlacMana Gabb. Proc. A. K S., Phil., 1876, p. 318, but doubtfully referred to JV. percrassa Gabb. f N, percrassa Gabb. Proc. A. K. S., 1876, p. 318. :N^ot ]\\ percrassa Conrad. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Yol. Ill, p. 327, PI. XXXY, Fig. 4. Shell of rather large size for the genus. General form ovate, elon- gate-triangular, or subelliptical; about once and a half as long as high, with the anterior end obliquely truncate, but rather long ; cardinal line slightly arcuate; base gently curving and the posterior end rather sharply rounded, and almost obtusely pointed near the line of the hinge. Muscular 1 04 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. scar as seen on the internal cast large and distinct on the anterior end, less strongly so on the posterior. Teeth strong on the posterior side and grad- ually decreasing toward the beak; twenty may be counted on the cast figured. Those of the anterior side not seen. Margin strongly and deeply crenulate. Surface of the shell marked with fine radiating striae, which are but faintly marked on the body of tlie valve, but are much more strongly developed near the margin, meeting the crenulations of the edge of the shell so as to deeply indent the border. Also by strong concentric lines of growth. Internal structure of the shell strongly fibrous. Mr. Gabb remarks, on page 318, Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, that he has 'kittle doubt this will prove to be identical with N, percrassus,^'^ a species, previously described, from Patula Creek, Georgia ; a form mucli larger and of a slightly different shape. I think it extremely doubtful if this opinion be correct, however, for according to the figure of that species, it is much more triangular in form than this one. On account of which difference, in the absence of Authentic specimens of that species with which to compare, I should prefer to consider them as distinct.- There can be no doubt about the generic relations of this shell, as the form is entirely unlike that of Leda and Nuculana. Formation and locality, — In tlie micaceous clays, under the Lower Marl Bed, at the Rev. G. C. Schanck^s pits, near Marlborough, New Jersey. Mr. Gabb's specimens were from Crosswicks, New Jersey. Nucula perequalis. Nticiila pereqtialis Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. lY, p. 281. Meek, Geol. Eept. K. J., 1868, p. 725. Mr. Conrad describes 1;his species as follows: ^^Triangular, rather elon- gated, equilateral, ventricose; dorsal margins equally declining; end mar- gins acutely and equally rounded; basal margins regularly rounded.^' The locality given is Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama. Mr. Meek cites this as a New Jersey species in his list given in the Geological Report for 1868, p. 725. I have not been able to find Mr. Con- rad's type specimen, and as he did not figure it, it is nearly impossible to identify a form of this character from so imperfect a description. More- over, as the species was originally described from a Southern locality, I LAMELLIBKAXCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 105 feel some doubt in regard to its correct identification from New Jersey without personal inspection. Some of the shorter specimens of N. Slackiana Gabb agree nearly with the above description, but I have preferred to adopt the name which is accompanied with a figure rather than one without, where there is so much uncertaintv as in this case. Genus XUCULANA Link. Nuculana protexta. Plate XI, Fig. 10. Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. ]!i^. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. IT, p. 303, PL XLYIII, Fig. 23 on Plate XXIII in text. Nnculana protexta Gabb. Proc. A. X. Sci., 1876, p. 318. ^Nleek, Geol. Kept. X. J., 1868, p. 725. Xot Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. X. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, PL LXVIII, Fig. 36, p. 397. Xot Yoldia protexta Conrad=r. albaria. Con., Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, p. 213, PL XXI, Fig. 2, VoL III, p. 8. Shell very elongate and narrow, the narrow end about once and a half as Ions: as the wider and stronirlv recurved. Yalves moderatelv ven- tricose and the beaks only moderately elevated; anterior end narrowly rounded and the posterior extremity extended and narrow; basal line gibbous in the middle. On the cast the hinge is seen to be marked by a very large number of small teeth, but the 'number cannot be made out on any of the several specimens examined. The cartilage pit beneath the beak has been of moderate size. Surface features of the shell unknown. This species very closely resembles Perrisonofa protexta Conrad, sp., and would probably also fall under that genus if retained. It differs in being a little less elongated posteriorly, while the anterior or larger end is proportionally very much more elongated, throwing the beaks more nearly in the middle of the length of the shell. The posterior cardinal slope is not flattened and distinctly separated from the body of the shell by an in- distinct ridge as in that species. There has been considerable confusion in regard to the use of the specific name protexta in this group of shells, as it has been applied to three distinct species at different times. Two of them criven by Mr. Gabb and one bv Mr. Conrad. I have retained it for this to ..' species as it is the earliest application of the name. Mr. Conrad changed 106 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. his species to Yoldia albaria (=Nuculana albaria as herein used), and I have changed Mr. Gabb's second one to Nuculana Gdbhana; so that at present only one species bears the name. Formation and locality.— In the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, and at Mullica Hill, New Jersey. There are several specimens of the casts in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia from each of the above mentioned localities, and one of those which I have figured I suppose to be that originally figured by Mr. Gabb as above cited, but it is labelled as from Crosswicks, N. J., while under the description Mr. Gabb cites only Gloucester County, New Jersey. Nuculana Gabbana, n. sp. Plate XI, Figs. 11-13. Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 397, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 36. Kot Leda (Nuculana) protexta Gabb. Ibid.,-^. 303, PI. XLYIII, Fig. 23 (24 in text), or Meek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 725. Not Nuculana jprotexta Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Yol. I, p. 147, PI. II, Fig. 6 (Eocene) = N. albaria Com Shell of moderate size, extremely elongated, the length being nearly twice and a half the extreme height. Valves convex, regularly and evenlv rounded. Beaks small, appressed and incurved, and distinctly inclined toward the narrower end of the shell, scarcely rising above the hinge-line on the wider part, and situated about two-fifths of the length from the larger end. Cardinal margin on the wider end gently arcuate and a little more strongly concave on the narrower side of the beak; large extremity of the shell sharply rounded; basal margin gently rounded throughout and the posterior end narrow and rounded. As the specimen is an internal cast, it preserves no evidences of the surface characters. The muscular scars are extremely faint and the pallial line undistinguishable, although the cast is in an excellent state of preservation and somewhat polished on the surface from the perfect condition. The hinge-line has been marked by a large number of very fine teeth, gradually increasing in size from the center out- ward. On the wider end of the shell there are about twenty-five visible under a glass and about twenty somewhat stronger ones on the narrower LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 107 side of the beak. The ligamental pit has been of moderate size, but well marked and deep. A single cast of this species was found in the collection of Princeton College, labeled L. protexta Grabb in a handwriting which I supposed to be Mr. Conrad's. The cast differs materially from that of L. protexta Gabb, as given on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23 (24), Jour. A. N. Sci., Vol. IV, in the proportional length of the shell and the narrow posterior extremity, but corresponds very well with that figured afterwards on Plate LXVIII, Fig. 36, from Tennessee; consequently I have deemed it proper to separate it under a distinct name. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Freehold, New Jersey. Nuculana long;ifrons. Plate XI, Figs. 16 and 17. Leda longifrons ConTad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. Iv, p. 281, PL XL VI, Fig. 18. Gabb, Synop., p. 133. Nuculana longifrons (Con.). Meek, Check-list, p. 8. Shell of moderate size, transversely subelliptical or subovate in form, a little narrower behind than in front of the beaks. Beaks very small and inconspicuous, situated rather more than one-third of the entire length from the anterior end of the valve. Cardinal margin very gently decUning on each side of the beaks; anterior end rounded, longest above the middle of the heiglit; posterior end more narrowly rounded, longest just below the extremity of the hinge; basal line very gentl}^ curved in the middle and more abruptly so toward the extremities. Surface of the shell polished, but marked by extremely fine concentric strise of growth. In the interior the hinge-line is marked by proportionally long curved teeth; those on the anterior side being largest and numbering fifteen or twent}^, those of the posterior side very small and numerous. The largest individual of the species which I have seen measures about one inch and a quarter in length. It is very imperfect, however, and too poor for illustration. The species ma}^ be recognized by the great height of the shell across the posterior extremity, and by the almost regularl}' elliptical form of the valve and absence of the recurving of the posterior side, as in most species of the genus. None of the five individuals before 108 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. me show the ligamental pit beneath the beak on the hinge-area, in conse- quence of which I am not able to fully determine if it is a true Nticidana, or if it may more properly belong to the genus Yoldia. Formation and locality. — In fine micaceous clay at the base of Cretn- ceous at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's type specimens were from a similar deposit at Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama. Nuculana pinnaformis. Plate XI, Figs. 7 and 8. Leda pinnaforma Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Yol. lY, p. 303, PL XLYIII, Fig. 22 (by error, 23 in text). L, pinnceformis Gabb. Synopsis, p. 133. Nuculana pinnceformis (Gabb). Meek, Check-list, p. 8, and iV\ pinnaformis (Gabb), Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Shell minute, the only example seen being only one-fourth of an inch in length. Form elliptically cuneate, very ventricose, and comparatively broad across the beaks, with the posterior extremity pointed. Beaks large and rather prominent, directed backwards, and situated about two-fifths of the length from the anterior end. Anterior end broadly rounded, a little pointed at the longest part; basal line extremely gibbous. Postero-cardinal margin depressed, forming a narrow, almost linear, depressed area along the margin from the beaks to the posterior extremity. Surface of the shell marked by comparatively strong concentric lirations, which die out at the edge of the depressed area bordering the cardinal line. Interior and hinge features not observed. This species is nearly of the size of N, compressifrons Conrad, but is broader in comparison to its length, more pointed at the extremity, has the beaks situated farther from the anterior end, and has the surface strongly lirated, while that one is smooth. The single individual used in the descrip- tion was observed among the specimens of N. compressifrons from the col- lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, but without any distinctive mark, and is evidently from the same locality. It is somewhat longer proportionally than the figure given by Mr. Gabb loc. cite., but is doubtless the same species. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 109 Formation and locality, — From the micaceous clay of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, N. J. Mr. Gabb cites his specimen from Burlington County, New Jersey, an extremely large locality for so small an object. Nuculaua compressifrous. Plate XI, Fig. 9. Yoldia compressifrons Conrad. Leda protexta Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., K. S., Vol. lY, p. 397, PL XLYIII, Fig. 36, ]S"ot X. protexta Gabb, Ibid., p. 303, PL XLYIII, Fig. 23. Shell of medium size, barely exceeding half an inch in length in the largest individuals observed. Outline elliptically cuneate and moderately ventricose. Posterior end nearly tw4ce as long as the anterior, and narrow^ but not exactly pointed, the extremity being slightly rounded. Anterior end broad. Beaks prominent and comparativel)^ large ; basal line gibbous opposite the beaks and imperceptibly sinuous just forward of the posterior extremity of the shell. Escutcheon narro\V, forming a depressed line along the postero-cardinal border. Surface of the shell smooth and usually pol- ished, although occasionally showing regular concentric lines. Hinge show- ing eight to ten teeth on the anterior end and about fifteen on the posterior side. Teeth short. Ligamental pit very small, if observable at all. It is extremely difficult to draw comparisons betw^een this and othei forms of the genus. Among New Jersey species it may be distinguished by its broad form and smooth surface. The larger individuals of the species were in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences labeled iYw- culana protexta Gabb, Ripley group, Haddonfield, N. J., apparently in Mr. Gabb's own handwriting. They certainly are not identical with the cast of that species originally used by Mr. Gabb and figured in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV, PI XLVIII, Fig. 23. The smaller specimens were separated in a tray by themselves and labeled Yoldia com- pressifrons Conrad, Haddonfield, N. J., but they only differ in size, and it is possible they may only be the young of the same shell wdth the Prince- ton specimen figured as N, protexta Gabb. Formation and locality, — In micaceous clay of the Lower Marl Beds at Haddonfield, New Jersey (collection of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 110 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. Genus PERRISONOTA Conrad. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 98.) Perrisonota protezta. Plate XI, Figs. 14 and 15. Perrisonota protexta Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 98. Shell small, ensiform, extremely elongated posteriorly, and gradually narrowed from the beaks. Valves depressed convex with very small incon- spicuous beaks, which curved backward, and with an obsolete carination extending from them backward to the postero-basal angle. Anterior end broadest, sharply rounded; posterior end narrowly rounded, longest above the middle. Hinge-line arched upward in front of the beaks, and gently concave posteriorly throughout the entire length of the shell. Basal line moderately curved, more prominent just in advance of the beaks. Surface of the shell polished or marked by very fine concentric lines of growth, except on the posterior cardinal slope, where they unite and form a few inconspicuous folds. The interior of the shell shows the hinge-line to be marked by several small transverse teeth on the anterior side, and on the posterior side they extend almost to the hinge extremity. This species is the type of the genus Permonofe, but the characters are so nearly those of Nuculana that there seems to be nothing but the gen- eral form of the shell for it to rest upon. Dr. Stoliczka remarks this lack of distinction in his Pal. Indica, but seems in doubt as to the teeth on the anterior side of the hinge-plate. These are certainly present in the type specimens, although Mr. Conrad does not mention them, and they bear the same proportion to those on the posterior side that they do in Nuculana, The only character in which \t can be said to differ from Nuculana is in the greater proportional width of the cardinal slope, the more distinct um- bonal angulation, and in having the posterior hinge-teeth continued nearly to the extremity of the shell, characters which do not seem to be of generic importance. Formation and locality, — In fine micaceous clays of dark color at Had- donfield, New Jersey, near the base of the Cretaceous. The specimens used are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. Ill Genus KUCULARIA Conrad. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, pp. 44 and 98 (name mentioned only).) Nucularia papyria. Plate XI, Figs. 18-20. Kucularia papyria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V, p. 44, PI. I, Fig. 7, p. 98, PL IX, Fig. 25. The shells of this species are quite small and very ventiicose, especially in the anterior half, and becoming rapidly depressed posteriorly. The largest individual present in the collection barely exceeds three-eighths of an inch in length. The form is irregularly subovate, a very little wider across the shell opposite the beaks than elsewhere. Beaks very small and obscure, located at about the anterior third of the length and incurved. Hinge-line nearly straight behind the beaks, but rather rapidly declining in front and rounding into the curvature of the anterior end. Basal margin subparallel to the posterior part of the hinge-line, and the posterior end rounded above and obliquely truncate or rounding forward below, so as to materially shorten the basal line. Surface of the shell polished, but marked by exceedingly fine concentric lines of growth. Hinge-plate very obscure, and its characters mostly unknown or extremely doubtful. A fragment of a shell in the collection, labeled by Mr. Conrad as of this species, shows five small teeth, which appear to represent the anterior section of the hinge- plate, and a cast of a right valve shows that the posterior part has had a single long lamelliform tooth parallel to the margin of the shell. No evi- dence of transverse teeth on this part appears. Muscular impressions and pallial line entirely invisible. Substance of the shell dense, but not nacreous. There are eight individual valves or casts of valves of this species before me, besides the fragment showing hinge-teeth, but none of them are in a condition to remove the doubt concerning the hinge structure. It appears to me quite doubtful if the specimen showing teeth really belongs to the same species. The fragment is not nearly so much curved as would be a fragment of equal size from any one of the specimens here present, and moreover, the piece is attached to a second fragment by a bit of paper 112 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. pasted on the inside, so that I cannot actually examine the entire surface. This species is the type of the genus Nucularia, of which I have been unable to find a generic description. It is placed by its author under the family Nuculanidce, but so far as the shells themselves afford evidence of their structure, I feel quite doubtful if it belongs here at all. If so, it must be quite near Mellitia. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marl Beds at Haddonfield, New Jersey. TRIGONID^. Genus TEIGONIA Brug. Trigonia Mortoni, u. sp. Plate XIV, Figs. 5 and 6. Trigonia thoracica Mort. Pars., SyDopsis, p. Go. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 177. Meek, Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. K J., 1808, p. 725. Species known principally as casts of the interior, which are subtrian- gular in outhne, prolonged posteriorly and narrowed; the body standing nearly at right angles to the beaks and umbonal portions. Anterior end in- flated, compressed, and almost attenuate posteriorly; filling of the beaks erect, scarcely incurved, and quite distant. Anterior muscular fillings large, prominent, and giving evidence of extremely deep impressions in the shell. Postei'ior scars moderately prominent, circular, or nearly so, submarginal and accompanied by a small secondary or pedal scar on the upper side nearer the hinge. Surface of the cast usually marked near the margin with strong, rather distant undulations, indicating strong curved costse, of which there can be counted on some specimens ten or twelve, usuall}^ indicated only on the basal half of the valve, but rarely seen crossing the rostral por- tions of the cast and strongly arching upwards as they approach the margin. The postero-cardinal area has been comparatively narrow, and the casts usually show a single strong undulation on the upper side of the umbonal i-idge, near the posterior extremity. A single fragment of green marl retaining the impression of a part of tlie exterior of a shell has been obtained, which shows that the original form , Lx\MELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 113 of the shell as it occurred in New Jersey was considerablv different from those found in the more southern localities (Prairie Bluff, Alabama, and Texas), and usually referred to the same species with the casts from New Jersey. This specimen shows that the shell was considerably extended posteriorly, and also that there was a proportionately wide postero-cardinal area over which the radiating ribs did not extend, and which was separated from. the body of the shell by a slight furrow, forming an area or corslet, as in most species of the genus. The radiating ribs on the posterior third of the shell are very oblique and very much smaller than the others, with shallow interspaces. Area marked by concentric lines only, which are much stronger here than on the body of the shell; crests of the ribs ob- scurely tuberculated on the anterior and median parts of the shell. The species differs from T. tlioracica Morton, as figured in his Synopsis, PL XV, Fig. Ui, from a specimen retaining the shell found at Prairie Bluff, Ala., in the existence of the area or corslet bordering the posterior hinge- line as well as in the extended posterior extremity, and, notwithstanding the great similarity of the internal casts, has been very distinct externallj^ when entire. In consequence of this difference it becomes necessary to separate the New Jersey species under a new name. As the name tlioracica was applied to and illustrated by specimens from Alabama, it will have to be retained for that shell. Formation and localities. — It has been observed in the Lower Green Marls at Freehold, Burlington, Monmouth, Holmdel, and other localities in New Jersey as internal casts. The external impression from which Fig. 6, PI. XIV, is taken is from near Holmdel, and was collected by the Rev. Dr. Riley. Trigonia Eufaulensis. Plate XIV, Figs. 1-4. Trigonia Eufalensis Gabb. J. A. l!^. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, ]S". S., p. 396, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 32. Synopsis, p. 177. Meek, Cbeck-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 725. Mr. Gabb's description of this species is as follows: ^^ Subtriangular, resembling T. alcpformis Sow., in outline, not quite so elongated anteriorly; beaks posterior; lunule distinct; surface marked by about fourteen ribs, the more anterior of which proceed from the lunule anteriorly and then cross 4418 MON 9 8 114 PALJEO^^TOLOGY OF ^'E^V JERSEY. the shell at right angles with the lunule, exhibiting a tendency to being no- dose, especially near the luniile; lunule marked by ten or twelve transverse- ribs; cardinal margin somewhat incurved, anterior end subtriangular, basal sinuous and deeply serrate, posterior regularly rounded ; internally, hinge teeth small; muscular impressions deep; palHal line entire; a small tooth- like ridge or process extends along the middle of the alation, as in T. alcE- formisr The above description is in some particulars rather incomprehensible,, from the reversal of the anterior and posterior of the shell, as usuall}' given by other authors. If these are considered it is much more lucid; and in the same way that which is termed the lunule would be the area bordering the cardinal line. The species very closely resembles what young individ- uals of T. tJioracica must have been, but appears to possess more ribs pro- portionately for the size of the specimens. At the typical locality (Eufaula, Ala.) the specimens are always quite small, and considerably prolonged behind, with the basal margin strongly denticulated by the projection of the ribs The small cast figured has a larger number of ribs proportionally than have those from near Red Bank, one of which is also figured, and is more distinctly removed specifically from T. tJioracica Morton. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marl Beds, at the "crossing of the West Jersey Railroad at a creek between Red Bank and Gloucester, N. J.," and in the green marls in Monmouth County. The former are from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the latter from the collection at Rutgers College. Trigonia cenilia, ii. sp. Plate XIV, Fig. 7. Shell small or below a medium size, moderately convex on the valves and of a triangularly-ovate outline. Beak small, appressed, obtusely pointed and erect ; posterior hinge-line long and -slightly concave ; posterior end narrow and rounded ; anterior end broadly rounded ; basal line a little gib- bous in the middle, but otherwise forming a continuous line with the ante- rior and posterior margins. Surface of the shell covered by coarse elevated ribs, which are flattened on their surfaces over a large part of the shell, but LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 115 near the posterior cardinal margin are sharp and very slightly crenulated. The ribs are coarse and distant on the anterior and middle parts of the shell, but gradually become finer and more closely arranged toward the posterior part. Interspaces concave. No postero-cardinal area is visible on the specimen used, the ribs apparently passing, without interruption, across the entire disk of the shell and terminating on the cardinal margin. The ribs of the anterior end curve strongly forward in passing to the basal and ante- rior margins, while those of the hinder parts of the valve pass more directly across to the postero-basal margin. This species differs from any of the others described from these beds in its form, but more particularly in the style and number of the surface ribs. They are more numerous than on any of the other forms, there hav- ing been about twenty-three on the specimen figured, which is only one inch and an eighth in length. Their flattened surface and the gradual in- crease backward is also the opposite from that which is seen to occur on those. In form it would correspond to the group Pectinata, and in the style of the ribs resembles T. pectinata Lam., except that the increase in number and size of ribs is directly opposite from what it is in that species. Formation and locality. — In coarse olive green indurated marl at the deep cut on the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Monmouth County, New Jersey, at the base of the Lower Marls. The substance of the shell is en- tirely changed to Vivianite, which is soft and of a bright blue color, very easily destroyed by handling or rubbing. Order SIPHONIDA, Suborder INTEGEIPALLIATA. CRASSATELLID^. Genus CEASSATELLA Lam. In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia^ 1872, p. 50, Mr. Conrad refers back to the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. V, p. 47, where he describes a new genus Pachythcerus for the recep- tion of all the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligocene Crassatellas which he con- siders as generically, or at least subgenerically, distinct from the Miocene 516 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSKY. and later forms of the genus, founding this opinion of an apparent differ- ence in the size of the pit behind the cardinal tooth of the right valve, and the existence of a small pit behind the posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve of these older forms, which does not exist in the more recent ones ; and also on the fact that the inner margins of these older ones are always crenulate, while most of the Miocene and recent forms are smooth. I do not, however, think these differences are of generic importance, and have not, therefore, adopted the division either in a generic or subgeneric sense. In the Appendix, pp. 5 and 6 of Kerr's Geological Report of Nortli Car- olina, Mr. Conrad describes the genus Etea, also a division of Crassatelhi, and in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1^76, p. 275, refers to it the following species : Crassatella Momnouthensis, C. transversa^ C, Delawarensis Gabb, and C, prora Conrad. I have not thought it worth while to retain this division any more than the above. Crassatella vadosa. Plate XVII, Figs. 12-15. Crassatella vadosa Morton! Synopsis, p. m, PI. XIII, Fig. 12. Gabb, Syn. Cret. Form., p. 113. P. A. K Sci., 1876, p. 310. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 11. Geol. Rept. N. J., 1863, p. 726. Stoliczka, PaL Indica, p. 295. C. lintea and P. Bepleyana (Con.) Gabb. P. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, p. 310. Comp. Crassatella lintea Con. J. A. :N'. Sci., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 279, PL XLYI, Fig. 5. Comp. Crassatella Carolinensis Conrad. Kerr's X. Car. Eept., p. 6, Appendix. This shell as usually identified in New Jersey is seen under two con- ditions of preservation, one as single valves preserved on the soft marl, the other as internal casts of both valves. The former is transversely broad-ovate, or very obscurely subtriangular, the valves rather, moderately convex with a somewhat obscure umbonal ridge extending from the beak to the postero-basal angle. The shell is very high opposite the beaks, and rapidly narrows toward the posterior extremity to less than half the height at the former place. The anterior end .is nearly one-third or more than one-third of the length of the entire shell, and is rounded, with the longest point below the middle of the height. Above this point the margin slopes rather rapidly and with but Httle curvature to the beaks. Beaks prominent and pointed. Posterior margin obhquely • truncated, and the basal margin fullest and most sharply curved nearly opposite the beaks. The surface of LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 117 all the specimens which I have observed from within the limits of the State have been more or less decayed. In fact, they are usually but Httle more than casts; but all preserve a very decided and well marked feature of the exterior shell, presenting sti'ong, distant, and rather evenly distributed concentric ridges, which vary on different individuals from a sixteenth to a twelfth of an inch in width. The hinge-plate; as indicated on specimens where a single valve only is preserved, seems to have been tolerably wide, but the hinge features are never sufficiently preserved to give their char- acters. The muscular imprints are large and but faintly marked. The second condition under which we see this form is as internal casts. In these the form is much the same as in the other, with, perhaps, a greate. degree of variation, the beaks being sometimes nearly subcentral. The shell seems to have been very thick, the muscular scars very deep, and the pallial line remarkably thickened, the beaks prominent, with an extended rostral cavity beneath the surface, never showing any signs of the strong concentric undulations. It is difficult to reconcile these two forms, which often occur together at the same locality and present such different aspects, with one's ideas of specific variation; but there have doubtless some conditions existed in the circumstances of their preservation which has caused the shell to be entirely destroyed in the one case while it has been partially preserved in the other, and which have at the same time prevented the surface markings from affecting the internal cast. Mr. Conrad's species, (7. lintea^ described from a small specimen from Alabama, appears to be the same species as the New Jersey shell, and neither of them would appear to differ materially from the Prairie Bluff specimens usually found in collections, and undoubt- edly representing the same as that used by Dr. Morton. Mr. Grabb considers Conrad's (7. Bepleyana as a synonym of this species also, (see P. A, N. Sci., Phil, 1876, p. 310), and expresses a doubt if C. CaroUnensis is not also the same. Formation and locality. — The form referred to, (7. vadosa, occurs in the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, Freehold, and Burlington, New Jersey. The C[ Mortoni has been noticed in the sanie beds at Holmdel and Free- hold, but may occur at many other places. 118 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. Crassatella cuneata. Plate XVII, Figs. 18-20. Crassatella pterapsis Gabb. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV, 2cl ser., i). 395. PI. XLVIII, Fig. 2S. (7. pteropsis (Gabb). Conrad, Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 47. Not a pteropsis Conrad. Ibid.j p. 279, PI. XLYI, Fig. 9. Crassatella cuneata Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 112 and 113. See also A. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 47. Shell quite small, less than three fourths of an inch in length, subtri- angular or subovate in outline and ventricose. Beaks prominent, elevated, and situated anterior to the middle of the length. Greatest width of the valves opposite the beaks. Anterior end broadly rounded and longest just below the middle of the height ; posterior end much more sharply pointed and slightly prolonged; basal-margin gibbous opposite the beaks and slightly sinuate between the middle arid the posterior end of the shell. Muscular imprints on the cast very strong and of large size. The above characters are taken from a cast. The figure given by Mr. Gabb, cited above, is of the shell itself, and is more distinctly triangular, with a verv narrow posterior cardinal slope, and as a matter of course with more pointed and projecting beaks. I have no doubt but that the cast from New Jersey is specifically iden- tical with Mr. Gabb's specimen, and I find no other form which agrees with it among those described from within the limits of the State. The cast described above was found with the type specimen of C. Monmouthensls without separate label, but is clearly a distinct species. It is less oblique and more erect; the beaks more prominent and situated more centrally; the basal line is more gibbous in the middle and more sinuate just anterior to the posterior end, while this end is pointed and destitute of the oblique truncation characteristic of that species, given to it by the broad cardinal slope. The ventricose form and strongly marked muscular scars show it to be an adult specimen, notwithstanding its small size. It differs from C. pteropsis Conrad, described and figured in the same volume, from Tippah County, Mississippi, by its shorter triangular form, and very much less extended posterior part, which is also not recurved as in that one. In the American Journal, Conch., Vol. V, p. 47, Mr. Conrad expresses a belief that LAMELLIBRAIS^CHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 119 rtliis 18 the young of his (7. ijteropsis^ but I do not think it can be. He also remarks that he has seen it at Haddonfield of a smaller size than the Mis- sissippi specimens and ^'a great deal shorter proportionally," which seems like straining a point to cover another species. The figure given by Mr. Conrad (PI. I, Fig. 1) in the article above mentioned is also of a very dif- ferent form from that originally figured as the type of the species. Forwtation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls of the Cretaceous at Monmouth, New Jersey. Mr. Gabb's specimen, was from Hardeman County, Tennessee, and is also cited b}^ him from Eufaula, Alabama. Mr. Conrad^s specimen described under the same name was from Tippah County, Missis- sippi. Crassatella Dela^vareiisis, Gabb. For references and des4'riptiou see page 210. Mr. Gabb cites his type specimen as coming from the deep cut on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, which would be the Lower Marl Bed, but none of those which I have seen are from that horizon. Crassatella Monmouthensis. Plate XVII, Figs. 21 and 22. Crassatella Monmouthensis^ Gabb. Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci., Phil., Yol. lY, p. 302, PL XLYIII, Fig. 19. Meek, Geol. Kept. K J., 1868, p. 727. FAea Monmouthensis (Gabb) Conrad. P. A. IN". Sei., Phil., 1876, p. 275. Shell of small size and moderately oblique; in the condition of a cast, one-fourth longer than high, with moderately elevated beaks, which are strong, broad, slightly incurved, and situated at about one-third of the length from the anterior end. The hinge-plate has been strongly arched and of considerable width, especially on the anterior side of the beaks, with strong and proportionally large teeth and a rather moderate ligamental pit. An- terior end of the shell widest, round, and full; basal margin strongly arched and imperceptibly sinuate between the middle and the posterior umbonal angle. Posterior margin obliquely truncate and but little more than half as high as across the beaks. Umbonal angle sharp and very distinctly .marked. Muscular scars strongly marked and of considerable size. 120 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. The specimen from which the above description is taken is an internal cast of both valves, which appears to be the original specimen figured by Mr. Gabb, as above cited. I found it in the collection of Princeton College labeled in Mr. Gabb's handwriting but without locality, but as Mr. Gabb gives Monmouth and Freehold as the two locaHties from which he had ob- tained it, it may safely be considered as from the Lower Marls. There appears to be but very little difference between this species, as represented in the individual used in obtaining the above characters, and which I suppose to be the specimen used in the original description and for the figure given by Mr. Gabb, and that figured on the same plate (Fig. 20) as C, Delawarensis. This specimen is only an internal cast, while the other specimen retains the shell, but it is proportionally longer and dijffers in having a second ridge above the umbonal ridge. Formation and locality. — In the Lower .Green Marls of the Cretaceous at Monmouth, New Jersey. Crassatella prora. Plate XVII, Figs. 10 and 11. Crassatella prora Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 43, PI. I, Fig. 8. Eiea prora Conrad. P. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275. Shell below a medium size, transversely subelliptical when considered exclusive of the projection of the beaks, but transversely broad triangular if they are considered. Valves rather ventricose for the genus; beaks very large, nearly central or a little nearest the anterior end, strongly pro- jecting, and in the cast, the only condition in which it is known, nearlj^ erect and moderately distant. Posterior cardinal margin regularly sloping from the beaks to the narrowly rounded posterior extremity; anterior side of the beaks excavated and the anterior end more broadly rounded than the op- posite end; basal line broadly curved. Umbonal ridge scarcely angular. Surface, as shown on the casts, marked by comparatively strong, regular, concentric ridges, and marked just anterior to the umbonal angle by a pro- portionally broad sulcation passing from neer the beaks to the base. Mus- cular scars distinct. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 121 The species differs from any described form from the American Cre- taceous in the ventricose valves, coupled with the large, nearly central, erect beaks and the evenly balanced transverse form. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey. The specimen figured is the type used by Mr. Conrad, and is from the col- lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is accompanied by a much smaller individual of much the same form. CrassateUa subplana. Plate XVIII, Figs. 14-16. CrassateUa subplana Conrad. J. A. :^. Sci., Vol. II, new s^er., p. 247, PL XXIV, Fig. 9. Gabb, Synop., p. 113. Meek, Check-list, p. 11. Shell of about a medium size, somewhat subtriangular in outhne; nearly as- high as long, with compressed valves, subangular along the umbonal ridge, and with small, appressed, pointed, and erect beaks, which are situ- ated a little in advance of the middle of the length. Anterior end of the shell rounded, the greatest length at or just below the middle of the height; pos- terior end subtruncate below and obliquely sloping to the beak above; basal Hue fullest anterior to the middle and just perceptibly sinuate between that point and the posterior umbonal extremity. Surface of the shell marked by more or less irregular elevated concentric ridges, which are flattened on the tops and separated by equally wide, concave, or flattened interspaces. Substance of the shell thick. The interior of the valves is marked with comparatively deep but not large muscular scars, a wide hinge-plate, and strong, well-marked teeth; margin crenulate. The internal casts are dis- tinguished by their proportional height and compressed valves. This species is the most elevated form of CrassateUa found in the New Jersey Cretaceous, and may be distinguished by this feature from any of the others. In the younger stages of growth the shells are much more nearly quadrangular in outline and sometimes more ventricose than the specimens figured. In this condition they very closely resemble (7. curta Conrad from the Miocene of Virginia. 122 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marl Beds at Bruere's pits, on CJrosswicks Creek, near Walnford, and near Cream Ridge, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's types which are here figured were obtained from Arneytown, New Jersey, and borrowed from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. Crassatella transversa. Plate XVII, Figs. 16 and IT. Crassatella transversa Gabb. P. A. K Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 364. Synopsis, p. — . Meek, Checklist, p. — . Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Mea transversa (Gabb) Conrad. P. A. K Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 275. Known from a single internal cast, representing a shell of moderate size, with proportionally ventricose valves, which have a transverselv elongated form and rather prominent erect beaks, situated at about the anterior third of the length, and are rather distant from each other in the cast. The anterior end is rather broadly rounded, and the posterior part prolonged and narrow, with the extremity pointed below and curved down- ward, leaving the basal line somewhat broadly sinuate in the posterior third, and very strongly convex opposite the beaks. The muscular scars have been large and deep, being ver}^ strongly marked and prominent on the casts, and the pallial line strong, with the border of the valve outside of the line very much thickened and the margin strongh^ crenulate. The cast representing this species, that used by the author in the original description, is very much more transverse than any other described from New Jersey, except C. Delawarensis of the same author. It is a larger species, however, than that one, and of an entirely different form, being destitute of the angularity of the umbonal region, and more narrowed and curved posteriorly with a rounded anterior end. In form it presents many features in common with C. protexta Conrad, from the Eocene sands at Claiborne, Ala., but has been a much more ventricose and thicker shell, with larger and more distant beaks, and more strongly marked muscular scars. It would appear to have been a ver}^ rare species, as I have observed ^only the one cast among all the collections which I have examined. LAMELLIBRAXCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 123 Formation and locality. — The specimen is in the collection of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and on the labels accompanying it is simply marked *'Cret , N. J.," without more definite locality. Genus SOAMBULA Conrad, 1869. (Am. Jour. Conch., YoL Y, p. 48.) Scambula perplana. Plate XVIII, Figs. 8-10. Scambula perplana Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., YoL Y, p. 48, PL IX, Figs. 7 and 8. Proc. A. N. Sci., PhiL, 1872, p. 51, PL I, Fig. 2. Crassatella perplana (Con. sp.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 294 and 295. Shell small, triangularly ovate, very transverse, with very sharp, pointed, and recurved beaks, situated just within the middle third of the length of the shell and nearest to the anterior end. Valves flat, marked by fine concentric lines of growth and a few (three or four) broad, oblique' undu- lations of the surface which pass from the posterior hinge-line backward to the basal margin. There are also a few obliquely concentric wrinkles on the antero-cardinal margin which extend only a short distance over the disk of the valve. Along the position of the posterior umbonal ridge, the surface striae are abruptly deflected upward, markiiig the position of the ridge and defining the posterior slope of the valve. Posterior end of the valve narrow and truncate; anterior end obtusely angular; basal margin regularly and broadly arcuate. Inner margin of the valves crenulate; muscular scars small and faintly marked. This shell presents all the appearances of a species of Pandora, or perhaps Tellidora, except in the hinge, where there are some slight diff'er- ences. The left valve appears to have two cardinal teeth which are slightly curved, and are strongly crenulate on their inner or contiguous faces, also a long anterior and posterior tooth parallel to the margins. The opposite valve has a single cardinal tooth or ridge (cartilage bearing?), which would fit between those of the other valve, and a double ridge on the anterior side, forming a socket for the ridge of the left valve, and a single sharp ridge on the margin of the valve behind, which would fit between the ridge 124 pal^o:ntology of kew jeesey. of the left valve and the carinated margin of the shell. This would allow the right valve to be smallest and to fit into the left. This arrangement of teeth differs from that of any species of TeUidora or Pandora which I have been enabled to examine, and would give pretty good grounds for separa- tion from either of those genera The pallial line, so far as I can determine, has been simple. Dr. Stoliczka, in the Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, pp. 294 and 295, in speaking of this shell, refers it to CrassateUa, in which I think he is in error, and likens it to C radiata, a species which I have not been able to examine While Mr, Gabb (Proc. A, N. Sci., Phil., 1 876, p, 311), considers it generically identical with his genus Anthonya^ described in the Pal, Calif., 1864, p. 181, and states that the hinges are identical in the two, but that the California shell is twisted, while this species is not, but thinks this of minor importance. Formation and locality, — In the mica^ceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey, from the collection of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia. ASTARTID^. Genus GOULDIA Ad. Gouldia decemnarfa. Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. Gouldia decemnaria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 48, PI. IX, Fig. 4. Shell minute, subquadrangular in outline and but slightly convex. Anterior and cardinal margins nearly at right angles with each other, the posterior and cardinal margins being rounded. Surface marked by very prominent, thickened, concentric ribs, parallel to the border of the valve, and separated by smooth, flattened interspaces. Hinge-structure and other internal characters unknown. This small shell is scarcely more than a sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and the species is represented, so far as I know, by only a single left valve, imbedded in the clay , in which it was found. The entire aspect of the specimen is that of a young Crassatella, and I am much inclined to think it is one, though I cannot demonstrate this opinion without risking the LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 125 loss of the only example, and that a borrowed one. The specimen is marked on the card in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, Gouldia septenaria^ but as I can find no such name in use, and as the specimen corresponds somewhat with the figure and description of G, decemnaria^ I presume it to be a mistake in writing the label. The figure given by Mr. Conrad is much too pointed and more triangular than the shell would warrant, but in making figures so small as that which he gives, these differences can hardly be avoided. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Gouldia Conradi, u. sji. Plate XVIII, Figs. 1-3. Shell small, the largest specimen observed not exceeding three-six- teenths of an inch in its greatest diameter. Valves subtriangular, approach- ing a quadrangular outline by the truncation of the posterior extremity, which gives the valves when seen from the exterior much the form and character of a young CrassateUa, which is also added to by their moderate convexity. Beaks small and pointed. Anterior and posterior sides of the cardinal margin straight, forming a little more than a right angle with each other, the posterior side being nearly one-half longer than the anterior, and the basal line somewhat regularly rounded. Surface of the shell marked by concentric undulations, which are abruptly bent in crossing the umbonal ridge. Posterior umbonal slope flattened. Lunule rather long and narrow. Substance of the shell thin. Ligamental pit of the hinge small in the left valve, and the posterior cardinal tooth-cavity linear and extending nearly the entire length of the cardinal border. In the right valve the pit is larger and the anterior lateral tooth-cavity more strongly marked. . Muscular scars and pallial line distinctly marked in the right valve (figured), but much less strongly so in the left one, which is thinner in substance, although a slightly larger valve. I find no description or figure answering to this shell, and suppose it to have been hitherto undescribed, although it has existed among some miscellaneous material from Haddonfield, N. J., in the collection of the 126 PAL^OIs'TOLOGY OF :NEW JERSEY. Academy of Natural Sciences for some time. Its general appearance externally is very much that of a young CrassateUcty but the interior shows distinctly that it is not. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences^ Philadelphia. Gouldia declivis. Plate XVIII, Fig. 11. Gouldia declivis Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., YoL Y, PI. IX, Fig. 5. Mr. Conrad's description of this species is as follows: ^^ Minute, trian- gular, compressed, equilateral, summit acute ; posterior extremity angular ; disk with numerous very regular, close concentric lines Locality : Had- donfield, N. J." I have sought, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel|)hia, among the specimens from this locality, for Mr. Conrad's type of this species, but was not able to find it. Being so small, it has prob- ably been lost. No other specimen corresponding to the figure and descrip- tion has been observed so far as I am aware, but it will probably be found and recognized if at any time the locality at Haddonfield should be opened and carefully examined. At present the pits are not in a condition to fur- nish any material whatever. I have copied Mr. Conrad's figure as care- fully as possible, further enlarged, so that an idea of the character of the- shell can be obtained from it. The original specimen was only about one- sixteenth of an inch wide. Gouldia parilis. Plate XVIII, Figs. 12 and 13. Astarte paralis Con. J. A. K Sci., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. IT, p. 276, PI. XXIY, Fig. 16. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 100. Meek, Checklist, p. 11. Gouldia paralis (Con.) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. I have not been able to find any specimen from the Cretaceous strata of New Jersey corresponding exactly to this species, nor have I been able to find Mr. Conrad's type specimen. I have, therefore, copied his figure as> LAMELLlBEA^sCHlATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 127 near as it is practicable to do so, but it is highly unsatisfactory. The fol- lowing is Mr. Conrad's description : '^ Small, triangular, equilateral, com- pressed ; basal margin regularly rounded ; angles of the end margins situ- ated at about equal distances from the apex and base ; disk concentrically undulated." I have seen only a single very imperfect impression of a small shell from the dark-colored micaceous clays at Mr. Schank's pits near Marl- borough, N. J., which bears any relations to Mr. Conrad's figure. Of this- 1 have given a figure taken from a gutta-percha cast in the natural mold. It is a ver}^ small species, not more than three-eighths of an inch in its- extreme height, and the surface bears six or seven very strong undulations, much stronger than would be indic^.ted by Mr. Conrad's figure. I had supposed this might possibly be an imprint of Vetocardia (Astarte) odoUrata Gabb (Jour. A. N. &., 4, 394, C8, 27), but it differs somewhat in being more triangular in form, that one being quadrangular and looking in the figure- given very like a young CrassateUa. Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Monmouth County, New Jersey, which is not a very definite locality, while that above referred to is from Marlborough, New Jersey, from Mr. Lockwood's col- lection. Genus YETERICARDIA Conrad. (Proc. A. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1872, p. 52 = Vetocardia Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. IV^ p. 246, and Vol. V, p. 48.) Vetericardia octolirata. Astarte octolirata Gabb. J. A. N. Sci., new series, Vol. IV, p. 394, PI. LXVIII, f. 27,^ Synopsis, p. 100. Meek, Check-list, p. 11. Vetocardia octolirata (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. I:^. J., 1868, p. 726. This species was originally described by Mr. Gabb from specimen^^ found at Eufaula, Ala., and subsequently catalogued as from New Jersey in his synopsis. Mr Meek probably followed him in his identification of it as a New Jersey species in his list in the Geological Report of 1868. I have not seen specimens of it from within the State, nor do I know of it occurring there from any reliable source. The figure given by Mr. Gabb (loc, cit,) would lead one to suppose it might be a young individual of a species of CrassateUa, and there is no feature mentioned in his description of it which might not equally apply to such an individual, but he does not 128 PALEONTOLOGY OF :NEW JEESEY. mention anything of the interior. The figure given by Mr. Gabb is so poor that, being of a specimen occurring outside of the State limits, I have not deemed it worth while copying, and think it highly improbable that it will be satisfactorily recognized as a New Jersey species. Vetericardia creniilirata. Plate XVIII, Figs. 5-7. Astarte crenulirata Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 150. Conrad, J. A. X. Sci., new series. Vol. IV, p. 282, PI. XLVI, Fig. 25. Gabb, Syuops., p. 100. Meek, Checklist, j), 11. Gouldia f crenulirata (Con.) Meek. Geol. Surv. X. J., 1868, i). 726. Astarte corbicula Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 12. Vetocardia crenulirata Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, j). 43, PI. I, Fig. 23, p. 18. Vetericardia crenulirata Conrad. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1872, p. 52, PI. I, Fig. 4. Shell small, not exceeding one-fourth of an inch in length in adult in- dividuals, subtriangular or broadly subelliptical in outline, with very ven- tricose valves and proportionally large, suberect beaks, which are situated a little in advance of the middle. Surface marked by from thirteen to eight- een concentric varices, according to the size of the shell, which gradually increase in strength with increased growth of the shell. These become obso- lete at the margin of the proportionally large and deeply impressed lunule. Interspaces flattened at the bottom, and about as wide as the sharply ele- vated varices. There are also fine, but distinct elevated radiating lines cross- ing the ridges and interspaces, becoming much stronger on the spaces than on the ridges. In the interior the muscular imprints are faintly marked and of moderate size, and the margin of the valves is strongly and deeply cren- ulated by the radiating ridges. Hinge-plate moderately strong and the teeth well marked. This is a very pretty and well-marked species. The hinge structure would seem to warrant its removal from the genus Astarte^ but it does not correspond with Gouldia any better, as was thought by Mr. Meek, and Mr Conrad subsequently proposed the genus Vetocardia for its reception, which he afterwards changed to Vetericardia, Mr. Lea seems to have first described it, as is indicated by Mr. Conrad's reference in the American Journal of LAMELLIBRAJvrCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 129 Conchology, Vol. Ill, p. 12, although he did not figure it. As Mr. Conrad was doubtless familiar with Mr. Lea's types, which I have not seen to know them as such, he was undoubtedly correct in the identification. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Green Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. LUCINID^. Geuus LUCIKA Burg. Lucina cretacea. Plate XVIII, Figs. 23-25. Gyclas cretacea Conrad. ]!^ame found on label in collection. Species figured by Con- rad, without name or description, in Am. Joar. Conch., Vol. Y, PL IX, Fig. 14, and hinge on opposite side of plate. Shell rather below a medium size, subcircular in outline, with the an- terior and posterior cardinal margins forming a very broad angle (140^ to 160^) with each other; giving in some instances a nearly straight hinge- line, with the rather small, pointed beaks slightly projecting beyond the line, and a slight excavation in front, formed by the depression of the very narrow lunule ; while behind the beaks the ligament is deeply sunken be- tween the projecting shell margins. Surface of the shell marked by strong lamellose concentric lines, which are rather distant, and where there has been no wearing or abrasion they sometimes roll backward, and form a hollow rounded concentric ridge. On the posterior side the shell is marked by a rather deep constriction passing from the beak to the posterior margin just behind the umbonal ridge, or sometimes giving a sunken postero-cardinal area. In the interior the muscular markings are very deep and strong, and the hinge-plate narrow, the right valve being characterized by a single cardinal tooth, which is grooved on the surface, and by an anterior pit. The shell was found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia with a label marked ^*Cyclas (Klein) Cretacea, Conrad," apparently in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, with the locality, ** Haddonfield," and on the plate cited above are two figures of the shell; 4418 MON 9 9 130 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. but I can find no description of the species or reference to the figures, and I presume none were ever written. I have, however, retained Mr. Conrad's specific name, although it cannot belong to the genus Cyclas of Klein if we are to accept Lucina divaricata as the type of the group as given by many authors. With regard to the true generic relations of the shell I am not certain, but it seems to possess the characters of Lucina dentifera Jonas, as given in Chenu's Manual, so far as they can be ascertained from the very imperfect material, not having the lateral teeth developed to any perceptible extent. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Lucina Smockana, u. sp. Plate XVIII, Eigs. 21 and 22. Shell of about a medium size, nearly circular in outline, as shown on internal casts, with comparatively ventricose valves and evidences of a somewhat thickened shell. FilHngs of the rostral cavities distant, directed gently forward and almost centrally situated in reference to the outhne of the shell ; also with appearances of a deep, rather wide, lunular area and a moderate inflection of the valves along the ligamental groove. Muscular scars of moderate size, the anterior ones reniform, as long again as wide ; the posterior one longer and proportionally narrower ; pallial line entire, well marked, and situated near the margin of the valves, and from its indent- ation on the cast would indicate a considerable thickening of the shell just outside of its limit. Along the posterior umbonal slope there is a broad, distinct furrow on the cast, showing the existence of a decided furrow below the postero-cardinal margin. Hinge characters and surface structure of the shell unknown. A single well-preserved cast, of one and five-eighths inches diameter, occurs in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, giving the features above described. The specimen has been studied by some one, and marked on its surface in ink ^^Dosinia, N. J.," showing its source to be from this State. The want of sinus in the palhal line LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 131 forbids its reference to the genus JDosinia. I can find no described species answering to its characters, and have therefore considered it as new. Formation and locality. — The character of the cast would indicate that it had been derived from the Lower Marls, and probably from Freehold, although there is no evidence further than its character by which to locate it. CHAMID^. Genus DIOERAS Lam. Diceras dactyloldes, n. sp. Plate XVIII, Figs. 26 and 27. A cast of a single valve of what appears to be without question a Dice- ras occurs in the collection. It is rather slender in its proportions, and makes nearly two-thirds of a volution in its curvature, and is apparently a cas't of a left valve, judging from the curvature of the beak. The muscu- lar scar is very large, and has been deeply impressed in the shell, as the scar is considerably raised on the cast and is nearly half as long as the cast itself. On its front margin there is the filling of a deep groove, which is longitudinally marked with lamellose strise, from the edges of the shell lamellae; and on the opposite side of the cast occurs a flattened surface from the thickening of the shell below the hinge-tooth, probably. The striations on the filling of the groove bordering the muscular im- print would lead one to suspect the cast might be of a valve of Caprina, but their lamellose character somewhat denies this reference, and the gen- eral character of the specimen would rather indicate a Diceras, The speci- men is quite obscure, besides being the only one known, and consequently affords almost no means of comparison with previously described species. It, however, appears much more slender in its proportions than the species known from Texas and other southern localities, as well as more strongly enrolled. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls, at Bruere's pits near Walnford, on Crosswicks Creek, Monmouth County, New Jersey. 132 PAJLaSOKTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. CARDIID^. Genus CARDIUM Linn. Cardlum Eufauleusis. Plate XX, Figs. 17-19. Cardium Eufaulensis Conrad. J. A. IST. S., Phil., 2d series, Yol. lY, p. 282, PI. LXYI, Fig. 12. Gabb, Synop. Cret. Form., p. 106. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 12. 0. (Trachycardium) JEufaulensis Meek. Geol. Eept. New Jersey, 1868, p. 726. Gabb, P. A. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 310. Acanthocardium JEufaulensis (Conrad) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, p. 215. Shell of rather niore than niedium size when fully grown, very ventri- cose in profile and obliquely broad-ovate in outline, with a decided straight- ening of the posterior margin. Beaks large, prominent, and incurved. Surface marked by about forty strong, 'rounded, closely-arranged, radiating ribs, which have a rather decided posterior curvature in their direction toward the margin, and increase pretty uniformly in size and strength from the anterior to the posterior of the shell. On an internal cast which I have referred to this species the cardinal teeth have been strong and very prominent; the antero- laterals have been moderately developed, but the postero-laterals do not seem to have been strongly marked. The specimens examined from New Jersey are either casts or par- tially exfoliated, so that the surface features are not definitely known. The species has been variously referred to different sections of the genus, but the specimens which I have seen will not afford the means of determin- ing its position. Formation and locality. — In coarse dark-colored marls of the Lower Bed near Holmdel, New Jersey. Collected by Rev. Dr. Riley. Cardium Ripleyanum. Plate XX, Fig. 14. Cardium Ripleyanum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Y, p. 96, PL IX, Fig. 6. Not Cardium Bipleyense Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., Yol. Ill, new series, p. 326. Mr. Conrad's description of this species is as follows: ^'Suborbicular, equilateral, ventricose; ribs 21, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly; inter- LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 133 stices crossed by prominent lines. Locality — Haddonfield, N. J." I have seen only a few casts and one or two impressions of this shell in iron-stone nodules from Keyport, N. J. The shell is minute, scarcely measuring more than an eighth of an inch in diameter, erect with rather prominent pointed beaks. Outline somewhat circular, or a little higher than wide, ventricose, and with from eighteen to twenty or twenty -two prominent ribs, which are most prominent on the anterior parts of the shell. I have not been able to see fully the' hinge characters, but there is evidence of a single strong tooth beneath the beaks. The general aspect of the shell, however, is more that of Cardita than of Cardium.^ Formation and locality, — In the iron-stone nodules found in clays at Keyport and vicinity, associated with Inoceramus, Scapharca, Pteria, Cymella^ and other Cretaceous shells. Cardium Ripleyense Conrad. (Jour. A. ]Sr. Sci., Phil., Yol. Ill, p. 326.) This species is not cited from any locality, nor is it figured in any place so far as I can ascertain. The species according to the original description would fall under the division Criocardium Conrad, if accepted, so would not be quite a synonym of Cardium Ripleyanum Conrad, herein described. Mr. Conrad's description of the present species is as follows: ^^A small cordate species, with minute equal radii, between each of which is a series of comparatively long hair-like spines.'' I have seen no specimens which will answer to these characters. Genus OEIOOAEDIUM Conrad, 1870. Cardium (Criocardium) dumosum. Plate XX, Figs. 9-13. Cardium dumosum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 75. Criocardium dumosum Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 75. Shell of medium size, ventricose, with moderately large erect beaks, strongly enrolled. Shell but Httle oblique and very broadly ovate in outline, ^ Since writing the above I have seen a single imperfect valve of this species from Haddonfield, N. J., preserving some of the shell. The characters are exactly as those given above, while the concen- tric lines crossing the ribs are much stronger, forming minute lamellae, but not spines in any sense of the word. 134 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. the posterior side very slightly straightened, and the hinge-margin only slightly arcuate. Umbones slightly gibbous, with the posterior umbonal slope just perceptibly more abrupt than the anterior side and of about equal width. Surface of the cast marked near the border of the valves by moderately strong crenulations, of which about six may be counted in the space of a fourth of an inch on the basal margin of the specimen figured. The cast as compared with that referred to C. muUiradiatum Gabb is less ventricose, with less abrupt postero-cardinal slopes, smaller and less elevated beaks, and a proportionally broader and less arcuate hinge-border; and the indications of striae on the surface somewhat coarser. The surface of the shell which I have supposed to belong to this species, both from the form of the shell as indicated by the cast and in the matrix from which the surface is obtained, and from indications of the ribs on the posterior side of the cast figured, has been covered by radiating ribs, which are smooth and flattened on the surface, and are characterized by rows of short spines or granules in the depressions between; every third depression bearing spines, and the two intermediate ones having granules only on the body of the shell, with sometimes a single row only between the rows of spines on the sides of the valves. The spines are only moderately long, and appear to have been slightly recurved and laterally compressed, while the granules are rounder and arranged more closely, there being from three to six in the distance between the spines. This character of surface is very distinctive as compared with that referred to C, muUiradiatum^ where every rib has its spines, though mostly arranged on the sides instead of exactly in the depression, as in this case. I cannot find that any figure has been given of the species by the author, but from the nature of his reference to the form of C. muUiradiatum in his description, cannot doubt the correctness of the reference here made.^ Formation and locality, — The specimens on which I have founded this species are marked as from near Burlington, New Jersey, and are in the * Subsequently I obtained from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia specimens preserving the shell, marked ''Haddonfield, N. J./^ on which the character of the surface as described above is clearly shown. One of these is labeled Cardium dumosum Conrad, subgenus Cai'dea, and the other C. {Track.) AlabamiensiSj Gabb. The former in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, and the latter in Mr. Gabb's, so far as I can determine. They are, however, both the same species, and both individ- uals, are figured on one plate. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 135 collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, while Mr. Conrad's speci- mens were from Haddonfield, New Jersey, near Philadelphia. All of these localities are in the Lower Green Marls. Cardium (Criocardium) multiradiatum. Plate XXI, Figs. 1-3. Cardium multiradiatum Gabb. Jour. A. N. Sci. Phil., 2d series, Yol. lY, p. 395. Criocardium multiradiatum (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 75, PI. LXYIII, Fig. 29. Meek, Check-list, and Catal. in Geol. Eept. K. J., 1863. Shell globularly ovate, extremely ventricose and cordate, with large, prominent, nearly erect beaks, which are strongly incurved but moderately distant in the casts, valves gibbously convex and perceptibly more promi- nent, but not angular along the posterior umbonal region ; the posterior slope being perceptibly more abrupt than the opposite side of the valves. Basal margin of the shell rounded, the posterior side perceptibly more straight- ened and the anterior round; the whole valve being very slightly oblique. Muscular imprints large but not strong ; cardinal tooth, as indicated by the imprint left on the valve, large and strong; lateral tooth unknown; inner margin of the shell crenulate, and slightly marked for a very.short distance by the ribs. The exterior surface, which I have supposed to belong to this shell, as indicated in a matrix, has been marked by fine, closely set, and car- inate ribs, the interstices between which are characterized by closely arranged and laterally compressed recurved spines, which are distant but little more than their own width from each other, and are often placed on the side of the rib. Among the specimens which have usually been referred to this species from the Lower Green Marls are three very distinct species; but I have retained for this one that which is most finely and closely marked, on account of the signification of the specific name. Two of the forms are short- ovate and the third one elongate-ovate. This species, here considered, is the most ventricose of the two former, and it is also somewhat less in its antero-posterior dimensions as compared with the height from the beaks to the basal margin. It will be somewhat difficult to distinguish specifically between them in the casts, but the surface is so very distinct that it will not 136 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. answer to include them longer under the same specific name. The other spe- cies, having alternately one or two small ribs with closely set spines or ele- vated granules between, and coarser ribs, with distant, strong spines, cannot easily be mistaken when the surface, or matrix, is examined. The figure given by Mr Gabb, cited above, is so poor that it cannot be satisfactorily deter- mined which of these it was taken from. Both species are apparently members of the group Trachycardium of Morch, 1852; while the present one would fall under the genus Criocardium, proposed by T. A. Conrad in 1870, and the other one into Granocardiunij proposed by W. M. Gabb in the Palseont of California, Vol. II. Mr. F. Stoliczka, in the Palaeont. Indica, rather condemns both of these genera as being uncalled-for, with which idea I fully concur. The features make perfectly good specific distinctions among the ribbed forms of the Cardiidce^ but to make generic distinctions of every slight surface variation to which such shells are liable ought not to be tolerated. Formation and locality, — The species has been recognized in the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, Monmouth, Freehold, and Burlington, New Jer- sey; and Mr. Gabb's typical form seems to have been from Eufaula, Ala- bama. It also occurs at Prairie Bluff, Alabama. The figured specimen is in the collection ot the American Museum of Natural History. Others are at Rutgers College. Genus PEOTOCAEDIUM Beyrich. Cardium (Protocardium) perelongatum, n. sp. Plate XX, Figs. 20 and 21, and PI. .XXI, Figs. 4 and 5. Comp. Cardium Spillmaniy Conrad. Jour. A. N. Sci., 2d series, Vol. Ill, p. 326, PI. XXXIV, Fig. 3. Ihid.j Vol. lY, p. 275 = Lwrncardium Spillmani (Cod.) Meek, Geol. Surv. l^T. J., 1868, p. 727. Shell somewhat above a medium size, and very much elongated from beak to base, even in internal casts; the diameter in this direction being one- half greater than the antero-posterior diameter. Valves very ventricose, with strongly inflated umbones and strong, elevated, moderately incurved beaks, which are distinctly curved forward even in the cast. Hinge-line short, highly arched. Posterior side of the shell short and abrupt; the margin somewhat straightened. Anterior side rounded, but much shoiler LAMELLIBEANCHTATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 137 from the base of the shell to the hinge than the opposite side. Surface of the valves marked on the posterior side with strong rounded ribs, but appar- ently not extending quite to the crest of the umbonal ridge, the anterior side of the valve being marked only by irregular concentric striae. In- terior margin of the shell crenulate on the ribbed part of the valve, but apparently not beyond it. From the appearance of internal casts the car- dinal teeth have not been particularly strong, but the laterals on the anterior side have been large and thick, with considerable height; postero-laterals somewhat smaller. Muscular imprints large. In one large specimen they are faintly marked, but in another smaller individual they have been quite deep on the anterior side. On the posterior side the shells seem to have been impressed from the margin of the imprints to near the beaks. This shell is next to the largest species of Cardium known in the Cre- taceous of New Jersey. The internal casts somewhat resemble those which I have referred to (7. EufauUnsis Conrad, but they may be distin- guished by the total absence of ribs on the central and anterior parts of the valve and by the want of crenulations left on the cast by the ribs along the junction of the valves; also by the curvature of the beaks toward the anterior side of the shell, whereas those of that species are straight. The inequality in the height of the anterior and posterior sides of the shell will also serve as a distinguishing mark. It is closely allied to C. (Pachycar- dium) Spillmani Conrad, from Tippah County, Mississippi, but I cannot think it is identical, as it answers neither to the description nor figure given of that species. The type of that species figured was badly crushed and distorted, but it shows very distinctly that it had been a broader shell, with broad, flattened ribs on the posterior side, which were separated by flattened inter- spaces of more than equal width. I have been unable to see an authentic specimen of (7. Spillmani with which to compare it, however. This shell is not uncommon in New Jersey, and so far I never have found it labeled, except in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, where it is marked in Mr. Gabb's handwriting as ^'possibly not Spill- mani." As both Mr. Gabb and Mr. Conrad frequently handled the speci- mens, I think had they considered it identical it would have been so marked. Still it is difficult to conceive why they did not describe it. 138 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. Formatwn and locality. — In the Lower Green Sands of the Cretaceous at Cream Eidge and MuUica Hill, New Jersey; and I have seen one very fine internal cast from Delaware. Genus PACHYOARDIUM Courad, 1870. (Am. Jour. Gonch., Yol. Y, p. 96.) Pachycardiiim Burlingtonense, n. sp. Plate XXI, Figs. 6 and 7. Shell large and extremely ventricose, with large, strong, prominent, and somewhat inflated beaks, which are strongly incurved and approxi- mate. Valves inequilateral, the posterior side of the hinge Hne very much elevated, and the postero-cardinal portion of the valves somewhat lobed; height greater than the width; anterior side of the valves rounded from the hinge to the basal border; base regularly rounded, and the posterior side somewhat straightened. Surface marked on the umbonal slope and pos- terior side, extending to beyond the center of the valves by strong radii, those along the umbonal slope being the strongest and of more than an eighth of an inch in width on the type example. - Other parts of the sur- face marked by concentric lines which do not appear to have been strongly marked. Hinge teeth very strong, their details cannot be determined from the specimen. Muscular scars very large and deeply marked, projecting on the cast, the posterior one largest. This shell has been retained in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, under the name G. SpillmanL The shell is, however, quite different in many particulars. It is not so elongate by considerable, and the posterior side is distinctly lobed, and the form much higher on the shoulder. The surface is radiated as far as the middle of the valve, or beyond; although on the cast the markings are quite faint. In its short, broad form and high postero-cardinal margin it is strongly marked. Formation and locality. — The specimen is marked with ink, on its sur- face, '^N. Jersey," and has all the lithological features of specimens from near Burlington, New Jersey, being most likely from that place. LAMELLIBEAINCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 139 Genus FULVIA Grey, 1847. Pulvia tenuis, n. sp. Plate XX, Fig. 8. Shell rather small, but little exceeding an inch in length by about half that height; transversely elliptical in outline, and but moderately convex. Beaks very small, appressed, and but very slightly projecting beyond the hinge margin. Anterior end of the shell the shortest, obtusely pointed, or sharply rounded at its extremity, which is situated much above the middle of the height; posterior end more broadly rounded; basal line strongly arcuate and rapidly ascending toward the anterior part. Hinge-line but little declining on either side of the beak. Surface of the valve marked by radiating plications which are very fine at the anterior end, and gradually increase in strength to the extreme posterior margin, where they must have been fully one-sixteenth of an inch wide (the shell being broken at this point). Plications flattened obliquely, so as to give the anterior side a much greater abruptness and only about one-third the width of the pos- terior side. A few concentric undulations mark the surface, and very fine concentric striae cover the entire shell. This is the first species of this section of the Cardiidce which I remem- ber to have seen from the Cretaceous forniations. But I think there can be no doubt as to the correctness of the generic reference, although the hinge features are not observable. It has somewhat the appearance of a Linearia Conrad, but differs in its general form, and particularly so in the regular increase in strength of the striae, which will r.eadily distinguish it from specimens of that genus found in the New Jersey beds. Formation and locality. — A single slightly imperfect valve (partial cast) occurs in the cabinet at Rutgers College, marked '^ Holmdel, Monmouth Co., N. J.," and had been labeled '^ PholadoinyaP Genus FEAGUM Bolton. Fragum tenuistriatum, n. sp. Plate XX, Fig. 15. Shell below a medium size, irregularly trapezoidal or sub-triangular in outline, highly ventricose and sharply angular along the posterior umbonal 140 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. ridge, with a nearly vertical postero-cardinal slope. Beaks large, promi- nent and attenuated, projecting considerable above the hinge-line. Anterior side of the shell short and regularly rounded; posterior vertically trun- cate and the basal line oblique, being prolonged below toward the pos- terior umbonal angle. Surface marked, on the body of the shell at least, by very fine, semi-obsolete, radiating stride, the posterior cardinal slope not showing evidences of striations on the cast, the only condition under which it has been observed. Hinge features unknown. The shell has all the generic features of the genus Fragum, as far as can be determined from the external form, while the striations of the surface are much finer than is usually the case ; but no ornamentation can be de- tected on the striations, and the features of the hinge are not visible. It is the only form of similar character yet known to me in the formations of the state. Formation and locality. — In the lower micaceous clays beneath the Lower Marls, at the Eev. G. C. Schanck's pits, Marlborough, New Jersey. In Professor Lockwood's collection. Genus LEIOPISTHA Meek. Leiopistha protexta. Plate XX, Figs. 1-3. Cardium protextum ConiSid, J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. II, p. 275, pi. XXIY, Fig. 12, Fapyridea elegantula Gabb. Synop., p. 108. Kot of Eoemer. P. protexta (Conrad) Meek. Smith. Inst., Checklist, p. 12. Leiopistha protexta (Con.) Meek. Geol. Eept. K. Jersey, 1868, p. 726. Conrad. Geol. Eept. K Car. (Kerr's), Append., p. 28. Fragilia protexta Conrad. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Yol. lY, p. 275. Shell of moderate size, seldom attaining the length of one and one- fourth inches; broadly ovate in outline, with strongly inflated valves. Beaks large, prominent, enrolled, usually nearly in contact with each other at their apices, and situated but a little in advance of the middle of the length of the shell. Surface marked by about twenty-four or twenty-six radiating ribs in the larger individuals, with a small space on the posterior end of the shell apparently destitute of radii. In the casts the ribs are LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 141 sharply defined, being somewhat angular on the crest, with rounded de- pressions between, and are of nearly equal strength on all parts in some individuals, while on others they gradually increase in number and fineness toward the anterior end. This species may be readily distinguished from L. inflata, herein de- scribed, by its longer forai, less inflated valves, smaller beaks, and strongly marked ribs. It differs from L. elegantula {Cardium elegantula Romer, Kreid. von Texas, p. 48, PL III, Fig. 5) in being a little more ventricose, with less distant ribs, and is without the broad flattened interspaces figured as exist- ing in that species. Mr. Gabb, however, in his Synopsis cites them as iden- tical. Formation and locality,— hi the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, New Jersey, and also in the white limestone near that place. It also occurs at Burlington, New Jersey, at the same horizon. The species is also quite common in the white limestones of the Cretaceous at Prairie Bluff", Ala- bama. In the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York there is a shell from Eufaula, Alabama, which closely resembles this species, except that it has not been quite so much inflated, and the ribs are less prominent, while the posterior end of the shell is entirely destitute of radiating costse for a much wider space than has been the case with the New Jersey specimen. Leiopistha elegantula. Not figured. Cardium elegantula Ecemer. Kreid. von Texas, p. 48, Tab. Y, Fig. 6. Fragilia elegantula (Eoem.) Conrad. J. A. K S., Phil., Yol. lY, p. 275. Fapyridea elegantula Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 106 and 162. Mr. Conrad, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil- adelphia, 2d series. Vol. IV, p. 275, cites this species as coming from New Jersey, and gives it as one of the evidences of the synchronysm of the Tippah County, Mississippi, and Eufaula, Ala., beds with the Lower Green Marls of the New Jersey deposits. Among the specimens observed from New Jersey there are three distinct species of this group of shells, and of L. jorotexta, a variety possessing very much finer ribs than the normal form, the 142 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. difference being very marked. But among them all I find no individual answering in character to that figured by Dr. Romer as above cited, and think it very doubtful if the species really occurs in the New Jersey beds. Leiopistha inflata, n. sp. Plate XX, Figs. 4 and 5. Shell rather smaller than those of L. protexta Conrad, and very ventri- cose, with exceedingly large and inflated beaks, which are nearly central, very strongly incurved, and in close contact. Length of the shell only about one-fourth or one-fifth longer than high, and the thickness through the valves nearly or quite equaling the height. Anterior end but little shorter than the posterior, and more narrowly rounded. Surface of the casts marked by numerous low, nearly flattened, indistinct radii, which in- crease in fineness anteriorly, and are obsolete on the posterior cardinal slope. This species is quite readily distinguished from L, protexta by its shorter and more ventricose form, more strongly inflated beaks, which are larger and much more prominent. The less strongly marked ribs is also a marked feature. It is not sufficiently near any of the other described species to be readily mistaken. It is most nearly allied in form to X. {Papyridea) hella Conrad (J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 326), but that one is described as having prominent angular ribs, which are tuberculated on some parts of the shell which these were not. Formation and locality, — In the light-colored calcareous marls of the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel, New Jersey. Genus CYMELLA Meek. Cymella Meeki. Plate XX, Figs. 6 and 7. Cymella Meeki Whitf. Palseont. Black Hills, p. 418, PI. XI, Figs. 27 and 28. Ext. p. Shell of moderate size, transversely oval or ovate, about once and a half as long as high. Valves strongly convex, with large, somewhat prominent beaks, situated much nearer the anterior end. Shell nearly erect, and a LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 143 little wider at the anterior end than behind. Extremities of the valves nearly equally rounded and the base regularly curved. Cardinal line long behind the beaks, and the margin inflected forming a narrow, linear, escutcheon-like area. Surface of the shell marked by strong and regularly rounded and regularly increasing undulations parallel to the border of the valves. These are crossed by distant radiating ribs, which are strong and vertical in the middle of the valve or opposite the beaks, and become gradually fainter and finer toward the posterior end, apparently becoming obsolete just below the cardinal border, and also before reaching the anterior cardinal margin. These radiating ribs, on the central parts of the shell especially, cut up the surface into rounded nodes by forming depressions across the concentric undulations. Surface of the shell and hinge-structure not seen, as the specimens are all in the condition of casts in a fine mica- ceous marl. Mr. F. B. Meek, in his Invert. Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Temt, p. 237, cites this species as Cymella bella Conrad, Geol. Rept. North Carolina, Appendix, p. 10, PI. II, Fig. 9. This, however, cannot be, as that species has the radii confined to the central portions of the valves, while in this one they extend over nearly or quite the entire shell. Mr. Conrad states in his description of G, bella that he had the shell itself under examination, which of course would possess the surface marking more completely than would a cast such as these found in New Jersey. These specimens, more- over, correspond in nearly all particulars with those from the Black Hills described in the report of that district. The genus Cymella appears to be very closely related to Pholadomya, and to possess nearly the characters of Poromya Forbes, with which Dr. Stoliczka seems to think is synonymous, while Mr. Conrad thinks it quite distinct. As I have not been able to see the hinge on any of the New Jersey specimens, I cannot give an opinion of its validity. Locality and position. — In the fine micaceous marls or clays beneath the Lower Green Sands at Marlborough, Monmouth County, New Jersey, in the collection of the Rev. G. C. Schanck, and from the iron nodules from near Keyport, New Jersey, in the collection at Columbia College, New York. 144 PAL^OI^TOLOGY OF l^EW JERSEY. CYPRINID^. Genus YENIELLA StoUczka. Veniella Couradi. Plate XIX, Figs. 8-10. Venilia Conradi Morton. Synopsis, p. 67, PI. VIII, Figs. 1 and 2. Gabb, Synop., 177. Meek, Check-list, p. 13. Geol. Surv. K. J., 1868, p. 727. Veniella Conradi (Mort.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, p. 190. Meek, Pal. Invert. Territ., p. 148. Comp. V. {Goniosoma) inflata Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PI. I, fig. 10. Com. Y. elevata Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 7. Shell, as found in New Jersey, small to medium size, but as found in Texas and neighboring States often quite large. Rhombic, trapezoidal or subquadrate in outline, very ventricose and sharply angular on the umbonal ridges, with large, prominent,* incurved beaks, situated far interior and quite approximate. Hinge-line more or less curved and strongly bent beneath the beaks ; posterior end truncate, showing a greater or less width in different individuals, often quite angular at the cardinal angle in younger shells, but more or less rounded in older specimens. Basal line gently curved and the anterior end obtusely rounded, longest below the center and largely excavated beneath the beaks, although but slightly projecting beyond them. Surface of the shell marked by strong concentric varices, which in the younger shells are broad concave furrows with sharp ridges, very distant and only three or four in number in medium sized individuals. In the older specimens these often become less marked, and in many of the Southern shells are nearly obsolete. The interior of the shell is seldom seen in the New Jersey marls, where it mostly exists as internal or partially external casts, but from the more Southern localities it is obtained preserving the substance of the shell and showing the hinge - features very distinctly. The species is a strongly marked one, and is not easily confounded with but one other shell found in the New Jei/sey beds, namely, Cardita decisa Morton. From this one it may be distinguished by the presence of the surface undulations, the more angular umbonal ridge, more abrupt umbonal slope, and smaller and less enrolled beaks, which are more erect, LAMELLIBRAI^CHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 145 those of that species being directed forward. There is a close resemblance between this shell and the F. trigona Gabb. Indeed they might quite read- ily be confounded, and may perhaps be identical; but the specimens referred to the latter species never show anything of the undulations of the surface so characteristic of V, Conradi It is possible, however, that as all of those of V. trigona yet known are large, and have been much thickened shells, that these features would not have been retained on the internal casts. This fact might have been decided by an examination of the interior of Morton's type, but I did not succeed in finding it in the collection at Philadelphia, although Mr Meek appears to have had it in his hands, as he figures one in the Invert. Pal. of the Territories, p. 148, which he refers to as Morton's type, but which is much larger than Morton's figure. The shells described by Mr. Conrad as F. inflata and F. elevata may be only small or dwarfed specimens of this same species. They are, however, very ventricose, and bear the imprint of adult age, but are otherwise very similar. The beaks of both of those species are somewhat more erect and the posterior slope more abrupt, but this would still be the case in small shells where the form was similar to some of those which have been identified with this one without question. Formation and localities, — The shell is present in the collections from the State from the Lower Green Sand& at Holmdel, and from the mica- ceous clays under the lower bed at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, New Jersey. These show tlie strong undulations of the exterior, and are comparatively small specimens, retaining but little of the substance, being really external casts, and do not preserve any features of the interior. Veniellia decisa. Plate XIX, Figs. 15 and 16. Cardita decisa Morton. Synopsis, p. 66^ PI. IX, Fig. 3. Venilia Conradi Gabb. Synopsis, pp. 104 and 130 (not of Morton). Shell of medium size, subquadrangular, rhomboidal or triangularly rhombic in outline, dependent more or less on compression or distortion of 4418 MON 9 10 146 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. the valves. Valves usually very ventricose, with strong, rather inflated and enrolled beaks, situated near the anterior end and curved anteriorly, and strongly angular on the back ; umbonal ridge distinctly and prominently angular, and highly arcuate in its passage from the beaks to the postero- basal angle of the valves. Cardinal border arcuate, the cardinal and basal margins subparallel and nearly equally curved ; posterior margin squarely truncate below and sloping toward the hinge-hne above; anterior end sharply rounded, and deeply excavated beneath the beaks. Postero-cardi- nal slope rather abrupt. Surface of the shell, as indicated on the casts, smooth or marked only by concentric lines of growth. The external form of these casts is quite variable in different individ- uals, dependent to some extent on the degree and direction of the compres- sion which they have undergone. This also affects more or less the ventri- cosity of the valves, which in their natural condition has been very great. I have seen no specimens yet which afford any of the hinge characters which will enable one to compare them satisfactorily with the recent species of the genus Isocardia, But there is one feature which exists on all the casts I have examined in which it differs from that genus, namely, a curved groove just in advance of the beaks in each valve, indicating a raised ridge on the inside of the shell, extending from- beneath the beak to the under side of the hinge-plate analogous to that bordering the muscular imprint of CucuUcea. Should this prove to be the case in well-preserved individuals it would probably require generic separation, but the material which I have seen is too imperfect to warrant that step at the present stage of the inves- tigation. The casts of this species have usually been referred to Veniella Conradi by collectors, but when compared with those of that species they are remarkably different. Dr. Morton's type specimen does not appear to be in existence; but from his figure I should judge it had been flattened by compression, thereby extending the beak and giving more than the usual amount of slope to the postero-cardinal border. The surface stria which he mentions, and which is faintly indicated on the figure, is most probably imaginary, at least no other specimen showing it appears to have been seen. Mr. Gabb, in his Synopsis, p. 104, in a foot-note under Cardita decisa, says Dr. Morton's type of the species is not to be found in the collection of the LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 147 Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, and he places the species as a synonym under Veniella Conradij only from the evidence furnished by Dr. Morton's figure, still expressing a possibility, however, that it may be distinct. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Blue-Ball, New Jersey, and at the marl pits of I. Stratton, near MuUica Hill, New Jersey. Dr. Morton's specimen was from the blue marls at Saint George's, Delaware. Veniella inflata. Plate XIX, figs. 4 and 5. Goniosoma infiata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PL I, Fig. 10. Coini). Y, elevata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 7. Shell small, subquadrangular in outline, with inflated valves, and large, prominent, incurved beaks, which project considerably above the hinge- line, are rather erect and nearly centrally situated. Umbonal ridge sharply angular, and the postero-cardinal slope very abrupt and narrow. Anterior end of the shell sharply rounded., and the posterior squarely truncate, while the basal margin is broadly curved. The specimen, which is an internal cast, shows the muscular imprints rounded and strongly marked, and the pallial line distinct and simple. The hinge features show a strong trian- gular tooth beneath the beak in the left valve, and two smaller ones in the right, with an elongate lateral ridge in front on the right valve representing a ridg-e on the left valve. Surface of the shell unknown. Mr. Conrad makes this shell the type of a new genus, Goniosoma^ but there certainly is no feature about it in which it differs from the typical forms of Veniella as shown in F. Conradi, and as regards the specific features of the individual I can see no reason why it may not be identical with V. elevata Conrad. But as I have not seen any but the one type specimen of this, a cast, and no cast of V. elevata^ unless this be one, I have hesitated to cite it as positively the same, although I believe it is. Dr. Stoliczka remarks that the form of this species is like Veniella, but considers, undoubtedly on Mr. Conrad's authority as given in his generic descrip- tion, the hinge entirely distinct, which, I think, is an error; though for this 148 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. Mr. Conrad is responsible, as he gives a new name. His description of the genus Goniosoma is as follows: ^^An equi valve bivalve with prominent beaks and entire pallial line? the muscular impressions terminal, posterior one round; hinge (in the cast) with two prominent cardinal teeth, and a long anterior lateral tooth, parallel with the hinge margin above it in the right valve." The specimen does not show a ridge in the valve, but on the cast, which represents a ridge on the opposite or left valve. If any one will examine a valve of Veniella Conradi they will find these features all represented in the same manner. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey. Specimens borrowed from the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. VenieUa elevata. Plate XIX, Figs. 6 and 7. Venilia elevata Conrad. Am. Jour. Ooucli., Yol. YI, p. 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 7. Comp. Veniella {Goniosoma) injlata Con. sp. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PL I, Fg. 10. Shell very small and extremely ventricose, subquadrangular in outline, with large, prominent, incurved beaks, very angular umbonal ridge, almost vertical postero-cardinal slope, and rounded anterior margin, which curves regularly into the basal line; posterior end almost vertically truncate. Surface of the shell marked by four distant, elevated, concentric lamellae, which' project nearly at right angles to the surface of the shell from which they originate, the one nearest to the beak being small and inconspicuous. Internal features not seen. A single valve only of this species has been observed, it being the typical one figured by Mr. Conrad, loc. citj and from which in all proba- bility the profile view of both valves was also made by restoration. The species is almost, if not quite, identical with F. (Goniosoma) inflata of the same author, but preserves the shell, while that one is described from an internal cast, thus presenting difi*erent characters. This one, however, is smaller, but still fully as ventricose as that one, showing it to be an adult shell. They both very closely resemble and appear to be dwarfed speci- mens of a form which I have considered as F. Conradi Morton, but which LAMELLIBRANGHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 149 differs materially in its surface character from those of that species, as identified by various authors, from other and more southern localities, but not from Dr. Morton's figured specimen, which was from Arneytown, N. J., but which shows the concentric sulci much less strongly developed than those to which I refer. I am much inclined to think they are all of one species, however, and that this one and F. inflata are merely dwarfed indi- viduals. In some of the New Jersey examples, which are internal casts, the sulci of the surface are preseved to their fullest extent, while on other casts they are entirely obliterated. This seems to have arisen from different conditions of preservation, and from a difference in the material of the filling and matrix. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences at Philadelphia. Veniella trigonai. Plate XIX, Figs. 11-14. Venilia trigona Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 324. Synopsis, Meek, Checklist, p. 13. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 726. The type specimen of this species, an internal cast, represents an extremely ventricose shell of a trapezoidal or subtriangular outline pro- foundly angular on the umbonal ridge, and with large, prominent, incurved and rather distant beaks. Posterior end narrow and nearly at right angles with the posterior third of the basal line. The latter border of the shell is strongly rounded upwards on the interior half and merges gradually into the anterior margin. Hinge-line sharply bent beneath the beaks, and the hinge appears to have been characterized by strong teeth on the anterior of the plate. Cardinal slope very abrupt and nearly vertical, giving a nearly flattened postero-cardinal surface to the cast extending to the umbonal angles above the position of the muscular scars. Muscular scars very strong and prominent on the cast, the posterior ones large, and on the type are followed by a ridge for some distance toward the beaks. A second cast shows a some- 150 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. what less triangular form, with a broader posterior end and not quite such ventricose valves. This species represents very well some of the more ventricose forms, which are usually referred to F. Conradi, from Alabama and Texas, and which, although usually more or less marked with strong varices externally, do not retain them on the internal casts. In this respect they differ very materially from the New Jersey forms of that species, which have the three or more very strong undulations of the exterior equally well marked on the casts, while these specimens are entirely destitute of this feature, for which reason I am inclined to think they really represent, with the southern forms above mentioned, an entirely distinct species from F. Conradi. Dr. Morton included both forms under the one designation, but his figured specimens I believe were from New Jersey, although the types themselves are not now to be found. Formation and locality. — The type specimen is given by Mr. Gabb as from Boonton, New Jersey. The second specimen mentioned above is marked on the label as from Monmouth County. I have seen other frag- ments from Freehold. Veniella subovalis, Con. Plate XIX, Figs. 1 and 2. Venilia subovalis Conrad, on label in collection of the Acad. Nat. Sol., Philadelphia. Shell below a medium size, transversely subovate or subtrapezoidal in outline, about once and a half as long as high, with subparallel dorsal and basal margins. Beaks rather strong, but not very prominent, not project- ing much above the cardinal line, directed anteriorly and closely approxi- mate, situated at about the anterior third of the length of the shell. Ante- rior end of the shell pointedly rounded, and the posterior end somewhat squarely truncate or very broadly rounded, almost direct. Disk of the valves ventricose and sharply angular along the umbonal ridge, leaving a decided angulation on the cast, most distinctly so in the upper part. Sur- face of the shell unknown. Interior of the right valve, as obtained on a gutta-percha imprint taken from the cast figured, with a rather broad hinge- plate and strongly marked muscular imprints of proportionally large size. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 151 The hinge-plate is characterized by two cardinal teeth, widely divergent, with a deep triangular pit between, and the posterior tooth grooved on its surface, a short anterior pit and a long lateral groove behind, which is ver- tically crenulate on the sides. The species differs from any other of the genus in its transverse form, small beaks, and less ventricose valves. I find the specimens labeled VenUia subovalis Conrad, in Mr. Conrad's own handwriting, but have not been able to find any published description or mention of the name in print. Mr. Conrad does not mention it in his enumeration of the species in lhG6, in the Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 103; nor is it mentioned by Mr. Gabb or Mr. Meek in catalogues, or by Dr. Stoliczka in the Palaeont. Indica. It is possible I may have overlooked it in some of Mr. Conrad's later publi- cations; therefore I have adopted the name used by him on the label. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. VenieUa trapezoidea. Plate XIX, Fig. 3. Venilia trapezoidea Conrad. J. A. N. S., 2d ser., Vo\, IV, p. 282, PI. XLYII, Fig. 7. Gabb, Syn. Cret. Form., p. 178. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 13. VenieUa trapezoidea (Con.) Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 189. Shell rather small, trapezoidal in form, but often subtriangular, as seen in internal casts. Valves moderately ventricose, with moderately strong beaks, situated near the anterior third of the length. Hinge short, very slightly arcuate, the margins inflected, forming a slight escutcheon. Ante- rior side of the beaks contracted, throwing the anterior extremity of the shell below the median line, and giving it a narrowly rounded form; basal line gently arcuate, and the posterior margin obliquely truncate, much shortened above and leaving the postero-basal angle somewhat pointed. A strong angular umbonal ridge extends from the beak to the basal angle, giving an abruptly sloping form to the postero-cardinal portion of the shell. Surface marked by concentric lines and by one or more stronger varices of growth. 152 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. The more transverse form of this shell at once distinguishes it from V. Conradi Morton, as well as from most of the other species found in New Jersey. Locality, — The only specimen of this species which I have seen from New Jersey is from the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel. Genus SPHiERIOLA Stoliczka. Sphaeriola umbonata. Plato XIX, Figs. 17 and 18. Shell moderately large and very ventricose, with very full, prominent beaks and umbones, which are situated considerably anterior to the middle of the length of the shell. Anterior end of the shell more broadly rounded than the posterior, and the basal line very slightly flattened in the middle. Surface of the cast marked by strong concentric lines, and by a few dis- tant undulations of the surface. Ligament strong and prominent. Further hinge characters unknown. Only a single very imperfect cast of this species has been obtained, the condition of preservation of which is such as to render a more complete description of its character impossible. It differs from any of the species from the upper Missouri region in being more inequilateral, and in the in- flated character of the beaks, which are remarkably strong. The speci- men was observed among the collections of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences at Philadelphia, marked Area antrosa. As it is the only individual of the genus yet recognized on the Atlantic border, I have concluded to name it, for the purpose of calling attention to it, notwithstanding its very imperfect condition. Formation and locality. — The specimen is marked simply ^^Cret., N. J.,'^ without clue to its definite locality, like so many of the specimens formerly used, and probably collected or deposited in the collection by Messrs. Con- rad and Gabb; through which error the great interest of the specimens is entirely lost to science and their principal uses destroyed. The specimen is a cast in coarse greensand, coated with a blackish deposit of decayed vegetable matter, and I infer it may have come from the Lower Beds of the Cretaceous. lamellibea:nchiata of the lowee maels. 153 Suborder SINUOPALLIATA. VENERIDiE. Genus OALLISTA Poll. Calllsta Delawarensis. Plate XXII, Figs. 8-10. Dione Delawarensis Gabb. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. lY, p. 302, PI. XLYIIT, Fig. 18. CalUsta Delawarensis Gabb. Synop., p. 105. Dione Delawarensis (Gabb) Meek. Smithson. Check-list, p. 13. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Vol. Ill, 165. Comp. Venus Eipleyana Gabb. J. A. N. S., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 393, PL LXYIII, Fig. 22. JS'ot Caryates Delawarensis (Gabb) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yoi. Y, p. 41, PI. I, Fig. 6. Shell of moderate size, slightly transverse, with the beaks anterior to the middle, small and but little incurved. Outline ovate, broadest oppo- site the beaks and somewhat pointed posteriorly. . On the casts the teeth are small, the muscular imprints rather large and moderately distinct, and thepallial line deeply and rather broadly sinuate; the sinus rounded at the extremity and directed forward and upward. Only small shells preserving the substance have been observed. They have the same general form with the casts, while the surface is marked by very regular, gradually increasing, concentric ridges parallel to the margin, and are flattened on the surfaces and separated by deep, sharp, but narrow grooves. The cast of this species are not easily distinguished from those of one or two other species, and especially from casts from the Eocene sands of the upper marl beds at Farmingdale, N. J. It may be said to differ in that one being longer in front than behind the beaks, and from what evidence can be obtained from the casts, also in the surface characters, as that one appears to have been marked only by fine concentric lines of growth instead of the regular ridges of this one. From C. veta, Conrad, it differs in being a larger shell and proportionally less ventricose, as seen in the casts. From some of the Eocene casts I cannot see distinguishing features. I see no 154 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. reason, so far as I can judge from the description and figure given by Mr. Gabb, to suppose his Venus Bipleyana, Jour. Am. Sci. Phil., new series, Vol. IV, p. 393, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 22, is distinct from this one. The form is said to be proportionally shorter and more pointed posteriorly and the surface ribs €oarser and less regular. Among the specimens from Holmdel and Marl- borough examples may be selected which will more than cover all these differences. In regard to the generic affinities of the shell, I can see no reason for separating these Cretaceous forms from those found in the Eocene; in fact, I think those of the New Jersey Eocene are, most likely, specifically identical. Certainly I should not think of classing them under a different genus simply because they were found in a different geological formation, and that only, as do some authors, for I cannot believe in limiting zoolog- ical groups by geological formations. Formation and locality. — As casts only in the Lower Green Marls at Free- hold, New Jersey, and as small shells from the nodules in the Lower Marls at Marlborough and Holmdel, New Jersey. Mr. Gabb cites it from the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal and New Jersey. Genus APHRODINA Conrad. 1868. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. IV, p. 246.) Aphrodina Tippana. Plate XXII, Figs. 6 and 7. Meretrix Tippa7ia Conrad. Jour. A. ]^. Sci. Phil., new series, Vol. Ill, p. 326, PI. XXXIY, Fig. 18. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 142. Diane Tippana (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 13. Aplirodina Tippana Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. IV, p. 246, PI. XYIII, Fig. 5. Meek, Geol. Surv. X. J., 1868, p. 727. Shell of moderate size, transversely ovate or subtriaiigular in outline, with moderately convex valves and prominent subtnmid beaks, which are nearly subcentrally situated and slightly directed forward. Anterior end of the valves broadly rounded and the posterior end more pointed; the greatest length of each situated rather below the middle of the height. Base broadly curved and the postero-cardinal margin rapidly sloping, with LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 155 a moderate degree of arcuation, to the posterior extremity. Casts show the muscular imprints to be very faintly marked but of tolerable size, and the pallial sinus broad, deep, and obtusely pointed. I have only seen casts of this species, so that the hinge structure is not known to me. Mr. Conrad mentions in his generic description of AplirO' clina^ of which this species is the type, that he has a single perfect left valve showing the hinge characters, which he describes as follows: *^ Hinge in the left valve with three diverging cardinal teeth, the anterior tooth as thick as the middle one or thicker, and a straight, compressed, transversely rugose lateral tooth parallel with the margin of the shell above it." I have not seen the shell spoken of, and cannot judge of its merits more than is shown by the figure he gives, which is copied on our plate. The species does not appear to be abundant, and among the few whicli I have been able to refer to it there is considerable variation in form, which is perhaps, to some extent, due to compression and distortion in the marls. The surface of the shell, so far as I can judge, appears to have been marked with fine concentric lines only. Mr. Conrad's specimen, which was from Tippah County, Missis- sippi, seems to have been not so high as others found in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences labeled Meretrix Tippana f in his liand writ- ing, and the locality New Jersey. Dr. Stoliczka appears to think there was little reason for separating the shell as a generic type, and considers it as equivalent to Caryatis of Roemer, but has only seen the description of Mr. Conrad. In its general form it differs from Gallista Belawarensis in being more elevated, which causes a more triangular form of outline with more nearly subcentral beaks. It is also of larger size as a general thing. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at the deep cut of the Holmdel and Keyport turnpike, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and in the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, Marlborough, and from Cream Ridge, New Jersey. One of the speci- mens from the Academy of Natural Sciences collection appears to have come from the first locality also, the other having the appearance of coming from the limestone nodules of the Lower Marls. A specimen of nearly the same form, but a little doubtful, is from Freehold, New Jersey. 156 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. Genus OYPEIMERIA Conrad. 1864. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 212.) Cyprimeria depressa. Plate XXII, Figs. 11-13. Dosinia depressa Conrad. J. A. N. S. Phil., new ser., Yol. IV, p. 278, PI. XL VI, Fig. 6. f Sanguinolaria cretacea Con. J. A. N. S., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 277, PL XLVI, Fig. 11. Gabb, Proc. A. N. S., 1876, p. 308. JDosinia Haddonfieldensis Lea. P. A. N. S., 1861, p. 149. i). depressa (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Check-list, p. 13. Cyprimeria Crefacensis Conrad. Am. J. Conch., Vol. Ill, p. 9. C . Cretacea Con. Am. J. Conch., Vol. II, p. 102. 0. depressa Conrad. Kerr's Rept. Geol. Surv. N. Car., Appendix, p. 9. 0. depressa (Con.) Gabb, P. A. N. S., 1876, p. 308. Shell of medium size, transversely broad-ovate in outline, with very depressed convex valves, which are broadest anteriorly and somewhat sub- cuneate behind, although shghtly truncate at the narrow extremity. Beaks very small, inconspicuous, situated a little nearest the anterior end of the valve, and pointed. Postero-cardinal margin rapidly sloping from the beaks to the posterior truncation, and but very little arched in its course; more so on the left valve, and almost invariably a little humped at about one-third of the length behind the beak on the right valve. Basal line strongly rounded, fullest just in advance of the middle. Eight valve the most con- vex and bent downward at the posterior, while the left valve is curved or bent upward to correspond, giving a rather strong twist to the valves as seen in a basal view. Surface of the shell marked by regular concentric lines of growth and numerous stronger varices at irregular distances. Near the apex of nearly all valves the surface is marked by regular concentric ridges when seen under a glass, which are lost at from a fourth to three- eighths of an inch from the beaks. When the valves are united the lunular depression is but sHght, but behind the beaks the margins of the valves are strongly inflected and form a deeply excavated escutcheon, like that of Circe, while the beaks of the two valves nearly touch each other. In the interior the hinge-plate is rather wide, the muscular imprints faintly marked but large, and the paUial line quite distinct but not sinuate. Internal casts of the species appear to be comparatively rare, at least in a condition to be identified. On them the beaks seem to be much larger, LAMELLIBRANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 157 and to have a greater excavation in front than the shell would indicate. This is the result of a thickening which takes place opposite the beaks in the shell, leaving the liinge-plate shelving more behind it, which produces the beak in the casts further back. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the specimens which are marked in Mr, Conrad^s handwriting Cyprimeria Cretacea appear to be positively identical with those marked as of this spe- cies. I have therefore cited that species as a synonym of this one, although the original figure given in Vol. II, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, new series, PI. XLVI, Fig. 11, would appear to be somewhat more elongated than any of the specimens which I have seen. In regard to the generic relations of this shell there may not be any real doubt, but it is quite certain that the palHal sinus is obsolete. Nor can I say with certainty that I have seen ^ paUial sinus on any species from New Jersey which has been referred to this genus, although it is usually described as possessing such a feature, and is referred to a family which is supposed to be composed of sinuopallial shells. The entire expression of this shell in the interior is more that of an Astarta than of a TeUina, only for the bending of the valves. Formation and locality. — The shells which I have used, and which belong to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, are from the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. The cast which I have figured is from Freehold, New Jersey, and is from the collec- tion of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Cyprimeria densata. Plate XXII, Figs. 19-21. Tellina densata Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., 2(1 ser., Vol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIY, Fig. 14. Dosinia densata (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Check-list, p. 13. D. donata (Con.) [by error for D. deusata] Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727. Cyprimeria densata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 102. Not Dosinia densata Conrad. J. A. ]Sr. S. Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 725, PI. XXXIY, Fig. 13 ( = 0. alta Con. Kerr's Eept. Geol. N. C, Appendix, p. 27). Shell large, transversely elliptical, with the posterior end broadly and squarely truncate. Valves moderately convex, the right more prominently 158 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. SO, and about three-fourths as high as long. Beaks small, appressed, situ- ated behind the anterior third of the length; a slight umbonal angulation marks the posterior slope, between which and the cardinal margin the sur- face of the shell is flattened, corresponding to the truncation of the posterior end of the shell. Surface of the shell marked by somewhat regular con- centric striae, which are abruptly bent at the umbonal ridge and pass direct nearly to the cardinal margin. I have seen several imperfect examples of the casts of this shell from New Jersey, but no perfect ones. The species attains a rather large size, Mr. Conrad's example of the species being more than three and three-fourths inches long by two and a half inches high. No examples which I have seen furnish any evidence of the hinge characters, but the general expression of the partial casts is much like that of a species of Dosinia, from which genus the distinct inequality and twisting of the valves would serve to distinguish it. Mr. Conrad states in his description that the right valve is convex and the left one flat. In the specimen which he used and figured, and which is now before me, the left valve is about half as convex as the right one, and both are decidedly bent or twisted near the posterior end, as are those of many of the divisions of the TeUinidce. In the general expression of the cast there is no feature to distinguish it from a cast of a large Sanguinolaria. The species differs from those which I have referred to C. excavata, Morton's sp., in the less inequality of the valves, and more decidedly so in the marked truncation of the posterior extremity at right angles to the axis of the shell; also in the angulation of the umbonal ridge, as well as in being much more transverse. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Marls at Holmdel, New Jersey, in collections obtained from the Rev. Dr. Riley, and from Burlington, New Jersey, as marked on the specimen originally used by Mr. Conrad. I have also seen specimens which, judging from the lithological characters, must have come from several difi'erent localities, but which were not indicated. LA.MELLIBKANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 159 Cyprimeria excavata. Plate XXII, Figs. 16 and 17. Gythereu excavata Morton. Synopsis, p. 67, PI. V, Fig. 1. Dosinia excavata (Mort.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 120. Meek, Check-list, p. 13. Conrad, P. A. K Sci. Pliil., Vol. Yl, p. 320. 1). densata Conrad. J. A. :N^. Sci. Phil., 2d ser.. Vol. Ill, p. 325, PI. XXXIY, Fig. 13 {==Cyprimeria alta Con. Kerr's Geol. X. C, Appendix, p. 27.) Xot Dosinia donata (Con.) Meek (by error for D. densata), Geol. Surv. X. J., 1868, p. 727. Cyprimeria excavata (Morton) Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. II, p. 102. Meek, Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 727. Shell, as shown by internal casts, of medium size, transversely or trian- gularly subcircular in outline, with distinctly unequal valves, the rig4it being prominently convex on the umbone and the left depressed convex, becoming concave toward the front from the twisting of the valves, and marked along the posterior slope by a faint plicature or depressed sulcus. Beak small and appressed, curved anteriorly and subcentrally situated, the anterior side somewhat excavated or concave, cardinal margin arcuate, and the borders of the valves generally curved. Surface of the shell, as far as can be judged from the casts, marked by concentric lines. The casts which I have referred to this species are more circular than those pertaining to A, densata Conrad, and of smaller size and decidedly shorter, with more erect beaks, and apparently more unequally convex valves, which show no evidence of the distinctly flattened postero-cardinal slope. No evidence of hinge characters remain on any of the few speci- mens which I have examined, but the unequal valves, together with the apparent bending or twisting of the basal portions, would seem to place them at once among this group of shells. From, their highly imperfect conditions, however, no satisfactory proof of generic relations can be ob- tained. Dr. Morton^s figure is much more triangular in outline than any specimen which I have seen. It is probable that he intended to include under his species all those from the New Jersey Cretaceous now known under the several names used. His description is, however, so very vague, that it is impossible from it to decide which of these forms he had under consideration. So we must depend entirely on his figure, which is but little more satisfactory than the description. I have therefore retained for 160 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. his species the form which is most erect, as corresponding most nearly to it. In this respect it is most nearly allied to (7. spissa Conrad, although that one is longer in an antero-posterior direction than any of the specimens referred to C. excavata. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Holmdel and elsewhere in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Dr. Morton's specimen was from Arneytown, New Jersey. Cyprimeria Heilprini, d. sp. Plate XXII, Figs. 14 and 15. Shell of medium size, transversely elliptical in outline, and very decid- edly inequivalve, but nearly equilateral, as seen in the condition of inter- nal casts. Beaks prominent and nearly or quite central. Right valve much the most convex, and the left .concave toward the front, giving a decided curvature to the basal line as seen on the edge of the cast. Mus- cular scars large and well marked ; no pallial sinus. The hinge-plate has been quite thick, and the teeth large and strong, as evinced by the broad depression along the cardinal line of the cast. Surface features unknown. This species has somewhat the external form of C appressa Conrad, but has been a much deeper or more ventricose shell, with proportionally more elevated and prominent beaks. It is also somewhat related in form to (7. densata, but is proportionally more transverse and more equilateral than any specimen of that species observed. Although I have seen but a single individual cast of it, the features are so marked and prominent, that I have not hesitated to describe it as a distinct form. Formation and locality. — In the lower beds of the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Cyprimeria spissa. Plate XXII, Fig. 18. Cyprimeria spissa Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 44, PL I, Fig. 9. The specimen figured in this report is the only one which I have seen that will in any degree correspond to the figure given by Mr. Conrad of his LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 161 G. spissa, and there is considerable difference between them even then ; but it is impossible in the absence of his type specimen to say how imperfect it may have been or how near the figure may represent it. In this latter respect, however, it is only fair to say that in general features his figures are very expressive. The cast which I have figured and referred to the species is oblately circular in outline, a little wider than high, wdth a small apex, rather prominently convex disk, and with a posterior constricting furrow in the line of the advancement of tlie muscular scar which is less distinctly marked than on his figure, and the pallial line is also not so marked. The posterior scar is distinct, of a large size, while the anterior is scarcely visible. The shell lacks the angular anterior end, and is much wider posteriorly than Mr. Conrad's figure. Still, I aai strongly inclined to believe it belongs to the same species. They both present much the appearance of specimens of Lucina rather than Cyprimeria^ but the one here described may readily be imagined to have been twisted in an antero-pos~ terior direction. Formation and locality, — Mr. Conrad's specimen was from Crosswicks, New Jersey, while the one here used is from the Lower Marls at Holmdel, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and is from the collections of the Rev. Dr. Riley. Genus DOSINIA Scopoli. Dosiuia Gabbi, n. sp. Plate XXII, Figs. 4 and 5. Shell of medium size, not exceeding one and one-eighth inches in its greatest diameter, subcircular in outline and moderately gibbous, with pro- jecting beaks, which are directed forward and slightly incurved. On the internal cast there are evidences of two cardinal teeth in each valve, but none of any laterals. The muscular imprints are large and but faintly marked, and the pallial line is deeply sinuate ; the sinus deep and angular and directed upward and forward. The cardinal margin is deeply inflected as if for a wide hinge plate or ligament, and the edges of the depression sharply angular. The surface of the cast bears evidence of strong concen- tric undulations on the outer half of the shell. Some imperfect valves pre- 4418 MON 9 11 162 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. serving the shell, which I suppose to be one of the same species, have the same general form, with very thin shells, smooth or only marked with fine concentric lines and occasional varices of growth, all are imperfect at the beaks and hinges. The cardinal margins are very sharply and deeply inflected, but none of the hinge features are preserved so as to be determined. I find no description or figure answering to this species. The speci- men used for illustration I found in the cabinet at Rutgers College, marked "'' Mysia gibbosa Gabb " in what was supposed to be Mr. Gabb's own hand- writing. But the specimen dififers very materially from Mr. Gabb's figure cited under Tenea pinguis Con., and also from the specimens which I have referred to that species, in being much less gibbous, less erect, rather more transverse, and in having the postero-cardinal margin in the cast even more strongly inflected. The shell is, I think, as nearly a true Bosinia as any found in the Cretaceous formation,, and certainly does not belong to the genus Mysia Leach, as it has a deeply sinuate pallial line, which that genus does not admit, and it appears to possess all the requisite features of Dosinia so far as they can be made out. Formation and locality — In the Lower Green Marls at Burlington and Freehold, New Jersey, received, as indicated on the labels, from S. J. Ger- main and D. Bishop; also in the cabinet of the American Museum of Nat- ural History. The specimen preserving the shell, identified as the same with the casts, are from Upper Freehold, New Jersey, from collections made by Dr. Bruere. Dosinia ? erecta, n. sp. Plate XVIII, Figs. 17-20. Shell small, less than an inch in height, and quite erect, being nearly equilateral and ovate in outline, the widest part opposite or below the middle, with appressed valves, most gibbous near the umbones, the beaks small, erect, and moderately approximate. Cardinal margins of the valves strongly and sharply inflected, most strongly and largely so on the ante- rior side. Surface of the valves marked only by fine irregular concentric lines of growth, and the substance very thin and fragile. Hinge charac- ters unknown. Muscular imprints small and obscure, and the pallial line unknown. LAMELLIBEAls^CHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 163 The shell somewhat closely resembles Bosinia Gabhi, herein described, in the delicacy of the valves and the inflection of the cardinal margins, but is quite distinct in the form of the outline, that one being broader, rounder, and less erect. There may be considerable doubt as to the generic rela- tions of this species, as none of the generic features have been clearly as- certained, and the reference is made entirely from the external appearances of a few shells destitute of the most of the cardinal portions, and one in- ternal cast, on which the markings are so faint as not to be considered reliable. Formations and localities, — From the Lower Green Marls at Upper Freehold, New Jersey, and from near Marshallville, New Jersey. Genus TEXEA Conrad. 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 72.) Tenea pinguis. Plate XXII, Figs. 1-3. Lucina pinguis Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Yol. II, p. 275, PI. XXIY, Fig. 18. X, pinguis (Con.) Meek. Check-list, p. 12 j Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 138. Diplodonta parilis Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Yol. lY, p. 278, PI. XLYHI, Fig. 16 (by error given Fig. 8 in text, p. 278). Mysia gibhosa Gabb. J. A. K. Sci., Yol. lY, p. 302, PI. XLYIII, Fig. 17 (not fig. 18). Tenea parilis Conrad. Jour. Am. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 73, PI. Ill, Fig. 12. Kerr's Geol. Eept. jfsr. C, p. 8, Appendix, PI. II, Fig. 25. T. pinguis (Conrad) Gabb. P. A. K S., 1876, p. 307. Specimens of small size. Casts nearly circular in outline, but a little higher than long. Valves very gibbous, inflated on the umbones. Beaks large and elevated, rather strong, incurved forward ; cardinal line arcuate behind and excavated in front of the beaks. On the posterior side the cardinal border is deeply sunken, showing the existence of a rather wide or inflated hinge plate. Muscular scars rather large and but faintly marked; pallial line deeply and angularly sinuate, the sinus directed upward, point- ing nearly toward the apex of the cast. The specimens which preserve the shell, and used by Mr. Conrad as the types of the genus Tenea, are smaller than most of the casts observed. The surface is comparatively smooth, or marked only by fine concentric 164 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. lines of growth. On them the posteror-cardinal margin is seen to be shghtly inflected, but the front is thin and sharp, showing not the least tendency to form a lunule. The specimens, some of which are partial casts, do not show the pallial sinus very distinctly, but faint indications of it can be traced among the lines caused by fractures in the shell The hinge feat- ures show the V-shaped tooth beneath the beak described, with an elon- gate depression in front and an oblique elongate ridge behind it in the left valve, and the right valve shows evidence of a bifid tooth beneath the beak, with a very narrow posterior tooth behind. From these characters it will be seen that the shell belongs to the JDosinince and not to the Unguli- nidcEy as placed by some authors; but the general features of the shell are so nearly those of Thetis Sowerby that there would hardly seem any neces- sity of forming a new genus for it. As several authors have, however, preferred to adopt Tenea, I have retained it under that designation. Formation and localities. — Found in the micaceous clav at the base of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, Mr. Conrad's types of T. parilis. It also occurs at Holmdel, Upper Freehold, near Burhngton, and at Freehold, New Jersey. It is also found in Delaware, and I cannot distinguish between these casts and many of those of the same form which occur in the Eocene layers of the Upper Green Sands at Farmingdale, Shark River, and near New Egypt, New Jersey. TELLINID^. Genus TELLIMERA Conrad, 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 73.) TeUimera eborea. Plate XXIII, Figs. 12 and 13. Telli/na {Tellinimera) chorea Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 278, PI. XLYI, fig. 14. Meek, Check-list, p. 14* T. eborea (Conrad) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 173. TelUmera eborea Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 73. Shell small; the largest specimen used measuring only about eleven- sixteenths of an inch in length. Form triangularly ovate or subtriangular LAMELLIBRAKCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 165 and very depressed convex. Beak small, appressed, and situated considerably nearer to the posterior end. Anterior end rounded, gradually sloping from the beak to near the point of greatest length; basal margin broadly curved, and the posterior end truncate below, and obliquely sloping, with a slight convex cui'vature, from the beaks to the postero-cardinal angle. Postero- umbonal slope flattened, and marked by a very faint angulation of the surface. Surface of the shell marked by fine but regular, increasing, flat- tened, concentric ridges, which are separated by narrow impressed lines, and are abruptly bent upward in crossing the umbonal ridge. The shells are all broken at the apex and along the postero-cardinal margin, so that the hinge features are not perfectly seen. I have drawn a figure of them of about twice the natural size, as well as I can make them out. The characters are so very obscure that I shall not undertake to discuss their relations from what I can see of them. Dr. Stoliczka in speaking of it considers it as very closely related to the genus Angulus, another division of the TeUinidce, but the specimens which I have seen do not afford material for comparison. Formation and locality. — Mr. Conrad's types were from Alabama. The specimens used in the above description are marked Haddonfield, New Jer- sey, and are borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia. They are much smaller than that figured by Mr. Con- rad. There are some internal casts from the micaceous clays beneath the Lower Marls at the Rev. Gr. C. Schanck's pits near Marlborough, New Jersey, which I have referred to the same species, as they have the same form and a few of the surface markings, but they show none of the internal features. Genus LIKEAEIA Conrad, 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 73.) Linearia metastriata. Plate XXIII, Figs. 6 and 7. Linearia metastriata Conrad. J. A. IsT. Sci., new ser., Vol. lY, p. 279, PI. XLYI, Fig. 7. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 137. Meek, Check-list, p. 14. Also as generic illustration, Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, pp. 73 and 74, PI. Ill, Fig. 11. Shell small, the largest individual seen (a cast) measures a little more than an inch in its transverse diameter. Form of the shell broadly and 166 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. quite regularly transversely ovate, widest across the anterior end, with very small, appressed beaks, but slightly rising above the hinge margin and almost centrally situated. Valves very depressed convex. Surface of the shell marked by rather fine, regularly increasing, concentric ridges, which are elevated, and separated by sharply depressed spaces of nearly equal width. These are crossed by radiating ridges, which are strongest for a short distance from the anterior end and on the postero-cardinal slope, being sharp and coarse on the latter part, but broad and gently rounded on the anterior end; while on the middle of the valve they are much finer and very subdued, scarcely appearing except in the depressions between the concentric ridges, and barely observable without the aid of a glass. This shell scQms to have been Mr. Conrad^s type of the genus Linearia, as far as the structure of the hinge is to be considered, the characters of which he appears to have obtained from the Haddonfield specimens; while the species was first described from examples of small size, from Snow Hill, N. C The hinge-plate, as shown in the New Jersey shells, is rather wide, the cardinal teeth are seen to be two, narrow, oblique, and slightly diverging, directed anteriorly, the posterior of the two strongest and rather rounded on the back in the right valve, with a long, shallow but distinct pit distant from the beak on each side, representing the laterals of the left valve. The muscular impressions are large and shallow, while the pallial line is invisible on any of the specimens which I have examined; but Mr. Conrad says ^Hhe pallial sinus is rounded and extends to a direct line between the apex and ventral margin, according to D'Orbigney's fig. 5, and beyond that point in fig. 17," referring to some one of D'Orbigney's works which he does not cite. In the specimen, of which I have figured the interior, the pallial line is entirely covered with a paper pasted over the inside of the shell, to hold together the many fragments into which it has been broken, so that I dare not attempt its removal. Formation and localities. — The larger cast figured is from Holmdel, New Jersey, in a collection made by the Rev. Dr. Riley. The shells are from Haddonfield, and Conrad's type of the species was from Snow Hill, North Carolina. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 167 Linearia contract a, n. sp. Plate XXIII, Fig. 5. Shell small and moderately convex, transversely ovate in outline, broad in front and abruptly contracted behind the beaks, the anterior end forming about three-fifths of the shell's length. Beaks small and inconspicuous. Anterior end broadly rounded and the posterior more narrowly rounded. Basal line broadly curved. Surface of the shell as seen in a matrix, marked by fine radiating striae which extend over the entire surface, but are less strongly developed on the middle of the valve.. Also marked by fine con- centric grooves parallel to the margin of the shell. This species differs from i. metastriata in being proportionally longer, in the abrupt contraction of the posterior end, in its ovate instead of oval form, greater convexity, and in being marked by radiating striae througliout instead of having the central part of the valve nearly or quite destitute of this marking. Formation and locality, — In dark micaceous clay marls at the base of the Lower Marls, at Holmdel, New Jersey. Genus ^OEA Conrad, 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI," p. 72, 1871.) ^ora cretacea. Plate XXIII, Figs. 16 and 17. JEora cretacea Conrad. Am. Jour. Concli., Yol. YI, p. 72, PI. Ill, Fig. 8. Shell small or below a medium size, longer than high, and subtriangu- lar or triangularly elliptical in outline. Valves convex, with small sub- central beaks, which are nearly opposite the middle of the valves; cardinal margins sloping from the beaks at nearly an equal angle on the opposite sides, and forming with each other an angle of about one hundred and twenty degrees, the anterior side a little excavated in front of the beak. Anterior margin of the valve more sharply rounded than the posterior, and the basal line broadly curved. Surface of the shell marked by irregular concentric lines of growth only. 168 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. The general expression of this shell when viewed externally is Mactra- hke, and, were it not for a knowledge of the hinge, might readily be supposed to belong to that genus; but internally the hinge differs very materially. Dr. Stoliczka, in copying Mr. Conrad's generic description, very properly corrects the V-shaped tooth of the left valve to an /\ -shape, and places the genus under the Tellimdwj where it probably belongs, not- withstanding its Madra-like appearance, as it does not possess an internal cartilage plate. Formation and locality. — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Genus ^NONA Conrad, 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74.) ^nona Eufaulensis. Plate XXIII, Figs. 2 and 3. Tellina Eufaulensis Conrad. J. A. :N". Sci., Vol. IV, p. 277, PL XL VI, Fig. 15. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 173. Meek, Check-list, p. 14. Mnona Eufaulensis Con. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, p. 482. Shell small, triangularly ovate in outhne, three-fourths as high as long, with the small beaks situated a little more than one-third of the length from the anterior end. Cardinal margins rapidly sloping from the beaks, the anterior most rapidly, and the anterior end sharph^ rounding just above the basal line; posterior end more broadly rounded, but still narrowed; basal hne broadly curved. Surface of the valve smooth and semipolished, the disk rather highly convex for a Tellina-like shell, with very small pointed beaks, a sUght angularity of the umbonal region just in front of it, and a very narrow but distinctly circumscribed lunule. In the interior the hinge- plate is very narrow, with a single small cardinal tooth in the right valve and very small and narrow lateral teeth. Muscular markings unknown. This species differs from JEnona papyria Conrad, principally in the even, smooth, or semi-polished surface, that one being without poHsh and marked with uneven concentric lines of comparatively great strength; also LAMELLIBEAKCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 169 in the want of the flattening of the shell on the shorter end, and in the greater thickness and firmer substance of the shell The shell occurs in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, labeled, in Conrad's writing, Temesa Eufalensis^ but corresponds to the figure of Tellina Eufalensis given in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, as above cited, except that it is a right instead of a left valve, and is shghtly imperfect at the anterior end. The shell cannot be mistaken for a species of Tenera, and I find no reference to the genus Temesa. There can be no question, however, in regard to the identity of this specimen with that described as ^nona JSufaulensis, Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Green Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's type of the species Tellina Eufaulensis (afterward changed to JEnona Eufaulensis) was from Eufaula, Alabama. There are casts of small sheik of a character similar in form to this among collections from Mr. Schanck's pits near Marlborough, but it is difficult to identify positively such imperfect material. JBnona papyria. Plate XXIII, Fig. 4. ^nona papyria Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 74. Mr. Conrad's description of this species is as follows: ^^Subelhptical, inequilateral, extremely thin in substance, convex, anterior side narrowed ; posterior end obliquely truncated ; ventral margin regularly curved ; surface marked by microscopic concentric lines. Length, | inch." A single right valve, marked with the name Tellimera papyria Conrad, exists in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, which agrees closely with the above description. As I can find no descrip- tion or reference to such a species under that generic name, I am led to suppose this shell was at first considered as a Tellimera^ but subsequently placed and described under JEnona without changing the label. The spec- imen has now lost all the beak and cardinal parts, and I can only give a restored figure of the outside of the valve. It is very much elongated transversely, and of an elliptical form, as well as extremely thin in substance. 170 PAL^OI^TOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. The surface markings are very fine, and represent lines of growth only. It is probable that some of the many small indistinct casts from the micaceous clays beneath the Lower Green Marls at the Rev. G. C. Schanck's pits, near Marlborough, N. J., may belong to this species ; but so far I have not seen anything so transversely elongated. Formation and locality. — The specimen above described is from Had- donfield. New Jersey, from the micaceous clays at that place. Genus COEIMYA Agassiz. Corimya tenuis, n. sp. Plate XXIII, Figs. 9-11. Shell small in size, the largest individual cast observed measuring scarcely one and a quarter inches in length. Form triangularly-elliptical, with nearly central beaks, from which the cardinal margins slope rapidly on each side, the extremities being nearly equally rounded, but the posterior narrower than the anterior, and the postero-cardinal margin very slightly contracted near the beaks. The valves have been depressed convex, unequal and slightly twisted, the right valve less convex than the left, and its basal margin concave as viewed on the basal edge. Surface of the cast marked by concentric undulations, indicating a somewhat distinctly undulated shell surface. Muscular scars as indicated on the casts rather large, the posterior one bounded on its inner side by a depressed groove indicating a ridge on the inside of the shell; much the strongest on the right valve. No evidence of a pallial sinus has been seen on any of the specimens. The surface of the disk of the cast, on those which indicate a thickening of the shell, is marked by radiating vascular lines, most distinct on the posterior side of the beaks, and evidences of a few radii on the anterior third. I'he internal casts of this species are not uncommon at several locali- ties of the Lower Marls, and are extremely JfeZ/ma-like in their characters and appearance. They occur of all sizes, from half an inch in length to that of the largest one above mentioned, and are usually thin, flattened specimens, often with but little character by which they can be recognized. The more ventricose and larger individuals closely resemble casts of Peri- LAMELLIBRANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MABLS. 171 plomya ellipiica, which I think ought also to be placed under the genus Corimyaj but they are never so ventricose and never so much constricted behind the beaks as are casts of that species, so that their triangularly- elliptical outline will always readily distinguish them. They also bear considerable resemblance to casts of Linearia metastriata Conrad, from which it will be difficult to distinguish them if ever found associated. The slope of the cardinal margin and the impressed groove bordering the mus- cular impression, as well as the inequality and twisting of the valves, will be a guide in determining their relations. There can be no question, I think, about the generic reference of the species, as they correspond in every par- ticular with both description and figures of the species referred by Prof. Agassiz to his genus Corimya. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marl Beds, Upper Freehold, col- lected by Dr. Bruere, and at Marshallville, Salem County, New Jersey. I have also seen quite a number of these casts in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, from several localities. DONACINID^. Genus DOXAX Linn. Donaz Fordii. Plate XXIII, Fig. 1. Bonax Fordii Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 102, PI. IX, Fig. 27. Shell below a medium size for the genus, triangularly cuneate, very inequilateral, the anterior end being nearly twice as long as the opposite. Valves ventricose, the extremities sharply rounded, the anterior broadest at the end. Surface of the shell poHshed and marked by fine radiating im- pressed lines, which strongly and deeply crenulate the margin of the shell. This shell is so exactly a representative of the Hving species common along the Atlantic coast that it would be extremely hazardous to its specific distinction to institute comparisons. The specimen is very imperfect in form, having had the beaks crushed in and the shell partially exfoliated ; but the characters are sufiiciently preserved to establish at once its relations. 172 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSEY. The figure given by Mr. Conrad, cited above, is much too equilateral, and does not represent the specimen in hand, which is the only one known, and that from which his figure was made. Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl, at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collections of the Academy of Natu- ral Sciences, Philadelphia. MACTRIDJE. Genus YELEDA Conrad, 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 74.) Veleda lintea. Plate XXIII, Figs. 18-21. Cardium {Protocardium) linteum Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., Phil., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 278, PI. XLYf, Fig. 17. G. linteum (Con.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 107. Veleda lintea Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 74. Geol. Surv. N. Car. (Kerr's), p. 9, of Appendix, PI. I, Fig. 26. Gymhophora lintea (Con.) Gabb. P. A. N^. Sci., 1876, p. 306. Shell small, subtriangular in outhne or somewhat transversely elongate- triangular. Valves (left ones only seen) moderately ventricose, most prom- inently so on the umbones and anterior to the middle; beaks proportionally large, situated a little posterior to the middle of the length; anterior end of the valves largest, rounded on the margin; basal line having a broad reo-u- lar curve, and the posterior end obliquely sloping from the apex of the valve, and a little more squarely truncate just above the basal angle. Um- bonal ridge angular, but not carinate, rather decidedly marked, and the pos- terior slope somewhat abrupt. Surface of the left valve marked by very fine, but regularly increasing, even concentric ridges, which are separated by very narrow deep lines. Along the posterior umbonal angle there is one or possibly two faint radiating hues, one forming the crest, the other posterior to it, but faint. The form and general appearance of these shells, in the only two im- perfect examples which I have seen, is much like the smaller valve of a Corbula, and would be commonly considered as such unless the hinge were LAMELLIBEAlSrCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 173 observed. Mr. Conrad at first supposed it to be a Protocardium, but subse- quently made it the type of his new genus, Veleda, The hinge features on the specimens which I have before me are ver}^ imperfect, although I am inclined to think they furnished the material for his generic diagnosis. He describes them as follows : ^^Equivalved. Hinge character; left valve with a V-shaped cardinal tooth under the apex, and three compressed teeth, pos- terior one elongated and parallel with the dorsal margin, cardinal plate channeled, deeply so anteriorly." I have drawn the features of the hinge as near as practicable, enlarged, from the best individual of the two, just as it was prepared by Mr. Conrad, and shall offer no comments as to the value of his genus. Among some imperfect casts which I have referred to the same genus there is one which shows the cardinal margin to have been strongly grooved in front and behind, and on one, which is of a right valve, the posterior side shows two ridges, representing a double groove on that side, the outer one the smallest of the two. Mr. Gabb (loc. cite.) says there is no difference between this species and the typical form of his genus CymhopJiora, described in the Paleontology of California, except that of size and the peculiar cross-striations of the lateral teeth, the latter feature not having been observed in the California speci- mens. As there would appear to have been some doubt in his own mind as to their absolute identity, and as his observations were made on specimens identified from Georgia, I think it best to leave it as Mr. Conrad placed it until more positive information is obtained. Formation and locality, — Mr. Conrad's original type of the species was from Tippah County, Miss., Dr. Toumey's collection, while his generic types are marked Haddonfield, New Jersey. The internal casts mentioned under the remarks above are from the micaceous clays beneath the Lower Marls, at the Rev. G. C. Schank's pits near Marlborough; New Jersey State cabinet. Veleda Tellinoides, n. sp. Plate XXIII, Fig. 23. Shell large for the genus, the cast, the only form under which it is known, being fully one and a quarter inches in length; form transversely ovate, largest at the anterior end, and two-thirds as high as long. Valves 174 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. depressed convex with small appressed beaks and a slight angulation pass- ing from the beak to the posterior extremity, forming a narrow posterior cardinal slope. Surface, as shown on the cast, marked by fine concentric lines of growth. Muscular scars proportionally large and moderately dis- tinct, and an indication of a rather deep sinus in the pallial line. This species differs from V, lintea in the more transverse form, less an- gular umbonal ridge, which is also situated nearer to the cardinal border; in the less elevated form and more arcuate basal margin, and also conspic- uously in want of the coarse, regular, concentric markings of the surface seen on that one. In regard to its generic affinities there may be a little doubt, as the hinge has been much less thickened and consequently the im- pressions of the teeth are less conspicuous and consequently less certain. Formation and locality, — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at the Rev. G. C. Schank's pits near. Marlborough, Monmouth County, New Jersey. From Professor Lockwood's collection. Veleda transversa, n. sp. Plate XXXIII, Fig. 22. Shell transversely eUiptical, about three-fifths as high as long and very depressed convex; beak, as seen on internal casts, rather prominent and pointed, situated at or a httle behind the anterior third of the entire length of the shell; umbonal angle very distinct but not elevated ; basal and car- dinal margins nearly equally arcuate, the anterior end broadly rounded and the posterior obliquely truncate, being longest at the point where the um- bonal ridge cuts the margin. Surface of the shell marked by regular, even, concentric ridges, about five of which occupy an eighth of an inch in width near the basal margin of the specimens figured. Hinge-line unknown, except the short lateral teeth on each side of the beak shown by the linear depressions on the cast. This species is nearly of the form of V. tellinoides, but is less pointed behind, has a more prominent and more angular umbonal ridge, and the beak is some- what more distant from the anterior end, and the surface more coarsely striate. Formation and locality, — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Marlborough, New Jersey, in Mr. Lockwood's collections from that place. LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 175 ANATINIDiE. Genus PHOLADOMYA, Sowerby. Pholadomya occidentalis. Plate XXIV, Figs. 1-3. Pholadomya occidentalis Morton. Synopsis, p. 6S^ PL VIII, Fig. 3. Gabb, Synop. Gret. Form., Meek, Smithson. Inst. Checklist, etc. Shell of rather more than medium size, ovate in outline and very ven- tricose, and as far as can be safely determined from all the specimens which I have seen the valves closely meet at both extremities. Beaks large and broad, incurved so as to be nearly in contact, but not prominent, resting only moderately above the hinge-line, and situated well forward. Hinge- line straight, nearly two-thirds as long as the shell and bounded by a rather distinct and broadly excavated cardinal area, the limit of which near the beaks on each side of them is distinctly angular. Anterior end of the shell obliquely truncated; posterior end more narrowly rounded, and the basal margin strongly curved, being a little gibbous in its curvature near the middle of its length. Surface of the specimens, the shell never being preserved, is marked by strong radiating ribs, which are most numerous and most closely arranged near the middle of the valves and gradually become more distant toward each extremity, those on the extreme anterior end and those near the postero-cardinal border being nearly or quite twice as far apart as those on the middle of the valve. On many individuals every other ray along the central section of the valve, and sometimes extending well toward the pos- terior, is seen to die out before reaching the beak. By this arrangement the disk of the shell has been divided indistinctly into three sections, marked by the simple spaces between the rays on each end, and by having inter- calated rays between on the central space. On the most perfect individual used, figured on the plate, which is about three and a half inches in length, there are about thirty ribs determinable, and on the smaller one figured only about twenty-seven can be counted. The casts also show strong con- centric lines of growth, which in crossing the rays gives them a strongly wrinkled or nodose and sometimes a distorted and flexuose character. 1 76 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEKSEY. It is even more than probable that the shells of this species, when per- fect, have been gaping at the posterior, if not at each end; but all those which I have seen have been more or less compressed and imperfect, so that their closed character cannot be said to be certainly determined. As they appear to possess all the features of the typical forms of the genus in other respects, it would be safe to assume they have been somewhat gaping, at least posteriorly. On the large specimen figured, which is the property of the Am. Mus. of Nat. History, New York, the anterior muscular imprint is seen to be of large size near the anterior end, but only faintly marked. Formation and localities, — The species is found at Monmouth, Burling- ton, and other localities in the Lower Green Marls of New Jersey, and is credited by Mr. Gabb to Delaware and to Mississippi. The original figure given by Morton, he, cit, is very erroneous in all its details, having but little resemblance to any specimen which I have ever seen. Pholadomya Roemeri n. sp. Plate XXIV, Fig. 4. Shell rather small for the genus, being only about two inches long. Valves very convex, with moderately tumid beaks, which are nearly termi- nal ; form obHquely ovate in outline, somewhat wider behind the middle than in front, exclusive of the beaks. Hinge-line rather long. Surface of the shell marked by thirteen radiating ribs, which are sharp and elevated, and are separated by broad concave interspaces. Those on the anterior end of the shell are distant and curved forward, while those on the body of the shell gradually decrease in distance as they progress backward. There are also very distinct and proportionally distant concentric strise marking the shell, forming slight nodes on the radii where crossing them. This species, so far as seen, is smaller than P. occidentalis Morton, and is less regularly oval in outline, being more elongate. The radii are much less numerous, in fact are less than half as numerous as is usual on that species. It approaches much more nearly in form and character to P. peder- nalis Romer, from Texas, but does not possess the prominent beaks of that species, and has rather more radii, that one having only six or seven. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 177 Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays below the Lower Marl Bed, at the Rev. G. C Schank's pits, near Marlborough, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Genus PEEIPLOMYA Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 76 = Leptomya Con., Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. Ill, p. 15. Periplomya eUiptica. Plate XXIII, Figs. 14 and 15. Anatina elUptica Gabb. P. A. I^. S., Phil., 1861, p. 324. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol. Surv. K. J., 1868, p. 727. Periplomya eUiptica Gabb. P. A. N. S., Phil., 1876, p. 305. Shell small, inequivalve, and very inequilateral, subovate in outline, largest across the anterior side of the beaks, and strongly constricted just be- hind them, the posterior end being narrowed on the hinge-line and excavated at this point. Valves somewhat ventricose, the right one less convex than the left, and very decidedly depressed in the central region and toward the basal line, showing a decided twist or arcuation of the valves as seen in a basal view. Anterior end broadly rounded, and the posterior pointedly rounded. Beaks small, appressed, incurved, and apparently directed back- ward, as is usual in this group of shells, from the expansion or inflation of the anterior side of the hinge-line. Cardinal margin, as seen on the cast, inflected both in front and behind the beaks, forming an apparent lunule and escutcheon on the cast, probably produced mainly from a thickening of the hinge-plate within. Muscular imprints and pallial line and hinge not observed. This appears to be a rare form of shell in the Cretaceous strata of America, only a very few individuals having been observed by any one. I have seen only two individuals besides Mr. Gabb's type, but the latter author speaks of Mr. Conrad having seen three specimens. The generic relations of the species are somewhat obscure, as none but internal casts have been found, which do not retain the features of the hinge. Mr. Con- rad appears to have identified it positively with his genus Periplomya for Mr. Gabb, but I can see no valid reason why it should not be placed under Agassiz's genus Corimya, 1843, a genus which occurs in Europe in the Cre- taceous and Jurassic. There certainly seems to be no difference in the form 4418 MON 9 12 178 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. of the casts, unless it be in the absence of the internal rib, which is described as occurring in the right valve of some specimens of that genus, bordering the muscular impression. Prof Agassiz refers Corimya to the Isocardes, but its affinities are certainly with Anatma, as they have been placed by later authors. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at MuUica Hill and Holmdel, New Jersey. Genus CEECOMYA Agassiz. Cercomya peculiaris. Plate XXIII, Figs. 24 and 25. Inoceramus peculiaris Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. Y, p. 43, PL I, Fig. 13. Cercomya peculiaris Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Yol. YI, p. 76. A single fragment of a cast of one valve only has been seen of this species, and that altogether too imperfect to afford means for positive ge- neric reference. The form somewhat resembles species of Cercomya Agassiz, but is by no means unquestionable, and is fully as much like Thracia. The form has been subtriangular, with an obliquely truncated anterior end, slightly gaping; the posterior part of the shell more elongated, slightly curved, and more widely gaping. Valves moderately convex and strongly furrowed concentrically. On the left valve there is evidence of a propor- tionally wide hinge-plate, with a large deep ligamental cavity beneath the apex. No evidences of teeth or teeth-like projections are preserved, as only the impression of the under surface of the plate is shown. Formation and locality. — In the lower portion of the Lower Green Marls at Crosswicks, New Jersey. CORBULID^. Genus COEBULA Brugui^re. Corbula crassiplica. Plate XXIII, Fig. 30. Corhula crassiplica Gabb. J. A. K. Sci., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 394, PL LXYIII, Fig. 25. Synopsis, p. 110. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol. Surv. K J., 3868, p. 727. Corhula perbrevis Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Eept. N. Car., Appendix, p. 17, PI. II, Fig. 5. The shells upon which this species is identified from New Jersey are very small, scarcely exceeding a fourth of an inch in length, the height LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 179 being about the same. Very ventricose on the right valve and of a sub- triangular form. Beak large, inflated and enrolled, nearest the anterior end. Anterior umbonal ridge subangular, and marked by a narrow groove, which divides the concentric ridges at this point. Posterior end short, with a very marked fold separating the postero-cardinal slope from the body of the valve. Body of the valve marked by coarse, strong, and rounded concentric folds, varying in number according to the size of the shell. Left valve less ven- tricose than the right, and destitute of the strong folds, or marked only by irregular concentric lines. The species bears considerable resemblance to C, Murchisoni Lea, from the Eocene sands of Claiborne, Alabama. In fact it is quite difficult to point out characters by which they can be distinguished as seen on the imperfect specimens which I have examined from New Jersey. These are scarcely half the length of the one figured by Mr. Gabb in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, unless that figure be an enlargement. I have not seen a left valve in a condition for illustration, and none of the examples show the interior in a condition to be described, as they are extremely fragile and will not bear handling. The small specimen figured by Mr. Conrad as C. perhrevis from North Carolina loc. cit. is so exactly like the New Jersey forms both in size and general appearance, that. the figure would answer perfectly for an illustration of one of these. In Mr. Conrad's remark on the generic relations of this group of Cretaceous Corhulce he appears to consider them as pertaining to the genus Pachydon Gabb on account of their spiral beaks; and in the same connection one obtains an explanation of Mr. Conrad's reasons for the formation of so many genera by that author, in his intima- tion of a belief ^^that all life was destroyed at the close of the Cretaceous era;" a belief not warranted by facts, and one intended to lead a paleon- tologist into any amount of excess in the formation of genera and species. Formation and locality, — In the dark micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. From the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 180 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. Corbula Poulkei. Plate XXIII, Figs. 27-29. Corhula Foulkei Lea. Proc. A. N. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 149. Pamph., p. 41. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geo!. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727. Shell of small size, elliptically triangular in outline, posterior end short- est and acutely pointed; anterior end rounded, the left valve more extreme in form than the right, which is more ventricose and higher than the left. Beaks tumid and incurved, that of the larger valve most distinctly so. Sur- face marked by moderately strong concentric striae and very strong varices of growth. Substance of the shell thick; teeth only moderate in size; muscular markings distinct. As I have not been able to find the original specimens described by Mr. Lea, I can only infer from his description that I have rightly identi- fied the form, as he does not figure it The form here described varies some from the somewhat general characters given, but it is the most common form found at Haddonfield, and as both the others recognized at that local- ity have been figured by their author, I think there can be but little doubt of the accuracy of the reference here made. Formation and locality, — In the soft micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Corbula subcompressa. Plate XXIII, Fig. 26. Corhula subcompressa Gabb. J. A. K. Sci. Phil., new ser., Vol. IV, p. 394, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 24. Synopsis, p. 111. Meek, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727. Shell small, transversely triangular, and nearly equilateral. Left valve moderately convex, most inflated along the umbonal ridge and on the an- terior third; beak small, incurved, appressed; posterior slope moderate and the ridge angular. Surface marked by fine concentric lines. Shell thin. Interior not observed. Only a single imperfect left valve has fallen under my observation, and it so mutilated that the hinge features cannot be obtained. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWEE MARLS. 181 Formation and locality. — In the soft micaceous clays below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. SAXICAVID^. Genus PAKOPEA Menard. Panopea decisa. Plate XXiy, Figs. 5-8. Panopea decisa Conrad. J. A. K. Sci., Phil., Vol. II, 2d ser., p. 215, PL XXIY, Fig. 19. Meek, Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 15. Glycimeris decisa (Con.) Gabb. Synop., p. 125. Meek, Geol.Eept. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 727. Shell moderately large and ventricose, with moderately large project- ing beaks, which are situated a little nearest the anterior end, widely gaping at the posterior end and closed anteriorly. Anterior extremity rounded, longest below the middle, anterior end truncated, projecting near the cardi- nal line and receding below. Surface of the shell marked by very strong, broad, concentric undulations most strongly developed on the middle of the valves and becoming nearly obsolete on some specimens both anteriorly and posteriorly. The valves are also often depressed along the posterior umbo- nal slope, showing a distinct furrow at the bending of the undulations of the surface at this point. The internal features of the species are not easily made out from the imperfect casts under examination, the shell having been too fragile to leave the impressions of pallial line or muscular scars so as to be traced with any degree of certainty. The hinge, however, has been considerably thickened and has left the imprint of its features on some of the specimens, so that by the use of gutta-percha its features have been fairly shown. There is posi- tive evidence of only a single projecting tooth in each valve, which ha.s been long and incurved, but showing that the shell was not indented or excavated for their reception, as should be the case in Glycimeris, to which genus Messrs. Gabb and Meek have referred it. In the right valve, how- ever, the hinge-fold recedes on the anterior side of the tooth, but not in the 182 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. form of a notch for the reception of the tooth, as it leaves the tooth entirely free and uncovered, while in the left valve the hinge-fold is entirely straight on the face. The folds or plates for the reception of the ligament I a.ve been quite large and distinct. Considering the above features I have con- cluded to place the species back under Panopea^ where Mr. Conrad origi- nally placed it, as the evidence seems to be more in favor of that reference than to Glycimeris, Dr. Stoliczka also considers it as not belonging to the genus Glycimeris, judging only from Mr. Conrad's figure. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Grreen Marls at Holland, Mon- mouth County, and near Burlington and elsewhere in New Jersey. SOLENID^. Genus SOLYMA Conrad. 1871. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 75.) Solyma Uiieolata. Plate XXV, Figs. 11-13. Solyma Uneolatus Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. YI, p. 75, PI. Ill, Fig. 9. Gabb, Proc. A. K Sci., 1876, p. 305. Shell transversely elongate-elliptical, about twice as long as high, with subparallel dorsal and basal margins, the anterior end rounded and the pos- terior end subtruncate, a little longer above than below. Valves convex, with a very slight angulation along each umbonal slope ; beaks large, prom- inent, nearly centrally situated and projecting somewhat strongly above the cardinal line. Surface of the shell marked only by fine concentric lines of growth. Hinge-plate very narrow and teeth short. Muscular scars, the anterior only seen, small, obscure, and somewhat elongate. The shell resembles in its general expression a species of Solecurtus^ with which genus Dr. Stoliczka feels inclined to associate it. There is but a single imperfect right valve in the collection, and this appears to be the only one Mr. Conrad used in formulating his genus. The pallial line is not visible nor is the posterior muscular impression, and the hinge characters are all that are given as generic characters. I know of no other New Jer- sey Cre^ceous shell with which it can be confounded. LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS. 183 Formation and locality, — In the micaceous clays of the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey. Borrowed from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Genus LEPT0S0LE:N^ Conrad. (Am. Jour. Conch., vol. iii, p. 15 and p. 188.) Leptosolen bipHcata. Plate XXV, Figs. 1 and 2. miquaria hiplicata Conrad. J. A. N. S., Phil., 2d ser., Vol. Ill, p. 324, PI. XXXIV, Fig. 17. Gabb, Synop., p. 170. Meek, Smith. Inst., Check-list, p. 15. Leptosolen biplieata Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. III,PP- 15,188. Meek, Geol. Rept. N. Jersey, 1868, p. 727. Gabb, P. A. N. S., 1861, p. 304. Shell of medium size, two and a half to three times as long as wdde, with parallel dorsal and basal margins. Valves quite convex wdien not compressed, and gaping at each extremity ; beaks small and inconspicuous, situated within the anterior third of the length ; posterior extremity truncate, a little the longest below the center; anterior end more distinctly rounded, longest above the middle. Surface of the shell marked by concentric Hues of growth, which are wiry and distinct upon the impressions in the marls, but indistinct on the internal casts. On the anterior part of the shell there ^re two indistinct plica extending from in front of the beaks, one to the anterior basal angle and the other to the margin of the valve about midway between the first and the antero-dorsal angle. On the casts there is a strong groove extending obliquely across the valve from the beaks to near the base, gradually widening from its origin and passing gently backward in its extension, marking the position of an internal rib on the shell. The hinge features cannot be determined from either of the two imperfect specimens before me. The larger of the specimens w^ould indicate a shell of nearly two inches in length with a width of almost five-eighths of an inch. This species is the type of the genus Leptosolen, the principal generic feature resting upon the single direct tootJi of iliQ right valve, a feature which cannot be seen on the internal casts found in this State; and as Con- rad has not figured this feature so far as I can ascertain, I am not able to judge of the validity of the characters. 184 PALEONTOLOGY OF EEW JEESEY. Formation and locality, — The casts which I have described are from the micaceous clays under the Lower Marl Bed, at the pits of the Rev. G. C. Schanck, near Marlborough, N. J., in Mr. Lockwood's collection. There are also two fragments of shell which are apparently of this species from the white limestone nodules at the base of the Lower Marl Bed at Marl- borough, in Mr. Schanck's collection. These latter specimens show^ a strong posterior umbonal ridge and a thickness of shell which one would scarcely deem compatible with the characters and tenuity of the shell indicated on the casts, and may possibly belong to a distinct form. Genus LEGUMEN Conrad, 1858. (Jour. A. K Sci., Phil., Vol. IY,p. 277.) Legumen planulatum. Plate XXV, Figs. ^ and 4. Solemy a planulata Con. J. A.KS.,Phil.,2dser.,Yol.II,p. 274, Pl.XXIV5Fig.il. Gabb, 1859, Cat. Invert. Foss., p. 16. Legumen iilanidata (Con.) Gabb. Synop., p. 133. L. planata (Gabb.) Meek. Check-list Smith. Inst., p. 15. L. elliptica and L, appressa (Con.) Gabb. P. A. X. Sci., LS76, i). 304. Comp. L. appressus Conrad. J. A. X. S., Phil., 2d ser., Yol. Ill, i). 325. Shell of small size^ transversely elongate, about twice and a half as long as high, and elongate-elliptical in outline with the extremities rather sharply rounded. Valves very compressed or flattened, especially so on the posterior part. Beaks small, appressed, not projecting, situated within the anterior third of the length. Surface of the shell marked by proportionallv strong regular concentric striae. The internal cast shows a well marked gash behind the anterior muscular imprint, the result of an internal rib similar to that existing in Machcera, In Mr. Meek's list of New Jersey fossils, given in the report for 1868^ p. 727, he cites two species of this genus as occurring in the State, but does not mention this one. Mr. Conrad's type of tbis species was from Monmouth Countv, New Jersev, and is the only one oriorinally described from this State. Among the fossils from the State which I have examined I have found none corresponding to the figure given by Mr. Conrad of L, ellipticum^ but to i. appressum, which is not figured, it seems to be very nearly related, LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MARLS, 185 but is less contracted in front, giving a wider anterior end, which makes it appear proportionally longer. As compared with shells of L. ellipticim, from Tippah County, Mississippi, this one has been more slender in proportion to its length, with extremities less broadly rounded, and the shell not so high posteriorly. Mr. Gabb considers all these forms as only stages of growth of L. plamdatuMj to which I do not agree. Formation and locality, — In the Low^er Green Marls at Freehold, and from the marl pits of G. C. Schanck, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Legumen appressum. Plate XXV, Figs. 6-8. Legumen appressa Conrad. J. A. N. Sci., new ser., Yol. Ill, p. 325. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 133. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727. See Legumen appressa Conrad. Kerr's Geol. Eept. I:^. C, appendix, p. 16, citing J. A. K. Sci., Yol. Ill, p. 325, PI. XXXIY, Fig. 19, as this species; also the same figure given as L. elUpticus, J. A. X. S., loc, cit. Shell transversely elliptical, about twice and a- half as long as high, with depressed convex valves and small, appressed beaks, which are situated just within the anterior third of the length of the valves. Thickness of the shell through the valves, in an uncompressed specimen, equal to two-fifths of the height from the dorsal to the ventral margin. Anterior end of the shell narrowed in front of the beaks and narrowly rounded at the extremity; pos- terior end also sharply rounded, the longest part being above the middle of the height; dorsal and ventral margins parallel, but each moderately curved. Ligament proportionally long, imbedded in a narrow, deep escutcheonal area; lunular depression very shght. Surface of the shell marked by fine, regular, even, step-hke concentric ridges, strongest on the posterior part of the shell. It is somewhat difficult to point out distinctions between the species of this genus where they are preserved as internal casts only, the markings of the surface being only partially or not at all preserved, and the form of the shell scarcely indicated in the parts where most distinct when the shell itself is examined. So far as I can distinguish, the casts which I have figured belong to the L. planulatiim, and appear to differ from the shell here used in the 186 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. form of the posterior end, and in the narrowing of the anterior portion in front of the beaks. The specimen here used is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, marked i. appressus in Mr. Conrad's handwriting, and is accompanied by another, without mark, which agrees nearly enough with his figure of i. ellipticum (J. A. N. S., Vol. Ill, PL XXXIV, Fig. 19) to have been the one used in making that figure. The two diff'er not only in the propor- tional length and height, but in the form of the anterior ends and in the char- acter of the surface markings, the latter one not having the regular ridges, but irregular and fasciculate lines By reference to the citations at the head of this description it will be seen that Mr. Conrad has at different times referred to Fig. 19 of PI. XXXIV, J. A. N. Sci., Vol. Ill, both as L, appressus and L. ellipticus. The latter name being first applied to it, I suppose to have been correct, and the reference later made to have been an error. Mr. Gabb, in the Proc. A. N. Sci., 1876, p. 304, cites all these species under L. plamdata, and considers them identical, considering the variations as different stages of growth only. It would be difficult to account for the contraction of the an- terior end in front of the beaks on this hypothesis Formation and locality. — In the dark micaceous clay below the Lower Marls at Haddonfield, New Jersey, Collection of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, Philadelphia. Genus SILIQUA Muhlfeld. Siliqua Cretacea. Plate XXV, Figs. 9 and 10. Gultellus cretacea Gabb. Jour. A. I^. Sci., Phil., new ser., Vol. lY, p. 303, PI. XL VIII, Fig, 25 in text (24 on plate). Siliqua cretacea Gabb. Synopsis, p. 170. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Stoliczka, Pal. Indica, Yol. Ill, p. 100. Ospriasolen cretacea (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 727. Shell of moderate size, the internal cast, and the only one known, beintr nearly one and three-fourth inches long, and for the genus very convex, rather strongly curved, and widely gaping at each extremity, the valves only com- ing in contact in the middle of the basal margin; posterior end most widely gaping. Beaks distinct, but not elevated, situated a little within the anterior third of the shell's length. On the cast they slightly project above the LAMELLIBEANOHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 187 general line of the hinge. Hinge slightly concave posterior to the beaks, and the margin considerably thickened, as indicated by the form of the cast. Anterior to the beaks the cardinal line declines at a low angle from the direction of the posterior side. Basal line very strongly cm-ved; extremi- ties rounded, the anterior the most sharply so. Anterior muscular scar moderately large, triangularly ovate, bordered by a rounded furrow on the posterior side, indicating a slightly thickened rib on the interior of the shell. Posterior scar larger, triangular, and faintly marked. Pallial sinus deep and extending to near the middle of the shell's length. Hinge features un- known. Indications exist on the cast of a divided tooth-like projection on the left valve, with a socket like plate on the right. The species appears to be a very rare one in the Cretaceous beds of New Jersey, only one individual cast having been seen so far as I can learn. Mr. Gabb originally described it as a -species of Cultellus^ but soon after referred it to the genus Siliqua, under which most authors agree in classing it. Mr. Meek, in his list of New Jersey fossils, first referred it to the genus Ospriasolen^ a reference to or a description of which I have not been able to find in any other work, and do not know what characters it includes, or if he intended it for this individual shell. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls (?) in Burlington County, New Jersey. Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. PHOLADID^. Genus PHOLAS Linn. Pholas cithara. Plate XXV, Figs. 14-16. Pholas cithara Morton. Synopsis, p. 68, PI. IX, Fig. 10. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 166. Meek, Check-list, p. 16. Geol. Surv. N. J.^ 1868, p. 728. P. pectorosa Conrad. J. A. IS". Sci., new ser., Vol. II, p. 299, PL XXYII, Fig. 9. Clavipholas cithara (Morton) Meek. Geol. Surv. X. J., 1868, p. 728. Martesia cithara (Mort.) Gabb. P. A. X. Sci., Phil., 1876, p. 304. Shell triangularly ovate, acutely pointed behind and subtruncate in front. Valv^es very ventricose, the depth and thickness when united about 188 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. equal, giving a nearly round section. Anterior umbonal ridge inflated and nearly subangular in some cases, always sharply rounded, and the anterior surface somewhat flattened or but little convex. Central reg'ion of the valves sulcated obliquely, more or less constricting the front margin at about or just behind the center. Hinge-line straight, deeply sunken between the large, inflated, and enrolled approximate beaks. Surface ()f the shell marked by strong radiating ribs, numerous but somewhat irregular posterior to the umbonal angle, but few and distant in front; also by com- paratively strong concentric ridges, which are distinctly deflected at the mesial sulcus and pass obliquely upward in front of it. These concentric ridges form flattened nodes of the radiating ribs by crossing them on the anterior part of the shell. I have seen several casts of this species, and notice considerable varia- tion in their characters, especially in the strength of the surface markings, in the form of the anterior end, and in the strength of the mesial sulcus of the valves, and especially in the strength and character of a sometimes deeply impressed but narrow line marking the bottom of the sulcus and dividing the anterior and posterior sections of the shell, it being in some instances almost obsolete. Mr. Morton's t} pe specimen, which I have not seen, seems to have been very small, and to have had the anterior end rounded from below, while Mr. Conrad's type of P. pedorosa is full and round below and sloping above, while a cast of a single valve which is figured; appears to have been quite sharply truncate in front and angular on the umbonal ridge. There is also much diff*erence in the proportional strength of the two sets of ribs in the different examples. Formation and locality, — In the Lower Green Marls at Mr. Gr. C. Schanck's marl pits near Marlborough, New Jersey. Mr. Conrad's example, which is the largest and most perfect individual observed, was collected at Tin- ton Falls, Monmouth County, by Prof L. Vanuxem. A single specimen of medium size in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phila- delphia, placed with the type of P. pedorosa under the same label, appears^ from its lithological character, to have come from the yellow limestone of the Middle Marl Beds, but may be deceptive in this respect. LAMELLIBEAKOHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 189 Pholas ? lata, n. sp. Plate XXV, Fig. 17. Shell large and proportionally very broad between the dorsal and basal margins, the relative heiglit and length being about as two to three, respectively. The general outline is slightly ovate, widest at the anterior end and gradually narrowing posteriorly, the beak being a little in advance of the middle and showing somewhat above the cardinal line in the shghtly compressed and somewhat crushed specimen of an internal cast of a left valve, the only one yet seen. Anterior and posterior ends rounded, the latter one most narrowly so; basal hne shghtly emarginate just behind the middle of its length ; cardinal line apparently arcuate throughout. Surface of the shell, as shown on the cast, convex, with a broad sulcus passing across the valve from beak to base, reaching the latter behind the middle. Anterior to the sulcus the surface is radiately ribbed, the rays being some- what alternate in size over a portion of the space. At the bottom of the broad sulcus there is a single larger and stronger rib, which passes from the beak directly to the base of the shell, which it reaches at the point of greatest emargination. Posterior to this larger rib the surface is destitute of radiating lines, the surface being marked only with broad, irregular, concentric sulci, which extend over the entire surface parallel to the margin of the shell. This is a pecuharly formed shell, and does not appear to belong strictly to the genus Pholas, The only figure of a similar species which I have been able to find in any work to which I liave access is that given on Plate 603, Sow., Mineral Conch., under the name PJwIas? compressa, and so given and retained in all the hsts and catalogues to which I have access. The species is from the Kimmeridge clays of Shotover Hill, England, and is not quite half as large as the New Jersey specimen, while it is much broader proportionally and also more strongly ribbed on the posterior part. The shell undoubtedly belongs to the PJwIadidce, but certainly cannot be a true PJiolas ; but as there are none of the hinge features present on the specimen, or even the entire external form, I do not think it prudent to suggest a generic name. 190 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Green Marls at Marlborough, New Jersey. In the collection at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Genus MAETESIA Leach. Martesia (Pholas) cretacea. Plate XXV, Figs. 20-23. PhoUis cretacea Gabb. Jour. A. N. Sci., new ser., Yol. IV, p. 393, PL LXVITI, Fig. 18. Proc. A. N. S., 1861, 324. Martesia cretacea Gabb. Proc. A. N. S., 1876, p. 304. The tubes or casts of tubes from which this species was described are from three-fourths of an inch to one and a quarter inches in length by about three-eighths of an inch in diameter at the larger end of the largest. The basal end is convex and the shaft of the tube regularly tapering. These perforations have been in wood, which is now replaced by pyrite, and none of them show any indications of the shell or markings by which its nature can be determined. There is, however, a specimen in the Academy's collec- tion, marked as of the same species in what appears to be Mr. Gabb's hand- writing, which not only shows the general form of the shell but also some sHght remains of the surface marking. The former is extremely ventricose, clavate in front, and gradually but rapidly tapering behind, with distinct incurved beaks and a shghtly marked mesial line of perceptible width sep- arating the anterior and posterior portions of the valves. The antero-basal area is triangular, and indistinctly marked. Anterior section of the valves marked with strong undulations which have a strongly upward direction from the mesial constriction towards the anterior end, while on the posterior section they are parallel to the margin of the shell. The shell is somewhat exfoliated, and therefore the surface markings cannot be so distinctly made out as it would be desirable. Formation and locality. — The tubes used in the original description and figured on our plate came from Raritan Bay, New Jersey. The shell, how- ever, is simply marked *'Cret, N. J.,'- like so many of the specimens used by Mr. Gabb, so that one is left in some degree of doubt as to what bed they may have been obtained from LAMELLIBEANGHIATA OF THE LOWEE MAELS. 191 TEREDID^. Genus TEEEDO Linn Teredo irregularis. Plate XXV, Figs. 18 and 19. Teredo irregularis Gabb. J. A. N. Sci. Phil., new ser., Yol. lY, p. 393, PL LXYIII, Fig. 19. Synopsis, p. 174. Meek, Check-list, p. 16; Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 727. Comp. T, {Uperotisf) contorta Gabb. Proc. A. N. Sciences, 1861, p. 323. Polorthus irregularis Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., 1861, p. 366. Tube, as known by the casts, of rather large size, often exceeding half an inch in diameter and of an undetermined length, extremely contorted and irregular in its direction, and frequently strongly annulated. Shell of pro- portionally large size, extremely ventricose, and inflated along the dividing ridge, the band on which is proportionally broad. Valves very short and truncated at each end, the basal part being rather sharply pointed. Pallets unknown. The only examples representing the shells of this species are two imper- fect casts of single valves found at the bottom of casts of tubes, and both represent the markings of the inside of tlie valve. One of them is that described by Mr. Gabb, and is figured on the plate. The other is too obscure to furnish any characters whatever. The casts of the tubes only are known beyond these, and are all very fragmentary. Some of them show evidences of having been divided by vesiculose partitions at irregular distances, and others are strongly annulated with strong projecting lamella at the annulations on the outside of the tube, as if it had been fringed at regular intervals ; the fringes projecting into the surrounding material, which, judging from the longitudinally fibrous character of several of them may have been of a woody nature, impregnated in some instances to a depth of an eighth of an inch by mineral matter, which has hardened and preserved a coating to that depth. None of the tubes yet observed preserve the outer extremity, to show if it has or has not been divided by a septum. 192 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. This, with the absence of all evidence of pallets or accessory parts, leave no chance of determining to which of the subdivisions of the genus Teredo the species properly belongs. Formation and locality. — In the Cretaceous of New Jersey, and from the appearance I should suppose from the Lower Marls, but no evidence exists on tha labels or in Mr. Gabb's original description of any definite locality. GASTROCH^NID^. Genus CLAYAGELLA Lam. ClavageUa annata. Plate XXV, Fig 24. ClavageUa armata Mortou. Synopsis, p. 69, PI. IX, Fig. 11. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 109. Meek, Check-list, p. 15. Gabb, Proc. A. K Sci., 1861, p. 364. Shell small, the valves being transversely oval^ moderately convex, with proportionally large and tumid beaks; their disks marked, especially the right valve, by strong concentric undulations. Right valve free, and the left somewhat distorted in the only specimen which I have before me. Tube small and compressed. The specimen which I have figured does not show the tubular spines on the anterior margin as mentioned by Dr. Morton. But a small specimen in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, shows several spines, and I presume they vary considerably in this respect. Dr. Morton's figure shows the existence of these spines on the cast, but the form of the shell as shown there is remarkably elongated and narrowed, as compared Avith any of those which I have observed. On that which I have figured the muscular impressions are quite marked, showing the shell to have been very much thickened. Judging from Dr. Morton's figure, as well as from the evidence furnished by the specimen here figured, I should infer that the present species would be properly classed under StirpiiUna Stoliczka, a subdivision of Clavac/eUa, in which the tubular spines are confined to the anterior portion of valves, and not scattered along the basal margin also. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA OF THE LOWER MAELS. 193 as in those left under the original name Clavagella, although I cannot see where the line of separation between the two sections can be drawn. I should prefer to call them all Clavagella. Formation and locality. — In the Lower Marls at Walnford, Monmouth County, and near New Egypt, New Jersey. Dr. Morton's specimen was collected at Arneytown, N. J., by Mr. Conrad, and it has also been recog- nized at Prairie Bluif, Alabama. Mr. Gabb speaks of it as occurring at Mount Holly, New Jersey. 4418 MON 9 13 SECTIOISr IV. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MAEL BEDS. OSTREID^. Genus GEYPH^A Lam. Gryphaea vesicularis Lam. Plate XXVI, Fgs. 9 and 10. {For reference and synonymy see ante^ page 36.) The form of this species, which occurs principally in the Middle Marl Beds, is that which is described on page 37, under the varietal name of G, aucella Roemer, or at least very similar. The Xew Jersey examples do not often have so straight a hinge-line as Dr. Roemer figures. For other remarks see description of G. vesicularis. as above referred to. Gryphaea Bryani, var. precedens, n. var. Plate XXVI, Figs. 7 and 8. This shell resembles Oystrea (Gryphcea) Bryani Gabb in many of its features, but difi'ers very generally in being prolonged laterally on the left side of the shell as one looks on the smaller valve. Considering this fact, the shells may be said to be obliquely ovate in general outline, but with the left side extended laterally in the lower half The lower valve is deeply concave, and the beak usually shows a moderately large cicatrix of attachment. The upper valve is concave and similarly extended as the lower. The muscular imprint is of moderate size and irregularly circular, situated back of the middle of the length, usually, and near the side. Cartilage area fairly developed. Lateral margins of the valves strongly crenulated in the upper third of the length and deeply sunken on the larger valve. This variety is 194 LAMELLIBRANOHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MARL BEDS. 195 not restricted to the Middle Beds, but is perhaps more strongly marked there than among the true 0. Bryani at the base of the Upper Beds. It seems quite diflficult to arrange all these forms under GrypJicea vesicularis Lam., and still it is very difficult to point out constant characters of differ- ence. After much study of them with the other forms I am as undecided in my own mind as to their true specific distinction as when I first examined them, and shall tlierefore retain them as varieties. Formation and locality, — The particular form here indicated is associated with the small round form of G. vesicularis in the yellow sands of the Middle Beds throughout Monmouth County, and also particularly so in the vicinity of New Egypt, New Jersey. Genus GRYPH^OSTREA Conrad. (Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. I, j). 15.) Gryphaeostrea vomer. Plate XXVI, Figs. 11 and 12. Gryphcea vomer Morton. Synopsis, p. 54, PI. IX, Fig. 5. Stoliczka Pal. Ind., Vol. Ill, p. 457. Exogyra lateralis (l^eils.) Gabb. Synopsis, p. 123. Meek, Check-list, p. 6. Gryphceostrea lateralis (Neils.) Meek. Geol. Sury. N. J.,1868, p. 724. Shell of only moderate size, narrowly elongate-oval or elongate-ellipti- cal in outline, strongl}^ arcaate from beak to base, and generally more or less twisted laterally. Right or lower valve deeply concave internally, and the upper one flat or a very little arching with the other. Apex of the lower valve distinctly twisted and often decidedly coiled, and that of the upper distinctly curved anteriorly, although flat. Surface of the lower valve smooth or only slightly lamellose over the larger part of the body of the shell, but often strongly lamellose near the apex, and particularly on the anterior cardinal portion, where it is frequently distinctly auriculate. Sur- face of the upper valve marked by distant and somewhat regular, elevated, concentric ridges, formed by the free margins of the lamella. Cardinal or ligamental area very small or subobsolete. 196 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. This shell has been variously referred to Ostrea, Gryphcea, and Exogyra by different authors, but its general characters do not correspond with the generally accepted features of any of these forms. In Vol. I, p. 15, Ameri- can Journal of Conchology, Mr. Conrad proposes for a similar Eocene spe- cies the generic name GrypJioeostrea^ and in the Report of the U. S. Geolog- ical Survey of the Territories, p. 11, Mr. Meek offers a generic diagnosis fur- nished by Mr. Conrad, and mentions this species as a typical form on Mr. C.'s authority. He also mentions in a foot-note that on well-preserved speci- mens of this species he has seen long, slender, auricular appendages on each side of the hinge. I have not seen these appendages, to my positive knowl- edge, except on the anterior side, although they are not uncommon on the an- terior side of the lower valve. I think the generic separation of the group of which this may be considered a typical form a necessary one, as it has a decidedly spiral or twisted beak, but without the hinge features of Exogyra. This might be said to be an evidence that Exogyra and Gryplma oxxghi to be included under one generic division, as this is an intermediate form, which may be quite true, but where there are groups of species having such dis- tinctive characters as this possesses, convenience demands some considera- tion; whereas many generic divisions are recognized in cases where it is ex- tremely difficult to point out specific differences. The species has been re- ferred to Ostrea lateralis, Neils., by several authors. I have not been able to examine specimen of that species, but from the figures which I have- seen I should be led to doubt their identity. Oysters, however, are sc^ variable that if one takes the extremes of any of the species from a given locality they would be likely to pass beyond the typical form of one or more other species, so that if we were to follow it out we should soon have but one species in all. Formation and locality, — The species is very abundant in the Middle Marl Beds, at Timber Creek, and near New Egypt, associated with Tere- bratula Harlani It also occurs as casts at MuUica Hill, and at localities in Monmouth County, New Jersey, in beds which I suppose to be in the Lower Green Marls. LAMBLLIBRANOHIATA FROM THE MIDDLE MARL BEDS. 197 MYTILID^. Genus MODIOLA Lam. Modiola ovata. Plate XXVI, Figs. 13 and 14. Modiola ovata Gabb. Jour. Acad. ]^at. Sci., Phil., 4, new ser., p. 396, PI. LXYIII, Fig. 31. SynopsifJ, p. 143. Meek, Oheck-list, p. 11. Ferna ovata (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Shell ovate in outline, or elongate ovate, of about a medium size, some- what alate at the extremity of the short hinge-line. Valves very ventricose, with nearly terminal beaks, which are small, incurved, and not conspicu- ously raised above the cardinal line. Umbonal ridge prominep>S^ rounded, and the surface of the shell in front of it slightly sinuate, giving a slight sinuosity to the basal line; posterior extremity of the shell broadl}^ rounded, and the anterior end narrow. Surface of the shell marked by very fine, obscure lines of growth. Formation and locality. — In the Middle Marl Bed, at Timber Creek, New Jersey. Genus MODIOLA Lam. Modiola (Lithodomus ?) inflata, n. sp. Plate XXVI, Figs. 1 and 2. Shell small, cylindrically ovate, Avith large, tumid, anterior beaks, and parallel dorsal and basal margins. Anterior and posterior ends nearly equally rounded in a general view, as the beaks, from their downward direction of curvature as seen in a lateral view, are blended with the anterior margin so nearly as to give almost the same form as the posterior end. In a dorsal view the form is strongly cuneately ovate from the rapid attenuation of the shell posteriorly. Hinge-line rather short and the liga- ment slender. This species bears considerable resemblance to Modiola JoJmsoni^ but never attains so great a size, is more cylindrical, with a differently formed beak, and a different surface structure, being smoother and destitute^ of the 198 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. strong concentric markings so prominent on that one, and is also more attenuated behind. There are some features about the shell in its general expression which are almost indescribable, but which give it more the ap- pearance of a species of Lithophagus than that of a true Modiola, and leave an uncertainty about its true generic relations, the specimens being only casts. Formation and locality, — From Mr. Ware's pits, near MuUica Hill, New Jersey. In the Middle Marls. PTERIID^ Meek. Genus PINNA Linn. Pinna rostriformis. Plate XVI, Figs. 3 and 4. Pinna rostriformis Morton. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phil., 1st ser., Vol. YIII, p. 214, PI, X, Fig. 5. Gabb, Syn., p. 166. Meek, Check-list, p. 9. Geol. Surv. New Jer- sey, 1868, p. 725. P. Morton. Synopsis, p. 63. Shell below a medium size, elongate-triangular in form, with a some- what attenuated, nearly pointed beak; hinge-line straight and extending nearly the length of the shell; basal margin broadly sinuate along the ros- tral third of its length, and gently convex beyond that line ; posterior mar- gin rounded below and gradually receding above to the extremity of the hinge. Valves very ventricose, subangular along the middle, marked by moderately prominent radii on the upper two-thirds of the surface, and by strong concentric undulations parallel to the lines of growth, becoming quite strong on the basal unradiated area. All the specimens which I have seen of this species have been imper- fect, and all with the external prismatic layers of the shell exfoliated, so that the absolute surface markings have not been observed. The species bears a very strong resemblance to P. laqueatd Conrad, but is more slender toward the apex, giving a decided sinuosity to the basal line along the ros- tral portion of the valves. Formation and locality. — In the Middle Marl Beds, at Timber Creek, New Jersey. LAMELLIBRANGHIATA FROM THE MIDDLE MARL BEDS. 199 ARCID^. Genus IDONEAROA Conrad. Idonearca medians, n. sp. Plate XXVI, Figs. 5 and 6. This species very closely resembles /. vulgaris in its internal casts, and is very difficult to distinguish in some of its conditions; but the fillings of the cavities of the beaks are very much more elevated, showing that the beaks have been larger and more prominent, and that the cardinal area has ))een very much wider. The inner line of the hinge-plate seems to have been more arched also than in that species. At some localities this species shows the posterior muscular ridges to be extremely large; while the line of the pallial attachment around the posterior. end is remarkably strong, and shows strong cicatrices of attachment in the form of short elevated ridges on the cast, crossing a prominent boss, which, of course, represents a deep depres- sion, with still deeper pits, in the shell at this point. This feature, although existing to some degree in nearly all species of the genus as well as in most Areas, is in this one remarkably developed. Exterior and shell so far un- known. Formation and locality, — This species is characteristic so far as yet known of the Middle Marl Beds. The most marked specimens are from Mr. J. S. Cook's marl pits at Tinton Falls, New Jersey. Idonearca compressirostra, n. sp. Plate XXVI, Figs. 15 and 16. Cast of small size, subquadrangular in outline and only moderately convex; beaks small, situated near the anterior end, but very slightly ele- vated and approximate; anterior end of the shell broadest, the margin abruptly declining from the beaks to near the basal line; basal line moder- ately arcuate; posterior end obliquely truncate, and narrower than the interior end; cardinal line highly arched between the beaks and gently -declining posteriorly. Muscular scars faintly marked, the anterior one 200 PAL.S:ONTOLOGY OF NEW JERSEY. small and indistinct, and the posterior one defined by a faintly impressed line on the lower side, indicating a rather low ridge on the inside of the shell. Pallial line well marked. Hinge features unknown. The median portion on a cast used indicates the existence of several small teeth on this portion. Exterior features unknown. This is a small and but slightly convex species, and is distinguished by these features from any other of the genus, and also by the very small space between the fillings of the beaks as well as by their small size and slight prominence. The faintly marked muscular imprints might indicate a young shell, but the other features are not what would exist on small speci- mens of any of the other species known. Formation and locality, — In the Middle Marl Beds, at Mr. J. S. Cook^s pits, Tinton Falls, Monmouth County, New Jersey. ISOCARDIID^. Genus ISOCARDIA Lamarck. Isocardia Conradi. Plate XXVI, Figs. 8 and 4. Isocardia Conradi Gabb. J. N. A. Sci., Vol. lY, p. 392, PL LXVIII, Figs. 21 and 21a. Glossus Conradi Gabb. Synopsis, p. 162. Meek, Check-list, p. 12. Bucardia Conradi (Gabb) Meek. Geol. Surv. N. J., 1868, p. 726. Mr. Gabb describes this shell as follows: ^'Triangular, equi valve; beaks large, inclined anteriorly; umbones large; anterior margin nearly straight, basal sinuate, posterior subangular below, nearly straight above; surface marked by fine concentric lines." The localities he gives as ^' Prairie BluflF, Ala., and Timber Creek, N. J." The only specimen which I have seen of this species is that figured as stated above. The specimen is a cast of the interior, and agrees well with the above description. It corresponds quite closely in form with I, Washita^ Marcou (Geol. North America, p. 37, PI. Ill, Fig. 2), but is more pointed at the anterior extremity and more angular on the umbonal ridge. The specimen from which Mr. Gabb's figures and description are taken is in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and although labeled as coming from Alabama, I believe to be the one he cites LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FEOM THE MIDDLE MARL BEDS. 201 as coming from '^Timber Creek, N. J," judging from the'lithological char- acters of the specimen. Consequently, I have copied his figures here, and give the species as a New Jersey form for this reason. TEREDID^. Genus TEREDO Linnse-us. Teredo tibiaUs. Plate XXVI, Figs. 19-22. Teredo tibialis Morton. Synopsis, p. 68, PI. IX, Fig. 2. Gabb, Synopsis, p. 174. Meek, Checklist, p. 16. Geol. Surv. K J., 1868, p. 727. Folorthus tibialis (Morton) Gabb. P. A. N. Sci., 18(>1, p. 366. Ibid.j 1872, p. 259, Plate YIII, Pigs. 1-7. The remains for which this specifip name was proposed by Dr. Morton consist of long, flexible shelly tubes, varying in thickness from more than a fourth of an inch at the lower end to often less than a sixteenth of an inch at the aperture. They are usually compactly massed together, and form a layer of from four to six inches in depth and of considerable lateral extent at Timber Creek, New Jersey. When densely packed together they are comparatively straight in their direction, but when more loosely arranged they are often bent and distorted into every conceivable shape. Often at the lower end of the layer the tubes are bent and appear to have had a nearly horizontal direction, as though they had come in contact with some hard substance into w^iich it was difficult for the mollusk to penetrate, and it had consequently taken a direction parallel to its surface. When the tubes are carefully examined they are found to be rounded at the bottom, and in rare cases appear to have addi- tional septa, as if the animal had for some reason partially withdrawn from the lower end of its length and formed a new bottom to its burrow. I have never seen more than one of these septa in a tube, but have often seen tubes broken at a septum near the middle, of its original length. Mr. Gabb figures one, however, in which he represents three of these septa besides the terminal one. The tubes are more or less irregularly constricted throughout their entire length, giving them a somewhat wrinkled appear- ance. At the upper end of the tube there is also a series of partial septa, 202 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW JEESEY. very closely arranged, convex upward, and perforated by an elliptical slit of greater or less size. Six to eight of these dome-like septa are found in the upper quarter of an inch of the tube, while the extremity is often con- stricted longitudinally, so as to form a double opening. Below the lower dome-like septum there is seen on the casts a double U-shaped or saddle- shaped muscular impression, forming a continuous scar, but with two pro- longations upward on the opposite sides and depressions between, the reced- ing parts corresponding to the flattened side of the septal slit. Mr. Gabb first described the genus Polorthus supposing it to be near Vermetus, and remarks that ^^ It has never been found burrowing, but grows in aggregated masses of cylindrical tubes, almost always parallel and straight, sometimes five inches long, slightly variable in diameter from irregular constrictions, contains no shell, but the tube is divided at certain distances by transverse septa, convex and thin, th . . M. Family GASTROCH^NID^. Genus Gastroch^xa Spengler. G. Americana Gabb M. Genus Clavagella Lamarck, C. armata Morton L. INDEX. Page. A canthocardium Eufaulensis 132 ^XONA Eafaulensis. J68 papyria ^^^ zEOKA cretacea 1^7 A.LECTRIONIA liiiguafelis ■ 223 Ambonicardia 24 Cookii 25 Amusil'M Burl ingtonen sin ^^ Coiiradi ^^ simplicum ^1 Anatina elliptica 1"^^ Anatinid^e l'^5> 220 Anodonta corpulentoides 252 grandoides • - • 251 Anomia argentaria '^2 micronema ^^ ohliqua 42 telliuoides ^^ ANOMIID.E 42 A PHRODINA Tippana 154 Akca 82 altirostris - - 82 Eufaulensis 83 multiradiata 94 qnindecimradiata 208 rofitellata 91 Saffordi 87 uniopsis 92 Arcid^ 82,199,208 asiphomda 29 Asta ete annosa 26 castanella 231 corbicula 128 crenulirata 128 octolirata 127 paralis 126 planimarginata 232 veta . - 23 veta 231 AsTAiiTiD^ 23,124,209,231 Avicula dbrupta . . , 72 annosa 226 laripes 68, 69 petrosa 68 AXINEA 99,230 alta 101 australis 99 Conradi 230 hamula 99 Page. AxiNEA Mortoni 99 rotunda 99 suhaustralis 99 Br ACHIOPODA S, 6 Breviarc A 87 Saffordi 87 Bucardiaveta 218 Conradi 200 Calosta 153,232 Belawarensis ^ 53 Pamptonectes 5G ballisculptilis 53 Bnrliugtonensis 53 parvus 55 Cardiid^ 132,214,236 Cardita 209.232 Brittoni 233 decUa ^45 intermedia 209 ' perantiqua 232 suhquadrata 232 C ARDIUM 132 (Crioc ARDIUM) dumosum 133 •ele'gantula 141 Eufauleusis 132 (Trachycardium) Eufaulensis 132 linteum. 172 (Crioc ARDIUM) multiradiatum 135 multiradiatum 135 (Pro TOCARDIUM) perelongatum 1 36 protextum 1-10 Kipleyanum 132 Eipleyense 1 32 Eipleyense 133 Spillmani 136 Cartatis Delaioarense 153, 237 ovalis 237 ?Teta 218 Cercomya peculiaris 178 CHAMID.E 131 Chlamys craticalum 49 venustum 45 CiBOTA cretacea 94 multiradiata 94 obesa 93 rostellata 91 uniopsis 92 Clavagella armata 192 Clavipholas pectorosa 187 265 266 INDEX. Page. CORBICULA annosa 26 emacerata 26 COEBULA 178,239 crassiplica lyg Foulki 180 nasatoides 239 perbrevis 178 subcompressa 180 CORBULID^ 178, 239 CORIMYA 170 tenuis 170 Crassatella 115, 209, 234 alta 234 Carolinensis 116 Conradi 209 cuneata ii8 curta 209 Delawarensis 119, 210 lintea 116 littoralis 212 Monmoutliensis 119 obliquata 235 perplana 123 pleuronema 212 prora.- 120 pteropsis 118 rhombea ,. 213 Ripleyana 116 subplana 121 transversa 122 vadosa 116 Crassatellid^ 115 Crassina veta 231 Ckiocardium dumosum 133 multiradiatum 133 nucleolus 214 Ctenoides acutilineata 62 denticuticosta 63 pelagica 61 reticulata 63 €uculloea antrosa 96 neglecta 96 terminalis 98 Tippana 95 transversa 89 transversalis 89 vulgaris 98 4Jultellus cretaceus 186 Cyclas cretacca 129 Cymbophora lintea 172 C YMELLA 142 Meeki 142 Cynctclokema 50 Burlingtonensis 53 ? peiiamellosa 50 simplicia 51, 52 € YPRIMEKIA 156 alta 157 cretacea 156 ci-etacensis 156 densata 157 depressa 156 excavata 159 Heilprini 160 spissa 160 Cyprinid^ 24,144,215 Page. Cythere excavata 159 DiANCHORA 58 echinata 53 DiCERAS dactyloides 131 BlMYARIA 82 Dione Delawarensis 153 237 Tippana 154 Diplodonta paralis 163 DiPLOSCHIZA 43 cretacea 43 DONACINIDiE 171 DoNAX Fordi 171 DOSINIA 161 densata 157 depressa 155 donata 157,159 ? electa i62 exca vata 159 Gabbi 161 JSaddonfieldensis 156 Etea Delawarensis 210 Monmouthensis 119 prora 120 transversa 122 EXOGYRA 39 » Americana 39 costata 39 lateralis 194 torosa , , . 39 Fragilla elegantula 141 protexta... ^ 140 FlJAGUM 139 tenuistriatum 139 FULVIA 139 ' tenuis 139 Gastkoco^xa Americana 203 Gastroch^nid^ 192 203 Gervillia ensiform is 73 Gervilliopsis 73 tnsitormis 73 minima 74 Glossus Conradi . 200 Glycimeris decisa igi GxATHODOX teuuidens 27 Goniosoma injlata 144 147 143 GOULDIA iM^ Conradi 120 crenulirata 128 deceranaria 124 declivis 126 paralis 1 26 GRYPH.EA 36,194,224 aucella 37 Bryani 2O6 var. precedens 194 convexa 33,37 digitata\Siv.Tucumcarii 36 lateralis 194 inutahilis 33 Pitcberi 33 Tucumcarii 33 vesicularis 36 224 var. aucella 36 37 var. navia 36, 3S var. navicella 38 Gryph^a rowier 194 INDEX. 267 Page. GBYPHiEOSTEBA lateralis 195 vomer 195 Heteromyaria 64 Idonearca 95, 199 antrosa 96 capax 95 compresairostra 199 medians 199 neglecta 96 Tippana 95 transversa 89 vulgaris 98 Inoceramus 75 Balchi 76 Barabini 75 circulans 76 confertim-annulatus 76 convexus 76 Cripsii 75 Nebracensis 76 peculiaris [CERCOMYA] 1 88 perovalis 80 proobliquus 80 proximus 76 Sagensis 70 var. qnadrans 79 Yanuxemi 76 Integripalliata 29 isocardia 200 CoDradi 200 ISOCARDID^ 200 Janira Mortoni 56 Lcevicardium Spillmani 136 liAMELLIBRANCniATA 19 from the Plastic Clay 22 Lower Marls 29 Middle Marls 194 base of the Upper Marls 205 Eocene Marls 222 Xeda angulata 84 longifrons 107 pinni/orma 108 protexta 105, 106, 109 Slackiana 103 suhangulatum 84 Legumen 184 appressum 184, 185 ellipticum 184 planata 1 84 planiilatum 184 Leptosolen 183 biplicata 183 Lima aeutiiineata 62 pelagica 61 reticulata 63 Linearia 165 contracta 167 metastriata 165 LlOPISTHA 140 elegantula 141 iuflnta 142 protexta 140 XlTHODOMUS 66 affinis 66 ? inflata 197 LiTHODOMLS Ripleyanus 67 Page. Lithophagus 66 affinis 66, 67 Ripleyanus 66, 67 LuciXA 129 cretacea 129 pinguis 163 Smockana 130 LUCINID^ 129 Macrodon Eufaulensis 83 MACTKiDiE 172, 217, 238 Martesia 190 cithara 187 (Pholas) cretacea 190 Mel.egrinella 71 abrupta 72 Mereirix Tippana 154 Modiola 14,197,207 Burlingtonensis 65 inflata 197 Joliusoni 2u7 Julia 64 o vata 197 MONOMY ARIA 29 Mysia gibbosa 163 Mytilid.^ .64,197,207 Mytilus 64 oblivius 64 :Ne.ERA 239,240 a?quivalvis 240 nasutoides .' 239 Xeithe A 56 Mortoni 56 quinquecostata 50 [N^EMO arca 86 cretacea 86 Nemodox 83 . angalatum 84 brevifrons 85 Eufaulensis 63 Nucula 102, 227 circe 227 Monmouthensis 102 percrassa 102, 103 percrassa 103 perequalis 104 Slackiana 1 03 Xucl'Lana albaria 228 albaria 106 angulatum 84 compressifrons 109 Gabbana 106 longifrons 107 pinnaformis 108 protexta 105 protexta 106 'Slackiana 103 subangulatuni 84 NucuL aria 111. 229 papy 1 ia ill secunda 229 NUCULID.E 102, 227 Ospriosolen cretacea 186 OsTRE a 29, 205, 222 Americana 39 Bryani 206 268 INDEX. OsTREA convexa crennliraarginata deiiticulifera falcata Page. 36 30 29 34 glandiformis 205 glauconoidea 222 larva . . : 34 var. nasuta 36 ( Alectrionia) linguafelis 223 34 30 34 31 34 32 33 39 61 36 mesenterica pcuda pellucida plumosa suhalata subspatulata tecticosta forosa urticosa vesicularis OsTREiD.i: 29,194,205,222 Pachycardium 138 Burlingtonensis - 138 Panopea 181, 21 9 decisa 181 elliptica 219 Papyridia elegantula 140, 141 protexta 140 Paranomia 44 scabra 44 liueata 45 Parapholas 241 Kneiskemi 241 Pecten 45,224 Burlingtonensis 53 (Chlamys) craticulus 49 Kneiskemi 224 planicostatus 48 (Syncyclo.) perlamellosns 50 quadricostatus 56 quinquecostatus 56 quinqnenarius 47 Rigbyi 226 {Syncyclonema) simplicum 51 simplicus 51, 52 tenuitestus 47 venustus 45 Pectenid jE 45, 224 Periplomya 177, 220 elliptica , 177 truncata 220 Perissonata 110 protexta no Perna Julia 64 ovata 197 Petricola l^ova- JEgyptica 216 Petricolidjb 216 Pholadid^ 187, 241 Pholadomya ' 175 occidentalis 175 Roemeri 176 Pholas 187 cithara 187 cretaceus 190 lata 186 pectorosa 187 Page. Pinna 81,198 laqueata 81 rostriformis 198 PiNXIDJE . 81 Placuna lintea 44 scahra 44 Placunumia lintea 44 scahra 44 Placunanomya lintea 44 scabra , 44 Plagiostoma echinatum 59 gregalis 5? pelagica g1 PLICATULA (]1 urticosa 61 Polorth us Americana 203 irregularis 191 tibialis 201 Protocardium 136, 236 cui'tum 236 lin teuni 172 pel elongatum 136 Pseudaniusium, simplicum 51 Pteria 68 laripos , 69 navicula — 70 petrosa 68 PTERIID.E 68, 198 Pycnodonta vesicularis 36 Radula 61 aciitilineata 62 denticuticosta 63 pclngica 61 reticulata 63 Sangu inolaria cretacea 156 SAXICAYID.E 181, 219 SCAMBULA 123 pcrplana 123 SiLiQUA cretacea 186 Siliquaria bijjlicata 186 SiNUOPALLIATA 153 SiPHONIDA 115 Solemya planulata 184 SOLENID.^ 182 SOLYMA 182 lineolata 182 SPH.i:RIOLA 152 umbonata * 152 Spoxdylidjs 57 Spondylus : 57 capax 59 ecMnatus 59 gi'egalis 57 Syncyclonema 52 Burlingtonensis 53 perlamellosa . , 50 ? simplicia' 51 ? simplicus 51 Tellimera 164 eborea 164 eborea 164 Tellina densata 157 eborea 164 Eufaulensis 168 Tellinid^ 1G4 INDEX. 269 Page. Tenea 163 paralig 163 pinguis 163 Terebratella 12 plicata 12 Tanuxemi 14 Terebratula 6 Atlantica 9 Atlantica 6 camella C lacryma 10 floridana ii f 1 agilis, var 7 glossa 9 Halliana 9 Harlani 6 Tar. fragilis 7 perovalis 8 plicata 12 Sayi 12 subfragilis 6 Yanuxemi 14 Terebratulina 9 Atlantica 9 floridana 11 Halliana 9 lachryma 12 Teredidje 191, 201, 242 Teredo emacerata 191, 201, 242 irregularis 191 tibialis 201 Trachycardium 136 Eufaulengis 132 Trigonarca 88 cuneiformis 88 Eufalensis „ 83 passa . 84 Saffordi 87 transversa 89 Trigoxia 112 cenilea 114 Eufaulensis 113 Mortoni 112 thoracica 112 Trigonid^ 112 Unio 244 alatoides 249 Page. Unio cariosoides z 247 humerosoides 248 ligamentinoides 249 nasutoides 244 praeanodontoides 250 radiatoides ^ 245 rectoides 250 Eoanokoides 248 subrotundoides 246 UNIOMD.iE 244 JJperotis contorta 191 Yeleda 172,217,238 aquilatera 2„8 lintca 172 nasuta 217 rhomhoidea 215 tellinoides 173 transversa 174 Venericardia perantiqua 232 VENElilD.E 153,218,237 Yeniella 144, 215 Conradi 144 decisa 145 elevata 144, 147, 148 inflata 147 ♦ rhomboidea 215 subovalis 150 trapezoidea 1 51 trigona 149 Yenilia .'. 144, 145 Conradi 144 rhomhoidea 215 suhovali.-^ 150 trapezoidea 151 trigona 149 Venus mpleyana 153 Venericardia perantiqua 232 Yetebicardia 128 crenulirata 128 octolirata 127 Vetocardia 127 crenulirata 128 octolirata 127 Vola Mortoni .56 Toldia albaria 105, 228 compressifrons 109 protexta 1 05, 228 PLATE I. Page. Terebratella Vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes - „. 14 Fig. 1. Dorsal view of a specimen avMcIi is rather coarsely plicated. 2. Profile view of the same. 3. View, enlarged one and a half diameters, of a finely plicated form. 4. A ventral valve showing bifurcating i>lications. Terebratella plicata Say 12 Fig. 5. Dorsal view of a large individual. 6. Profile view of the same. 7. Ventral view of a different individual of large size. 8. Enlargement of the hinge portion of the last one to show the form of the foramen and plates. 9. Enlarged view of a dorsal valve showing the loop and its connection. Terebratulina Atlantica Morton 9 Fig. 10. Dorsal view of a cast showing very fine striae and a flattened dorsal valve. 11. Copy of Conrad's figure of T. glossa. 12. Profile of a smaller crushed specimen. 13. Dorsal view of a specimen from Farmingdale, N. J. Terebratulina lachryma Morton 12 Fig. 14. Enlarged dorsal view of a specimen from Charleston, S. C, introduced for com- parison with the last. Terebratula Harlani var. fragilis Morton 7 Fig. 15. Dorsal view of a cast of a young shell showing the strong i)lications at this age. 16. Profile view of the same. 17. Dorsal view of a specimen of the normal form. IR. Dorsal view of a partial cast showing an extremely narrow form. Terebratula Harlani var. perovalis Morton 8 Fig. 19. Dorsal view of a half-grown shell of T. Harlani possessing the features ascribed to this variety. Terebratula Harlani Morton 3 Figs. 20-22. Three views of a full-grown specimen from near Ncav Egypt, N. J., showing the absence of plications which are sometimes very distinct in as large ones as this. 23. View of the interior of the dorsal valve with the loop attached. The figure is restored from several specimens, but not exaggerated. 270 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MONOGRAPH iX . -PLAT IQ .^.! \ 11 12 23 16 • 15 18 19 14 13 I.A.D. and RP.W. del BRACH I OPODA (cretaceous and ^ - RY.^, T Sinclair * Soil Hi-ia PLATE II. Page. AsTARTE VETA Courad 23 Fig. 1. Copy of Mr. Conrad's figure from the Am. Jonr. Conch. CoRBicuLA ANNOSA Conrad's sp 26 Fig. 2. Left side of a specimen from Sayers & Fisher's clay bank. 3. Left view of a larger sj)ecimen showing the form mor'^ 'distinctly. 4. Antero-cardinal view of the same. CoRBicuLA EMACERATA Whitfield 26 Fig. 5. Left view of the most perfect specimen seen. 6. Cardinal view of the same. Gnathodon tenuidens Whitfield 27 Fig. 7. Right view of a very complete specimen showing the general form, and also marks of a lateral tooth, 8. Posterior view of the same. 9 and 10. Views of a smaller specimen. Ambonicardia Cookii Whitfield 25 Fig. 11. Left side of a large specimen. 12. Cardinal view of another individual. 13. Anterior view of the specimen fig. 12. 14. Anterior profile view of a partial cast showing the evidence of a tooth in the left valve and a part of the pallial line on the right. 273 U.S. GEO LOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH 'X '^LATE / 10 12 13 ^ '«>»^t*" .^ r AD. and RP.W. del LAM ELLI BRANCH LATA Sinclair M ■ S»ri . Pi.i-a • P^ AS^I C C^A' PLATE III. _ Page OSTREA TEcncosTA Gabb 33 Fig. 1. Exterior of the type specimen. 2. Interior of the same. OsTREA LARVA var. NASUTA Morton 34 Fig. 3. A specimen showing more than the nsual number of plications. 4. Another individual wifch few plications. OsTREA LARVA Lamarck 3^ Fig. 5. Right side of a specimen of the usual character. 6. Opposite side of the same. 7. Interior of a specimen showing very many plipatious. OSTREA DENTICULIFERA Courad 29 Fig. 8. Exterior of a specimen identified and labeled by Mr. Courad, from Haddonfield, N. J. 9. Interior of the same. OSTREA CRENULIMARGINATA Gabb 3Q Fig. 10. Exterior view of a single valve from Marlborough, N. J. 11. Interior view of the same. OSTRE A PLUMOSA Mortou ^^ Fig. 12. View of Dr. Morton's type specimen. 13. View of a more elongate specimen. OSTREA SUBSPATULATA ? Lyell _ _ ^ 32 Fig. 14. View of a cast which is doubtfully referred to this species. GRYPHiEA VESicuLARis Lamarck 3^; Fig. 15. Exterior view of a specimen of the form described by Dr. Morton as G. eonvcxa. 16. View of the upper side of a smaller form without the lateral extension. See Plate III, Fig. 2. 274 '^.GEOLOGICAL S L! RV E Y PONOGRAPH PLATE !l!. ^ -<•,- '"'t*^ / L 'K Dowe 4*1 LAMELLtBRANCHIATA . (CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDSj T Sinclair * Son Rilla PLATE IV. Page. Gryph^a vesicularis Lamarck -• ' ^ Fi"-. 1. Exterior view of a specimen whicli somewhat n]>pronclies Tr. Pitcheri m form. 2. View of the upper side of tlie same. :^>. View of the upper side jf a large dat 'form having a deep lateral channel. See PL V, Fig. 2, for profde. Dii'LOSCHiZA CRETACEA Courad - Figs. 4 and 5. Views of a broad specimen doubtfully of the species. G-8. Copies of Mr. Conrad's figures of the tyix- of the species. Anomia argentaria Morton Fig. 9. View of a large specimen referred to this species. 10. View of a valve having the specilic mirrkings described by Dr. Morton. 11. An enlargement of the surface of the same. AXOMIA TELLINOIDES Morton Fig. 1-2. View of a group of lower valves of this si^^cies. 13. Upper surface of a cast (^f I'otb. valves, showing the form of the perforation and indistinct wrinkles near the border of the valve. 276 .U 3.GEOL061CAL SURVtlY MONOGRArri :X P_ATE !V. 'V'n::field, del. T Sinclair * Scti r^.ii. LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA . (CR ETA CEO US - LOWER MARL BEDS PLATE V. Gryph^a vesicularis Lamarck ^*g«* Fig. 1. UPP^^ew^of a large ^^t'^cu.euof'u^e'for^'^o^.^^ ^ 2. Lateral view of tbe specimen shown on Plate lY, Fig. 3, showing the convexity and the depth of the Literal sinuosity. tunvexiry 3. Lateral view of the specimen, PI. Ill, Fig. 1(3. 278 3, GEO LOGICAL SURVEV MONOGRAPH !X . --.^A't Vv'ni'.iield, dsi T Sinclair A Son Phiii LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA . (cretaceous - LOWER MARL 3 E D S .) PLATE VI. r.i-c. EXOGYRA COSTATA Say ; ;;9 Fig. ]. View of the upper side of a cliaracteristic specimen of the species. 2. Opposite side of the same. 280 n J^ rr, H > r o > m ^ 1 ^ c f'l CD f 1 r r CD X) > 77 z o S X > U > r H > LU m D CO ^^.v.W3|: CD Q m O r o Q O > r- c < m -< o b o > r > m PLATE VII. Page. Pecten venustus Mortou 45 Fig. 1. View of a cast of a right valve enlarged to two diameters. 2. Enlarged view of aright valve, preserving the shell, from Freehold, N. J. X View of a left valve. The curved lines indicate the degiee of convexity. 4. Enlarged view of the hinge of the speciaien. Fig. •^. Pectkn tknuitkstus Gabb 4 Fig. 5. View of a left valve, the shell preserved. 6 View of another left valve, showing a ditierent degree of ornamentation. Pectex (Syncyclon kma f ) perlamellosus Whitfuvld 50 Fig. 7. View of the specimen described, natural size. Amusium Conradi Whitfield 5*2 Fig. 8. View, enlarged, of a left valve showing indistinct radii. 9. Enlarged view of a right valve showing the concentric lines.. 10. Enlargement of the concentric lining of the right valve. Amusium simplicum Conrad ;' 1 F)gs. 11 and 12. Enlarged views of specimens of this species from Enfanla, Ala., the typical locality of the species. The lines between these figures show the convexity. Pectex quivquenahius Conrad 47 Fig. 13. View of a small right valve from the limestone nodules at Marlborough, N. J. l4 and 15. Iivipressions in fine micaceous clay, from Freehold. 16. Enlargement of the surface from Fig. 14. Pecten (Chlamys) CRATicui.i s Morton 49 Figs. 17 and 18. Views of Dr. Morton's type, the largest fragment I have seen of the spe- cies. 282 oEO^OGiCAL SURVE' MONOGRAPH :^' ^ .»'i: ry 10 13 f 11 V ■ ^^-.: 15 V 14 "v. 17 PWn:t:.e;i. 1' 3irLC»-^ir A Son rt;; LAMELLI BRANCHIATA . (CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS.i PLATE VIII. Page. Camptonectes parvus Whitfield ^ Fig. I. View of the left valve, Enhirged three diameiters. The curved line shows the con- vexity of the valve. 2. Enlargement of the surface, showing the im[)re8sed and interrupted striiB. Camptonectes Burlingtonensis Gabb j>^^ Fig. 3. View of left valve of a small shell. 4. An enlargement of the surface of the bame, showing its features. 5. A right valve of similar size. 6. An enlargement of the surface of the same from near the margin. Both Ihis and the last are from the typical specimens used by Mr. Conrad in the description of C. hclUsculjyfus. 7. View of a large imperfect valve from Freehold, retaining a part of the shell. 8. View of Mr. Gabb's type, which is a cast from Burlington, K. J. 9. View of a small valve, showing the stride, from Freehold. pECTEN planicostatus Whitfield 48 Fig 10. View of a left valve, vshowing the smooth llatteued i ib^ U. Enlargement of the surface showing the form of rib, a'ud the fine, even, concen- tric strife. Neith ka QUixQUECOSTATA Lauiarck ^^ Figs. 12 and 13. Views of a very large lower valve of the sp^cie^; being only a cast and imperfect, it does not fully show the features of the ribs. Fig. 14. View^ of a small upper valve, from a gutta-percha impression in the natural mold, Holmdel, N. J. 284 S.GEOLOG!C/^L SURVE MONOGRAPr- 'LA^E v;i L A.Dowe del. II ^"'^Lf/i L \ r i' ' ttltftl» rcf f iiitrt 10 11 ^^:==:^^ m^ ■■. t* 14 LAMELLI BRANCH 1 ATA .• (cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS f f^u mii l 13 ^ c\~vr * Son Pmia PLATE IX. Page. Plicatula URTicosA Morton 61 Fig. I. View of a specimen from Freehold, N. J. 2. View of n different individnal, showing considerable variation in surface characters from the last. Radula pelagica Morton 61 Fig. 3. View of the right side of a specimen preserving a portion of the shell, and show- ing ani^nlar plications; from Holmdel, N. J. 4. View of a snialler shell, entire, with ronuded plications, from the limestone nodnles at Holmdel, N. J. 5. Posterior view of a speci nen from Holmdel, showing the curvature of the shell. Radula acttilixeata Conrad 6*2 Fig. (). Enlarged view of a shell from Haddontield, N". J., shov»ing the narrow radii. 7. Enlargement of the surface of the same. Radula reticulata Lyell and Forbes 6'^ Fig. 8. A view, enlarged to two . A i \ I^.D. a-nd RP.W del r SiTLClair A Sen rhda LAM ELLI BRANCH 1 ATA . (cretaceous - LOWER MARL BEDS.) PLATE XVIII. Page. GOULDIA CONRADi Whitfield ^^ Fig. 1. Exterior of a left valve, enlarged three diameters. 2. Interior of same. 3. Interior of a right valve, enlarged to the same extent. GoULDiA DECEMNARIA Conrad ^^ Fig. 4. View of the type specimen, greatly enlarged. Vetocardia crenulirata Conrad ^*^ Fig. 5. Eolarged exterior view of one of the types. 6. Interior view of same. 7. Enlarged view of the hinge of a left valve. Scambula perplana Conrad in 1^ Fig. 8. Exterior of one of the types. 9. Enlarged view of a right valve (two diameters). 10. Similar view of a left valve. GouLDiA DECLivis Conrad - ^^ Fig. 11. An enlarged copy of Mr. Conrad's figure of this shell. GouLDiA PARALis Conrad 1*^ Fig. 12. Copy of Mr. Conrad's figure cited under the description. 13. View of a fragment of what is supposed to be the shell, as obtained by a gutta- percha impression from a mold in marl from Mr. Schanck's pits near Marl- borough, N. J. Crassatella SUBPLANA Conrad ,- 1^1 Fig. 14. Exterior of an imperfect specimen, which shows the general form and surface markings. 15. Interior of another specimen. 16. An imperfect cast of the species. DosiNiA erecta Whitfield 162 Fig. 17. Lateral view of a small specimen, preserving the shell. 18. Lateral view of a cast which shows the depth of the inflected cardinal border. 19. Profile view of same, showing the inflected border. 20. Lateral view of a large specimen, imperfect at the beak, but retaining the shell in part. LuciNA Smockana Whitfield ^30 Fiff. 21. Left view of an internal cast, showing the form and gibbosity of the valves. 22. Cardinal view of same. LuciNA cretacea Courad 1'29 Fig. 23. View of the interior of a right valve, enlarged. 24. The hioge still farther enlarged. 25. Exterior of a larger shell (two diameters). Dicehas DACTYLOiDES Whitfield I'-^l Fig. 26. View of the cast described, 27. Lateral view of the same, .showing the muscular scar. 304 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ONOGRAPFi ;X PLATE XV! - V— . 7 14 I ^^-U^WUBMoi^^ ii?*.* 12 11 4^ -^ 20 19 / 13 R .P vVi-.-i :f i e 1 d . d el . Sir.clsar A Scr. Phila LAM ELL I BRANCH I ATA . (cretaceous - LOWER MARL 3 E D.S PLATE XIX. Page Veniella subovalis Conrad "* Fig. 1. View of the right side of the cast, which had been labeled by Mr. Conrad. 2. View of the hinge, as obtained by a gutta-percha impression on the cast. Veniella trapezoidea Conrad ; Fiff. 3. View of the right side of a specimen, which is slightly distorted by compression. X47 Veniella inelata Conrad - - - Fig. 4. View of the left side of the type specimen, natural size. 5. Enlarged cardinal view of the same. Veniella elevata Conrad - Fig. 6. Vertical view of the type specimen I enlarged to two diameters. 7. Profile view of same. l44 Veniella Conrabi Morton - Fig. 8. View of a cast of this species, natural size, from Holmdel, N. J. 9. Similar view of another cast. 10. View of the interior of a specimen from Eufaula, Ala., of which the exterior cor- responds to Fig. 9 in its varices. Veniella trigona Gabb - Fig. 11. View of the left side of the type specimen. 12. Anterior view, showing the convexity. The figure is very imperfect. 13. Left view of a second example, also from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 14. Anterior view of the same. Veniella ? DECiSA Morton ^ ■ — '''"1 Fig. 15. Left view of a nearly perfect cast of the species, showing the general features. 16. Anterior view of the same. SPHiERlOLA UMBONATA Whitfield Fig. 17. Right view of the type specimen. 18. Cardinal view of the same. These figures show the ligament and general form of the shell. 306 us. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPF^ :X . PLATE X\X LA.ri. and RPW. del Sinciair & Son. Phiia LAMELLIBRANCHIATA . (CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MARL BEDS.-) PLATE XX. Leiopistha protexta Conrad 140 Fig. 1. Lateral view of a cast of the ordinary form, from Hoimdel. N. J. 2. Cardinal view of the same. 3. A .cast showing; finer and more numerous plications. Leiopistha inflata Whitfield 142 Fig. 4. View of a cast, showing the shorter, broader, and more inflated form, and the round ribs. 5. Cardinal view of the same. C ymella Meeki Whitfield 142 Fig. 6. View of a small, imperfect cast. 7. View of a larger cast, retaining both valves. FuLViA tf:nuis Whitfield 139 Fig. 8. View of the specimen described, natural size. Caudium (Criocakdium) dumosum Conrad 1-^3 Fig. 9. View of a medium-sized specimen, retaining the shell in part (collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences), Haddonfield, N. J. 10 and 11. Views of a larger cast, showing the general form. 12. Enlargement of the surface, as obtained by gutta-i)ercha pressed into a fragment of the matrix. 13. View of a small shell, with imperfect surface, found labeled C. Alabamiensis by Mr. Gabb (collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences). Cardium Ripleyaxum Conrad 132 Fig. 14. View of specimen from the iron-stoue nodules at Key port, N. J., enlarged four diameters. Cardium (Fragum) tenuistriatum Whitfield 139 Fig. 15. View of a partial cast of a left valve. 16. An outline .showing convexity of the same. Cardium Eufaulexse Conrad 132 Fig. 17. View of a cast of a left valve, where the ribs are preserved in all their sharpness. Hoimdel, N. J. 18 and 19. Views of a large cast, nearly destitute of surface markings, but showing them near the front margiu. The specimen has been laterally compressed. r ^RDiUM (Protocardium) pereloxgatum Whitfield 136 Figs. 20 and 21. Views of a cast of a single valve, from Cream Ridge, N. J. 22. Posterior profile view of a cast, showing the ribs of this part 308 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MONOGRAPH IX PLATE XX L A.Dcwe , del 7 Sinclair A Sorv Flwla LAMELLIBRANCHIATA . (CR ETACEOUS - LOWER MAR^ B E D S . j PLATE XXI. I'aga Cardium (Ckiocardium) multiradiatum Gabb 135 Fig. 1. Lateral vi<'W of a well-preserved cast of this species. 2. Cardinal view of the same. 3. EDiargement of a fragmeut of the matrix, showing the character of ribs and the spines which rise from the depressions between them, as obtained from a gutta- percha impression. Cardium (Protocardilm) perelongatum Whitfield 1S6 Figjs. 4 and 5. Views of a large cast from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, showing the general form. Pachycardium Burlingtonense Whitfield 138 Figs. 6 and 7. Views of the cast described, showing the remains of the strong, heavy ribs, and the large musciihjr scars. 310 U S.GEO LOGICAL SUP.VEY MONOGRAPH IX . ^L A L A. 2 owe dr Sir-cli'-r * Sot. Pr.":.i LAMELLl BRANCH 1 ATA . ( C R E T A C E O U q -LOWER ^' A R _ 3-E 1^ PLATE XXII. Tene A PiNGUis Conrad ^^3 Fig. 1. Leffc view of an internal cast. 2. Cardinal view of the same. 3. View of the hinge, enlarged twice, from Mr. Conrad's type, Haddonfield, N. J. DosiNiA Gabbi Whitfield j^j Fig. 4. Left view of a cast, showing all the features recognized. 5. Cardinal A'iew of the same. Aphrodina Tippana Conrad 254 Fig. 6. Cast of a large right valve. Deep cut, Holmdel and Keyport Turnpike. 7. A smaller left valve from Marlborough, N. J. C Ai.LiSTA Delawarensis Gabb jr^3 Figs. 8 and 9. Views of what is supposed to be Mr. Gabb's type of the species. 10. View of a young specimen, retaining the shell, from nodule in Lower Marls at Holmdel. Cyprimeria depressa Conrad j^g Fig. 11. Interior of a shell from Haddontield. One of Conrad's originals. 12. Exterior of the same. 13. View of a cast from Freehold ; a shorter form. Cyprimeria Heilprini Whitfield ^^ q Figs. 14 and 15. Views of the type specimens. Collection of Academy of Natural Sciences. Cyprimeria excavata Morton _ .- |-:q Figs. 16 and 17. Views of a very imperfect cast referred to this species. Freehold, N. J. Cyprimeria spissa Conrad ^ .. ^ Fig. 18. View of a cast of a right valve referrt d to this species. Cyprimeria densata Conrad i -- Id/ big. 19. View of a specimen from Freehold, N. J., retaining the shell in part. 20 and 21. Views of Mr. Conrad's type specimen. 312 .U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH IX. PLATE XXll L A .D owe . del Sinciair <* Son HiUa LAMELLI BRANCHIATA . . (cretaceous -lower mar i_^ beds ) in h )/ ;> PLATE X X 1 1 T . DoNAx FoRDi Lea Fig. 1. View of tlie tyjie ? specijueu in Wie collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpbia. ^NONA EuFAULEXSis Conrad |, o^ Fi^r. 2. Vie\Y of tlie type; natural size. 3. Enlargement of the hinge to three diameters. ^XONA PAPYiJiA Conrad |; 9 Fig. 4. Vi<'\v of the only specimen known; Conrad's type. LiNEARIA COXTRACTA Whitlield Fig. .5. View of a specimen, natural size, as obtained by gutta ]!erc]ia from a natural mould. LixEAia.v METASTRiATA Courad |,-r Fig. 6. View of the exterior of a shell from Haddontiehl. 7. Similar view of a cast in a uatuial mould from Hoimdel, X. J. 8. An enhn^gement to two diameters of the interior of the shell in Fig. (>, showing the hinge characters. CORIMYA TENUIS Whitfield I^Q Fig. 9. View of a cast of medinm size. 10. Outline cardinal view of the same showing the inequality of the valves. 11. View of a larger cast, showing the vascular scars. Tr:LLiMERA EHOREA Conrad ^q^ Fig. 1-2. View of the tyi)e specimen; natural size. 13. Enlargement of the hinge. Pepjplomya elliptica Gabb ^ -^ Fig. 14. Left view of a cast of the species. 15. Cardinal vi(^w of the same. ^ORA CRETACEA Conrad IQ-- Fig. IG. View of the exterior of Mr. Conrad's type specimen. 17. View of the hinge of the same. Veleda lixtea Conrad ' _ i •■o 18. View of a large crushed specimen: natural size. 19. Enlargement of the hinge. 20. Enlargement to three diameters of a nearly perfect shell. 21. Enlargement to two diameters of a larger, partially exfcdiated specimen. This and the foregoing are all from Haddonfield, N. J., and were used by Mr. Con- rad. Veleda transv^ersa Whitfield j-4 Fig. 22. View of a cast, showing the general form, surface striie, and imprints of teeth. Marlborough, N. J. Veleda tellixoides Whitlield ^-^^3 Fig. 23. View of a cast of a lefr valve, showing the strongly contrasting form with that of Fig. 22. Cercomya PECULiARis Conrad 1-0 Fig. 24. Exterior of the fragment described by Mr. Conrad. 25. View of the under surface, showing all that remains of the hinge. CORBULA SUBCOMPRESSA Gabb j^q Fig. 26. View of the only specimen observed, enlarged. CORBULA FOULKEI Lea Fig. 27. Enlarged view of the exterior of a specimen from "Haddonlield, N. J., the original locality. 28. Interior view of the same. 29. Enlarged view of a shorter specimen, probably a variety of t-^he same. CORBULA CRASSIPLICA Gabb Fig. :*0. Enlargement to three diameters of a specimen from Haddontiehl, N. J. :U4 180 8 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH !X . PLATE XX R . P Whitl 1 el a dei . ^i•LCi.a.^r Si a or. LAMELLI BRANCHIATA . (CRETACEOLS -LOWER MARL B-ED3 PLATE XXIV. Pholad* mya occidentalis Morton f-~r Fig. I. View of a Jarge specimen from Monmouth, N. J., in the American Museum Natural History, New York City. iJ. Anterior profile of the same. Vu Cardinal view of an imperfect specimen from Burlington, N. J. Pholadomya Eoemeri Whitfield -.^g Fig. 4. View of the best preserved individual observed. Pa%"Opea decisa Conrad j^. Fig. 5. View of a cast of medium size, showing the usual form. 6. View of a larger cast from Burlington, N. J., in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. 7. Cardinal view of a cast from Holland, Monmouth County, New Jersey. 8. View of the interior of the hinge as obtained from a gutta-percha cast from the preceding specimen. 316 J. 8 GEOLOGICAL SURVL V, ON^OGRAI A .u ovv'e ae LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA C R E "^ A O E O L 5 - L. O W L R f\/ A R L 3 E D S PLATE XXV. Page. Lkptosolen r.iPLiCATA Conrad ^ 1^^^: Fig. 1. View of the right side of the most perfect cast seen from New Jersey. 2. Cardinal view of the same. Legumen plaxclatum Conrad Ig4 Fig. :>. View of an internal cast from Freehold, X. J. 4. A cast showing the external features of the shell, from near Marlborough, X. J. Legumex ellipticum Conrad 184 Fig. 5. View of a shell of this species from Tippah County, Mississippi, inirodnccd for comparison with the other species. Legumex^ appressum Conrad I35 Fig. 6. View of the left side of a shell from Haddoniield, N. J. 7. Cardinal view of the same. 8. View of the hinge of the left valve, enlarged ta two diameters. SiLiQUA cketacea Gabb i^^^ Fig. 9. View of the right side of the cast used by Mr. Gabb. 10. Cardinal view of the same. SOLYMA lixeolata Conrad .- Igo Fig. 11. View of the exterior of Conrad's type specimen from TIaddoniield,' N. J. 12. Interior view of the same. 13. Enlargement of the hinge of the same. Pholas citiiara Morton \ iq-^ Fig. 14. Right view of the specimen desciibed as I\ peciorosa by Conr;id. Tinton Falls. 15. Cardinal view of the same. 16. View of an imperfect specimen from near MarlboTohgli, X. J. PliOLAS ? LATA Whitfield 2'^9 Fig. 17. View of the cast of a left valve, showing the features described. Teredo irregularis Gabb pjj Fig. 18. View of Mr. Gabb's type specimen, showing a fragment of the cast of a shell at the lower end. 19. View of another tube cast, also one of Mr. Gabb's specimens. Martesia cretacea Gabb j9q Figs. 20-22. Three views of an internal cast, enlarged to two diameters, showing the surface marking to some degree. 23. View of a colony of tubes, natural size, apparently tlu- ones originally described. Clavagella armata Morton Fig. 24. Near top of plate is an enlarged view of a cast of this species, showing the general features; two diameters. 192 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MCNOGRAPm !X plate XXV LAD. and R.P.W. del T SiTLc'.air * Soi^. Fnila LAMELLI BRANCH 1 ATA . (cretaceous -lower ^^^^l beds j PLATE XXVI. Pa^e. MoDiOLA INFLATA Whitfield 1^'^ Fig. 1. Eularged lateral view of the speclmea described. 2. Cardinal view of the same. ISOCARDIA CoNRADi-Gabb 200 Fig. 3. Lateral view of Grabb'a type specimen. 4. Anterior view of the same, copied from Gabb's figures. Idonearca medians Whitfield ,. 199 Fig. 5. Lateral view of one of the examples used in description. 6. Cardinal view of the same. Gryph-ea Bryani var. precedens Whitfield 194 Fig. 7. Lower valve of a form which is very prevalent at New Egypt and in Monmouth County. 8. Upper view of the same. GRYPHiEA VESICULARIS Lamarck 194 Figs. 9 and 10. Views of a form which is most abundant and quite characteristic of the Yellow Limestones. New Egypt. Gryph^ostrea vomer Morton 195 Figs. 11 and 1*2, Views of the prevalent form in the Yellow Limestones, at Timber Creek and New Egypt, N. J. Modi OLA ovata Gabb 197 Fig. 13. View of the right side of Mr. GabVs type specimen. 14. View of the anterior end of another specimen, preserving the form of the beaks more perfectly. Idone.^ RCA compressirostra Whitfield - ^ 199 Fig. 15. Right view of a very entire specimen.. 16. Anterior profile view of same. Gastroch^na Americana Gabb 203 Fig. 17. View of cast of this species, showing the irregular constrictions of the tube. 18. A similar view of another cast. Teredo tibialis Morton *^^01 Fig. 19. View of a part of a group of the tube casts, showing their usual form. Nearly all of these have been broken off at the lower end. 20. Enlargement of the uj^per end of a cast, showing the muscular scar. 21. Enlarged view of the aperture. 22. Enlarged view of the upper end of a tube, showing the partial septa of this part of the tube. This and the two preceding figures are copied from Mr. Gabb's figures, but have all been verified in many individuals. 3'JO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH IX. PLATE XXV!. L A.Do-vve del. T Sinclair A Son VhHa. LAM ELLI BRANCH 1 ATA . (cretaceous - MIDDLE BEDS.) PLATE XXVII. Page. OSTBEA GLANDIFORMIS Whitfield -^ - 205 Fig. ] . Exterior view of an upper valve from Farmiugdale, N. J. 2. Interior view of tiie same. 3. View of a lower valve from near Viuceutown. 4. and 5. Views of a cast from near Farmingdale. Gryph^ Bryani Gabb 206 Fig. 6. View of a small shell, which shows the scar of attachment at the beak. 7. Interior of an older specimen. 8" and 9. View^s of an old specimen, all from Mr. Gabb's type series, Arca qitindecimradiata Gabb '^'^^ Figs. 10. Left view of a large shell preserving the surface to some extent, New Egypt, N. Y. 11-13. Views of an internal cast, showing the usual features of the species, New Egypt, N.J. Crassatella Delawarensis Gabb - "^ ' ^' Fig. 14. View of a small specimen from near New Egypt, preserving the shell. 15. View of a cast, the usual condition, from near Farmingdale, N. J. Crassatella rhombea Whitfield ''^l*'^ Fig. 16. Right view of a specimen preserving the shell, the only one ever foimil, near New Egypt, N.J. 17. Anterior profile view of the same. 18. Left view of an internal cast from Squankum, N. J. Columbia College. 19. Cardinal view of the same. 322 U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. MONOGRAPH IX PLATE XXVll -A. Lowe , del T. biiLCioL^j- A Son Fnila LAMELLI BRANCH I ATA . (cretaceous -BASE OF UPPER MARL BEDS.) PLATE XXVIII. CR ASSATELLA CURTA Coiirad ? -^^5®' Figs. 1 and 2. Views of a cast Iroiu Scinankini,, ^\"j. ' "coLVmbia'coiiegeVoYlection '^^^ .3. A partial cast from New Egypt, showing smtaco stricX?. A. M. X. H. collection r. ^ ''"'^ ^'' ^ ''^''''' ''^' '' ^'''"^^'^^^ specimen from Scinanknm. Rntgers College collection Crassatella littoralis Conrad Fig. (). An imperfect shell of the spJdi^'A^'sqnJnknm: " Ru1^;;s CoUegycoih^^^l^nr ^^^ 7. Viewof anniternal cast showing its elliptical form and ronnded mnhonal rid^e Sqnanknm. Colnmbia College collection. "" ' MoDiOLA Joiixsoxi Whitfield Fig. H. Cardimil view, natnral size, of a very perfect specimen of' t"he specie^ 9. Lateral view of the same. Criocardium nucleolus Whitfield Fig. 10. Lateral view, enlarged, of an internal cast of the nsnal size'and'form II. Cardinal view of the same. Veniella rhomboidea Conrad Fig. 12. Lateral view of a shell presenting the nsnaf featnres." '^^ 13. Cardinal view of the same, Cardita intermedia Whitfield Fig. 14. Lateral view of an internal cast,"showing7he VJmaiii^'of plic^ati^ms on ih;'n^;gin " ''^ 15. Cardinal view of the same, * Caryatis veta Whitfield Fig. K). View of a cast from Sqnanknm, N. J. ''^^^ 17. View of a cast from Farmingdale, X. J. Fig. 18. Lateral view of a speei.neu from Farming.lale, N. J., preserving the shell ami showing the snrface stria3. 19. Anterior view of the same. Periplomya truxcata Whitfield Fig. 20. Lateral view of a cast from near New Eyj^p;;^; jrEutg;^; Cone^;oii;;;;tion""' ^'^ 21. Cardinal view of the same. Petricola Nova-.Egyptica Whitfield Fig. 23. View of a right valve showing the snrface stria?. " ' '^^ ' Paxopea elliptica Whitfield Fig. 24. Lateral view of the most perfect specimen ohserved. ^^^ 25. Cardinal view of the same. 324 5 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PONOGRAPH !X . PLA~h v ,, v LAD . and R PW. del ': Sir.nla.r * £or. Ph;:i LAM ELLI BRANCH 1 ATA . fCRETACEOUS - BASE OF UPPER MARL BEDS) PLATE XXIX. Page. OsTKEA LiNGUAFELis Whitfield '223 Fig. 1. View of the cast described. OsTKKA GLAUCONOIDES Whitfield 22*2 Fig. 2. View of a cast of a lower valve. Pectex Kneiskerx'i Conrad 224 Fig. 3. View of the type specimen as obtained by a gutta-percha cast in the natural mold. Fig. 4. View of an internal cavst of a left valve showing the radii flattened and indistinct. Fig. 5. View of the exterior of a right valve as obtained from the natural mold. Pecten Rigbyi Whitfield * - 226 Fig. 6. Enlarged view of the type, a right valve, obtained from the natural mold. Gryph^ A vesicxjlaris Lamarck 224 Fig. 7. Vertical view of the cast described. 8. Lateral view of the same. Avicula annosa Conrad 226 Fig. 9. If the figure be turned so as to bring the point at the right end downward, its resemblance to a fragment of a, univalve shell will be readily seen. Axinea Conradi Whitfield 230 Fig. 10. Upper view of the cast described. 11. Outline x>rofile of the same. KucuLA Circe Whitfield 227 Fig. 12. View of the cast of a left valve, natural size. NUCULARIA SECUNDA Whitfield , 229 Fig. 13. View of a right valve, natural size. 14. Enlarged view of the same. NucuLAXA ALBARIA Courad 228 Figs. 15 and 16. Views of two specimens showing the extremes in form. Crassatella alta Conrad 234 Fig. 17. View of an imperfect cast which is referred to this species. Crassatella obliquata Whitfield 235 Fig. 18. View of an internal cast of a left valve showing the massive hinge plate and teeth. 326 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY' MONOGRAPH !X . PLA'-E ^' L.A.Dov/e , del SiTLclair * Son. Phiia LAMELLl BRANCH I ATA . (eocene -UPPER LAYER OF UPPER MARLS.) PLATE XXX. Page. ASTARTE CASTANELLA Whitfield 231 Fig. 1. View of cast of the right valve, showiug the cren illations of the border. 2. Similar view of a left valve. ASTARTE PLANIMARGINATA Whitfield 232 Fig. 3. View of a cast of a left valve. Natural size. 4. Enlarged view of a rounder specimen Protocardia curta Conrad , 236 Fig. 5. Cast of a right valve which retains the fine radiating striae. 6. View of a specimen retaining both valves. 7. View of the hinge as obtained from the specimen, fig. 6, by gutta-percha. Cardita perantiqua Conrad 232 Fig. 8. A cast of the interior. 9. The exterior as obtained by gutta-percha from a natural mold. 10. Enlargement of four of the anterior ribs from the last figure. Cardita Brittoni Whitfield 233 Figs. 11 and 12. Views of a specimen which is somewhat distorted, but shows the fine ribs. Crassatella obliquata Whitfield 235 Fig. 13. Right side view of a very j)erfect cast of this species. 14. Anterior profile view of same. Caryatis ovalis Whitfield 237 Fig. 15. View of the cast of a rigiit valve which shows the surface features. 16. Similar view of a left valve which retains the features of the exterior. Veleda ^quilatera Whitfield 238 Fig. 17. Enlarged view of a cast of a left valve of this species. CORBULA (Ne^^RA) NASUTOIDES Whitfield 239 Fig. 18. View of the right side of a small rotund specimen. 19. A similar view of a larger slightly compressed specimen. Ne^ra ^quivalvis Whitfield 240 Fig. 20. Enlarged view of a specimen showing the rostrum nearly entiie. 21. A larger specimen, natural size, imperfect behind. Parapholas Kneiskerni Whitfield 241 Fig. 22. Lateral view, natural size. 23. Cardinal view of the same specimen. 24. Basal view of the same. Teredo emacerata Whitfield 242 Fig. 25. View of a group of the fillings of tubes showing their general character. 328 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH !X . PLATE \XX (»_..• •.««■ i . ' ■'\ i 10 11 V "^'■ 11 '■■ \m . Ill *-/ 19 C 15 16 18 % LA.D. and RPV/ del T Sincla-u- * Sor. Ph-Jc LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA . EOCENE-UPPER LAYER OE UPPER MARLS.) PLATE XXXI. Page Unio ligamentinoides Lea 249 Fig. I. View of the right side of Mr. Lea's type of the species. Unio pb^anodontoides Whitfield 250 Fig. 2. View of the type specimen. Unio Roanokoides Lea : 248 Fig. 3. Outline cardinal view of a large specimen of the species. Unio humerosoides Lea 248 Fig. 4. View of the right side of Lea's type specimen. 330 o r V > > r en CD 1 XI c > z Z c o z X o > > ^^^ "^ x^ V; / CD n o r o o 05 c < o z o Q > X PLATE XXXII. Page v5(' Unio rectotdes Whitfield - Fig. 1. Cardinal view of the type. 2. Right side of the type. .^^^ Unio cariosoides Lea Fig. 3. View of the right side of the type specimen. ^^^^^ Unio ligamentinoides Lea - ^ z ^i t ? \ 1 Fig. 4. Right side of a specimen identified with this species. For hgnrc of Mr. Lea s t^pe "^ see Plate XXXI, Fig. L ^^^^ Unio subrotundoides Lea ' Fio-. 5. View of the left side of Mr. Lea's type. 332 o r ?3 > m < H > in o r m r L) C m (n 1 X) r > z z — o 2 X D > >, H ill' > PLATE XXXIII. Unio Eoanokoides Lea '^^"^ """"" •*•-•• •----. .... .... .... ...... .... .... .... ...... . ^4h Fig. 1. Left view of a specimen of the prevailing fo¥m. 2. Left view of another specimen, showing less arcuatiou of the hinge-line and a more quadrangular form. See outline, Fig. 3, Plate XXXI. Unio alatoides Lea . '''"""'"'""""*"""'*"*""""■"""""-"-•*---•-------•••••»••-...... 249 Fig. 3. View of a specimen of this species, showing a portion of the posterior alation. 4. View of another specimen differing in size and in the curvature of the basal line. 334 O I 73 > > m m r o c CD ■J) D r > z Z — n u 2 I p^ > >| H rn' > PLATE XXXIV. Page . Unio radiatoides Lea 2^5 Figs. 1-3. Views of three different examples of the species showing slight vari ations in form and condition of preservation. Unio nasutoides Lea 244 Fig. 4. Left view of one of the best preserved individuals of this species. 5. Cardinal view of same. The valves are separated to a considerable extent along the base, giving an appearance of greater depth than it actually possesses. Unio alatoides Lea , 249 Fig. 6. Outline cardinal view of the specimen shown on Plate xxxiii, fig. 3. Unio Roanokoides Lea 248 Fig. 7. Outline cardinal view of the specimen, Plate xxxiii, fig. 2. o ligamentinoides Lea Fig. 8. Outline cardinal view of the specimen, Plate xxxii, fig. 4. Unio ligamentinoides Lea ^ 249 336 .U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH IX PLATE ■•mmimtmmmmmt \ ^tetf^- '...=5:5^.;-- !*>•>.':--; . ■*?a9eR*~liW*"' .^ ;V\'e , del . Smclaijr A Sor. rr.Ui LAM ELLl BRANCH I ATA f CRETACEOUS - U N I O N I D A~E ., PLATE XXXV. Page. AlNOdonta CORFU lentoides Lea ^'^ Fiff. 1. View of the left valve of a specimen which preserves the valves spread open. T 9"^! Anodonta gkandoides Lea -• -- '^^ Fig. 2. View of the right side of a very well preserved specimen of the species. 3. Outline cardinal view of the same specimen 338 .U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IVi O N O GR APH iX PL A" L A .D owe del Sir.clair * i^cr. ?h-.-. LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA 'c RE TAG ECUS - '^ N i O N i D A~E i t - \ ^li^^Prry One//: ._JGIC MAP > w .m:hsi^"i \ H ,< > !